H.O.U.S.E; INTENSE MICROCOSM by Karim M. Anwar

AADRL | STUDIO SCHUMACHER

H O U S E INTENSE MICROCOSM

V.D.K.M.

H O U S E INTENSE MICROCOSM KARIM ANWAR VICTOR CORELL GASCO MAHA HABIB DANIEL SIMAAN FRANCA

AADRL STUDIO 2013/2015 - PHASE 1 DIRECTOR THEODORE SPYROPOOULOUS, MINIMAFORMS FOUNDERS BRET STEELE PATRICK SCHUMACHER, ZAHA ARCHITECTS, LONDON, PARTNER PROGRAMME MARCH (ARCHITECTURE & URBANISM) ARCHITECTURAL ASSOCIATION SCHOOL DESIGN RESEARCH LAB 2014/2015 LONDON, UNITED KINGDOM TUTORS PATRICK SCHUMACHER, ZAHA ARCHITECTS, LONDON, PARTNER PIERANDREA ANGIUS, ZAHA ARCHITECTS, LONDON, LEAD ARCHITECT TECHNICAL TUTORS ALBERT TAYLOR, AKT II CONSULTING STRUCTURAL & ENGINEERS

AADRL STUDIO 2013/2015 - PHASE 1 TECTONIC ARTICULATION – MAKING ENGINEERING LOGICS SPEAK PATRICK SCHUMACHER PIER ANDREA

Th e d e mar cat io n b e t we e n ar ch it e ctu r e and engi neeri ng rests on the di sti ncti on of t h e b u ilt e nvir o n me n t ’s so cial f u n ct io n in g from i ts techni cal functi oni ng . Whi l e the t e ch n i cal f u n ct io n in g co n sid e r s t h e p hysi cal i ntegri t y, constructi bi l i t y and physi cal p e r fo r man ce o f t h e b u ild in g in r e lat io n t o i ts users understood as physi cal -bi ol ogi cal b o d i e s , ar ch it e ctu r e mu st t ake in t o co n s i derati on that a bui l di ng’s soci al functi on, i . e . i t s f u n ct io n as o r d e r in g an d g u id in g communi cati ve frame, functi oni ng vi a i ts a p p e a r an ce an d le g ib ilit y. Th e co r e co mpetency of archi tecture i s thus the t ask of a r t i c u l at io n . Le g ib ilit y invo lve s t wo asp ects: the perceptual tract abi l i t y/pal at abi l i t y an d t h e se man t ic-informati onal charge. Th e r e lat io n sh ip b e t we e n t h e t e ch n ical and the arti cul ator y di mensi on of the bui l d e nv i r o nme n t le ad s t o t h e co n ce p t o f t e ct oni cs, here understood as the archi tectural s e l e c t i on an d u t ilizat io n o f t e ch n ically moti vated, engi neered forms and det ai l s for t h e s a ke o f an ar t icu lat io n t h at aims at legi bi l i t y for the sake of soci al communi ca t i o n . Th e r e ar e p le n t y o f examp le s in t h e hi stor y of archi tecture where archi tectural e l e m e nt s an d fe atu r e s w it h t e ch n ical f uncti ons become the obj ect of arti cul ator y ( “o r n a me n t al” ) e n d e avo r s. A t e ch n ically effi ci ent morphol ogy thus assumes al so an a r t i c u l at o r y f u n ct io n . We mig h t call t h is communi cati ve uti l i zati on of techni cal forms, fe a tu r e s an d d e t ails t e ct o n ic ar t icu lat io n . The arti cul ator y i ntegrati on of the morphol o g i c a l co n se q u e n ce s o f t e ch n ical r e q u ir ements i s al ways the more el egant sol uti on t h a n t h e att e mp t t o f ig h t an d d e ny t h e m by hi di ng or obfuscati ng them. In order for a r ch i t e ct s t o p u r su e t e ct o n ic ar t icu lat io n they need to gui de and orchestrate the e n g i n e er in g inve st ig at io n s an d t h e n se lect the engi neeri ng opti ons that most sui t t h e i r p r imar y t ask, n ame ly t o f u lf ill t h e posed soci al functi ons vi a frami ng commu n ica ti ons. Th e a d ap t ive d iffe r e n t iat io n o f lo ad b e ar i ng structures as wel l as the adapti ve di ffe r e n t i a t io n o f vo lu me s an d e nve lo p e s accordi ng to the bui l di ng’s envi ronment al p e r fo r man ce (w it h r e sp e ct t o it s exp o su re to sun, wi nd, rai n etc.) afford many op p o r tu n i tie s fo r d iffe r e n t ial t e ct o n ic ar t icul ati on. A thus l awful l y di fferenti ated bui l t e nv i r o nme n t wo u ld b e mu ch mo r e le g ib le and navi gabl e than the moderni st, i sotropi c o r d e r o f r e p e t it io n . W it h t h e d eve lo p ment of sophi sti cated comput ati onal desi gn t o o l s - b o t h w it h in ar ch it e ctu r e an d w it h in the engi neeri ng di sci pl i nes - the scope for n u a n c e d t e ct o n ic ar t icu lat io n h as mu ch increased. The adapt ati on of structural morp h o l o g i e s t o t h e fo r ce d ist r ib u t io n w it h in a structural system offers a fant asti c opp o r tu n i t y fo r ar ch it e ctu r al ar t icu lat io n . In turn the more compl ex archi tectural orders p r o p o s e d w it h in co n t e mp o r ar y ar ch it e ctu re are refl ected and potenti al l y accentuated by so p h ist icat e d , adapti ve structures. Th e r e alizat io n o f t h is p o t e n t ial r e q u ir e s an i ntensi fi ed col l aborati on bet ween i nnova t i ve ar ch it e ct s an d e n g in e e r s. Alt h o u g h there can be no doubt that archi tecture rem a i n s a d isco u r se t h at is d ist in ct f r o m e ngi neeri ng , a cl ose col l aborati on wi th these d i s c i p l i ne’s as we ll as t h e acq u isit io n o f rel i abl e i ntui ti ons about thei r respecti ve l o g i c s ar e in cr e asin g ly imp o r t an t co n d it io ns for the desi gn of contemporar y hi gh perfo r m a n ce b u ilt e nvir o n me n t s. In fact a clear underst andi ng of the di sti nct agendas a n d c o re co mp e t e n cie s o f ar ch it e ct s an d engi neers faci l i t ates thei r effecti ve col l ab o r a t i o n . Th e stu d io w ill t h u s clo se ly co lla borate wi th engi neers and i ntegrate both a n a l y t i c an d g e n e r at ive e n g in e e r in g t o o ls wi thi n i ts desi gn research methodol ogy. Th e p a rt icu lar so cial p r o g r ams t h at t h e “ speaki ng morphol ogi es” wi l l address are to b e d e t e r min e d at a l ater st age.

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CONTENTS

I N T RODUCT ION

T H E SIS DE V E L OP ME NT Re s e ar ch o b je ct ive s an d T ime -lin e

S IT E

MACRO SCALE

I . GE OMET RY GE NE RAT ION Pr e l imin ar y S p ace an d S u r face Or g an izat i o n (In n e r - Ou t e r ) I I . S PACE AND S URFACE ART ICUL AT ION

180

I I I . P E RF ORMAT IV E N e t wo r k Ge n e r at io n an d De sig n Ar t icul ation

198

I . M ONOCOQUE I n f r a st ru ctu r e Ab st r act io n an d Ju xt ap osition

308

I I . M ONOCOQUE ART ICUL AT ION

318

FA B RICAT ION AND P ROTOT Y P ING

334

MICRO SCALE

384

A P P ENDIX

INTRODUCTION

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LEAF CROSS SECTION _Leaves, roots and shoot cells maintain their turgidity and structure through the trans-location of water.

ARCHITECTURAL SYSTEMS AND NATURAL COMPLEXITY

Architecture have evolved radically from its conception as construction, an abstraction from the art of building, to dealing with the design and organization of more complex problems, systems, and disciplines. This gradual change was a result of both cultural and technological change, yet in all its different development stages, architecture dealt mainly with solving problems that regulated and accommodated human needs and communication. 1 With this ever increasing complexity, the role of an architect thus gets blurred, and so his main focus consequently becomes the interrelating and joining of these different systems for the sole purpose of social functionality and expression. Hence architects are first and foremost systems designers as Gordon Pask argues. 2 The act of articulation is thus the selection and utilization of forms, details, and behavior 3, and with the development of new techniques and new advancements in technology it becomes much easier to simulate and test systems to reach a higher level of expression, intricacy, and coherency framing a more interactive conversation between users and architecture. However the different building systems are often patched together often inconsistent and uncorrelated ways (reference: tom wiscombe) that limits this sophistication of the architectural language, due to the fact that architecture till recently is still considered as frame and skin. The different subsystems that allow for the architectural spaces to be inhabitable, especially infrastructure, are still designed, developed, and articulated separately through different organizations.

NATURAL COMPLEXITY Nature has already put for ward numerous examples of such interrelated systems articulation. From unicellular to complex organisms, bodies are optimized and work in whole rather than uncorrelated systems. Systems are rather overlapped and multi-functional in a sense that in some situations they are in completely absorbed into each other that it becomes hard to identify the sole function of each element. Plants in particular present a clear and relevant example of such case. Not considering the complex diverse forms plants can become but the basic principles that allow for its growth and development, plants strive on two main principles; structural robustness to be kept upright and reach sunlight, and the supply of essential requirements for the synthesis of food and energy. A plant’s body systems work in correlation to achieve the aforementioned requirements, in which systems do not perform independently. Different concentrations of sugars throughout the plant body activates water trans-location through its systems through diffusion. Water transpiration from end to end through the plant’s xylem, not only supply leaves with the essential ingredients for photosynthesis, but also maintains an integral factor to the structural robustness and strength of stem and leaves allowing for a gradient of rigidity and thicknesses. The system’s functionalities are interrelated and are both self-stimulated and influenced by the external stimuli. Roots act as both anchors and water supply. They vary in form and shape according to not only the plant type but also by the change in climate, changing from one environment to the other increasing its efficiency and performance.

1. “The Architecture Relevance of Cybernetics.” In Computational Design Thinking, edited by Achim Menges, by Gordon Pask, 218. Chichester, UK: John Wiley & Sons, 2011. 2.Ibid 3. Schumacher, Patrik. The Autopoiesis of Architecture a New Framework for Architecture. Vol. 1. Chichester: Wiley, 2011. 478.

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The thesis thus aims for the reestablishing of this articulation of systems, transcending to more complex forms that are derived from their functionality, behavior complexity and user interface. Thus allowing for architecture to be re imagined as true system design, as a whole in contrast to one. Much like the natural world, this rethinking of approach allows for the performative to be the ornament and true expression. The respective proposal is tested out on a scale of a house, considering both its technical and social needs, adapting a prototypical attitude. Maison Dom-ino was the universal model of the modern movement, that allowed for a liberation of space and a radical approach to perceiving space. Along the course of the studio investigation, the following was selected to reference as a speculative housing prototype- encouraging a reinterpretation of the immediate future housing prototype- along with the addition of vehicle that renders less obsolete as an object and more integrated as a part of a living entity.

STEAM CROSS SECTIONS

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“ANATOMY OF A DWELLING” Reyner Banham + François Dallegret

HOUSE PROTOTYPES

The ‘Maison Dom-ino’ and ‘A Home is not a House’ illustrates an extreme spectrum of housing prototypes, in terms of assembly, composition and fabrication. The Dymaxion House mediates between the two and presents as a potent example of how a housing prototype opt to be developed: An integrated collection of systems that work hand in hand, fulfilling the requirements of a holistic system. LE CORBUSIER MAISON DOMINO 1914. Stemming from his Utopian vision of pursuing modular building scales, Le Corbusier proposed a universal building prototype, Maison Dom-ino, to be readily mass produced; a standardized construction system for a reconstruction effort to resolve the urban housing crisis. The two storey concrete framework compromised of an elementary set of components: six free-standing pillars and three slabs linked through a staircase. Though, its configuration obstructed the idea of living in a fluid landscape, instead it compromised of rigid pancake-like floors/ ceilings. In essences, it was a phenomenally bold idea to tackle the devastating housing crisis during the First World War that left many people homeless. However, his hope of attaining certain qualities (both structural and systemically) failed, as it did not pertain to its ideal agenda, due to the following: [1.] Its columns were too slender to support the slabs, in addition to its in-optimal positioning. [2.] Its traditional bourgeois layout is independent from its structural system. [3.] The impending state of un-proposed tectonics systems rendered it frivolous to the architectural system/whole. The design for an open system house led to an axiomatic architectural scheme that does not emphasis the production of emergent wholes, but rather on assembly procedures.

The former refers to a process of natural deduction of a logical system, consisting of axioms from which iterations are derived by transformation rules. This setup limits one to solely exploring expressions or proportion of parts. As a result, the system deviates from investigating new opportunities in qualitative and temporal aspects of the architectural design. The direction of architecture should be conceived as evolving gradually and presenting potent solutions by acquiring a self-empowering system, instead of the linear fashion of designing and assembling artifacts (isolated elements such as columns, slabs, stairs etc...). REYNER BANHAM - THE ENVIRONMENTAL BUBBLE 1965. “…the art of architecture became increasingly divorced from the practice of making and operating buildings.” 4 The era of Modern Movement in architecture exemplifies and debarks the phase in which the design process disengaged the consideration and incorporation of surrounding environment that had begun during the Industrial Revolution, evident in works such as Wright’s Larkin building and Chicago’s downtown. Modern architects opted to provide a clean, bright and well-ventilated interior environment to promote the health and well-being of inhabitants. It was also an era renowned for its minimal boxes that were obsolete and stood independently to its surrounding, neglecting many fundamental requirements for human comfort. In the second half of the 1960s, creative disciplines were undergoing questioning, which was a part of a “historical rupture” that ushered the age of ‘post modernism’. Architecture was to be preached and understood as hardware of form that becomes subservient to the “software” of activity; and assimilating an understanding of “fit environments for human activities” which operates with respect to the level of urban setting.

4. Banham, Reyner. The Architecture of the Well-Tempered Environment. Chicago: University of Chicago, 1969.

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In 1965 “a Home is not a House”, Banham proposed an extreme spectrum of Maison domino’s scheme, rooting for the modern-movement vision of the inter-penetration of indoors and outdoors by abolishing doors and facades. Instead, he suggested the idea of a transparent plastic bubble dome that would be inflated by air conditioning output thus encompassing a ‘liberated dwelling space’. This proposal dealt with two opposing concepts to that of Le Corbusier’s approach: architecture was to be expressed or dramatized with respect to mechanical services, and architecture-in Banham’s concept of the “unhouse”— would become “invisible” and subservient to software. (Reyner Banham: Historian of the immediate Future p. 189). “The two ideas behind this are to give everyone a standard of living package containing all the necessities of modern life (shelter, food, energy, television) and to do away with all the permanent structures of building, and men would not be constrained by past settlements.” Charles Jencks. The architectural profession failed to ‘keep its house in order’ with its setting. Today architecture falls into another profession for its assumed responsibility of maintenance for decent environmental conditions. This separation has imposed a disconnection of architecture from both the environment and the technological systems of buildings. It exacerbated the progress on the way these systems interact with architecture, and has remained predominantly the same through the decades; the result is a built structure with several distinct systems that are alien to one another.

MAISON DOMINO

REYNER BANHAM’S ANATOMY OF A DWELLING

BUCKMINSTER HOUSE.

FULLER-DYMAXION

“The environment will be completely controlled and the concept of the house will be eliminated.” Buckminster Fuller. Though the former epochs were not implemented into practice, Buckminster Fuller reconciled principle ideas from both extremes into a genuine proposal: The Dymaxion house, which comprised of thorough and intelligent ready-to-use industrial artifacts. He intended to attain maximum space and relate to the environment by utilizing the minimal source of raw materials. The following was a responds to a lifestyle marked by an increase in individualism and mobility, which had pertaining characteristics of the Yurts, traditional nomads from Central Asia. This transportable dwelling was driven by achieving a sense of autonomy and lightness. Though this typology permits an ease of assembling and disassembling components, the sum of parts function as a holistic system in the social, human sense. 5

RICHARD ROGERS’ ZIP UP HOUSE

5. Fuller, R. Buckminster, and James Ward. The Artifacts of R. Buckminster Fuller: A Comprehensive Collection of His Designs and Drawings. New York: Garland, 1985.

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MAISON DOM-INO

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LE CORBUSIERâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;S MAISON DOM-INO

MAISON DOM-INO

Modernism was a reevaluation of the gradual shift in man’s consciousness of the world around him from a theocentric to an anthropocentric conception, requisitioning this humanist attitude and its significance. It was the refocus on the condition of being self-referential; the object-hood and the sign-age of elements in the environment around. Modernism reconsiders the relation of man to the surrounding object world in a sense that it breaks this interdependence and allows for both to be peers rather than a determiner of his work (reference). Thus the position is taken that the object ceases to be a representation of man’s condition but rather more concerned with its object-hood. 6 In 1914 – 1815, Le Corbusier put for ward his proposal for a housing prototype for the crises after World War 1, a mass produced two story building that allows for different spatial layouts and arrangements. It is often abstracted to a structural symbol as mentioned previously, yet it was one of the most influential projects and as an epitome of modern architecture, as it embodies in its details the principles of modern architecture, a sign-age. The Maison Domino (Domino House) was a designed as an open system of elements that can be altered and rearranged to adapt the different needs. Consisting of two flat slabs, six structural columns/footings, and a staircase, this assemblage of elements presented the basic-sufficient-principles of architecture. Its open plan slabs present a space that allows for infinite rearrangements and plan formations. The columns positions and location on the edge of the slabs gives a sense of the model being cut and incomplete signifying both structural integrity and the adaptability of the model to be repeat-

ed and extended easily, while the staircase was pushed to the side to emphasize the importance of space. The model is always criticized for its lack of skin or walls yet it was intended as a statement, an emphasis for the idea of it, the house, being more than just a shelter. 7 The aggressive abstraction and lack of skin, still render it incomplete and incapable of actually producing inhabitable space from a per-formative perspective. The Maison Domino was thus requisitioned and tested in regard to its performativity, focusing on spatial and structural articulation. The main objective of this search was to test the latter through a structural analysis program, Karmaba, providing insights to understanding the principles and behavior of the deployed structure. These design operations were pursued by utilizing Octopus, a genetic algorithm solver, in order to introduce multiple fitness values to the optimization. This tool aided in the process of selecting fit-options based on specified objectives, producing a set of possible optimum solutions that ideally reach from one extreme trade-off to the other. Diversification of the search is further enforced by varying the diversity of the given criteria. The test was divided down into 3 different categories; having the first be testing the original model, while the second and third were more focused on substituting the original columns with linear and branching supports. The former tests were are a reaction to actually allowing for the structure to articulate different spatial arrangements, thus breaking down the static nature of the original prototype.

6. Eisenman, Peter. “Aspects of Modernism: Maison Domino and the Self-Referential Sign.” Oppositions Reader: Selected Readings from A Journal for Ideas and Criticism in Architecture 1973-1984: 188. 7. Ibid

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MAISON DOM-INO | RE-QUESTIONING MODEL STRUCTURE OPTIMIZATION

ITERATION 1.0

FRONT - SIDE ELEVATION

ITERATION 1.1

ITERATION 1.2

ITERATION 1.3

Starting with the elementary, the prototype was remodeled digitally with thicknesses set to their minimum (10cm) and material set to concrete, to test out the anticipated arrangement of the columns. The initial arrangement does allow for a rigid system and regular distribution of loads, yet their setting limits the utilization of the material to its maximum efficiency, rendering the system over-structured. However the cantilevered staircase causes more stress on the slabs in its initial position. The second iteration (iteration 1.1) begins to break down the columnsâ&#x20AC;&#x2122; positioning allowing for their repositioning according to the system structural efficiency. Slabs cantilever more, while columns were rearranged closer to the staircase to compensate for the over stressing in the slabs.

ITERATION MODEL

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Spatial articulation in the first two iterations remain the same in the two floors, respecting the arrangement of columns as the sole vertical and as a defining element. In an attempt to allow for a diversity between the two floors the following iterations (1.2 and 1.3) begin to test out the possibility of disconnecting the columns on each floor and allow them to adjust accordingly. Although never reaching the same low deformation levels as the first two, these semi-stable conditions give an example of different optimization conditions taking in consideration different spatial cues.

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MAISON DOM-INO | RE-QUESTIONING MODEL BRANCHING SUPPORT SYSTEM

ITERATION 2.0

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ITERATION 2.1

ITERATION 2.2

ITERATION 2.3

Substituting vertical columns, a branching point support system is tested to allow for more spatial variation and adaptability. Starting with only two points (one point was not sufficient to hold up the slabs) on the ground floor and growing into 8 points on the top floor, again the different arrangements were tested against structural fitness using the solution finder algorithm. The following four iterations show a range of optimized solutions that yet maintain deformation to its minimum while producing a variety of spatial arrangements.

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ITERATION 3.0

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ITERATION 3.1

ITERATION 3.2

ITERATION 3.3

Increasing the number of supports on the ground floor to four, the structure system grows to 16 point supports at the top floor. Although allowing for far less deformation, yet the system is rendered over structured and the branching system gets over crowded at different areas, specially on the top floor.

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Taking a closer look at one of the examples utilizing a two point system, and examining how the vertical elements are positioned, the branching system is more efficient in criss crossing configurations. The different â&#x20AC;&#x2DC;treesâ&#x20AC;&#x2122; take on a perpendicular relation to each other reducing deformation and utilizing slap thicknesses and cantilevering. The following stress diagrams show the different positions of the support elements, and how stress patterns react.

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ITERATION 2.0 Above: Displacement diagram Below: Utilization Diagram

STRESS PATTERNS

Hence analyzing the four different iterations selected, and mapping the different locations of the branching system begins to produce this domain in which columns can change position while structural integrity is still preserved.

SUPPORT DOMAIN Mapping of the different positions of the branching system

[3] [2] [1]

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MAISON DOM-INO | RE-QUESTIONING MODEL LINEAR SUPPORT SYSTEM

ITERATION 4.0

FRONT - SIDE ELEVATION

ITERATION 4.1

ITERATION 4.2

ITERATION 4.3

Alternating to linear structural supports. The structural system was again more stable yet less utilized than the branching system. However spatial definition using continuous surfaces is much more articulated. The iterations are tested with two walls on each floor, where increasing their number more only results in over structuring. The first four iterations present more spaced out arrangements, while the last four present more centered arrangements.

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ITERATION 5.0

ITERATION 5.1

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ITERATION 5.3

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A closer look again shows how the wall system renders the structure under utilized

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ITERATION 4.0 Above: Displacement diagram Below: Utilization Diagram

STRESS PATTERNS

SUPPORT DOMAIN Mapping of the different positions of the linear system

[3] [2] [1]

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The original Maison Dom-ino articulated space adaptability through the open plan configuration Le Corbusier always emphasized in his different projects. This isolated structure form this adaptation to extent became a constant unchangeable datum. Thus the question remained what if structure, as part of the different house systems, becomes part of this interchangeability allowing for unlimited configuration that react to user behavior. As part of re-questioning the original prototype, the following exercise

tries to tackle the idea of a mobile structure that maintains both structural integrity, yet reacts to different stimuli. Testing first the main principles of a moving structural system, the different parameters are tested first on the scale of one floor then taken further to the whole scale of the house. The structure reacts directly to both structural deformations and spatial rearrangements. The three previously tested systems are once again tested.

MAISON DOM-INO | STRUCTURAL MOVEMENT AND CHOREOGRAPHY FEEDBACK SYSTEM

A A

B C

Choreographed movement.

A feedback system must be established to be able to achieve a dynamic structural system. A system that is aware of its own position, however reacts to a number of changing inputs allowing for a ‘choreographed’ movement that is able to maintain primarily the structural integrity. The above abstract diagram is an illustration of such chirography, where each circular support moves in accordance to the other two.

INPUTS STRUCTURAL POSITION/ DEFORMATION

BEHAVIORAL CUES/CIRCULATION

The system’s inputs are the structural deformation, user behavior and circulation and the spatial organization. This abstract system of back and forth information, calculating deformation and stress loads allows for a feedback loop that can accordingly rearrange or deploy structural supports altering both space formation and arrangement.

STRUCTURAL MOBILITY - ADAPT

SPATIAL ORGANIZATION

VEHICLE INTERFACE

MOVEMENT - DEFORMATION - ROTATION APERTURE 0.231

0.3

1.323

RANGE OF DEFORMATION: 0.231 - 1.323

FEEDBACK SYSTEM 37

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â&#x20AC;&#x153;CHOREOGRAPHY OF STRUCTUREâ&#x20AC;?

Dynamic space formation and reshaping - The abstract system was tested in regard to the previously explored systems; vertical point supports (columns) and linear supports (walls). Two main input elements affected the movement of the system. 1. Deformation amount, where maximum optimization was not the main goal rather the range that can be achieved that then can be implemented in circulation and form generation. 2. Spatial Organization; as a main affecting agent altering structural position.

INTERFACE ADAPTAION

Deployable joints and connection may allow for the unfolding and folding of structural supports as needed.

SINGLE COLUMN SLIDING

SINGLE COLUMN ROTATION

DOUBLE COLUMN ROTATION

DOUBLE COLUMN ROTATION AND MOVEMENT

POINT SUPPORT SYSTEMS The following diagrams show basic movements of column systems, where movement is divided mainly to two types; Sliding and Rotation of Columns. In the scenario shown the main activators of space are based on the interface between main spaces and the vehicle (boat/ car). They move from a position A: where all spaces interconnect forming one central space defined by the vertical circulation, to a position B: where the major 2 spaces diverge towards the main approaches.

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System working in full house scale as an abstract example of adaptability on a bigger scale - The two systems of columns are applied reacting to both vertical and horizontal circulation.

Structural movement to rearrange space maintaining system stability - Column System

Cross section of the slabs were optimized to maintain a stable deformation

Spatial organization change affecting structural system

In this example, the cross section thickness was kept to a minimum to show an extreme case of deformation and how that can come into play to either respond to circulation or spatial definition

Structural movement to rearrange space by exploring the system deformation - Column System

Structural Diagram

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01. Rotate

02. Slide

03. Expand

LINEAR SUPPORT SYSTEMS The following diagrams explore the different movement possibilities of linear support systems.

01. SHRINK GROWTH

02. FUSION - SEPARATION

03. CIRCULATION ORIENTATION

These different movement mechanisms can then be combined or achieved separately in response to spatial organizations allowing for: Growth/Shrinking of space, Fusion/Separation of space, or changing orientation of spaces.

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Structural movement to rearrange space maintaining system stability - Wall System

Structural movement to rearrange space by exploring the system deformation - Wall System

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Continuing with the break down of the system, the second element questioned was the vertical staircase, connecting multiple slabs. Attached as a separate element, it remains a limitation to space, the same case as the structural columns. Yet, the change in its position presents more stresses and disruption in the structural system.

Surface Structural

Continuous Stair Block

Understanding first the different conditions vertical circulation can be, a number of examples are tested again in regard to the structural integrity. The vertical circulation is then pushed a step for ward and is tested as the main vertical support elements allowing for the integration of both structure and flow in one element.

Space Generator. Structural

Continuous Stair Block

STRUCTURAL

Circular Ramp / Stairs

Spiral Staircase

Non Structural Stairs

Staircase + Elevator

Elevator

NON STRUCTURAL

Movable Stairs

TRANSFORMABLE

Transformable Floor

Transformable Stair + Ramp

Hidden Staircase

Floor Elevator

MAISON DOM-INO | CIRCULATION BREAKING DOWN THE SYSTEM

ELEVATION / CROSS

DISPLACEMENT

UTILIZATION

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MAISON DOM-INO | SKIN EXPLORATION

(i)

(ii)

(iii)

(iv)

(v)

(vi)

(vii)

(viii)

Non structural independent facade. Structural, static facade. Possibility to create openings. Open - close facade. Sliding facade. Horizontal movement. Transformable slap-facade by rotation. Structural facade connected to the movement of the slaps. Adaptable facade to movable volumes and surfaces. Same surface becomes facade or interior partitions.

i. i. i i. iv. vi. vii. vii . x.

(x)

(xi)

(xii)

xi.

TYPE vi

TYPE vii

Slabs and facade are of the same typology. Rotation mechanism allows for a completely open or closed envelope condition to take place.

Slab and facade are working collectively, one affecting the other. The facade is attached to the slab via a joint connection, expanding when the slab moves, affording space for external entities as a car or a boat.

TYPE viii

TYPE xii

A Flexible facade capable of transforming its shape in responds to external forces. Maximum range for expansion or contraction is deployed within this system.

The elements within the facade can modify the overall surface according environmental conditions such as light, rain, and ventilation, adapting to any preset factors. 49

H.O.U.S.E

LE CORBUSIER FUTURE CITY

HOUSE + CAR

“Architecture must also assume its role in assimilating and integrating the automobile, finding a place for it in its agenda. I don’t think anyone would be surprised if I were to say that architecture has so far made very little effort to coexist with the automobile… Contemporary architecture ‘mistreat’ the automobile, perhaps with the acquiescence of society… Recalling the importance that Le Corbusier attached to the automobile seems to me to be a very relevant and useful reflection at the beginning of a symposia like these... Le Corbusier thought that the car should always be present in his architecture.” Rafael Moneo 8 The conceptualization of the role of car (vehicle) in architecture has always been a rarely touched upon topic. This crucial urban interface as a vessel of communication element between user and city was never part of the design agenda, yet it did affect greatly how cities and towns are planned only due to functional and safety challenges. However, a number of proposals were put for ward in an attempt to allow for a more integrated, coherent interface. Le Corbusier fascination of the automobile and speed in the twenties pushed him for ward to design and propose a number of futuristic city concepts that were centered on the concept of transportation and the car as a true communication machine. A machine that will allow for the reinstatement of the countryside instead of the overcrowding of the center. 9

for Broadacre city, where again he argues for the decentralization of large towns and cities. Yet this was again not possible unless the design was all based around the use of a link between the city center and the suburbs, the automobile. Frank Lloyd Wright goes a bit further and imagines a flying vessel that allows for more seamless connection with the new proposed acre centered houses. The interface between house and car has scarcely changed over the years, again due to the neglect and complete disregard of car as an integral part of user needs, where it always remained a subsidiary element to the house. A holistic approach to house design demands requisitioning this interface/connection, as part of this established system design.

These notions go hand in hand with the same approach Frank Lloyd Wright proposes

8. Lorenzo, Antonio. Voiture Minimum: Le Corbusier and the Automobile. Cambridge, Mass.: MIT Press, 2011. 9. Ibid

H.O.U.S.E

“…the house is an appliance for carrying with you, the city is a machine for plugging into.” David Green Archigram’s bold propositions in the sixties set for ward different technological-architectural cross overs that completely reinvent this house-car relationship. The Living-Pod, 1966, was a proposal for a trailer-like home that would be more functional, efficient, adaptable, and mass produced. Cobbled with curiosity and search their proposal for the living pod was of a machnised capsule that was adaptable through its multi-functional inflatable floor surface, yet mobile through featuring four automated self-leveling machinec limbs that would allow it either to exist independently or to be plugged into a larger picture of a modular urban structural grid. Archigram’s interpretation of a house as adaptable and movable allows for this idea of vehicle to be transcended into a more integral element of the urban environment. 10

FRANK LLOYD WRIGHT’S PROPOSAL FOR BROADACRE CITY

Their provocative explorations into mobile entities was previously showcased in their walking city project, where it tackles intra and interurban transportation by imaging whole movable cities that could be linked to each other yet still move from one place to another as the users see fit.

ARCHIGRAM’S LIVING-POD 10. Steiner, Hadas A. Beyond Archigram: The Structure of Circulation. New York: Routledge, 2009.

ARCHIGRAMâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;S WALKING CITY

Whole movable cities that connect of each other yet move from one place to another as the users see fit

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THESIS DEVELOPMENT

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“Just what is it that makes today’s homes so different, so appealing?” RICHARD HAMILTON

THESIS STATEMENT - WHAT IS HOUSE? R i ch a r d H a m i l t o n’s “ J u s t w h a t i s i t t h a t m a k e s t o d a y ’s h o m e s s o d i ffe r e n t , s o a p p e a l i n g ? ” C o l l a g e presents this st atement of how not only the space - shelter - that creates the modern house but also focuses mainly on the conduits and amenities that really make space s i n h a b i t a b l e . W i t h t o d a y ’s f a s t p a c e d l i fe a n d t h e c o n n e c t i o n t o ‘ t h e d i g i t a l ’, s p a c e s a r e n o w m o r e perceived through its interconnectivit y rather than its physical ent i t i e s a n d ch a r a c t e r i s t i c s , a f f e c t i n g how spaces are arranged and plans l a y o u t . Ye t , w i t h t h e i n t r o d u c t i o n of these conduits and infrastructure into the building , it rendered spaces static, striated and dependa b l e o n t h e d i ffe r e n t e n e r g y a n d w a t e r s o u r c e s , r o o t i n g a r ch i t e c t u r e to the ground. Inclined towards Banham position, the project thus stems and aims to r e s e a r ch t h e p o s s i b i l i t y o f p u s h i n g s y s t e m a r t i c u l a t i o n a n d a ch i e v i n g a m o r e h o l i s t i c a p p r o a ch i n r e g a r d to system design. The design res e a r ch f o c u s e s o n t h e d e v e l o p m e n t of a new house protot ype, utilizing t h i s n e w a p p r o a ch , i n a b i d t o r e i n st ate this natural st ate of being , in contrast to the independent tradit i o n a l a p p r o a ch e s . H o u s e s y s t e m s , including vehicle and interface, are reinterpreted and juxtaposed

a s a m u l t i - f u n c t i o n a l c o m p o s i t e a rrangement, incorporating the diffe r e n t ch a r a c t e r i s t i c s a n d b e h av i o r o f a l l s y s t e m s t o g e t h e r, a c h i e v i n g a universal st ate; that is adapt able a n d i n t e r ch a n g e a b l e . Th e h o u s e spaces are then subsidiary organs that are a consequence of both people and external stimuli – a c o n v e r s a t i o n b e t w e e n a r ch i t e c t u r e and human. S y s t e m s a r t i c u l a t i o n t h u s ch a n g e s from the superficial to the integrated. Behavior and adapt abilit y then becomes the ornament and initiate a n o n g o i n g e x ch a n g e a b l e i n t e r a c tion and dialog bet ween the users and ‘the Monocoque’ composite. C o m i n g b a ck t o H a m i l t o n’s p a i n t ing , it also puts for ward the met aphysical dimension of house space s , t h e ch a r a c t e r o f s p a c e . I n b o t h C o r b u s i e r ’s m a i s o n d o m i n o a n d B a n h a m ’s a n a t o m y o f a d w e l l i n g , the house is reduced to only the m e ch a n i c a l a n d m a s s p r o d u c t i o n . Although having a protot ypical attitude, the new protot ype creates this new experience as a result of t h e p e r f o r m a t i v e w h i ch m a k e t h i s met aphysical conversation possib l e a n d t h e h o u s e a tt a i n a c e r t a i n ch a r a c t e r f r o m i t s i n h a b i t a n t s .

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â&#x20AC;&#x153;H.O.U.S.Eâ&#x20AC;? Proposed Monocoque - Composite System.

T h e p r o t o t y p i c a l a p p r o a ch i s d i v i d e d d ow n i n t o t h r e e m a i n ch a p ters; macro (interface with vehicle), micro, and fabrication. The first part focuses on the main form g e n e r a t i o n o f t h e p r e l i m i n a r y s u rf a c e a n d g e o m e t r y f r o m w h i ch t h e composite would t ake shape. This i n t e r- s p a t i a l s p a c e i s a r e s u l t o f the initial reactions of the house t o t h e d i ffe r e n t s p a t i a l a n d s i t e r e quirements. On the other hand the micro scale then moves to focus o n t h e a r t i c u l a t i o n o f t h e d i ffe r e n t infrastructural elements and how t h e y c o m e t o g e t h e r, a r t i c u l a t i n g and optimizing both behavior and performance to allow for the generation of intricate light weight surfaces. Finally how this comes together to be incorporated in the vehicle system and how it can be m a t e r i a l i z e d i n r e a l i t y.

The realization of a composite building system then require a hyb r i d i z a t i o n o f d i ffe r e n t b u i l d i n g t e ch n i q u e s i n i t s f a b r i c a t i o n p r o cess against conventional linear ones. The rapid advances in 3D printing and hybrid materials shed light on the possibility of rapid customizable production and fast easy deployment of the Monocoque. Breaking down the whole into pieces, the t wo and a half dimensional surfaces can then be weaved and layered then cobbled together to create the complete system.

HOUSE

MONOCOQUE

SPACES

ORGANS

STRIATED SPACE STRUCTURE

SMOOTH SPACE INCENTIVE

H.O.U.S.E

A . MA C R O SC A L E GENERATIVE PROCESS

Introduction

Thesis Statement

_ System Design vs. _ House > Monocoque Systems Design _ Space > Organs _ House Prototypes _ Striated sp. > Smooth _ Questioning the pro- sp. totype _ Structure > Incentive _ House + Car

I. Geometry Generation

II. Envelope

HOUSE

_ Wrapping Strategy _ Anti-clastic tension in reaction to inner volume

_ Site Considerations _ Spacial Arrangement Relations _ Circulation Approach _ Main Structural Principle _ Continuous Surfaces and Inter-spatial Spaces (Mesh Relaxation) VEHICLE

_ Components _ Reinterpreting Spatial considerations - Vehicle as being part of the house systems _ Aerodynamics and structural principles DESIGN RESEARCH TIME-LINE

C. FA B R IC ATIO N A ND P R O TO TY P ING

B. MIC R O SC A L E

Performative

Monocoque - Network

Fabrication/Material application

_ Spatial, Circulatory, and Interface Performance; the dichotomy between inner and outer spaces.

_ Monocoque Design and Articulation

_ Material Specifications _ Cutting Logics _ Connection Principles _ Prototype

_ Structural Optimization and reinforcement networks. _ Integration of infrastructural elements. _ Vehicle Articulation _ Interface

H.O.U.S.E

PRELIMINARY CONCEPTUALIZATION

H.O.U.S.E

SITE

H.O.U.S.E

WHY LONDON - MULTIPLE LOCATIONS The proposal of a “Hyper-House” in London is justified not only by the city’s urban, economic and cultural arrangement, but also by the possibility of integrating the living environment with both street and canal. Different sites where selected through the canal in order to understand the constraints and possibilities for design in these specific areas.

05 04

H.O.U.S.E

SITE LOCATION | EMPTY PLOTS ANALYSIS AND COMPARISON PLAN VIEW

PLOT AREA

SITE 01. PADDINGTON

MULTIPLE SITES 15

The analysis of multiple sites allows not only the evaluation and comparison of them through specific criteria, but also permits that later on the designed system is tested and applied in different contexts. At the same time, one of the analyzed sites was chosen as a initial testing ground for the project, taking into consideration its qualities and parameters as observed in the catalogue.

SITE 02. CAMDEN

MAIN CRITERIA 01. Limits 02. Facades 03. Entrances 04. Height 05. Orientation

SITE 03. KINGâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;S CROSS

DETAILED CRITERIA A. No. Of levels B. Levels variation C. No. Of possible entrances D. Potential connections E. Maximum area F. No. Of facades G. Quality of visuals H. Neighborhood

SITE 04. ANGEL

SITE 05. VICTORIA PARK

AERIAL VIEW

SECTION

EVALUATION

1. Two structural walls 2. Two facades 3. Entrances on same level (no direct connection for vehicles) 4. Three levels 5.

A. ++ B. + C. + D. + E. 600m2 F. + G. ++ H. +

01. One structural wall 02. Three facades (corner scenario) 03. Entrances on same level (direct connection for boat/ water) 04. Three levels 05.

A. ++ B. ++ C. +++ D. +++ E. 675m2 F. ++ G. + H. ++

01. One structural wall 02. Three facades (corner scenario) 03. Entrances on same level (car can access from intermediate level) 04. Three levels 05.

A. ++ B. ++ C. +++ D. ++ E. 540m2 F. ++ G. ++ H. ++

01. Two structural walls 02. Two facades 03. Entrances on different levels (no direct connection for vehicles) 04. Five levels 05.

A. +++ B. +++ C. + D. + E. 800m2 F. + G. ++ H. +++

01. One structural wall 02. Three facades 03. Entrances on same level (direct connection for boat/ water via garden) 04. Two levels 05.

A. + B. + C. ++ D. ++ E. 1000m2 F. ++ G. ++ H. +

H.O.U.S.E

SELECTED SITE DESCRIPTION The site selected as a testing ground for the design proposal is located in a residential area of Camden Town. The plot, located on the corner of Royal College Street, gives direct access both to the road and to Regentâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s Canal, facilitating the access by car, boat, and also for pedestrians. There is only one party wall, located on the northeast edge of the plot. A gap between the south edge of the site and the first neighbor facilitates the entrance of the vehicle inside the plot, if necessary.

H.O.U.S.E

A. STREET VIEW

STREET LEVEL The ground level offers direct connection to the road and the sidewalk.

B. STREET VIEW

C. SIDEWALK VIEW 72

A. SIDEWALK VIEW

CANAL LEVEL The canal connects to the plot on a lower level, but also offers a direct connection.

B. CANAL VIEW

C. SIDEWALK VIEW 73

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DESIGN RESEARCH

H.O.U.S.E

MACRO SCALE

I. GEOMETRY GENERATION

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SURFACE GENERATION

Generating the Monocoque, requires the breakdown of the design research to two main scales; the intricate juxtaposition of the systemsâ&#x20AC;&#x2122; behaviors/design of the composite, and the bigger picture of form, geometry and surface, the following chapter begins with the former. Tackling the macro scale of the house and car allows for the imagining of the systems as one, generating a preliminary form; â&#x20AC;&#x2DC;a datum for articulationâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;. and design. Having a prototypical attitude towards research, a generative approach must be established to spawn such surfaces, in which different external, internal and spatial attributes are fed in and considered for the generation process. The different influences are structured into one through set rules and relationships that guide this design of systems. The generative system is formed of two main phases; it first tackles the inter-spatial two and half dimensional inner volume and second the outer envelope, forming one continuous form in the end. Spatial requirements and site influences allow for the first imagining of the different zones, levels and circulation of the house, through which this inter-spatial volume can be created. On the other hand it also begins to dictate the volu-

metric boundaries onto which the outer envelope is established. Once achieved, the preliminary form is crude and rough, hence requires another level of refinement and articulation. Starting with the spatial/functional, the form begins to take on a more refined form according to the different zones and circulation. Flat surfaces are enhanced for use and perforations shaped. Structural analysis of the complex form begins to shed light on its performative aspects and so the reduction of material and the increase of utilization. Initial studies through the plug-ins Karamba and Millipede allow for the generation of the main normal forces acting within the form, through which it dictates material deposition and removal allowing for maximum efficiency. The refinement procedure still continuous in the next phase till reaching fabrication. The generative process went through a number of alteration procedures according to feedback from initial trials in order to achieve more control and a much more integrated inner element that truly reacts to site, space, structure and circulation. Initial tests are marked and lead to the final iteration.

H.O.U.S.E

INITIAL EXPLORATION | SURFACE GENERATION A. SPATIAL ARRANGEMENTS

Beginning with the spatial components, the generative process begins with a holistic stage that donates the main zones and organs of this house organism. Instead of dividing spaces and relating them to each other functionally, the first step is an abstract attitude of relationships between living vs service spaces, flexible vs rigid, and structural vs infrastructure. It registers the relation of inside to outside space, centered around this whole notion of house/vehicle interaction - the urban interface. Focusing on the system’s capacity to adaptability and flexibility, the main zones are fashioned as a reaction of three main elements; infrastructure urban source, main structural vertical nodes, and the structural rigidity gradient that spawns and increases from these main structural nodes, to site and circulation considerations. The abstract system is generative, adaptable and easily implemented to different sites. The following diagram breaks down and explain these rule-sets and the gradual generation of space. Using an algorithmic solver, the rule-sets are run measuring its capacity for maximum adaptability. Once reaching a number of spatially/structurally optimized iterations, they are analyzed and move on to a second level of detailing and articulation according to the specific needs of each site and users.

Entrances and vehicle approaches; Act as a main attractor/repellent, generating different organizations

Fixed zones; Connections to the urban grid are generated, keeping the furthest distance from the center, maintaining a flexible central space.

Main Living Spaces (Adaptable Spaces); Main spaces center around focal points, facing main edge (waterfront), and maintaining maximum distance from fixed zones.

Services are generated around fixed zones .

Secondary living spaces; articulate entrances and allow for different ranges of public and private spaces

Main bedroom Space; is given priority near the center and the water front.

Height Considerations

Optimization Population

Applying the generative process to the chosen site, the preliminary iterations are refined according to proximity to both waterfront and main entrances, the proximity to the partying wall and spatial areas which are a direct result of the plot total area to insure the development of precises ‘organs’, and not alien deformations.

PROXIMITY TO PARTY WALL - Living spaces are kept away from neighbors and partying walls allowing for maximum exposure to the outside.

PROXIMITY TO CANAL/WATERFRONT - Maintaining main spaces closer to approaches of both waterfront and main road. PERIMETER - Spaces are either centralized - our focused on the perimeter allowing for different interaction nodes. ORIENTATION

CANAL

PARTY WALL

Vertical Circulation

Canal

P/L WC

Swimming pool

LEISURE AREA

Leisure area

- Central space. - Facing the canal. - Close to WC. - Next to vertical circulation.

LR Boat connection

SWIMMING POOL Boat connection

Entrance

K Main street

GYM / CHANGING ROOM / LAUNDRY Vertical Connection Swimming Pool

G/CR/L

- Next to swimming pool. - Next to the main road wall. - Vertical connection (laundry).

Vertical circulation Living room

Kitchen

Living room WC

- Next to swimming pool. - Next to the leisure area.

Entrance

Swimming pool

Kitchen

A. BASEMENT / CANAL

LR TV room

Living room

Service street

- Next to the living room / entrance / kitchen/ dining room.

B. GROUND FLOOR / STREET ACCESS

MAIN BEDROOM

LIVING ROOM - Close to the main street. - Connection with the TV area. - Close to a WC.

Canal

- Facing canal and main street (view and natural light). - Own WC.

Main street

Main street WC

ENTRANCE

WCÂ´S

BOAT CONNECTION

Leisure area

- Next to the main street (ventilation). - Next to the entrance (supplies). - Next to the dinning room. - Next to the laundry (basement/noise).

- Next to the living room. - Next to the kitchen / vertical circulation /service street. - Direct view to the canal.

Canal

Main street

- Next to the canal. - Separated from the bridge/road. - Double height (ground and first floor). - Basement connection. KITCHEN

Dinning room

- Next to the main road/canal. - Next to the gym/changing rooms. - Next to the leisure area. - Connection with boat.

Leisure area

LIVING ROOM

TV ROOM

BEDROOMS 2, 3 AND STUDIO S

- Next to the service street. - Close to a WC. - Connected to the living room.

C. FIRST FLOOR

- Facing the main street. - Connection between them. - Facing service and main street (south).

D. SECOND FLOOR

EXAMPLE OF APPLICATION ON SITE PARTY WALL

ENTRANCE

GROUND FLOOR

ED IN B

LE HIC VE

KITCHEN

INTERACTION

CORE

MAIN ROAD

RO OM

LIVING

BEDROOM 1

BEDROOM 2

STUDIO

CORE

UPPER FLOOR

H.O.U.S.E

INITIAL EXPLORATION | SURFACE GENERATION

MAIN LIVING SPACES

Establishing the site specific relations, the initial program was set on an average family of 2-3 and an area between 800 to 1200 m 2, as the average case in London. The different program elements’ areas are set as ratios of the total plot and abstracted to five main components; main living spaces (main adaptable spaces), secondary living spaces, main bedroom space, secondary bedroom spaces, and services. The components are adjustable parameters that are input in the system and so are changeable according to each user. For example, the client would be able to adjust the area for the living room to represent from 20 to 30 percent of the total area of the house, or the kitchen area to represent from 4 to 8 percent and so on allowing for customizability.

LIVING ROOM ENTRANCE/CAR

SECONDARY LIVING SPACES

SECONDARY BEDROOM SPACES

20-30 % 3-6 %

KITCHEN

4-8 %

WC´S

4-10 %

DINING ROOM

2-5 %

TV ROOM

3-7 %

MAIN BEDROOM

5-10 %

BEDROOM 2

2-6 %

BEDROOM 3

2-6%

STUDIO

3-7 %

SWIMMING POOL

4-10 %

GYM

2-4 %

PUB/LEISURE

7-15 %

LAUNDRY

1-3 %

BOAT CONNECTION

1-5 %

VERTICAL CIRCULATION

7-12 %

CIRCULATION

8-13 %

TOTAL

100 %

MAIN BEDROOM SPACE

SERVICE SPACES (INCLUDING ALL WET

SECONDARY BEDROOM SPACES SERVICES (WET AREAS)

MAIN LIVING SPACES

MAIN BEDROOM SPACE SECONDARY LIVING SPACES

A. ITERATION 1

B. ITERATION 2

The first iteration allows for the main living spaces to be on top while still maintaining a central arrangement around the vehicles, specially the car. The services are all pushed back against the party wall and all bedrooms maintain a connection to edges.

In the second iteration, the main living spaces are organized in hierarchy, connecting the water front (-4.00m) to the center (zero level) to the upper levels, thus creating kind of a central connected space.

C. ITERATION 3

D. ITERATION 4

The third iteration allows for the creating of a more linear formation of the main spaces against the party wall, while also descending to the waterfront connecting it with the entrances.

The last iteration presents another linear formation that is contained to the lower levels of the building instead of hierarchically being distributed according to height. However it allows for the possibility of space adaptation due to the boat approach.

SECONDARY BEDROOM SPACES

SECONDARY LIVING SPACES

MAIN BEDROOM SPACE

SERVICES (WET AREAS) MAIN LIVING SPACES

H.O.U.S.E

INITIAL EXPLORATION | SURFACE GENERATION

A. ITERATION 1

Choosing the first two iterations as the testing models for the generation of form. 84

B. ITERATION 2

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SURFACE GENERATION||SURFACE INTER-SPACIAL SPACE INITIAL EXPLORATION GENERATION B.MESH INTER-SPATIAL RELAXATIONSPACES

CANTILEVER CONDITION

Initiating a spatial arrangement, the interstitial volumetric composite can then be established. Tackling a more efficient surface for fluid and force flow, a continuous lightweight surface is required. Looking at minimal surfaces as a solution for a surface condition, it provides a continuous efficient structural surface. However it proved difficult to adapt such a highly symmetrical system. Using tension and mesh relaxation proved to be an adequate substitute for creating such surfaces that still can adapt to the different spatial arrangements. Adapting the different intersections between the spatial volumes, these intersections are voxalised and relaxed creating a volume in between. The following examples shows a number of applications on increasing number of spaces.

MINIMAL SURFACE EXPLORATION

RAMP CONDITION

VERTICAL CONDITION

COMPOSITE

SLABS (Horizontal surfaces)

INTERSECTION

SPACES/OUTER ENVELOPE

VOXALISED 3 SPACE INTERSECTION

RESULTING TENSIONED MESH

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INITIAL EXPLORATION | SURFACE GENERATION

VOXALISED 5 SPACE INTERSECTION

RESULTING TENSIONED MESH

VOXALISED 10 SPACE INTERSECTION

RESULTING TENSIONED MESH

INITIAL TESTING 3D PRINTS OF VOLUMETRIC SURFACES.

3D PRINT OF THE INNER VOLUME.

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INITIAL EXPLORATION | SURFACE GENERATION

A. ITERATION 2.0: SPATIAL ARRANGEMENT

The house structural system is broken down to three elements; an inner volumetric surface, slabs and the outer envelope. However in the end they are all dependent on to one another to provide structure. Applying the voxel system to the yielded spatial arrangements iterations begin to form the inner volumetric surface for the composite. Living spaces are merged yet maintain definition through the density of the volumetric surface shaping it, while service spaces are enveloped within the structural nodes, become an actual part of the composite. The resultant gradient of thickness and volume begins to clarify the flexibility rate and adaptability curve.

A. ITERATION 1.0: SPATIAL ARRANGEMENT

B. VOXEL POPULATION

C. INTER-SPATIAL SURFACE

The voxalisation of the intersections is maintained to the minimum to prevent the formation of excessive volumetric inter-spatial sections that may affect the main living spaces. On the other hand, cores and services merge together forming the main composite structural/service nodes.

A minimum ratio of the slabs are maintained flat for inhabit-ability and act as main anchor points for the relaxation of the mesh.

B. VOXEL POPULATION

C. INTER-SPATIAL SURFACE

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INITIAL EXPLORATION | INNER VOLUME

Although further refinement is planed after the initial step of generating surface, the resulting form presents a number of issues that require alteration in the initial process. Spaces are too steep for in-habitability and vertical circulation, while heights are not sufficient.

WALKABLE SURFACES HEIGHTS OF SPACES CIRCULATION ROUTES THICKNESSES

Inner volumetric surface form

H.O.U.S.E

SURFACE GENERATION | SPATIAL ARRANGEMENTS A. RULE-SETS

SITE

SPACE

Understanding the downsides of the initial morphology and the generative system, the parameters were re-evaluated once again in regard to site and space. Beginning with site, the rule sets were abstracted to set ranges that are direct reactions to surroundings, such as approaches, heights, and neighboring structures. On the other hand the spatial considerations were more focused on circulation connections, while spaces were abstracted to a range of public and private hierarchies giving more freedom to adjust according to need.

SITE According to the specific site the house is situated in, and analyzing approaches, points of interest (waterfront in current site chosen), proximity to neighboring structures, heights, and climatic considerations, a number of different ‘ranges’ are specified for the spaces to situate in accordingly, starting with the most open and public spaces as the connective and focal elements. PLOT SHAPE, SIZE, AND APPROACHES RANGES AROUND NEIGHBORING STRUCTURES HEIGHT CONSIDERATIONS IN REGARD TO ENTRANCES, HEIGHTS AND WATERFRONT

(Diagrams presented are not site specific)

H.O.U.S.E

Maintaining the approach in creating a fluid space and looking back at the Maison Dom-ino, its traditional vertical staircase core only acts as another limitation much like other building and infrastructure systems, where spaces are then only attached to. Circulation becomes part of the spatial arrangement in creating a loop formation. Spaces are thus related together as connected triangulations achieving both horizontal and vertical loop connections, and also allowing for the main structural elements to be formulated. This continuous triangulated arrangement thus allows for the formation of a connected fluid system looping through the house and equally distributed.

SPACE AND CIRCULATION

Outdoor Space

Living Areas (Fluid space) PUBLIC

The number of the different space type components is a reaction to both need and heights. Type A space reacts directly to both site ranges and circulation, having to maintain a minimum number to ensure adequate circulation routes. On the other hand other space types are dependent on need and cluster around the initial. 98

Living Areas Services (Fluid space) (Inter-spatial spaces) PRIVATE

VS FLUID LOOP MAIN FLUID SOURCES MAIN FLUID DRAIN OUTER ENVELOPE MAIN LIVING SPACES MAIN CIRCULATION ROUTES

A A

A. SPACE AND CIRCULATION

B. REACTION TO RANGES

C. SPACE AND HEIGHTS

The main living spaces (more public - type A) act as the main connectors between the different spaces, through which the main circulation routes path. This loop connection also acts as the main network for fluids.

Circulation routes again reacts to site ranges and heights insuring adequate inclinations and connecting different entrances and focal points.

The number of type A living spaces relate directly to total height and floor height. As the main connectors in the circulation routes, their minimum number is the division of total height by floor height to always maintain an appropriate inclination. The spaces are always maintained as further apart as possible, and accordingly other space types cluster around.

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PLOT SHAPE AND SIZE Each type of space is defined in ratio and number according to plot total area, shape, and total height

SPACES

CIRCULATION

SPACE HIERARCHY - No. OF COMPONENTS A B C D SERVICES Spaces are triangulated. Each type components are kept apart. Type A acts as the main connector (on to which other types cluster) and as the main reactor to the set ranges.

PROCESS

The following examples show the adaptation of the generative process to three different sites articulating the reaction to each.

SITE: KINGS CROSS - (min height range)

17 meters

14 meters

12 meters

Adaptation to different height ranges and plot shapes A.

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APPROACHES (Priority: A - B)

HEIGHT

(Priority: A - C - D)

REACTION TO RANGES ACCORDING TO TYPE

WATERFRONT (Priority: A - B - C)

NEIGHBORS

AVOID RANGE

(Priority: A)

SELECTED SITE: CAMDEN TOWN

SITE: ANGEL - (max height range)

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A: 3 B: 2 C: 2 D: 1 S: 6

Adaptation to different Spatial Hierarchy Ranges. A.

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A: 3 B: 3 C: 3 D: 1 S: 8

A: 5 B: 4 C: 4 D: 1 S: 11

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SURFACE GENERATION | SPATIAL ARRANGEMENTS SELECTED SITE ITERATION

Focusing on the selected site, the following iterations present different conditions of how different spatial hierarchies adapt first to circulation, site considerations, and finally one another. The four iterations present different scenarios of house urban interface where in the first two the main spaces (type A) are more vertically concentrated while the fourth is more central. Choosing the third option gives a more uniform distributed arrangement of space and service.

Outdoor Space

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Living Areas (Fluid space) PUBLIC

A: 3 B: 3 C: 3 D: 1 S: 8

Living Areas Services (Fluid space) (Inter-spatial spaces) PRIVATE

Main Circulation Route

Main Living Spaces

Continuous Circulation and fluid flow domain Service areas repositioned according to circulation and heights

A. VERTICAL ARRANGEMENT - STREET APPROACH

B. VERTICAL ARRANGEMENT - WATERFRONT APPROACH

C. LINEAR ARRANGEMENT

D. CENTRAL ARRANGEMENT

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FINAL SPATIAL ARRANGEMENT

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SURFACE GENERATION | INTER-SPATIAL SPACES B. MESH RELAXATION

In contrast to the first generated voxel based meshes, it is no longer a result of only the intersections between the different spatial arrangements. Taking on a more performative approach, both circulation and structure play an important role in reinforcing the system. A preliminary structural analysis generate the main flow regions forming the main spines for such a surface system, where maximum thickness would be required.

Voxel Dimensions

The size of the voxel establishes later the min. thickness of the monocoque. A voxel thickness should be enough to allow for the appropriate thickness in reaction to structural spans.

Circulation routes and connections cull and add voxels maintaining the formation of the fluid space argued for.

MAIN STRUCTURAL FOUNDATIONS

A. PRELIMINARY STRUCTURAL SYSTEM Calculating loads on the different living areas, allows for the generation of a primary structural system that would allow for the loads to be distributed and voxels reinforcing areas of support. The structural system forms three main arched spines and foundation points

108

B. CIRCULATION TIONS

MAIN

CONNEC-

Using the circulation routes established from the spatial arrangements, voxels are added to ensure a continuous surface between all.

INTER-SPACE

C. INTER-SPATIAL SPACE Using the same approach the intersections between spaces are voxalised to create the inter-spatial space taking in consideration heights and flat surfaces. 3 Main Service Spaces are defined as following

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SITE ITERATIONS

SITE: KINGS CROSS - SHOWING BOTH MIN AND MAX SPACIAL COMPONENTS

SITE: ANGEL 111

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SELECTED SITE: CAMDEN

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SITE ITERATION: KINGÂ´S CROSS

SITE ITERATION: ANGEL

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REFINEMENT PROCESS ITERATIONS

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Moving forward with the selected site iteration, The end result is refined according to need to achieve bigger inhabitable surface areas. The upper spaces are more defined through the inclusion of the upper plates of the spatial arrangement.

G. ROOF PLATES

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FINAL FORM

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â&#x20AC;&#x153;The combinatorial range of capacities and aesthetics of polymers, resins, rubbers, silicone, cartilage, and cuticle puts into question the tired frame-andinfill model of design, which is based on extreme disparity of material capacities within hierarchical assemblies. In terms of automobile structural design over the last century, and its oscillations between vector frame and unibody models, the paradigm of multi-materiality offers alternatives away from both mineral logic and machine logicâ&#x20AC;?. Tom Wiscombe

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VEHICLE | FERRARI TIMELINE DESIGN LINES AND DIMENSIONS

1956

FERRARI 250 GTE

1985

FERRARI F328

1984

FERRARI TESTAROSSA

1992

FERRARI 456 GT

VEHICLE DESIGN Ferrari was the given reference for the initial approach with the specificities of a credible vehicle design. By analyzing an evolutionary time line of the companyÂ´s models, it is possible to understand how some aspects such as average dimensions and main design language are maintained, while newer versions tend to evolve based on the success of the previous ones, thus informing on how to move for ward with the industry. It becomes clear how an appealing design is fundamental for the industry, always paired with new technologies and performance. 124

1995

FERRARI F355 SPIDER

2004

FERRARI F430 ORIGINAL

2002

FERRARI ENZO

2012

FERRARI F12

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VEHICLE | DESIGN LINES DIMENSIONS AND AERODYNAMICS

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760-1252

DIMENSIONS AND AERODYNAMICS The analysis of different Ferrari models throughout the years showcases the repetition of the design lines within a range that contributes the identity of the brand. At the same time, these design lines respect certain dimensions and respond to aerodynamics issues. On the other hand, the lines and dimensions represent constraints for the design that do not need to be followed, instead they give hints about aerodynamics and the overall shape of dynamic, high performative cars.

126

800-1096

2400-2950

1956

1984

1985

1992

1995

2002

2004

2012

1128-1344 760-1252

800-1096

2400-2950

1956

1984

1985

1992

1995

2002

2004

2012

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VEHICLE DESIGN COMPONENTS

FOUR MAIN COMPONENTS The intention to develop a strategy for the vehicle design similar to that of the house, required an understanding of the main components of a car. By dividing and classifying the car’s components into four main domain - power-train, dashboard, cockpit and engine, it was possible to create spaces that would achieve a similar outcome to the house, yet allowing for the possibilities of altering certain parameters to accommodate to the needs of the car. The generative process allowed for changes in scale and also position of the car components similar to how the programmatic functions varied for the house; this afforded new possibilities for how the car is conceived and how it is formed, even though certain respects for particular elements was maintained which are essential for its functioning performances.

POWERTRAIN Directly connected to the engine, contains all the components responsible for the vehicle’s motion.

DASHBOARD Control panel of the vehicle, which establishes the dialog between human and machine.

COCKPIT Area for interaction between the human body and the vehicle.

ENGINE Contains all the components responsible for the vehicle’s propulsion.

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VEHICLE DESIGN | FORM GENERATION CRITERIA FOR EVALUATION

GENERATIVE PROCESS The generative process proposed for the vehicle design is based on three main criteria, which where picked based on goals and necessary constraints: aerodynamics, organization and structural performance. First (01), it was necessary to set a few aerodynamic shapes, in order to guarantee that the final forms would respond to this requirement. The second step (2) is to set the size and position of the vehicleÂ´s four main components - power train, cockpit, engine and dashboard -, with certain design freedom to test different variations. The third step (3) is to get the resulting voxels of the intersection between the aerodynamic shape and the main components. This step is responsible for the main shape of each iteration. The forth and last step (4) is responsible for the achievement, through a mesh relaxation process, of what was defined as the main skeleton of each vehicle iteration. It becomes a lightweight structure that responds to the vehicle main needs at the same time that opens opportunity for different shapes. The first family (F01) followed a conventional aerodynamic shape and components organization for a car. The second and third family (F02 and F03) were based on different aerodynamic shapes and played with different positions for the main components. The last family represents an experiment with different dimensions that would be able to give an initial shape to a boat. The second and third iterations (F02 and F03) were than selected for further testing, refinement and development.

COCKPIT POWERTRAIN ENGINE DASHBOARD COCKPIT POSITION

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AERODYNAMICS (Resistance)

ORGANIZATION (Size and position)

VOXELS (Intersection)

STRUCTURE (Lightweight)

F01_ CAR

F02_ CAR

F03_ CAR

F04_ BOAT

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VEHICLE DESIGN | REFINEMENT PROCESS CATALOGUE A - FAMILY 02 CENTRAL STRUCTURE

ENGINE

F2.V01

F2.V02

POWERTRAIN

F2.V03

F2.V04

F2.V05

SEATS

F2.V06

F2.V07

F2.V08

F2.V09

DASHBOARD

F2.V11

F2.V12

F2.V10 UPPER STRUCTURE

F2.V13

F2.V14

F2.V15

F2.V18

F2.V19

F2.V20

COCKPIT

F2.V16

F2.V17

REFINEMENT PROCESS The development of the first family of iterations (F02) for the car skeleton is based on a refinement process, which is defined by the need for different elements, structural optimization and aesthetic evaluation. Each iteration is an evolution of the previous, where new elements are added in order to achieve a satisfactory version, which combines all the specified vehicle components such as engine area, powertrain, seats and dashboard. 136

F2.V20_TOP

F2.V20_FRONT

F2.V20_SIDE

F2.V20_PERSPECTIVE

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VEHICLE DESIGN | REFINEMENT PROCESS CATALOGUE B - FAMILY 03 CENTRAL STRUCTURE

F3.V01

ENGINE

F3.V02

POWERTRAIN

F3.V06

F3.V03

F3.V04

F3.V05

F3.V09

F3.V10

SEATS

F3.V07

F3.V08 DASHBOARD

F3.V11

F3.V12

UPPER STRUCTURE

F3.V13

F3.V14

F3.V15

F3.V18

F3.V19

F3.V20

COCKPIT

F3.V16

F3.V17

REFINEMENT PROCESS The development of the second family of iterations (F03) for the car skeleton is based on a refinement process, which is defined by the need for different elements, structural optimization and aesthetic evaluation. Each iteration is an evolution of the previous, where new elements are added in order to achieve a satisfactory version, which combines all the specified vehicle components such as engine area, powertrain, seats and dashboard. 140

F3.V20_TOP

F3.V20_FRONT

F3.V20_SIDE

F3.V20_PERSPECTIVE

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ENVELOPE

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INITIAL EXPLORATION | SURFACE GENERATION C. ENVELOPE

A ITERATION 1.0: TOTAL VOLUME AS ONE REGULAR FORM

The outer envelope begins as a direct reaction to the volumes of the different spaces generated. In the first family of trials, it is tackled as it is in its purest form - regular forms, as an extreme of the spectrum showing a clear separation between the two. The second family of trials merge all volumes together through meta-balls. Different intensities allows for more definition of space, however it fails to react to both the inner volume and site/neighboring conditions, rendering it undefined an not able to plug in with neighboring existing structures.

A. ITERATION 2.0: META-BALL VOLUME

146

B. ITERATION 1.1: VOLUMES IN THEIR ORIGINAL FORMS

C. ITERATION 1.2:

B. ITERATION 2.1: Metaball Volume - Adjusting to Spatial volumes

C. ITERATION 2.2: Metaball Volume - Higher Constraint to Spatial volumes

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INITIAL TESTING OF WRAPPING AN OUTER SURFACE AROUND THE INNER VOLUME.

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INITIAL EXPLORATION | SURFACE GENERATION C. ENVELOPE

The final set of trials begins with the total spatial volume, and allowing for it to wrap around the internal form. A distinct reaction begins to show, however the living spaces are flattened in the process. Maintaining the volumesâ&#x20AC;&#x2122; heights and shapes as part of the inner reference onto which the outer volume wraps provide the adequate spatial definition. Using both regular and smooth forms provide this definition, however regular forms maintain a buffer between the regular nature of the surroundings and the inter-spatial organic space on the inside.

A. ITERATION 3.0: Wrapping total volume around inner volume.

152

B. ITERATION 3.1: Wrapping outer surface around the Incorporated smooth volumes with the inner form.

C. ITERATION 3.2: Wrapping outer surface around the Incorporated regular volumes with the inner form.

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INITIAL EXPLORATION | SURFACE GENERATION C. ENVELOPE

Outer Envelope initial trial

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3D PRINT OF THE INITIAL FORM

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VEHICLE DESIGN | REFINEMENT PROCESS CATALOGUE B - FAMILY 03

ANTI-CLASTIC The envelope is generated through a process of productive tension between the freedom of design and the logic of geometry. An automated topological, physics, and geometric system is used to engage architectural issues such as designed topology, material efficiency, and structural rigidity through geometrical methods. The results are generalizations of hyperbolic paraboloids, a family of the anti-clastic topology. These prototypical envelopes stem out of a physic-based synthetic approach to surface design emergence.

162

The top plates and protrusions of the inner volume act as anchor points for the anti-clastic formation. These protrusions are both reactions to site and act as interface points with the exterior

ANTI-CLASTIC FORMATION - nCLOTH SIMULATION

stretch resistance rest length scale pressure method gravity [z]

20.0 0.3 -12.0 0.0

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ANTI-CLASTIC ENVELOPE STUDY MODEL

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VEHICLE DESIGN | OUTER GEOMETRY INITIAL TESTS- FAMILY 02

A. MEMBRANE

MEMBRANE The initial test for the vehicle membrane, applied to the iteration 20 of family 20, proposes a soft membrane, whose pattern orientation allows for rigidity and softness in different areas, as well as transparent and opaque areas. The front of the car is modified, bringing the cockpit closer to the edge in order to create three different access points. Doors and windows become a single element, a membrane that flips backwards and permits the full integration with the house. No wheels are seen, as the concept propose the car as a hovering vehicle.

166

B. OPENING

ACCESSIBILITY The first series of iterations proposed as possible openings for the vehicle tackled the issues of accessibility and ground relation. The concept vehicles generated explored different possibilities for openings (doors and windows) and at the same time questioned the need for wheels, by considering the possibility of hovering cars.

CONCEPT A

CONCEPT B

CONCEPT C

CONCEPT D

Central structure

Independent capsule

Flipping membrane

â&#x20AC;&#x2DC;Catamaranâ&#x20AC;&#x2122; structure

1. Sliding door/window

1. Rotational capsule

1. Flipping/reversing door/window

1. Sliding door/window

Driver condition

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VEHICLE DESIGN |OUTER GEOMETRY WRAPPING PROCESS

A. BOUNDING BOX + SKELETON TO WRAP (F2.V20)

B. SOFT-RIGID CONCEPTUAL VEHICLE (F2.V20)

168

C. BOUNDING BOX + SKELETON TO WRAP (F3.V20)

D. SOFT-RIGID CONCEPTUAL VEHICLE (F3.V20)

WRAPPING PROCESS By selecting different iterations of the skeleton and testing them with a wrapping process, it was possible to develop a membrane that is fully integrated with the rigid components of the vehicle. In the process, the skeleton is responsible to give shape to the vehicle, while the material that wraps it is responsible for its translucency and softness. Further on, the new composite created by the integration of soft and rigid elements can be deformed through joints and flexible materials in a way that allows a direct interface with the house, and also generate openings for the vehicle (that would work as doors and windows) the same way that they occur in the living area. 169

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VEHICLE PROPOSAL | F02 VARIABLE CROSS SECTION

06 05 04 03 02 01

SOFT-RIGID VEHICLE The result of the combination of soft and rigid structures generated a concept whose variable cross section indicates the integration of two different process (skeleton and membrane generation) that are directly related to each other, and responsible for the creation of a conceptual vehicle that is lighter and more translucent. The process replicates the one used for the generation of the house, and facilitates the relation between both.

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VEHICLE PROPOSAL | F03 VARIABLE CROSS SECTION

01 02 03 04 05 06

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VEHICLE COMPONENTS: VARIABLE CROSS SECTION.

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INITIAL ITERATION: VARIABLE CROSS SECTION MODEL.

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MACRO SCALE

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II. SPACE AND SURFACE ARTICULATION

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INITIAL EXPLORATION | SURFACE ARTICULATION INHABITING SPACES The non-uniform surface of the reached form does allow for unconventional space definition, first the rigid, yet interesting dichotomy between service and living spaces, and second the sloped transformation between spaces. However a layer of surface refinement is still need to maintain the functionality of the different spatial functions. Choosing to move for ward with one of the two tested iterations (iteration 1.0), the final living spaces are all clustered towards the waterfront creating the main area of the house. Entrance, living spaces, dining room and circulation are all sharing a central space that visually connects the house, and creates a sense of grandeur in the main living areas. Finally as mentioned before, the services, and all wet areas are digested inside the composite.

+ 9.0 m

+ 5.0 m

+ 1.5 m

CIRCULATION AND CUTTING PLANES

The rough modelâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s surface is then subjected to testing, first flat surfaces, and second for vertical and cross circulation. For the time being, manual modeling was used to adjust reaching a more refined surface for micro scale articulation.

3 2

CONNECTIONS AND DISTRIBUTION 180

LIVING AREAS SERVICE AREAS CIRCULATION VEHICLE

1. +1.500m

5 3

4 6

AAâ&#x20AC;&#x2122; 1

1. Entrance 2. Living Space 3. Dining room 4. Vertical circulation 5. Kitchen 6. Car-house interface

2 BBâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;

2. +5.000m

3 2

4 1. Living space 2 1 2. Bedroom 3. Vertical circulation 4. Service 5. Bedroom

3. +9.000m

Services intertwine between living spaces maintaining always a direct connection to living spaces and so achieving the intended universality.

5 1

1. Living space 3 2. Bedroom 3. Vertical circulation 4. Service 5. Bedroom 181

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INITIAL EXPLORATION | SURFACE ARTICULATION INHABITING SPACES

Living space 3

Living space 2

VISUAL AND SPATIAL CONNECTIONS

LONGITUDINAL SECTION 182

Living space 1

Services

Bedroom Entrance

Bedroom

Living Services space 1

CROSS-SECTION AA CROSS SECTION | CONTINUOUS CORE

CROSS-SECTION BB CROSS SECTION 183

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184

Catalogue of defined spaces

Living space (2)

Service - kitchen (5)

Service - bedroom - living space (1,2,4)

Bedroom - service (4,5)

Service space connections (4)

Living space - opening connections (1) 185

INITIAL UNDERSTANDING OF SPACE FORMATIONS

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ARTICULATION | SPATIAL FUNCTIONALITY INHABITING SPACES

PLAN C PLAN B PLAN A

Moving on to the more controlled form and breaking down the model into sections and plans, this allows for a better understanding for designing such spaces. The design process begins with the spatial qualities, relating it to the performative aspects of the monocoque.

188

REFINED FORM

WATER VEHICLE

Approach from entrance Inter-space A Inter-space B

PLAN A - WATERFRONT LEVEL (-2.00m)

LAND VEHICLE

ENTRANCE POSSIBLE ADDITIONAL ENTRY POINT FOR THE VEHICLE

PLAN B - GROUND LEVEL (+/- 0.00m)

C Inter-space C

PLAN C - UPPER LEVELS (+2.00m) 189

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INTER-SPATIAL C

INTER-SPATIAL A

CROSS-SECTION A-A

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LONGITUDINAL SECTION B-B

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CATALOGUE OF SPACES

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MACRO SCALE

III. PERFORMATIVE

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PERFORMATIVE

BUILDING SYSTEMSâ&#x20AC;&#x2122; NETWORK GENERATION STRUCTURAL OPTIMIZATION _ Initial Understanding of Main Structural Reinforcement Approach _ Topology Optimization and Stress Flow analysis _ Compression Lines PATTERN GENERATION _ Reinforcement Strategy for Initial Geometry _ Pattern and Network Generation

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Design Articulation SPACE _ Circulation _ Living Spaces _ Inter-spatial pods _ Interface _ Experience

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BUILDING SYSTEMSâ&#x20AC;&#x2122; NETWORK GENERATION

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INITIAL EXPLORATION | STRUCTURAL PERFORMANCE FORCE FLOW AND REINFORCEMENT

Structure Stability, material utilization, flexibility, infrastructure networks and cross sectional design are all different criteria for the actual refining and building of the monocoque. Leaving the design of the cross section to the next chapter, the house in its macro scale is subjected to force line simulation in a bid to begin to understand the surface utilization and form deformation. Initial tests begin to show maximum deformation at the peripheries suggesting the need of more support nodes to maintain stability during the different flexible scenarios.

A. Displacement Diagram on inner surface

B. Suggest support to reduce deformation 202

A. Force lines flowing down two main vertical supports

B. Redistributed force flow

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INITIAL EXPLORATION | STRUCTURAL PERFORMANCE FORCE FLOW AND REINFORCEMENT

Focusing on a sector of the House, the structural analysis of the different normal forces acting on the surface clearly shows both tensional and compression forces acting on the surface. The inner volume is more heavy on compression forces, while the outer envelope is more in tension carrying its own weight.

Detailed Sector

However, these initial tests and force flow analysis fail to give the flow of pure nominal forces, weather compression or tension. The resulting flow lines fluctuate between tension and compression rendering it hard to actually reinforce and increase material efficiency. 204

Stress Pattern Analysis of the Detailed Sector

A. Normal Stresses acting on inner element

B. Normal Stresses acting on outer element

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NETWORK GENERATION | STRUCTURAL PERFORMANCE RE-EVALUATING REINFORCEMENT APPROACH

Taking a sector of the refined mesh for analysis, the surface is analyzed for both force flow lines and surface topology optimization. As continuous surfaces working in shell like manner, compression lines are of more importance to inforce, while the topology optimization allow for a better understanding of material utilization.

Loads

Support Points

Converting the mesh into a low polygon version to analyze it for force flow. The supports are defined as the connection to the rest of the form while loads are specified as the main walkable and flat surfaces. In this example on loads on the inner surfaces are calculated ideally all the system should be working together.

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Force-Flow Lines Analysis

Main force flow regions and material utilization

Mapping of the force analysis onto the original mesh to allow for material utilization, surface corrugation and channel distribution - Further analysis of the surface to identify main force flow lines using the Karamba plug-in, correspond to the fields mapped.

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FORCE FLOW LINES: Pure Compression Forces

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COMPRESSION LINES ACTING THROUGHOUT THE INNER SURFACE: Applying the same principles on the bigger scale of the whole inner surface, force flow lines are simulated.

210

As mentioned earlier, foundation points are identified as 3 main regions connecting the structure to the ground. Considering loads as the forces acting mainly at all walkable flat surfaces, a topological optimization analysis is used to understand force flow and material utilization.

C. Topology Optimization Refinement Iterations

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PATTERN GENERATION

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INITIAL EXPLORATION | NETWORK GENERATION REINFORCEMENT PATTERNS

Using data from the initial structural analysis and flushing out the main force lines and utilized zones within the surface, one approach that could be pursued, is the use of particle simulations to trace force flows and achieve redistributing of thicknesses and material accordingly.

Different densities and thicknesses of strands vary according to compression and tension patterns concentrations, creating both surface and strand conditions. Closer to Cores, strands are more bundled and thicker reacting more to compression forces while they become more thinner and dispersed closer to the envelope allowing for fenestrations and thinner surfaces for light penetrations.

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01. Low density strands - higher thickness of bundles Closer to Cores

02. Medium density strands - Medium thickness of Bundles

Yet the use of the initial structural analysis in reinforcing surfaces and particle simulation proved again uncontrollable due to the force flow lines being inconsistent and not showing pure force (compression/tension). The reevaluated analysis proved to be more controllable in both simualtion and reinforcing, generating a structural network as seen in the next part.

03. High density strands - lower thickness of bundles Closer to Envelope

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PATTERING ARTICULATION - VECTOR FIELD - GRID INPUT (2D)

In the following digital simulation, the pattern is articulated by manipulating a 2d field grid and then projecting it onto a global geometry. The following allows for the creation of complex patterns influenced by varying local values. The particles/ strands inherits itâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s orientation from emitters U Vs, but the direction is modified by the orientation of a 3D vector. This allows for a smoother

interpolation than taking the whole orientation directly from surface. The simulation utilizes a Perlin or Simple noise to add turbulence to a specified parameter, using a mean value around which the turbulence values are calculated.

BASE GRID

BASE VALUE <0.5, 0> || <1, 0, 1>

VECTOR FILED INPUT - BASE VALUE <x,y> - 3D VECTOR VALUE <x, y, z>

EMISSION PARAMETERS # of particles : 750....................

total

(z) : 0.0.....................

direction

drag force strength

: 0.1/1.................. grid sub-divisions u:

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75..... v: 75.....

BASE VALUE <0.5, 0> || <1, 0, 1>

I. INPUT VECTOR FIELD

II. INPUT VECTOR FIELD

BASE VALUE 3D VECTOR

<0.5, 0> <1, 0, 1>

<0, 1> <4, -1, 3>

III. INPUT VECTOR FIELD BASE VALUE 3D VECTOR

<0.5, 0> <5, -5, .5>

Fr.1 200/500

Fr.2 200/500

Fr.3 200/500

Fr.1 300/500

Fr.2 300/500

Fr.3 300/500

Fr.1 400/500

Fr.2 400/500

Fr.3 400/500

Fr.1 500/500

Fr.2 500/500

Fr.3 500/500

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PATTERING ARTICULATION CURVE AS INPUT (2D)

The vector field is defined as a curve to make a vector flow over a plane. The vectorsâ&#x20AC;&#x2122; orientation are averaged among a limited number of neighboring points on a given grid. The weight of the vectors in the mix is scaled based on the distance to the curve, this is achieved by calculating the closet point on the grid, the curves tangents points blends the perpendicular vectors on the grids point position. A force is applied to the setup to increase the vectors attraction to the inputed curve.

218

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PATTERING ARTICULATION | VECTOR FIELD GRID INPUT (2D)

In the following simulation, the pattern is articulated by manipulating a 2d field grid and then projecting it onto the geometry. The vector field acts as a base for receiving structural input. The field is deployed in the global geometry.

PATTERN DISTRIBUTION SET-UP

EMISSION PARAMETERS total # of particles : 250.................... direction (z) : 0.0..................... drag force strength : 0.1/1.................. grid sub-divisions u: 50..... v: 50..... 01. CURVES - AVERAGE LOAD PATH

02. WEIGHT MAP - LOAD REGION

220

Fr.1 25/100

Fr.Fr.1 500/500 50/100

Fr.Fr.1 500/500 75/100

Fr.Fr.1 500/500 100/100

UNIFORM EMISSION

Fr.2 25/100

Fr. Fr.2 500/500 50/100

Fr. Fr.3 500/500 75/100

Fr.2 100/100

CONTROLLED EMISSION 221

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MICRO PATTERNING | PATTERN GENERATION LOAD PATH MAPPING

I. LOAD DISTRIBUTION MAPPING White regions: indicate ares of high concentration loads. Black regions: indicate areas of low material utilization.

II. Averaged Load Paths from Areas of High Load Concentration

222

III. Average Load Paths & 3D Grid

1.0

0.0 LOAD RANGE C

LOAD PATH | TOPO-STRUCT

IV. Average Load Paths & the Resulted Vector Field

Topology optimization analyzes load distribution within the volume of the HOUSE sector. A mesh spray was then utilized to visualize the concentrated loads that resulted (Black=0 unutilized material; White=1 concentrated loads). This characteristic can be used as input values for pattern generation in order to strategically reinforce structure and to remove unwanted material.

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PATTERING ARTICULATION | VECTOR FIELD GRID INPUT (3D)

In the following simulation, the particles/strands are emitted in the volume of the mesh and follows the averaged load path generated by the mapping out the load concentration of the houseâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s sector.

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08 225

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INNER STRUCTURE PARAMETERS

FR. 100

FR. 200

FR. 300

LOAD MAPPING 226

COMPRESSION LINE

OUTER STRUCTURE PARAMETERS

FR. 100

FR. 200

FR. 300

ANCHOR LINES

CURVATURE ANALYSIS 227

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01. INNER-STRUCTURE PARAMETERS

A. COMPRESSION-STRESS LINES

B. PRINCIPLE-STRESS LINES

C. HIGH CONCENTRATION LOAD

02. OUTER-STRUCTURE PARAMETERS

A. EXTRACTED ANCHOR LINES

B. ANCHOR LINES

C. WEIGHT MAP 228

REINFORCING-CHANNELS ARTICULATION The algorithm combines the empirical and real-time character of a particle-spring setup with the computational model of finite element analysis found in typical Topological Optimization methods. Particles in a volume are redistributed(either added or removed) through calculating spring force on particles. A non-mathematical method is used to trace directionality and structural flow through the structure. Agents are launched in a tension and compression vector field and seek their path between the origins of the applied forces, displaying direction in the structure, forming lines of stress.

STRETCH RESISTANCE

20.0

REST LENGTH SCALE

0.3

PRESSURE METHOD

-12.0

GRAVITY [Z]

0.0

229

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NETWORK ARTICULATION

01. INNER STRUCTURE SIMULATION

02. REINFORCING STRAND FORMATION

230

03. CHANNEL GENERATION

04. MONOCOQUE GENERATION

05. PROTOTYPE

REINFORCING CHANNELS GENERATION The simulation was then translated into articulating a structure and channel based geometry, that would reinforce and serve as means of infrastructural elements (allowing for the transfer of fluids and energy).

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DESIGN ARTICULATION

232

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SPACE ARTICULATION CIRCULATION AND SURFACE INTEGRATION

CIRCULATION AND SURFACE INTEGRATION | CATALOGUE

Instead of a concentrated vertical circulation, the main routes are based in a loop, which allow a continuous movement through different spaces inside the house. In order to articulate the geometry, we made several tests on how to fuse steps into the surfaces, and use them for other functions such as sitting and shelves. 234

CIRCULATION MAIN ROUTES DIAGRAM MULTIPLE LEVELS

CIRCULATION AND CONTEXT

The house is divided in multiple levels, which require different strategies to connect them throughout the circulation loop. Mainly, the connection between different levels is solved by steps fused into the main surfaces, which could have different functions.

The circulation loop that happens through the outer areas of the house is directly related to the context, connected both to the main entrance through the street and also moving towards the water front. The main circulation route provides a path for human circulation within the house, but at the same time offers access to the vehicle docking points, allowing a direct movement for the user from the vehicle to the different areas of the house.

MAIN CIRCULATION LOOP IN CONTEXT EXTERNAL CIRCULATION INTERNAL CIRCULATION

LEVEL +2 +6.600m

LEVEL +1 +2.500m

LEVEL 0 0.000m

LEVEL -1 -0.900m

LEVEL -2 -2.900m

MAIN CIRCULATION DIAGRAM MAIN CIRCULATION ROUTES VEHICLE DOCKING POINT

235

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HUMAN SCALE

C. HOUSE SECTOR | HUMAN SCALE

In order to adjust the model for needs such as flat areas and minimum heights, a refinement process has occurred so that spaces are adapted to the human scale. 236

1. PROTOTYPE

FACADE

D. HOUSE SECTOR | HUMAN SCALE

The facade becomes part of the whole geometry, connecting to the inner spaces and creating plugin points. 237

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SECTOR DETAIL SPACE HIERARCHY

A. HOUSE SECTOR | SPACE HIERARCHY

PRIVATE

Spaces are proposed according to a hierarchy, in which more public areas are closer to the ground and more private areas are located on the upper floors. 238

PUBLIC

1. DIAGRAM | SPACE HIERARCHY

SERVICE CORES

B. HOUSE SECTOR | SERVICE CORE “C”

OUTER SPACE

Three service cores are located on the inner parts of the building, establishing a functional and aesthetic differentiation for these types of space.

INNER SPACE

2. DIAGRAM | SERVICE CORE 239

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LIVING SPACE

240

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GEOMETRY REFINEMENT | INTER-SPATIAL SPACE POD BREAKDOWN AND ITERATIONS Inter-spatial Pod B

The ‘inter-spatial pods’ house the main service and wet areas, as they are directly connected to the house infrastructure and the different living spaces, thus allowing for a more adaptable approach in how spaces are rendered usable. Having multiple approaches the inside is divided down to multiple smaller spaces connected together through a common space. The pod design is realted primarly entry locations, functionality, and soft/rigid dichotomy.

ENTRY POINTS FUNCTIONALITY SOFT VS RIGID

242

Inter-spatial Pod C

Inter-spatial Pod A

Infrastructure Common Space that can maintain some adaptable characteristics through soft surfaces

Smaller Private Spaces

B. 243

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Circulation through Inter-Spatial Spaces; As mentioned before, circulation becomes more spatial rather than just a connection. The pods are designed that the different common spaces inside make maximum use of both space and circulation. Steps become seating areas that are punctured through leading to more intricate private spaces. Taking Pod C as an example, the following design iteration clarify the different design possibilities achievable.

A B

Pods as part of the infrastructural network

244

POD C

Common Space

Private Spaces

Infrastructure

Design Iteration 1: Connecting two different levels, the inter-spatial space is divided down to two main levels (common space) and then bifurcates to smaller spaces that are divided between the levels.

Common Space

Private Spaces

Infrastructure

Design Iteration 2: Considering the whole inner surface as stepped slopes that can be used for both circulation and seating spaces, the main common space thus becomes the inner surface breaking down to smaller private spaces that are reached through the steps. 245

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POD B: Located at the front of the house, the pod merges with the exterior envelope, creating an inner/outer experience. This skin can even be removed completely allowing for a terrace like condition.

246

POD A: Servicing the lower floors, the Pod can be transformed into an indoor swimming area.

POD C: Servicing upper floors.

247

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Private spaces

Common Space

248

Proposed Flexible soft Patches that can then be flexible furniture pieces.

Considering whole inner surface as stepped common space

249

POD SPACE

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INSIDE POD

252

253

SPATIAL ORGANIZATION

Regarding the plan organization we can see how all the main spaces are visually connected, creating a clear differentiation between inner an outer areas. The outer areas are related to living spaces while the inner ones are related to service, with the potential to allocate wet areas such as swimming pool, sauna, kitchen and bathrooms. In the sections we can see how there is a visual connection between the entrance and

the canal creating a sense of continuity and smooth space. At the same time its again evident the dichotomy between inner and outer areas. The house intends to be a semi private sequence of spaces where the facade becomes a translucent veil. The different degrees of transparency combined with the infrastructure channels are shown all around the house.

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PLANS LEVEL -1 | CANAL LEVEL B

B 256

LEVEL 0 | STREET LEVEL

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258

PLANS LEVEL 1

LEVEL 2

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260

SECTION AA

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262

SECTION BB

263

3D PRINTED SECTIONS.

Contoured House Study Model

Open model: plans.

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INITIAL VEHICLE CRITERIA ASPECTS FOR CONSIDERATION

ERGONOMICS The consideration of ergonomics brings the requirement for size adjustments in order to achieve design proposals that adequate both for the connection with the house and human daily use.

ACCESSIBILITY The possibility of proposing multiple points of transition between vehicle and house reinforces the idea of continuity between both. In this sense, different areas for entry/exit are now considered during the development of the vehicle design.

OPENING SYSTEM The openings of the vehicle are intended to be treated the same way as the ones of the house, exploring the ideas of patterning and a double function for joining points..

MOBILITY The mobility issue is intended to be tackled in order to generate a mobile machine that can respond to both land and water. At the same time, there is an opportunity to propose an electric vehicle that establishes an energy dependency between it and the house.

276

MAIN VEHICLE CRITERIA 1. SHAPE REFINEMENT - FROM SKIN/SKELETON TO COMPOSITE Proportion, main lines and ergonomics. 2. ARCHITECTURAL SPACE vs. VEHICLE TRADITIONAL FUNCTIONS Reinterpretation of the cockpit. 3. HOUSE-VEHICLE INTERFACE Continuous transition; vehicle as part of the house.

VEHICLE DEVELOPMENT TIMELINE 277

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FERRARI REFERENCE | CURRENT PROPORTION CONFINED DRIVING POSITION

FerrariÂ´s main design lines respect certain dimensions and respond to aerodynamics issues. If in one hand the lines and dimensions represent constraints for the design that do not need to be followed, on the other they give hints about aerodynamics and the overall shape of sportive cars.

4.600m

1.300m

278

INITIAL SKELETON ITERATION GENERATIVE PROCESS RESULT

The initial skeleton iteration, resulting from the generative process, presented certain scale issues, as well as a traditional approach towards the idea of a frame for the vehicle.

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SHAPE REFINEMENT | CATALOGUE A INITIAL PROCESS

R.V01

R.V04

280

R.V02

R.V03

R.V05

R.V06

R.V07

R.V08

R.V09

R.V10

R.V11

R.V13

R.V14

R.V12

R.V15

SELECTED ITERATION | R.V15 CONTINUITY AND SURFACE GENERATION

R.V15 | TOP VIEW

R.V15 | PERSPECTIVE

The initial refinement process proposed for the vehicle intended to eliminate the separation between skin and skeleton, pursuing the idea of a monocoque that represents the overall thesis and moves away from the traditional vehicle. In this sense, the continuity between elements and the creation of new surfaces (or transition areas) become part of the design process. 281

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INITIAL SKIN ITERATION WRAPPING GEOMETRY RESULT

The initial skin iteration, resulting from the wrapping geometry process, also presented certain scale issues, as well as a traditional approach towards the idea of panels that simply cover a vehicleÂ´s frame.

282

SHAPE REFINEMENT FROM SKIN-SKELETON TO COMPOSITE

As a result of the initial refinement process, it is possible to perceive how skin and skeleton are now part of the same composite strategy, which leaves behind the traditional ideas of vehicle bodyframe and covering panels.

283

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SHAPE REFINEMENT NEW DESIGN

The latest iteration combines all the ideas previously mentioned, and highlights the new cockpit as a focal point of the proposal. At the same time, it reflects other aspects also present in the house design, such as the different degrees of transparency.

4.600m 3.000m

284

SECTION NEW COCKPIT VS. MECHANICAL AREA

The section show our new proposed ratio for the human space in regards to mechanical areas. The cockpit goes now until the front of the car, facilitating its direct integration with the house, while its battery and other mechanic elements stay condensed in a smaller area.

285

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FROM SKIN/SKELETON TO COMPOSITE SECTION REFINEMENT

A. INITIAL ITERATION DETAIL SECTION | SKIN/SKELETON

B. REFINED ITERATION DETAIL SECTION | COMPOSITE

As a result of the refinement process, it is possible to perceive how skin and skeleton are now part of the same composite strategy, which leaves behind the traditional ideas of a vehicle body-frame and a paneling system. 286

NEW COCKPIT CATALOGUE

SPACE ARRANGEMENT | POSSIBILITY 01

SPACE ARRANGEMENT | POSSIBILITY 02

SPACE ARRANGEMENT | POSSIBILITY 03

In order to explore the potential occupation of this new enlarged cockpit, we proposed it for different situations. The car can become, to mention a few, a continuation of a living space, a control center for the house, or either a mobile working station for days of busy traffic, all depending on the user needs. 287

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VEHICLE SYSTEMS OPENING SYSTEM

2B 4B

OPENING SYSTEM | PANELS DIVISION 288

FRAME 1 | VEHICLE CLOSED

FRAME 100 | VEHICLE SEMI-OPEN

FRAME 200 | VEHICLE OPEN

OPENING TIMELINE

A main seam on the top of the vehicle divides the vehicle in two main sides (A and B). These two main sides are then subdivided in four panels each, allowing the opening system to follow a folding logic, in which panels 1 and 2 first move into position, and then follow the movement of panels 3 and 4, creating a total aperture for the cockpit area. 289

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VEHICLE SYSTEMS WHEEL SYSTEM

WHEEL SYSTEM DISTRIBUTION

The vehicle has four wheels, which work as 3. The two wheels on the back are larger, helping stability. They also allow a side movement, which reminds a motor bike and increase the range of movements for the car. The front wheels have a soft joint which allow a rotational movement, that hide the wheels once the vehicle is plugged to the house and also work as a locking system. 290

1. BACK WHEELS DIAGRAM Side movement

2. FRONT WHEEL DIAGRAM Locking system

291

VEHICLE PROTOTYPE. MILLED FOAM AND WHITE PAINT.

VEHICLE PROTOTYPE. VARIABLE CROSS SECTION.

3D PRINTED SECTION.

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INTERFACE

296

297

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HOUSE-CAR INTERFACE CURRENT AND PROPOSED SCENARIOS HISTORIC RELATION House and vehicle have always been treated as independent objects throughout history. The isolation between them contributes to the lack of interaction or dependency between both.

A. Distance; No horizontal connection.

DOCKING SYSTEM

FRAME 100

The first scenarios explored are related to a docking system, which allows not only connections between car and house in different areas, but also activate different functions depending on the context. The first (01) scenario proposed relates to the main (public) space. In this area, the intention is to exhibit the vehicle, positioning it in a central part of the house. The approach of the vehicle not only activates the deformation of the floor to receive it and clear the view, but also of the ceiling. The second (02) scenario relates to private areas, more specifically one of the bedrooms. The approach of the vehicle activates the movement of one of the walls, which deform by the pressure of fluids. As the vehicle comes in, the pressure stops, and the wall adapts to the vehicle, integrating it into the space. In the third (03) scenario, the vehicle activates the deformation of the ceiling in a service area, dividing the space into two and relating simultaneously to both with its front and back.

B. Le Corbusierâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s model; No vertical connection.

C. Garage/parking areas; Isolation in specific area.

FRAME 150

FRAME 200

PLAN

SECTION

PLAN

SECTION

PLAN

SECTION

APPLICATION

BedRoom

Living space Entrance Entrance Dining room

Kitchen

Dining room

Kitchen

BO BO AT AT

A. Basic program articulation.

BO BO AT AT

BedRoom Living space

2 1 1 3 3

B. Program adaptation.

C. Connections: 3 docks for the car(s) which activate different functions on the house.

2 2

Kitchen Kitchen

1. The car in the center of the house; Light patterns connect the car with the boat highlighting specific zones. 298

2. Direct access to private room; The fixed structural element adapt to the car and provides energy.

3. The skin of kitchen and dining room opens to adapt to the car and hide it from the main space.

HOUSE-BOAT INTERFACE EDGE-CANAL RELATION ADAPTABLE EDGE For the connection between boat and house, it is necessary first to understand the relation between the houseÂ´s edge and the canal. For this critical area, it is proposed a range of movement for the edge of the house slab in its contact point with the canal. The slab can expand or contract to adapt to the connection with the boat, making it possible to play with different space configurations according to the way the vehicles are attached. In an initial structural proposal, the water of the canal would act as structural support, allowing the cantilevering floor surface to float on it. The drawing of the section refers to the actual size of the average narrow boats of Camden Canal, used as an approximation of how the proportions of the future boat would be.

2,1 m.

2,8 m.

APPLICATION In combination to the adaptable edge, it was explored the possibility of splitting the main boat in 3 smaller vehicles, each of them with a size similar to the one of a car. The boat can attach to the house both as a single entity or as small ones. Each entity would cause a different reaction according to the dock it connects, behaving in a similar way to the cars inside the house.

A. BOAT-SKIN RELATION | ADAPTABLE EDGE

B. CONTINUOUS SURFACE

C. ACCESSIBILITY

1 2

3 3

3 bodies, 1 boat.

3 bodies, 2 boats.

3 bodies, 3 boats.

A. Area for adaptation

B. Contraction

C. Expansion 299

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INTERFACE | INITIAL PROPOSALS PLUG-IN POINTS

EDGES The edges that result from the generative process used for the design of the house represent an opportunity for the development of the plug-in points of the house. Not only for controlling the circulation of air and water, they can become the entry points of the house, both for people and vehicles. At the same time, it is possible to set them as an initial reference for the pattern of the facade, establishing a more intrinsic relation between inner and outer areas.

CONTINUOUS TRANSITION The combination of elements that represent the interface between vehicle and house - plug-in points, patterning, pressure, interlocking and adaptable surfaces - would be responsible for the continuous transition that emerges from the dialog of both. As one become part of the other, the surface become one, and the vehicle is not only connected to the inner part of the house, but also changes the perception of the outer part. At the same time, the proposed energy and infra-structure sharing system establishes a dependent relation between them, which contributes to the perception of house and vehicle as a whole. 300

EDGE CONDITION The rectangular edges could become the plug-in points of the house, and would adapt according to the need. Not only air and water could go through it, but they would also become responsible for people and vehicle entry/connection.

1. TOP VIEW

1. SIDE VIEW

INTERLOCKING AND ENERGY SHARING Pressure in the system would allows the surface to adapt and interlock with the vehicle. The locking system could also be responsible for shape continuity and exchange of energy between house and vehicle.

2. SIDE VIEW

2. TOP VIEW

PATTERNING AND PRESSURE In the same way proposed for the vehicle, the house surface would presents a combination of patterning and pressure systems that could create openings which allow the transition from vehicle to house.

3. TOP VIEW

3. SIDE VIEW 301

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INTERFACE | INITIAL PROPOSALS CONTINUOUS SURFACE

A. CAR CONNECTS | HUMAN AREA RELATES TO LIVING SPACE AND MACHINE AREA TO SERVICE SPACE

B. CAR OPENS AND BECOMES A CONTINUOUS PART OF THE HOUSE

At an initial selection, the main idea pursued is the one in which the car is fused to the house and once is open, the distinction between it and the house disappears, as one become part of the other. Vehicle and house create a continuous space, and the new architectural space proposed for the vehicle enables different compositions once it is connected. 302

The main intention for the interface between vehicle and house is to establish specific docking points in which the transition between one and the other is smooth, as if they belong together in a continuous space. The enlarged cockpit of the car becomes a space of the house, while the mechanic area is connected with the service cores.

MAIN LIVING SPACE INNER SERVICE AREA

The openings that allow the vehicle to move inside the house work in the same way as the other openings throughout the house: a soft material adapts to it shape. In a similar way, but on the floor, a soft material highlights the docking areas at the same time that allows the car to push down and align with the floor level.

MOVEMENT DIRECTION SOFT DOCKING AREAS

The proposed dimensions for the vehicle cockpit allows the study of different furniture arrangements, based on soft areas which combined with the same mechanism used for the openings enables a pop-up system for the furniture, that can later on be explored in the whole house.

MOVEMENT DIRECTION FURNITURE CREATED

303

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INTERFACE

From the initial proposals, we were able to set the intentions for the interface between house and car, based on three main aspects: 1) their fusion and continuous transition, which is facilitated from the similar generative design strategy applied for both; 2) the dichotomy between social space and service space, which is also present in both; 3) the possibilities of infra-structure sharing. With these three goals in mind, we propose a docking point for the car, which guarantees the alignment between cockpit and house floor and locks the car in position. At the same time, the spaces fuse accordingly: while the mechanic parts of the car stay confined under service areas, the social cockpit, now fully open, becomes an extension of the living spaces. This logic enables the exploration of the potential uses for the cockpit, such as furniture continuation, control center of the house, and at the same time creates opportunity for basic infra-structure sharing, such as, for example, charging, lighting and sound.

304

interface.01 entry

interface.02 docking

interface.03 furniture

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MICRO SCALE

306

I. MONOCOQUE

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Anatomy of an aircraftâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s semi-monocoque / structure.

308

MONOCOQUE MON-UH-KOHK, -KOK

noun (n.) i. a type of boat, aircraft, or rocket construction in which the shell carries most of the stresses. ii. automotive. a type of vehicular construction in which the body is integral with the chassis as a single unit. adjective (adj.) iii. of, pertaining to, or being a monocoque. Origin early 20th century: from French, from mono- ‘single’ + coque ‘shell’. Design pursues/application i. A living, breathing entity, consuming, extracting, and channeling resources.

v. flexible, adaptable to both users and its environment.

Monocque with respect to the industrial application refers to a structural approach that supports loads through an object’s external skin, similar to that of an egg’s shell. The term is often misused to refer to sub-components or to unibodies, while they are in fact structural skin. It revolutionized the early construction of aircraft, which were initially constructed of wood or steel tubing, and then covered with fabric. This fabric skin added no fundamental integrity to the structural strength of the airframes and was essentially considered dead weight; a mere smooth sealed surface. However, monocoque afforded the thinking of airframe as a whole, and not just the sum of parts. It was feasible and efficient to switch to this structure and it was not long before for various manufacturing industries to adopt such applications.

ii. To be utilized as a skin composite that harness resources and supplies external entities, of a similar nature. iii. Self-regulating, self-sustaining, and self-maintaining. iv. Structural light skin that withstands heavy loads.

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CONVERGENCE OF SYSTEMS SKIN COMPOSITE

1/HEATING SYSTEM

3/ELECTRICAL SYSTEM

2/DRAINAGE SYSTEM

CONVERGENCE OF SUBSYSTEMS// DE-SPECIALIZATION Subsystems which inhabit buildings such as heating & ventilation systems, fluid flow systems, energy flow and illumination often process in states of chaos and conflict. Each is specialized and function independently, and is designed and built by separate organization. A radical interdisciplinary approach is needed in this context, where technology is rethought in terms of ecologies of systems rather than zero-sum optimizations of each system. At the same time, the conceptual and aesthetic problems of technological expressions need to be dealt with.

4/VENTILATION SYSTEM

Heating a house relies on the following factors: climate, size of the house, insulation and airtightness. Natural resources include solar energy through windows. Another source of heat is gained from light appliances. Heating systems use either combustion fuels, natural gas, propane, oil, or wood. Central heating is either forced through warm air or hydroponic (warm water).

Consideration should be given to the location of the major plumbing fixtures, like the toilet, bathtub and/or shower, the wash basin(s), and any other plumbing fixtures in order to arrange them in such a way that ease maintenance, avoid wasting material or weakening framing, and treat joints carefully.

Electricity enters your home through a service head from a series of outdoor power lines or an underground connection. A typical service head consists of two 120-volt wires and one neutral wire that deliver power to lights and appliances around the home.

Fresh air enters the home through a single intake and is then distributed through ducts to the living and sleeping areas. Stale air is removed from the home through a separate exhaust duct with inlets typically located in areas such as bathrooms. The kitchen has a separate, manually operated exhaust fan located in the range hood. The supply and exhaust fans are equal in capacity to maintain indoor pressure balance.

310

INFRASTRUCTURE// BEHAVIORAL COMPOSITE The separation of building components has imposed a disconnection of architecture from both the environment and the technological systems of buildings. It exacerbated the progress on the way these systems interact with architecture, and has remained predominantly the same throughout the decades; the result is a built structure with several distinct systems that are alien to one another. The aim is to unify all these separate systems into a unified unibody that houses and operates the necessary infrastructure needed to accommodate the needs of its users. A new soft thinking of infrastructure will afford a new approach to tacking the issues that arises from utilizing the conventional methods: to eliminate pollution, to minimize energy and to make it more feasible.

1 / F L U I D S - A I R / WAT E R 2 / H E AT I N G / C O O L I N G 3/FIBERS - CABLES [STRUCTURE/ELECTRICITY]

INFRASTRUCTURE MONOCOQUE// BEHAVIORAL COMPOSITE â&#x20AC;&#x153;Architecture of the last 100 years has primarily been understood in terms of frame-skin logic. That is to say, structure and skin are highly specialized and only weakly correlated.â&#x20AC;? Tom Wiscombe - Beyond assemblies: system convergence and multi-materiality, p.1

COMPOSITE

1 / B R A N C H I N G / I N F L AT I O N 2 / S U R F A C E PAT T E R N I N G

The most prevalent example of a composite system can be found in nature. For instance, the systems of Ediacaran organism are multi-functional and embedded into the form of the epidermis. There is no supplemental frame or other technology, just articulations in skin doing various types of work such as creating local stiffness through morphological or material inflection, or conducting air and fluids through hollows or internal reservoirs. These articulation involve the deployment of inflation and surface patterning, in which certain control can be achieved in creating a structural composite allowing for the juxtaposition of the infrastructural systems. Inflation patterns and surface patterning afford different gradients of networks - structural rigidity and flexibility. These behavioral systems can also incur expansion and mobility of different parts of the skin, adapting to changes with respect to functional requirements and the interface of the car. 311

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NATURAL COMPLEXITY - HYDROSTATIC SKELETON

Hydrostatic skeletons are found in many soft-bodied organisms consisting of a fluid-filled cavity, surrounded by muscles. The pressure of the fluid and action of the surrounding circular, longitudinal, and/or helical muscles are used to change an organismâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s shape and produce movement, such as burrowing or swimming. Hydrostatic skeletons have a role in the locomotion of these soft organism.

312

A hydro-skeleton is not bony, but rather is a cavity filled by pressurized fluid. Like air in a truckâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s tires, the pressurized fluid keeps the body from collapsing from the forces of gravity or movement. By manipulating the pressure in different parts of the cavity, many soft-bodied animals can change shape and produce considerable force.

I. HYDROSTATIC SELETONS- MOVEMENT THROUGH PRESURIZED FLUIDS.

II. FLUID PERFORMANCE OF CHANNELING AND DISTRIBUTING RESOURCES.

III. STRUCTURAL INTEGRITY & PERFORMANCE THROUGH PRESSURIZED FLUIDS.

1.1 FIBER REINFORCEMENT / ORTHOGONAL ARRAY

2.1 FIBER REINFORCEMENT/ CROSS DIAGRAD ARRAY

a. orthogonal fiber reinforcement prevents length change.

a. crossed diagrid array fibers can change length.

b. provides stiffness in bending until failure occurs by kinking.

b. can bend resulting in smooth curvature.

c. allows for torsion or twisting around the long axis

c. resists torsion.

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FIBER ARRAY | ORIENTATION TIME-LAPSE

NATURAL COMPLEXITY AND PERFORMANCE The most prevalent examples of fluids can be found in nature, as it does rely on mechanics and is capable to mediate between environments and internal elements while simultaneously generating vivid qualitative performances. In the architectural application, the resolution of the former does not reply in the sole integration of mediating the exterior (environment) and interior (sheltered-bounded space); however, it extents to address the notion of integrating it within the bounds of expression, art and affect of the architecture systems. Rethinking building systems beyond just mediation, allows for a critical proliferation from a predominantly quantitative perceptual aspects of the boundary and turning them into integrated body of performative qualities effects. This allows for the emergence of an architecture where affects and performance becomes a design tool rather than a constraint, generating a functional and aesthetic quality.

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A. Orthogonal Fiber Array

B. Cross Diagrid Fiber Array

C. Hybrid-Orthogonal Fiber Array

D. Hybrid-Cross Diagrid FiberArray

E. Curved Diagrid Fiber Array

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MICRO SCALE

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II. MONOCOQUE ARTICULATION

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INFLATION STRATEGY | ORGANIZATION FLUIDS The challenge in addressing the micro scale is to explore systems that can articulate forms of organization of materials in both global and local scales. The following is mediated through a ploy-scalar correlations approaches; digital and generative modeling techniques are coupled with physical computing and analogue experiments in an attempt to create dynamic processes of feedback.

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SOURCE

A. FLUID SIMULATION Simulating the flow and distribution of fluids across the skin composite by activating/deactivating of inflatable nodes.

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LEGEND FORCE LINES COMPRESSION LINES TENSION LINES NODES

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1.A

1.B

1.C

2.A

2.B

2.C

COMPOSITE STRUCTURAL INTEGRITY With respect to structural performance, the inflation pockets (or nodes) follow the same principles of Trabecullae; small beams found in the human body such as the muscles, tissues and bones. These structures that between compressive and tension forces. These tie-like beams follow the lines of maximum tensile forces, acting as reinforcing struts or rods. They are situated along the slabs, service-cores and outer envelope serving spaces according to their programmed mechanical function(s).

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A. A.

COMPOSITE BEHAVIOR Composites are more than a class of materials; they imply a paradigm shift in architecture in terms of allowing real progress on the contemporary production of formal, structural, and ornamental systems. They also imply a new way of thinking of assembly, where layering is replaced by chunky parts fused without hardwares, where the structure cannot be broken down into discreet entity. Layering opens up the possibilities for creating invariant differences allowing for degrees of transparencies and, refined detail of patterning to become the design entity.

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COOLING/HEATING CHANNELS STRUCTURAL BLENDED

1.1

POCKET-NODE

WATER CHANNELS 1.2

1.3

RETURN DUCTS

SUPPLY WATER POCKET

1.4

WATER CHANNELS

1.5

A. SKIN COMPOSITE A fragment of the skin composite was selected from the service shaft to illustrate the functions and performance accordingly.

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A. SKIN COMPOSITE Time-lapse of an animation. Skin composite inflated by fluids.

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A. SINGULAR

B. SINGULAR - INFLATED

C. COLLECTIVE

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A. SKIN COMPOSITE The following skin composite was modeled to test fluid flowing through the envelope and via the slab. This performance allows for the nodes to bring fresh air into the interior .

AIR POCKETS VENTS

VENTS AIR HANDLING UNIT

WATER CHANNELS

AIR POCKETS VENTS

WATER CHANNELS

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The branched network allows for incorporating a lighting system that signifies the performative qualities and flow of people, forces, and energy

A. MONOCOQUE DETAIL

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Structural Reinforcement pattern forming the main infrastructural network

Chunk Connection male-female system

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RESIN PROTOTYPE 1:25

FABRICATION AND PROTOTYPING

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FABRICATION OVERALL PROCESS By addressing the issue of fabrication, it is necessary to take into consideration not only production methods but also dimensions, transportation, and assembly logic. The production model we are proposing starts with the digital design of the house, where it is broken into chunks which are individually produced, transported and assembled on site. The process followed to develop the system starts by making a study of the surfaces and placing the cutting lines. Secondly, the study of the connection between chunks, and finally, fabrication as in materiality and production.

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CUTTING Topology optimization Compression lines Cutting lines

CONNECTIONS

FABRICATION

Slab - Slab Facade - Slab Columns Stairs

Materiality Production

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FABRICATION 1:1 FRP, FIBER GLASS & 3D PRINTING In order to build the house in a 1 to 1 scale, we propose the use of FRP and reinforced fiberglass for the paneling of the inner and outer surfaces, since this materials could replicate the intended qualities for the project such as transparency and lightness. We also see potential in the use of large scale 3D printers to produce the rigid connections and channels, and a digital bed that could create the shape of each specific part, reusable and flexible enough to create all the shapes and small corrugations.

Fiber reinforced plastic (FRP) is a composite material made of a polymer matrix reinforced with fibers. The fibers are usually glass, carbon, basalt or aramid, although other fibers such as paper or wood or asbestos have been sometimes used. The polymer is usually an epoxy, vinylester or polyester thermosetting plastic, and phenol formaldehyde resins are still in use. FRPÂ´s are commonly used in the aerospace, automotive, marine, construction industries and ballistic armor.

2. WIND TURBINES

1. CHANEL MOBILE ART PAVILION 336

3. SFMOMA. Snohetta

Fiber Glass (GRP) is a strong lightweight material and is used for many products. It is not as strong and stiff as composites based on carbon fiber but the materials are much cheaper and it can be molded into complex shapes.

LJUSGLOBER, Ă&#x2013;STERSUND

According to the development of our pieces in a 1:1 scale, we propose two different processes to build our chunks. On the one hand we intend to 3D print the rigid connections of our chunks out of plastic reinforced with foam.

1. 3D PRINTING

2. DIGITAL BED

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FABRICATION CUTTING LOGIC Following the information given by the structural analysis and topology optimization, we found the areas where there is less stress and consequently where the cuts would preferably be placed. We proposed then a division method in which the house can be broken into chunks. As a tree, the house is interpreted within a gradient where the cores become the rigid connection to the ground and the further the chunks are from the cores the lighter they become.

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FABRICATION CATALOGUE The chunk catalogue shows the proposed differentiation between pieces, divided into stairs, columns, connections and spaces. An opportunity for customization is then created allowing the detailing of specific chunks for different areas of the house.

GENERAL

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CONNECTIONS

COLUMNS

STAIRS

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FABRICATION MOLDS Following the chunk approach taken to build the house, we started making a series of experiments to test different ways to build our pieces. Three different kind of molds were designed and tested to determine the pros and cons of each of them: A. Laser cut MDF with a second layer of plastic film added on the top. It creates a pattern in the final piece due to the glued different pieces. Easy to remove from the casted piece on top. B. Milled foam mold that allow us to get very accurate surfaces. The resin sticks to it when casting and it becomes really hard to remove it from the dried material. C. 3D printed plastic with pattern. 100% accurate rigid mold and allows to have any pattern on it. It takes 4 times more time to get a usable mold than the ones made by MDF and foam but it is very easy to remove the casting material once it is dried.

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Laser cut MDF mold

Plastic film

Milled foam mold

Resin

3D printed plastic mold

Silicone

FABRICATION MATERIALITY The materials used were resin, fiberglass and silicone. We have been testing different layering options to create a composite that will have the qualities needed to create a chunk. The main parameters we wanted to test were rigidity, transparency, reaction between different materials and finishing options. The less layers of resins we put, the more flexible the model is and the more difficult to control its formation shape.

A. Resin

B. Resin + 1 layer of fiber glass

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Milled mold pattern

Plastic film pattern

Channels

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FABRICATION MATERIALITY In those models resin and silicon was combined to create a composite with different degrees of transparency and colour. The silicon placed in between resin give us softer areas that could be used for different purposes than the rigid finish that the resin give us. Mixing different amounts of tint with the resin we can also achieve degrees of transparency that later on could be used as a visual barrier to separate private and public spaces.

Silicone

Coloured resin

Channels

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White resin

Transparent resin

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In this model, resin, plastic and silicon were combined to create a composite with an embedded pattern. The inner part more related to service areas would be softer and the outer part would be rigid.

3D printed plastic

Resin

3D printed plastic mo

old

Silicone

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FABRICATION CONNECTIONS Along with the development of the chunkâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s materiality, we are studying how the connections between them will work. Three different options have been tested, responding to different degrees of complexity in the geometry. A. Continuous joint with male female locking system. B. Sliding joint for connection between floor and ceiling. C. Male female locking system following the channelâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s paths.

CONNECTION A

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CONNECTION B

CONNECTION C

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FABRICATION PROCESS In the prototype scale, we did several experiments where we were focusing on the degree of control that we can achieve with different materials and molds, as well as the best way to get flat and smooth layers. The main materials used were polyester resin, silicon and fiberglass. We also did some studies to alter the pieces and get different degrees of transparency, being able to identify the main material constraints in order to design the chunks.

TEST 1

TEST 2

TEST 3

TEST 4

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FABRICATION PROCESS In this first test, vacuum formed plastic was used to sandwich the resin, embedding some flexible PLA in between 2 thin layers of metallic mesh to create the channels. Using this process we can get thicker controlled sections of resin but at the same time the vacuum formed plastic gets stuck to the resin becoming very difficult to remove it once its dried, losing the smooth and precise effect that we are looking for.

Vacuum formed plastic (1mm) Polyester resin Plastic mesh (0.8mm gaps) Flexible PLA ( 2.8 mm diameter) Plastic mesh (0.8mm gaps) Polyester resin Vacuum form plastic (1mm thickness) Low density foam (50mm)

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FABRICATION TEST 2 In this case the same process that in the test 1 was followed, but removing the metallic meshes. We got the same thickness but with a clearer result, becoming an interesting piece when light runs through it, making all the inner channels visible and creating a smooth fuzzy result.

Vacuum formed plastic (1mm) Polyester resin Flexible PLA ( 2.8 mm diameter) Polyester resin Vacuum formed plastic (1mm) Low density foam (50mm)

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FABRICATION TEST 3 In this test we used a white plastic mesh with gaps of 2 mm in between two layers of resin applied with a brush. Even though the finishing layer is smooth thanks to the mesh, that one becomes too evident.

Polyester resin Plastic mesh (2mm gaps) Polyester resin Plastic film (0.1mm thickness) Low density foam (50mm)

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FABRICATION TEST 4 In this last case we followed the same steps that in the test 3 but changed the plastic mesh for a thinner metallic one. That way we achieved a completely smooth controlled top layer. The piece became translucent and the mesh is hardly visible from a short distance, creating an interesting veil effect.

Polyester resin Metal mesh (0.8mm gaps) Polyester resin Metalic film (0.1mm thickness) Low density foam (50mm)

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FABRICATION CONNECTION STUDIES The joints between floor and ceiling can be made with a sliding system that locks the movement in the x and z axis, avoiding any rotation of the pieces.

The connection between flatter surfaces can be made through a male-female joint which blocks the movement in the y and z axis. This model is an abstraction of how the chunks would connect between them using their inner channels.

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Male-female connections. Scaling test.

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FABRICATION CONNECTION By analyzing the previous experiment, we realized that the best way to achieve a closer result to what was intended in the design was to combine plastic and resin. In this prototype, we can see how connections between chunks and infrastructure channels could be embedded into a translucent piece, generating texture and corrugation on the underside and smoothness in the top layer.

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FABRICATION CASTING PROCESS As in the previous experiments, low density foam was used for the mold, where the pattern of the 3D printed plastic connection was milled in order to fit on it and create corrugations later on. After the plastic film, polyester resin and the 3d printed connection are layered, we let it dry for 24 hours, getting a precise connection and smooth controlled edges.

Polyester resin Polyester resin 3D printed plastic Polyester resin Low density foam (5mm)

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FABRICATION RESIN PROTOTYPE 1:25 We see a clear inner and outer part differentiation in our pieces. The outer part of the piece will be flat and smooth so it can be walkable, while the inner part of the pieces has corrugations as we can see in the image, were water, heating, or light will later run through them, following the path of an efficient structural pattern.

We are also interested in using the connections not only as joints, but space generators. That way the connection is scaled up becoming a new designed part of the house. A part from that, we intend to use those connections as soft points, using silicon, rubber or some flexible materials that will give us the opportunity to create openings such as doors, windows or play with furniture. In the next models we want to go a step further, showing how more than two pieces can connect between them and how those holes start formalizing its functions.

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FABRICATION CHUNKS CONNECTIONS We took half of the house to explain the chunks logic. We propose 3 kinds of connections, relating to faade, slab and columns. All of them male â&#x20AC;&#x201C; female joints secured with rivets with thin seems in between the pieces. The connections are always embedded in the rigid part of the chunk, and are in charge of transferring the loads from one chunk to another.

CONNECTION PO

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SEAMS 3.

OINT CHUNCK 2

CHUNCK 1 375

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H O U S E INTENSE MICROCOSM KARIM ANWAR VICTOR CORELL GASCO MAHA HABIB DANIEL SIMAAN FRANCA

SPECIAL THANKS TO DIETER HANS MATUSCHKE KYLE ONAGA LYUDMYLA SEM DANIEL OVALLE COSTAL

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INITIAL STRUCTURAL EXPLORATION SC.01 DENDRIFORM COLUMN SYSTEM A. Johnson Wax Building - Frank Lloyd Right B. Dendritorm Columns - Frank Gehry C. Thermae Bath Spa - Grimshaw Architects D. Palazzo del Lavoro - Pier Luigi Nervi

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SC.02.01 Surface/Cantilever SYSTEM A. Boat Garage - Vilanova Artigas B. Tennis Club - Vilanova Artigas C. Thin Shell - Eduardo Torroja D. Free Standing Vault - Eladio Dieste

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SC.02.02 DENDRIFORM COLUMN SYSTEM A. Gymnasium - Paulo Mendes da Rocha B. Minimal Surafaces - Felix Candella C. TWA Terminal - Eero Saarinen D. Meiso no Mori - Toyo Ito

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SC.03.01 TREE BRANCHING SYSTEM A. Tree Branching Structures - Frei otto B. Italian Embassy - Pier Luigi Nervi C. Bus Terminal - Vilanova Artigas D. Palazzeto Dello Sport - Pier Luigi Nervi E. Jewish Museum - Daniel Libeskind

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SC.03.02 TREE BRANCHING SYSTEM A. Sagrada Familia - Antonio Gaudi B. Lisbon Station - Santiago Calatrava C. Science Musem - Santiago Calatrava D. Sendai Mediateque - Toyo Ito

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SC.04 MODULAR SYSTEM A. Tensegrity Structure - Buckminster Fuller B. Dymaxion Column - Buckminster Fuller C. Octet Truss - Buckminster Fuller D. Suspended Geometric Structure - Cedric Price E. Scissor Mechanisim - Emilio Perez Pinero F. FPR system - Le Richolais

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SC.05.01 MODULAR DYNAMIC SYSTEM A. Iris Dome - Chuck Hoberman B. Scissor Mechanism - Emilio Perez Pinero C. Deployable Scissor Mechanism - Emilio Perez Pinero D. Deployable Structure System - Deployable Structure class - PannDesign

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SC.05.02 MODULAR DYNAMIC SYSTEM A. Hoberman Sphere - Chuck Hoberman B. Reticular Displayable Structure - Emilio Perez Pinero C. Experimental Light Weight Bending Material - MIT Research

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STRUCTURAL RESEARCH SUMMARY

Dendriform column systems C_01 Long spans between columns. Direct the loads to a specific point. Support big loads on the upper surface. Shape adapted to economy of material.

Surface/cantilever systems C_02 Everything belongs to the same formal world. Uniform and continuous surfaces. Long cantiliver surfaces, liberate space.

Branching systems C_03 Eliminate bending stress. Opitimization of the structural behaviour by transferring the loads to the central nucleus. Slender structures. Structural elements become ligther as they go higher.

Modular systems C_04 Light structures. A single element is used to solve the whole structure. Isolate components suspended in space. Permeable surfaces.

Dynamic systems C_05 Light structures. Easily transportable. Transformable spaces. Permeable surfaces.

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AADRL | STUDIO SCHUMACHER

H O U S E INTENSE MICROCOSM ‘PROTOTYPE WORKSHOP’

V.D.K.M.