Karen Guzmรกn G. ULACIT 2014
INDEX
Phrasal Verbs
……………………… p.03
Indirect Speech
..……………………. p.05
Gerunds and infinitives
……………………… p.08
Conditionals
.……………………... p.11
Negative questions
………………………. p.15
and Tag questions Extra practice
(links)
………………………. p. 18
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There are some phrasal verbs that have two or more meanings like: A phrasal verb is a verb compound of two words which are a verb plus a particle. For example:
I picked up my English skills
Particles change the meaning of the main verb meanwhile prepositions do not. Look at the next examples and their meanings: * Work out be resolved or exercise He worked out the main problem * Get along have a good relationship I get along with my professors * Put up to build I will put up a new room in the house 03
* Make up 1. create 2. reconcile To make up with my friend I made a surprise up. The transitive phrasal verbs take objects and are separable. phrasal verb + object or verb + object + particle She fix her bedroom up… or She fix up her bedroom… The intransitive phrasal verbs do not take objects and are inseparable. *Eat out eat in a restaurant Tonight we’re going to eat out
REFLEXION
As non native speaker of English language it is hard to handle this phrasal verbs topic perfectly, because there are not many rules to follow. But what I learned about this topic is that if you memorize a couple of phrasal verbs each day and you create your own examples using situations you live daily, then this is going to be easier for you.
ACTIVITY
HOT SEAT
In a board or piece of paper write a phrasal verb in the way one person can’t see what which one you wrote, because that person will be sit in front of the board or the sheet but backwards. The rest of the group or friends are going to describe the phrasal verb to make the person guesses the word, to see how much he/she knows about the topic. Then is turn to switch roles and continue to have fun! 04
-When something is a fact or general truth. The indirect speech is used to report what a speaker said without using the exact words. E.g.:
She told him the coffee was hot.
The word that can introduce indirect speech. Reporting verbs: * say * tell (are usually in the past)
In this situations the tense will not be changed at the time you report: -When the person just said something. -When something is still true. 05
E.g.: They told her the ice melts if she puts it on her hand If the reporting verb is in the simple present, in indirect speech do not change the verb tense. Remember to make changes in pronouns and possessives to have clear how was the speaker and its meaning. E.g.: Carl told Sarah, “ I love your pasta.â€?  Carl told Sarah that he loved her pasta.
Use the infinitive for instructions, commands, requests and invitations.
TENSE CHANGES Direct Speech
Indirect Speech
Modals Can
Could
May
Might
Must
Had to
Shall
Should
Will
Would
Past modals
Past modals
Time words Now
Then
Today
That day
Tonight
That night
Yesterday
The day before
Tomorrow
The next day
Next day - week month - year
The fallowing day – week …
Here
There
This
That
Others Verb tense Simple Present
Simple Past
Present Continuous
Past Continuous
Present Perfect
Past Perfect
Simple Past
Past Perfect
Past Continuous
Past Perfect Continuous
Past Perfect
Past Perfect
Examples: • Sam said: “I can dance hip-hop” Sam said that he could dance hip-hop • She said: “I’m going to work hard” She told me she was going to work hard. 06
REFLEXION
We always use reported speech to said what others said o told us, but the problem is that we do not pay attention to details like conjugate well the verbs. If we do not care about these details our report will not make sense and can be confused for the listeners. What I do is to practice this topic in class when I have to say something that one of my classmates already said and see what I have to study more or improve.
ACTIVITY
FAMOUS CELEBRITIES
In groups, choose 3 or more people to be the famous celebrity they want to be. Then, choose other people to be journalists. The journalists will make some questions to the celebrities whom are going to answer them. Finally, the journalists will report what the famous people answered in the conference. Try to make fun questions to make the activity funny meanwhile you learn.
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Infinitives The gerunds are used as the subject of a sentence. E.g.: Doing exercise every day is healthy. Sometimes is used after some verbs as the object of the verb. E.g.: I remember doing all the tasks. It is possible to use a possessive before a gerund. Only gerunds preposition or preposition. E.g.:
can follow an adjective
a +
Certain verbs can be fallowed by the infinitive. • •
E.g.:
Verb + infinitive Verb + object + infinitive
I expect to make a lot of money. I expect them to be nice.
Infinitives can follow an adjective or some nouns. E.g.:
She is scared to hear those news.
It is time to sleep and rest. To explain the purpose of an action use infinitives.
I felt nervous about driving my car 08
Some verbs can be followed by infinitives or gerunds without affecting the meaning. E.g.:
She loves taking pictures or She loves to take pictures
But sometimes depends on the verb these ones can be followed by gerunds or infinitives but the meaning changes. E.g.: I stopped to smoke stop the activity for a while I stopped smoking do not smoke anymore
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These are some verbs that can be fallowed by gerunds and infinitives which affect the meaning:
•
Stop
•
Remember
•
Forget
•
Regret
•
Mean
REFLEXION
We need to be careful with this topic because as we saw previously some infinitives or gerunds forms can change completely the meaning of what we really want to say. So what we need to do is being familiarized with this as much as we can. We always speak using infinitives and gerunds but the idea is to speak clearly and in the right way. Pay attention to details and correct the mistakes at the time you talk and at the time you write. A couple of verbs or rules are not too difficult of memorizing.
ACTIVITY
HOT VERB !
Create a die with a piece of paper or card board in which will be written a verb in each side of the die. Each verb will be used in a sentence completing it with a gerund or infinitive. Next, make a circle with your friends and play music. Then, pass the die to your friend next to you in the way that at the moment music stops, the person who has the die will roll the die and
will have to create a sentence using the infinitive or the gerund with the verb in the die.
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Formula:
All conditionals are compound of an if clause and a result clause to say what happen or would happen if the condition occurs or would occur. Cero Conditional is also known as the real conditional. Use this conditional to talk about habits or scientific facts.
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If + Subj. + simple present Subj. + simple present
,
E.g.: If I use my credit card to pay bills, I can get a discount. If I take the bus, I’m always late for class.
Simple present is used in both clauses or you can use present progressive in the if clause.
First Conditional is also known as the future real conditional.
Also you can use when instead of if.
Use this conditional to talk about what will happen under a condition.
You can use modals in the result clause or the imperative to give instructions, commands and invitations that depend on a condition.
In the if clause write the condition and in the result clause write the possible result.
In this conditional you will use simple present for the if clause and future (will / be going to) for the result clause. Modals can be used in the result clause. You can use unless instead of if only if you want to state a negative condition. if … not = unless Formula:
This conditional is used to talk about future or present unreal conditions. The condition and its result can be untrue, imagined, or impossible. For the if clause use the simple past and for the result clause use would, might or could. • •
,
If + Subj. + simple present Subj. + will / be going to (not) + verb E.g.:
Second Conditional is also known as the unreal conditional.
would: if the result is certain. might / could: if the result is not certain.
For all subjects use were in the if clause when this one is a form of be.
Unless my friend call me, I will go to the party.
If I were you… is used to give advice.
She’s going to graduate if she studies for all tests.
Wish + simple past is used talk about situations you want to be true but they are not.
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Formula:
,
If + Subj. + simple past Subj. + would / could (not) + verb
for the if clause and would / might / could + have + past participle for the result clause.
Could have can be used in the result clause to express ability.
E.g.:
If Carl were a rock star, He would be Genne Simmons Third Conditional is also known as the past unreal conditional. It is used to talk about past unreal conditions and their results. To express regret about bout what really happened in the past.
Also we can use wish + past perfect to express regret or sadness about situations in the past that you wanted to happen but didn’t. Formula:
,
If + Subj. + past perfect Subj. + would / could (not) + have + past participle E.g.:
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A condition and its result can be untrue, imagined or impossible.
If I hadn’t spent all my money, I could have bought me a new car.
In this conditional use past perfect
If he had listened to his mom, he wouldn’t have eaten that meal.
REFLEXION
Conditionals is not a difficult topic if we know how to use it or, specifically in which situations we use each conditional. The majority of the time, we need conditionals to tell our friends about situations or actions that happened in the past, could happen or we want to happen in a future. The way we can learn conditionals very easy, is finding people who which you can practice in class, home, etc. This will help you to remember which verb tenses you have to use, and contexts at the same time you spend a great time. ACTIVITY
THE IF PAPERS
In groups or pairs make a list of 5 to 10 questions about funny situations using conditionals. Then, cut the questions in strips and put them face down in a table. Next, choose a person to take a piece of paper, who also is going to answer the question. If the person does not give the correct answer the group will create a funny punishment for the person that at end must correct her/his mistake and give the right answer. 14
The negative yes/no questions and tag questions are used when you want to check information you think is true or to comment on a situation. Negative yes/no questions always begin with the verb to be or an auxiliary verbs.
The tag questions are formed by a statement + tag. Use it in conversations when you expect other person to agree with you. If the statement verb is affirmative the tag verb is negative. If the statement verb is negative the tag verb is affirmative. 15
If we use an auxiliary verb in the statement use the same auxiliary for the tag.
If the verb in the statement is different than to be use the right form of do.
If that is the subject of the statement write it as subject of the tag.
examples
NEGATIVE YES / NO QUESTIONS
Questions
Be Have / has Can / could Do / does / did Will
Yes,
+
subj.
+
+
Answers
NOT + subj. + Verb
Can’t they enjoy the roll coaster?
Do Auxiliary verb Form of to be No, they can’t.
No,
+
subj.
+
Do Auxiliary verb Form of to be
+
not
TAG QUESTIONS
Positive Sentences Negative Sentences
TAG
examples They are musicians, aren’t they?
Subj. +
form of to be auxiliary (have/can) verb [do]
To be Auxiliary + not + subj. ? Verb
Subj. +
form of to be auxiliary + (not) verb [do]
To be Auxiliary Verb
not
+
subj. ?
Kim doesn’t play tennis, does she?
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REFLEXION
In my case I don’t use this kind of questions very often but it is important to practice especially in English Spoken where is very common its use . Using tag questions in class can help us to improve this topic, for example ask to some classmate about something you want to confirm is truth.
ACTIVITY
TRUE OR FALSE BOX !
First, make a box or get one. Next, in pieces of paper write Negative Yes / No questions and Tag questions about things you want to know from the others. Once you have your questions, bend it in the way nobody can’t see your questions. Then, put them in a box and mix them with the others, and let’s start to know the gossips. Make sure of writing your questions
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and say your answers in the correct form.
Links of extra practice Conditionals http://www.englisch-hilfen.de/en/exercises/if_clauses/type_1_mix.htm http://www.englisch-hilfen.de/en/exercises/if_clauses/type_2_mix2.htm Tag Questions http://www.englishexercises.org/makeagame/viewgame.asp?id=2100 Phrasal Verbs http://a4esl.org/q/h/vm/ppva.html Indirect Speech http://www.ego4u.com/en/cram-up/grammar/reported-speech/exercises?11
Gerund and Infinitives http://www.grammar-quizzes.com/gerundex1.html
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ISSUU LINK: http://issuu.com/karenissuumagazine/docs/issue_magazine/0