U S SG e o r g eH . W. B u s h “ F r e e d o mA t Wo r k ”
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CONT E NT S I NS I DEI S S UE5
THE CHI NA AVI ATI ON MUSEUM -DATANGSHAN PaulDunn t r av el st o Chi na and a mus eum boas t i ngac ol l ec t i onl i k eno ot her .
25 YEARS OF THE AI RBUSA320 On22Febr uar y1987t heAi r busA320 f l ew f ort hef i r s tt i me. Now,25y ear s on,PaulDunnex ami nest hehi s t or yof t hi shugel ys uc c es s f ulai r c r af t .
AVI ATI ON PROFI LES: CLAYLACY I nt hef i r s tar t i c l eofanew s er i esRob Edgc umbe s peak st oat r ue av i at i on l egendaboutaqui t ei nc r edi bl ec ar eer .
I NTRODUCI NG:FORESTAVI ATI ON TOURS Spec i al i s i ngi nmi l i t ar yav i at i on,For es tAv i at i onTour sgi v esy ouaf ant as t i coppor t uni t yt o v i s i t ,enj oyandphot ogr aphmanyoft heaer os pac ehi ghl i ght st hatar eav ai l al abl ei nt heUSA.
USS GEORGE H. W. BUSH -“ FREEDOM AT WORK” Fol l owi ngonf r om GAR’ spor tv i s i tt o CVN77 ear l yi n 2011,PaulDops on j oi ned t he c ar r i eri nt he 6t h Fl eet ’ s ar eaofoper at i ons .
UP,UPAND AWAY! PaulDops oni sGAR’ sr es i denthotai r bal l oonpi l otandher eheal l owsust o s har e i n hi s r ec ent bal l ooni ng adv ent ur es ,s ome mor e pi c t ur es que t hanot her s !
WI WOL - WHEN I WASON LI GHTNI NGS I nt he f i r s toft wo ar t i c l es on t he s ubj ec t ,Gar et h St r i ngert al k st ot he RAF’ sl as tL i ght ni ngdi s pl aypi l ot ,J on Fy nes , about f l y i ng t hi s qui t e r emar k abl eai r c r af t .
USAF PI STONPOWER Fol l owi ng on f r om a l ook bac k at USAF’ s Wi l l i am Tel l aer i al c ombat ex er c i s esi nI s s ue2,L i nds ayPeac oc k onc e agai n del v es i nt ot he ar c hi v es and t hi st i me pl uc k souta bunc h of pi c t ur es of l ov el y pi s t onpower ed ai r c r af t .
THE CHI NA AVI ATI ON MUSEUM DATANGSHAN
Ther er eal l yi s no ot hermus eum c ol l ec t i on qui t el i k et he Chi na Av i at i on Mus eum at Dat angs han.Themus eum i senor mous ,wi t hl ot sofai r c r af tondi s pl ay ,i nc l udi ngs omeuni que t y peswhi c har enott obes eenany wher eel s e.PaulDunnr epor t sf orGAM. Ex i s t enc e of a c ol l ec t i on of pr es er v ed, hi s t or i c ai r c r af t i n Chi naf i r s tc amet ol i ghti n1989, whent heChi naAv i at i onMus eum openedi t sdoor st ot hepubl i c .I t was c l eart hatChi na had been c ol l ec t i ngai r c r af tf ors omey ear s bef or et hat ,andt he‘ di s c ov er y ’of t he mus eum c aus ed a s t i r amongs t ent hus i as t s and obs er v er si nt hewes t . The
or i gi nal mus eum
s omewhat r udi ment ar y and c haot i c . Rec ent l yal ar ge new di s pl ay hal lopened whi c h has br oughtt he l oc at i on up t o dat e, butt hes i t es t i l lr et ai nsmuc hofi t s c har ac t er ;s omear easr es embl ea s c r apy ar dasmuc hasamus eum, butpok i ngar oundi nt hos ear eas i s def i ni t el y par toft he f un of v i s i t i ng!
s our c es .Mos tar eor i gi nal l ySov i et des i gns , es pec i al l y t he ol der mi l i t ar y ai r c r af t .Howev er ,t her e ar eal s oc ons i der abl enumber sof Wes t er nt y pes and al s o ai r c r af t whi c har epr oduc t sofChi na’ sown ai r c r af t manuf ac t ur i ng i ndus t r y . Dur i ng t he l at e 1950s ,r el at i ons wi t ht heSov i etUni onbr ok edown ov er doc t r i nal di f f er enc es ( t he Si noSov i etRi f toc c ur r edi n1960) Themus eum f eat ur esmi l i t ar yand c ut t i ng of ft he s uppl yofai r c r af t was c i v i l i an ai r c r af tf r om a v ar i et yof andt ec hnol ogyf r om t hats our c e.
T HEAI RBUSA320AT25
Kar lDr age
I ti snow 25y ear ss i nc et heAi r busA320madei t smai denf l i ght .Si nc et hen,t heai r c r af thas pr ov edar emar k abl es uc c es sf orAi r busandc ont i nuest os el li nl ar genumber s .PaulDunn t ak esal ookatt hehi s t or yoft hi sr ev ol ut i onar yai r l i ner . TheA320c ameaboutasar es ul t of a dev el opment pr oj ec t by Ai r busi nt hel at e1970s .Byt hat t i me,t hec ompanyhadl aunc hed i t s A300 and A310 wi debody ai r c r af t ,whi c h had s een s t eady s al es and been gener al l y wel l r ec ei v ed.The or i gi nalA300 had i nt r oduc ed s ome moder n c ons t r uc t i on t ec hni ques and i mpr ov ed aer ody nami c s and av i oni c s but was es s ent i al l ya c onv ent i onal des i gn, wi t h t he ear l yv er s i ons hav i ng t r adi t i onal i ns t r ument at i on and a f l i ght ngi neer . A USAi r waysA319appr oachesWashi ngt onNat i onalAi r por t( RobEdgcumbe) e
Wear i ngt heol dMonar chAi r l i nescol our s,t hi sA320i sseenonappr oacht oGat wi ck( PaulDopson)
Hav i ng made i nr oads i nt ot he l onghaulmar k et ,Ai r bus dec i ded t o dev el op a s i ngl eai s l e, s hor t haulj et ,i nor dert ot ak eon t he Boei ng 737 and Mc Donnel l Dougl as DC9. Thr ee ‘ Si ngl e Ai s l e’ s t udi es wer e di s c us s ed, t er med SA1, SA2 and SA3, c ov er i ngt he125180s eatmar k et . I twasdec i dedt opr oc eedwi t ht he SA2 c onc ept ,whi c h was a 150 s eat er ; t he SA1 and SA3 c onc ept s ,howev er ,woul dmak ea r eappear anc eatal at erdat e.
Hav i ng s et t l ed on t he SA2 c onc ept ,dev el opmentbeganand, i n1981,t hepr oj ec twasr enamed A320.Fr om t hes t ar t ,Ai r buss et outt o bui l dac ompl et el y new ai r c r af t and i nc or por at ed s ome adv anc ed t ec hnol ogy not pr ev i ous l ys eenonac i v i lai r l i ner , pr i mar i l yt hei ns t al l at i onofadi gi t al f l y by wi r e( FBW) f l i ght c ont r ol s y s t em ( Conc or de had us ed an anal ogue FBW s y s t em) . Thi s enabl ed t r adi t i onal mec hani c al l i nk ages t o be di s pens ed wi t h,
FWWBA A320MSN 1athomei nToul ouse( PaulDopson)
meani ngabi gr educ t i oni nwei ght . I t al s o al l owed f l i ght env el ope pr ot ec t i ons t o be i nc or por at ed. Thes e pr ot ec t i ons enhanc et he s af et yoft heai r c r af tbypr ev ent i ng pi l ot sf r om ex c eedi ngc er t ai ns af e par amet er sandi nc l udehi ghand l ow s peed pr ot ec t i onsand bank angl el i mi t at i on. The di gi t alFBW t ec hnol ogyhad hi t her t obeenonl ys eenonmi l i t ar y ai r c r af t ,s oi t si nc or por at i on i nt o t he A320 was s omewhat
AVI ATI ON PROFI LES :
CLAYLACY
Cl ay i nf r ontoft he Uni t ed 747,Fr i endshi p One, t hat went ar ound t he wor l dr ai si ng moneyf orchi l dr en' schar i t i es
Ther ear emanyl egendar ynamesi nt heav i at i onbus i nes sbutonet hatwi l lal way sbehi ghon t hel i s ti sCl ayLacy. RobEdgcumbes atdownwi t hhi mf orGAM t ol ear nabouthi smany ex pl oi t si nav i at i onandt hebus i nes shec ont i nuest or un. I magesar ef r om TheCl ayL ac y Col l ec t i onunl es sot her wi s es t at ed. Spendi ng t i me wi t h Cl ay L ac yi s l i k e a c ondens ed v er s i on of pos t warav i at i on. He i sa man who was det er mi ned t o be an av i at or and t hen f ol l owed t hat det er mi nat i onwi t hget t i nghi ms el f i nv ol v ed i ns o many as pec t s of av i at i on ov ert he y ear st hathe s eemst o hav edonei tal l . Thi s pr es ent sapr obl em whent r y i ngt o wr i t e about hi m. How c an I pos s i bl ys ummar i s e hi sc ar eeri n any t hi ngl es st hanal ar gebook ? ! ?
Ot her s hav e ac t ual l y wr i t t en book sonhi sl i f ei nav i at i onbutI am nott r y i ngt odot hat .I ns t ead, Iwantt opr ov i deenought ogi v ea f eel i ngf ort heman.Is us pec ty ou wi l lt hen bet empt ed t o do y our ownr es ear c hons omeoral lofhi s manyex pl oi t satal at erdat e. Aswi t h al ls t or i es ,i ti spr obabl y appr opr i at e t o s t ar t at t he begi nni ng. Cl ay gr ew up i n Wi c hi t a,Kans asandwasay oung
l adast heSec ondWor l dWarwas wi ndi ngdown. Hi sgr andmot her had a f ar m ac r os sf r om a gol f c our s eonwhi c haguyhads t or ed anumberofl i ghtai r c r af tt hathe hadac qui r edaf t erbei ngdec l ar ed s ur pl usbyt hemi l i t ar y .Cl ays pent t i mehangi ngoutov ert her eand, whent heguys ai dhewasl ook i ng f oran ai r f i el dt os t ar toper at i ng f r om, Cl ay dec i ded hi s gr andmot her ’ sf ar m woul dpr ov i de agr eats ol ut i on.
Hi sper s uas i v es k i l l swer e up t o t het as kand,wi t hi nt hr eeweek s , as t r i p had been c utoutoft he f i el dsandt hepl aneswer ef l y i ng. Hi sf ar mi ngc ar eerwasov er !Cl ay s pentasmuc ht i met her eashe c oul d, hel pi ng out and get t i ng c oc k pi tt i measr ec ompens e. As t i mewentby ,hes pentmor eand mor et i mef l y i ng,of t ens ol o.Thi s s t ar t ed t o be not i c ed – mai nl y s i nc e he was appr oac hi ng 14 y ear sol datt het i me.Hewast ol d t ogetas t udent ’ sper mi tqui c k l yi f hewant ed t ok eep f l y i ng,s o he di d–t heper mi twasonl yav ai l abl e t o16y earol dsandabov es o,as f arast heFAAwasc onc er nedf or t henex tf ourdec ades ,t hat ’ show ol dCl aybec ame! As he ex pl ai ns ,“ I t went al l t hr ough my c ar eer unt i lj us t bef or e Ir et i r ed f r om Uni t ed. I s t r ai ght enedi toutt hen. WhenI was c omi ng up on 58, Uni t ed t houghtIwas60andwasgoi ngt o r et i r e!Iwentandgotmyl i c ens es c hangedatt heFAA.ThenIf ound outt hatIwas n’ tt heonl yper s on t hathaddonet hat . Iwasabout t he f our t eent h per s on t hathad c hangedt hei rage! ”
A youngCl aywi t haSt i nsonSt at i onWagon
The GI Bi l l was f undi ng pi l ot t r ai ni ngf ors ol di er sbac kf r om t he war and t her e wer e pl ent y of s t udent sf orCl ayt ot r ai n.Hi snex t s t ep wast o geta j ob wi t ht he ai r l i nes . At 19 y ear s ol d, he s ec ur edhi ms el faj obi nt her i ght s eatofDC3sf l y i ngf orUni t ed.He wast hey ounges tf i r s tof f i c ert he ai r l i nehad.
Thenex tques t i onwaswher ehe woul d be pos t ed. “ Mos t new pi l ot s went t o New Yor k or Chi c ago. Wes t Coas t was a popul arpl ac eandy ouhadt owor k y our way out t oi t . When I gr aduat edf l i ghts c hool ,mos tguy s wer ef r om New Yor korChi c ago Byt heageof16–r eal l y16,not andwant edt ogobac ks oIhad what ev eraget heFAAhad–Cl ay myc hoi c e.Ic amet oL Aandhav e hadhi si ns t r uc t or ’ sr at i ngandwas al way ss t ay ed her e. ” He was c l oc k i nguphour satahi ghr at e. oc c as i onal l yoper at i ngf r om ot her
l oc at i onsbutt hes ewer ebas i c al l y c ommut esf r om hi sL osAngel es bas e. Two y ear si nt o hi st i me wi t h Uni t ed and anot her f l y i ng oppor t uni t ypr es ent edi t s el f . The dr af tboar ds t i l lex i s t ed att hat t i me s o Cl ay dec i ded a good s ol ut i onwoul dbet oj oi nt heAi r Nat i onalGuar d.Hewentt hr ough Ai rFor c e pi l ott r ai ni ng and t hen c ame t o t he guar d ( whi l e c ont i nui ngt of l yf orUni t ed)wher e he s pentt he nex ts ev en y ear s f l y i ngF86Sabr es .Theyal s ohad av ar i et yofot herai r c r af ti nc l udi ng B25s ,C47sandT6s .“ What ev er t hey had, I f l ew. ” ( Cl ay was r ec al l edt oac t i v edut yi n196162. The uni t had, by t hat t i me, c onv er t edt oC97s . )
F86soft heCal i f or ni aAi rNat i onalGuar d' s146t hFW
Vi ew mor eGl obalAvi at i onRes our c e
Avi at i on Pr of i l es
USSGeorgeH. W.Bush “ F reedomatwork”
Fol l owi ngonf r om GAR’ sv i s i tt o“ TheBus h”oni t sL i ber t ypor tv i s i tt oPor t s mout h,UK,wewer e pr i v i l egedt oac c eptani nv i t at i ont oj oi nt hec ar r i erats ea.PaulDopson r epor t sf r om t he Uni t edSt at esNav y ’ s6t hFl eetar eaofoper at i ons ,s omewher ei nt heMedi t er r aneanSea. TheUSSGeor geH. W.Bus horCVN77,asi ti sk nown t ot heUSNav y ,i st hel at es tandl as tc ar r i eri nt he ‘ Ni mi t z ’c l as s . Bui l t by Nor t hr op Gr umman and power edbyt wonuc l earr eac t or s ,i twi l lhav ea50 y ears er v i c el i f e.Amongs tot heri mpr ov ement s ,i thas ar edes i gnedf l i ghtdec kt hatal l owsus eofal lf our c at apul t ss i mul t aneous l y ,af i r s ti nt he‘ Ni mi t z ’c l as s . Fol l owi ng t he c ompl et i on of i t s c ur r ent f i r s t oper at i onal depl oy menti twi l l ber et ur ni ngt opor tf or awhol es er i esofupgr adesand i mpr ov ement s .I n f ac tCVN77 i sal s oc ar r y i ng outdev el opmentf or f ut ur es y s t emst obei nc or por at edi nt ot henew USN ‘ For d’c l as sofc ar r i er s ,t hef i r s tofwhi c hi sduet obe del i v er edi n2015. Themai denc r ui s eofCVN77aspar tofCar r i erSt r i k e Gr oup 2 ( CSG2)r epr es ent ed s ome not abl ef i r s t s . Embar k edi sCar r i erAi rWi ng8( CVW8)oneoft he mos t di s t i ngui s hed uni t s of t he USN. CVW8 i naugur at est he new or gani s at i onalphi l os ophy f or depl oy edUSN Ai rWi ngs .Fort hef i r s tt i mei nt er ms
oft hec ombatj etel ement ,t heAi rWi ngc ompr i s es onl yHor netandSuperHor net s .I fwei gnor et het wo embar k edAEW E2CHawk ey esf ort hemoment ,t hi s ant i c i pat es t he f ut ur ec ompos i t i on i nf i x ed wi ng t er msoft heCar r i erAi rWi ngunt i lt hear r i v aloft he F35.
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CVW8i smadeupof2200peopl e,wi t habout74 ai r c r af tc ompr i s i ng ei ghts quadr ons ,f i v e ofwhi c h us et he Hor net .L egac y Hor net sar e oper at ed by VFA87 “ Gol den War r i or s ” and VFA15 “ Val i ons ” , SuperHor net sbyVFA31“ Tomc at t er s ”andVFA213 “ Bl ac kL i ons ” .Roundi ng outt heHor nets quadr ons andmak i ngi t sf i r s toper at i onalc ar r i erdepl oy menti s VAQ141 “ Shadowhawk s ” , wi t ht he new Boei ng
TheHor neti snow t hemai nst ayoft heCar r i erAi rWi ng
Cat apul tt hr ustbl astshi el dsar eal socheckedbet ween cycl es
Thi sVAQ141ShadowhawksEA18G Gr owl eri l l ust r at es t hewi ngt i pmount edel ect r oni ccount ermeasur epods
Up ,Upa n dAwa y !
Sear c hi ngf orgoodweat herf ors omet r ai ni ngf l i ght sandt ak i ngpar ti nt hef i r s tUKbal l oon meetoft hey ear ,PaulDopsonr epor t sonal lt hi ngsbal l ooni ng. Asr eader soft heGARwebs i t ewi l l k now I ’ m t he t eam’ si nt r epi d bal l oonpi l ot-f ul lofhotai r ,Ihear y ous ay !Thebal l ooni ngbughas c er t ai nl yt ak enhol dofourf ami l y and mypar t ner ,Heav en,i swel l adv anc ed i n her t r ai ni ng t o bec ome a pi l ott oo.To k eep up t hemoment um i nt hi swetwi nt er of2011wedec i dedt oheadoutt o Mondov i ,I t al y ,t ot he Camer on Bal l oonsI t al i aFl i ghtSc hoolf ora c ombi nedChr i s t masbr eakandf or s omef l y i ng.
Gi ovanniand Heaven getai r bor ne i nt heLi qui gasCamer onZ77
The beaut y oft he ar ea ar ound Mondov ii st hati ti ss hel t er edby t heAl ps ,c r eat i ng anearper f ec t env i r onmentt of l ybal l oons .Ov er 300 day sa y ear ar e gener al l y f l y abl e wi t ht he wi nd av er agi ng oat i ng over t he ar ound 5k t s - t he c ompl et e Fl P i e d mo n t c o u n t r y s i d e oppos i t et oWal eswher ewear e bas ed!
beaut i f ul
Ourgr eatf r i end Gi ov anniAi mo r unst hef l i ghts c hoolandhehas ov er6000f l y i nghour si nbot hgas and hot ai r bal l oons and i sa mul t i pl eI t al i an c hampi on. The ai mf orHeav enont hi st r i pwast o gai n ar ec ommendat i on f r om an i ns t r uc t orf orherGener alFl y i ng Tes t ( GFT) . Onc e a r ec ommendat i on i s gai ned t he GFT i st ak en wi t h an ex ami ner , whi c h,whenpas s ed,l eadst ot hei r s ol of l i ghtandl i c ens e. Chr i s t mas Ev e mor ni ng br ought t he ‘ as adv er t i s ed’ per f ec t weat her :j us tbel ow f r eez i ng,not ac l oudi nt hes k yandwi ndc al m. We met Gi ov anni , who had br oughtal ong hi sCamer on Z77 f or Heav en’ sf i r s tf l i ght ; I was goi ng t or et r i ev ef ort hem.Wi t h t he c ondi t i ons s o per f ec t I wat c hed t hem f l oat ar ound f or near l yt wohour sbef or el andi ngc er t ai nl ya good wayt o mak ea qual i f i edpi l otv er yj eal ous !Smi l es al lr oundanda“ f ew mor ef l i ght s s houl ddoi t , ”s ay sGi ov anni .
St unni ngmor ni ngf l i ghtwi t hmi stcl ear i ngovert het ownofMondovii nt he shadow oft heAl ps
Mor e per f ec tweat heron Box i ng Day wi t h t wo f l i ght s on t he s c hedul e, t hi s t i me wi t h a Camer onZ105wi t hr oom f orme aspas s enger .Ont hel aunc hf i el d wewer ej oi nedbyanot herI t al i an c hampi on pi l ot , Paol o Oggi oni , who was c ar r y i ng out a c ommer c i alf l i ght .Cl i mbi ngupt o al t i t ude i twasa s t unni ng v i ew. Ther e had been no s now s i nc e
Nov ember and onl yt he hi gher par t s of t he Al ps had a s now c ov er i ng,muc ht ot hedi s mayof t he l oc al s k ir es or t s . Cl i mbi ng hi gherGi ov annies t i mat edt hatwe hadnear l y300k msv i s i bi l i t y ,and we c oul d c l ear l y s ee t he Mat t er hor n, t he Apenni nes mount ai nr angeandev en,l ook i ng s out h,t hes eaandCor s i c ac ame i nt ov i ew.
Lef t-St udentand t eacherchecki ng t hei nst r ument satal t i t ude.Ri ght-Gi ovannicar r yi ng outpr ef l i ghtchecks i nsi det heenvel opedur i ngcol di nf l at i on
Vi ew mor eGl obalAvi at i onRes our c e
ar t i cl eson bal l oonsandbl i mps
USAFPI ST ONPOWE R
Wi t hanar c hi v ef ul lofs t unni ngi mager yf r om adi f f er entt i me,Li ndsayPeacockonc eagai n del v esr i ghti nt oi t ast hi st i mehec el ebr at esUSAFPi s t onPower . Bac k att he begi nni ng oft he 1960s ,when If i r s t bec amei nt er es t ed i n av i at i on,pi s t onpowerpr et t y muc hr ei gned s upr eme.I nt he c ommer c i alwor l d, nat i onalf l ag c ar r i er swer es t i l lpr i mar i l yus i ng t he ul t i mat eex ampl esoft hepr opel l er dr i v enai r l i ner ,as c onc ei v ed,dev el opedandpr oduc edbyDougl asand L oc k heed.BOACandPanAm f l ew DC7sac r os st he At l ant i c ,whi l eTr ansWor l dAi r l i nes ,L uf t hans a,Tr ans
CanadaAi r l i nesandAi rFr anc eoper at edei t hert he Super Cons t el l at i on or St ar l i ner , as i ndeed di d Qant asandAi rI ndi a.J etpr opul s i onwasbegi nni ng t omak ei nr oads ,wi t ht heBoei ng707andDougl as DC8 begi nni ng a per i od ofUS domi nanc e oft he ai r l i nermar k et ,buti twoul dt ak eaf ew mor ey ear s bef or et hel as toft hepi s t onswasous t edf r om t he mai ns t r eam c ommer c i als c ene.
I nt er nat i onalai rt at t oosatGr eenham Common di d ver ywel lwhen i tcamet opar t i ci pat i on byKC97Ls.Ohi owas t her ei n 1974,whi l ei n 1973 t he honourf el lt o Wi sconsi n,whi ch pr ovi ded 20905,seen her e awai t i ng i t st ur nt o di spl ay.Thi swasoneyeart hatt hesundef i ni t el yshone‌
I nt hemi l i t ar ywor l d,t hepi s t on engi neenj oy eda r at hermor epr ol ongedl i f e,r emai ni ngi nus ei nf ai r l y s ubs t ant i al number sunt i l wel l i nt ot he1970s ,des pi t e s uf f er i ngani nex or abl edec l i nei nt hef ac eoft hej et ons l aught .Oneoft hepr i nc i pal us er sofpi s t onpower t hr oughoutt hi sper i od wast he Uni t ed St at esAi r For c e,whi c h att hes t ar toft he1960soper at eda di v er s ear r ayoft y pesr angi ngf r om t hedi mi nut i v e Beec h C45 r i ght up t o t he Dougl as C124 Gl obemas t er I I and al s o enc ompas s i ng t he U6
Beav er l i ght ut i l i t y ai r c r af t and HU16 Al bat r os s amphi bi an.Byt het i meIf i r s tpi c k edupac amer a and began s hoot i ng c ol ourt r ans par enc i est owar ds t heendoft hatdec ade,s omeoft hes eol df av our i t es haddi s appear edf r om t heUSAFi nv ent or y ,butpl ent y r emai ned, al t hough i t was gener al l y muc hl es s c ol our f ul ,l ar gel yasar es ul toft her emov aloft he v i v i d day gl ot hathad onc e ador ned v i r t ual l y al l t r ans por tai r c r af t .