Recolonizing the Valley: Intertwining Ecologies of Post-Industrial Territory
Recolonizing the Valley: Intertwining Ecologies of Post-Industrial Territory 1
Kamran Aghasi Thesis submitted to obtain a degree of European Master of Urbanism (EMU) Academic year: 2013-2014 Promoter: Prof. Bruno De Meulder Katholieke Universiteit Leuven Faculty of Engineering Department of Architecture, Urbanism and Planning [ASRO] Permission for Use of Content: The author herewith permits that the present dissertation be made available for consultation; parts of it may be copied, strictly for personal use. Every other use is subject to strict copyright reservations. Particular reference is made to the obligation of explicitly mentioning the source when quoting the present dissertation’s results. Leuven, 2014
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Aknowledgments
My sincere gratitude to my mentors during the Charleroi studio, Wim Wambecq and Prof. Bruno De Meulder for the continuos support and inspiration through my Thesis. And special thanks to all the people behind the scenes of KuLeuven University, especially Maura Slootmaekers. I want to thank my parents, who enabled me to have new experiences in these past years and encouraged me to discover new things in life. I want, in particular to thank Jana who walked with me in these past years, for her constant support and inspiration and without whom this thesis wouldn’t have been possible. And last but not least all my fellow students who have stood beside me in the past years, special thanks to Teo.
Table of content
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Abstract Introduction Thesis Objectives Contextualizing Charleroi
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Former industrialisation showing the trend of industrialisation along the Sambre river
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Shift of Industries and economic activity towards the motorway in the North
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Drosscape | Abandoned post-industrial sites
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The Gap
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Existing Water Structures
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Existing Forest Structures
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Economic Trends, New existing trend of economies along the Sambre valley Case Studies
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Project 1: Parco Dora
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Project 2: Memory Fields
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Project 3: BioReGen
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Theoretical framework, Symbiosis between the city and industrial platforms
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Existing Symbiosis Between City and Industrial Land
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Proposed Symbiosis Between City and Industrial Land
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Proposed Symbiosis Between City and Industrial Land
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Design proposal, Reimagining Intertwining Ecologies
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Proposed Water Structures
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Proposed Forest Structures
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Remediating the Valley
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Concept for Biomass Production|Diversifying Landscape
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Concept for Biomass Production|Economical Feasibility
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Vision for the Valley
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Vision for the Valley|Sequences of Crossing | Integrating Industrial Legacy
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Vision for the Valley| Integrating Local Economies
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Vision for the Valley| Meeting the Valley
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Conclusion Bibliography
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Abstract The aftermath of evaporation of industrial economy and the shift of new
This research investigates the different possibilities for a symbiosis between
industries along the motorway has left a vast swath of post-industrial land
the city and the valley. In other words linking the issues concerning
along the La Sambre River. The majority of the post-industrial sites are
urbanization and dross to make (as Sola Morales calls) ‘associations
located in the valley, which is bounded by the two interwoven, longitudinal
among economic and consumption activities’ and the landscape created
infrastructures of the river and railway.
as a result of these processes.
Charleroi as a well-known case for its post-mining moonscape and the now lost vital industrial city is desperately in search of a replacing economic
In this regard, the reclamation process starts with making a unified
landscape while also tackling with huge sites of polluted lands revealing
valley with a diversified landscape structure that is flexible for the future
the remaining scars of the past activities.
and allows different things to accomodate the new ecological and vast
On the other hand considering the city as a product of industrialization
corridors.
(capital and production flows), makes it obvious to search for a synergy between the city and the valley.
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Introduction
During the last fifty years, the 19th and 20th century features of modernity
shaped the western urban context while the changing of economic flows
have left the European cities experiencing population decline and
and the movement of people reconfigured the concept of capitalism with
increase in wasteland and contaminated territory. Enormous industrial
a major change of the organization of space itself. (Harvey, 1992, Soja,
platforms, vast exploitation sites and outdated infrastructures have
1989, Shields, 1991, Secchi, 2006). This thesis focusses on a particularly
resulted in porosity and fragmentation inside and around the urban cores.
affected territory, Charleroi, located in the Walloon territory to the south
Consequently this phenomenon is followed by drastic changes in economic
of Brussels, left with varying effects by the different industrial eras within
trends and the relation of occupation of the inhabitants and spaces in
this economical shift.
the cities. (Harvey1992,Secchi 2007). Accordingly, this research takes into account and investigates the territory of the minier basin of the La Sambre
The de-industrialization of the region led to a GDP p/c of approximately
River, specifically Charleroi, as an example of a post-industrial city.
23.500 ¤, while in Flanders it is approximately 32.200 ¤. (Eurostat - 2009). The high unemployment rate present in the area (11,2%, and in some
The violent de-industrialization that Europe has been witnessing for the
parts reaching as high as 30%, versus 4,9% in Flanders) and the huge
last fifty years managed to shift its Fordist orientated economy towards
abandoned industrial sites creat inter-related dinamics as the urban voids
new post-industrial models. The constant changing demands of people
have a strong relotion with the social exclusion in Charleroi. The state of
shaped the western urban context while the changing of economic flows
decay of the dwellings present on site as the impact of infrastructures and
and the movement of people reconfigured the concept of capitalism with
the harsh living conditions led to a mass flee of people out of Charleroi.
a major change of the organization of space itself. (Harvey, 1992, Soja,
As space plays a major role in integration or segregation in urban society,
1989, Shields, 1991,Secchi, 2006).
both shaping and being shaped by these social relations (Lefevres 1972), one should attempt to address this particular social issues by defining the
The violent de-industrialization that Europe has been witnessing for the
weaknesses of the territory and transforming them into opportunities for
last fifty years managed to shift its Fordist orientated economy towards
a more inclusive space.
new post-industrial models. The constant changing needs of people
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Thesis objectives
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Charleroi has experienced two main economic turning points in the course
thesis is to unveil these opportunities and try to find an approach to
of its life. The first wave was the coal industry and exploitation sites,
systematically combine them to work in a sustainable manner.
which due to lack of having a centralized mining concession resulted in a
This research looks to create a symbiosis between the city and the valley. In
moonscape territory. The second wave was the industrial revolution, which
other words, linking the issues concerning urbanization and dross to make
drastically fostered the demographic and economic features of the whole
(as Sola Morales calls) associations among economic and consumption
region forming (as Therry Eggerickx calls it) a new slightly hybrid urban
activities and the landscape created as a result of these processes.
model, grown from small rural communities but which never looked like
Considering the city as a place of consumption (of energy) and production
classical cities, was characterized by a very quick demographic growth.
(of waste) this project is looking at the valley as an inviting platform
This hybrid urban model is founded by natural features and the socio-
capable of accommodating the counter of the mentioned processes. Thus,
economic motives of the territory throughout history. Thus it makes it
reimagining the valley by combining economical, ecological and social
necessary to recognition of these elements as the key role players.
initiatives, with a strategy of productive re-colonization and recycling its
The aftermath of these two phenomena is the emergence of different types
varied underused urban tissues becomes the main approach of the thesis
of polycentric urbanization, vast drosscapes and wastelands, economic
research.
crisis and unemployment. In the public realm the depressed ex-steel town (The Guardian, 2010) is named the ugliest city in the world by readers of
In this regard, the reclamation process starts with making a unified valley
the Dutch newspaper Volkskrant.
with a diversified landscape structure that is flexible and allows different things to come and happen inside. Therefore, the valley becomes both
The abandoned industrial sites and buildings in Charleroi have made a
an attractor and a disseminator of economic and ecological incentives for
porosity in the urban fabric of this city while this porosity actually can
sustainable urban development.
be seen as a potential to create a constructed landscape. The aim of the
Contextualizing Charleroi
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Source: Charleroi 1911-2011, colloque interuniversitaire, universite du Travail, 21 October 2011
The territory passed from a small medieval center into one of the biggest
urban tissue. The highway located in the north of Charleroi, next to the
industrial cities of Belgium In less than 150 years after the industrial
airport, became an attractor for new development and centralities of
revolution from 1850. The industrial city that has emerged in the 19th
commerce and productivity. Thus, a shift was made dislocating economic
century, invested on two resources: the Coal and the expertise of artisans,
centrality from the river and railway infrastructure towards the highway.
skills boosted by recent innovations techniques (at the steel, mechanical workshops or glassware). The mentioned stimulating factors of the
The rapid growth and development of Charleroi attracted people from
rapid evolution led the region of Charleroi meet the expectations of
different European states starting from Flemish people in-migration in the
a new productive industry (mainly glass and still industries) and the
beginning of twentieth century, followed by immigration of Italians and
population starts booming in the early 19th century. In 1870 Charleroi-
eventually North Africans and Turkish people. The industrial crises of the
centre is already heavily urbanized and the population boom is even more
beginning of 70’s put an end to this demographic trend. The displacement
impressive in the peripheral municipalities. This was the era of economic
of industries out of the region and the global economical shift resulted in
competition at all levels, and a contest in productivity. Overall, this was the
high rates of unemployment and social segregation in Charleroi region.
time of a combative economic competitiveness between European states. The aftermath of evaporating industrial economy and the shift of new 12
Consequently, the dispersed character of the area hosts linear settlement
industries along the motorway in the North, has left a vast swath of
along the main road and the steel and glass industries creating a polycentric
post-industrial land along the La Sambre River. The majority of the post-
industrial sites are located in the valley, which is bounded by the two interwoven, longitudinal infrastructures of the river and railway. Charleroi as a well-known case for its post-mining moonscape and the now lost vital industrial city is desperately in search of a replacing economic landscape while also tackling with huge sites of polluted lands as the
1911 was the year of the international industrial exhibition of Charleroi, which guarantees the entrepreneurial dynamic of the region. Source: Charleroi 1911-2011, colloque interuniversitaire, universite du Travail, 21 October 2011
202.598 habitants
remaining scars of the past activities.
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50 inh.
Industrial decline Industrial decline
Industrial Revoltution Coal mining + metallugical activities 1300
Glass works 1666
18th C
1830
1930
Floorishing industries + industrial settlements
Start decline
Closure last coalmine
1945
1985
2000
Post-Industrial agglomeration 2013
New emerging economies
FORMER INDUSTRIALISATION SHOWING THE TREND OF INDUSTRIALISATION ALONG THE LA SAMBRE RIVER
airport
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?
Metal Industries Metal industries Coal Mines Coalmines Other Industries Other industries Electrical Industries Electrical industry Central Power distribution Central powerdistribution Metal industries Glass Industries Coalmines Glass industries Image No: based on René De Cooman and Victor Bourgeois, “Charleroi Terre d’Urbanisme”
Other industries Electrical industry Central powerdistribution
ial centrality
SHIFT IF INDUSTRIES AND ECONOMIC ACTIVITY TOWARDS THE MOTORWAY IN THE NORTH Shift of industrial centrality airport
airport
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New productive
Highway Highway New productive and commercial development and commercial development Airport Highway Airport
New productive and commercial development Airport
ted to the north of Charleroi, next to the airport, it became an attractor of new developments and e andWith productivity. Therefore shift from the rivernext andtorailway infrastructure is made. the motorway located toathe north of Charleroi, the airport, it became an towards attractor ofthe newhighway developments and 0 100
500
1000m
centralities of commerce and productivity. Therefore a shift from the river and railway infrastructure towards the highway is made.
DROSSCAPE| ABANDONED POST-INDUSTRIAL SITES
This urban design framework looks at urbanized regions as the waste product of defunct economic and industrial processes. The redesign and 16
adaptive re-use of ‘waste landscapes’ within industrialized regions may offer an alternative creative way of envisioning space and of looking at urban development. Allocation of industrial sites along the valley has resulted in a vast swath of post-industrial landscape erected along the La Sambre River. The colonization of the valley by industries over two centuries not only has drastically changed the whole ecological landscape but also has influenced the way people perceive these spaces. The rapid urbanization and horizontal growth and the defunct economic and production systems of Charleroi calls for a new design approach. The waste places have risen from deindustrialization as well as industrial growth, the latter having replaced old technologies with new ones. Once the waste landscapes are identified, it will be the job of the thesis research to integrate and re-use these spaces in the urban world.
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Polluted Land Drosscape
THE GAP At the present the valley consists of industrial structures – the built environment, obsolete infrastructure and in between spaces, which are bound by the interwoven elements of the railway and the river. The resulting space is over scaled and complex to be integrated with the surroundings. Such space has become like a buffer zone for the city and functions as a backyard. There is hardly any connectivity to the waterfront and the two sides are connected with bridges, which are like a flyover above the valley.
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Section and image showing the vast swath of land and the infrastructure disconneting the settlements from the river. Source; Fieldwork images.
EXISTING WATER STRUCTURES
The existing water structure is been reformed and manipulated by the development of the city. The water streams in sub-valleys are buried under the ground and the La Sambre River, which was once dancing in the valley, is engineered and canalized in favour of more efficiently fulfilling water transportation demands.
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Existing waterway Historical streams Historical river course
EXISTING FOREST STRUCTURES
The redundant industrial platforms and obsolete infrastructure together with the green structure create an intertwining system of polluted land as the consequences of the former mining and industrial activities used to happen in the valley. Most of this post-industrial land is polluted by heavy metal, like mercury, cadmium, led, chromium, coming from the industrial processing of the mines, steel and glass factories. While most of the valley is taken over by deprived vegetation or industrial structures, some existing patches still remain naturalized as it was prior 24
to the industrialization era. Thus, these existing forest structures on the steep edges of the valley can form buffer zones between the valley and the surrounding environment.
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that deindustrialization is a result of the globalization of markets and has been fostered by the rapid growth of North-South trade (trade between 26
the advanced economies and the developing world). These critics argue that the fast growth of labour-intensive manufacturing industries in the developing world is displacing the jobs of workers in the advanced economies. Consequently, deindustrialization is principally the result of higher productivity in manufacturing than in services. (Freeman, 1995,Wood, 1994,Rowthorn, 1992) What is seen in Charleroi testifies that there are more tendencies to shift toward the highway, as shown before, these relocated economic activities are also turning to service based activities rather than production. But at the same time in the valley there are some examples of new economic activities, which are not revolved around glass, steel or coal as former industrial activities, but they mostly revolve around production of energy and recycling waste. It can be an inspiration for future growth or step stones of how the city is reconciling the valley.
Export of smartgrid electricity cables
to widening income inequality and high unemployment. Some suggest
Water purification plant
Many regard deindustrialization with alarm and suspect it has contributed
Agricultural products
H
Electrical power Xylowatt: Biomass energy+heat distribution
New existing trend of economies along the Sambre valley
Hydrogen energy production Water purification plant
Economic Trends
Biogas and composting Water purification plant
Metal recycling
Waste collection
Hydrogen energy production
Water: protection and management
Alstom Energy
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Waste and energy related activities Abandoned industries Residual activities Existing Rehabilitation sites
Waste and energy related activities
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“Drosscape may offer another creative way to envision space and landscape design in a city.� Berger 2007
Case Studies
This industrial decline left behind polluted and damaged sites, which are
Project 1: Parco Dora designed by Latz and Partners
now in need of rehabilitation and revitalization strategies. The whole swath
Parco Dora is an example of how former industrial relics can be integrated
of post-industrial land demands major investments for eco-revitalization
inside a new park structure and while opening the spaces up for social
and economic revival that would, however, allow them to maintain their
purposes.
social and economic regional identity, an identity of the people and of the territory.
Project 2: Estonian National Museum or Memory Fields by Bas Smets and
Due to the complexity of this course as part of the research some exemplary
DGT architects
projects are taken into account as references of how to tackle with such
The aim of this case study is finding strategies on how to integrate
wastelands, which have varied scales and characteristics. Because of the
brownfield sites and old abandoned structures into existing natural
diversity of the different sites that are located along the valley, three
structures enhancing the natural environment.
different projects explain tactics of how brown fields can generate social cohesion, frame and reintroduce landscape structures and reclaim brown
Project 3: BioReGen
fields as economical catalyst in context which are loaded with history and
This case study creates a way of economic regeneration and natural
even charged emotionally.
upgrade of contaminated brownfield sites.
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Project 1: Parco Dora Landscape Design: Latz + Partner Team Members: Latz + Partner, STS S.p.A., Bologna, Ing. V. Cappato, Turin, Arch. C. Pession, Turin, U. Marano; Cetara, PfarrÊ Lighting Design Location: Turin, Italy Year of construction: 2004 – 2012 Area: 37 hectares
Dora River. The main goals of the project is to re-introduce and reconnect
(Image 3) Areal view of redundant industrial area along the river Dora before erasing most of its former constructions. Source: www.skyscrapercity.com, accessed 16.08.2014
this area to the neighbouring quarters both mentally and physically
centre of the park, which is accompanied by playgrounds and the partly
together with the development of the new banks along the waterway
sheltered hall as the common space for different activities.
The site used to accommodate distressed spaces of industrial land along the
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(Weilacher, 2008). Each entrance of the site is location based designed according to its former activity and existing elements. Accordingly the
Michelin:
project is implemented in four areas:
The former Michelin plant site is now a meadow park characterized by its landscape and topography. Excavation of earth at the edge of the Dora
Ingest:
creates a tidal pool and recreates the natural course of the river. The
As the west entrance of the park is the narrowest most designed part with
leftover soil of the excavation is used to make earth sculptures toward
squares and promenades connected to the built areas. It accommodates
the road. The sculptures are clad with different species of trees offering
ramps, steps along the six meters high wall creating space for various
shadow. This part is more noticeable by the cooling towers in the southwest.
activities. The former laminating works is transformed to water gardens and elevated walkway supported by steel columns offering views to
Valdocco:
different directions.
Three quarters of this site, including above of the river, was covered by a concrete slab. The main intervention at this part is to open up the river,
Vitali and Corso Mortara:
planting trees on both sides of the river as a resemblance of the grid of the
This part is distinguished by the 30 meters high red steel columns in the
former buildings (Latz, 2008).
The vast post-industrial site of Parco Dora was ‘a redundant landscape’
radically removing history and trying to find opportunities to reclaim this
which has been recycled and updated.
industrial land is explained interestingly in Weilacher’s theory stating
Due to planning strategies carried out by the master plan ‘Programma
that `The planning paradigm that form follows function exclusively is
di Riqualificazione Urbana’ of Turin very few industrial relics have been
collapsing ± in other words leisure architecture for leisure, production
preserved in Turin. Most of the remnants of the industrial site were already
architecture for production, a machine means something only in terms of
removed or destroyed when the designers interfered and were able to save
what it has to do, and should be scrapped as quickly as possible as soon as
only parts of it. Latz & Partners sees the urban environment as a ‘layering
it is not working to full capacity.’ (Weilacher, 2008).
of the past and the present’ (Architonic AG, 2009). The approach of not
Vitali & Corso Montara
Vitali cooling towers 31
Ingest
Michelin plant
Michelin
(Image 1) Masterplan showing the four different zones of the park, and its connectedness to the city (edited by author) Source: Landezine / Landscape Architecture Works 2009-2014. www.landezine.com, accessed 14.08.2014
Valdocco
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Parco Dora has, beside its function to serve as a social park, many functional
and stores it for irrigation use and temporary water features. (Architonic
qualities which arose from its former structures. An example of this is the
AG, 2009)
central steel-mill factory hall in the Vitali area called the ‘technical canopy’
Within the park the architects were able to restore some of remnants
(Latz, 2008), referring to a tree canopy (Weilacher 2008). Another is the
that reveal the history of the site. Some of these have received a new
water system which is based on former foundation tanks and settling
functionality others are just functioning as ‘historical monuments’. These
basins that ensure that the water system resembles a natural process,
objects or elements not only reveal their former history they also form
stating that “technology and nature are not a contrasting pair but can
as Schafer (2006) described ‘the interplay between old and new which is
form a new, complex environment system together” (Weilacher 2008).
deeply satisfying.’
It forms a sustainable water management system that harvests rainwater
(Image 4) redundant landscape of the future Parco Dora Source: Wilf Wang Seng Chee (2000), seeing-torino.blogspot.be, Accessed on 17.08.2014
(Image 5) Former thriving industrialism along the river Dora. Source: www.skyscrapercity.com, Accessed on 14.08.2014
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(Image 24) ‘technical canopy’ used for variating event. Source: www.architonic.com, Accessed 17.08.2014
(Image 8) Former power plant will become a walk-in light and sound sculpture. (Image 9) Steel in standard shapes from larger mills are reconfigured into custom details for structural connections or architectural ornament. Source:www.architonic.com, (13.08.2014)
(Image 28) Section showing the ‘natural’ water system. Source: January 22, 2013 by buesking2417, http://buesking2417.wordpress.com/ . Accessed 16.08.2014
Project 2: Memory Fields Landscape Design: Bureau Bas Smets Team Members: DGT, ARUP, EA Reng AS, RFR Engineering, HGA, Pille Lausmäe Location: Tartu, Estonia Year of construction: 2006 - 2016 Area: 34 hectares Bureau Bas Smets was assigned as the designer of the park around the
Excavating two new lakes along with the two existing ones that is
building of the new Estonian national museum in Tartu. The site is the
the resemblance of the embedded hydraulic system in Estonian
former airfield of Soviet military forces, which is now just an indelible
landscape.
mark on the local environment. After the war the site was closed and by 34
•
•
Allocating a mesh of orthogonal trees in proximity of the existing
departure of the Soviet army it was abandoned being known as a historic
ones by which this grid creates a frame enhancing a better view
space scarred by military use.
toward the wild trees in the site. The grid of trees along with the museum building is an inviting element to discover the stretched
Throughout the years the landscape has re-colonized the site, which is
landscape behind the museum. The type of the grid of trees is chosen
actually one of the trigger points of the project of BBS to reveal this natural
from the Estonian forest species. (Bas Smets, 2011)
process, which is followed by two principal interventions:
(Image 6) Image showing the vast abandoned land of the former military base Source: Smets Bas, “Pays vs paysage”, www.pavillonarsenal.com, Accessed 14.08.2014.
(Image 2) Masterplan showing chain of lakes and framing forest. (edited by author) Source: Smets Bas, “Pays vs paysage”, www.pavillonarsenal.com, Accessed 14.08.2014.
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(Image 21) Map made by BSB showing the existing tree structure with the newly implemented tree grid thats frames its surroundings. Source: Smets Bas, “Pays vs paysage”, www.pavillonarsenal.com, Accessed 14.08.2014.
(Image 23) Lake Raadi which will become part of the chain as the largest lake Source: Flichr user Jüri L. Mets, June 8, 2014, www.flickr.com, 15.08.2014
(Image 20) Typical estonian trees. Source: Flichr user Jüri L. Mets, June 8, 2014, www.flickr.com, 15.08.2014
Project 3: BioReGen Team Members: Richard Lord (BioReGen), Christine Parry (NISP North East), Chris Hayward (Renew-CPI) Location: Middlesbrough, England Year of construction: 2005 - 2010 BioReGen, short for “Biomass, Remediation reGeneration: Re-using
•
brownfield sites for renewable energy crops”, is a four to five year project investigating if brownfield sites can be used to grow biomass.
originating from Asia. •
The site that has been used as a test case was a highly polluted swath of post-industrial land. The site was remained in a derelict state after its
•
Reed Canary Grass; A robust common perennial, widely distributed across temperate regions of Europe, Asia and North America
• 36
Willow SRC (short rotation coppice); Is the most commonly grown energy crop.
industrial use and never had a new function since. The biomass is incinerated, same as fossil fuels, but without releasing
Miscanthus species; these are perennial, rhizomatous grasses,
Switchgrass; A summer perennial grass that is native to North America.
toxic fumes. The burning process only releases carbon dioxide which, by growing new biomass, is taken out of the air again. This makes the chain
Overall results have shown that these types of vegetation are easy to grow
“carbon neutral”.
on underutilized land, previously developed industrial land or capped landfills, which are not appointed for food production.
The site tested different kinds of biomass;
Characteristic for willow trees is up taking Zinc, Cadmium and Copper, this
Image of the researchers analysing the first crop rotation . Source: Bingmaps, 15.08.2014
Areal images of project site. Source: Bingmaps, 15.08.2014
has the advantage that they extract specific pollutants out of contaminated
Concluding this case study we can say that the perspectives of growing
soil of brownfield sites.
biomass on brownfield sites can be economically viable and stimulate
Other than environmental results it the economical aspect growing
energy independence. It allows to think about sustainable ways of
biomass. The value of the biomass being produced exceeds transport and
growing biomass within an urban context still being feasible. However,
harvesting costs.
the CO2 output within the project just compensates each other, it might be
Further added value can be found in the enhancement of ecosystems such
interesting to search for ways not to incinerate biomass, but as much more
as:
cases already have proved possible; anaerobic digestion would reduce
• •
Provision of renewable fuel without displacement of land from food
the CO2 output almost completely. This without creating less power than
production
incinerating.
Regulation of dust reduction, flood reduction, reduced groundwater contamination, waste diversion (reduced greenhouse emissions)
•
Supporting of habitat enhancement or creation, carbon sequestration
•
Cultural improvement include aesthetics, education and research
Miscantus Source: Bingmaps, 15.08.2014
Willow SRC
Reed Canary Grass
Switchgrass
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Theoretical framework
Symbiosis between the city and industrial platforms In the context of post-industrial cities landscape urbanism can be
elements are segregated and integration of these systems appears to be
considered as a medium to transform and reclaim territories with
a fundamental principle driving post-industrial design. (Holmgren,2002)
leftover post-industrial sites due to it’s capability to respond to
In conclusion landscape urbanism is taken as the approach of
temporal changes, transformation, adaptation and succession as
reclamation of the valley with the scope of implementing and utilizing
the characteristic features in the contemporary. (Waldheim,2005)
ecology between the city and the post-industrial valley in different dimensions of economic, social and environmental improvement.
Accordingly this approach looks at the city as a dynamic and changeable process, where it is important to incorporate social, cultural and
Quoting Bélanger: “as the playing field of the global
economical aspects in post-industrial shrinking territories. (Laursen, 2009)
waste economy levels off, the golden age of mass-disposal is now being supplanted by the
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On the other hand when it is about integration of the built, infrastructure
age of mass-recycling. This requires a critical re-
and open spaces or as Charles Waldheim calls “fluid exchange
evaluation of the overlooked relationship between
between (natural) environment and (engineering)
industry, waste, and urbanism. The complexity
infrastructural systems” (Waldheim, 2005: 43) landscape can
of recycling and remediation is magnified at the
be the integrator and creator of these hybrid structures (Laursen, 2010).
urban scale, especially when it involves ecology of multiple industries and multiple waste streams“.
Human life depends on ecological services provided by nature—from water purification to waste digestion to the regulation of natural hazards.
“Multilateral
strategies,
These services originate in ecosystems: self-organized aggregations of
diversion,
living and nonliving elements that exist in a state of symbiosis, sharing
and remanufacturing, are proving effective as
energy, information, and matter for mutual benefit. (Brown, 2014)
durable alternatives to conventional systems of
separation,
such
recycling,
as
waste
composting
waste management that previously relied on On the other hand, features like human-engineered energy, water,
consolidated
forms
of
disposal.”(Bélanger 2007)
and waste infrastructure systems are, like natural ecosystems, tightly
Moreover, considering the city as a place of consumption (of energy)
coupled. (Rinaldi, 2010) Even so, in post-industrial context these
and production (of waste) the thesis is aiming at finding ways
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Flows and feedback loops of fluids, solids and gases between the urban and industrial sites in Kalundborg, Denmark. source: Belanger 2007
NOW Now
ProposalPROPOSAL Diversifying the landscape synergetic diversifying landscape Industries
to tackle with the valley as an inviting platform to accommodate
People
the counter of the mentioned processes. In other words, the approach is to reimagine the valley with an emphasis on utilizing
Energy
H
a strategy of productive re-colonization, which combines economic, ecological and social initiatives to start recycling or reassembling it.
Waste Food Hydrology/water
EXISTING SYMBIOSIS BETWEEN CITY AND INDUSTRIAL LAND CITY
VALLEY CO2
Power plant ¤ sold Households
Fertilizer
Organic municipality Waste Sewage
Landfills
Water Purification Plant
40
Many industrial lifecycles exists of the sale of waste products or their
in the waste landscape. Although creating these synergies would spawn
disposal. In Charleroi organic household waste is or shipped out of the
benefits for all actors involved, they are not reliant to each other in order
region or in the best case it gets to have a new life as fertilizer, which,
to function.
in its turn, is again being sold. The same happens with wastewater being
€450
RISING WASTE WATER TREATMENT COST (2005-2011)
€400
€146
is being sent to landfills, which is a costly end of the lifecycle. However, based on the theory of Belanger creating different symbiosis between the city and industries, and reciprocal between industries can create multiple assets for both parties. With the rising water treatment cost as illustrated in the graffic, the generated by-product could not only reduce the costs of dumping sludge but also become an economical advantage. The parallel interrelation of different facilities and the potential of new synergies are an important aspect in creating an efficient methodology
COST FOR 100 m3
processed inside water purification facilities. The residue of sludge settling
€350 €131
€300 €250
€106
€52 €63
€80 €231
€200
€235
€210 €202
€150 €100
€132
€193
€194
€186
€50 €0
2005
2006
production
2007
2008
2009
2010
waste-water treatment
2011
sources used: Aqua Wal, “Walloon Drinking Water and Waste-water Treatment Statistics 2012 Report”
PROPOSED SYMBIOSIS BETWEEN CITY AND INDUSTRIAL LAND Organic household waste can be an economical asset in local development,
alternative of digestion of food waste and sludge generates hydrogen,
contributing to work opportunities (Agyeman et al. 2003). Synergies can
which is considered as a sustainable energy source with minimal, or zero
be created between existing facilities such as the wastewater treatment
use of hydrocarbons and high-energy yield, (2.75 times more than fossil
plants, where the co-digestion of sludge and organic waste can generate
fuel), which makes it a promising alternative to fossil fuels. Unlike the
power. (Edelmann et al. 2000)
case study where heat and energy are being producted by incinirating biosmass this would be a much more cleaner option. In addition,
Anaerobic digestion of organic waste together with sludge gives three end
hydrogen can be directly used to produce electricity.
products, including clean power, heat and a marketable product. Because
However, heat and energy are by-products of generating hydrogen power,
of the need for renewable resources to replace extinguishable fossil
also the third by-product fertilizer is another asset that can be used again
fuels and due to climate change, the first two by products are of major
in the life cycle of the valley.
importance for the city, which is saturated power plants. The proposed CITY
VALLEY
41
Sewer
Urban Agriculture Urban Agriculture Biomass Fields Phytoremediation Bio-hydrogen Fishfarms
Organic Waste Households Recyclables Sewage
waste water
Export
12 kg = sludge
43.800l
year household waste
Water Purification Plant
400kg
11% garden waste 16% food scraps 38% other recyclables
108 kg = bio waste
CITY
VALLEY
PROPOSED SYMBIOSIS BETWEEN CITY AND INDUSTRIAL LAND FOR THE CHARLEROI REGION
Sewer
Household waste production in Charleroi and Chätelet consists 16% out of
catalyst of the waste-to-energy industry since already small scale industrial
food scraps. As shown these masses of waste production can be repurposed
complexes are starting to pop-up such as Sambre Compost, located at
as different by-products restructuring life-cycles. Either way, waste must
Farciennes, where organic waste forms the link between industries,
be acknowledged as part of the process of urbanisation, and diversion
government and agriculture. This company is continuously finding new
strategies for waste disposal can literally bring waste back into the
Urban green Agriculture ways of repurposing waste generating biogas and compost. (www.
economic loop and be used as an asset within the urban scale. (Belanger
sede.be)
Organic Waste
2007)
Bio-hydrogen
Urban Agriculture Biomass Fields Phytoremediation Fishfarms
Underneath a calculation is made based on the waste disposal in the Households Charleroi region it shows potential assets for the Chaleroi and Chätelet
Recyclables
region to upscale waste diversion strategies.
Sewage Learning from these calculations the potentials for strategies of waste to
Export
energy from food scraps and sludge can generate a great potential the 42
reach sustainability goals. Within this region the valley can be a perfect
waste water
43.800l
household waste
400kg
Sambre Compost plant, along with cheap distribution of fertilizer along the canal. Source: www.sede.be, (15.08.2014)
year
sources used: Hengelo project Nederland; www.aaenwaas.nl
year
Water Purification Plant
574 ha biomass lowland 951 ha productive forest 246 ha wetland biomass
12 kg = sludge 11% garden waste 16% food scraps 38% other recyclables
108 kg = bio waste
In total in Charleroi and Châtelet 28.920t of green waste can be recycled and used as biomass to generate 44.063MWh hydrogen power and 44.063MWh heat annually. Which means: providing hydrogen power for 10.281 households and heat for 2.938 households. from fertiliser as a resudue 157.986 can be earned annually
4.000 t/year 3.600 t/year 1.200 t/year
8.800 t/year
In total for the project 8.800t of biomass is produced to generate 13.407MWh hydrogen power and 13.407MWh heat annually. Which means:
Design proposal
REIMAGINING INTERTWINING ECOLOGIES
Within the design two different main ecologies are used to create a new strategy for the valley. The ecology of the post industrial and new economies are one of these, the other concerns the natural structures of the La Sambre Valley. Regarding the water structures, both natural and man made, are receiled and integrated in a general water system, generating a new concept and landscape for the valley of the La Sambre river. The existing green structures studied before will be integrated in a regional strategy and be expanded and strenghthened further recolonising the valley together with different green strategies. Furthermore it is important to note that the design is not taking the approach of tabularasa but is proposing a bold new figure for the valley. The author of this thesis is convinced that for reinvisioning a new phase for Charleroi it is important to prosose an idea that is challenging the existing ecologies and levers them to a new sustainable way of urban design.
43
PROPOSED WATERSTRUCTURES The proposal water system mainly fosters the correlation between the existing water body and the surrounding environment. Taking the scope of an improved water management system, the surface water runs through existing sub-valleys and stream to the river in the valley. Along the course of these streams some water ponds are created by small earth works. These collectors of run off water accommodate water purification plantation in order to filtrate the water before joining the main stream. As an eco-revelatory design approach the former footprint of the river is opened represented by floodable lands, which not only fosters new ecosystems in the region but also helps avoiding floods in the downstream of the La Sambre River. 44
45
Water Stream Wetland Wady waste water treatment plant
River
PROPOSED FOREST STRUCTURES Building further on the case study of BioReGen for the green structure we have seen that polluted post-industrial sites can still be renaturalised and economically viable. The 1700 ha of underutilised and partly polluted open space land along in the La Sambre valley gives great future opportunities. Topography plays a great part in the valley, therefore this has to be considered when designing the green structure. High lands on the slopes of terrils or other steeper parts have been used to enhance the existing ‘forest on the slopes’. Also the new tree plantations restructure the water streams running down from the sub-valleys, which not only creates ecological corridors but more importantly creates an 46
inviting gateway to the valley. This social driven approach is taken not merely to upgrade collective ecological spaces but also to foster the cultural landscape of the valley. In other words, reintroducing the valley to the city with as main purpose restructuring the natural system of the forest, which used to foster on the slopes close to the valley and around Charleroi. On the lower lands a different approach is taken where it is easier to grow biomass crops. As a final conclussion the design for the greenstructure used to transform undervalued land into an economical and sustainable viable vision for the valley.
47
Public space/orchards Biomass trees Biomass trees Existing forest
REMEDIATING THE VALLEY The site remediation of brownfields is a strategy, which happens in various
polluted soil, the pollutant substance is absorbed by the roots of the plant.
phases resulting in a new industrial landscape. This structuring landscape
Some of these plants can translocate pollutants to the cell compartments
element offers flexible utilization of space during its process based on the
and digest them, while some others carry the pollution to the air.
grade of contamination. For instance while some plots are in restoration
Therefore the pollution can be removed by removing the aboveground
time, others may immediately be redeveloped and used as community
part of the plants. In such cases the resulting biomass should be processed
spaces or biomass production site. Therefore the remediation strategy
as hazardous waste based on the level of pollution, while in other cases
is dynamic and allows future flexible functionalities without hampering
the biomass can be digested in anaerobic digestion systems. (Korade et
further expansion or productivity.
al. 2008)
In this regard, phytoextraction technique removes pollutants from soil via utilization of phytoremediation plants. After cultivating the plants in the
48
some typical contaminants on polluted post-industrial land CONTAMINANT
THE LEVEL OF REMEDIATION IS DEPENDENT ON ITS FUTURE USAGE:
As
Arsenic
Cr
Arsenic
Pb
found in paints, dyes, metals, pesticides and soaps
Polychlorinated Biphenyls
DDT
Dichlorophenyltrichloroethane
BaP
Benzo(a)pyrene
PAH*
C16H10 Pyrene
PAH*
C14H10 Anthracene
Alpine Pennycress Common Wheat*
Indian Mustard*
Accumulate in fish and marine mammals at much higher levels than in sediments and water
Paul’s Scarlet Rose*
Zucchini*
White rot fungus
Pumpkin*
White Mulberry*
They are also contained in gasoline and diesel exhaust, soot, coke, and cigar and cigarette smoke. In addition, they are the byproducts of open fires, waste incinerators, coal gasification, and coke oven emissions.
C18H12 PAH*Benz[a]anthracene
*Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons Multi family housing, recreation, park
Chinese brake fern
Sunflower*
Lead
PCB
TYPICAL PLANTS USED FOR REMEDIATION:
Hybrid Willow*
Ryegrass* Single family housing, gardening, playground
Farming animals, growing food
(Diagram based on: Korade et al. 2008, Division of Environmental Remediation, 2004)
* can be used in context Sunset Park
CONCEPT FOR BIOMASS PRODUCTION |DIVERSIFYING LANDSCAPE On the slopes, where the land is least polluted, biomass can be grown in
landscape, which creates biodiversity in the monotone landscape, and is
rotation making it possible to always have the green structure tapping into
attractive as a big landscape park accessible for people to enter.
the existing forest structure.
The lowest part of the valley, closest to the river, has been renaturalised by
Within the valley, where the brownfields are most polluted research has
opening up the former river course creating space for buffering water. In
to be done which kindproduction of pollution is present, depending on this Concept forfinding biomass
this area swamp grasses, which can be used as biomass or as recreational
particular crops can extract the pollution on each site. Once the soil is
purpose.
depolluted different kinds of crops can be alternated creating a diversified
Poplar
Robinia
Hemp
Silage maize
Alfalfa Winter Sorghum rye
Chinese Rushes silver grass
Evenly Evenly seeded seeded
Evenly seeded
CROP TYPE
CULTIVATION SCHEME
sources used: IBA, Welzow Energy Landscape
Evenly seeded
49
CONCEPT FOR BIOMASS PRODUCTION |ECONOMICAL FEASIBILITY The concept for the valley not only generates an open accessible landscape, it also stimulates biodiversity. The economic feasibility of the new energy landscape becomes clearer when we are calculating yearly revenues of biomass in the La Sambre Valley it provide energy for almost 1/5 of the inhabitant of the Charleroi Region.
50
Urban Agriculture Urban Agriculture Biomass Fields Phytoremediation Bio-hydrogen Fishfarms
Organic Waste Households Recyclables Sewage
Export
waste water
43.800l
household waste
400kg
year
Sambre Valley
12 kg = sludge 11% garden waste 16% food scraps 38% other recyclables
108 kg = bio waste
In total in Charleroi and Châtelet 28.920t of green waste can be recycled and used as biomass to generate 44.063MWh hydrogen power and 44.063MWh heat annually. Which means: providing hydrogen power for 10.281 households and heat for 2.938 households. from fertiliser as a resudue 157.986 can be earned annually
highlands
Yearly revenue of biomass in the La
Water Purification Plant
year
574 ha biomass lowland 951 ha productive forest 246 ha wetland biomass
4.000 t/year 3.600 t/year 1.200 t/year
8.800 t/year
In total for the project 8.800t of biomass is produced to generate 13.407MWh hydrogen power and 13.407MWh heat annually. Which means: providing hydrogen power for 3.128 households and heat for 894 households. from fertiliser as a resudue 48.073 can be earned annually Sources used for calculations; Arsova 2010
wetlands
Source images: www.iba-see2010.de,(15.08.2014)
51
VISION FOR THE VALLEY The vision for the valley is one of intertwining ecologies revealing both natural and man-made structures. By restoring the historical course of the river the soil, which used to cover the river is being reused on site. Partly the soil will have to be mechanically treated for pollutants, and will be relocated at strategic places inside the valley. The soil which is being displaced in order to make space for the former river course or to create wetlands, form a base for new topographical changes. In order to replace this soil in a strategic way along the points where it is possible to cross the river there are ‘platforms’ being created that tap into the existing settlement structure, they enable different programs to happen and form a connector between the valley and the city, connect the 52
north to the south of the river. The platforms not only form spaces for crossing but they enable passers a glimpse on the new recycling landscape allowing people to pass over and penetrate the long ‘park’ structure. They allow a variety of programs to happen at this point, new economic agglomerations can settle on top of them or new settlement structures with social housing can be constructed containing collective spaces.
restoring former river course by cut&fill
53
Platform Crossing Railway Settlement Public space/orchards Biomass trees Biomass trees Existing forestry River Water Stream Wetland Wady
The rainwater network of the sub valleys capturing and guiding rainwater to the open space being stored in water buffers along the streams start interweaving into the landscape of the brownfields and the ecological corridors and start to form the new landscape through cut and fill applications. Intentionally placed tree lines create a higher buffer on top of the filled spaces keeps the soil settled. During heavy rainfall the biomass fields can serve as extra water buffers and form wetlands. Furthermore the valley will be, what it hasn’t been since the start of the industrial revolution, accessible again for the public. Bicycle paths going through it will allow people to cycle or walk through the valley and enable them to ‘touch’ the river again and to mentally relate back to the La Sambre river. 54
The new landscape structure of the valley will, in the end, be guide future development positioning itself within the symbiosis of the city.
VISION FOR THE VALLEY SEQUENCES OF CROSSING | INTEGRATING INDUSTRIAL LEGACY The zoom of this site has been designed in collaboration with Alaleh Kouhkan within the Charleroi studio. The site is one of the biggest industrial platforms within the scope of the project. It contains old abandoned steel and glass factories, which are now abandoned and only accessed by people taking ‘urban Safari’s’ which reveal the “unknown mysteries” of the post-industrial legacies. (www. charleroiadventure.com/en/) This small scale interventions reveal clearly the attractive part of post-industrialism, which is taken as an approach for the design of this part.
SEQUENCES OF CROSSING
55
Platform Crossing Railway Settlement Public space/orchards Biomass trees Biomass trees Existing forestry River Water Stream Wetland Wady
SEQUENCES OF CROSSING | INTEGRATING INDUSTRIAL LEGACY This part actually exists of two different intertwining water structures,
Due to the fact that this site is closely linked to the urban core of Charleroi
the one of the designed canal connection Brussels to Charleroi, and the
it is a strategic spot for public intervention. The site mainly exiting of
one of the La Sambre river dancing through the Walloon landscape. The
hard industrial concrete surface which is still scattered with abandoned
approach taken here opens up the natural course of the La Sambre river,
industrial buildings that give character to the space. Because of the
and integrating it in a new landscape design. As shown on the Fontaine
industrial character the approach of Latz & Partners is taken, looking
map of 1940 the site actually contained water ponds, which are due to the
at the urban environment as a ‘layering of the past and the present’
industrial development completely covered. Also the part connecting both
(Architonic AG, 2009). The idea of not only restoring remnants that reveal
the Eau d’Heure valley and the canal Brussels-Charleroi has been covered
the history of the site, but also to use them as ‘historical monuments’
up. In order to create more space for flooding and taking the approach
whether or not they can receive a new functionality. Not erasing history
of eco-revelatory design the riverbeds are given more space generating
but creating a metamorphosis of the existing hard and rugged industrial
floodable land, which is accessible within the park structure.
structure into a naturalised park open to the public ties into the minds of Charleroi’s inhabitants creating a sense of belonging to the place.
56
Old blast Furnace used for smelting industrial metals. Source: Harald Finster
Old ore preparation plant. Source: Harald Finster
57
Areal Image, source: Google maps
1940, source: fontaine-leveque
Birdeye view, source: Bing maps, 15.08.2014
Topography
River
0
300 m
600 m
Low Lands 58
Rail System Wetlands and urban platforms with industrial heritage buildings open up a urban park with intertwinning natural and indutrial ecologies
Road System and Soft Connection
The platform and former railway function as public space
Platforms
Industrial heritage
Historical River and Wetland
Canal
Terril and Biomass
59
0
120 m
240 m
VISION FOR THE VALLEY INTEGRATING LOCAL ECONOMIES A zoom on this part is taken because it illustrates how the tree structures
highway. They are integrated within the structure of the valley, but because
can be used to integrate and frame existing service businesses. The site
its existence is not guaranteed landscape features create a framework for
is the only one in this part of the valley that has new businesses that
the site, which can be adaptive for future development to enter.
emerged which are not relocated towards the highway in the North. They are located on an existing platform connecting only with one road to the
60
61
Platform Crossing Railway Settlement Public space/orchards Biomass trees Biomass trees Existing forestry River Water Stream Wetland
INTEGRATING LOCAL ECONOMIES
Wady
VISION FOR THE VALLEY MEETING THE VALLEY
62
restoring former river course by cut&fill
63
Platform Crossing Railway Settlement Public space/orchards Biomass trees Biomass trees Existing forestry River Water Stream Wetland
MEETING THE VALLEY
Wady
MEETING THE VALLEY Restoring the former river course is a present feature inside this design proposal, it creates space for the rain water and is being used within the water cleaning process of the adjacent water purification plant. The system of water management within the wetlands, brownfield remediation and biomass production brings back biodiversity within the deprived industrial waterfront and form recreational spaces for neighboring residents. Within this site also the Sambre Compost plant is located which can be one of the companies synergies can be created with. Furthermore the platform connects with the existing surrounding settlements and collective public spaces where people meet the valley. 64
65
MEETING THE VALLEY
66
67
Urban Agriculture Orchard Existing Trees Robinia Biomass Trees Poplar Biomass Trees Low-land Biomass
0
80
160m
Biomass wetlands
Fishfarms
Pedestrian pathway
orchard and agriculture
urban agriculture:
existing park
parking of supermarket
farmers market on exiting
68
River Sambre
Existing bicycle path
Low-land biomass
new bicycle connection with resting places
wetland with reed fields and fishfarms
urban platform
lowland biomass
MEETING THE VALLEY
0
20
40
Public platform
Orchards
Productive forest
Low-land biomass fields
Former river course
Wetlands
69
80m
productive forest
for agriculture
educational center
gardens and new social housing
urban platform with agricultural
existing water treatment plant
FRAMING GARDENS overlooking the existing forest
70
overlooking the biomass forest and the valley
overlooking the orchards
71
The intersection between the settlements and the valley creates the frame
The different kinds of tree structures create a variety of ways to frame the
where people perceive the valley. Instead of overlooking vast deprived
valley not only due to the type of tree, but also with the ways planting
swats of land the idea of framing the new landscape opens up a new
structures are made. The existing ‘wild’ trees are grown in such a dense
relationship with the before inaccessible territories. Derived from the
structure that it almost enables views through its tree trunks. Unlike
mesh of orthogonal trees proposed by Bas Smets in his landscape design
biomass trees and orchards are planted in a way that they unable views
for the Estonian museum, the proposal is not only framing existing forest
towards the lower fields, which are used as biomass crops. They function as
structures, but also structures existing settlements and create a new
inviting elements to discover the stretched landscape of the valley allowing
structure for future purposes of the valley.
people to enter inside the valley which for a long time has been perceived as unreachable land.
THE CITY MEETS THE VALLEY
72
for Charleroi’s inhabitant to relate to the valley. They also form the space
element
water capturing
realm and create spaces for encounters, markets, etc.
public realm
capturing system, by introducing stored storm water inside the public
orchards
They overlook the valley’s new natural structure, give a face to the water
water reuse in
where all intertwining ecologies are combined and are most visible.
rain water strorage tank
Strategic interventions at the platforms crossing the valley create space
food vendors
existing supermarket
farmers market
0 80 m 160
73
m
CONCLUSION
74
This research, which is partly done in the scope of Charleroi studio, was
the economic development brought by industries resulted in emergence
a challenge of recognition of different complex layers of Charleroi’s
and growth of cities, which made the cities vulnerable and dependant to
post-industrial landscape. Many revitalization ideas and interventions
the industries. Accordingly by the absence of these industries the cities
have been proposed and implemented by scholars and practitioners in
lost their vital factors and started to shrink and decline and loosing their
the field of urban design, planning to tackle with post-industrial sites
economical incentives.
resulting in different design proposals. As already mentioned before,
Therefore the approach of intertwining ecologies as the flexible key role
a lot of these projects start to employ newly vacant land to attract
player in this context, with the scope of a dynamic symbiosis between
substitutes for lost functions. But their construction has repeatedly led
the city and the valley resulting in a diversified landscape, which is
only to further fragmentation of urban territories (Secchi, 2007). Indeed
reintroduced and integrated within the city.
the key factor of the succession of projects in such contexts is how flexible
The design proposal is an exercise, a project that fits in this framework
they are toward transformation. The emergence of industries were so
and is an attempt to spatially translate such proposal of this strategic
dominant and concrete which changed the whole landscape of the region
approach in the valley.
that now is going to take decades to be recovered. On the other hand
75
Model images of ‘THE CITY MEETS THE VALLEY’
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