Mi a mi I n t e r n a t i o n a l
W et al kt oMar kHoot on,oneof W Z507’ sr egul arpi l ot s.
Gat ewayt ot heAmer i cas
T h eF u t u r ei sG r e e n
Bi of uel sExami ned
P h i l i p p i n eA i rF o r c eV I PF l e e t
250t hPr esi dent i alAi r l i f tWi ng
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TheFi ght erCol l ect i on’ sP40 W ar hawk Cast l eAi rMuseum Cr adl eofAvi at i on Museum
CO N T E N T S I NS I DEI S S UE3 BI OFUELSEXAMI NED Asoi lr unsoutandwebec omemor e c ons c i ous about t he env i r onment , Gar et hSt r i ngerex pl or est hewor l dof bi of ueldev el opment i n hi sf eat ur e t i t l ed‘ TheFut ur e’ sGr een’ .
MI AMI I NTERNATI ONAL AI RPORT PaulDunn r epor t sf r om t he newl y r ef ur bi s hedMi amiI nt er nat i onalAi r por t and t ak es a l ook at t he di v er s e c ol l ec t i onofoper at or st obef oundat ‘ TheGat ewayt ot heAmer i c as ’ .
WZ507 & THE VAMPI RE PRESERVATI ON GROUP Vampi r e T. 11 WZ507/ GVTI Ii s a c ommon s i ght on t he UK ai r s how c i r c ui tandher eEl l i ot tMar s ht al k st o oneofherr egul arpi l ot s ,Mar kHoot on, aboutev er y t hi ngac l as s i cj etoper at or hast oc ons i der .
THE JUST FLI GHT 20%
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J us tFl i ght ’ sMar t y nNor t hal lgui desGl obalAv i at i onMagaz i ner eader st hr oughwhathe c ons i der st obet he‘ mus t hav e’addonsf orf l i ghts i mmer st hi sChr i s t mas . Ther e’ sal s o newsofaf ant as t i c20% di s c ountc odet hat ’ sv al i dunt i lJ anuar y4t h2012andc anbeus ed asmanyt i mesasy ouwi s handonasmanypr oduc t sasy oul i k e!
THE CRADLE OF AVI ATI ON MUSEUM
Chr i s Wood v i s i t st hi s ex c el l ent ,i f s el dom t al k edabout ,mus eum l oc at ed onNew Yor k ’ sL ongI s l and-anar ea wi t har i c hav i at i onher i t age.
250t h PRESI DENTI AL AI RLI FTWI NG PaulFi l merr epor t sf r om t hePhi l i ppi ne c api t al ,Mani l a,on t he mi l i t ar y and gov er nmentai r c r af tt hatc anbef ound atNi noyAqui noI nt er nat i onalAi r por t , i nc l udi ng t hos et hatdi r ec t l ys uppor t t hePhi l i ppi nepr es i dent .
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Bi l lRams ey r ec al l s memor i es of a dear ,depar t edol df r i end,SqnL drKen “ J ac k o”J ac k s on,andt hei rbr i eft i me t oget her on t he Handl ey Page Has t i ngs .
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COLLECTI ON’ SCURTI SS P40BWARHAWK On t he 70t h anni v er s ar y of t he J apanes eat t ac konPear lHar bor ,Huw Hopk i ns t r ac es t he hi s t or y of a UKr es i dentt hatwaspr es entont hat f at ef uldayi n1941.
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Yourc hanc et owi nev er y t hi ngf r om RAFmer c handi s et hr ought oai r s how t i c k et s ,DVDs andf l i ghts i mul at oraddons .
THE FUTURE I S GREEN Bi ofuelsExami ned
Whi l eav i at i onpl ay sani ndi s pens i bl epar ti nf ac i l i t at i nggl obalbus i nes sandt our i s m,mov i ng mor et han2. 4bi l l i onpas s enger sannual l yandgener at i ng33mi l l i onj obs ,t hei ndus t r yi snow wel l awar eofi t si mpac tonc l i mat ec hange.Gar et h St r i ngert ak esal ookatt heus eof bi of uel si nr educ i ng t hi si mpac tand mov i ng av i at i on ofal lk i ndst owar dsa pos i t i on of c ar bonneut r algr owt h. I mage-Kar lDr age A gl obal ec onomi c i mpac t es t i mat edat$425bi l l i on,r el at ed benef i t s addi ng mor e t han a t r i l l i ondol l ar st ot hatnumber ,t he f ac tt hat i fi t wer eac ount r y , av i at i onwoul dr ank21s tgl obal l y i nt er msofGDP( Gr os sDomes t i c Pr oduc t )– t he f i gur esar e qui t e f r ank l ys t agger i ng.
r i s i ngbybet ween2% and3% per annum,al ongs i de a 5% annual gr owt hi nt r af f i c ,t hei ndus t r yhas had t ol ookatway sofr educ i ng t hi si mpac tandt ot ar getac ar bon neut r alpos i t i oni . e.noi nc r eas ei n emi s s i onsr egar dl es sofgr owt h,as af i r s t ,i mpor t ants t ep,t owar ds bec omi ngt ot al l yc ar bonf r ee.The l at t er mi ght pr ov e t o be an I t ’ snotj us tai rt r ans por tei t herof i mpos s i bl egoal ,butbi of uel swi l l , c our s e. Add pr i v at ef l y i ng and i ndeed al r eady ar e, pl ay i ng an mi l i t ar yf l y i ngt ot hemi xandt hat i mpor t ant par ti n hel pi ng t o i sal otofai r c r af t ,al otofpeopl e ac hi ev et hef or mer . and…. . al otoff uel .Fuelmeans emi s s i onsandai rt r ans por tal one Fueli soneoft hef ew t hi ngst hat i s c ont r i but i ng s ome 2% of has r emai ned c ons t ant i n t he manmade CO2 emi s s i ons , a wor l d of av i at i on. Ai r c r af t ar e f i gur ewhi c hc oul dr i s et o3% by undeni abl y mor e ef f i c i ent t han 2050 ac c or di ng t ol at es tf i gur es t heyonc ewer e,ai rt r af f i cc ont r ol f r om t heI nt er gov er nment alPanel s y s t ems hav e been s t r eaml i ned onCl i mat eChange. andenv i r onment alawar enes shas c hanged t he way i n whi c ht he Wi t h av i at i on emi s s i ons al one wor l d’ sai r por t soper at eonadai l y
bas i s– butt he f uelt he ai r c r af t ac t ual l yus ei st hes ameasi twas 20,30,40y ear sago.Sus t ai nabl e bi of uel s ,howev er ,ar epr ov i di nga f arc l eaners our c eofpowerf orour ai r c r af tand,whi l ebi l l i onswi l ls t i l l us et hem t ot r av er s et he gl obe, t he i mpac tt hos ej our ney s hav e c an,andwi l l ,bemuc hr educ ed. So, what ar e bi of uel s ex ac t l y ? Es s ent i al l y t hey ar e pr oduc ed f r om r enewabl es our c ess uc h as pl antorani malmat er i al ,unl i k e t r adi t i onalf os s i lf uel s whi c h ar e der i v edf r om c oal ,nat ur algasand oi l .I nt heor y ,bi of uel sc oul d be made f r om any r enewabl e bi ol ogi c al c ar bon mat er i al , al t hough t he mos t c ommon s our c es ar e pl ant st hat abs or b c ar bondi ox i deandus es unl i ghtt o gr ow –CO2t hen bei ngr el eas ed bac ki nt ot heear t h’ sat mos pher e whent hef ueli sbur nt .
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Fi r s tgener at i onbi of uel shav ebeenut i l i s edf ormany y ear s ,f or ex ampl ei nt r ans por t , home heat i ng, power gener at i on and al s oc ook i ng. The mos t c ommons our c eofpr oduc t i onf ort hes ei ss ugarr i c h pl ant sandal s obi oder i v edoi l s ,nei t herofwhi c hi s s ui t abl ef orus ei nai r c r af tast heydonotpr ov i det he per f or manc e and s af et yr equi r ed and ar e of t en manuf ac t ur ed f r om s t oc k st hat ar e not t r ul y s us t ai nabl e.I ndeed,oneoft hel ar ges tc hal l engesf or bi of uel si st out i l i s es our c est hatdonotc ompet ewi t h t hos eneededf orf oods uppl y . Now t hough, al gae and ot her s our c es s uc h as domes t i cwas t ear ebei ngus edt opr oduc es ec ond gener at i onbi of uel sandt hes e,whenpr oc es s edand bur ned di r ec t l y ,ormanuf ac t ur ed v i aac hemi c al c onv er s i on,mak ehi ghqual i t yj etanddi es elf uel s , ent i r el ys ui t abl ef orav i at i on us age.Nat ur al l yt he pr oc es s esr equi r edt opr oduc ebi of uel sneedt obe t ak eni nt oc ons i der at i ons o,whi l ebi of uelal onei s ex pec t ed t o ac hi ev ec ar bon neut r al i t y ov er i t s l i f ec y c l e,i n doi ng s o an es t i mat ed 80% ov er al l r educ t i oni nCO2emi s s i onss houl dbeac hi ev abl ei n c ompar i s onwi t hf os s i lf uel s .
TheUni t edSt at esmi l i t ar yhast hr owni t sf ul lwei ghtof suppor tbehi ndbi of uelusewi t ht heC17 ( above)and F22A Rapt or( bel ow)j ustt wo ofa numberoft ypes al r eadycl ear edf ort hei ruse( bot hi magesKar lDr age)
That ’ snotal l .Av i at i on’ shuger el i anc eonf os s i lf uel s means i t r emai ns c ommer c i al l y hos t age t o f l uc t uat i onsi nt hepr i c eofc r udeoi landofc our s e anyi s s ueswi t hs uppl y–notl eas tofwhi c hi st hef ac t t hatf os s i lf uel st hems el v esar e dwi ndl i ng nat ur al r es our c es .
G a t e w a yt ot h eA m e r i c a s Ai rsi deatMi amiInternati onal
Thes ear eex c i t i ngt i mesf orMi amiI nt er nat i onal .Theai r por tr ec ent l yopenedanew t er mi nal andi nt r oduc edenhanc ement st oot herf ac i l i t i esand,wi t hf ur t heri mpr ov ement st ot r ans por t l i nk ss c hedul edt obec ompl et edi nt henearf ut ur e,t hi sr epr es ent ss i gni f i c anti nv es t mentf r om t heai r por towner s ,Mi ami DadeCount y .PaulDunnr epor t sf r om Fl or i daf orGl obalAv i at i on Magaz i ne. Mi amiI nt er nat i onalAi r por t( MI A) s t y l esi t s el fast he“ Gat ewayt ot he Amer i c as ”andoc c upi esauni que pos i t i on amongs tai r por t si nt he Uni t ed St at es .Manyr es i dent sof t hec i t yofMi amiands ur r oundi ng ar eas i ns out her n Fl or i da hav e f ami l yc onnec t i onst oc ount r i esi n Cent r alandL at i nAmer i c aandt he Car i bbean.Ther ear eal s os i z eabl e c ommuni t i es of peopl e of Eur opeanor i gi ni nc l udi ngFr enc h, Ger mans and Rus s i ans . Thi s di v er s e demogr aphi ci sr ef l ec t ed i nt heuni quev ar i et yofai r l i nest o be s een att he ai r por tand t he s el ec t i onofdes t i nat i onss er v ed.
I n 2010, t he ai r por t handl ed near l y 36 mi l l i on pas s enger s , mak i ngi tt he12t hbus i es tai r por t i nt heUS.Howev er ,whenv i ewed i n t er ms of i nt er nat i onal pas s enger s ,t he ai r por ts c or es muc h hi gher– al mos t17 mi l l i on pas s enger mov ement s put s i t s ec ond onl yt o New Yor k ’ sJ FK ai r por t .Mi ami al s os c or eshi ghl yi n t heamountoff r ei ghthandl ed.I n t er ms oft ot alc ar go,MI Al ags behi nd t heFedExand UPS hubs ( Memphi s and L oui s v i l l e r es pec t i v el y )butonc eagai nl eads t hef i el dwheni nt er nat i onal f r ei ght i sc ons i der ed.
Mai n -Col umbi an nat i onalcar r i erAvi anca oper at es a si zeabl er out e net wor kf r om Mi ami ,usi ng Ai r busA320 ser i esai r cr af t ,suchast hi sA318.Ri ght-LAN Chi l ehas al ar gepr esenceatMI Aandoper at esser vi cest osever al Lat i nAmer i candest i nat i ons,mai nl yusi ngt he767
Theai r por tt r ac esi t shi s t or ybac k t ot heear l yday sofav i at i on–t he f i r s tf l i ght oper at i ons began i n 1928,when Pan Amer i c an Fi el d wases t abl i s hedont henor t hs i de oft hec ur r entai r por ts i t e.PanAm
mov ed outs hor t l y af t er war ds t o c onc ent r at e on s eapl ane oper at i ons , but Eas t er n Ai r l i nes mov edi ndur i ng1934,begi nni nga l ong as s oc i at i on wi t ht he ai r por t whi c hl as t edunt i lt heai r l i nef ai l ed
i n1991. The ai r por t was pur c has ed by Mi ami Dade Count yi nt he 1940s and was ex t ens i v el y dev el oped. Theor i gi nalt er mi nalont henor t h
obalAvi at i onRes our c e Mor eGl ar t i cl eson ai r por t s
TheVampi rePreservati on Group
Vampi reT. 11WZ507/GVTI I
I fy ou' r ear eg ul a rBr is ha i r s howsa endee,t her e' sag oodc ha nc ey ou' l lha v es eendeHa v i l l a nd Va mpi r eT . 11WZ 507bei ngdi s pl a y edf ory ourv i ewi ngpl ea s ur ea ts omepoi nti nt hel a s tdec a de. T hos es ev enmi nut esofent er t a i nmentc omea ta na wf ul l yhi g hc os tt ot hei ndi v i dua l swhoma i nt a i n a ndoper a t et heVa mpi r e;ac os twhi c hs t unnedE l l i o Ma r s hwhenhemetwi t hVa mpi r epi l otMa r k Hoot onf orac ha ta boutex a c t l ywha tg oesi nt ok eepi ngt hi sl ov el yv i nt a g ej etfly i ng . L ook i ngbac konl y15y ear sors o, t he Br i t i s hc l as s i cj ets c ene was t hr i v i ng wi t ht he ar r i v ali ns hor t or der of doz ens of ex mi l i t ar y Roy alAi r For c e and Swi s s Ai r For c e ai r c r af t ont o t he c i v i l r egi s t er . The v i nt age j et ent hus i as t was s poi l edf orc hoi c e;t heOl dFl y i ng Mac hi ne Company oper at ed s ev er alex Swi s s Hawk erHunt er F. 58sal ongs i det hel i k esofF86A Sabr e,T33 Shoot i ng St ar ,L 39 Al bat r os sandMi G15,t heSour c e Cl as s i cJ etFl i ghtatBour nemout h Ai r por twer er egul arat t endeesat Br i t i s h ai r s hows wi t ht hei rl ar ge f l eetofdeHav i l l andVenomsand Vampi r esand ot heri ndependent oper at or sf l ew al lmannerofot her c l as s i cj et s wi t h Hunt er s ,Gnat s and J et Pr ov os t si n par t i c ul ar bei ngi nabundanc e.
The c l as s i c j et pr es er v at i on l ands c apei n2011i sanal t oget her di f f er entpi c t ur e. Whi l e we ar e s t i l lbl es s edi nt heUKwi t hs ev er al Hunt eroper at or s ,a heal t hy J et Pr ov os t and St r i k emas t er popul at i onandout f i t sl i k et heAi r At l ant i que Cl as s i c Fl i ght at Cov ent r y , t o us e a pr i mar y ex ampl e,doi ng t hei rbi tt ok eep v i nt agej et sei t heri nt heai rori n r unni ngor deratt hev er yl eas t ,i t ’ s f ai rt os ayt hatt henumber sar eon t hedec l i ne.
f oughty earony ear ,t ok eept hes e wonder f ul mac hi nes ai r wor t hy . Thegener aldec l i neoft hes c ene means t hatf ormany ,t he onl y wayt os ur v i v ei st os eeks uppor t f r om t hi r dpar t ys pons or s ,gr oups ori ndi v i dual s .
One s uc h or gani s at i on,and an out f i tt hatwi l ll i k el ybeaf ami l i ar name t o many ai r s howgoer s s i nc ei t si nc ept i oni n2005,i st he Vampi r e Pr es er v at i on Gr oup ( “ VPG” ) . For med byagr oup of pi l ot sand ent hus i as t st o ens ur e Ac ur s or ygl anc eov ert hel i s tof t he c ont i nued oper at i on of an t y pest hathav ebeenmot hbal l ed, i nc r edi bl yv al uedandv al uabl ede gr ounded ors ol d abr oad i nt he Hav i l l andVampi r eT. 11,t heVPG l as t dec ade mak es f or gr i m ar e bas ed out ofNor t h Weal d v i ewi ng; wi t h oper at i ng c os t s ai r f i el di n Es s ex ,i t s el fa hi v e of f or ev eront her i s eandt hes pec t r e c l as s i c j et ac t i v i t y wi t h t he of hi gh i ns ur anc e pr emi ums Vampi r es har i ngr amps pac ewi t h l oomi ngov ert hei ndus t r y ,i thas Kennet Av i at i on and Swor ds bec omeal mos tanongoi ngbat t l e, Av i at i on.
Mor eGl obalAvi at i onRes our c e
ar t i cl eson t heUK ai r show scene
The Vampi r e’ s DH Gobl i n engi ne of t en cr eat esal i t t l ef l ameonst ar t( El l i ot tMar sh)
The de Hav i l l and Vampi r e T. 11 wast hel as toft heVampi r ebr eed, wi t h s ome 700 manuf ac t ur ed bet ween1950and1966. Fori t s t i me, t he T. 11 was a hi ghl y ef f ec t i v e j et t r ai ner , wi t h s i deby s i de s eat i ng and dual c ont r ol s mak i ng i tt he per f ec t mount f or s t udent s and i ns t r uc t or s . Ex c el l ent handl i ng, c oupl ed wi t h s uper b v i s i bi l i t y af f or ded by t he l ar ge bubbl e c anopy ,f ur t her added t o t he T. 11’ smer i tasat r ai ner . The Vampi r e i n ques t i on i s WZ507,bel i ev ed t o be t he l as t r emai ni ngai r wor t hyT. 11v ar i ant , and t he onl yr emai ni ng ex RAF Vampi r e s t i l l ai r wor t hy i n t he wor l d.‘ 507’wasmanuf ac t ur edi n Chr i s t c hur c h,Dor s eti n1952wi t h a RAF s er v i c e hi s t or ys panni ng s ome16y ear s ,dur i ngwhi c ht i me i t was i ni t i al l y oper at ed as an adv anc edt r ai nerwi t h229OCUat RAFChi v enor ,bef or et r ans f er r i ng t o 8 FTS atRAF Swi nder byand l at t er l y 5 FTS atRAF Oak i ngt on bef or e a s t i nt at t he Ci v i l Ant i Ai r c r af tCooper at i on Uni tat Ex et er . WZ507endedi t ss er v i c e c ar eeratt he Cent r alAi rTr af f i c
Cont r ol Sc hool atRAFShawbur yi n 1969, af t er whi c h t i me t he ai r f r ame was pl ac ed on s t at i c di s pl ay at t he Sol way Av i at i on Soc i et y( “ SAS” )atCar l i s l eand a l engt hy per i od of r es t or at i on begant her eaf t er . Si nc ei t spos t r es t or at i ondebuti n 2002, WZ507 has bec ome a f ami l i arpar t i c i pantatai r s howsi n t heUKandEur ope,f al l i ngunder t he VPG banner i n 2005 as a means ofas s ur i ng t he ai r c r af t ’ s c ont i nuedoper at i on.
“ Ther ear e al otofot herpr i v at e pi l ot swhowoul dl ov et of l yi t ,but per hapsi ft heyt ookupf l y i ngat t oo l at e an age,t heymi ghtnot c at c h on t ot he t hi ng” ,ex pl ai ns Hoot s .“ I ft hey hav e enough t r oubl e mas t er i ng aCes s na172, get t i ng t o gr i ps wi t hs omet hi ng l i k et heVampi r emi ghtbebey ond t hem andt her e’ sar i s kt heai r c r af t maybedamageddur i ngt r ai ni ng. ”
At pr es ent ,t he di s pl ay f l y i ng honour sf al lt o Chi efPi l otMat t Hampt on,an ai r l i ne Seni orFi r s t Of f i c erwhohasf l ownt heVampi r e f orj us ts hyofadec ade,andMar k “ Hoot s ” Hoot on, a c har i s mat i c Aus t r al i an ai r l i ne pi l ot who has al mos t10, 000 hour s ’ex per i enc e underhi sbel t .Mat tandHoot sar e t he s ol e di s pl ay pi l ot sf or t he Vampi r eand,wi t ht hepr oc es sof t r ai ni ngf ur t herpi l ot sbei ngc os t l y andt hes af et yc onc er nsofdoi ng s oul t i mat el yt oor i s k y ,t her ear e c ur r ent l ynopl ansaf oott oc onv er t The man hi msel f , Mar k Hoot on ot herpi l ot st oWZ507.
pr epar es t o gi ve WZ507 a dr i nk ( Kar lDr age)
C radl eofAvi at i onMus e um L ongI s l and, Ne wYork
Tuckedawayi naqui etcor nerofasubur bofNew Yor ki sasmal lavi at i onmuseum wi t habi gst or yt ot el l .TheCr adl eofAvi at i onMuseum i shousedi naf ew hangar sof whatwasonceMi t chelFi el d,abusyAi rFor ceBasewhi chcl osedi n1961.Notf ar away,onl y40mi nut esbyt r ai nont heLongI sl andRai lRoad,i st hebust l i ngseaof humani t yt hati sNew Yor kCi t y.Chr i sWoodpaysavi si t . Above -The f i r str ecor ded f l i ght son Long I sl and wer e wi t ht he Her r i ng Cur t i ssGol den Fl yeri nJ ul y 1909.Thi s exampl ei sa r epl i ca,one ofsever alt hatt he museum has on di spl ay.Bel ow -The museum was ext ensi vel y moder r ni sedi nt hel at e1990s,wi t hanai r yat r i um andI MAX ci nemabei ngadded.
Thef i r stsi ghtt hatgr eet st hevi si t ori st hi sGr umman F11A Ti ger i n Bl ue Angel s col our s hangi ng i nt he at r i um.
The Cr adl e of Av i at i on Mus eum has been i n ex i s t enc es i nc e1980butwasc l os edandex t ens i v el y r ebui l ti nt hel at e1990s ,r eopeni ngi n2002.Thi s r ebui l dr es ul t ed i n one of t he hangar s bei ng demol i s hedandal ar ge,ai r yat r i um andanI MAX c i nemabei ngbui l ti ni t spl ac e. Vi s i t or s ent er v i at he at r i um and ar e at f i r s t c onf r ont ed by a Gr umman F11A Ti geri n Bl ue Angel s c ol our s , hangi ng f r om t he c ei l i ng. Gr umman’ sf ac t or yandai r f i el dwer eatBet hpage, whi c hi sonl yaf ew mi l esaway .Al s ohangi ngi nt he at r i um i saFl eet2,whi c hwasoneoft hef i r s tf i v e ai r c r af tus ed byt he Roos ev el tAv i at i on Sc hoolat near byMi neol a.Ther ear eal s oaf ew ot herf l y i ng mac hi neswi t hl oc alc onnec t i ons . Mos toft heex hi bi t sar ei nt wohangar st ot her i ght oft heat r i um.Ent r yi sont hef i r s tf l oor ,pas s i ngby af l y abl er epl i c aofaSper r yMes s engeront heway . TheMes s engerwasdes i gnedbyt heUni t edSt at es Ar myAi rSer v i c e and bui l tbyt he Sper r yAi r c r af t CompanyatFar mi ngdal e,agai n onl yaf ew mi l es away .I twaspower edbyaL awr anc eengi ne,al s o bui l tl oc al l y . Des i gned t or epl ac et he des pat c h
The Sper r y Messengerwasbui l tby Lawr ence Sper r y, i nvent oroft he aut opi l ot .None oft he or i gi nal s have sur vi ved,t hi si s anot her oft he museum' s excel l ent r epl i cas.
mot or bi k ef or del i v er i ng mes s ages , one of t he Mes s enger ’ sc l ai mst of amewast hati twasus edt o c onduc tt r i al s i nv ol v i ng hook i ng ai r c r af t ont o ai r s hi ps ,andt hes et r i al swer ec onduc t edatMi t c hel Fi el di n1922.Anot herc l ai mt of amei st hatL awr enc e Sper r y ,i nv ent oroft he aut opi l ot ,was l os twhi l s t f l y i ngoneac r os st heEngl i s hChanneli nDec ember 1923.Onl yar el at i v el ys mal lnumberwer ebui l tand noneoft heor i gi nal ss ur v i v e.
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The 250th Presi denti alAi rl i ft Wi ng
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