THE ACT OF PLACE
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ABSTRACT
This project seeks to explore the current nature of place-making and the mechanisms within it. It asks the questions: “What if our planning instruments were based on something else other than the current formal and zonal requirements?” “What if it prioritized a specific need or objective to engender a qualitative outcome?” “What if it we reframed our planning instruments based on ecology and a natural landscape?” Framed within the context of Cremorne, Victoria, the project proposes a landscape schema to engender an opportunistic vision for the suburb – that which is derived from the suburb’s low-performing market indicators. Within the schema are design principles that range from a wider urban strategy to the smaller finer details which seeks to reframe our planning schemes in order to realize the landscape. These mechanisms that extend from the suburb, the street to the building place this vision with a directive outcome to affect the quality of life. This project recognises our voice as architects to engender a vision for a place. By redirecting our focus towards seeking opportunities, rather than restrictions, that actively improve the nature of our place, we can start a broader discussion on the mechanisms which allow us to define our place.
CONTENTS 004
00 PROBLEM FORMULATION 0 01 PROPOSITION
006
0 02 PROJECT CONTEXT
008
03 MARKET INDICATOR DRIVERS
010
04 THE LANDSCAPE SCHEMA
012
05 SEQUENCE OF DESIGN PRINCIPLES
014
06 POLICY FRAMEWORK 1: WIDER URBAN STRATEGY
016
07 POLICY FRAMEWORK 2: VALUE-CAPTURE MODEL
018
08 THE REALISATION OF THE SCHEMA
020
09 POLICY FRAMEWORK 3: PUBLIC DOMAIN INTERVENTIONS
022
10 POLICY FRAMEWORK 4: NEW DEVELOPMENT PROGRAMMATIC REQUIREMENTS
026
11 POLICY FRAMEWORK 5: COMMUNITY INCENTIVES/SUBSIDIES
030
12 LANDSCAPE SCHEMA ARCHITECTURAL VISION
032
RMIT Semester 2 2020 Major Project Project by: Karl Dela Torre Contact: karlnikko.dt@gmail.com 3
00
PROBLEM FORMULATION
As architects, we are concerned about the nature of our place. However, we often hear frustrations directed towards our place-making instruments such the various planning schemes and frameworks established by our government bodies which have been found to have been less successful in achieving specific strategic urban objectives. There is a perceived emphasis on formal requirements such as setbacks, building heights, street wall heights, and building class types, all without a directive motive. This engenders architecture as a rote-compliance measure, which merely places the object onto the landscape without contributing to the qualitative nature of the place. If we’ve recognized this current nature of the profession then I ask the question, “Are we exercising our political role in shaping our place?” Is it time for us to rethink the mechanisms within which our profession operates?
Current planning frameworks are concerned with formal and zonal requirements not geared towards a qualitative objective.
CREMORNE ST - CREMORNE NOTT ST - PORT MELBOURNE
LITTLE BOURKE ST - CBD PROST ST - NORTH MELBOURNE
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01
PROPOSITION
Cafes and Restaurants
Traffic Congestion
Topographic Variation
Retail/Shopping
Employment
Open Space
DOMAIN LIVEABILITY PERFORMANCE INDICATORS
Walkability
Education
Crime
Culture
To answer this question, I looked that the object at the centre of this discussion on place-making – our planning instrument, and asked another series of questions, “What if our planning instruments were based on something else other than the current formal and zonal requirements?” “What if it prioritized a specific need or objective to engender a qualitative outcome?” “What if it we reframed our planning instruments based on ecology and a natural landscape?” Here, I make the argument that we, as architects, have the capacity to capture new agenda within our planning systems. This vision of the landscape schema is derived from market indicators that define the performance and liveability of a place such as those in the Domain Liveable Suburbs Index. The project proposes to reprioritize within the planning scheme those objectives that allow a place to improve its liveability rating.
Tree Cover
Transport Access
What if our planning instruments prioritized a specific need or objective to engender a qualitative outcome?
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02
DOMAIN LIVEABLE SUBURBS RANK (2018)
RICHMOND HILL: 65th
PROJECT CONTEXT
CREMORNE: 135th
SOUTH YARRA: 2nd (1ST IN 2019)
In this proposal, the specific directive of the landscape schema has been driven by the intrinsic needs of the subject site – Cremorne, Victoria. Cremorne presents an interesting scenario as the suburb sits between South Yarra and the Richmond Hill-Burnley area, two established landscapes that provide a high quality of life as based on a market study by Domain’s Liveability Index. Yet, Cremorne performs poorly while being adjacent to these suburbs In 2018, Cremorne ranked 135th. This is significantly lower than the adjacent suburb South Yarra which ranked 2nd (in 2019 it ranked 1st).
Significant difference in suburb rating between Cremorne and South Yarra despite immediate adjacency.
SOUTH YARRA 2018 SUBURB RATING: 2ND (2019:1ST)
CREMORNE 2018 SUBURB RATING: 135TH
CREMORNE
SOUTH YARRA: 2nd (1ST IN 2019)
CREMORNE: 135th
RICHMOND HILL: 65th 9
MARKET INDICATOR DRIVERS
DOMAIN LIVEABILITY PERFORMANCE INDEX: CREMORNE VS SOUTH YARRA COMPARISON COMPARATIVELY HIGH PERFORMING INDICATORS:
Employment Provisions 14,000
12743
12,000 10,000
Transport Access Employment Retail/Shopping Cafes and Restaurants Cultural Venues
No of Jobs in Area
03
10,000
8,000 6,000 4,000 2,000
0 Cremorne
South Yarra
Percentage of Jobs in Retail 20%
18%
Richmond Station East Richmond Station
Percentage of Jobs in Retail
18% 16%
14%
12%
12% 10% 8% 6%
4% 2% 0% Cremorne*
South Yarra*
Percentage of Jobs in Food and Beverage 12%
South Yarra Station
Percentage of Jobs in Food and Beverage
10%
Low performing indicators as main driver of planning instrument. A closer analysis into the Liveability Peformance Indicators between the suburbs reveals that Cremorne already performs comparatively well on indicators that can be bound within architectural form but less so on those that point to a specific qualitative nature of a place such as traffic congestion, canopy cover and open space. Here, there is an emphasis that the quality of the landscape drives social and thus market preference. These low performing indicators became the primary drivers for the landscape schema.
11% 8%
8% 6%
4% 2% 0%
Cremorne*
South Yarra*
DOMAIN LIVEABILITY PERFORMANCE INDEX: CREMORNE VS SOUTH YARRA COMPARISON
Tree Cover
COMPARATIVELY LOW PERFORMING INDICATORS:
30% 25%
Tree Cover
Traffic Congestion Topographic Variation Open Space Canopy Cover
32% 32%
35%
20% 15% 10%
8% 8%
5% 0% Cremorne
Topographic Variation
South Yarra
Open Space
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04
THE LANDSCAPE SCHEMA
The landscape schema is proposed in order to reprioritize and emphasise these objectives and further allow Cremorne’s liveability performance to be comparable with the adjacent top-performing suburb. In this schema, the concept for the future condition of the place is ingrained within a reading of the existing conditions of the site as expressed by the language of the objective in order to raise the notion that architecture is intrinsically connected to these existing conditions and that it has the power to change the nature of the place. In this schema, Cremorne becomes a landscape bound by water in order to express its contained nature with major roads such as Punt Road, Swan St, Church St and City Link as well as the River Yarra and the MCG basin surrounding it. The suburb is connected by a cliff edge which represents the elevated railway that slices across the suburb. Different ecologies exist in different parts of the suburb. To the east of the escarpment, the suburb becomes a hill with dense bushy vegetation which unifies the area with the surrounding established hills in South Yarra and Richmond Hill. The western side of the suburb is represented as grassy woodlands, a loose canopy ecosystem, connecting to the MCG Basin. The suburb is then interspersed with forests that represent areas of high sustenance within the suburb.
The concept for the future condition of the place is ingrained within a reading of the existing conditions of the site.
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05
01 WIDER URBAN STRATEGY
Traffic Congestion
Topographic Variation
Open Space
The proposed landscape schema for Cremorne which prioritises liveability performance indicator objectives allows itself to embed within a wider urban strategy of sustainability such as that of the 20-minute neighbourhood of Plan Melbourne, accompanied by a value-capture model to fund infrastructure projects in the suburb. This then leads to the potential for reframing Cremorne’s urban landscape as belonging back to the natural. Through this re-interpretation, the frameworks within the properties allow for the landscape to manifest itself within the private realm. Thus, the sum of the parts of the policies and all of Cremorne allow the manifestation of the landscape schema which brings the suburb’s liveability closer to that of its top performing neighbour, South Yarra.
Tree Cover
H
U BO
O DS 8 RHO 00
02 VALUE-CA MODEL
M
EN T A R E A HM TC CA
20 MINUTE N EI G
SEQUENCE OF DESIGN PRINCIPLES
00 LANDSCAPE SCHEMA
APTURE
03 PUBLIC DOMAIN INTERVENTIONS
04 NEW DEVELOPMENT PROGRAMMATIC REQUIREMENTS
05 EXISTING DEVELOPMENT INCENTIVES
06-00 LANDSCAPE SCHEMA
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06
POLICY FRAMEWORK 1: WIDER URBAN STRATEGY
The schema serves as a metaphor of the landscape but at the same time has the capacity to be the realisation of itself. It sees opportunities that are intrinsic to, but beyond itself and which its effects allow the manifestation of itself. The schema which presents Cremorne as a contained landscape bears resemblance to Patrick Ambercrombie’s Plan of London 1944 which sees cities as healthy cells. This leads to a masterplan strategy which aligns the suburb with Plan Melbourne’s 20 minute neighbourhood objectives. The idea of the sustainable suburb then presents an opportunity to solve the issue of congestion within the suburb, where under the premise that most of the residents’ activities will be increasingly confined within the area, car park developments can be established to capture traffic into the suburb. These carpark developments become the manifestation of the forests in the landscape schema where they create a value-capture model providing funding for future infrastructure projects within the suburb. With traffic trickling down to a minimum, the roadways then have the opportunity to be re-imagined as belonging back to the natural landscape allowing the schema to start to manifest itself. The landscape schema transcends its nature as a representation of a landscape objective and ensues a wider urban strategy.
CREMO
CITIES AS HEALTHY CELLS PATRICK AMBERCROMBIE PLAN OF LONDON 1944
MELBOURNE’S INDEPENDENT SUBURBS ARDEN STRUCTURE PLAN 2020
S N
20 MINUTE N EI G
O DS 8 RHO 00
M EN T A R E A HM TC CA
ORNE
H
U BO
20 MINUTE NEIGHBOURHOODS PLAN MELBOURNE
TRAFFIC CAPTURE CARPARK DEVELOPMENTS
RE-INTERPRETING ROADWAYS
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POLICY FRAMEWORK 2: VALUE-CAPTURE MODEL THE SCHEMA AND ITS INFLUENCE ON THE DESIGN PROCESS
In addition, the landscape schema has the ability to redefine design processes within the profession. This is illustrated within an exploration into one of the carpark developments. With the priorities of the schema being shifted towards ecology, the sequence in the design process can be reframed - landscape takes precedence over building form. In this project a series of forest wild planting and regular planting zones was first established to align with the proposed landscape schema. This determined the siting of the architecture and what occurs is an architecture bound by the ecology of the site. The building form of the carpark is nestled amongst the vegetation forming a dense semi-natural environment. The design of the architectural elements become heavily influenced by nature rather than an immediate urban condition. In prioritising the landscape in the design, the project then establishes new occupational relationships that prioritise a perceived closer connection to nature regardless of program, whether it be commercial or retail services, public infrastructure, or even the generic carpark. In this proposal, the carpark developments transcend their given program and serves also as nurseries for future planting projects in the suburb, creating an added incentive outcome. These carpark developments then become exemplar projects that start to emphasise a landscape objective that aligns the quality of the urban environment closer to that of South Yarra.
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08
THE REALISATION OF THE SCHEMA AN AGGREGATE OF PARTS
LANDSCAPE SCHEMA
Explorations into the carpark development confirmed the idea that the ecologies set within the landscape schema can be implemented within an architectural response and generate qualitative outcomes. The schema then recognises the power of properties to create a combined effort in achieving the objectives of a place. In this proposal, proposed car park developments, and the existing car parks that are internally located within the suburb, and which are now unlocked for, become catalyst sites that start to manifest the landscape. With concerted public and private interventions, the landscape within the schema starts to emerge until the whole of Cremorne becomes its direct expression.
10%
50%
90%
LANDSCAPE SCHEMA
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09
POLICY OUTCOMES *Canopy Cover increase based on first principles using 100 m quadrants over Cremorne
POLICY FRAMEWORK 3: PUBLIC DOMAIN INTERVENTIONS AN ECOLOGICAL NATURE
Tree CoverCover Canopy 32% 32%
35% 30%
Tree Cover
25% 20% 15%
+3 to 5%
10%
8%
5%
8%
0% Cremorne
In order to achieve this vision, the schema proposes a series of programmatic and functional frameworks geared towards the landscape. The first is the changing nature of the public domain. Here the public domain is reframed within a natural ecology rather than an urban environment. A staged public intervention sees on-street carparking sections of the roads converted to sustainable drainage systems with planting specific to the ecology defined by the schema. Footpaths are re-defined with permeable paving allowing existing front gardens to be extended, thus removing the hard property boundary fence and extending private open space into the public domain. There is an emphasis on improving biodiversity of native vegetation in the area to generate responses that are specific to Australia. The nature of the street changes as we move from one ecology to the next, and thus it becomes an agent in defining a place. Here, the policy achieves Cremorne’s objectives by creating a permeable urban interface and an increase in canopy cover by approximately 3-5%.
South Yarra
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SHRUBBY HILL
Acacia Buxifolia
Baecka Virgata
Callistemon Palladius
Banksia Spinulosa
Bursaria Spinosa
Dodonea Viscosa Purpurea
GRASSY WOODLANDS
Acacia Implexa
Eucalyptus Acaciiformis
Tristaniopsis Laurina
Cymbopogon Refractus
Daniela Revoluta
Micronelia Stipoides
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10
POLICY FRAMEWORK 4: NEW DEVELOPMENT PROGRAMMATIC REQUIREMENTS
PRIMARY POLICY REQUIREMENTS
AC BASE EXISTING COUNCIL GOAL 25% TREE COVER
PLANNING TRADE-OFFS PROPOSED PLANTING REQUIREMENT: 25% OF VOLUME OF PROPOSED BUILDING
The different ecologies within the schema then generate specific qualities in the landscape and allow us to reimagine the urban fabric in different ways. This might be influenced by the type of planting, its density, foliage, colour and canopy extent. The landscape schema recognises the importance of properties and the buildings within it to achieve the objectives of the suburb. In these ecologies, there is a trade-off between form and programmatic policy where the primary requirement is an emphasis in providing planting proportional to the volume of the proposed development. There is also a requirement for the provision of accessible open spaces to allow the public to experience the added benefits first hand. These frameworks then allow Cremorne to attain the remaining 20-25% of canopy cover as well as public open spaces so that the suburb is comparable to South Yarra.
35%
TRANSLATION OF COUNCIL’S GOAL OF INCREASING 25% TREE COVER TO PLANTING REQUIREMENT PROPORTIONAL TO VOLUME OF PROPOSED BUILDING FORM IN ORDER TO ENSURE COMMUNITY BENEFITS AT STREET LEVEL
30% 25%
Tree Cover
These frameworks then call for a reframing of existing design guides such as the Apartment Design Guide Victoria to align to local policy framework. Here, the planting policy in the landscape schema calls for a 20% increase in the balcony area in order to allow for a min 500 mm planting zone. The volumetric planting requirement also means that there is potential for larger planting zones, changing public private interface along a larger length of the façade. There is also a potential for the provision of additional private open space which for Cremorne compensates for the lack of public open space.
POLICY FR
20% 15% 10%
5% 0%
EXISTING DESIGN GUIDES RE-FRAMING
CCESSIBLE OPEN SPACE REQUIREMENT
PROVISION OF ACCESSIBLE OPEN SPACE IN ORDER TO ENSURE ADDED INCENTIVES ARE EXPERIENCED BY THE WHOLE COMMUNITY.
APARTMENT DESIGN GUIDE VICTORIA: STANDARD APARTMENT LAYOUT
20% MINIMUM INCREASE BALCONY AREA TO ALLOW FOR 500 MM PLANTING ZONE
LANDSCAPE SCHEMA VOLUMETRIC PLANTING REQUIREMENT: POTENTIAL FOR LARGER PLANTING ZONE CHANGING PUBLIC PRIVATE INTERFACE ALONG A LARGER LENGTH OF THE FACADE AND PROVISION OF ADDITIONAL PRIVATE OPEN SPACE
RAMEWORK OBJECTIVES Tree CoverCover Canopy 32% 32%
+25%
8% 3-5% 8% Cremorne
South Yarra
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10
SHRUBBY HILL
POLICY FRAMEWORK 4: NEW DEVELOPMENT PROGRAMMATIC REQUIREMENTS ECOLOGICAL SPECIFIC FUNCTIONAL REQUIREMENTS
The nature of the planting and these open spaces relates to the specific qualities of the ecology in the landscape schema. In the dense shrubby hill, vegetated open spaces that are closely connected to each other are located on the rooftop to translate the ground plane and create a perceived elevated topography. Planting here is distributed evenly along the height of the faรงade to generate a qualitative resemblance to dense shrubby vegetation. In the grassy woodlands, there is an emphasis on providing on-ground open spaces interspersed within the developments. Dense planting is required on the upper storeys to create a perceived canopy in the landscape. The relationship between the ground floor open space and the elevated planters establishes an understorey that is characteristic of loose canopy ecologies. In addition, there is a guideline to encourage rooftop open space construction as well as the greening of faรงade in proposed small extensions. These frameworks then allow the architectural responses to bear closer resemblance to the ecologies identified in the landscape schema.
NEW DEVELOPMENTS - LARGE SITES
NEW DEVELOPMENTS COMPACT SITES
- Planting zones along facade - Vegetated accessible open spaces on rooftop
- Planting zones along front and back boundary - Planting zones along side boundary to create vegetated interface with existing property - Vegetated open spaces on rooftop
E
v
EXTENSIONS
- Planting zones along facade - Encourage construction of vegetated rooftop spaces
GRASSY WOODLANDS
NEW DEVELOPMENTS - LARGE SITES
NEW DEVELOPMENTS COMPACT SITES
- Interspersed vegetated on-ground accessible open spaces between buildings - Dense planting on upper storeys of building to create understorey
- Planting zones along front and back boundary - Planting zones along side boundary to create vegetated interface with existing property - Vegetated open space onground
EXTENSIONS - Planting zones along facade - Encourage construction of vegetated rooftop spaces
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11
POLICY FRAMEWORK 5: COMMUNITY INCENTIVES/SUBSIDIES INVOLVEMENT OF EXISTING PROPERTIES
Furthermore, the landscape schema also proposes community incentives and subsidies to recognise the immediate role of existing properties in contributing to the vision of the place. These subsidies include green roofs, front and back yard planting, and the greening of existing faรงade through wall climbers and window planters. Here, as with the new developments, the interface between private open space and public space starts to become blurred through the existence of the landscape both in the public domain and in private property.
The landscape schema is realised through the concerted effort of both the old and the new.
GREEN ROOF
PUBLIC SPACE
FACADE GREENING THROUGH WALL CLIMBERS AND WINDOW PLANTERS
PRIVATE OPEN SPACE
PRIVATE OPEN SPACE
PUBLIC SPACE
FRONT AND BACKYARD PLANTING BLURRING PRIVATE OPEN SPACE AND PUBLIC SPACE 31
12
LANDSCAPE SCHEMA ARCHITECTURAL VISION
Through the combined aggregate of these small details that are embedded within the planning framework – from the street to the buildings, what occurs then are new urban conditions that actively address the specific needs of a locale and contribute to the improvement of its quality of life. For Cremorne, it is the re-instatement of a landscape that solves its needs of congestion, tree cover and open space. This allows the suburbs to bring itself closer, if not beyond, the quality of the landscape of its neighbouring suburbs, South Yarra and Richmond Hill. Here, architecture becomes a product and at the same time the embodiment of the landscape schema, where the landscape exists both in the public domain and the private property. The occupational circumstances that occur then benefit from this added incentive and completely reframe our relationship with our place. This project recognises our voice as architects to engender a vision for a place. By redirecting our focus towards seeking opportunities, rather than restrictions, that actively improve the nature of our place, we can start a broader discussion on the mechanisms which allow us to define our place. Our planning schemes already establish certain sets of ideas towards the character of our suburbs, but planning schemes are not set in stone, they can be challenged and amended. Thus perhaps, it is time for us to reframe this with a specific motive in improving the quality of life in our cities. This project presents one of that vision.
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N 20 MI UTE N EI G
01 WIDER URBAN STRATEGY
H
UR BO
H O O D S 80
02 VALUE-CAPTURE MODEL
03 PUBLIC DOMAIN INTERVENTIONS
04 NEW DEVELOPMENT PROGRAMMATIC REQUIREMENTS
05 EXISTING DEVELOPMENT INCENTIVES
06-00 LANDSCAPE SCHEMA
0M
E N T A R EA HM TC CA
Traffic Congestion
Topographic Variation
Open Space
Tree Cover
SOUTH YARRA
CREMORNE
RICHMOND HILL
LIVEABILITY PERFORMANCE ALIGNMENT
POLICY FRAMEWORK OUTCOMES
GRASSY WOODLANDS
SHRUBBY HILL
GRASSY WOODLANDS
Permeable Urban Interface Increase in Canopy Cover by approximately 3-5%
Tree CoverCover Canopy 32% 32%
35% 30%
Bursaria Spinosa
Dodonea Viscosa Purpurea
Acacia Implexa
Eucalyptus Acaciiformis
Tristaniopsis Laurina
Cymbopogon Refractus
Daniela Revoluta
Tree Cover
25%
*Canopy Cover increase based on first principles using 100 m quadrants over Cremorne Micronelia Stipoides
GRASSY WOODLANDS
20% 15%
+3 to 5%
10%
8%
5%
8%
0% Cremorne
South Yarra
Acacia Buxifolia
POLICY FRAMEWORK 5: COMMUNITY INCENTIVES/SUBSIDIES
BASE EXISTING COUNCIL GOAL 25% TREE COVER
ACCESSIBLE OPEN SPACE REQUIREMENT
Baecka Virgata
Callistemon Palladius
Banksia Spinulosa
Bursaria Spinosa
Dodonea Viscosa Purpurea
SHRUBBY HILL
Acacia Implexa
Eucalyptus Acaciiformis
Tristaniopsis L
GRASSY WOODLANDS
PROPOSED PLANTING REQUIREMENT: 25% OF VOLUME OF PROPOSED BUILDING
GREEN ROOF
PUBLIC SPACE
FACADE GREENING THROUGH WALL CLIMBERS AND WINDOW PLANTERS
PRIVATE OPEN SPACE
PROVISION OF ACCESSIBLE OPEN SPACE IN ORDER TO ENSURE ADDED INCENTIVES ARE EXPERIENCED BY THE WHOLE COMMUNITY.
PRIVATE OPEN SPACE
PUBLIC SPACE
POLICY FRAMEWORK OBJECTIVES Tree CoverCover Canopy 32% 32%
35%
LOPMENTS - COMPACT SITES
EXTENSIONS
NEW DEVELOPMENTS - LARGE SITES
NEW DEVELOPMENTS - COMPACT SITES
EXTENSIONS
es along front and back boundary es along side boundary to create erface with existing property pen spaces on rooftop
- Planting zones along facade - Encourage construction of vegetated rooftop spaces
- Interspersed vegetated on-ground accessible open spaces between buildings - Dense planting on upper storeys of building to create understorey
- Planting zones along front and back boundary - Planting zones along side boundary to create vegetated interface with existing property - Vegetated open space on-ground
- Planting zones along facade - Encourage construction of vegetated rooftop spaces
TRANSLATION OF COUNCIL’S GOAL OF INCREASING 25% TREE COVER TO PLANTING REQUIREMENT PROPORTIONAL TO VOLUME OF PROPOSED BUILDING FORM IN ORDER TO ENSURE COMMUNITY BENEFITS AT STREET LEVEL
FRONT AND BACKYARD PLANTING BLURRING PRIVATE OPEN SPACE AND PUBLIC SPACE
30% 25%
Tree Cover
nksia Spinulosa
SEQUENCE OF DESIGN PRINCIPLES 00 LANDSCAPE SCHEMA
+25%
20% 15% 10%
5%
8% 3-5% 8%
0% Cremorne
South Yarra
NEW DEVELOPMENTS - LARGE SITES
NEW DEVELOPMENTS - COMPACT SITES
EXTENSIONS
NEW DEVELOPMENTS - LARGE SITES
- Planting zones along facade - Vegetated accessible open spaces on rooftop
- Planting zones along front and back boundary - Planting zones along side boundary to create vegetated interface with existing property - Vegetated open spaces on rooftop
- Planting zones along facade - Encourage construction of vegetated rooftop spaces
- Interspersed vegetated on-ground accessible open spaces between buildings - Dense planting on upper storeys of building to create understorey
35