Coordinate by Kasha Killingsworth

PA R T H O S T E L , PA R T C O M M U N I T Y C E N T E R KASHA KILLINGSWORTH

p re f a c e

e xis t in g c o n d it io n s

re s e a rc h

pro je c t s t a t e m e n t

pre c e d e n t s t u d y

case studies

si t e a n a ly s is

pro g r a m m in g

bi b lio g r a p h y

PREFACE

REVITALIZING RICHMOND Originally one of the first major commercial and industrial centers1 in the country, Richmond has never stopped expanding. Even in the face of serious setbacks, including being burnt to the ground in 1865 by Confederate troops during the Civil War1, Richmond has continuously rebuilt its economy and reformed its city structure, outliving its legacy as the heart of the Confederacy and becoming a new entity which is respectful to its past but is incredibly dynamic and progressive in comparison. The structure of the city allows for a marriage of the historic and modern which is special and noteworthy for visitors and non-natives to recognize. The original grid for Richmond was laid out in 1737. The grid (left), which can still be seen in the current city plan, was laid out in thirty-two squares, each eight blocks long by four blocks deep2. The grid was parallel to the James River, the river being a large asset to settlers in an age when shipping goods via canal was becoming a desirable method of trade1. The James River, as well as the hilly terrain of Richmond, have continued to be a large part of city planning, as these natural factors form the physical underpinnings of Richmond’s buildings and streets, and the city grid works to shape itself around these organic forces. The terrain has not only shaped the character of the city’s built form, but also the city’s character. For example, the James River contains several platforms for recreation such as Belle Isle and Texas Beach, which are heavily frequented spots during the warmer seasons. The James River offers canoeing, fishing, kayaking, whitewater rafting, hiking, rock climbing, swimming, and sunbathing for its warm-weather visitors. Urban park spaces, such as

Gambles Hill, Brown’s Island, Maymont Park, and Libby Hill, have come to occupy hilltops throughout the city. Richmond’s natural terrain and non-centralized grid have allowed for a very unique cityscape and distinct city organization, different from many other redeveloping southern cities. Yet, somehow, comparable cities like Atlanta and Charlotte experienced explosive growth and became “cultural pillars”5 and tourist destinations of the South, while Richmond has remained mainly underrepresented, marked by its Confederate past. Remnants of Richmond’s past can still be seen throughout the city, specifically at historic destinations such as Monument Avenue and Historic Tredegar, but they are increasingly complemented by modern amenities and attractions, such as Carytown’s eclectic shopping district and the outstanding Virginia Museum of Fine Arts. Richmond has seen a huge building boom in the last few years with century-old tobacco warehouses being transformed into lofts and art studios, chefs setting up kitchens in formerly unfrequented neighborhoods, and members of the burgeoning arts scene setting up galleries and pop-up shops in old storefronts which have collected dust for decades. Similar things could be said about the Richmond population, as well. While there still may be plenty of residents whose roots in Richmond date back to the Confederacy, Richmond is also home to a thriving culture of millenials who embrace an “alternative lifestyle”5. The city of Richmond has gone from a “sleepy Southern town”6 to a place where fixed gear bicycles, asymmetrical haircuts, clear-framed glasses, tattoo sleeves, food trucks, graffiti, and free-range, artisanal foods are the ‘norm,’ and

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coexist alongside Richmond’s historic buildings and residents of all ages. However, while Richmond’s unique topography and infrastructure has been a great contributor to this alternative culture, and is a large part of what makes it so wonderful, it can also make the city difficult to navigate, especially for visitors and non-natives. Coming to Richmond four years ago, it took me a generous amount of time to realize what richness Richmond had to offer. As a visitor it is easy to get side-tracked by the harshness of Broad Street or the confusing bus system, and to miss out entirely on the many neighborhoods, tree-lined streets, hip venues, neighborhood stores, and cozy bars and restaurants tucked into spaces in the Fan District. While Richmond does offer a main visitor center in the Greater Richmond Convention Center, the Convention Center can be quite intimidating and impersonal, and does not lend itself to intimate conversation. Only being open 9 to 5, it also does not provide assistance to visitors who are arriving late or seeking advice for night-time plans. This leads to a second main issue with traveling to Richmond: overnight accommodations for travelers. While Richmond has an extensive and ever-growing selection of hotels, many of them are quite expensive, and well out of the price range of a typical young traveler. These hotels do little to engage the visitor or to immerse them in the culture of Richmond, serving instead as more of in-and-out experience based solely on necessity. Nearly all of the hotels available in Richmond are located in the downtown area, giving visitors little options to choose from in terms of location. This current system presents the need for a new type of overnight accommodation, comparable to a hostel, which

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would not only provide temporary housing, but would also introduce visitors to the ‘real’ Richmond, the Richmond which is a re-emerging city undergoing a cultural renaissance and coming out a “new player on the Southern art and culinary scene”4. As Richmond continues to be revitalized, it presents the perfect framework for not only a hostel, but also a central hub for community interaction, exploration, and integration. This hostel and hub of activity would be a resource integrated into the fabric of Richmond, which would encourage visitors to interact with each other and with locals, and for locals to interact with locals in hopes of bettering their city. This center would embody the ideals laid out in the Richmond Master Plan, specifically those laid out below: “Richmond’s historic and contemporary cultural resources will be maintained and preserved to improve the quality of life, provide a sense of cultural identity, enhance opportunities for economic development, ensure resident retention, and help attract new residents, businesses, and visitors. The architectural and historic character of Richmond will be preserved and enhanced. Future development will ensure a quality urban environment that is functional and accessible to both residents and visitors. Increased awareness of Richmond’s unique community character, cultural resources and public art will be promoted.” Richmond Master Plan (p 21)

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EXISTING CONDITIONS

EXISTING HOTELS IN RICHMOND

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Hollywood Cemetery

James River

CURRENT RATES 1. Quirk Hotel (≈ $250/night) 2. The Jefferson Hotel (≈255/night) 3. Linden Row Inn (≈$111/night) 4. HI Richmond Hostel (≈$79-99/night) 5. Holiday Inn Express (≈$100/night) 6. Crowne Plaza Richmond Downtown (≈$162/night) 7. Hilton Richmond Downtown (≈$149/night) 8. Richmond Marriott (≈$255/night) 9. Commonwealth Park Suites Hotel (≈$134/night) 10. Omni Richmond Hotel (≈$119/night) 11. The Berkeley Hotel (≈$111/night) * proposed location for COORDINATE

HI RICHMOND HI Richmond is an affiliate of Hostelling International. Recently opened in September 2015, HI Richmond will serve as a precedent which I will be able to use as a reference for programming.

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RESEARCH

HISTORY OF HOSTELLING The first youth hostel was conceived in 1909 by Richard Schirrmann (left), a German schoolteacher who lived in the industrial center in Germany. Fearing for his students’ health, which was negatively impacted by the Industrial Revolution, Schirrman created a “wandering school”7 on the weekends where his students could accompany him on walking trips and hikes. One night, a violent summer storm forced him and a group of students to seek refuge in a local village school. Following this experience, Schirrmann was so entranced by the idea of youths having a place to stay overnight and have learning experiences outside of the classroom that he created the first youth hostel, which he said should be “accessible to all, without distinction of rank or class”8.

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This was a novel idea at the time, but the movement flourished in Germany, so much so that permanent hostels began to form with the help of wealthy patrons and local community clubs. By 1932, Germany had more than 2,000 youth hostels7. The hostelling movement spread throughout Europe, with Switzerland, Poland, the Netherlands, Norway, Denmark, France, and others began to join the movement, adding another 600 hostels in Europe. Soon after, the International Youth Hostel Federation was formed. Hostelling did not rise in popularity in the U.S. for some time, but found a receptive audience in the 60s and 70s, when a booming economy and jet travel allowed for international travel to increase tremendously7. Urban hostels in the U.S. began to emerge in the 80s, with additions in Boston, Miami, Santa Monica, Seattle, and Washington, DC. Hostels continued to grow throughout

the 90s, but it was not until the mid-90s that new hostel quality standards were adopted. “Youth hostels” became “hostels,” opened to all ages, and all hostels under the International Youth Hostel Federation became known as “Hostelling International,” which began to adopt a more focused hostel program. However, most hostels were still frequented by young travelers and backpackers, who did not mind the lack of privacy and were not perturbed by misconceptions of hostels being ‘unclean’ and filled with unruly guests.

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from left: (1) photograph of Richard Schirrmann, (2) Altena Castle Hostel in 1936, (3) hostel in the midwest circa 1960s

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EVOLUTION OF THE HOSTEL In terms of popularity, hostels in the United States are evolving and expanding exponentially. As hostels make a comeback in the U.S., it is interesting to note what factors have made them rise in popularity. For one, hostels are becoming less and less of just a “cut-rate hotel”9, where one must sacrifice privacy and a good night’s sleep for a cheap bed, and are becoming more and more geared towards comfortable, social travel experiences. Josh Wyatt, director of hotels for the London-based firm which owns Generator hostels, design-led hostels located around Europe, describes the hostel scene in the U.S. the following way: “Hostels in the U.S. have been typically under-invested, unsafe and lacking any type of service culture.”10 Hostels were initiated to enable young people to travel the world as frugally as possible, and they still do offer simplified overnight accomodation at a much cheaper rate than standard hotels. However, hostels in the U.S. have begun to recognize the desire for additional services, following the trend of European hostels like Generator which are “More than a hostel.”11 Hostels have begun to offer increasingly more amenities, programs, and events which regular hotels do not. Additionally, hostel design has become more hip, sophisticated, and streamlined, some even being referred to as boutique hostels. These “poshtels”12 have come to attract a much wider range of travelers, including older and/or wealthier visitors outside of the typical 18-30 year age range. Generator’s Berlin Mitte location Berlin, Germany

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WHAT IS A â&#x20AC;&#x2DC;HOSTELâ&#x20AC;&#x2122; With the addition of these new boutique hostels, 21st century hostels are worlds away from the old youth hostel structure, which consisted of sharing bare, cramped quarters with a communal bathroom down the hall. In an age where a hostel is essentially becoming a cheaper version of a hotel and not just a shared dormitory, the question must be asked: what makes a hostel a hostel? A hostel is a budget-oriented, shared-room living accommodation which accepts individual travelers (often backpackers) or groups for short-term stays.13 To be considered a hostel, the property has to offer short-term, shared accommodations for individual travelers13, although many hostels provide private rooms such as double and family rooms as well. The dormitory-style rooms are, of course, cheaper, as the resident is only booking a bed and not an entire room. Hostels must not charge individual travelers any more than a member of a couple or group. Independent travelers can book an individual bed in one of these shared rooms, and pay as little as $20-30. Dorms can have anywhere from four to twenty beds. Many hostels have lockers under the beds where you can store your belongings while you are out, and many have luggage storage which you can pay to rent. At some chain hostels, which require a membership card, like HI (Hostelling International), the sexes are segregated. Many independent hostels, which do not require membership cards and accept walk-ins, have both segregated and mixed dorms, with accommodations for couples and larger groups in the form of the private room. Hostels provide common areas and communal facilities, where residents can talk, sit, and eat communally, interact with each other, and learn about the city they are visiting. Many hostels provide notice as to events which are occurring nearby, or even host events of their own.

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PROJECT STATEMENT

PROJECT GOALS

I propose to create a part hostel, part community center which will not only provide temporary housing, but will also introduce visitors to all that Richmond has to offer, from a blooming arts district, to the James River and its surrounding hiking spots, to the scenic Museum District, to the restaurants and galleries which are hidden in the fabric of the Fan District. This cultural hub will provide resources for navigating Richmond, a communal hang out space, event space and a bar and cafĂŠ, which will engage a variety of user types and foster interaction between residents of the hostel and residents of Richmond.

To create a cultural hub which is a vehicle for interaction, discussion, and exploration To create a new social gathering space which engages both visitors and residents of Richmond To create a venue which allows for affordable overnight accommodation and presents a new model for independent travel To create a space which makes Richmond accessible to both locals and visitors To create a space which presents opportunities for visitors to pursue experiences they would not have otherwise

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DESIGN DRIVERS

interaction

synthesis

public vs private

modular forms

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visitors

USERS OF THE SPACE

locals

A hostel and community center like this one will promote synthesis between locals and visitors as they come together and interact in a shared environment. Whether it is a one-on-one interaction or a slew of interactions, this space should encourage and catalyze comfort, conversation and positive experiences. The center will cater most strongly towards adults aged 18-30, as this is an average age for most hostel users, but will also be free and open to families, older patrons, and any active community members who wish to participate in events or use the space.

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USER INTERACTION

The exploration of public vs private will be critical in creating a center where there are two different divides: one between hostel and public space, and another between hostel common areas and private sleeping structures

Sleeping structures will need to be modular in order to move according to hostel needs (i.e. be more compacted in times of high tenancy and more spaced out in slower seasons)

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PRECEDENT STUDY

HI Richmond Hostel LOCATI O N 7 N 2nd St., Richmond, VA SQ F OO TA G E 13,000 sq ft HI Richmond is the newest hostel in HI USAâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s network, opened this September 2015. The hostel is located in the historic Otis Elevator building off of 2nd and Grace Street, which was an Otis Elevator office from 1925 to 1943 and was most recently used as a state-owned womenâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s detention facility until about seven years ago14. The brick building has a wealth of arched windows in the main common space by the entry, which let in an ample amount of natural light. Visitors enter through a glass door and set of stairs at street level, with an alternate ADA-accessible entrance being located around back. The stairwell leads up to the first floor, where the reception desk, common area, shared kitchen, and calendar wall, which features ongoing events at the hostel and around Richmond, are located. The shared kitchen is on the first floor as well, which has amenities for guests to make their own meals, and group-friendly dining tables. At the end of the hall is the ADA-accessible lift and bicycle and kayak storage, which are in the back area. The open floor plan allows all common social spaces to be easily accessible, even by guests who are just arriving. The stairwell to the second-floor sleeping quarters requires an electronic pass-key for access, assuring that non-hostel visitors who are coming through do not have access to the more private upstairs. The second floor consists of six-bed dorm rooms ($30 a night per bed), private rooms with a queen bed for one or two guests ($79 a night), and family rooms, which have a queen bed and a bunk bed ($99 a night). Bathrooms are located in the hallway and are shared by the dorm-style rooms, with the family rooms and private double rooms having their own bathrooms and the ADA-accessible bedroom on the first floor having its own bathroom as well. All of the sleeping quarters have one locker per resident, which is located alongside their beds. The rooms are spacious, nearly as spacious as hotel rooms when it comes to the private and family rooms (a family room is pictured to the right), and are furnished with bright colors, light flooring, and modern furniture.

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1st floor

ADA entrance

→

1 ADA accessible room (1st floor) - 300 sq ft

lobby + community space

laundry - 150 sq ft common room - 400 sq ft

luggage storage

→

self-serve kitchen + dining

kitchen + dining - 500 sq ft kayak/bike rack + ADA accessible entrance - 50 sq ft outdoor common space - 150 sq ft

first floor plan

2nd floor 2 private family rooms - 450 sq ft each 2 queen rooms - 300 sq ft each 6 dorm style rooms - 500 sq ft each

→

1 locker per bed in dorm style - 6 sq ft hall bathrooms (3) - 50 sq ft 2 stairwells - 400 sq ft

second floor plan

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INTERVIEW Ethan Ashley HI Richmond General Manager

Q: Where do the majority of your residents visit from? Is there any limit as to who can visit HI Richmond?

Q: How many residents do you typically house at one time? What is the average length stay of your residents?

Q: What is the average demographic of your residents? Do you often accommodate large groups? Do those groups require extra accommodations?

A: Since the hostel is meant to be used by hostellers who are travelling, no one who lives within 45 miles of the hostel may stay with us, as it would take a bed away from a hosteller who is here to see Richmond. This is typical of all HI USA hostels. Otherwise, we have so far had hostellers from many places, our highest percentage of guests have been Americans, along with hostellers from every continent apart from Antarctica. The majority of foreign hostellers have been from Australia, the UK, France and Austria.

A: Along with our 45 mile radius policy, a guest is also limited to staying up to 14 nights in a 12-month period. Since we are still new, we are still getting our name out there, so we have been between 1-14 hostellers a night since opening, typically averaging more on weekends. I would say the average length of stay is 2 nights.

A: When we first opened, we had a lot more folks staying in our private Queen and Family rooms, but lately we have more independent travelers traveling alone. As for groups, we define a group as 10 or more people. They have to make a contract with us and pay ahead of time in order to hold their reservation. So far we have had about 4 groups, with the most recent being a Girl Scout Troop. Advantages of making a group contract are also to ensure that rooms are exclusive to the group and we can provide an itinerary and specialized activities for them during their stay.

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Q: How do you separate private and public spaces at HI Richmond?

Q: How does HI Richmond get its visitors acclimated to Richmond culture? How do you inform them of upcoming events?

Q: What do you think HI Richmond provides that hotels in Richmond donâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;t?

A: All residents are given a keycard with access to only their rooms, as well as the doors to the front and back staircase. Additionally, the front door to the hostel stays locked from 11 PM to 7 AM, so only guests with keycards can enter the building. Other than that, downstairs areas are shared by visitors and residents, and only the upstairs is completely restricted.

A: The hostel has a Community Engagement Liaison that not only informs hostellers to upcoming events, but also the community to the goings-on at the hostel. We have an activity wall that shows in-house activities as well as special events happening each day in Richmond, as well as recurring events.

A: We provide a place for independent hostellers to meet other hostellers that are visiting Richmond for the same reasons, whether that is to see the museums, Civil War monuments or recreation on the James. By staying at the hostel, they are able to make lifelong memories in a unique environment and see what makes Richmond different from any other city.

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CASE STUDIES

MiNO, Migliarino Hostel

plan / first floor / nts

plan / second floor / nts

ARCHIT E C T Antonio Ravalli Architetti LOCATI O N Migliarino, Italy YEAR 2010 SQ F OO TA G E 5489.59 sq ft RO OMS 7 rooms, 2-3 persons each case studies / 32

circulation around the enclosures

Reminiscent of Aleksandra Kasuba’s tensile structure Live-In Environments in the 70s, which were used as temporary tents for sleeping during festivals and events, the MiNO Hostel’s ‘rooms’ are formed with semi-opaque fabric. The transparency of these enclosures allows for light to come through the ‘walls’ of the enclosure, but still allows users of each space to maintain a sense of privacy, while also allowing for an open environment which can foster interaction between users of the space. The “morphological disposition” of the rooms15 allows for an elastic hosting capacity, as the rooms can either be configured in a more dense arrangement to house more visitors during busier seasons like the spring and summer, or taken down during slower seasons to allow more space for circulation and to house hostel-wide events or programs. This modular system allows for maximum customization of room arrangements, which can be easily changed to suit occupancy needs. Using an unconventional rounded form and eliminating solid partitions allows the MiNO Hostel to transcend spatial limitations and fit many more rooms into a space that would otherwise be far too small. These modules allow for a fluid space which can fit a multiplicity of needs, and which all remain permeable to a wealth of light and fresh air. The spaces which have been created are extremely compact (how small is too small?) but are clearly defined, contained by their fabric enclosures to create a sense of personal space. Meant to house more than one resident, the cells are similar to indoor camping, with shared tent-like spaces which are enfolded in a simple, light wrapping15. The privacy of each individual room is determined by the height of the enclosure, of which there are three or four different heights, higher heights being slightly more private.

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daylight view

rendering of the communal seating space in use

The materiality of the â&#x20AC;&#x153;roomsâ&#x20AC;? creates an interesting enigma as they are not a fully solid material. Silhouettes of furniture and residents shine through the partially translucent material, especially when back-lit at night (left). This raises an interesting question: how translucent is too translucent? Is this not private enough? How much concealment do people need to feel comfortable and unseen?

view of fabric enclosure

night view

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SLEEPBOX Imagine that you arrive in a new city, you are not a local resident, and you have not booked a hotel. This can be uncomfortable as a busy city rarely gives one an opportunity to rest and relax. If you want to sleep while waiting for your plane or train, you need to worry about cleanliness, about your luggage getting stolen, or about missing your stop or hearing an important notification. In order to combat this issue, Arch Group has developed Sleepbox, a mobile unit which provides moments of quiet sleep and rest while waiting, without having to waste valuable time finding a hotel room to reserve. The Sleepbox can be installed nearly anywhere, and requires minimal staff. The cube can be easily moved to or reassembled at another location, making it a transient form of architecture which is suited for a variety of locations, such as airports, train stations, hospitals, offices, and public events.

ARCHIT E C T M. Krymov, A. Goryainov Arch Group LOCATI O N Sheremetyevo International Airport Moscow, Russia YEAR 2011

The Sleepbox’s cube structure is constructed from ashveneered MDF, although the structure will also allow for it to be constructed from metal or glass-reinforced plastic in future renditions.16 The Sleepbox has a lock closure, allowing you to secure yourself inside and sleep, surf the web, or simply have some private time to yourself. The Sleepbox’s functionality as a module which can be placed anywhere (seen in a Russian airport on the opposite page) is similar to what I want to embody in my sleep structures. The Sleepbox offers the bare necessities needed for an enjoyable rest: a comfortable bed, a bedside table, appropriate lighting, and a way to secure one’s belongings, all while maintaining a very sleek and stream-lined design. The Sleepbox has blinds which can be lowered for optimal privacy, or can be left up if a Sleepbox user prefers to let in natural light. This is a clever way to allow the box to remain visually open and not become too claustrophobic.

SQ F OO TA G E 43.06 sq ft case studies / 36

single bed layout

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double bed layout

triple bed layout

The original Sleepbox unit at Moscow’s Sheremetyevo airport contains two beds and can be rented for between 30 minutes and several hours. Sleepbox now has several variations, ranging from one bed options to two and three bed options. These beds are foamed polymer and are equipped with an automatic system which changes bed linen once the client leaves. The units are also equipped with LED reading lamps, fold-out tables, sockets for charging laptops and mobile phones during a user’s nap, a ventilation system, sound alerts, built-in LCD TV, space for luggage and WiFi. Once a user leaves the unit refreshed, the bed linen changes and the lamps turn back on. Users of the Sleepbox can pay for the time spent in the unit at a shared terminal, which also provides the user with an electronic key. The Sleepbox’s mobile hotel room concept is integral to Coordinate’s concept of a system of sleeping structures which are modular and customizable. Since Sleepbox’s first airport installation in 2009, Arch Group has expanded its initial prototype, even creating a Sleepbox Hotel in Tverskaya. The portable sleeping capsules fill the corridors of the hotel, located in an old building in Moscow. Room numbers are identifiable by the numbers in the lower left corner of each box. A cross between hotel and hostel, the Sleepbox Hotel contains units for up to two people on its first and second floors, while the top floor is filled with single-person capsules. Showers and toilet cabins are located on each floor, and lobby and reception are located on the ground floor, as well as a space for guests to access the internet and store excess belongings.

Sleepbox Hotel. Tverskaya, Russia.

Install shot of Sleepbox. Sheremetyevo Airport.

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Barbarian Group Office

1 arches for privacy and circulation 2 arch ribs made from 4’-wide by 8’-long plywood panels 3 upholstered seating 4 2×4 framing and 4’-wide by 8’-long plywood panels

A RCHITEC T Clive Wilkinson Architects L OCATIO N New York City Y EAR 2011 S Q F OOTA G E 4,400 sq ft

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Designed by Clive Wilkinson Architects, the Barbarian Group’s office consists of a massive undulating desk, 1,1000 feet long and 111/2 feet wide at its widest point. This “superdesk” serves as a physical representation of the work the Barbarian Group does16 as an interactive marketing firm which is very passionate about collaboration. The desk was constructed of plywood panels and plywood ribs fitted together in segments, and supported by 4” steel plates to provide additional rigidity. The entire worktop was covered with water-based white paint and water-based, eco-friendly resin which was poured continuously for 24 hours. The 4,400 sq ft superdesk weaves through the middle of the 20,000 sq ft office space, causing private grottoes which are created within the archways which occur in the structure wherever the desk lifts up. These grottoes are used for seating, shelving, and circulation space. While the shared worktop is completely unobstructed, encouraging discourse and interaction, the built-in seating underneath the arches are suited to quieter contemplation, private workspace, and private discussions. The coffers of the arches and the soft upholstery fabrics naturally offer acoustic privacy, and there is additional acoustic insulation which has been added in between the ribs16 for optimal sound protection. These private spaces allow for bar-style seating, lounge spaces, breakout spaces for teams to work individually and discuss projects, and secluded nooks for 1-2 people. These grottoes allow for the different areas of the company to be broken up into different ‘neighborhoods’ (see diagram on page 43), and for there to be private spaces injected in the open work space which allow for employees to retreat and find privacy within the shared common area. This is a system of organization which could be applied to hostel sleeping structures within a larger common area, or to private discussion areas within a larger common area.

AREAS 1 entry 2 kitchen/bar 3 conference room 4 studio 5 phone booth 6 breakout meeting area 7 AV room 8 IT 9 mechanical 10 womenâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s bathroom 11 menâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s bathroom

6 6

NEIGHBORHOODS A business development B product/social/strategy C executives D creative E production F technology

5 3

public circulation space 41 / case studies

5 3

private enclosed rooms

communal areas

view of continuous work surface

view of desk top meeting existing column

view of grotto seating

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Venessla Library and Culture House

ARCHIT E C T Helen & Hard LOCATI O N Vennesla, Norway YEAR 2011 SQ F OO TA G E 20,860.46 sq ft

The library consists of 27 ribs of prefabricated glue-laminated timber and CNC cut plywood boards which create an undulating interior that allows for pockets of intimate seating and personal study zones. Unlike conventional library shelves and tables, seating and shelving are seamlessly integrated into the design of the ribs, as pictured in the sketches above.

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The Vennesla Library & Cultural Center is comprised of a library, a café, meeting places and administrative areas, linking an existing community house and learning center together17. All of the main public functions are gathered into one large space, which is executed with the use of a structure which combines furniture, storage and multiple spatial interfaces for full functionality. This interior structure, built with prefabricated glue-laminated timber ribs, can be visible from the interior and the exterior of the building, integrating it into the urban fabric outside and reminding passerby how open and accessible the space is from the main city square. The ribs combine structure, infrastructure and functionality to “create a dynamic aesthetic identity” for the project to meet its “original intent to mark the city’s cultural center”17. Each rib is constructed with a glue-laminated timber beam and column, acoustic absorbents which also contain the air-conditioning ducts, bent glass panes which serve as both lighting covers and signage, and integrated reading nooks and shelves. The ribs change throughout the interior according to the center’s different spatial needs, spanning the entire width of the building at the main entrance and then slowly condensing to create more concealed reading nooks and increasingly private spaces. Private browsing aisles are book-ended by study desks, which are below the height of the ribs, allowing users of the desks to be obstructed from view and retain visual privacy and focus while studying. I saw this structure as being applicable to a hostel, where there are several bed modules in a public space, but they each have their own private substructure and independent space. This would be a good system for a hostel or residence hall in that it has a large amount of circulatory space, private space between modules, and allows for a maximum number of residents to be housed. It also maximizes light potential with its high ceilings, and section-specific lighting, which could even be modified into a module-by-module adjustable system.

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Hôtel Droog Hotel Droog, a new hospitality destination in Amsterdam by design studio Droog, is designed to challenge the notion of a hotel. Renny Ramakers, co-founder and director of Droog describes Hôtel Droog as so: “The concept of a hotel has been reversed. Whereas a hotel is usually mostly about sleeping, here we have enlarged and emphasized all the aspects that many hotels also offer and made them central to the hotel experience—and it even has a room to sleep in.”18

ARCHIT E C T Droog LOCATI O N Amsterdam, Netherlands YEAR 2012

While most hotels are typically designed as a rest stop for weary travelers to sleep and maybe grab a bite to eat in the morning before continuing on their way, Hôtel Droog does exactly the opposite, creating a space for visitors to congregate and have a cultural experience. From curation to product design, exhibitions and lectures, Hôtel Droog houses a myriad of programs that serve to entertain and engage guests. With restaurants, retail stores, exhibitions, beauty parlors, a garden, lecture halls, and hotel rooms, the “hotel” invites visitors to utilize the space as they wish, and stay for the night only if they choose to. Spaces in the hotel are divided by program, including the Droog Store, Gallery, Room Service (a high end restaurant which overlooks the garden), the Fairy Tale Garden, Spa, Fashion, and The One and Only Bedroom (where guests can stay the night if they so choose). Guests may come for an exhibition and not stay in the building for long at all, or they may come to stay the night in what seems to be the only conventional part of this hotel. Equipped with countless activities and amenities, sleek details and high end design, a night at this one stop cultural hub costs about $275/night.

SQ F OO TA G E 7534.74 sq ft case studies / 48

The One and Only Bedroom

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Room Service

SPACES WITHIN HÔTEL DROOG THE GALLERY - 1,720 sq ft An exhibition space that has specially curated programs by Droog, or any invited curators, within a 1,720 square foot space. Design, art, fashion and other developments in the creative industry18 are showcased. The Gallery aims to engage guests with workshops and discussions that breach the topics of curated exhibitions. FAIRY TALE GARDEN - 1,500 sq ft Designed by French Designers Claude Pasquer and Corinne Détroyat, the garden includes a courtyard that has been transformed into a haven of biodiversity.18 The garden has a variety of plant and animal life that have developed an ecosystem within the garden. ROOM SERVICE - 1,200 sq ft Room Service is a room that overlooks the garden that is a restaurant for fresh, homemade foods. The ingredients are seasonal and come from local suppliers. The Room Service Room is an area for mingling with fellow guests, and can also be used as a lecture and performance space that caters to larger discussions. THE DROOG STORE - 720 sq ft The Droog Store, Cosmania, Kabinet, and Weltevree are brands and stores housed in the hotel which provide curated goods to hotel guests. From designer clothing to international cosmetic brands and home furnishings, the variety of collections presents the aesthetic of both Droog’s design firm and the hotel. THE ONE AND ONLY BEDROOM - 1000 sq ft Located on the top floor, the One and Only Bedroom is a central space which includes a bedroom, living area, and fully equipped kitchen for guests who choose to stay the night. The Bedroom is brightly lit with a private sleeping area, bathroom with separate bath and shower, and superb views over the Amsterdam rooftops.18

The Gallery’s simple display method

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SITE ANALYSIS

IMPORTANT CONSIDERATIONS FOR A HOSTEL LOCATION

accessible by foot and bike (potential routes indicated)

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walkable distance to restaurants

walkable distance to a supermarket or grocery

closely located to a transportation or bus system

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Br oa

Be lv

ide

re S

VCU campus

Monroe Park

The Depot Building location: 814 W Broad St style: Roman Revival The Depot Building at 814 W Broad St was chosen for three main reasons: its historical and cultural relevance, its location in a cultural center of Richmond, and its equal distance to important attractions such as the James River, the arts district, the Museum District, and several good restaurants and bars. It is right next to a thoroughway, meaning that the cultural center and hostel would see a lot of attention. The glass storefront on the bottom floor allows for passerby to take note of events going on and will encourage them to visit and contribute to the space. Historically, The Depot building was Richmond Glass Company, and previous to Richmond Glassâ&#x20AC;&#x2122; ownership it was a main electric rail connecting Ashland to Richmond. This railway is historically significant to Richmond and its commerce and travel, as well as its current growth and urbanization as a re-developing city.

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BUILDING HISTORY

1907 The Richmond Terminal Depot was originally opened in 1907 as the southern terminus of the Richmond & Chesapeake Bay Railway. The terminal was designed by William C. Noland and Henry Baskervill, as a transit hub for passengers moving between Richmond and Ashland on the Richmond/Ashland Electric Line. Passengers would enter from Broad Street, much like today, through the grand arched entrance and walk up a steep, open-air staircase to reach second-floor boarding platforms. As 1907 was during the Jim Crow period of segregation, the platforms were flanked by two waiting rooms, one for blacks and one for whites.

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1938 The railway ended up being unprofitable as low ridership, increased competition from automobiles and buses, and the effects of the Great Depression brought this electric rail service to an end. The tracks and concrete trestle which the trains formerly rolled over were removed, but the terminal itself survived. The terminal building was bought by Richmond Glass and housed the Richmond Glass Company from 1938 to 1974. The Richmond Glass Properties included four buildings, including the large storefront building and three storage buildings to the rear of the terminal.

1974 The Richmond Glass Company covered the classical edifice with aluminum siding in an effort to stay hip to the architectural styles of the 1970s, a time when all things classical were considered obsolete. It was not until a few years ago, in 2010, that a local developer acquired the terminal and removed the 1970 faรงade to reveal the original structure.

2013 The Depot building remained vacant until VCU realized the impact a historic renovation and re-purposing could have, and the potential it had as a cross-site between the Fine Arts Building and the upcoming Institute for Contemporary Art (ICA). Commonwealth Architects undertook the renovation and converted the Depot building which now houses classrooms, offices, a gallery, a dance studio for the VCU Dance Department, as well as a Kinetic Imaging Studio. The building still utilizes the large, central flight of stairs at the entrance, leading up to the second floor main hall, capitalizing on its history as a commuter location.

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CURRENT SITE CONDITIONS Located in what has come to be a hub of activity near VCU’s campus, The Depot Building sits at the intersection of Broad Street and Laurel Street. The building’s façade, usually illuminated by strong sunlight, is characterized by a large triumphal roman arch. Aside from this semicircular and recessed archway, other classical adornments include a detailed entablature, pilasters crowning the building’s top silhouette, and architectural ornamentation of the classical style.14 The Depot’s modern twist on a Roman style building came with Richmond-based Commonwealth Architects’ recent renovation: its grand triumphal arch is now flanked on ground level by two sleek storefronts, each with a wide display window. These storefronts, along with the large, translucent entrance - once the electric railway’s open-air staircase - allow for a constant supply of natural light during daytime hours. The entire complex, including the Depot Annex building behind the Depot itself, is 36,500 square feet, allowing for an extensive gallery and arts space. The Depot Building itself is 20,000 square feet, and is laid out orthogonally in response to its column grid. Three bays of arched windows light the second floor on either side of the triumphal arch, which users of the building can access by an open-air catwalk above the central stair. This is one of many subtle details Commonwealth Architects created in the building during their careful restoration, refreshing “both the bones and the classical filigree”.14 The firm preserved many details of the historic building during their renovation, including its original maple floors, aged elevator shaft, and original stairwell, now encased in glass on both the first and second floor. A new elevator and new, secondary staircase have been added to the Depot Building to meet egress requirements, but the main stairwell at the entrance to the building is still the primary means of entry and exit.

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BROAD STREET FRONT ELEVATION n.t.s.

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BACK ELEVATION n.t.s.

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FIRST FLOOR PLAN n.t.s.

SECOND FLOOR PLAN n.t.s.

SQ FOOTAGE 20,000 sq ft I will be designing 18,400 sq ft of the given floors according to my proposed program, and allocating 1,600 sq ft of the first floor to staff offices and back of house storage.

ROOF PLAN n.t.s.

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LIGHT STUDY FIRST FLOOR

WINDOW TYPES storefronts with display windows (2) left wall - 14 panes ea. (2) back wall - 32 panes ea. (4) garage door window - 14 panes (1) OPEN STAIRWELL stairwell open to 2nd floor ceiling

storefronts and translucent entrance let in ample amounts of light, especially during the spring season

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LIGHT STUDY

SECOND FLOOR

WINDOW TYPES triumphal arch - 12 panes (1) back wall - 24 panes ea. (6) front wall - 7 panes ea. (6) right wall - 2 mullions ea. (2) SKYLIGHTS 12

pockets of light are created from overhead skylights

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BUILDING ANALYSIS TOTAL NUMBER OF SQUARE FEET 20,000 sq ft FLOORS 2 ENTRANCES 1 primary, 2 secondary (3) EXITS 1 primary, 2 secondary, 1 emergency (4) STAIRS 2 stairwells, 1 historic stairwell (non-functioning) (2) ELEVATOR/LIFT 1 elevator, 1 historic lift (non-functioning) (1) RAMPS loading dock ramp (1) CEILING HEIGHTS 12’-0” typical 15’-0” in concourse, back gallery, loading dock 30’-0” in main stair ORGANIZATION irregular column grid INTERIOR CONDITIONS central heating and air conditioning automatic sliding glass doors

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CURRENT MEANS OF EGRESS: historic frieght lift (1)

current elevator (1)

emergency exit (1)

loading dock ramp (1)

secondary stairwell (1)

GRID ORGANIZATION

main stairwell (1)

primary entrance/exit (1)

secondary entrances/exits (2)

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6 4

LONGITUDINAL SECTION n.t.s.

2 5 4 3

LONGITUDINAL SECTION n.t.s.

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5 6

STAIR 1

STAIR 2

RAMP

LOADING DOCK

15’ CEILING

12’ CEILING

1 5

LONGITUDINAL SECTION n.t.s.

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CODE ANALYSIS

FOR HOSTEL (TOP FLOOR)

FOR CULTURAL CENTER (GROUND FLOOR)

USE GROUP R-1 Residential Occupancy, transient

USE GROUP A-3 Assembly Recreation

OCCUPANCY LOAD 5200 sq ft @ 200 sq ft per occupant (divided sleeping areas = 26)

OCCUPANCY LOAD 4,100 sq ft @ 15 sq ft per person (unconcentrated assembly max= 273)

5200 sq ft @ 15 sq ft per person (unconcentrated assembly = 67)

800 sq ft @ 7 sq ft per person (concentrated assembly in event space= 114)

RESTROOM REQUIREMENTS 1 WC per 10 females 1 WC per 10 males 1 lavatory per 10 females 1 lavatory per 10 males 1 shower/bathtub per 8 persons

600 sq ft @ 200 sq ft per person (kitchen = 3 users at a time)

WATER FOUNTAINS 1 water fountain 1 service sink REQUIRED EGRESS 1 exit, 50 ft max travel distance from exit

RESTROOM REQUIREMENTS 1 WC per 40 females 1 WC per 40 males 1 lavatory per 75 females 1 lavatory per 75 males WATER FOUNTAINS 1 water fountain 1 service sink REQUIRED EGRESS 2 exits, 75 ft max travel distance from exit

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CURRENT CIRCULATION The current circulation in the Depot is dependent on the existing stairwell. Its direct central location does not lend itself to allowing residents of the 2nd floor hostel privacy. This stairwell will be removed and reconfigured in phase 2.

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EXISTING CONDITIONS

1st floor: exposed framing and original brick

1st floor: view of front gallery space from back room

1st floor: view of 816 W Broad from window in back room

1st floor: back gallery space with unused window

1st floor: historic freight elevator and loading dock door

2nd floor: main stairwell with view of catwalk

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2nd floor: ceiling details

2nd floor: typical classroom (1 of 2)

2nd floor: view of Broad Street from classroom windows

2nd floor: large, open floor space for collaborative study & events

2nd floor: typical office (1 of 3)

2nd floor: secondary stairwell down to 1st floor

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DETAILS

restored maple floors

change in flooring (2nd floor)

historic staircase, glassed over (2nd floor)

exposed steel I-beam columns

typical framing detail

back windows (2nd floor)

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historic freight elevator (2nd floor)

typical skylight (2nd floor)

historic freight elevator (2nd floor)

skylight, left of main stairwell

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PROGRAMMING

PROGRAMMING CONSIDERATIONS Much of my programming stemmed from the concept of proxemics, which concerns physical territory and personal territory. Americans are notorious for needing higher spatial requirements than other cultures do, which is no doubt one of the reasons that hostels have never been as widespread in the U.S. as they have been in European countries, where sharing a room with a stranger is much more culturally acceptable or plausible. Interested in exploring this dynamic in my programming, I turned to the research of Edward Hall, who coined the term â&#x20AC;&#x153;proxemicsâ&#x20AC;? and its initial theory in the 1960s.20 Hall separated personal territory into four different spaces, as seen in the diagram to the right. Public space - ranges from 12-25 feet Distance maintained between an audience and a general speaker. Social space - ranges from 4-10 feet Used for communication among acquaintances, as well as to separate strangers using public areas, such as at a bus stop. Personal space - ranges from 2-4 feet We limit this type of space to our friends and family members, as well as when separating people who are congregated in an area or waiting in line. Intimate space - ranges out to 1 foot Intimate space involves a high probability of touching, which means we reserve it for whispering, embracing, or affectionate gestures between us and other humans.

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PROGRAM ABSTRACT When programming and space planning for Coordinate’s hostel, I intend to use a combination of intimate and personal space, with intimate spaces being applicable mainly to sleeping structures, as well as washroom stalls and changing rooms. I will use a combination of personal space, social space, and public space when planning for Coordinate’s community center, with the largest type (public space) being applicable to event space meant for large crowds. I aim to challenge the current limitations of the ‘American take’ on intimate and personal space, in an effort to consider how the hostel could allow residents to feel comfortable despite their limited opportunity for private personal space. This will be done through the design of a modular sleeping structure, which can be arranged several ways and combined to allow for guests visiting together to sleep near one another. These structures will be smaller than a conventional room would be, but will have all the necessities needed for secure sleep: bed, storage for personal items, adjustable lighting, and a blind or shade for privacy. The design of these structures and the system in which they interact with each other will integrate Hall’s theory of proxemics by merging hostel resident’s circles of personal space and social space.

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INITIAL DIAGRAMMING

PUBLIC SPACE

CULTURAL CENTER

SEMI-PRIVATE SPACE HOSTEL

PRIVATE SPACE INDEPENDENT USE

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staff

luggage storage

public common area public restrooms reception

laundry

bar + cafe interactive maps

kitchen bedroom modules

key public space semi-private space private space

shared washrooms shared kitchen resident common area

immediate adjacency visible adjacency convenient adjacency programming / 82

DIVISION OF SPACE

HOSTEL

semi-private

COMMUNITY CENTER

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public

PUBLIC 4,100 sq ft

LOBBY & RECEPTION 24-hour desk at main entrance to greet any guests, help hostel guests find their way and get settled in, and to maintain a secure environment. BLUEPRINT With informative print resources, interactive touch-screen LED maps, and updated information about local attractions, this area will be a self-service area where visitors to both the cultural center and the hostel can update themselves on current events, make a ‘blueprint’ of future events, and learn more about Richmond’s offerings. BAR & CAFÉ A full-service bar and café to be used by both community center visitors and hostel residents, and encourage interaction between travelers, between locals, and between locals and travelers. MULTIPURPOSE EVENT SPACE Event space intended for performances, guest speakers, or Coordinate events.

SEMI-PRIVATE 2,000 sq ft

SHARED KITCHEN & DINING A commercial-sized kitchen for guests to store and/or cook their own meals. Staff can serve complimentary hostel meals and snacks, so long as they are made in house. COMMON AREAS Common areas within the upstairs hostel will allow for guests to mingle after-hours, have a more private social experience, or take some time to themselves if the center downstairs is too busy. LAUNDRY FACILITIES A self-service laundry facility specific to hostel guests.

PRIVATE 7,900 sq ft

SLEEPING STRUCTURES Meant for one to two people, provides personal lighting and storage for belongings. These structures are mobile and modular, and can be combined with others for a bigger communal sleeping environment, allowing for maximum resident customization. WASHROOMS Shared washrooms, one female and one male. Includes lavatories, showers, and changing rooms with storage for belongings. LUGGAGE STORAGE Reservable, locked storage space intended for hostel residents either arriving before their check-in time or departing the city after their check-out time. STAFF OFFICES & BACK OF HOUSE STORAGE Space for staff members to work, keep their things, and store cleaning supplies and any items currently not in use.

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a ne ddt ce itio ss na itie l s

itie s ff ne +e ce ss

a pr cou iva st cy ica l pu bl ic ac ce ss na tu ra l li gh t vis ua lp riv ac y pl um bi ng

.f t.

PROPOSED PROGRAM

lobby & reception

400

2 chairs, easily accessible by hostel guests and entering visitors

24-hour service, 2 staff at all times

(blueprint) travel research

450

L/M

seating, bookcases, side tables, digital map panels (around 6’ tall )

self-service kiosks with interactive touchscreen maps and directories, print resources

public common area

750

L/M

low seating, bar seating, tables, shelving

should be located near facade to attract passerby, will be dispersed throughout ground floor

bar & café

600

L/M

fixed seating, flexible seating, bar stools, various tables, chairs, trash receptacle

should be located near facade to attract passerby

café kitchen

500

L/M

commercial sink, oven, range, microwave oven, refrigerator, storage

temporary storage, dry storage, overhead storage, cooking line, food window

multipurpose event space

800

10 small tables, 30 chairs, specialty lighting, empty assembly space

event space for community events, performances, public forums/speakers

public restroom

300 ea. (2)

hostel common areas

300 ea. (3)

M/H

L/M

lounge seating, TV, low tables

need to have acoustical considerations so sleeping residents will not be disturbed

sleeping structures

150 ea. (30)

M/H

bed, storage for items, shelf, task light, must retain high acoustical privacy

lightweight enough to be mobile - considerable circulation space necessary for reconfiguration + storage

shared kitchen

600

commercial sink, 2 ranges, microwave oven, industrial size refrigerators, storage

kitchen to be shared between staff and hostel visitors - separation of storages - 2 refrigerators

linen storage

100

shelving

only accessible by hostel residents

laundry facilities

300

washer (6), dryer (6)

complimentary detergent, hampers

luggage storage

100

shelving, lockers

door needs to have lock closure

hostel washrooms

800 ea. (2)

showers, lockable changing rooms, clothing storage, towel hooks

stalls and rooms needs to have lock closure

staff offices

400

desks, chairs, locked storage

door needs to have lock closure

back of house storage

1200

N/A

accessible only by staff

easily accessible by visitors, located near bar & café

se ad co jac nd en ary cie s

p ad rima jac ry en cie s

blueprint, luggage storage, staff offices

bar, cafe, restrooms, multipurpose event space

lobby and reception, staff offices

public common area, bar and cafe

cafe kitchen, public common area

public restrooms, back of house storage

lobby and reception

bar, cafe

none required

public common area, bar

lobby and reception

public common area, bar, cafe, event space

lobby and reception

shared kitchen

sleeping structures, hostel washrooms

hostel washrooms, hostel common areas

linen storage, shared kitchen

hostel common area

sleeping structures

laundry facilities, hostel washrooms, sleeping structures

lobby and reception

linen storage

hostel common area

lobby and reception, staff offices

hostel common area

hostel common areas, sleeping structures

shared kitchen

lobby and reception, blueprint

back of house storage

staff offices

lobby and reception

SQ FOOTAGE public space - 4,100 sq ft semi-private space - 2,000 sq ft private space - 7,900 sq ft circulation space - 4,000 sq ft for 1st floor 2,000 sq ft for 2nd floor

20,000 sq ft total

H high importance M medium importance L low importance Y yes N no

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ADJACENCY MATRIX immediately adjacent

comfortably adjacent

unimportant adjacency should not be adjacent

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AREAS OF HIGH VS LOW ADJACENCIES

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INITIAL PARTI DIAGRAMS

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SLEEPING STRUCTURE IDEATION

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POTENTIAL CONFIGURATIONS sleeping structures

washrooms

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MATERIAL IDEATION

EXISTING FLOORING (1ST FLOOR)

EXISTING FLOORING (2ND FLOOR)

LIGHT WOODS

poured concrete

repurposed maple flooring

sleeping structures, downstairs seating

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ACOUSTICAL SYSTEMS

TUBE LIGHTING

ACCENT LIGHTING

perforated acoustical panels for upstairs hostel and downstairs cafe and common area

tube lighting for sleeping structures

light wayfinding systems for hostel users to find their way at night

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BIBLIOGRAPHY

TEXT CITATIONS

1: Richmond History (2009). Cities of the United States: The South. Retrieved from http://www.city-data.com/ us-cities/The-South/Richmond-History.html 2: Background (2010). Development History. Richmond Master Plan. 7. 3: Slipek, Edwin. (2015, May 26). Review: “Richmond As Work of Art” at Public Library. Style Weekly. Retrieved from http://www.styleweekly.com/richmond/ review-richmond-as-work-of-art-at-richmond-public-library/Content?oid=2207881 4: Bergman, Justin (2009, October 14). 36 Hours in Richmond, Va. The New York Times. TR10. 5: Venable, Malcolm (2013, June 30). Hipster culture is flourishing in Richmond. Richmond Times-Dispatch. Retrieved from http://www.richmond.com/entertainment/ article_47456c64-9edd-5996-a194-b5d1d202ea16.html 6: Galuszka, Peter (2015, September 18). How the UCI bike race is changing Richmond. The Washington Post. Retrieved from https://www.washingtonpost.com/blogs/ all-opinions-are-local/wp/2015/09/18/how-the-uci-bikerace-is-changing-richmond/ 7: Hostelling International USA (2014). History of Hostelling. HI USA. Retrieved from http://www.hiusa.org/ about-us/history-of-hostelling#tab1 8: Into History (2010). The First Youth Hostel. Altena Castle Hostel. Retrieved from http://www.intohistory.com/ altena-castle-hostel/

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9: Tenenbaum, David (2015, December 9). Hostel vs. Hotel: A Good Option for Travel on the Cheap? GE Credit Union. Retrieved from http://hffo.cuna.org/13070/article/1772/html 10: Karmin, Craig (2013, August 7). New Breed of Hostels Heads to U.S. The Wall Street Journal. Retrieved from http://www.wsj.com/articles/SB10001424127887323997 004578640294198949164 11: Design-Led Hostels in Europe. Generator Hostels. http://generatorhostels.com/en/ 12: Mohn, Tanya (2012, September 21). A Glam Option for Frugal Travelers: ‘Boutique Hostels.’ Forbes Magazine, Lifestyle. 13: Hostel managers discuss definition of the word hostel. P 12. Hostel Management. Retrieved fromhttp://www. hostelmanagement.com/glossary/hostel.html 14: Hallman, Randy (2015, September 7) Hostel Opens in Downtown Richmond. Richmond Times- Dispatch. Retrieved from http://www.richmond.com/business/local/ article_eb48cbf4-e6be-50af-8fc9-5cfad08ec7a7.html 15: Antonio Ravalli Architetti (2010). MiNO. Retrieved from http://www.antonioravalli.it/MiNO/ 16: Jones, Jenny (2015). Innovative Detail: The Superdesk at the Barbarian Group Office. Architect Magazine. Retrieved from http://www.architectmagazine.com/technology/detail/innovative-detail-the-superdesk-at-the-barbarian-group-office_o

17: Helen & Hard Architects (2012). Vennesla Library and Cultural Center. http://www.helenhard.no/projects/ vennesla_library 18: Irina Vinnitskaya (2012, December 24). Hotel Droog / Droog. ArchDaily. Retrieved from http://www.archdaily. com/307149/hotel-droog-droog/ 19: Slipek, Edwin (2014, April 15). Depot Delight. Style Weekly. Retrieved from http://www.styleweekly.com/ richmond/depot-delight/Content?oid=2058303 20: Hall, Edward (1966). The Hidden Dimension. 101-104. Anchor Books. Personal interview (2015, September 23). Ethan Ashley, General Manager. HI Richmond Hostel.

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IMAGE SOURCES

P1: Harper’s Weekly image. Print source. Harper’s Weekly Magazine excerpt. P4(1): Tavish, Timothy (2015, January 28). The Fan, 2014. Dirty Richmond. Retrieved from http://dirtyrichmond.tumblr.com/ image/109395975716

P23: Killingsworth, K. Personal photography. 2015, October 21. P31: Antonio Ravalli Architetti (2010). MiNO, Migliarino Hostel. Retrieved from http://www.archdaily. com/93827/mino-migliarino-hostel-antonio-ravalli-architetti/5013294a28ba0d0ef0000358-mino-migliarino-hostel-antonio-ravalli-architetti-photo

P4(2): Dirty Richmond (2012, August 15). P4(3): Killingsworth, K. Personal photography. 2015, November 6. P4(4): White water rafting on the James River through downtown Richmond, Virginia. Rivers & Lakes. Retrieved from http:// www.capitalregionusa.org/articles/rivers-lakes

P32: Antonio Ravalli Architetti (2010). MiNO, Migliarino Hostel. Floor plans retrieved from www.antonioravalli.it/ P33: Adapted from original drawings by Antonio Ravalli Architetti (2010). MiNO, Migliarino Hostel. www.antonioravalli.it/ P34: All photos from Antonio Ravalli Architetti (2010). Retrieved from www.antonioravalli.it/

P4(5): Killingsworth, K. Personal photography. 2015, August 16. P11: Hostelling International. Richard Schirmann (1959). Retrieved from Hostelling International. P12(1): Altena aus dem Lexikon. © Deutsches Jugendherbergswerk, Detmold. Retrieved from http://www.wissen.de/lexikon/ altena. P12(2): Moore, Christopher (1965). Taken about 1965 Preston Hostel, Post War (1945 to 1980). Retrieved from http://tenpoundpom.com/photo.php?memid=5751&picid=100. P13: Generator Hostels. Berlin Mitte. Retrieved from http://generatorhostels.com/en/destinations/berlin/mitte/#

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P35: Ilya, Ivanov. Arch Group (2011). Retrieved from http:// www.dezeen.com/2011/09/12/sleepbox-01-by-arch-group/ P36-37: Sleepbox Floor Plans (2013). Adapted by hand from http://www.metalocus.es/content/en/system/files/file-images/ ml_sleepbox_hotel_14_1200.png. P38: Sleepbox Hotel Tverskaya by Arch Group (2013). Dezeen Magazine. Retrieved from http://www.dezeen.com/2013/02/08/ sleepbox-hotel-tverskaya-by-arch-group/ P39: Floor plan (2015). Retrieved from Clive Wilkinson Architects.

P40: Innovative Detail: The Superdesk at the Barbarian Group Office (2015). Architect Magazine. Retrieved from http://www. architectmagazine.com/technology/detail/innovative-detail-the-superdesk-at-the-barbarian-group-office_o P41: Floor plan adapted by author’s hand (2015). Retrieved from Clive Wilkinson Architects. P42: All photographs retrieved from http://www.architectmagazine.com/technology/detail/innovative-detail-the-superdesk-at-the-barbarian-group-office_o P43: Inhabitat (2012). Vennesla Library’s Ripped Prefab Design Features Energy Efficient Strategies in Norway. Retrieved from http://inhabitat.com/vennesla-librarys-ribbed-prefab-design-features-energy-efficient-strategies-in-norway/vennesla-library-helen-and-hard-9/ P44: All photographs Ashley, Emile (2012). Vennesla Library, Helen and Hard. Retrieved from http://www.archdaily. com/209340/vennesla-library-and-culture-house-helen-hard P47: Wolzak, Thijs (2012). Hotel Droog. Retrieved from http:// www.archdaily.com/307149/hotel-droog-droog

P57(1): VCU News. The Depot in 1907. Retrieved from http:// www.storefrontrichmond.org P57(2): Commonwealth Architects. VCU Terminal. Retrieved from http://www.comarchs.com/news/2013_07_11_VCUTerminal.php P58: Larter, David. Richmond Biz Sense. Retrieved from richmondbizsense.com P80: Proxemics Diagram. Adapted by Killingsworth, K from original diagram retrieved from. P93: Light wood photo retrieved from http://www.dezeen. com/2013/05/14/the-times-transplantation-building-by-nano-architects/ P94(1): Acoustical panel photo retrieved from http://www. architonic.com P94(2, 3): Lighting inspiration retrieved from Dezeen.com

*all other images author’s unless otherwise specified

P48: Floor plans retrieved from http://www.hoteldroog.com/ about/ P49-50: Photos by Wolzak, Thijs (2012). Hotel Droog. Retrieved from http://www.archdaily.com/307149/hotel-droog-droog

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