jkpof ePH Nkyhz;ik ePhpd; Kf;fpaj;Jtk;: ePupd;wp mikahJ cyF vd;fpwhd; jpUts;Std;. jpUts;StDf;F Ke;jpa GwehD}w;Wg;Gytd; FlGytpadhNuh ’czT vdg;gLtJ epyj;njhL ePNu ePUk; epyDk; GzhpNahH <z;L clk;Gk; capUk; gilj;jprpNdhNu” vd;fpwhd;. MjhtJ epyj;njhL ePH NrUk;nghOJ kl;LNk czT fpilf;Fk; vd;Wk;> me;j czTjhd; clYf;Fk; capUf;Fk; mbg;gil vd;Wk;> mjdhy; epyj;ijAk; ePiuAk; xd;W NrHj;jtHfs;jhd; (mjhtJ Fsk;> Fl;il> Vhp Nghd;wtw;iw mikj;jtHfs;)
clk;igAk;
capiuAk;
gilj;jtHfs;
vd;Wk;
Fwpg;gpLfpwhd;.
goe;jkpoHfs; ePhpd; Kf;fpaj;ij ed;F czHe;jpUe;jhHfs; vd;gij ,g;ghly;fs; fhl;Lfpd;wd. mjdhy;jhd; ePiur; Nrkpg;gjw;Fk;> mjid Kiwahfg; gad;gLj;Jtjw;Fk;
mjpf
Kf;fpaj;Jtj;ij
Kf;fpaj;Jtk; goe;jkpoHfs;
goe;jkpofj;jpy; czHe;J
toq;fg;gl;lJ.
nfhz;l
msT
Mdhy; ehk;
ePhpd;
czHe;J
nfhz;Ls;Nshkh vd;why; fz;bg;ghf ,y;iy vd;Wjhd; nrhy;y Ntz;Lk;. ePH gy;NtW tpjq;fspy; tPzhFtJk;> mjid Kiwaw;W gad;gLj;JtJk;> kzy; nfhs;is NghtJk; ehk; ePhpd; Kf;fpaj;Jtj;ij czutpy;iy vd;gijj;jhd; fhl;Lfpd;wd. cyfpd; ngUk; gFjp ePuhy;jhd; epiwe;Js;sJ. vdpDk; %d;whtJ cyfg; NghH tUkhdhy; mJ ePUf;fhfj;jhd; ,Uf;Fk; vdf;fUjg;gLfpwJ. Vd; ,e;j epiy? kpfg;nghpa njhopy;El;g tsHr;rpia kdpj,dk; te;jile;Js;sjhff; fUjg;gLfpwJ. Mdhy; vq;Fk; epiwe;js;s fly; ePiug; gad;gLj;j chpa> vspa njhopy;El;gk; ,y;iy. ,e;j epiy khw Ntz;Lk;. mjw;F Kjypy; ePiu Nrkpg;gjpYk; mjid Kiwahfg; gad;gLj;JtjpYk; etPd mwptpay; njhopy;El;g Kiwfis midtUk; ifahsg; gof Ntz;Lk;. etPd mwptpay; njhopy;El;g Kiwfspd; JizNahL ePiur; rpwe;jKiwapy; epHtfpg;gNj ePH Nkyhz;ik vdg;gLk;. me;j ePHNkyhz;ik Kiwfis midtUk; gad;gLj;Jtjd; %yk; ePHgw;whf;Fiwr; rpf;fiy Fiwf;f KbAk;. mjw;F ePH Nkyhz;ik Fwpj;j rpy mhpr;RtbfisahtJ ehk; ,q;F fw;Wj; njsptJ mtrpak;. fw;gJ kl;Lk; NghjhJ ‘fw;f frlw fw;w gpd; epw;f mjw;Fj; jf” vd;w ts;Stdpd; $w;Wf;F Vw;g mjid eilKiwapy; gad;gLj;jTk; Ntz;Lk; vd;gijf;
Fwpg;gpl;L>
ePH
Nkyhz;ik
Fwpj;j
rpy
mhpr;Rtbfis
,q;F
toq;fpAs;Nsd;.
1
ePiu msj;jy;: Nrkpf;fg;gLk; ePUk;> gad;gLj;jg;gLk; ePUk; msf;fg;gl Ntz;Lk; vd;gJ ePH Nkyhz;ikapd; mbg;gil mhpr;Rtb. jkpofk; gad;gLj;Jk; nkhj;j ePhpy; 80 rjtPjj;Jf;Fk; Nky;> Ntshz;ikf;Fj;jhd; gad;gLfpwJ. Mdhy; ekJ Ntshz; ngUkf;fs;
ePiu
mse;J
gad;gLj;JfpwhHfsh
vd;why;>
,y;iy
vd;gJjhd;
cz;ik. ‘flypy; nfhl;bdhYk; mse;J nfhl;L’ vd;gJ jkpo; Kjnkhop> xd;Wf;Fk; cjthj
nghUisf;
goe;jkpoHfs;.
$l
mse;Jjhd;
nfhl;l
Ntz;Lk;
vd;fpd;wdH
ekJ
Mdhy; kpf Kf;fpaj;Jtk; cila ePiu ehk; mse;J gad;-
gLj;Jtjpy;iy. ePiu mse;J gad;gLj;Jtjhy;> ek;kplk; vt;tsT ePH Nrkpg;gpy; cs;sJ> jpdKk; ekf;F vt;tsT Njit. vt;tsT ehs; ,e;j ePH tUk; Nghd;w tpguq;fis njhpe;J nfhz;L; ePiuj; jpl;lkpl;L gad;gLj;j ,aYk;. ePiu mse;J chpa
msT
gad;gLj;Jk; nghOJ
ePhpy; rpf;fdk; Vw;gLk; vd;gNjhL gaph;
tpisr;rypd; juKk;> tpisr;rypd; msTk; mjpfhpj;J xl;Lnkhj;j tUkhdKk; ngUFk;. nrhl;L ePH ghrd Kiwapy; ePiu chpa msT gad;gLj;Jtjhy;jhd; tpisr;rypd; juKk;> tpisr;rypd; msTk; mjpfhpf;fpwJ. tUkhdKk; ngUFfpwJ. vdNt ekJ Ntshz; ngUkf;fs; ePiu mse;J gad;gLj;j Ntz;Lk; vd;w KbTf;F Kjypy; te;jhf Ntz;Lk;. me;j KbT xd;Nw tPzhFk; ePhpy; ngUk; gFjpia kpr;rg;gLj;Jk;. tpisr;rypd; juKk;> msTk; mjpfhpj;J tUkhdk; ngUFk;. ePH msTfs;: ePiu
msg;gjw;F Kjypy; ePhpd; ‘msTfs;’ Fwpj;J mwptJ mtrpak;.
nghJthf ekf;Fj; njhpe;jjpy; ,Ue;J njhpahjijf; fw;Wf; nfhs;tJ vspJ. ekf;F ‘xU ypl;lH ePH’ vd;w msT njhpAk; (xU ypl;lH ePH vd;gJ RkhH xU gb ePH vd;gjw;F rkk;). xU mb vd;gJk; njhpAk;. Mdhy; xU fdmb ePH vd;gJ njhpahJ. xU mb ePsk;> xU mb mfyk;> xU mb cauk; cs;s ghj;jpuj;jpy; vt;tsT ePH nfhs;SNkh me;jsT ePH jhd; xU fdmb ePH MFk;. mjhtJ mjd; msT RkhH 28.32 ypl;lH ePH MFk;. nghJthf ePhpd; msit ypl;lH my;yJ fdmbapy; Fwpg;gpLtJ jhd; tof;fk;. etPd Kiwapy; fd kPl;lH vd;w msTk; ePiu msf;fg; gad;gLj;jg;gLfpwJ. kPl;lH vd;gJ RkhH 3.28 mb MFk;. xU kPl;lH ePsk;> xU kPl;lH mfyk;> xU kPl;lH cauk; cs;s xU njhl;bapy; cs;s ePhpd; msT xU fd kPl;lH vdg;gLk;. xU fd kPl;lH vd;gJ Jy;ypakhf 1000 ypl;lH msT MFk;. NkYk; xU fd kPl;lH vd;gJ 35.316 fd mbf;Fr; rkk;. Mf> 1) xU fd mb vd;gJ RkhH 28.32 ypl;lH MFk;. 2) xU fd kPl;lH vd;gJ Jy;ypakhf 1000 ypl;lH MFk; my;yJ
2
3) xU fd kPl;lH vd;gJ 35.316 fd mb MFk;. NkNy Fwpg;gpl;l msTfs; kpfr;rpwpa mstpyhd ePiu msf;fNt gad;gLk;. nghpa mstpy; ePiu msf;fg; gad;gLk; msTfis ,dp ghHg;Nghk;. rhjhuzkhf gj;jphpf;if>
njhiyf;fhl;rp
Nghd;w
Clfq;fspy;
mizfspd;
nfhs;ssit
b.vk;.rp. (TMC) vd;w mstpy; Fwpg;gpLtijf; fhzyhk;. cjhuzkhf fPo;gthdp mizapd; nkhj;jf; nfhs;ssT vd;gJ 32.8 b.vk;.rp. MFk;. ,e;j b.vk;.rp. vd;why; vd;d vd;gijf; fPNo fhz;Nghk;. b.vk;.rp. vd;gJ Mapuk; kpy;ypad; fd mb vd;gjd; RUf;fkhFk;. xU kpy;ypad; vd;gJ gj;J ,yl;rk; MFk;. Mf Mapuk; kpy;ypad; vd;gJ> gj;J ,yl;rk; x 1000
= 100 Nfhb MFk;>
vdNt> Mapuk; kpy;ypad; fdmb (b.vk;.rp) vd;gJ 100 Nfhb fdmb MFk;. vdNt> fPo;thzp mizapd; nfhs;ssT 32.8 b.vk;.rp. vd;why; = 32.8 x 100 Nfhb fdmb my;yJ = 3280 Nfhb fdmb MFk;. xU fd mb vd;gJ 28.32 ypl;lH vd;gJ Kd;Ng nrhy;yg;gLs;sJ. vdNt ,jidf; nfhz;L mizapy; cs;s nkhj;j ePiu ypl;lhpy; fzf;fplyhk; vd;gNjhL> mizapd; nkhj;j ePhpd; msit kjpg;gpl;L Ghpe;J nfhs;sTk; KbAk;. xU b.vk;.rp. vd;gij fd kPl;lhpy; Fwpg;gpl;lhy; mjd; msT 2.832 Nfhb fdkPl;lH MFk;. Mf> xU b.vk;.rp.
= 100 Nfhb fdmb my;yJ = 2.832 Nfhb fd kPl;lH MFk;.
,it Nghf ,d;Dk; kpfg; nghpa mstpy; msf;Fk; NghJ> fdmb> fd kPl;lH> b.vk;.rp. vd;gjw;Fg; gjpy; fd fpNyhkPl;lH (fd fp.kP.) vd;gijg; gad;gLj;JfpwhHfs;. xU fd fp.kP. vd;gJ xU fp.kP. ePsk;> xU fp.kP. mfyk;> xU fp.kP. cauk; cs;s xU ePHj;Njf;fj;jpy; cs;s ePhpd; msthFk;. ePsk; x mfyk; x cauk; xU fd fp.kP. =
1 fp.kP. x 1 fp.kP. x 1 fp.kP.
=
1000 kP. x 1000 kP. x 1000 kP.
=
109 fd kPl;lH MFk;
=
100 Nfhb fd kPl;lH my;yJ
=
35.316 b.vk;.rp. MFk;.
,q;F xU fd kPl;lH vd;gJ 35.316 fd mb vd;gij epidtpy; itj;Jf; nfhs;sTk;. ,e;j xU fd fp.kPl;lH vd;gJ 35.316 b.vk;.rp. vd;gjhy;> ,J fPo;gthdp mizapd; nfhs;ssittplf; nfhQ;rk; mjpfk;.
3
fPo;gthdp mizapd; nkhj;jf; nfhs;ssT 32.8 b.vk;.rp. jhd;. Mf ,Jtiu ehd;F ePH msTfs; nrhy;yg;gl;Ls;sJ. mit tUkhW> 1 fd mb
=
28.32 ypl;lH
1 fd kPl;lH =
1000 ypl;lH my;yJ 35.316 fd mb
1 b.vk;.rp.
=
100 Nfhb fd mb my;yJ 2.832 Nfhb fd kPl;lH
1 fd fp.kP.
=
100 Nfhb fd kPl;lH my;yJ 35.316 b.vk;.rp.
,it Nghf> xU kpy;ypad; (106) = xU gpy;ypad; (109) = = xU bhpy;ypad; (1012)=
10 ,yl;rk; (10>00>000) 1000 kpy;ypad; 100 Nfhb (1>00>00>00>000) 1000 gpy;ypad; (m)
=
kpy;ypad; kpy;ypad; (m)
=
1 ,yl;rk; Nfhb (10>00>00>00>00>000)
Mf> 106 vd;gJ xd;Wf;F gpd; MW ‘0’f;fisf; nfhz;lJ. mJ xU kpy;ypad; MFk; 109 vd;gJ xd;Wf;F gpd; xd;gJ ‘0’f;fisf; nfhz;lJ. mJ xU gpy;ypad; MFk;> 1012 vd;gJ xd;Wf;F gpd; gd;dpuz;L ‘0’f;fisf; nfhz;lJ. mJ xU bhpy;ypad; MFk;. Nkw;fz;l msTfisAk; njhpe;Jf; nfhs;Nthk;. ePH juTfs;: ,Jtiu nrhy;yg;gl;l msTfisf; nfhz;L jkpof mstpyhd> cyf mstpyhd ePH gw;wpa rpy juTfisj; njhpe;J nfhs;Nthk;. cyf mstpy; cs;s nkhj;j ePhpd; msT vd;gJ 1.4 gpy;ypad; fd fp.kP. MFk;. mjhtJ 1.4 x 109 fd fp.kP. xU fd fp.kP. vd;gJ 35.316 b.vk;.rp. vd;gij epidtpy; nfhs;sTk;. ,e;j ePhpy; RkhH 48000 fd fp.kP. ePH kl;LNk kf;fSf;F gad;gLfpw Mw;W ePuhf ,Uf;fpwJ. ,J nkhj;j cyf ePhpy; RkhH Kg;gjhapuj;jpy; xU gq;F kl;LNk. kPjp midj;JNk gad;gLj;jg;gl Kbahj fly; ePuhfTk;> gpw ePHfshfTk; ,Uf;fpd;wd. jkpofj;jpw;F fpilf;Fk; ePhpd; msT RkhH 48 fd fp.kP. mjhtJ RkhH 1700 b.vk;.rp. ePH. ,jpy; jkpof MWfspd; gq;F RkhH 830 b.vk;.rp.> gpw khepyq;fspy; ,Ue;J fpilg;gJ RkhH 430 b.vk;.rp.> jkpof epyj;jb ePH RkhH 440 b.vk;.rp. Mf nkhj;jk; 1700 b.vk;.rp. my;yJ 48 fd fp.kP. ,e;j 48fd fp.kP. vd;gJ cyf ePhpy; Mapuj;jpy; xU gq;F kl;LNk. Mdhy; jkpof kf;fs; njhifNah cyf kf;fs; njhifapy; E}wpy; xU gq;F (fp.gp.2000 fzf;Fg;gb cyf kf;fs; njhif RkhH 600 Nfhb> jkpof kf;fs; njhif RkhH 6 Nfhb). Mf ruhrhpahf cyf kdpjDf;F
4
fpilf;Fk; ePhpy; gj;jpy; xU gq;F kl;LNk jkpod; xUtDf;Ff; fpilf;fpwJ vd;gij ehk; ftdj;jpy; nfhs;s Ntz;baJ mtrpak;. goe;jkpoHfs;: jkpofj;jpd;
ePHts
epiyikia
ed;F
czHe;jpUe;j
goe;jkpoHfs;>
mjw;Nfw;w kughHe;j mDgt mwpitAk;> goe;jkpo; njhopy;El;g mwpitAk; nfhz;L mf;FiwghLfis <L nra;jpUe;jhHfs;. Mq;fpNya Ml;rpapy; ekJ goe;jkpoHfspd; kughHe;j mDgt mwpTk;> gz;ila njhopy; El;g mwpTk; mope;J NghdJ. ,aw;if Ntshz;ik vd;w ngahpy; mjpy; xU rpW gFjpia kPl;nlLf;f Kaw;rpj;J tUfpNwhk;. gpwTk; kPl;nlLf;fg;gl Ntz;Lk;. mope;J NghdJ Nghf vQ;rpAs;s rpy ,yl;rk; jkpo; Xiyr; Rtbfs; Ma;T nra;ag;gl Ntz;Lk;. ekJ goe;jkpo; mwpT KOikahf kPl;fg;gl Ntz;Lk;. goe;jkpofj;jpy; mg;gb vd;d rpwe;j Ntshz;ik ,Ue;jJ
vd;W
rpyH
Nfl;fyhk;
mjw;F
xNu
xU
rpW
cjhuzj;ijj;
ju
tpUk;GfpNwd;. goe;jkpofj;jpy; ney; cw;gj;jp Vf;fUf;F 16 nghjp Kjy; 20 nghjp tiu ,Ue;jJ (xU nghjp vd;gJ vt;nthd;Wk; 65 fpNyh nfhz;l 4 %l;il ney;. Mf xU nghjp vd;gJ RkhH ¼ ld;). mjhtJ Vf;fUf;F 4 ld; Kjy; 5 ld; tiu. Mdhy; jw;nghOJ jkpofj;jpy; RkhH 50 ,yl;rk; Vf;fH gug;gpy; ney; tpise;J> RkhH 50 ,yl;rk; ld; kl;LNk fpilf;fpwJ. mjhtJ ruhrhpahf RkhH xU Vf;fUf;F xU ld;
kl;LNk
fpilf;fpwJ.
Mf
goe;jkpoHfspd;
ney;
cw;gj;jp
,d;iwa
cw;gj;jpiatpl RkhH ehd;F klq;F mjpfk;. ney; gaphpd; cauk; 2 kPl;lUf;F Nky; mjhtJ 7 mb ,it gw;wp tpgukhf mLj;j ,jopy; fhz;Nghk;. - fzpad; ghyd;.
5