HEINRICH MUTSCHMANN – PROFESSOR OF ENGLISH PHILOLOGY IN TARTU (DORPAT) FROM 1921 TO 1939 Enn Veldi

HEINRICH MUTSCHMANN – PROFESSOR OF ENGLISH PHILOLOGY IN TARTU (DORPAT) FROM 1921 TO 1939

Enn Veldi Associate Professor Emeritus Department of English University of Tartu

It must have been in 1973 when I noticed the name Heinrich Mutschmann for the first time. As a first-year student of English, I was browsing the shelves of English-language dictionaries at the university library. There was a thesaurus of American slang published in 1942, which listed ‘A glossary of Americanisms’ by Mutschmann published in Dorpat in 1931 among its sources. As a student I was impressed by the fact that the work of this scholar was known in North America. In fact, throughout the Soviet period Mutschmann’s name was rarely mentioned. There is a footnote about him in The development of English language studies in the 16th–20th centuries by Oleg Mutt (1982: 40):

Heinrich Mutschmann (1885–1955), professor of English at Tartu University in 1920–1938, worked later at Marburg University (West Germany); he is remembered primarily for his manual of English phonetics and research on English dialects and American English.

Now a century has passed from the time when Heinrich Mutschmann arrived in Tartu, and it is time to take a fresh look at the life and work of the professor who laid the foundation of English philology in Tartu. As a starting point I was inspired by Terje Lõbu’s recent article about the German professors employed by the University of Tartu at the beginning of the first period of independence of the Republic of Estonia (Lõbu 2019). It then transpired that one of my teachers, Pent Nurmekund (until 1936 Arthur Roosmann), had attended a number of courses taught by Heinrich Mutschmann in the early 1930s. Fortunately, his hand-written lecture notes and a seminar paper on American English have survived and can be consulted at the university library. These materials provided the student’s perspective to Mutschmann’s lectures. Moreover, in the late 1970s, Pent Nurmekund recommended me to do some research about the history of teaching English at Tartu University.

Heinrich Mutschmann By the time Heinrich Mutschmann was offered a full professorship in English philology in Tartu in 1920, he was a well-qualified German Anglicist. Moreover, he had studied and taught for a number of years in British universities before the First World War.

Heinrich Mutschmann was born in Essen an der Ruhr in Germany on February 18, 1885. His father Ernst Mutschmann was a teacher of deaf-and-mute people. In 1904 Heinrich Mutschmann graduated from an upper secondary school of science in Essen. In the autumn of the same year he was admitted to the University of Bonn where he studied Germanic and Romance philology as well as philosophy (his university studies are described in detail in Mutschmann 1909). In the autumn of

1905, he travelled to England and enrolled as a student at the University of Liverpool. In Liverpool he studied Germanic and English philology, as well as Old Icelandic and Phonetics. His most important teacher in Liverpool was Prof Henry Cecil Kennedy Wyld 1870–1945). Prof Wyld played an important role in the academic growth of Mutschmann as a phonetician, historical linguist, etymologist, dialect researcher, name researcher, and lexicographer. The topic of Mutschmann’s doctoral dissertation about the North-Eastern Scotch dialect was also suggested by Prof Wyld. Mutschmann then spent a month in Cumberland and worked at the British Museum where he focused on Modern English grammars. Upon returning to Germany in 1906, he enrolled for the winter semester in Göttingen and then returned to Bonn. In the late summer and autumn of 1907, he travelled to northern Scotland and studied the Scottish dialect on the spot. It is remarkable that apart from studying written sources Mutschmann also carried out fieldwork in the boarding schools of Aberdeen with regard to the Scottish dialect. Thus, he became an authority on the Scottish dialect. Mutschmann took his doctoral exam in July 1908 and defended his doctoral dissertation A Phonology of the North-Eastern Scotch Dialect in Bonn in 1909. Mutschmann’s academic supervisor in Bonn was Prof Karl David Bülbring (1863–1917). The early scholarly publications of Mutschmann focus on the etymology of various Scottish words, which were published in Beiblatt zur Anglia.

Mutschmann then worked five years in England as a university lecturer. In 1909–1914 he was Lecturer in German and in Phonetics at the University College, Nottingham. There is a noteworthy statement by Mutschmann about phonetics from that period. He wrote in 1911 that “the business of the phonetician is to record the facts and nothing but the facts; and if he is a philologist at all, he will understand and respect them: ‘non ridere, non lungere, neque detestare, sed intelligere’ should be his motto’” (Mutschmann 1911: 276). However, his most important publication from that period is The Place-Names of Nottinghamshire. Their Origin and Development (1913). The idea for this dictionary of place names was suggested by Prof Wyld, who had done a similar study about Lancashire. Mutschmann’s book has stood the test of time and was republished by Cambridge University Press in 2011. Mutschmann also translated A Short History of English (1914) by H. C. Wyld into German. Unfortunately, then the First World War broke out and the publication of the translation by Mutschmann was delayed for five years (see Wyld 1919).

In October 1914 Mutschmann returned to Germany and held the position of a lecturer in English in the University of Frankfurt am Main until April 1919. In 1916–1918 he served in the army. A tragic event at the end of the war was that his elder bother Hermann Mutschmann, professor of classical philology in Königsberg, was killed by a grenade in northern France in 1918.

In the summer semester of 1919, he replaced the professor of English philology in Marburg.

The year 1920 witnessed several important changes in Heinrich Mutschmann’s life. In January he married Marianne Baltzer (b 1896), daughter of Franz Baltzer, professor of the Technical University of Berlin who had designed Tokyo railway station. Their daughter Bettina was born in Marburg in October 1920. In 1920 Heinrich Mutschmann became Privatdozent of English philology in Marburg. He habilitated (qualified as a university lecturer) under Prof Max Deutschbein. In 1920 the University of Tartu offered Heinrich Mutschmann a full professorship in English philology.

And last but not least, in 1920 Prof Henry Cecil Wyld, a major influence in Mutschmann’s academic growth, moved from Liverpool to Oxford and took up a professorship there. A few years later Prof Wyld made a book donation to the English seminar in Tartu.

In 1920 Mutschmann published Der andere Milton (1920), which he dedicated to the memory of his brother Hermann Mutschmann. In the same year he also published Milton und das Licht (1920), which he dedicated to Marianne, his wife. These two books started a whole series of studies (see the references section) on the personality and blindness of John Milton. They turned Mutschmann into a well-known but highly polemical literary scholar whose views were met with harsh criticism. However,

Mutschmann’s approach to the study of Milton could also be regarded as an interdisciplinary one. On the one hand, he analysed the personality and blindness of Milton from the perspective of individual psychology as understood by Alfred Adler and medical opinions of eye specialists. On the other hand, he used his extensive knowledge to make his point. In fact, his theory that Milton’s blindness was caused by albinism was based on his study of the semantic development of the words auburn and abrown in the Oxford English Dictionary. Eleanor Brown (1934) listed the following theories about the possible causes of Milton’s blindness: punishment by god, albinism (Mutschmann), congenital syphilis, glaucoma, and myopia and detachment of the retina. She regarded the first two explanations as fantastic, the third one improbable, and the last two as probable. Medical views have changed over the years, but the title of the article by John Rumrich “The cause and effect of Milton’s blindness” shows that the topic was of interest again in 2019.

Mutschmann was also fond of comparing word groups in various works from different periods in order to establish textual similarities. In this respect his hypotheses could have been checked much more convincingly using the methods of modern electronic text analysis.

Mutschmann became a regular contributor to such scholarly publications of German Anglicists as Beiblatt zur Anglia, Englische Studien, and Die neueren Sprachen. When browsing these journals now, I was amazed by their wealth of content.

Heinrich Mutschmann held his inaugural lecture The Secret of John Milton in the festive hall of the university on February 1, 1921. His choice of the topic shows what was on his mind.

The programme of English philology in Tartu had three levels; approbatur, cum laude, and laudatur (RA EAA 2100.2b.49) The approbatur level was also required for the exam of secondary-school teachers. Mutschmann used German for documentation; this explains why the programme is in German.

I Approbatur Forderungen für die Oberlehrer-Prüfung im Englischen

1. Eine gute Aussprache des Englischen; die Fähigkeit einen phonetischen Text im Alphabet der Internationalen phonetischen Assoziation lesen und erklären zu können. Kenntnis der Theorie des englischen Lautsystems. Jones, Outline of English Phonetics (S. 1–99) (Teubner), Jones, An English Pronouncing Dictionary (Dent), Jones, Phonetic Readings in English (Winter), Annakin Exercises in English Pronunciation (Niemeyer).

2. Die Hauptregeln der englischen Grammatik und Syntax.

3. Englische Sprachgeschichte in Umriss (Zusammensetzung des Wortschatzes, Herkunft der Schriftsprache, das beste Englisch. Wyld, The Growth of English.

4. Die englische Literaturgeschichte in Umriss, besonders vom Zeitalter der Renaissance bis zur Gegenwart. Sefton Delmer, English Literature (Teubner), Young, Primer of English Literature (Cambridge University Press).

5. Es müssen gelesen sein Teile der Werke von: a) Dichtern: Milton, Pope, Wordsworth, Byron, Shelley, Keats, Tennyson, R. Browning. b) Prosaikern: Carlyle, Macaulay, Dickens, Thackeray, George Eliot, Meredith, Kipling, Hervig-Förster, British Classical Authors (Westermann).

6. Es müssen gelesen sein zwei Stücke von Shakespeare, je eines aus folgenden Reihen: a) Hamlet, Othello, Macbeth, King Lear, Richard III, Julius Caesar. b) Twelfth Night, As You Like It, Merchant of Venice. Ferner zwei Romane von zwei verschiedenen Schriftstellern in folgender Reihe: Dickens, Thackeray, George Eliot, Meredith, Kipling. Als Wörterbücher werden empfohlen: Onions. Shakespeare Glossary (Clarendon Press). Fowler & Fowler. The Concise Oxford Dictionary (Clarendon Press).

The requirements of the cum laude level included the requirements of the approbatur level but additionally

II Cum laude

Ferner, genaueres Studium von

Sweet, Primer of Spoken English (Clarendon Press);

Übung im schriftlichen Gebrauch eines phonetischen Alphabets

Einer Studium von Fowler and Fowler, The King’s English (Clarendon Press). Sweet, New English Grammar II (Clarendon Press), soweit es sich um das Neuenglische handelt. Onions, An Advanced English Syntax.

Außerdem genaueres Studium eines besonderen Schriftstellers, von dem die Hauptwerke gelesen sein müssen.

The requirements of the laudatur level included the requirements of the previous levels and focused on language history. As one can see, at this level a student was required to read Old English texts, including 500 lines of Beowulf, and be able to point out relationships between Old English words and their Gothic cognates. As for Chaucer’s Middle English, a student was required to read the prologue and one of the Canterbury Tales.

III Laudatur

Ferner entweder: (1) Genauere Kenntnis der Sprachgeschichte (Laut- und Formenlehre bis zur Gegenwart) auf Grund des Studiums alt und mittelenglischer Texte. Es müssen gelesen sein:

Förster, Altenglisches Lesebuch (Winter) [oder Sweet Anglo-Saxon Primer (Clarendon Press)], 500 Verse Beowulf [Ausgabe von Schüking], von Chaucer der Prolog und eine der Canterbury Tales [Knight’s Tale usw.], Ausgabe von Koch (Winter), oder andere.

Als Handbuch zum Studium der historischen englischen Grammatik wird empfohlen: Wyld, A Short History of English (Murray) [Horn. Historische neuenglische Grammatik (Trübner), Kluge. Geschichte der englischen Sprache, in Paul’s Grundriss (Trübner)]. Verwandtschaft mit der gotischen Laut- und Formenlehre wird vorausgesetzt.

(2) genauere Kenntnis der Literaturgeschichte, nebst dem Spezialstudium eines besonderen

Heinrich Mutschmann laid the foundation of teaching of English philology at the University of Tartu according to the European standards. The content of his teaching was based on the best British and German textbooks of the time. He introduced the ideas and work of Daniel Jones, including his Pronouncing Dictionary, Otto Jespersen, and Henry Cecil Wyld. He insisted on using the monolingual Concise Oxford English Dictionary, which had been published in 1911. Over the years he taught a wide range of courses in English philology. What is impressive about Mutschmann is that he was a true philologist – he was both a linguist and a literary scholar. Below is a list of some of the courses that he taught (according to the study directory of the university for the years 1921–1939).

English language: Practical English phonetics, Modern English phonetics, Phonetic exercises (proseminar), Historical study of the Modern English sound system, History of English inflections, Modern English syntax, History of the English language, Reading of Chaucer’s prologue to the Canterbury Tales, Reading of Old English texts

English and American Literature: Marlowe and the early Elizabethan drama, Life and works of John Milton (with interpretations), Interpretation of selected passages from Milton, Interpretation of Paradise Lost, The Elizabethan drama including Shakespeare, Life and works of Shakespeare, Interpretation of Shakespeare’s Hamlet, Interpretation of Shakespeare’s Macbeth, Pope and his school, The poetry of Shelley, The works of G.B. Shaw, Outlines of English literature, The English novel, Modern British and American novelists, D. H. Lawrence, Interpretation of Modern English poetic texts, Reading of Sinclair Lewis’ Babbitt, Sinclair Lewis’ Arrowsmith, John Dos Passos’ The 42nd Parallel, Interpretation of Aldous Huxley’s short stories, J. B. Priestley’s English Journey

Other: H.W. Nevinson. The English (Routledge Introductions No, 6), Neville. The English people.

Mutschmann taught the majority of English philologists in Estonia during the interwar period. His students constitute the first generation of highly qualified English philologists in Estonia, including Ants Oras, Johannes Silvet, Minna Simtam (later Simre), Leopold Kivimägi, and Paul Saagpakk.

Below is a selection of masters’ theses (mag. phil.) from the interwar period (according to Album Academicum universitatis Tartuensis 1918–1944):

Oras, Ants. Statistical inquiry into the use of colour names in the larger poems of Shelley (1923) Saks, Ida (later Veldre). Studies concerning the use of compounds in Milton’s Poetry (1925) Schwalbe (later Silvet), Johannes. The development of Milton’s blank verse (1925) Simtam (later Simre), Minna. Stress in modern English compound nouns and adjectives (1925) Kuusik (later Jürma), Mall. Critical studies in the word-statistics of Oscar Wilde’s ‘Dorian Gray’ (1927) Tiling, Elsa. Critical study on the word statistics of Wilde’s ‘Dorian Gray’ (1928) Rosendorf, Margarete. An inquiry into the use of colour names in the different periods of Tennyson’s literary career (1928) Kibbermann, Elisabeth. The Functions of the Saxon genitive in present-day English (1932) Kivimägi, Leopold. Accidence and syntax of the adjective in present-day English (1934) Tschakkar, Irma. A comparative study of the use of colour names by some English poets (Chaucer, Spencer, Shakespeare, Milton, Burns, Wordsworth, Shelley, Keats, Tennyson) (1937)

Ants Oras continued his studies in Leipzig and Oxford, where he completed his doctoral dissertation. Oras became Mutschmann’s successor with a focus on English literature.

Samuel Albert Nock, a young American scholar, defended his doctoral dissertation on parallel word groups in the works by John Milton in Tartu in April 1929. Nock’s dissertation was reviewed by Heinrich Mutschmann and Ants Oras.

Paul Saagpakk was impressed by Mutschmann’s perfect pronunciation of English, which was highly polished (Vihma 1999: 75). It appears that Paul Ariste had also attended Mutschmann’s lectures. He recalled in 1967 that Mutschmann had kept repeating during his lectures that students should work with ideas rather than with books. He also wrote that Mutschmann must have been a wellread man because his glossary of Americanisms was based on extensive reading. Finally, Ariste pointed it out that Mutschmann despised Estonians because they did not have their Milton and Shakespeare (Ariste 1967). This observation characterizes Mutschmann’s attitude towards the local language and culture. Mutschmann’s limited knowledge of Estonian was a drawback because he was unable to compare English and Estonian. For this reason, his first English reader for Estonians (1925) was not successful. Mutschmann also published several adapted texts with vocabulary for Estonian schools. These included, for example, Robinson Crusoe by Daniel Defoe (1935) and The Time Machine by H.G. Wells (1935).

Most of his language comparisons are about English and German. Also, Mutschmann authored (Mutschmann 1930) and co-authored (Nock 1930, Deutschbein et al. 1931) several textbooks of phonetics, grammar, and American English, which were published in Germany and were intended for the German student. He also contributed a chapter on American literature to the book Amerikakunde, which was published in 1931.

In Tartu Mutschmann also acted as head of the modern languages section of the didactic-methodological seminar. Mutschmann taught the course “Methods of teaching modern languages with seminar exercises” until 1932. Under his supervision the University of Tartu trained secondary-school teachers of foreign languages. In 1924 he sent a German-language article about the aims and methods of teaching English in Estonia to several Estonian newspapers, which was translated for publication (Mutschmann 1924). In this article Mutschmann discusses the productive and receptive modes of teaching and claims that the two methods should be combined for the teaching of English. Mutschmann stressed the importance of reading English books as a link to the culture of the Anglo-Saxon world. Teachers should encourage their pupils to use dictionaries, and each pupil should read at least one book in English before leaving school. Mutschmann made two presentations at the First Congress of Foreign Language Teachers in Tallinn in 1928. One of them was entitled “The aim and methods of teaching modern languages” and the other “About the importance of studying British and American English” (Mutschmann 1928). He also attended and made a presentation at the First Congress of Gymnasium Teachers in Tallinn in 1929 (Mutschmann 1929). By that time English was in the process of becoming the first foreign language in Estonia instead of German.

Mutschmann pointed out that the Estonian teachers of English suffered from lack of direct contacts with the English-speaking world, and therefore it was difficult to achieve a good command of English. He stressed the necessity of systematic help through closer ties between the secondary school teachers and the university. Teachers should broaden their horizons by foreign travel. They must also understand the nature of their mother tongue. The personality of the teacher is of utmost importance.

In his view, an average pupil should be able to read prose and poetry, to discuss those books in one’s mother tongue, to have a correct pronunciation, to ask questions about everyday life and answer them, to write simple sentences about simple things.

In the summers of 1926 and 1927 Mutschmann travelled to the United States. In these years he taught as a visiting professor at the universities of Iowa and Chicago. Since then he also started to promote the study of American English and culture through his courses. Sinclair Lewis was the first American writer who was awarded the Nobel Prize for literature. Mutschmann taught two courses on Sinclair Lewis and wrote a foreword to three books by Lewis, which were translated into Estonian. He compiled A Glossary of Americanisms (1931), which was based on extensive reading. It was “intended for the use of those who wish to read contemporary American novels, journals, and similar literature, and who find that even the standard dictionaries, both of American and of British provenience, do not afford the assistance that they need” (Mutschmann 1931: 3).

H. L. Mencken characterized A Glossary of Americanisms by Mutschmann as follows:

At Tartu-Dorpat in Estonia Dr. Heinrich Mutschmann, professor of English there, has printed an excellent Glossary of Americanisms (1931) — in fact, a much better one than any that has come out in America since Thornton’s (Mencken 1957: 87).

In 1938 Mutschmann left Tartu and relocated to Marburg. By that time, the Mutschmanns had four daughters. Their first daughter Bettina (1920–2019) was born in Marburg and the second daughter Corona (b 1923) in Dresden, but Imogen (b 1931) and Perdita (1934–2004) were born in Tartu. Perdita Sanchez-Mutschmann was a well-known Austrian ceramic artist. Some data about Mutschmann’s life and work after 1938 can be found in Fischer (1957) and Strunz (1999).

In Marburg Mutschmann had to confine his teaching to phonetics and American studies. In the winter semester of 1942–1943 he taught in Bonn and then from 1944 in Innsbruck. Since 1948 he taught again American English and American literature in Marburg.

Mutschmann’s publications of this period include a small dictionary of basic vocabulary of English. It listed about 1500 lexical items and a short list of American words (Mutschmann 1945). There are at least six editions of this book. He also published some adapted texts for German schools; for example, Daniel Defoe’s Robinson Crusoe (1949), which he had also published in Estonia. His main work of this period, however, is Shakespeare and Catholicism (co-authored by Karl Wentersdorf). Mutschmann himself was a Catholic (the fact is mentioned in Mutschmann 1909). Mutschmann’s

discussion of Shakespeare’s world view (1926) shows that he had been thinking about this topic for a long time. The German-language book came out in 1950, and the enlarged English version was published in America in 1952. This 446-page book is a fascinating study, which I have on my desk and awaits scrutiny.

In 1950 Heinrich Mutschmann turned 65. In order to celebrate this occasion, Walther Fischer and Karl Wentersdorf collected fourteen contributions for Shakespeare-Studien. Festchrift für Heinrich Mutschmann (1951). Ten contributions are from German scholars and four from America, including S. A. Nock, who had defended his doctoral thesis in Tartu. The volume also includes a selected bibliography of scholarly papers by Heinrich Mutschmann. However, it would be a challenge to compile a more complete bibliography of all his articles and book reviews. In 1954 Mutschmann was named honorary professor of the University of Marburg. He passed away on November 29, 1955.

REFERENCES

Album Academicum universitatis Tartuensis 1918–1944. www.ra.ee (accessed on 15 September 2020). Ariste, Paul. 1967. Mõnda Tartu ülikooli õppejõududest. TRÜ. 11.01. Brown, Eleanor Gertrude. 1934. Milton’s Blindness. New York, Columbia UP, 182 p. Defoe, Daniel. 1935. Robinson Crusoe. Edited by H. Mutschmann. Tartu: Kool. 67 p. Defoe, Daniel. 1949. Robinson Crusoe. Für die Schule bearbeitet von H. Mutschmann. 2. Auflage Duisburg: Visser. 56 p. Deutschbein, M; Mutschmann, H.; Eicker, H. 1931. Handbuch der Englischen Grammatik. Zweite, verbesserte und vermehrte Auflage. Leipzig: Quelle & Meyer. 284 p. Fischer, Walther and Karl Wentensdorf (eds). 1951. Shakespeare-Studien: Festschrift für Heinrich Mutschmann zum 65. Geburtstag überreicht. Marburg: N.G. Elwert. 208 p. Fischer, Walther. 1957. Nekrolog. Heinrich Mutschmann (1885–1955). Shakespeare Jahrbuch, 93, 282–284. Lõbu, Terje. 2019. Saksa kultuuriruumist pärit teadlased Eesti Vabariigi Tartu Ülikooli teenistuses. Ajalooline Ajakiri, 2 (168), 227–263. Mencken, H.L. 1957. The American Language. An Inquiry into the Development of English in the United States. Fourth edition. Corrected, enlarged, and rewritten. New York: Knopf. Mutschmann, Heinrich. 1907. Die Entwicklung von Nasal vor stimmloser Spirans im Niederdeutsche. Beiträge zur Geschichte der deutschen Sprache und Literatur, 32, 544–550. Mutschmann, Heinrich 1908. Die etymologie von n.e. to bore ‘ennuyer’. Beiblatt zur Anglia, 19, 179–183. Mutschmann, Heinrich. 1908. Neuschott breers. Beiblatt zur Anglia, 19, 382–383. Mutschmann, Heinrich. 1908. Nordengl browst (brüst), ‘a brewing’. Beiblatt zur Anglia, 19, 383–384. Mutschmann, Heinrich. 1908. My Pronunciation of German r. Modern Language Notes, 23: 3, 67–69. Mutschmann, Heinrich. 1909. A Phonology of the North-Eastern Scotch Dialect. Part I. The Middle Scotch vowels in the North-Eastern Scotch Dialect. Inaugural Dissertation. Bonn: Peter Hanstein. 88. Mutschmann, Heinrich. 1911. Review of Handwörterbuch der deutschen Sprache von Daniel Sanders. Neu bearbeitet, ergänzt un vermehrt von J. Ernst Wülfing. Achte Aufl. (erste der Neuarbeitung) Leipzig: Wigand 1910. 887 p. The Modern Language Review, 6: 2, 274–276. Mutschmann, Heinrich. 1913. The Place-Names of Nottinghamshire. Their Origin and Development. (Cambridge Archaeological and Ethnological Series). Cambridge UP. 179 p. (Republished by Cambridge UP in 2011). Mutschmann, Heinrich. 1920. Der Andere Milton. Bonn and Leipzig: Schroeder. 112 p. Mutschmann, Heinrich. 1920. Milton und das Licht. Die Geschichte einer Seelenkrankung. Halle: Niemeyer. Sonderabdruck aus Beiblatt zur Anglia, 30: 11/12. Mutschmann, Heinrich. 1924. Inglise keele õpetamise sihtidest ja meetoditest Eestis. Päevaleht, 20.11.

Mutschmann, Heinrich. 1924. Zur Frage des Albinismus Miltons. Beiblatt zur Anglia, 35, 272–276. Mutschmann, Heinrich. 1924. Milton’s Eyesight and the Chronology of his Works. Acta et Commentationes Universitatis Dorpatensis. Mutschmann, Heinrich. 1924. Studies concerning the Origin of ‘Paradise Lost’. Dorpat. Mutschmann, Heinrich. 1924. Milton in Russland. Dorpat: Laakmann, 10 p. Mutschmann, Heinrich. 1925. The Secret of John Milton. Dorpat. Mutschmann, Heinrich. 1925. Esimene inglise keele lugemik. First English Reader. A Book for Beginners. Tartu. Mutschmann, Heinrich. 1926. Shakespeares Weltanschauung. In: Shakespeares Werke. Übertr. Nach Schlegel-Tiek von Max J. Wolff. Berlin, 22, 155–202. Mutschmann, Heinrich. 1928. Uute keelte õpetamise eesmärk ja meetodid. Kasvatus, 3, 144–146. Mutschmann, Heinrich, 1928. Inglise ja ameerika keele uurimise tähtsusest. Kasvatus, 3, 146–147. Mutschmann, Heinrich. 1929. Über den Fremdsprachunterricht. Gümnaasiumi-õpetajate I kongress 3., 4. ja 5. aprillil 1929 Tallinnas. Tallinn: Eesti Õpetajate Liidu Kirjastus, 70–72. Mutschmann, Heinrich. 1930. Praktische Phonetik des Englischen. Einführung in ihre Theorie und Praxis. Leipzig: Quelle & Meyer. 181 p. Mutschmann, H. 1931. Amerikanische Literatur und amerikanisches Volkstum. Fischer, W. et al. Amerikakunde. Berlin, 1931. 179–244. Mutschmann, Heinrich. 1931. Glossary of Americanisms. Dorpat. 72 p. Mutschmann, Heinrich. 1936. Milton’s Projected Epic on the Rise and Future Greatness of the Britannic Nation. Together with a reprint of the anonymous pamphlet entitled ‘Great Britain’s Ruin Plotted by Seven Sorts of Men. Tartu: J.G. Krüger. 87 p. Mutschmann, Heinrich. 1939. The Origin and Meaning of Young’s Night Thoughts. Acta et Commentationes Universitatis Tartuensis. B, Humaniora, XLIII. 22 p. Mutschmann, Heinrich. 1945. Der grundlegende Wortschatz des Englischen. Die 1500 wesentlichsten Wörter. Mit Berücksichtigung des amerikanisches Englisch. Fünfte Auflag. Marburg: Elwert, 32 p. Mutschmann, Heinrich; Wentersdorf, Karl. 1950. Shakespeare und der Katholizismus. Speyer. 256 p. Mutschmann, Heinrich; Wentersdorf, Karl. 1952. Shakespeare and Catholicism. New York: Sheed and Ward. 446 p. Mutschmann, Heinrich. 1963. Englische Phonetik. 2. Auflage bearbeitet von Günther Scherer. Berlin: Gruyter. 113 p. Mutt, Oleg. 1982. The development of English language studies in the 16th–20th centuries. Tartu, 82 p. Nock, S. A. 1930. Spoken American. Conversations in American on American Subjects. Edited by H. Mutschmann. Leipzig und Berlin, Teubner. 100 p. Rumrich, John. 2019. The Cause and Effect of Milton’s Blindness. Texas Studies in Literature and Language, 61: 2, 95–115. Strunz, Gisela. 1999. American Studies oder Amerikanistik. Die deutsche Amerikawissenschaft und die Hoffnung auf Erneuerung der Hochschulen und den politischen Kultur nach 1945. Wiesbaden: Springer. Vihma, Helgi. 1999. Aaviku seltsi esimene auliige Paul Saagpakk. The first honorary member of the Aavik Society. Artikleid ja arhivaale II. Articles and Archives II. Tallinn 71–82. Wells, H.G. 1935. The Time Machine. Edited by H. Mutschmann. Second, revised edition. Tartu: Kool. 100 p. Wyld, H.C. 1914. A Short History of English. With a bibliography of recent books on the subject, and lists of texts and editions. London: John Murray, 240 p. Wyld, Henry Cecil. 1919. Kurze Geschichte des Englischen. Übersetzt von Heinrich Mutschmann. Heidelberg: Winter. 238 p.

HAVE A LOOK AT TEXAS (photos on p. 53)

1. The Texas State Capitol in Austin. The Texas State Capitol is 302.64 feet (92.24 m) tall, being taller than the United States Capitol in Washington, D.C. It was designed by architect Elijah E. Myers and constructed from 1882 to 1888. 2. Citizens commemorate the victims of racism in downtown Austin, Texas. 3. The Pearl, San Antonio. The fish flying under the bridge represent the area where its designer used to live. 4. Round Rock donut. The city of Round Rock is named after a round rock in Brushy Creek (see photo). This round rock marked a convenient low-water crossing for wagons, horses, and cattle. 5. Deer in San Antonio. The fish flying under the bridge represent the area where its designer used to live. 6. George H. W. Bush memorial in the Plaza of Presidents in Fredericksburg at the Admiral Nimitz Museum (see photo).

The "round rock" of Round Rock, Texas, in Brushy Creek. Photo by Larry D. Moore

EATE congratulates its Committee member Kati Bakradze on the title of Tallinn Basic School Teacher of the Year 2020

Plaza of the Presidents at the Admiral Nimitz Museum. Photo by Ed Uthman

HEINO LIIV 90

EATE congratulates Heino Liiv, Associate Professor Emeritus of the University of Tartu, long-time Head of the Department of English, whose 90th birthday was on 7 September. His main research areas were methods of teaching English and contrastive grammar. In co-authorship with Nora Toots, he published the textbook Advanced English for the Estonian Learner (Part I, 1978; Part II, 1980). He has written more than a hundred research publications. He established contacts with many foreign universities, and when opportunities opened in the last years of the Soviet Union, invited the first foreign lecturers to teach in Tartu. Colleagues remember him as an exacting and strict lecturer who cared for his people and always stood for the wellbeing of the department.

We wish Heino Liiv good health, continuing endurance and freshness of spirit.