jkpof ePH Nkyhz;ik -2goe;jkpofk; 1960-y; mtHfs;>jQ;ir
jpU
juk;ghy;>
jkpo;
murpay;
gy;fiyf;fof
nfhs;if
ika
Xiyr;Rtbfis
,af;FeH> Ma;T
nrd;id
nra;J>
jkpof
Ntshz;ik Fwpj;J> Kd; ,jopy; Fwpg;gpl;l rpy mhpa cz;ikfis fz;lwpe;jhH. fp. gp.1762 - 1766 Mfpa Ie;J tUl thf;fpy;> Mq;fpNya mjpfhhpfshy;> nrq;fy;gl;L khtl;lj;jpy;> 2000 fpuhkq;fspy; tho;e;j 62>500 FLk;gq;fspd;> Ntshz; cw;gj;jp Kjy; NtW gy tplaq;fs; mlq;fpa> tphpthd
Ma;Tfs;
Nkw;nfhs;sg;gl;ld.
mt;tha;T
gy juTfs; Fwpj;J>
KbTfspd;gb>
Nkw;fz;l
FLk;gq;fspd; tUl ruhrhp czT cw;gj;jp> XU FLk;gj;jpw;F 5 ld;fshf ,Ue;jJ. ,J ,d;iwa ,e;jpaf; FLk;gk; xd;wpd;> tUl ruhrhp czT cw;gj;jpahd ¾ ld;idtpl MW klq;Ff;Fk; mjpfk;. mJ Nghd;Nw md;iwa xU jdp kdpjdpd; tUl ruhrup czT cw;gj;jp> ,d;iwa jdp kdpj cw;gj;jp msit tpl Ie;J klq;F mjpfk;. 1997-y; Nkw;fz;l epWtdj;jpd; ,af;FeH lhf;lH S.K. g[h[; mtHfs;> ,J Fwpj;J ‘jkpo; rKjhak; 18-k; Ehw;whz;by; vt;tsT rpwg;Gld; ,aq;fp te;jJ vd;gij
,t;tha;T
KbTfs;
fhl;Lfpd;wd”
vdf;
Fwpg;gpl;Ls;shH.
Mf
jkpoHfshfpa ehk;> ekJ gz;ila njhopy; El;gj;ijAk;> mjd; mwpthH;e;j mDgt mwpitAk; Mq;fpNya Ml;rp fhyj;jpy; KOikahf ,oe;J tpl;Nlhk;> vd;gijNa ,j;juTfs; cWjp nra;fpd;wd. ’,d;iwa ,e;Jtpak;” vd;w gj;jpupf;if> jdJ 1997 Nk khj ,jopy; ,j;jfty;fis ntspapl;Ls;sJ. kio msT “thd; ,d;W mikahJ xOq;F” mjhtJ kio ,y;yhtpby;> kdpj tho;tpy; xOf;fKk; ,y;yhJ Ngha;tpLk; vd;fpwhd; ts;Std;. kio ,y;yhtpl;lhy; twl;rp> gQ;rk; Kjypad Vw;gl;L> jpUl;L> Vkhw;W Kjypa xOf;fkpd;ikfs; Njhd;Wk; vd;gNj ,jd; fUj;J. me;j kio Fwpj;j mstpay; Kiwia> mwpe;J
nfhs;tJ
mtrpak;. kio nga;Ak; msit> nghJthf ,d;W kpy;yp kPl;lH(kp.kP) my;yJ nrd;bkPl;lhpy;(nr.kP) Fwpg;gpLfpwhHfs;. xU mb vd;gJ 30nr.kP.> xU nr.kP vd;gJ 10kp.kP.> xU kPl;lH vd;gJ 100nr.kP my;yJ 1000kp.kP. ,e;ePl;lysitfis>
ed;F
GHpe;J njsptJ mtrpak;. fpuhkg;Gwq;fspy;>
kioapd; msit xU coT kio> ,uz;L coT kio
vdf; Fwpg;gpLthHfs;. xU coT kio vd;gJ> xU coT cOk; mstpw;F>
kz;
<ukhfpAs;sJ vd;gJ nghUs;. xU coT kio vd;gJ RkhH xU mq;Fyk; my;yJ
..2..
xU ,d;r; (2½nr.kP)> Mo kio MFk;. cyf;if nfhz;L khT ,bf;Fk; cuy;> kioahy; epuk;Gk; nghOJ> xU coT kio nga;jjhf fpuhkq;fspy; fzf;fpLtJ tof;fk;. xU Vf;fH kio msT: xU nr.kP my;yJ xU kp.kP kio vd;gjd; nghUs; vd;d?
kio nga;j
,lq;fspy; xU nr.kP my;yJ xU kp.kP cauk; ePH epw;Fk; msT kio nga;jjhf mHj;jk;. cjhuzkhf xU tptrhapDila xU Vf;fh; epyj;jpy; xU coT kio> mjhtJ xU ,d;r; (2½ nr.kP) kio nga;jjhff; fUJNthk;. mg;nghOJ me;j xU Vf;fhpy; nga;j kioapd; msit
ypl;lhpy; fzf;fplyhk;. mjw;FKd;
msf;fg;gad;gLk;
fdmb>
fdmsTfshd
fdkPl;lH(f.kP)
vd;gd
ePiu
Nghd;W>
epyj;jpd; gug;ig msf;fg; gad;gLk; gug;gsTfshd rJumb(r.mb)> rJukPl;lH(r.kP) vd;gd Fwpj;J mwptJ mtrpak;. xU mb mfyk;> xU mb ePsk; cs;s gug;G xU rJumb MFk;. mJ Nghd;Nw xU kPl;lH mfyk;> xU kPl;lH ePsk; cs;s gug;G> XU rJukPl;lH MFk;. cjhuzkhf 30 mb mfyk;> 50 mb ePsk; nfhz;l xU tPl;bd; gug;G 1500 rJumbahFk; ( 30 x 50 = 1500). ,JNt rJukPl;lUf;Fk; nghUe;Jk;. xU rJukPl;lH vd;gJ RkhH 10.764 rJumbahFk;. ,dp NkNy Fwpg;gpl;l xU Vf;fhpy; nga;j kio msit ypl;lhpy; fhz;Nghk;. XU Vf;fH vd;gJ 4047 rJukPl;lH my;yJ 43>560 rJumbahFk;. mjpy; nga;j kioapd; msT xU ,d;r; mjhtJ 2 ½ nr.kP. Mf xU Vf;fhpy; nga;j kioapd; nkhj;j ePH msT
= =
gug;G 4047 r.kP
x x
cauk; 2 ½ nr.kP
=
4047 r.kP
x
0.025 kP (100nr.kP =1kP)
=
101.175 f.kP (m)1>01>175 yp (1f.kP =1000yp) my;yJ xU ,yl;rk; ypl;lH.
,jid NtW tpjj;jpYk; fzf;fplyhk;. xU Vf;fhpy; nga;j kioapd; nkhj;j ePH msT
=
gug;G
=
43560 r.mb x
2 ½ nr.kP
=
43560 r.mb x
1/12 mb
=
3630 fd mb (m) 3630 x 28.32 ypl;lH
=
1>02>800 ypl;lH (m) xU ,yl;rk; ypl;lH
x
cauk;
..3.. Mf xU Vf;fhpy; xU coT kio nga;jhy; (xU,d;r;my;yJ 2½nr.kP)> RkhH xU ,yl;rk;ypl;lH kioePH> me;j xU Vf;fhpy; nga;jjhf MFk;. XU Vf;fhpy; xU ,d;r; (2½nr.kP.) kio nga;j msit> xU Vf;fH,d;r; vd;gH. mijg; NghyNt xU Vf;fhpy; xU mbkio nga;j msit> xU Vf;fHmb vd;gH. xU mb vd;gJ 12 ,d;r; vd;gjhy;> xU Vf;fh;mb vd;gJ> RkhH 12,yl;rk; ypl;lH MFk;. mJ Nghd;Nw> xU vf;lhpy;> XU kPl;lh;; kio nga;j msit> xU vf;lHkPl;lH vd;gH. xU vf;lH vd;gJ>100kP ePsk; x 100 kP mfyk; nfhz;l 10>000r.kP gug;ghFk;> my;yJ 2.471 Vf;fH MFk;. mjpy; xU kPl;lh; cau ePH ,Ug;gjd; kio msT my;yJ fd msT> 10>000 f.kP my;yJ 10>000 x 1000 ypl;lH= xU Nfhb ypl;lH MFk;. jkpof kio msT : jkpofj;jpd; tUl ruhrhp kiomsT> 945 kpkP my;yJ 94.5nrkP MFk;. MfNt jkpofj;jpy; tUlk; KOtJk; nga;Ak; nkhj;j ruhrhp kio msT> vd;d vd;gij fzf;fpLNthk;. jkpofj;jpd; gug;G vd;gJ 325 ,yl;rk; Vf;fH my;yJ 1.30 ,yl;rk; rJu fpNyh kPl;lH MFk;. xU rJu fpNyhkPl;lH vd;gJ> xU fpNyhkPl;lH ePsk;> xU fpNyhkPl;lH mfyk; nfhz;l gug;G MFk;. ,J RkhH 250 Vf;fUf;Fr; rkk;;. XU Vf;fH vd;gJ 4047r.kP (m) 4000 r.kP.
Mf jkpofj;jpy;; nga;Ak; nkhj;j kio msT (b.vk;.rp apy;)
x
cauk;
=
325 ,yl;rk; Vf;fH x
945kp.kPP
=
325>00>000 x 4000
=
12>285 x 107 f.kP
=
12>285 x 107 x 35.316 fd mb
=
gug;G
x 0.945 f.kP
12>285x 107 x 35.316 b.vk;.rp 109 =
4338.6 (m) 4340 b.vk;.rp
,jpy; 830 b.vk;.rp ePH kl;LNk Mw;W ePuhff; fpilf;fpwJ. 440 b.vk;.rp ePH> epyj;jb ePuhff; fpilf;fpwJ. kPjpAs;s RkhH 3000 b.vk;.rp ePH gad;glhky;>
..4.. gy;NtW tpjq;fspy; tPzhfpwJ. Mf jkpofj;jpy; nga;Ak; nkhj;j kio ePhpy;> 30 rjtPjk; kl;LNk gad;gLfpwJ. kPjpAs;s 70 rjtPj ePH> gad;gLtjpy;iy. ehk; ,Jtiu gy msTfis mwpe;J nfhz;Nlhk;. mitfis %d;W tpj msTfshf gphpf;fyhk;. 1. ePH Nghd;w jputq;fisAk; rpy rkaq;fspy; fhw;W Nghd;w thAf;fisAk; msf;fg; gad;gLgit> fd msTfs; Mfpa
%d;W
ghpkhzq;fisAk;
MFk;. ,it ePsk;> mfyk;> cauk;
nfhz;lit.
MfNt
me;j
%d;W
ghpkhzq;fisAk; ngUf;fpf; fpilg;gJ jhd; fd msT MFk;. ,jd; myFfs; fdkPl;lH> ypl;lH Kjypad. 2. epyk; Nghd;w Nkw;gug;Gfis msf;fg; gad;gLgit gug;gsTfs; MFk;. ,it ePsk;> mfyk;> cauk; Mfpa %d;W
ghpkhzq;fspy; VjhtJ ,uz;L
ghpkhzq;fis kl;Lk; nfhz;lit. vdNt me;j ,uz;L ghpkhzq;fis kl;Lk; ngUf;fpf; fpilg;gJ jhd; gug;gsT MFk;. ,jd; myFfs; rJu kPl;lH> Vf;fh; Kjypad. 3. ,U
,lq;fSf;F
,ilNaahd
Jhuj;ij
msf;fg;
gad;gLgit
ePl;lysitahFk;.,it xNunahU ghpkhz msTfshFk;. ,jd; myFfs;> kPl;lH> mb> fp.kP Kjypad.
mwpe;j msTfs; 1. ePl;lysitfs;: xU kPl;lH
= 100 nr.kP (m) 100 kp.kP
xU mb
= 30 nr.kP (m) 300 kp.kP (1nr.kP = 10kp.kP)
xU ,d;r; (m) xU mq;Fyk; = 2 ½ nr.kP (1/12 mb) 2. gug;gsTfs;:
xU rJu kPl;lH
= 10.764 rJu mb
xU Vf;fH
= 4047 (m) 4000 r.kP (m) 43>560 rJu mb
xU vf;lH
= 10>000 rJu kPl;lH (m) 2.471 Vf;fH
xU rJu fpNyh kPl;lH = 250 Vf;fH (m) 10 ,yl;rk; r.kPl;lH. 3. fd msTfs;: xU coT kio
= xU Vf;fH ,d;r; (m) xU ,yl;rk; ypl;lH
xU Vf;fH mb
= 12 ,yl;rk; ypl;lH
xU vf;lH kPl;lH
= 10>000 f.kP (m) xU Nfhb ypl;lH.
,itfis ed;F fw;W czHe;J nfhs;sTk;.
..5.. NkNy Fwpg;gpl;l %d;W tif msitfs; Nghf vilia msf;fg;gad;;gLk; vilasTfs;>
ntg;gj;ij
msf;fg;gad;gLk;
msf;fg;gad;gLk; rf;jpasTfs; cz;L.
ntg;g
mitfis
msTfs;>rf;jpia Njitg;gLk; NghJ
fhz;Nghk;. czT cw;gj;jpapd; epiy :,d;iwa ,e;jpaf; FLk;gk; xd;wpd;> ruhrhp czT cw;gj;jpia tpl> MW klq;Ff;Fk; mjpfkhfTk;> ,d;iwa ruhrhp jdpkdpj czT cw;gj;jpia tpl> Ie;J klq;F mjpfkhfTk;> ,d;iwa ruhrhp xU Vf;fH ney; cw;gj;jpia tpl %d;W> ehd;F klq;F mjpfkhfTk;> Ke;ija jkpofj;jpd; czT cw;gj;jp ,Ue;jJ. ,jid mwpAk;nghOJ> cw;gj;jp Vd; Fiwe;jJ? etPd njhopy; El;gq;fs; gytw;iw ifahz;Lk>; ,d;iwa czT cw;gj;jp Fiwthf ,Uf;f fhuzk; vd;d? Nghd;w gy Nfs;tpfs; vOfpd;wd.,d;iwa czT cw;gj;jp Fiwe;J Nghdjw;F Ntjpapay; nghUl;fis kpfmjpfkhfg; gad;gLj;JtNj fhuzk; vd> xw;iwf; fhuzj;ij kl;Lk; nrhy;y KbahJ. mJTk; xU fhuzk;. mJ Nghy gy fhuzq;fs; ,Uf;fyhk;. gUt epiyfis czHe;J> jf;f tpjj;jpy; gad;gLj;jhjJ> gUt fhyj;Jf;Fk;> kz;Zf;Fk;> #o;epiyf;Fk;> ,d;Dk; ,J Nghd;w gytw;Wf;Fk; Vw;w tpijfis>
gpw
Neha;fisAk;> fhuzq;fs;
njhopy;El;gq;fis
g+r;rpfsiAk; ,Uf;fyhk;.
gad;gLj;jhjJ>
fl;Lg;gLj;j
Mdhy;
Xd;W
mwpahjJ> kl;Lk;
,aw;if Nghd;w
epr;rak;>
Kiwapy;
,d;Dk;
gy
gy
mwpthHe;j
mDgtq;fis> njhopy; El;gq;fis ehk; ,oe;J tpl;Nlhk; vd;gNj mJ. Xiyr;Rtbfs; jkpo; xiyr;Rtbfspd; Ma;Nt ,t;tplaq;fis ekf;Fj; je;Js;sJ. ,d;Dk;
,yl;rf;fzf;fhd
jkpo;
xiyr;
Rtbfs;
gbnaLf;fg;glhky;>
gbf;fg;glhky>; Vd; ghJfhf;fg;glhky; mope;J nfhz;;Ls;sd. gz;ila jkpofj;jpd; mwpTr; nry;tq;fs;> gy tl nkhop Ehy;fspYk; (rkw;;fpUjk;> ghyp> gpuhfpUj nkhopfs;) Gije;J fplf;fpd;wd. ,d;W jkpoHfs; vg;gb Mq;fpy Nkhfk; nfhz;L Mq;fpyj;j;py;
mwpT
Ehy;fis
vOJtJ
NghyNt>
rq;f
fhyj;Jf;Fg;gpd;>
tlnkhopfspy;; mwpT Ehy;fis vOJk; gof;fk;> jkpofj;jpy; epytp te;jJ. vdNt jkpofj;jpy;
,Uf;Fk;
midj;J
nkhop
gbnaLf;fg;;gl;L> gbf;fg;gl Ntz;Lk;. ekJ Ntz;Lk;.
Xiyr;RtbfSk;
ghJfhf;fg;gl;L>
jkpof mwpTr;; nry;tk; kPl;fg;gl
gpw nkhop Xiyr;Rtbfis tpl jkpo; Xiyr;Rtbfs; gy klq;F
mjpfkhf cs;sd. Mbg;ngUf;fpy; Mw;NwhL NghdJ Nghf> mLg;Gfspy; jPapl;L
..6.. nfhSj;jpaJ Nghf> fiuahd;fSf;F czthf;fg;gl;lJ Nghf> vQ;rpAs;s jkpo; Xiyr;Rtbfs; ,d;Dk; ,yl;rf;fzf;fpy; cs;sd. cyfpd;; gy ehLfspYk; jkpo; Xiyr;Rtbfs; ,Uf;fpd;wd. [g;ghd; Nghd;w ehLfspYk; jkpo; Xiyr;Rtbfs; cs;sd. [g;ghdpy; jkpo; Xiyr;Rtb jkpo; NghHf;fiyapy; ,Ue;J jhd;> rPd> [g;ghdpa NghHf;fiyfshd ghf;rpq;> Fq;g+> fuhj;Nj> [{Nlh Nghd;w NghHf;fiyfs; cUthfp tsHe;jd vd;why;> mjid cq;fshy; ek;g KbAkh! Mdhy; mJjhd; cz;ik. fshp vd;w jkpo; NghHf;fiyapd;;
cl;gphpTfs;jhd;>
rpyk;gk;>
th;kf;fiy
Kjypa
jkpo;
NghHf;fiyfshFk;. ,e;j tHkk;> rpyk;gk; Mfpa jkpo; NghHf;fiyfspy;; ,Ue;J cUthditjhd;>
ghf;rpq;>
Fq;;g+>
rPd>
[g;ghdpa
NghHf;fiyfshFk;.
fuhj;Nj>
[{Nlh
tuyhw;W
Nghd;w>
Ehy;fs;jhd;
rPd>
[g;ghdpa
,f;fUj;Jf;fis
njhptpf;fpd;wd. ekJ jkpo; Ehy;fspy; ,ijg; gw;wpa Fwpg;Gfs; vJTk;
,y;iy.
jkpofj;jpy;> fp.gp. 520y; (1500 Mz;LfSf;F Kd;)> fy;tp Nfs;tpfspy; Gfo; ngw;W tpsq;fpa fhQ;rp efuj;jpy; ,Ue;J ‘ NghjpjHkH; “ vd;w jkpo; Gj;j kjj;Jwtp> Gj;j kjj;ijr; rPd [g;ghdpa ehLfspy; gug;Gtjw;fhf> me;ehLfSf;Fr; nrd;whH. mq;F Gj;j kjj;Jwtpfspd; ghJfhg;Gf;fhf> ekJ jkpo; NghHf;fiyfshd tHkk;> rpyk;gk;> Kjypatw;iw mtHfSf;Ff; fw;Wf; je;jhH. mg;NghHf;fiyfspd; topahfNt> ghf;rpq;> Fq;;G+> fuhj;Nj> [{Nlh Nghd;w rPd [g;ghdpa NghHf;fiyfs; cUthfp tsHe;jd vd;fpd;wd> rPd> [g;ghdpa tuyhw;W Ehy;fs;. ehk; mij mwpahJ> ekJ NghHf;fiyfspd; top cUthd> fuhj;Nj> Nghd;w me;epa ghJfhg;Gf;fiyfis fw;W tUfpNwhk;. ekJ rpyk;gk;> tHkk; Kjypa Nghh;f;fiyfNs> ekf;fhd kpfr; rpwe;j> kpf caHe;j> ghJfhg;GfiyfisfshFk;.
ehk; mitfis fw;Nghkhf!
jkpo; tHkf;fiyapy; ,Ue;J jhd;> rPd> [g;ghdpa ghJfhg;Gf;fiyfs; cUthfpd vd;gjw;F milahskhf> [g;ghd; ehl;by;> fpahl;Nlh vd;w efuj;jpy; cs;s ‘fpahl;Nlh Mrpatpay; Ma;Tf;fhd mfpy cyf epWtdk;”>
tHkf; fiy
Fwpj;j> ‘tHk#j;jpuk;” vd;w %yj; jkpo; Xiyr;Rtb xd;iwg; ghJfhj;J tUfpwJ. ,e;j
tHk#j;jpuk;
vd;w
jkpo;
tHkf;fiy
Ehy;>
jkpofj;jpy;
,y;iy.
Mapuf;fzf;fhd> mope;J Nghd jkpo; Ehy;fspy; ,JTk; xd;whfpapUe;jJ. 20-k; Ehw;whz;by;> [g;ghd; NguhrphpahH lhf;lH ‘#cwpNfhrfh’ vd;gtH tHk#j;jpuk; vd;w
jkpo;Ehiy>
gbnaLj;J
nrd;idapy;
cs;s
“Mrpatpay;
Ma;T
epWtdj;jpw;F” xg;gilj;jhH. me;j epWtdk;> me;j tHk#j;jpuk; vd;w tHkf;fiy
..7.. Fwpj;j jkpo; Xiyr;Rtb Ehiy> jkpo;> Mq;fpyk; Mfpa ,uz;L nkhopfspYk; NrHe;;J
xU
EhyhfTk;>
[g;ghdpa
nkhopapy;>
xU
EhyhfTk;
1994
y;
ntspapl;Ls;sJ. 400 gf;fj;Jf;Fk; Nkw;;gl;l me;Ehy; tHk#j;jpuk; vd;w Xiyr; Rtbapd;
xt;nthU
jkpo;
ghtpw;Fk;>
jkpo;
kw;Wk;
Mq;fpy
tpsf;fq;fis
toq;fpAs;sJ. mjd; 11-k; gf;fj;jpy; ghf;rpq;> Fq;;g+ fuhj;Nj [{Nlh Nghd;w rPd> [g;ghdpa
NghHf;fiyfs;>
jkpo;
tHkf;fiy
top
te;jdNt
vd;gJ
nrhy;yg;gl;Ls;sJ. mjd; ,Wjpapy; 295 tifahd tHkq;fs; Fwpj;j ml;ltid njhFf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ. Mf th;kf;fiy Nghd;w jkpof Ntshz;ik Fwpj;Jk; mjd; cl;gphpTfs; Fwpj;Jk; gy jkpo; Xiyr;Rtbfs; jkpofj;jpYk;> cynfq;fpYk; ,Uf;f tha;g;Gs;sJ. jkpofnkq;Fk;
,yl;rf;fzf;fhd
gjpg;gpf;fg;glhky; cs;sd.
Xiyr;Rtbfs;
,d;Wk;
gbnaLf;fg;glhky;>
,e;j ,yl;rf;fzf;fhd Xiyr;Rtbfspy; ,Ue;J>
Ntshz;ik Fwpj;j E}y;fis> fz;Lzh;e;J gbnaLj;J> gjpg;gpg;gJ vd;gJ kpfg; nghpa gzp. vdNt jkpof muR cldbahf ,jpy; ftdk; nrYj;jp> ,jw;nfd xU jdp epWtdj;ij cUthf;f Ntz;Lk;> my;yJ tptrha mikg;Gfs; xd;W Nrh;e;J xU jdpahh; epWtdj;ij cUthf;f Ntz;Lk;.
mjd;%yk; kl;LNk gz;ila
jkpofj;jpd;> Ntshz; njhopy;El;gq;fisAk;> mjd; mwpthh;e;j mDgtq;fisAk; mwpaKbAk;.
gz;ila jkpof Ntshz; Fwpj;j mwpthh;e;j mDgtq;fisAk;
njhopy; El;gq;fisAk;> etPdj; njhopy; El;gj;NjhL ,izf;Fk;nghOJ kl;LNk> ekJ Ntshz;ikia ,d;iwa ,op epiyapypUe;J fhg;ghw;w KbAk;. gz;ila
jkpof
njhopy;
El;gq;fs;
juk;
jho;e;jit
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