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UNIVERISTY OF HUDDERSFIELD Course | Master of Architecture Year 2 Module | Intergrated Urban Design and Architecture Tutor | Hazem Ziada Group Members | Kamila Kudlata - U1972616 Dominika Stefanska - U1570371 Cristian Halmaghe - U1371563 Mahmoud Abdelhafez -
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TABLE OF CONTENT 01 - Historic Data Analysis 01.1 - Timeline 01.2 - Street Evolution 01.3 - Architectural Styles 01.4 - Conservation Srea 01.5 - Historic Image Comparison 01.6 - Public Transport
02 - Derive 02.1 - Derive Analysis
03 - Lynch Study 03.1 - Introduction 03.2 - Edges 03.3 - Districts 03.4 - Paths 03.5 - Gateways 03.6 - Nodes 03.7 - Landmarks
04 - Environmental Analysis 04.1 - Skyline 04.2 - Building Heights 04.3 - Topography Analysis 04.4 - Urban Microclimate 04.5 - Shadow Analysis 04.6 - Light study
05 - Sociodemographic Analysis 05.1 - Demographics 05.2 - Demographics Predictions 05.2 - Crime Statistics 05.3 - Out-door Use 05.4 - Building Use
06 - Site Issues 06.1 - Neglected Areas
07 - Technological Data 07.1 - Future of Public Buildings 07.2 - Future Technologies
08 - Conclusion 08.1 - Potential Development Areas
09 - Masterplan
09.1 - Masterplan 09.2 - Phasing Circulation 09.3 - Circulation 09.4 - New Districts 09.5 - Connecting Huddersfield
10 - Individual Proposals 10.1 - Student district 10.2 - Residential and Co-working 10.3 - Art and Culture District 10.4 - Digital Technologies Pla�orm
11 - References 12 - Appendices
12.1 - Weather Analysis 12.2 - Climate Change 12.3 - Pollution Factors
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MANIFESTO
The rapid changes in technology, demographics, economy and climate are making towns like Huddersfield consider drastic changes in urban planning. A rethinking of transportation, employment, energy production and consumption have become urgent maters for the world therefore, Huddersfield needs to adapt and innovate in order to play a role in slowing climate change and reducing the towns’ impact on the environment. Our main goals are to improve the quality of life for the residents, reduce the carbon footprint of the town, convince people to stay and contribute to the community and economy and to address the problems raised by excessive use of technology. By 2049 the scheme is proposing the implementation of a public self-driving electric transportation system, run by artificial intelligence, which any citizen could easily access. The system will be able to coordinate cars, planes, boats and trains with the aim of reducing energy consumption and making travel more affordable and reliable. Using the efficiency of artificial intelligence in transportation, will materialize in a reduction of the space cars are taking. The groups’ proposal is to redesign the ring road so that the space resulted be used for alternative ways of transport such as bicycles or small electric vehicles. The remaining space will be tuned into a green belt surrounding the town that will reconnect the town centre with the rest of Huddersfield. Inside the ring road, vehicle movement will be restricted and most streets will be pedestrianized. Our aim is to encourage people to use smaller vehicles like scooters or bicycles when traveling small distances. At the same time, we are using the space freed by cars to create more social spaces and parks to encourage social interaction and strengthen communities. Technology already changes the way businesses operate and it is to be expected that in the future due to advances in communication and internet speed more and more companies will have virtual offices with employees working around the world. The consequences for the town are that conventional office spaces will disappear and people will either work from home or use co-working spaces. The empty spaces will be added to the increasing retail shops already closing.
The response proposed to this problem is the reintroduction of attractive residential buildings in the town centre. By replacing some retail areas with parks, community centres, coworking spaces and other social focused spaces and buildings, people will be encouraged to move and start building a strong community. By introducing large numbers of people back in the town centre, we will address some of the problems faced by the town today such as criminality and negligence. Communities will have a direct incentive to protect the places where they live and regenerate abandoned areas around the town. The University of Huddersfield already plays an important role in the towns’ development and we believe this role will strengthen in the future. Huddersfield will focus on encouraging cultural activities and will have spaces designed to host and present the work of students, artists and engineers. These spaces are meant to engage the public and stimulate imagination and innovation. By removing the ring road and allowing the university to expand inside the town centre, buildings with a strong historical heritage can be used again and properly maintained. Some of the old shops can be used by students to exhibit their projects to the public, encouraging their entrepreneurial spirit and challenging them to address the problems that the town will be facing. Students are a resource for the companies around Huddersfield and by interacting with them directly, it could potentially convince students to remain in the town and contribute to the community and economy. As Huddersfield is surrounded by cities with big universities and is a more affordable place to live, with great rail connections to Leeds, Bradford and Manchester, it can attract students from these cities by creating accommodation and facilities for them. By doing this, it can become a melting pot of ideas and people that could result in new businesses, solutions and inventions.
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PAST EVENTS
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HISTORIC DATA ANALYSIS
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FUTURE EVENTS
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HISTORIC DATA ANALYSIS
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The maps displayed below show the evolution of Huddersfield street layout from 1778 to 1950. The town starts small in 1778 with irregular streets indicating an organic development. The dominant axes of the town is running West to East, linking the river mills with the Cloth Hall. In 1826 the streets become regular and wider allowing motorised vehicles to circulate. There is a new axes forming, running from South to North, which will become more significant in later years. The 1850 map shows the town continuing to develop along the two major axes, the street pattern starting to form the traffic nodes we can observe today. Complexity of paved streets increases in 1950, when cars become common and every building requires vehicular access. The need for cars pushes people to build new wider roads, and this necessity will result in building the ring road just a�er 1950. The Street layout of Huddersfield is inuenced by two major factors: financial development and ways of transport. Whenever the local economy has been rising, new streets had to be build and the existing ones widened.
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ARCHITECTURAL STYLES
GEORGIAN
The theatre is named a�er Lawrence Batley, a local entrepreneur and philanthropist, who founded a nationwide cash and carry chain. The building was originally built in 1819 as a Methodist chapel, called the Queen Street Chapel. In 1975 the building is given a Grade II listing. Wokr to convert the building into the theatre began in 1992.
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GOTHIC
Converted from a church in 1980, this concert hall seats 400 people and was designed by John Oates (an architect from neighbouring Halifax) and by local stonemason Joseph Kaye.
NEO-CLASSICAL
Converted from a church in 1980, this concert hall seats 400 people and was designed by John Oates (an architect from neighbouring Halifax) and by local stonemason Joseph Kaye.
It replaced an earlier swing bridge. The bridge is a combination of wheels, chains and counter-weights which were used to liďż˝ the deck of the bridge out of the way of passing canal barges. It was refurbished in 2002 and is now electrically powered.
The station was designed and built using the neoclassical style, it is well known in architectural circles for its classical-style facade. Constructed by two rival rail companies in 1850, the station contained separate ticket offices at either end of the building, with first and second class restrooms in between.
It was the first purposebuilt educational building on the University of Huddersfield campus. The building has been designed in a Gothic Revival style andb the same architect designed the Huddersfield Market Hall, Huddersfield Bank and Spring Grove School.
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ART DECO
CONTEMPORARY
VICTORIAN
It is located in the towns Victorian area and it served as the town’s wholesale fruit and vegetable market until 1979. A�er it’s closure it has been carefully restored and is now used for the town’s weekly market.
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Built to replace the borough police station on Bull & Mouth Street, the building comprised 15 cells and was situated next to the existing fire station on Princess Street.
The building was designed by E H Ashburner and was every aspect was carefully considered with the help of a librarian. The building is of steel-frame construction, faced externally with Crosland Hill stone. The modern tendency towards simple massing and plain treatment of wall surfaces has been followed, whilst the general detailing is strongly classical in feeling.
The Grand Picture Theatre was designed by Clifford Hickson of Stocks, Sykes and Hickson. It closed on 6th June 1957 because of its edge of town centre location, and was transformed into a nightclub. This closed in around 1992/93 and the auditorium was demolished with the splendid facade being incorporated into a supermarket.
The Oastler Building is an extension onto Huddersfield University’s existing build and has been designed by AHR architects. Local suppliers were used for key materials, including locally-sourced Yorkshire stone cladding. The building is one of the University’s greenest buildings on campus.
The building was designed to serve the new space for the Art, Design and Architecture School. It emodies all that is current, contemporary and creative whilst focusing on tge multudisciplinary learning and collaboration. It was named a�er the yorkshire born sculptor and is supplied the newest technologies and equipment. HISTORIC DATA ANALYSIS 13
Most of the area inside the ring road, is located in the conservation area. For its size, the town has a large number of listed buildings. This reects the rich history and heritage that the community is aiming to retain. The area with the highest density of listed buildings is located close to the train station. This fact highlights the importance of a link with other towns and cities. The prosperity derived from trade and travel made those outstanding building possible.
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HISTORIC DATA ANALYSIS 17
PUBLIC TRANSPORT
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Throught the exploration of Huddersfield’s history of public transport it has become apparent, that there has not been any drastic changes or improvements since the 1960’s. Although the routes and timetables alter and expand the means remain the same. This provides an opportunity for a change, especially with the new fast emerging technologies such as electric and self driving vehicles. It also provides a chance to re-think the towns currently dominated by public transport streets.
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HISTORIC DATA ANALYSIS 19
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LYNCH STUDY: HUDDERSFIELD TOWN CENTRE
The urban analysis we conducted showed that the town centre is currently strictly bounded by the Ring Road. It forms physical edge surrounding the town and separating it from its neighbourhood. From the street level, the Ring Road is a distinctive element, and as seen on a map one can say it not only defines but also restricts the town. Parts of the Ring Road act as a gateways to the town, allowing vehicular and pedestrian access. One of the key features of Huddersfield is its focus on retail areas. When exploring the town’s streets the amount of shops is noticeable among other services. The retail district plays an important role in local economy. However, with growing popularity of online retail some of the shops are shutting down. Another dominant area- The University of Huddersfield, is one of the biggest employers in town. Prosperous campus attracts new investments every year, giving wider recognition to the University and consequently, the town.
Major and minor landmarks that we discovered are architectural forms easily named by everyday users of the streets. These are classical forms of architecture, sculptures or commercial points of focus. In conclusion, we discovered three main areas of focus that might be developed in the future. These are the points where landmarks, nodes and activities meet. The areas are the Train Station, University and crossing in front of Mc Donald’s. Moreover, as a group we are consentaneous that the Ring Road plays an important role in shaping the town. In order to allow for its future development and growth, the connection must be loosened.
On the contrary, the industrial district is significantly underdeveloped. Vacant mills, lack of canal- front developments and urban fabric negligence are prominent in the east side of the town. Social and cultural districts have been in the need of improvment but lack of funding forces small steps strategy. Pop-up galleries and street festivals are more and more prominent bringing value to once vacant arcades and shops. Transportation links are efficient but in order to meet the environmental standards these will face a need of improvements in near future.
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LYNCH MAP
LYNCH STUDY 23
“Edges are the boundaries between districts, which may be formed by physical barriers – such as arterial roads, railway cuttings, walls, fences and canals; or they may be ‘implied’ boundaries –such as a difference in the scale or character of development from one side of a street to the other –forming seams along which two districts or neighbourhoods mesh together. ” During our study we differentiated two types of edges- physical and implied. One of major physical edges is formed by the Ring Road. The canal and River Colne are physical edges ouside of our group’s focus area. The implied edges are much more subtle. These can be formed by changes in the street paving or road marks.
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“Districts are sections of a city, which the observer recognises as having some common, identifying character. Always identifiable from the inside, they are also used for exterior reference if visible from outside.” When walking through Huddersfield town centre, the district division became obvious. We have identified 7 sections through their typologies and character. The biggest and fastest growing district is the University whereas the retail district is declining. Transport district also plays a big role within the town by providing direct links into the city centre.
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‘’Paths are the channels along which the observer customarily, occasionally, or potentially moves. They may be streets, walkways, transit lines, canals, railroads. For many people, these are the predominant elements in their image. People observe the city while moving through it, and along these paths the other environmental elements are arranged and related. ‘’
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‘’Gateway is a means of entry or access. It might be closed by or as by a gate. A gateway is a place through which you have to go to get to a particular area. ‘’ We have divided gateways into three sections. Pedestrian access gateways consisted of underground passess which connected areas of different purposes.
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“Nodes are points, the strategic spots in a city into which an observer can enter, and which are the intensive focus to and from which he is traveling.They may be primarily junctions, places of a break in transportation, a crossing or convergence of paths, moments of shift from one structure to another” By defining the major and minor nodes within the town centre, we have noticed that they tend to classify under significant crossing of paths or places of gathering. It became obvious that there was a lack of nodes which clearly indicate a shi� in structure.
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“Landmarks are another type of point-reference,but in this case the observer does not enter within them, they are external. They are usually a rather simply defined physical object: building, sign, store, or mountain. Their use involves the singling our of one element from a host of possibilities. Landmarks we classified as ‘major’ are prominent buildings with historic value. These are buildings that define the town and its heritage. On the other hand, minor landmarks are formed by distinctive urban elements and focal points such as recognized sculptures or shops.
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30 ENVIRONMENTAL ANALYSIS
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The majority of Building heights inside the town center varies from 5 to 10 meters, except some listed buildings which reaches the height of 10-20 meters. On the other hand a few number of 20 meters or above located outside the ring road. this preserve the town center skyline with heritage buildings which can be identified visually as landmarks.
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ENVIRONMENTAL ANALYSIS 31
The terrain gradually rises from east side of the town by approx. 5m with each contour line. Analysis of the building heights against the terrerain changes shown that there are no significant relatioship between these two factors. The heights of the buildings are inuenced by the location and the district purpose. For example, University buildings located in south- east side of the town are growing vertically due to value of the land and constricted boundary of the univeresity campus. Singular high- rise buildings are residential blocks. The highest structure in the town is (recycling site chimney, west from the John Sith Stadium). Proximity of the canal does not currently affect the town centre, however considering rapid climate changes the steps to prevent potential ooding should be considered.
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ENVIRONMENTAL ANALYSIS 33
The urban microclimate analysis as well as shadow analysis outcomes, based on different sun position during summer and winter solstices, show excessive shadow casting visible on main pedestrian streets in Huddersfield town centre (see shadow analysis 22 Dec, 10am). Various factors such as street orientation, building heights, density of developments and local planning policies contributed to overshadowing streets in winter.
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Restricted solar access penetration impact streets such as New St, John William St, King St and Westgate. Dense built urban fabric and reduced sun light might inuence anti-social behaviour in dark alleys, or contribute to seaonal affective disorder among the employees of the underlit offices or afecting green open spaces.
Sustaining and providing access to solar radiation by analyzing and managing seasonal shadowing is essential factor for future design starategies. Careful consideration of the climate, development type and site context must be taken into place when designing city of the future, especially considering emphasis on vertical rise of the cities.
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ENVIRONMENTAL ANALYSIS 35
The light study conducted at night revealed that Huddersfield lacks good quality street lighting and the amount of lamposts is insufficient. Lampposts currently used are outdated, they create light glare and skyglow. What is more, underlit streets and passages encourages anti- social behaviour as well as limits sense of safety.
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ENVIRONMENTAL ANALYSIS 37
Almost half of Huddersfield population have the privilege of health-Care system, On the other hand, around 20% listed at a higher Social Grade, as well as, nearly 30% accomblished level 4 or above in the education system.
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Adding to that, nearly half of the population are at working age, they lack job chances, with low wages, and the demand on males is higher than females, resulting on majority to initiate micro businesses for better living.
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As a conclusion of our urban analysis we agreed, that the transport will play and important role in the development of the town. Introduction of new electric rail will draw more people outside of the town to seek for employment in Huddersfield. Upgraded transit connection will allow increase number of business collaborations such as technological exchange and expansion of university into the town. Public transport that we know today will be replaced with self driving pods, decreasing number of accidents and energy use. By 2049 various technological invensions will fold new job market. Drone operators will replace professions such as production operators. High technology professionals wil find a job in genetic computing, molecules design, optogenetics, micro robotics and AI. Development of electric transport is an important measure that has to be taken in order to slow down inevitable climate changes. By 2049 water level will significantly grow in comparison to current situation. Although the town centre will not directly be affected, surrounding districts might suffer from ooding and residential areas will face a need to relocate.
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SOCIODEMOGRAPHIC ANALYSIS
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The heightest crime rate is located in the middle of the city center with high level of robbery, which is a result of the city facilities close by 6:00 pm and most of the vibrant places in the morning turn to ghost areas at night .
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The city center lacks public spaces for social activities and events and the majority of these places needs pavement maintances and more landscape furniture for people to interact with these space during day and time.
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The city center host about 80 percent of the commercial buildings, as well as the Mixed use buildings usually divided as retail on the ground oor and vacant from the above. Addingly the City major transportation buildings are located closer and near the governmental bildings in the city. while most of the residential areas located outside the ring road.
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SOCIODEMOGRAPHIC ANALYSIS 43
The rapid improvement of technology has inuenced human behaviour in relation to how we use urban spaces. As retail moved more and more online, shops start to close and areas that used to be full of activity are risking to become deserted. This phenomenon is amplified by neglect and by clusters of unnecessary urban furniture. Huddersfield has in its centre a significant amount of parking spaces and hard pavement. These can be extensive and give the town an unnatural, grey impression. As most towns, Huddersfield puts accent on vehicular access on most streets and the ring road surrounding the centre is creating a barrier between what is inside and what is not. The barrier can be crossed trough narrow pedestrian street crossings. The crossing of the ring road is perceived by pedestrians as dangerous due to the speed and number of cars using the street.
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SITE ISSUES 45
Although the Blue Print focuses on areas which will benefit from improvement, it does not consider the future needs of the population. The University is the fastest growing and expanding district within the city centre and therefore, the town may be dominated by students and younger generations needs. The proposal also does not promote a link between the 6 different areas and how the future innovations and interventions of technologies will impact them.
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TECHNOLOGICAL DATA 47
New innovations in retail, communications, distribution and manufacturing will make the high street as we know it today redundant. In a world where you can 3D print clothing, furniture and most everyday objects or you can have anything delivered, going to the shop to buy items will be a thing of the past. The study below shows that experienced based businesses as well as food and drink venues will be sucessfull in the future as people will look for new and surprising things in everyday life, as well as good qulaity spaces for social interaction.
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Future technologies will have to respond to new challenges in a world based on renewable energy and artificial technologies. Automation of transportation, trough a system of self driving cars, and of retail, trough virtual shops and a cheap and fast delivering system, will minimise parking and will free space on the high street for smaller bespoke shops and experienced based businesses. These inventions will need new spaces especially dedicated to them such as: charging points for self driving cars, drone towers and safe areas for deliveries. Also public spaces could become a necessary escape from a digitalized world in which the accent will be on human interaction and reconnection with natural elements. Due to their sustainability and efficiency, future technologies are an exciting element that will change the way people interact with buildings and outdoor spaces.
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TECHNOLOGICAL DATA 49
Following the urban study, we have identified a series of spaces and buildings with great potential for future development. These are areas that are not valued enough in the urban context or are slowly deteriorating due to lack of investment or maintenance. However, these are located in key areas around the town, and could become centres for communities and social activity.
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MASTERPLAN 51
MASTER PLAN 2049 CIRCULATION PHASING
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PHASE I - 2029
PHASE II - 2039
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MASTERPLAN 53
STUDENT DISTRICT I DEMOLISHING EXISTING HOUSES RETROFITTING EXISTING BUILDING INTO STUDENT ACCOMODATION REDEVELOP ACCESS II REMOVAL OF CIRCLE ROAD AND PARKING CREATING THE FOREST PARK CONNECTION WITH RINGROAD BIKE PATH RETROFIT EXISTING BUILDING INTO HEALTHCARE AND LEASURE CENTER DEMOLISHING EXISTING HOUSES NEW SOCIAL AND COMMUNITY SPACES III DEVELOPMENT OF EXHIBITION AND PERFORMANCE SPACES DEVELOPMENT OF OUTDOOR PUBLIC SPACES ESTABLISHING A CONNECTION WITH GREENHEAD PARK
UNIVERSITY EXPANSION I UNIVERSITY OCCUPIES CO-OP BUILDING AS ART STUDY SPACES NEW STREET REDEVELOPMENT II ROOF OF PARKING TURNED INTO SOCIAL SPACE PARKING REMOVED CREATE TUNNEL UNDER RINGROAD ARCADES TURNED INTO TECHNOLOGICAL LABS WITH INTERACTION FROM STUDENTS/PUBLIC CREATING NEW SPACES FOR PRESENTING PROJECTS/TECHNOLOGIES III DEMOLISH CAP PARK AND CREATE NEW OPEN SPACE NEW RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT HUB FOR UNIVERSITY INNOVATIONS AND TESTING CENTER
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RESIDENTIAL AND CO-WORKING SPACES I PROPOSAL FOR NEW RESIDENTIAL OPPORTUNITY DEMOLITION OF EXISTING POST OFFICE REPLACE POST OFFICE WITH TRAINING/EDUCATION CENTER GENERAL IMPROVEMENTS TO SHOP FRONTS AND URBAN FURNITURE II CONNECTION WITH RINGROAD CREATE NEW ACCOMODATION CHANGE OF USE OF VACANT SPACES TURNED INTO SOCIAL OR RESIDENTIAL SPACES III DEMOLISH KINGSGATE SHOPPING CENTER AND TURNED INTO GREEN OPEN SPACETO SERVE COMMUNITY CHANGE ROOF TILES WITH SOLAR CAPTURING TILES
CULTURE DISTRICT I DEMOLITION OF EXISTING PLAZA CREATING NEW SOCIAL GREEN SPACE DEVELOPING CONNECTION BETWEEN THEATRE AND LIBRARY II DEMOLISH QUEENSGATE SHOPS KEEPING THE FREESTANDING CONCRETE STRUCTURE REDEVELOP MARKET INTO EXHIBITION SPACE FOR ARTISTS III CREATE CONNECTION BETWEEN THEATRE AND NEW STREET WITH NEW ARCADE BUILD NEW PERFORMANCE SPACES NEW CONNECTION WITH NEW PUBLIC PARK
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MASTERPLAN 55
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The student district must meet all student requirements and needs spaces which encourage the interaction of the public with university projects. The layout of the site will try to retain as much as possible from the current scale of the buildings, respecting the conservation area and upgrade the existing buildings and spaces. The main areas inside the student district are: The student accommodation building, which will keep the existing look but will be redesigned to meet standards for accommodation. The leisure area will have restaurants, pubs, experience-based activities and shops. A new medical and sports centre, a new community centre that will organise workshops for students and people living around. The forest park is meant to provide a quiet space for students, there will be areas for study and spaces for leisure. The district has good connections with the town centre, the train station, and the new cinema and entertainment centre. By creating a tunnel for the cars, a new bridge will connect the student hub with Greenhead Park.
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RESIDENTIAL AND CO- WORKING SCHEME PHASING
PHASE I REVIVING THE CURRENT Changes to landscaping on Byram Street. Existing office and residential spaces will be adapted to host co-working offices and business start-up spaces.
PHASE II N E W D E V E LO P M E N T S Introducing new co-working unit behind the Post Office building. New residential development will be located on existing car parking site.
PHASE III DEMOLITION Demolition of Kingsgate shopping centre. Introduction of new park and canopy connecting cultural and residential districts.
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NTI IDE S E T R UNI
In the 2049 due to expanding population and increasing demand for affordable homes, residential and co-working district will be essential part of Huddersfield town centre. Aging society will need new measures, to contain different generations of people with contrasting needs. Shared open spaces and homes are essential part of the district, providing a platform to exchange skills as well as promote multi generational integration. Elderly people will support young families and youngsters will help older ones to adapt to ever changing technology. The district contains different scale units and green open spaces. The residential and co-working project consists of three phases. These include renovation of Byram Street, new residential and co-working developments as well as demolition of Kingsgate shopping centre. New public open space will be introduced of the former Kingsgate location. unit consists of
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Due to the relocation of the ring-road to underground, Huddersfield town centre has been provided with a large public space. The space offers fully pedestrianised area, additional landscaping and new modular, exible grids. The grids are designed to generate energy collected from movements across the oors, which then can result in provision of power and data for various activities. The public space and the grids are available to use for large events, exhibitions by the university but can also be rented out for theatre performances, cinema experiences and many more. 62
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Weather has been relatively stable in the last ten years. However the amount of rainfall in Huddersfield increased significantly in the last year. This could be an effect of climate change and it needs to be kept under observation in the years to come. Changes in weather patterns are observed all-over the world and scientists predict unusual weather will be more frequent in the future. We are at a stage where even if we stop carbon emissions by 2050, there will still be changes in rainfall, temperature and abnormal meteorological activities.
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Our analysis is showing the current problems the world is facing and how those could be tackled. The world population will continue to grow Even if Europe’s population will decrees, it is estimated that UK’s population will continue to rise. More people means more energy demand. If we continue to use the same energy sources we use today, the effects of climate change will become irreversible. That is why the UK’s Government set a deadline for new 0 emissions by 2050. For the energy usage to be more efficient and less harmful for the environment humanity needs to change behaviour and mentalities. The construction industry could be the one who will inspire society and architecture can contribute by designing energy efficient buildings and urban systems.
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