Canary in a coal mine by Karianne Fonn Jårvik

CANARY IN A COALMINE DEFINING NEW LIFELINES FOR THE FUTURE OF LONGYEARBYEN

Karianne Fonn Jårvik & Erlend Espenæs 1

INDEX

1 2

topic the place timeline

p. 4-5 p. 6-17 p. 18-21

4 5

now next sustainability

p. 22-29 p. 30-33 p. 34-37

7 8 9

framework site visit cv`s

p. 40-43 p. 44-45 p. 46-49

Transpolar sea Route

Northern sea route

Arctic circle

reach the North pole from Svalbard with a hot air baloon

Salomon A. Andree and

First organized tourist cruise to Svalbard

SĂ¸ren Zachariassen discovers coal beds at Cape Bohemann in

ruthlessly.

standing is built. It was used to accomodate hunterers. At this

3 was decreased heavily

North-West passage

1897

1881

1862

1827

1822

1795

1671

1610

1596

Balthazar Mathias Keilha

throughout the winter

The German doctor Friedr

Stories and reports of gre

Barents re-discovers the a

TOPIC THE FUTURE OF LONGEARBYEN, AFTER THE COAL

Svalbard is an archipelago in the Arctic Ocean, between Norway and the North Pole. The main island is used as a base for coal mining, research and education. Extraction of coal has been an important reason for settlement on Svalbard. Some places the coal industry has left, like in Pyramiden, a small Russian mining town now abandoned. The contradictions are striking; Longyearbyen, totally relying on coal as a power source, is one of the places where scientists and researchers are settled to study the increasing effects of the changing climate. When considering the current pressure to phase out, there is no reason to think that this Norwegian industry of coalmining has a bright future at Svalbard. When the coal industry withdraws from Longyearbyen, there will be many built structures left. Structures directly linked to the mining, infrastructure on land, harbor areas connected to sea cargo, as well as dwellings for the coal miners. These could have a different future than the structures in Pyramiden. The mining structures could provide Longyearbyen with a new type of energy, a breath of fresh air into one of the world’s northernmost settlements.

Karianne Fonn Jårvik & Erlend Espenæs 5

THE PLACE SVALBARD

74째 - 81째 N / 10째 - 35째 E 61 022 km2 60 % ice 10 % vegetation 3000 polar bears 2562 inhabitants Employment rate 85 % 600 listed buildings and industrial heritage

LONGYEARBYEN

78° 13’ 0” N / 15° 38’ 0” E 2118 inhabitants 2131 registered snowmobiles Polar night 14. nov. - 29 Jan. Midnight sun 20 Apr. - 22 Aug. Average period of recidense: 7 years

3 Longyearbyen

1 4 2 Mine 3. 1971-1996 Mine 1. (a) 1906-1920 (b) 1939-1958

Mine 4. 1966-1970 Mine 2. (a) 1921-1968 (b) 1937-1968

Mine 5. 1959-1972

Mine 6.

. 1969-1981

Mine 7. 1972-Present 11

600 OF THE 2118 INHABITANTS IN LONGYEARBYEN ARE DIRECTLY OR INDIRECTLY EMPLOYED BY THE COAL MINING INDUSTRY

100 OF 320 EMPLOYEES IN STORE NORSKE IN LONGYEARBYEN LOST THEIR JOB, NOVEMBER 2014

7 70 0 00 DIFFERENT SEED SAMPLES ARE DEPOSITED IN THE VAULT FOR LONG-TERM STORAGE (2013)

“The seed vault is a completely unique and incredibly fascinating facility. Here the precautionary principle in practised in the best possible manner by providing long-term storage for future seed. Without seed we would be empty-handed and without the ability to produce food. The seeds frozen in the mountains of Svalbard may help to adapt our crops to changing climatic conditions and be an important key to global food security,” Trygve Slagsvold Vedum, Minister of Agriculture and Food

”Svalbard tube” Portal building

Storage caverns Air locks

Transverse tunnel

Rock tunnel

Svalbard Global Seed Vault

Access tunnel

Operation centre

Major international seed vaults

was decreased heavily

reach the North pole from Svalbard with a hot air baloon

Salomon A. Andree and

First organized tourist cruise to Svalbard

SĂ¸ren Zachariassen discovers coal beds at Cape Bohemann in

ruthlessly.

standing is built. It was used to accomodate hunterers. At this

1897

1881

1862

1827

1822

1795

1671

1610

1596

HUNTING & EXPEDITIONS Balthazar Mathias Keilhau , a lecturer at the

throughout the winter

The German doctor Friedrich Martens made

Stories and reports of great resources of whale

Barents re-discovers the archopelago of Svalbard

1596 - 1899

Longyearbyen is founded

Explosion in mine 2

1952

Space research station established in Ny-Ålesund

Mine 6 opens & Norwegian authorities funds the coal mining with over 40 million NOK. Underlined political signiﬁcance of the industry in the Arctic

Svalbard airﬁeld established

1965

1975

1960

Governor oﬃce inaugurated

Longyearbyen bombed

1942 1943 1944 1949 All settlements evacuated

Norwegian Svalbard and Arctic sea surveys ( NSIU ) is established , the forerunner of what later became the Norwegian Polar Institute.

Norway gains soverwignity over Svalbard

1938

USSR lay claim to Bjørnøya & that Svalbard should be a Norwegian-Soviet Condominium - declined

STRUGGLE FOR COAL Søren Zachariassen Arrives in Tromsø with a shipment of coal thus sparking the coal industry in Svalbard

SNK expands Mine 1 & builds new mining town;Sverdrupbyen

1925 1926 1928

1920

26 miners, 25 % of the workforce, die in a coaldust explosion

SNK hires three geologists make a study of possible oil/gas ﬁelds in the south of Isfjorden

1916

1906 1908

Store Norske Spitsbergen Kullcompany(SNK) is established and takes over ownership of the Longyearvalley

Botanical & geological surveys

1899

1899 - 1975

The global seed bank is opened

Government decides that the Svalbard law should be modernized. Longyearbyen becomes a local democracy with the elected body Longyearbyen lokalstyre and the Svalbard Council is dissolved

Most organs which earlier was controlled by SNK is made independent

The state takes over hospital & health services

Norwegian government allocates funds forstate takeover of the private shares in SNK

2014 2015

2008

NORMALIZATION 100 miners lose their jobs

Store Norske wants to reduce the workforce to cut costs

Svalbard research park is opened, containing UNIS, Svalbard museum and Norwegian Polar Institute

Svabard University (UNIS) is opened

1993

2002

Svabard University (UNIS) is opened

Svalbard is connected to the telephone network in Norway

1993

1989

1981

1976 1978

1975 - 2015

POSSIBLE FUTURE DEVELOPMENTS Development within renewable energy resources (geothermal, macroalgea, wind power etc) Increase in polar and climate research

RESEARCH

Increasing the capacity of installations for ground-space research, satellite and telecommunications

Longyearbyen as a tourist destination

TOURISM

Increased cruise traffic More differentiated tourist industry targeting specific groups in a all year round perspective

Strategic position in the Arctic in relation to intercontinental shipping New industries established in bioprospecting and biotechnology

MARITIME

Increased maritime activity from fishing vessels in the Svalbard zone and the surrounding waters Service and supply to fishing fleets Further development of arctic SAR (Search and rescue) competance center

NOW THE IMPORTANCE OF THE COAL-MINING INDUSTRY

25 years ago the coal-mining sector dominated at Svalbard. At that time there were three major towns, Longyearbyen, Barentsburg and Pyramiden, with a total of about 1100 inhabitants in Longyearbyen and 2000 in Barentsburg and Pyramiden. Now Pyramiden is close to abandoned and the population in Barentsburg is around 500 people. In Longyearbyen the population has increased to around 2100 people. The very positive development in Longyearbyen has meant that the place today is a normalized Norwegian local community with schools, kindergartens, sports, hospitals, etc. Coal mining is still the most important industry sector at Svalbard. Of the 1600 FTEs that were performed in Longyearbyen / Svea in 2012 400 are directly related to coal mining, 230 to accommodation / dining and cultural sector and 200 to research and education. Building and construction and transportation and storage are also significant with a total 310 posts, but rely on activities in basic sectors. If we include indirect Wemployment, the coal-mining sector aggregates approximately 600 FTEs. Basis Sectors represents approximately 70% of the fixed employment in Longyearbyen. Within different industries many of the permanent employees commute. In addition there are many seasonal workers.

SVALBARD TREATY

The Governor is the state`s supreme representative on Svalbard and also exercise police authority. After Svalbard Act Â§ 2 applies Norwegian civil law, criminal law and procedural law on Svalbard, unless otherwise specified by law. Svalbard is a part of Norway but has no municipality and is not part of a county, but there is a local government in Longyearbyen. Therefore Svalbard has no constituencies for city and parliamentary elections, and voters must vote according to their affiliation on the mainland. Svalbard has its own Tax and Tax Appeals Boardâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s own elected by the local council. Taxation on Svalbard happens after the law of Svalbard Taxation. Collected taxes are only enough to support the local government. Svalbards revenues and expenses are budgeted seperately from mainland Norway. Norway has a responsibility to preserve and respect the environment on Svalbard. Svalbard Treaty entails certain specified limitations for Norwegian exercise of authority, particularly Non - Discrimination. Every citizen or company of every nation under the treaty1 are allowed to become residents, fish, and hunt or undertake maritime, industrial or trade activity. Residents must respect Norwegian law. Svalbard is declared a de- militarized zone. According to the Svalbard Treaty Article 9, Norway has committed itself not to create or allow naval bases or to construct any kind of military fortifications and Svalbard must not be used for warlike purposes. The provision only prevents the creation of permanent bases. Norway is not precluded from defending its sovereignty over Svalbard.

1 Signature states of the treaty in 1925 was Norway, USA, United Kingdom, Denmark, France, Italy, Japan, Netherlands & Sweden. Later; Russia, Canada, Dominican Republic, Venezuela,

Chile, Argentina, Iceland, Portugal, Spain, South Africa, Finland, Estonia, Germany, Poland, Belgium, Austria, Hungary, Switzerland, Romania, Bulgaria, Albania, Greece, Monaco, Egypt, Saudi Arabia, Afghanistan, India, China, Japan, New Zealand & Australia.

COAL, REASEARCH, TOURISM AND EVERYDAY LIFE

Today coal mining is one of three important sectors in Longyearbyen. Store Norske extracts coal from two mines: Mine 7 that is situated 15 kilometers outside Longyearbyen. Around 20 people have their workplace here, and the coal is transported to Longyearbyen Energiverk (Longyearbyen power plant), which in turn is delivering electricity and heat to Longyearbyen. Svea Nord is the largest mine, 60 kilometers west of Longyearbyen. 300 people work here. Employees commute to the site. Some live in Longyearbyen, but most live in Norway. Research within natural science has long traditions in Svalbard. Today research plays an even more important role, mostly due to increased focus on climate. The University center in Svalbard was established in 1993. 350 students from around the world studies Arctic biology, Arctic geology, Arctic Geophysics and Arctic technology. Norwegian Polar Institute and the Svalbard Museum are housed in the same building. Tourism, service sector and the food industry are the third pillar of Longyearbyen economy. Most of the residents are Norwegian, but 15 percent are foreign nationals. The largest group is the Thai population of 70 people (2007) There are people from Denmark, Sweden, Germany, USA, Brazil, Spain, the Netherlands, Finland, Greenland, Russia, England, Canada and the Philippines. In the university half of the students are foreign nationals. What is the reason for people to settle in Longyearbyen today? There is low taxation and possibility for work with high wages. In an investigation of living conditions carried out in 2000 48 % of the persons asked said they moved to Svalbard for the adventure, and 41 % said that the main reason was the experience of living close to nature.

COLOURS DEFINING IDENTITY

In 1981 Grete Smedal was given the commission to make a colour scheme for the external facades of buildings in the entire town. The initiative came from the director of Store Norske Spitsbergen Kullkompani and was decided to happen gradually during ten years, as new buildings were made and old renovated. Painting the buildings was not done for any other reason than beatifying, as wood does not rot in Longyearbyen. The inhabitantâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s well-being was the main goal for the project. Today it can be seen on the many row houses as well as on public buildings. The buildings define a common space and identity for the inhabitants as well as for Longyearbyen.

NEXT THE LIQUIDATION OF THE COAL-MINING INDUSTRY

Longyearbyen will in the future be crucial in the development of Svalbard. To continue the positive development of society and be an attractive migration area, it is important to achieve a â&#x20AC;?critical massâ&#x20AC;? of people and commercial businesses. With higher number of inhabitants and still high percentage families, the society will be more robust because population and employment growth generates synergy that provide increased and extended operating basis for public and private service - which has a positive effect on living quality and the desire to live there. The interest for the Arctic is increasing. Climate changes, tourism, geopolitics and research of natural resources are the main drivers. There is increased international interest in participating in research and commercial activity.In addition to Norwegians there are people from more than 40 countries on Svalbard and more than 50 % of students at UNIS are foreign. Due to climate changes and climate politics coal mining on Svalbard is controversial. Future operations are also challenged by the low coal price recently, which has resulted in large deficits Store Norske. Combined with the need to open new mines that ensure continuity, this gives the company great challenges.

Research

Coal Research

Tourism

FUTURE SHIPPING ROUTES?

The Northwest Passage goes through the Arctic Ocean, along the northern coast of North America via waterways through the Canadian Arctic Archipelago, connecting the Atlantic and Pacific Oceans. The islands of the archipelago are separated from one another and the Canadian mainland by a series of waterways collectively known as the Northwest Passages or North-western Passages. The Parliament of Canada renamed these waterways the ”Canadian Northwest Passage” in 2009. It was first navigated by Norwegian explorer Roald Amundsen with a small expedition of six men in 1903–1906. Arctic pack ice has previously prevented year-round shipping. Sovereignity claims over the waters may complicate future shipping as Canada considers the North-western Passages a part of Canadian internal waters. Some European coutries and the U.S claim they are international territory, and free passage should be allowed. The route`s viability as an Euro- Asian shipping route may be reduced, as it is claimed that part of the eastern end of the passage is only 15 meters deep. The Northern Sea Route is defined by Russian legislation to stretch from the Kara Sea to the Pacific Ocean, running along the Russian Arctic coast. The entire route lies in Arctic waters and is ice-free inly two months a year. It connects the Atlantic and Pacific oceans, includes all East Arctic seas but does not include the Barents Sea. The Finnish-Swedish explorer Adolf Erik Nordenskiold made the first complete & confirmed passage in 1878. The route is today traversed by ships with ice-breaking capabilities, but is expected to become more accessible in the future due to climate change. The Transpolar sea route (TSR) is expected to emerge as the predominant Arctic shipping route by 2030. Rapidly shrinking sea ice could open up a temporary routes where moderately ice strengthened ships can sail directly over the North pole, dramatically reducing travel time rom Asia to Europe. Even a moderate amount of warming will open up the arctic to traffic previously unimagined. In contrast to the Northeast Passage and Northwest Passage it avoids territorial waters and lies in international high seas. The Due to high seasonal variability of ice conditions throughout the entire Arctic basin, the TSR will not exist as one fixed shipping lane, but will follow a number of navigational routes. It passes outside the exclusive economic zones of Arctic states and is thus of geopolitical importance to countries looking to the Arctic for future economic revenue. The Chinese icebreaker Snow Dragon was one of the first major vessels to utilize the route during its 2012 journey through the Arctic Ocean.

North-West passage

Transpolar sea Route

Northern sea route

Arctic circle

Northern sea route & Southern sea route

”We used to be able to take our snowmobiles right across that fjord. Now we can’t do that any more and we have to go the long way around.” Kristin Grotting

S U S TA I N A B I L I T Y AN APPORACH TO BUILDING STRUCTURES AND SUSTAINABLE DESIGN IN AN ARTIC CLIMATE Since 2007 UNIS (University in Svalbard) CO2 lab has led the drilling outside Longyearbyen to investigate the opportunity to store CO2 underground. The drilling resulted in the discovery of shale gas (Nordlys 22.09) The coal industry does not pay off economically anymore, and most are expecting Store Norske to put an end to the coal export from Svalbard (the company is considering the option of shale gas to continue operations on Svalbard) One of Norway`s two coal power plants is situated in Longyearbyen. In total the power plant in Barentsburg and the one in Longyearbyen has yearly emissions of 200.000 tons CO2, counting for about half of Svalbardâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s emissions (2009). Coal is the most polluting of all fossil fuels. Our project should: a. The architecture will house one or more alternative industries. When the coalmining industry stops, new industries need to be strengthened to maintain the number of inhabitants and a healthy economy. b. The climate and permafrost sets very different parameters for building than what we are used to. There is also a challenge in the temperatures in Longyearbyen, with an annual average of -6,7 oC and -16,2 oC in February. Minimize the heat loss; maximize solar exposure, simple shape, and limitation on windows. c. As an alternative to build new structures, we will investigate the possibilities to re-use obsolete structures related to the coal industry. To strengthen the places identity, as well as keeping the carbon footprint as low as possible, re-use could be a good solution. d. We want to investigate how massive wood can perform under the extreme conditions in the Artic. Because of the dry climate wood is a preferred material because of its properties and long life span.

MAP: Climate Destabilisation Average global temperatures rise beyond 4 oC

+ 16 oC + 15 oC + 14 oC + 13 oC + 12 oC + 11 oC + 10 oC + 9 oC + 8 oC + 7 oC + 6 oC + 5 oC + 4 oC + 3 oC + 2 oC + 1 oC

KEY: change in climate from pre-industrial climate

SOURCE: the Met OďŹ&#x192;ce, UK`s National Weather Service

Permafrost boundary 2004 Projected permafrost boundary

Observed sea-ice September 2002 Projected sea-ice 2070-2090

SOURCE: Artic Climate Impact Assessment (ACIA), 2004 Impacts of a Warming Arctic 37

The project will present a new program that will replace the mining industry and sustain Longyearbyen in the future. On the community scale, show renewable energy resources as viable options for Longyearbyen. In the building scale, the project will include material (wood) and light stategies to minimize the carbon footprint of the building(s).

FRAMEWORK PHASE 1 01/01-28/02 City scale Defining program Investigate the site PHASE 2 01/03-27/03 Defining concept Sustainability aspect Materials PHASE 3 28/03-19/04 Refine concept Building scale Architectural proposal PHASE 4 20/04-24/06 Develop project details Narrative Exhibition

FEBRUARY

MARCH

Week 6 2nd 1:1 Inspirational Day 4th-11th Site visit Longyearbyen The place, the landscape, the people, the society. 1:1 investigations. Week 7 Synthesizing the material collected on the studytrip. Defining program(s). Week 8 Site model 1:5000 Site model 1:500 Concept models, sketches, diagrams Week 9 26th-27th 2. presentation conceptually in differenc scales

Week 10

Define arguments for the concept. 3D model

Week 11

Week 12

Focus on the sustainability aspect of the project. Make investigations, sketches and presentation.

Define arguments for architectural proposal, diagrams. 1:200/ 1:100 plans, sections, model

Week 13

24th sustainability presentation

APRIL

Week 14 28th-6th Easter

Week 18

possibly a site visit to Longyearbyen or other relevant place

MAY

Re-evaluate architectural proposal and produced material.

Week 23

JUNE

1st

Exhibition period starts

16th

Exhibiton preview

Develop project in 1:100/ 1:50 plans, sections, model

Week 19 Week 15 Synthesizing the material

Construction details in model and drawings

Week 24

collected on the studytrip. Re-evaluate architectural proposal. Define arguments for the main aspect of the project.

Week 16

Week 20 Week 25

Develop project in 1:200 plans, sections, model

Week 21 16th-17th 3. presentation PROJECT review

Visualizing FIll in the gaps

Week 17 Week 22

Prepare material for exhibition Site model 1:5000 Site model 1:500

Week 26

24th Exhibition completed 27th-30th EXAM

situation plan plans sections Axonometrics Visualizations

1:0000 1:200/ 1:00/ 1:50 1:200/ 1:00/ 1:50

model model: model: detail models

1:5000 1:500 1:100

SITE VISIT THOUGHTS, WISHES, GOALS When in Longyearbyen we will spend our time figuring out what the people whish for their city to become. What they feel has the potential of replacing the coal industry. We will ask people with political power, economic power and power of local knowledge. What would you like your city to become, after the coal? Which industries are welcome and which are not? Could Longyearbyen be self-sustained in the future? Keywords: tourism, research, studies, cargo, fish, sea, technology

from: Stavanger born: 1985

Tlf: 99238311 erlendespenaes@gmail.com

ERLEND ESPENĂ&#x2020;S

Education: 2010-2015 2014, spring 2013 2008-2009

Bergen School of Architecture, Norway Tampere University of Technology, Finland Bachelor, Bergen School of Architecture, passed with distinction Kunstskolen i Rogaland

Work: 2014 2012,summer 2011,summer 2009-2010 2006-2008

Vicarious caretaker, BOB Promoter for Kirkens NĂ¸dhjelp, Face2Face Checkout and stock employee, Byggmax Norge as Customer and sales consultant, GE Moneybank Stock employee, Bama dagligvare

Courses: 1. semester Master City between security and freedom (30 cr) Case studies addressing the intersection of security and contemporary architecture and urbanism. Indivi dual project, re-designing Oslo Central Station in realtion to current security situation and discussion. Tutors: Deane Simpson, Vibeke Jensen, Haakon Rasmussen, Anders Rubing. Study trip to Oslo, London and Israel/ Palestine Course in cooperation with PST (Norwegian Police Security Service ), NSM (Norwegian National Security Authority). 2. semester Master Finnish wood architecture (8cr) Studies of contemporary and historical Finnish wood architecture. Individual design of small allotment garden cottages of re-used timber. Lecturer/ tutor: Satu Huuhka History of Architecture, professional course (12cr) Studies of the Finnish city Seinäjoki`s history and development. Individual design of a innfill building at a given site in Seinäjoki city centre. Lecturer/ tutor: Olli-Paavo Koponen Landscape Architecture (7cr) Individual design of a small scale landscape feauture in a chosen puclic area around Tamprere University of Technology. Paralell lecture series with a thorough introduction to landscape architecture. Lecturer/ tutor: Nathan Siter. Study trip to Copenhagen Revit Architecture, basics (5cr) Introduction course to the most necessary tools in Revit. Lecturer/ tutor: Mika Mathlin 3. semester Master Complex context Studies of the historical development of Bergen and the city`s current issues. Design of building in relation to current discussions, group of three. Tutors: Arild Wåge, Kalle Grude, Andre Fontes, Harald Røstvik. Study trip to Amsterdam/Rotterdam/Almere/Utrecht

from: Bergen born: 1991

Tlf: 975 94 613 nor_400@hotmail.com www.kariannejarvik.com

KARIANNE FONN JĂ&#x2026;RVIK

Education: 2010-2015 2014, Spring 2013

Bergen School of Architecture, Norway Tampere University of Technology, Finland Bachelor, Bergen School of Architecture, passed with distinction

Work: 2012-2015 2011-2013, summer 2011 2009

Sailing coach, optimist dinghy sailors age 10-15 , Berens Seilforening Promoter for Kirkens NĂ¸dhjelp, Face2Face Model of Sandviken, Arkitektgruppen Cubus Logo design, ConStrada AS

Sport: 2009

Norwegian champion sailing (Europe Dinghy)