Magazine by Katherine Samayoa

Universidad Tecnoloó gica de El Salvador

Faculty of Sciences and Humanities School of Languages Grammar Magazine Gabriela Gissele Vásquez Díaz #80 Katherine Jeamileth Samayoa #75

TABLE CONTENT Introduction................................................................................................................................................................... 3 Parts of Speech............................................................................................................................................................4 Summary Table (Parts of speech)...........................................................................................................................5 Examples (Parts of speech).......................................................................................................................................6 Sentence Structure......................................................................................................................................................8 Summary Table (Sentence Structure).....................................................................................................................9 Examples (Sentence structure)..............................................................................................................................10 Types of Clauses.........................................................................................................................................................13 Summary Table (Types of Clauses).......................................................................................................................14 Examples (Types of Clauses)..................................................................................................................................15 Active Voice.................................................................................................................................................................. 18 Summary Table (Active Voice)................................................................................................................................19 Examples (Active Voice)............................................................................................................................................20 Conclusion................................................................................................................................................................... 22 Bibliography................................................................................................................................................................23 Annexes......................................................................................................................................................................... 24

INTRODUCTION

In this magazine you could observe the different topics that we were studying along the year. You can appreciate different summary tables explaining the different topics, and pictures that show detailed examples about the topics which also are created to you understand better the difference of the main topics (Parts of speech, sentences structure, type of clauses, active and passive voice)that are presented in this magazine.

PARTS OF SPEECH The parts of speech explain how a word is used in a sentence. There are eight main parts of speech (also known as word classes): nouns, pronouns, adjectives, verbs, adverbs, prepositions, conjunctions and interjections. The nouns are used to name persons, things, animals, places, ideas, or events. The pronoun is a part of a speech which functions as a replacement for a noun. The adjective is used to describe a noun or a pronoun. Adjectives can specify the quality, the size, and the number of nouns or pronouns. The verb is the most important part of a speech, for without a verb, a sentence would not exist. Also the verb shows an action (physical or mental) or state of being of the subject in a sentence. The adverbs like the adjectives, adverbs are also used to describe words, but the difference is that adverbs describe adjectives, verbs, or another adverb. The preposition basically refers to words that specify location or a location in time. The conjunction is a part of a speech which joins words, phrases, or clauses together. The interjection refers to words which express emotions. Since interjections are commonly used to convey strong emotions, they are usually followed by an exclamation point.

Part of speech Noun

Pronoun

Verb

Adjective

Adverb

Preposition

Conjunction

Interjection

Definition People, places, things and animals

Some examples Dog, cat, garden, The sun shines. work, music, Anna goes to town, John, school. teacher, Rachel Replace nouns He, I, its, me, my, John is hungry. she, that, this, He wants to eat. those, us, who, whom, you Show action or Run, go, have, The dog and cat being invite, laughed, are running. listen, playing, singing, walk Describe nouns Angry, brave, brown dog, fat healthy, little, old, cat, big garden red, smart, two, some, good, big, interesting Describe verbs, Badly, fully, Run quickly, adjectives, or hardly, nearly, eats very slowly other adverbs never, quickly, silently, well, very, really, almost Show relationship Above, before, I am going to between words in except, from, in, my garden a sentence near, of, since, between, upon, with, to, at, after, on Connect words, And, or, but, so, I was tired so I phrases, clauses after, before, went to sleep or sentences unless, either, neither, because, since Exclamations that Aha!, gosh!, Oops! I spilled express strong great!, hey!, the milk feelings oops! hooray!, oh!, oops!, phew!, ouch!,

In this picture you can see every part of speech. At the beginning of the sentence, there is an interjection (Man), and then is a subject pronoun (I), then the verb (am) in simple present. The adverb which is modifying the verb is averse, and the preposition that join the verb with the noun is to. Then you can appreciate the conjunction (if) with a pronoun (you), another verb (are caught), another pronoun (it), an adjective (an), a noun (F), other preposition (for) and finally another pronoun (you).

In this picture you can observe that every word has the part of speech to which it belongs. Here are only five part of speech (interjection, adjective that describes the noun, the nouns, the verb that express the action, and the preposition that show relationship between the words).

In this picture you can see every part of speech, the interjection which express exclamation, the pronoun, the conjunction which connect the words, the adjective that describe the noun, the verb which show the action done by the subject, a preposition, a noun and an adverb which describes the verb.

SENTENCE STRUCTURE A sentence’s “structure” is the way its words are arranged. There are four main sentence structures: the simple sentence, the compound sentence, the complex sentence, and the compound-complex sentence. A simple sentence has only one subject and one predicate (one independent clause). In fact, an independent clause itself is a simple sentence. Simple sentences don’t have many details and they don’t really combine multiple ideas—they are simple!

A compound sentence has at least two independent clauses. It uses a conjunction like “and” to connect the ideas. A complex sentence has one independent clause and one or more dependent clauses. It sometimes uses conjunctions and other words to combine all of the clauses together. A compound-complex sentence has two or more independent clauses and at least one dependent clause; so, it uses conjunction(s) to combine two complete sentences and at least one incomplete sentence.

Sentence What it contains? Structure Simple sentence One independent clause Compound sentence

Complex sentence

Compoundcomplex sentence

Two independent clauses joined by ď&#x201A;ˇ

a comma and a coordinating conjunction (for, and, nor, but, or, yet, so)

ď&#x201A;ˇ

a conjunctive adverb (however, therefore, etc.)

ď&#x201A;ˇ

a semicolon alone.

One dependent clause (headed by a subordinating conjunction or a relative pronoun) joined to an independent clause.

Two independent clauses joined to one or more dependent clauses.

Examples Peter has found a pearl in an oyster I eat dinner, and I did my homework

Because I like to read, I often go to the library

When my mother came home, I ate dinner, and I did my homework.

A simple sentence is also called independent clause, it contains a subject (Scott) and a verb in simple present (plays) and expresses a complete action.

A compound sentence contains two independent clauses joined by a coordinating conjunction (for, and, nor, but, yet, so)

A complex sentence combines an independent clause with one or more dependent clauses. A complex sentence always has a subordinating conjunction (after, although, because, since, when) or a relative pronoun (that, which, who)

A compound complex sentence contains a dependent clause with two or more independent clauses. You have to remember that a dependent clause has to have a subordinating conjunction, and the independent clauses are joined by a coordinating conjunction.

Main or Independent Clause

In these sentences each underlined part shows main clause. It expresses complete though and can stand as a sentence that is why a main or an independent clause is normally referred as a simple sentence.

Subordinate or dependent Clause

The clause â&#x20AC;&#x153;which tastes goodâ&#x20AC;? in above sentence is a subordinate clause because it does not express complete thought and canâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;t stand as a sentence. It depends on main clause (he likes Chinese rise) to express complete thought.

TYPES OF CLAUSES

A clause is a group of related words. There are several different types of clauses that can be used to develop sentences. Let's take a look at some of these types and discuss how they are important in our writing.

Type of clause Independent Clause

Subordinate or dependent Clause

Adjective Clause

Definition a clause that can stand alone as a sentence, containing a subject anda predicate with a finite verb, as I was there in the sentence I wasthere when he arrived.

Example Sentence form—putting into a n independent clause what is most important—has already b een discussed under clearness.

A subordinate clause (or dependent clause) is a clause that cannot stand alone as a complete sentence because it does not express a complete thought.

After the dog ran This clause answers the question “when?” Because he ate popcorn This clause answers the question “why?” Whoever is watching the dog This clause represents a person

An adjective is a descriptive word. Adjective clauses are groups of words that act as an adjective in a sentence. They have a pronoun (who, that, which) or an adverb (what, where, why) and a verb; or, a pronoun or an adverb that serves as subject and a verb.

For example: Whichever flavor of popcorn you have Whichever (pronoun) + flavor (subject) + have (verb) is an adjective clause that describes the popcorn. As you can see, it’s not a full

Essential and Non-essential Clauses

Adverb Clause

They should answer questions like “what kind?” or “which one?” and follow one of two patterns: Pronoun/adverb + subject + verb, or pronoun/adverb as subject + verb. An essential adjective clause is one that is needed for the sentence to make sense. If you took it out, you would not know all the information that you need to know.

Adverb clauses are clauses that function as adverbs. Since they are dependent clauses, they must have a subordinating conjunction to connect them to the other clause. This will help you recognize an adverb clause.

sentence.

1) The man who left his wallet is coming back for it. It is essential for us to know which man. 2) I do not remember the day that my cousin was born. It is essential for us to know which man. Wherever there is music, people will often dance. If you know where they live, you can drop in for a visit.

TYPES OF SUBORDINATE CLAUSE Noun Clause

In these sentences the clauses “Whatever you learn “and “What you said” function as a noun, hence it is a noun clause. A noun clause works as a noun that acts as a subject, object, or predicate in a sentence. A noun clause starts with words “that, what, whatever, who, whom, whoever, whomever”.

Adjective Clause

The clauses “where I live” and “who was shouting “in the sentences are adjective clauses because it modifies noun “house” and “person” in the sentences. An adjective clause always precedes the noun it modifies.

Essential and Non-essential Clauses

In the first sentence the clause “that cost $100” is an essential clause, because is important to know that the noun “table” costs $100. In the second sentence the clause “which costs $100” gives us information about preceding noun but does not care how much the table costs, so you can omit it. A comma is always used before a restrictive clause in a sentence and also after nonrestrictive clause if it is within a main clause. “That” is usually used to introduce a restrictive clause while

“which” is used to introduce a nonrestrictive clause.

Adverb Clause

An adverb clause like an adverb modifies a verb, adjective clause or other adverb clause in a sentence. It modifies (describes) the situation in main clause in terms of “time, frequency (how often), cause and effect, contrast, condition, intensity (to what extent).” The subordinating conjunctions used for adverb clauses are as follows. Time: when, whenever, since, until, before, after, while, as, by the time, as soon as Cause and effect: because, since, now that, as long as, so, so that, Contrast: although, even, whereas, while, though Condition: if, unless, only if, whether or not, even if, providing or provided that, in case

ACTIVE AND PASSIVE VOICE Verbs are either active or passive in voice. In the active voice, the subject and verb relationship is straightforward: the subject is a doer. In the passive voice, the subject of the sentence is not a doer. It is shown with by plus doer or is not shown in the sentence. Passive voice is used when the action is the focus, not the subject. It is not important (or not known) who does the action.

ACTIVE VOICE

1. Present Simple make They make cars in Germany. 2. Present Continuous am/is /are baking My mother is baking a car. 3. Past Simple write J.D Salinger wrote “The catcher in the Rye”. 4. Past Continuous was/were watching They were watching TV when I got home. 5. Present Perfect have/has cleaned I have cleaned my room. 6. Past Perfect had read Thomas had read the book before he saw the film. 7. Future Simple will write They will write a test paper tomorrow.

PASSIVE VOICE

1. Present Simple am/is/are made Cars are made in German. 2. Present Continuous am/is /are being baked A cake is being baked by my mother 3. Past Simple was/were written “The catcher in the Rye” was written by J.D Salinger. 4. Past Continuous was/were being watched TV was being watched when I got home. 5. Present Perfect have/has been cleaned My room has been cleaned. 6. Past Perfect had been read The book had been read by Thomas before he saw the film. 7. Future Simple will be written A text paper will be written by them

8. Going to is/are going to He is going to make a speech next week. 9. Future perfect will have They will have repaired your car at 7pm. 10. Infinitive have/ has to He has to deliver the letters. 11. Modals must She must make a cake.

tomorrow. 8. Going to is/are going to be A speech is going to be made by him. 9. Future perfect will have been Your car will have been repaired at 7pm 10. Infinitive have/ has to be The letters has to be delivered by him. 11. Modals must be A cake must be made by her.

In an active voice sentence a subject does an action (wrote) that affects an object (the essay of Alzheimer) Notice that the object of the active sentence (the essay of Alzheimer) became the subject of the passive sentence.

In the passive voice, the subject of the sentence (Alex) RECEIVES the action.

CONCLUSION With the creation of this magazine, and in the same way along this semester; we realized that we learned many new topics that will help us throughout our career. To be honest, several topics were a bit difficult, such as the structure of sentences, since there are different types of sentences which are formed by several types of clauses that at first were a bit confusing due to the variety of coordinated conjunctions and subordinated conjunctions.

But, on the other hand, it was satisfying to understand a little more and to examine deeply the topic of the parts of the speech and how the words are classified within a sentence. And we learn so much about the active and passive voice too, and that topic were easier to understand.

BIBLIOGRAPHY http://www.grammar.cl/english/parts-of-speech.htm http://www.grammar.cl/english/parts-of-speech.htm https://www.englishclub.com/grammar/parts-of-speech.htm http://englishsentences.com/compound-complex-sentence/ http://englishwithiftikhar.blogspot.com/p/blog-page_2818.html https://www.englishclub.com/grammar/passive-voice.htm https://www.spanishdict.com/guide/active-vs-passive-voice http://www.dictionary.com/browse/independent--clause

http://englishsentences.com/subordinate-clause/ https://www.english-grammar-revolution.com/subordinate-clause.html http://www.softschools.com/examples/grammar/essential_and_nonessential_adjective_clauses_ examples/81/ http://grammar.yourdictionary.com/parts-of-speech/adverbs/adverbclauses.html#50cAkFpPjuLu3PfL.99 https://writingsamurai.com/8-common-grammar-mistakes-primary-compositions/

We found information in the previous web pages, and we tried to explain in this magazine with different materials for example, we created different summary tables, explaining the different topics, we also made different pictures to explain the topics and you could understand better.

ANNEXES Common Mistakes in the use of Articles 1- ARTICLES (a / an /the /another/other/others)

The correct use of the articles is one of the most difficult points in English grammar. Here are some rules regarding the correct usage of the definite and indefinite articles.

When you talk about a person or thing for the first time, use the indefinite articles (a and an) with them. 

I saw a girl. (NOT I saw the girl.)

Use the in subsequent references to that person or thing.

2- SUBJECT AND VERD The subject of a sentence must agree with the verb of the sentence: 

in number: singular vs. plural



in person: first, second, or third person They is my favorite Canadian authors.



The subject: They (plural)



The verb: is (singular)



The subject and verb disagree in number. Therefore, this is a subject-verb disagreement outlaw. 1. When the subject and verb are separated



Find the subject and verb and make sure they agree.



Ignore the words in-between because they do not affect agreement.

3- POSSESIVE ADJECTIVES When you look at a sentence, there are six areas in which you may find a grammar mistake. 1. Singular nouns 

To show possession, always add an ’s to the noun.

Jennas favourite dog was chubby.

Jenna’s favourite dog was chubby.

Morris’ favourite was more muscled.

Morris’s favourite was more muscled.

2. Plural nouns



If the word neither ends with an S, nor with an S or Z sound, then add ’s. If the word ends with an S, or with an S or Z sound, then add an apostrophe.

 The dogs would often run on other peoples’ lawns.

The dogs would often run on other people’s lawns.

When that happened, Jenna would take away the four dog’s privileges.

When that happened, Jenna would take away the four dogs’ privileges.

3. Compound Nouns 

“Mother-in-law” is an example of a compound noun. When changing the noun into its possessive form, place the apostrophe after “law.” Outlaw

Innocent

Jenna’s brother’s-in-law dog was mean.

Jenna’s brother-in-law’s dog was mean.

4- TELL VS SAY Say and tell are irregular verbs. The past simple of say is said, the past simple of tell is told: They asked if I was looking for work and I said yes. Then he told me how he had got the job by lying about his age. We use say and tell in different ways in reported speech. Say focuses on the words someone said and tell focuses more on the content or message of what someone said: ‘Hello,’ she said. Not: ‘Hello,’ she told.

5- A FEW / FEW / LITTLE A LITTLE ) The Difference between ‘A few’ and ‘Few’ (Used with Countable Nouns)

few = two or three / a couple 

I have a few friends who speak Japanese.



I have met a few famous people in my life. these sentences, a few means two or three. A few is less than some but more than none. A few is used with countable nouns (friends, people). = not many / almost none

In few 

Mary has made few mistakes in her life.

This means that she has not made many mistakes in her life. This sounds positive. She does not make many mistakes. However, if Mary had made a few mistakes in her life, then it means she has made two or three (a couple, close to several) mistakes. She has made mistakes. This sounds more negative. Let’s look at another example to make it clearer.

6- TOO MUCH / TOO MANY / TOO We use much with singular uncountable nouns and many with plural nouns: [talking about money]

I haven’t got much change. I’ve only got a ten euro note. Are there many campsites near you? Much of, many of When we use much or many before articles (a/an, the), demonstratives (this, that), possessives (my, your) or pronouns (him, them), we need to use of: How much of this book is fact and how much is fiction? Claude, the seventeenth-century French painter, spent much of his life in Italy. Unfortunately, not many of the photographers were there. How many of them can dance, sing and act?

7- SINGULAR / PLURAL / REGULAR IRREGULAR Nouns ending in -f and -fe

To make a plural of a word ending in -f, change the f to a v and add es. Similarly, if a word ends in fe, change the f to a v and add an s. The result for both types is a plural that ends in -ves. This spelling arose because of the difficulty of pronouncing f and s together in English (an attempt to do this will produce a v sound). Singular (-f, -fe)

Plural (-ves)

knive

knives

life

lives

wife

wives

calf

calves

leaf

leaves

Exceptions: roofs and proofs (among others). Nouns Ending in -o Plurals of words ending in -o are usually made by adding -es. Singular (-o)

Plural (-oes)

potato

potatoes

tomato

tomatoes

hero torpedo veto

heroes torpedoes vetoes

But of course, there are exceptions. (Arenâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;t there always?) Some words ending in -o that are borrowed from other languages take only an s to make a plural, such as pianos, cantos, photos, and zeros. Cello, which is an abbreviation of the Italian word violoncello, can be written the traditional way, celli, or the commonly accepted anglicized way, cellos. Irregular Nouns That Change Substantially

For a variety of historical reasons, some words change in spelling substantially when made plural. Singular louse mouse die ox child person

Plural lice mice dice oxen children people*

penny

pence (in British usage)

8- PASSIVE VOICE

Many people think any sentence that has a verb like is, was, or were is passive voice, but that's not true. A passive sentence is when the object of the sentence gets promoted to the subject position

9- TENSE AND TIME WORD Incorrect: It is raining for two days. Correct: It has been raining for two days. Incorrect: The baby is sleeping for three hours now. Correct: The baby has been sleeping for three hours now. Here the error lies in using the present continuous instead of the present perfect continuous. We use the present perfect continuous tense to talk about an action which started in the past, has gone on till the present and is still continuing.

10-

ADJETIVES VS ADVERD

The adverbs still and just go before the verb. If there is an auxiliary verb, the adverb goes after the auxiliary verb and before the main verb. If there is no auxiliary verb, the adverb goes before the main verb. If there are two auxiliary verbs, the adverb goes between them. I am still waiting for your reply. (NOT I still am waiting for your reply.) (NOT I am waiting still for your reply.) An adjective is a word or set of words that modifies (i.e., describes) a noun or pronoun. Adjectives may come before the word they modify.

Examples: That is a cute puppy. She likes a high school senior.

11-

CONNECTORS

Conjunctions, otherwise known as one clause to another, often of meaning about the relationship

connectors, connect carrying a subtle layer between clauses.

There is always a temptation to For example: Although you were very kind to kitten, however, you should have you were being attacked.

overuse connectors. protect the stayed calm when

Either one of the connectors (“although” or “however”) would suffice. Putting both in the sentence would be grammatically wrong. Besides memorising the list of connectors, it is also important to know how to use them by reading examples. You can also simply taking note of their usage in sentences as you are reading.