I.U.P.S.M San Cristobal
Gonzรกlez M Katherine P 26.534.384 In this magazine we will find the prepositions and adverbial clauses and we will know more on this subject.
Prepositions and adverbial clauses:
º The prepositions in English º application º types º Adverbial clauses in English º aplication º types
The propositions in English The prepositions are one of the parts of English that it is more difficult to learn to the speakers of Spanish language because the direct translation is often impossible. Prepositions can be translated differently according to the situation or the context of their use. Therefore it is advisable to memorize the different variations and uses depending on whether we speak of prepositions of place, movement or time. We will see that many of the prepositions are repeated in the different sections.
Note: Prepositions are always followed by a noun, not a verb (except in the form of gerund)
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USE OF THE PREPOSITIONS The prepositions can perform different functions: - To serve as a link between two words or different elements in the sentence: I'll see you at five o'clock - They can accompany a verb serving as a link to its complement. In this case, they may not alter the meaning of the verb or alter it with what constitutes a distinct word. To look (does not alter the meaning of the verb) To look after (to change the meaning of the verb) - When we put a verb after a preposition, in English normally the form 'ing' is used and not the infinitive. You should not go to India without visiting the Taj Mahal. You should not go to India without visiting the Taj Mahal. I'm interested in studying psychology. I am interested in studying psychology.
How many prepositions are there: In English, there are approximately 150 prepositions. Anyway, this is a very small number if you compare it with the thousands of words that make up the rest of the sentences (nouns, verbs, etc.). Prepositions are important words. We use individual prepositions more frequently than other individual words. In fact, the prepositions of, to and in are among the ten most used words in the English language. Here is a short list of commonly used prepositions. Many of these prepositions have more than one meaning.
Aboard considering despite
down during except
excepting excluding following for from in inside into like minus near of off on
onto opposite outside over past per plus regarding round about above across after against
concerning
How are prepositions in a sentence? A preposition is always followed by a "noun". It is never followed by a verb. By "noun" we include: Noun (cat, water) Own noun (Honduras, Charlie) Pronoun (you [you], her [her], we [us]) Collective noun last summer)
(my
Singing (singing) As we said before, a preposition can not be followed by a verb. If we want to continue a preposition with a verb, we have to use the suffix -ing, which makes a noun or a verb in a gerund. Types THE PREPOSITIONS OF TIME The most important prepositions of time are in, on, for, for, since and by, but you will find many more in the extended list of prepositions of time: in
- Months, years, a time in the future. June On Days of the week and dates. - on Tuesday PREPOSITIONS PLACE
OF
There are prepositions that are repeated in different categories. Prepositions are not in themselves of time or place, we classify them under a common function to be able to study them in an orderly way. Thus, in is a preposition of time if it is part of a sentence that talks about the minutes that are missing to start the game or place if it tells us where the dog is.: In - Translate "in" or "inside". - The dog is in the house. VERBS WITH THE SAME PREPOSITION ALWAYS There are verbs that are always accompanied by the same preposition. It is necessary to know by heart which preposition accompanies each of these verbs.Common examples: Except for -
translates "except". - "I like all vegetables except for carrots.
PREPOSITIONAL VERBS (PHRASAL VERBS) Phrasal verbs are a set formed by a verb and one or more prepositions or adverbs. They function as a semantic unit, which means that we cannot know its meaning by treating each of the words that compose it independently. For example, "look for" means "search", but we will not get the meaning of this phrasal verb if we look in the dictionary for the definition of "look" and "for" separately. The way to look for a phrasal verb in the dictionary is to look for the main verb (in our example, look). We will find a list of the different phrasal verbs possible with that verb.There are many phrasal verbs with the verbs get, take, look, go.
In / At / On: They are some of the most common prepositions that can be used to indicate place or time: in, at and on. IN: Meaning: in, in, in Usage (place): Used to indicate both enclosed spaces and open spaces. We use it to indicate that something is inside a thing, in a closed place, or inside something physically. However, as we see in the examples, it is also used to indicate that you are in a geographical location. º My parents arrive in France on Monday Use (time): We use it with months, years, times, parts of the day and periods of time (duration). º She was born in 1976. AT : Meaning: on, to, near, playing Use (place): Used in front of buildings such as houses, airports, universities (to indicate that we are inside), before "top", "bottom", "the end of" To
indicate events such as meetings, parties, concerts, sports, etc., behind "arrive" when we refer to places other than cities or countries. º When did you arrive at the airport? Uso (tiempo): Lo utilizamos delante de la hora y de fiestas. º I will see them at Christmas ON: Meaning: on top of something, playing Use (place): It is placed in front of names of places with bases like tables, floors, etc. ..., when we refer to places of a room like ceiling or wall and to indicate that someone is inside a public transport or in a plant of a building. º Her apartment is on the second floor. Uso (tiempo): Lo utilizamos con días de la semana, fechas y fiestas. º I will see Luis on his birt hda y.
Clausulas Adverbiales ºAdverbial clauses An adverbial clause fulfills the function of an adverb and contains a subject and a verb. It is a clause dependent, which means that it must be connected to an independent clause. I visit my uncle when I go to Monterrey. Clause When I go to Monterrey, I visit my uncle. ºCan indicate TIME, CAUSE-EFFECT, CONDITION, CONTRAST. TIME: He seems happy when he helps people. • CAUSE-EFFECT: He helps people because he loves to do it. • CONDITION: He feels happy if he helps people. • CONTRAST: Even though it was hard, I helped them. ºWords with which they start the clauses: TIME after before when while until the time since until as soon as once every time (that) the first time (that) CAUSAEFECTO because since now that CONDITION if unless in case that if even if CONTRASTE Even though.
Applications Meaning and uses of adverbial clauses: "before", "after" and "when" In this lesson we will give an explanation of the meaning and use of the words: "before", "after" and "when" to structure adverbial clauses of time. To take into account the meaning of each of these adverbs:
These three adverbs will help us form clauses of time which, in short, will express when (at what moment) the action indicated by the verb of the sentence occurs. Example: I buy a present before I go to a party. In these examples the first clause (sentence) that is before the adverb is called "main clause" and the clause that begins with the adverb is called "clause of time." Distinction between the main clause and the time clause I buy a present before I go to a party. Main Clause + Time Clause The clause of time can also go to the beginning of the sentence with the only condition that a "comma" must be placed to separate it from the clause of time. Let's look at the same examples from the previous section with the clause from time to time. Example: Before I go to a party, I buy a present After I finish my homework, I play video games. When I sleep well, I feel very great. As you can see, the order of the clauses does not alter the message that is meant. Now, it is important to note that in these examples both clauses are composed of sentences in "simple present", it is a rule that in case both clauses refer to the same period of time then we need to use similar forms of the verb in each clause. Note: Frequency adverbs (always, usually, sometimes and never) can be used to form clauses of sentences in simple present.
Types:
looking for a house that is large.
Subjunctive types:
ºThere is one more type of clauses with the subjunctive: Adverbial clauses (Adverbial clauses)
ºNominal (expressing doubt, advice, emotion, etc. ...): I advise you to study. ºAdjectives (which are descriptive of an object or a person): I am ºThe adverbial clauses answer questions: How? When? Where? Why? ºNow we will study two types of conjunctions that introduce these clauses: Weather , Mode and place. Adverbial clauses of purpose I bought a notebook to draw ;The so-called Adverbial clauses of purpose are a type of subordinate clauses that will serve to explain the purpose or purpose of what is described in the main sentence. In Spanish, it is something as simple as: I screamed so he could hear me.
ºThey have different rules for choosing between the indicative and the subjunctive. IT For: Following a verb ending in "-ing", it will serve to talk about the purpose or function of an object. Example: W Usually we can use all three forms indistinctly, but only in affirmative sentences, since in the negative the use of "to" is not frequent. The only difference between them is that "in order to" and "so as to" are a bit more formal. They will always be followed by a verb in infinitive.e use a thermometer for measuring temperature. So that / In order that: "So that" is much more common. Both will also serve to express purpose, with the particularity that they
IS THE USE OF THE MOST COMPLICATED SUBJUNCTIVE OF
Sometimes, they take the Subjunctive when NO SUBJECT CHANGE!
will not be followed by an infinitive, but a clause.
Adverbial clauses of result The Adverbial clauses of result (consecutive subordinate sentences) are those that will serve to express the result of the action indicated in the main sentence.The main linkers used to introduce this type of sentence are the following: So + clause: I was exhausted, so I went to bed at 9 p.m. -I was very tired, so (as a result of being tired) I went to bed at 9.
So + adjective / adverb + that + clause: I was so tired that I went to bed at 9 pm. - I was so tired that I went to bed at 9. As a result + clause: We left too late. We left too late. As a result (consequence), we missed the train. Therefore + clause: It means "therefore", "consequently", "then" ... Example: I failed my English test in June. Therefore, I took it again in September – I
suspended the English exam in June. So, I did it again in September.
such hardworking people that they were soon promoted.
Such + a / a + adjective + noun in singular + that + clause: It was such a boring film that I fell asleep - It was such a dull movie that I fell asleep.
There were so many people there that not everyone could fit in the room. So many people there that not all fit in the room.
Such + adjective + noun in plural / sustantivo incontable + that + clause: They were such hard working people thatthey soon got promoted. "They were
Such that / In such a way that: They will serve us equally to express a result, although in academic or very formal contexts.