Final Submission of journal (4th June) by Katie Chung

THE UNIVERSITY OF MELBOURNE

ABPL30048- ARCHITECTURE DESIGN STUDIO: AIR JOURNAL

SEMESTER 1, 2012 CHUNG SZE MAN STUDENT NO.538128

CONTENTS INTRODUCTION ······································································································p.1 PERSONAL ASPIRATIONS & EXPECTATIONS ··································································p.2 WEEKLY JOURNALS PART 1: EXPRESSION OF INTEREST A: CASE FOR INNOVATION ···················································································p.3-17 Week 01 ·······································································································p.4-8 Week 02 ·······································································································p.9-13 Week 03 ·······································································································p.14-17 B: CUT RESEARCH PROJECT ················································································p.18-43 Week 04-CUT/DEVELOP ······················································································p.19-25 Week 05-CUT/DEVELOP ······················································································p.26-30 Week 06-CUT/DEVELOP ······················································································p.31-33 Week 07-CUT/FABRICATE ···················································································p.34-37 Week 08-CUT/FABRICATE ···················································································p.38-43 C: DESIGN NARRATIVE -EXPRESSION OF INTEREST(EOI) DOCUMENT ··························································p.44-67

PART 2: PROJECT PROPOSAL Week 09 Week 10 Week 11 Week 12

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PART 3: LEARNING OBJECTIVES AND OUTCOMES ·····················································p.78-81 BIBLIOGRAPHY ·································································································p.82

INTRODUCTION

INTRODUCTION Architecture Design Studio:Air is a studio run at the University of Melbourne in 2012, as well as a core subject in the Bachelor of Environments (Architecture) course.

Course Coordinator: Dr. Stanislav Roudavski Tutor: Loren Adams, Paul Loh Tutorial time Slot: Fridays 2.15-5.15pm

SUBJECT OVERVIEW The core objective of the undergraduate design is to develop both design thinking and dexterity with tools. This year, Studio Air responds to this challenge by focusing on digital architectural design. Digital architectural design is one of the most affective areas in contemporary architectural discourse and practice; in addition, the influence of digital technology on architectural creativity, professional practices or construction is immense and growing. Because of the above reasons, students are expected to engage a lot with computation. Dr. Stanislav Roudavski

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PERSONAL ASPIRATIONS & EXPECTATIONS

The main theme of this studio is to explore our designs through compu-

tational tools (Grasshopper and Rhino), which is completely new and exciting to me. I myself is not an expert in computational tools, however, after taking this course, I expect myself to get much more familiar with the computational tools and fully understand the associations between them. I would also like to explore as much as I can with the new ideas and concepts of parametric modeling in order to achieve the most favourable outcome.

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PART 1: EXPRESSION OF INTEREST (EOI) A: CASE FOR INNOVATION

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CASE FOR INNOVATION

01 LECTURE 01-UNDERSTANDING THE COURSE: ARCHITECTURE AS A DISCOURSE The first lecture has introduced the overall learning objectives, requirements and assessments of the course. The main assessments are weekly tasks, EOI, journal and the final design project. The main theme of this studio is computational design- exploring through Grasshopper and Rhino. The idea of architectural discourse was also introduced. Discourse is about starting a conversation, raising questions and issues, and lead to discussions among people. An architectural discourse means an architecture opening a conversation among people from different fields and raising awareness, the whole discourse of architecture is about communication.

READINGS 01 1. Richard Williams, ‘Architecture and Visual Culture’, in Exploring Visual Culture : Definitions, Concepts, Contexts, ed. by Matthew Rampley (Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press, 2005), pp. 102 - 16. The main idea of this reading is about the importance of Architecture, how it shapes our world through different ways. The questioning of the true meaning of beinf a profession as an architect, and its relationship to other professions of the built environment. Architectural discourse is about raising awareness of people and opening up conversations among them. Actually, the contemporary idea of digital architectural design is creating new architectural discourses as it is bringing new ideas and concepts to architectural designs. Before, people only use computational tools as ways of documenting architecture. However, nowadays people started exploring architectural designs through computational techniques like parametric modeling. 2. Wyndham City Gateway Project Document It is the most important reading in the whole course. It is the project brief and we are supposed to fulfill the design requirements and consider all aspects in our designs.

TUTORIAL 01 The first tutorial again introduced the course outlines, learning objectives, etc. In addtion, there was a brief introduction of how to model in Rhino. There was also a discussion of the expectations of the course and the final design project. This week was like a warm up of the following semester.

________________ 1.Stanislav Roudavski, Understanding the Course: Architecture as a Discourse (University of Melbourne, 2012) [Lecture audio recording on lms]. 2. Roudavski, Understanding the Course: Architecture as a Discourse. 3. Williams, Richard, ‘Architecture and Visual Culture’, in Exploring Visual Culture : Definitions, Concepts, Contexts, ed. by Matthew Rampley (Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press, 2005), pp. 102 - 16. _________________________________________________________________________________ p.4

CASE FOR INNOVATION

ARCHITECTURAL DISCOURSE... MY PERSONAL PROJECT This design project was about learning and getting inspirations from an assigned architect. My assigned architect is called Balkrishna Doshi, who was an Indian. He was interested in the dome shapes, and has his own understanding of the architectural scale and massing, as well as a clear sense of space and community. He believed the spaces can provide stability and warmth to people; most of his works were involved in natural environments as well. In this design project, I tried to obey his design styles and put them into my design of the Architecture Gallery.

Exterior views

MY DESIGN IDEAS Looking at the past works of architects can always inspires me to learn from their works.Through this project,Doshi’s strong sense of spatiality had inspired my designs.I focused a lot on the fluidity of space in the art gallery, as well as increasing the volume of the exhibition spaces, intending to enhance people’s vision of the space. In addition, I increased the size of windows in order to let natural sunlight to light up the interior spaces, following Doshi’s idea of integrating nature into the design.

Interior views

DIGITAL MODELLING In this project, I have used a few digital software to help me develop initial design ideas and document the final designs. They are very useful and productive. The digital software include Google sketchup, AutoCAD and 3D Max

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CASE FOR INNOVATION

STATE OF THE ART PROJECTS WATER CUBE (BEIJING NATIONAL AQUATICS CENTER), BEIJING,CHINA AS A SYMBOL/ SIGN It is a very famous building situates in Beijing, specially built for the Olympic Games in 2008. It has very symbolic meanings and represents Chinese cultures. The cube concept represents typical Chinese way of understanding beauty- the serenity and beauty of calm, untroubled water. Furthermore, it symbolizes the spirit of the Beijing Olympics: ‘the green games, the high-tech games and the people’s games’. It portrays the way in which humanity relates to water and the harmonious coexistence of human and nature, which is life’s ultimate blessing in Chinese culture. The flat ceiling is a symbol of peace and stability as well. The Water Cube greatly expresses the nation’s beauty and pride. Source: (http://www.filmapia.com/published/places/beijing-national-aquatics-centerwater-cube)

MATERIALITY For the outskirt of the building, the designers chose to use steel and a plastic called ethylene tetrafluoroethylene(EFTE). The EFTE was used to create the translucant pillows for the building’s cladding. It is strong and resistant to degradation from ultraviolet light and air pollution. With this material, the interior acts like an insulated greenhouse, capturing the energy from the sun for heating and lighting. EFTE creates a superb acoustic environment; with its lightweight, the need for a secondary structure to support the skin was eliminated; it can also improves seismic performance, and is self-cleaning and recyclable.

Source:(http://www.filmapia.com/published/places/beijing-national-aquatics-center-water-cube)

STRUCTURE & CELLULAR A cellular structure. Such a complex structure consists of 22000 steel members and 12000 nodes, the entire building is modelled in 4 dimensions. The structure of the building is a welded space frame consists of numerous steel tubes connected at spherical nodes. EFTE pillows are encapsulated in the structural frame. The building is the result of all the relevant engineering disciplines. http://gsdmaterialscollection.blogspot.com.au/2008/09/etfe-bubble-pillows-at-beijingolympic.html

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CASE FOR INNOVATION

LONDONâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;S GHERKIN/30 ST. MARY AXE DIGITAL MODELING The design team employed an innovative digital process to produce such a complex design (the structure consists of numerous steel members and nodes). Numerous new techniques and various software were developed specially for the Water Cube project. The digital software help to solve many technical issues such as generating the geometry, optimizing the structural performance, analyzing acoustics, smoke spread, etc. The buildingâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s structure is the outcome of applying sophisticated analysis and optimization software. In addition, due to the high degree of automation that the parametric process afforded, it allows the design team to produce high quality and accurate work within a short period of time. The highly use of digital modeling in this project has further caused discourse about the importance and effectiveness of using digital techniques in producing and expressing architecture nowadays.

This revolutionary building won the Stirling Prize for architecture in 2004. http://www.venues-of-distinction.com/browse/venues/genuinely_unique

MATERIALITY & EXTERIOR SKIN The exterior cladding is covered by flat triangular and diamond shaped glass panels, in which the number of panels vary at each level (exterior skin). The glazing to the light-wells that spiral up the tower consists of openable double-glazed panels with a combined grey-tinted glass and high-performance coating that effectively reduces solar gain. Wise use of glass materials with other technologies can also be seen in the glazing of office areas, which consists of a double-glazed outer layer and a single-glazed inner screen that sandwich a central ventilated cavity which contain solar-control blinds. The cavities act as buffer zones to reduce the need for additional heating and cooling and are ventilated by exhaust air which is drawn from the offices.

STRUCTURE The building has a fully triangulated perimeter structure, which makes the building stiff and strong enough, without any extra reinforcements. The aerodynamic form encourages wind to flow around its face, minimising wind loads on the structure and cladding, enabling the use of a more efficient structure. In addition, gaps in each floor create shafts that serve as a natural ventilation system for the whole building. The shafts allow sunlight to pass through the building, making the work environment more pleasing, and keeping the lighting costs down. The shafts pull warm air out of the building during the summer and warm the building in the winter using passive solar heating.

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CASE FOR INNOVATION

PERSONAL REFLECTION

I started to form my own vision of the course from this weekâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s introductions.

From reflecting on my past design project and looking for some projects with significant architectural discourses, I understand the importance of architecture being meaningful and affective. Also, I need to start looking for some particular areas of discourses to explore in my design of the final project.

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CASE FOR INNOVATION

02 LECTURE 02-INTRODUCTION TO COMPUTING IN ARCHITECTURE The emergence of new design field and new design practice drived attentions. Examples of architectural works produced by computational techniques were also shown. It is always very hard to break through the concept of design computation as just a tool, but it is essential to overcome this problem and explore the whole new world of parametric designs. Computerization is not the same as computation, they are two completely sets of different ideas.

READINGS 02 Yehuda E. Kalay, Architecture’s New Media : Principles, Theories, and Methods of Computer-Aided Design (Cambridge, Mass.: MIT Press, 2004), pp. 5 - 25 This week’s reading discusses about architectural designs. The evolution of architectural design, process of design, paradigms of design, etc. The key part of this reading is the design methods (Search, Constraint Satisfaction, Rule-Based Design, Case-Based Design), in which we can apply in our architectural designs.

TUTORIAL 02 First part of the class was to discuss the readings and the second part was to discuss our first journal entries and received feedback from the tutors. It is very important to keep a flow and overall theme in the journal. The last part was introduction to some grasshopper components and how it relates to designing in Rhino space. _________________ 1. Kalay Yehuda E. Architecture’s New Media : Principles, Theories, and Methods of Computer-Aided Design (Cambridge, Mass.: MIT Press, 2004), pp. 5 - 25. 2. Yehuda E. , pp.5-25.

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CASE FOR INNOVATION

Major contemporary computational design techniques are greatly transforming industry practices in design and construction within architecture and related fields. Contemporary approaches to architectural design are digitally enabled and digitally driven. One of the core concepts covered in this studio is parametric modeling in designs. There are many unique innovations presented by the contemporary design techniques. Digitally driven processes, characterized by dynamic, open-ended and unpredictable but consistent transformations of threedimentional structures, are giving rise to new architectonic possibilities as well as opening up new dimensions in architectural design. They allow the production and construction of very complex forms at the same time. More importantly, digital technologies allow us to construct the complex forms within reasonable budgets.

BOEING 777

Air France B777-288ER

It is the first 100% digitally designed aircraft. It was entirely designed, developed, analyzed and tested in a digital environment and was then manufactured using digitally-driven technologies. The whole design process was guided by digital technologies, which was really innovative and the first time in human history. The Boeing 777 currently has 6 models altogether. With the aid of digital technologies, the complex curvilinear form of the airplane was produced successfully.

KLM B777-206ER

Saudi Arabian B777-200

Varig B777-200

Saudi Arabian B777-268ER

KLM B777-200

(Source: http://www.zap16.com/2008/10/boeing-777-200/)

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CASE FOR INNOVATION

BIRD NEST/ BEIJING NATIONAL STADIUM, BEIJING, CHINA (Architects: Herzog & De Meuron Architekten)

STRUCTURAL SKIN WITH PARAMETRIC MODELLING The Beijing National Stadium was a significant building specially built for Beijing Olympics in 2008. It is considered as the worldâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s largest enclosed space as well as the worldâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s largest steel structure. The main feature of the structure is the web of twisting steel sections of cantilevered trusses that form the roof. It composed of 2 independent structures: a read concrete seating bowl and the outer steel frame.

The steel structure of the stadium appears random but every element is carefully integrated.

To achieve the optimum design, parametric design software was heavily relied. Although the surface of the structure is simple, the geometry is complex. Calculations were so numerous and complicated that they could not be solved manually. The structural skin of the building has used a lot of parametric modeling: software was needed to make sure that the web of twisting steel sections fitted together, as they have to twist and bend to follow the surface accurately. Parametrics provide for a powerful conception of architectural form by describing a range of possibilities. Using parametrics, an infinite number of similar objects, in this case, steel sections, can be created. By assigning different values to the parameters, different patterns, objects or configurations can be created. Equations can be used to describe the relationships between objects.

Visual representation of the structure from exterior view

Visual representation of the structure from interior view

(Sources: http://archrecord.construction.com/projects/portfolio/archives/0807nationalstadium-1.asp & http://enggpedia.com/civil-engineering-encyclopedia/megastructures/beijing-olympics-stadium)

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CASE FOR INNOVATION

INTERNATIONAL TERMINAL, WATERLOO STATION, LONDON Architects: Nicholas Grimshaw & Partners

PARAMETRIC MODELLING The terminal is another clear demonstration of how parametric approach is used in design. It has a very spectacular roof structure. The roof structure is made up of a series of 36 dimensionally different but identically configured three-pin bowstring arches. Each arch is different as the width of the roof varies along the tracks. A generic parametric model was created based on the underlying rules in the relationship between the size of the span and the curvature of individual arches. By assigning different values to the span parameter, 36 arches with different dimensions but identical topologies were created. The parametric model also extended to the entire building form. Hence, a highly complex hierarchy of interdependences could be parametrically modeled. 36 dimensionally different but identically configured three-pin bowstring arches For the first time in history, architects are designing not the specific shape of the building but a set of principles encoded as a sequence of parametric equations by which specific instances of the design can be generated and varied in time as needed. Parametric design calls for the rejection of fixed solutions and for an exploration of infinitely variable potentialities. __________________________ 1. Branko Kolarevic, Architecture in the Digital International Terminal, Waterloo Station (1993), Age:Design and Manufacturing(New York; London: London, UK Spoon Press, 2003), pp.3-62. 2. Kolarevic, pp.3-62. 3. Kolarevic, pp.3-62. 4. Kolarevic, pp.3-62. Parametric definition of the scaling factor for the truss geometry: hx=((2915^2+(B+C)^2)^(1/2), where B is the minor truss span and C is the major truss span.

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CASE FOR INNOVATION

PERSONAL REFLECTION

The lecture of computational designs was really inspiring. Before, I was not

sure how the outcomes of parametric modeling look like, but the examples shown in the lecture look amazing and interested me a lot. It is essential to distinguish computerization and computation as well. In this week, I started exercising with some grasshopper definitions. I found it quite hard to relate back to the designs sometimes and difficult to memorize all the components and use them correctly. Hope that as the semester goes by, I can overcome this problem by more practising

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CASE FOR INNOVATION

03 LECTURE 03-INTRODUCTION TO PARAMETRIC MODELLING The lecture gave an introduction to parametric modelling. Parametric modelling is about connecting different parts/components together, if one of the variable changes, the whole design model will change consequently. It is also about building up dependency between all the components and testing out different effects by changing different variables. The new concept is that using computers as driving tools for designs.

READINGS 03 -Burry, Mark (2011). Scripting Cultures: Architectural Design and Programming (Chichester: Wiley) pp.8-71.

Scripting cultures is the main theme of this week. Scripting refers to computer programming at a lower level, it is also the capability offered by almost all design packages that allow the user to adapt, customize or completely reconfigure software around their own predilactions and modes of working. Similar to parametric modeling, scripting can offer a much greater possibilities in the design field. It is also considered as an important driving force for the 21st century architectural thinking.

TUTORIAL 03 Discussion of the Kalayâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s reading of week 2. Project groups were formed in week 3 as well. Discussion of initial conceptual themes of the design project among group members.

_______________ 1. Mark Burry, Scripting Cultures: Architectural Design and Programming (Chichester: Wiley, 2011) pp.8-71.

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CASE FOR INNOVATION

SCRIPTING CULTURES AIRSPACE TOKYO Architect: Hajime Masubuchi

The outer skin/facade of the building acts like a dense tree canopy of the street, providing some shelter for the pedestrians walking by.

It is a four-storey, mixed use residential and commercial building located in Tokyo, Japan; it was designed to accommodate different programs and clients. Its outer structural shell/skin is the most significant feature of the whole architecture, using scripting as the design process. The outer shell also has special structural performance. _________________ 1. Ben Pell, â&#x20AC;&#x2DC;Airspace Tokyoâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;, in The Articulate Surface: Ornament and Technology in Contemporary Architecture (Basel, London: Birkhauser; Springer distributor,2010), pp.86-89.

Collapsed elevation of the interior and exterior layers of the screen.

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CASE FOR INNOVATION PERFORMANCE- CELLULAR(VORONOI) SKIN- FUNCTIONAL The screen acts to protect the building from the street. The voids of the double-layered screen become more scarce adjacent to upper level bathrooms and bedrooms; at night, the screen also modulates views in and out of the building, and casts shadows of the geometric voids onto the street below. Other than providing shelter to the interior spaces, the structural skin also affect the aesthetics of the exterior spaces by creating patterns of shadows with its voids. The cellular design and double layering of the screen resembles the biomorphic density of the vegetation, and is compressed into a 20cm-thick skin, the skin is made of rigid panels of aluminium composite materials, which have good sound insulation. The skin acts as a visually dynamic threshold between public and private, framing and fragmenting views as one moves around and through the building. There are different density and porosity distributed across the field to allow different privacies of different spaces. The screen facade acts to buffer the inhabitants from the street and veils the disparate functions of the building behind an extensive and unifying enclosure system. ______________ 1. Pell, pp.86-89. 2. Pell, pp.86-89. 3. Pell, pp.86-89. 4. Pell, pp.86-89. 5. Pell, pp.86-89.

DESIGN PROCESS The designers developed a series of digitally-generated geometric patterns which were then overlaid and projected as voids which puncture the 2 layers of the facade.

DESIGN PHILOSOPHY The design philosophy behind this building is strongly emphasize on the design and function of the structural skin, in order to create a very different working and living experience of the inhabitants of the building. The designs are definitely very innovative and inspiring, showing the different possibilities of the outer skin, instead of just protecting and enclosing the interiors. This project has provoked my design thoughts of the final design project of the gateway in Wyndham City, I can emphasize more on the structural skin of the architecture and explore different possibilities of that. _________________________________________________________________________________ p.16

CASE FOR INNOVATION

View of the building at night

Bathroom of the interior

PERSONAL REFLECTION

he building that I focused on studying this week is Airspace Tokyo. It is a very interesting building, with double layers of structural voronoi skins. This case study, together with the previous ones, provoked me to start thinking in the direction of structural skin for the one of the major direction of the design for this project. For example, the ways of using double layers for special lighting effects or creating shadows effects. Since the design project in this semester is about a motorway sculpture welcoming cars and people, the main focus of the design should be the exterior effects rather than interior effects. Because of that, I would like to study the geometry of Airspace Tokyo further and try to develop my ideas from all the cases for innovation in the past few weeks.

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B: CUT RESEARCH PROJECT

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CUT RESEARCH PROJECT

04 LECTURE 04- INTRODUCTION TO THE DESIGN PROJECT: PUBLIC ART AND MOTORWAYS A lot of guidelines were provided for the project. It talks about the brief, its criterias and things need to beware of. It is very important to consider all of them. My design work should be a welcoming gateway to Werribee, Wyndham and the broader Metropolitan Melbourne. It should not only enhance the driversâ&#x20AC;&#x2122; experience, it also should represent Wyndham or even Melbourne. In addition, something for everyone. For example, something being iconic or symbolic. Another theme of the lecture was a brief discussion of the EOI- the Expression of Interest document.

TUTORIAL 04 The discussion of this weekâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s tutorial was about scripting cultures, which is slightly different from parametric modelling, but also one of the computational techniques used to produce designs. Similarly, both parametric modelling and scripting can offer a much broader opportunities for architectural designs. Ways to combine different definitions in Grasshopper were also introduced and demonstrated during the tutorial. Using different Grasshopper combinations can create many different designs and ideas, which can be highly adopted

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CUT RESEARCH PROJECT

MATRIX OF COMBINATIONS

Inputs

Arbitrary points

Boolean Patterning

Attractor Point

Curve Attractor

Associations

Image Sampler

To start exploring the grasshopper definitions, firstly I mixed the inputs and associations to produce new outputs, as shown in Table 1. In Table 2, I further mixed the outputs from Table 1 with the outputs provided on lms.

Maths Functions

Multiple Maths Functions A4

Streaming Text Files A5

Using Sets A6

Table 1 _________________________________________________________________________________ p.20

CUT RESEARCH PROJECT

Outputs Data Driven Extrusion

Data Driven Rotation

Outputs from Table 1

Table 2 _________________________________________________________________________________ p.21

CUT RESEARCH PROJECT

Outputs Data Driven Extrusion

Data Driven Rotation

Outputs from Table 1

Table 2 _________________________________________________________________________________ p.22

CUT RESEARCH PROJECT

FURTHER EXPLORATIONS OF THE MATRIX HEXAGONAL GRID STRUCTURE (USING IMAGE SAMPLER ASSOCATION)

EXPLORATIONS OF CELLULAR STRUCTURES...

Input section- This section has been modified by using the “HexGrid” component to replace the original “Surface Divide” component in the mixed combination. Association section- Based on the original “image sampler” component. The height of the hexagonal grids depend on the image pattern. However, since it is a cell skin on a surface, the height variation is minimized by adjusting the data in the image sampler’s setting. Output section- This portion has been amended, the “Scale “ component is used to create smaller hexagons inside the bigger ones. With “Planar component”, the wall of the hexagons has been created (between the bigger ones and the smaller ones); then the “Extrude

component” is used to give some thickness to the walls, but the extrusion data is set

USING AN IMAGE’S DATA TO CREATE SPECIAL AESTHSTIC EFFECTS ON A BRICK WALL (Further exploration of the Image Sampler component)

Below is a further exploration of how different effects can be achieved when combining different components with the ‘image sampler’. This time I projected the data of the image on the ratation of the bricks on a brick wall. The outcome is interesting. In this definition, I applied the knowledge I have learnt so far, and tried as much as I can to experience with the ‘image sampler’ component.

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CUT RESEARCH PROJECT

REVERSE ENGINEER CASE STUDY- AIRSPACE TOKYO

Grasshopper Definitions for building the Voronoi patterns: Logical steps for recreating Airspace Tokyo facade using Grasshopper:

1.Form grids points(regular) 2.Make the above grids at random 3.Generate circles from the above grid points 4.Using Voronoi component to compress the above circles to bubbles 5.Explode the above bubbles 6.After explosion, form closed circles (by changing the “p” of the Circle component from “false” to “true”) 7.Form perimeter of the façade and form a surface plan 8.Using “Trim-copy trim” component to copy the data from one surface to another. 9.After forming the required façade surface, cut the façade into 2 surfaces and turn one of them to 90 degree in Rhino(get 2 facades at the same time). 10.Mirror the above facades to get 4 facades totally(in Rhino). 11. Repeat the above steps to get the inner layers(the facade consists of 2 layers). 12. Build a plane and place on top of the facades to act as the roof 13.Build a box in Rhino and reference it into grasshopper and move it to the appropriate position(under the facade).

Steps 1-8

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CUT RESEARCH PROJECT

PERSONAL REFLECTIONS

This week is the first week of the Research Cut project, I think that this week

was a key development point of the whole project. We started to explore the relationships between inputs, associations and outputs through doing the matrix exercise. Although it took me a long time to figure out the different meanings between them, I think it will be very useful for my later designs in this project. For the reverse-engineer project, it is very difficult to recreate the geometry of Airspace Tokyo. However, as working on the grasshopper definitions and trying different components, I understand the importance of grasshopper in parametric modeling much better. Overally, I found this weekâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s tasks very important and useful in my understanding of the relationship between the software and designs. It is certainly a breakthrough of my limits and I wish to achieve more with this software in the coming weeks.

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05 LECTURE 05-WHY COMPUTING? PERFORMANCE-DRIVEN DESIGN The idea of Performance Driven Design is about using the digital tools to start analyzing and designing at an earlier stage, and using the digital tools to create different performances which drive the designing process. The traditional way of design process is to design first, then evaluate the design, and lastly generate it. Parametric modelling softwares allow a group of related design options to be explored and evaluated. Digital tools include design tools, generative tools and evaluative tools. Grasshopper is considered as a design tool.

TUTORIAL 05 The major discussions of the tutorial was the matrix of different combination of definitions from different groups. In addition, our group have discussed the site context, and started to relate the design with the site. Our group will be focusing on 3 themes-lighting, local fabrication and cellular skin, and trying to combine them together and produce something meaningful. It was good and inspiring to have such discussions. ________________ 1. Stanislav Roudavski, Why Computing? Performance-Driven Design (University of Melbourne, 2012)[Lecture audio recording on lms]. 2. Stanislav Roudavski, Why Computing? Performance-Driven Design 3. Stanislav Roudavski, Why Computing? Performance-Driven Design

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CUT RESEARCH PROJECT CONTINUED EXPLORATIONS WITH THE CASE STUDY PROJECT- AIRSPACE TOKYO In the week 4 journal, the geometry of the Airspace Tokyo was recreated, using grasshopper definitions. The texture of the double layering of the facade was produced as well. This week, I want to use this case study as an example to demonstrate how lighting(sunlight) can create different effects on the building over time, by the aid of computational programmes. The below are the results.

EFFECTS OF SUNLIGHT ON THE FACADE OF THE BUILDING OVER TIME(EXPLORE OF SHADOWS) Since the design project required us to deign a motorway sculpture in Wyndham City, the emphasis of my design should be on the exterior rather than the interior. Because of that, for the beginning of this test, I would like to test the effect of sunlight on only the facade of the building first, in order to see the how the sunlight affect the shadows of the vonoroi patterns over time. 6am...

9am...

12pm...

3pm...

6pm...

9pm...

Although the computational programme may not be very accurate, it does show the overall locations and patterns of shadows of the facade over different time slots. Since the volume of the building is quite big, the shadows created are quite big as well. This can provide shelters to pedestrians. The patterns of the shadows can be meaningful over different times. The size and the shape of the architecture is very important in determining the shadows formed. The shape of this building is rectangle, the shadows of the vonoroi patterns look most clear in the morning at 6am. The layering of the facade can definitely change the shadows produced as well. It is an area that can be explored deeper and incorporate into my design. As mentioned before, this building has a double-layered facade.

EXPLORATIONS... EXPERIMENTATIONS... _________________________________________________________________________________ p.27

CUT RESEARCH PROJECT In the following, I tried to create a free-standing wall with cellular facades, and it is double-layered. With this structure, I want to test the effect of sunlight on it again, like the previous case study. And see the differences in the outcomes of the shadows created.

FREE-STANDING STRUCTURE WITH DOUBLE LAYERS In this example, I tried to construct a free-standing skin made up of 2 layers overlapping each other. One layer is made of holes with hexagonal shapes while the other layer is made of circular holes.

A free-standing, double-layered structure created for sunlight testing

6am...

9am...

12pm...

3pm...

6pm...

9pm...

I have tested the effect of sunlight on this structure, setting the location as the site of this design project. The shadows of the structure overlaps with the 2 geometric patterns. There are many different kinds of lighting such as cut light, diffuse light. By experimenting with different materials, shapes and forms, different shadows can be made. In week 6, our group is going to explore further in this direction with a voronoi pattern. _________________________________________________________________________________ p.28

CUT RESEARCH PROJECT

RUBY SPHERE WITH DOUBLE LAYERS After testing sunlight and shadow effect with the free standing sculpture, I produced a Ruby sphere with double layers of circular holes to test for the shadow effect with a different shape, instead of rectangles. Below are the results.

Ruby sphere created in Rhino with grasshopper

6am...

9am...

12pm...

3pm...

6pm...

9pm...

A different shape definitely can create a more interesting shadow. The ruby sphere show the clearest effect of sunlight and shadow between 9am and 3pm, same as the previous result of the free standing sculpture. Note that both testing are based on the location of site B in this project.

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CUT RESEARCH PROJECT

PERSONAL REFLECTIONS

This weekâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s journal was about producing an intended architectural effect

(light and shadows in my case) with reference to the case study of Airspace Tokyo. Through testing the sunlighting effect on the Airspace Tokyo and my own built simple free-standing sculpture in computational tool, I started to have an idea how shadows look like with double layering of skins. Note that using computational tool to test the sunlighting effect may not produce the most accurate results, in week 6, my group is going to construct models and test for the idea of lighting with real objects.

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06 LECTURE 06- PROJECT CONCEPTUALIZATION: MATERIALITY/ PERFORMANCE/ ORNAMENT This lecture focused on the meaning of ornament. The idea of ornament has been defined differently over the past, it is actually in all cases a historically specific definition. Ornament is closely related to materials, material transmit affects through ornament. The arrangement of form and color is very important in our architectural designs as well. We need to think carefully about how to ornament our designs in this project.

READING 06-Moussavi, Farshid and Michael Kubo, eds (2006). The Function of Ornament (Barcelona: Actar), pp. 5-14

Architecture needs mechanisms that allow it to become connected to culture. The writer focuses on facades and skins. The role of architect is becoming increasingly specialized in the design of the exterior. She also emphasized the importance of engaging architecture with the urban setting. When applying this to our design project, we need to design a piece of architecture that can represent the Wyndham City and engage with the sites beside the highway. I agree with the writer that the gradual shifting of role of architects to the exterior designs. It is because there are professions such as interior designers to assist designing the interior spaces. As a result, architects can focus more on the exterior skins. It is essential to ornament the exterior skins of architecture decently, because the exterior is very important in attracting peopleâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s attentions in the first place. For this design project, we are supposed to design a motorway architecture that welcomes people to Wyndham City. Because of that, the exterior is extremely important. ________________ 1. Stanislav Roudavski, Project Conceptualization: Materiality/Performance/Ornament (University of Melbourne, 2012)[Lecture audio recording on lms]. 2. Farshid Moussavi, and Michael Kubo, eds. The Function of Ornament (Barcelona: Actar, 2006), pp. 5-14

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PHYSICAL MODELS- CONCEPTS AND DEVELOPMENTS The case study of our group is Airspace Tokyo and the main feature of this building is its exterior voronoi double layer pattern. Based on this, we want to explore lighting, layering and site context with the voronoi pattern.

EXPLORE WITH LIGHTING AND LAYERING We are interested in 2 types of lighting- cut light and diffuse light. Firstly, we construct a voronoi pattern with Grasshopper in Rhino. For the cut light, we overlap 2 layers of voronoi pattern together to explore the layering and cut light effect. For the diffuse light, we want to stick 8-10 pieces of the same voronoi pattern together, to create thickness of the voronoi pattern. So that the light can bounce inside the walls of voronoi and create diffuse light. Other than that, we also insert a butter paper between the voronoi patterns to see the difference in resulting lighting effects. 2 simple voronoi patterns built by Grasshopper for double layering

EXPLORE SITE CONTEXT WITH VORONOI PATTERN (BASED ON GRIDS) After exploring with light, we tried to create and explore the voronoi pattern based on the traffic movement of the highway in the site. In Grasshopper, we built a voronoi pattern based on grids and then add some attractor points (circle points as shown below) on the highway, representing the traffic flow along the sites (red lines as shown below). From the above pattern, we observed that the size of voronoi increases as they get closer to the attractor points (where the traffic highways are). Voronoi pattern resulted from the attractor points (circle points) on the highway-representing traffic flow.

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EXPLORE SITE CONTEXT WITH VORONOI PATTERN (BASED ON RANDOM VORONOI) We also want to test the effect of attractor points on a a voronoi pattern built randomly, to compare the difference between the previous voronoi pattern.

Voronoi pattern resulted from the attractor points on the highway (representing traffic flow)

PERSONAL REFLECTION

The process of constructing a model is challenging. It is difficult

but interesting to

transfer from concepts and ideas into actual physical models.

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CUT RESEARCH PROJECT

07 LECTURE 07- PROJECT THEME: AIR IN ARCHITECTURE This lecture focused on the theme of air. Weather can affect the performance of architecture at a certain extent, for example, heavy rain can create some very random patterns on the walls of the architecture; strong winds can make the movable parts of the architecture to move, following the wind direction. Weathering can also change the appearances of materials, chemically, physically, biologically or a combination of them. This is directly related to air, which affect the weathering process. Other examples of changes related to air include erosion and deposition.

READING 07-Hill, Jonathan (2006). ‘Drawing Forth Immaterial Architecture’, Architectural Research Quarterly, 10, 1, pp. 51-55

It is essential to note that the central theme of this studio is not just about buildings but also many other things such as user and weather. The importance of drawing and text is an emerging architectural discourse, they are important in educations as they help to show architectural theories and ideas. Reading architectural books are always very enjoyable. all the texts and images can give a lot of inspirations to me.

TUTORIAL 07-ORNAMENTATION The idea of ornamentation is quite diverse over the past. In modern architecture, the excessive use of ornamentation and covering the original material purposes are strongly not recommended. Modern architecture pursues simple forms and ornamentations. Ornament is not the same as decoration, decoration is considered to be excessive. Through parametric modelling, ornament can be achieved through form, structure, screen and surface. _______________ 1. Stanislav Roudavski, Project theme: Air in Architecture (University of Melbourne, 2012)[Lecture audio recording on lms]. 2. Stanislav Roudavski, Project theme: Air in Architecture 3. Stanislav Roudavski, Project theme: Air in Architecture 4. Jonathan Hill. ‘Drawing Forth Immaterial Architecture’, Architectural Research Quarterly, 10, 1, pp. 51-55 5. Hill, pp.51-55. _________________________________________________________________________________ p.34

CUT RESEARCH PROJECT

PHYSICAL MODELS-PHOTOGRAPHS

Testing with light and shadows...

Model 1: Double layer of voronoi patterns Overlapping shadows on the wall, cut light

Overlapping shadows on the ground, cut light Overlapping shadows on the ground (looking from the top), cut light

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CUT RESEARCH PROJECT

Testing with light and shadows...

Model 2: Voronoi pattern with thickness, diffuse light

Model 3: Voronoi pattern with butter paper, diffuse light

Voronoi pattern with thickness, diffuse light, thick shadows

Voronoi pattern with butter paper, diffuse light

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CUT RESEARCH PROJECT

Model 4: Voronoi pattern with site context (traffic flow)-grids

Model 5: Voronoi pattern with site context (traffic flow)- random

PERSONAL REFLECTION

Through experimenting lighting with the voronoi patterns in different states, our group

understand that the knowledge of lighting is far more than this, we should indeed explore much deeper into different aspects of lighting. Also, the relationship between the first 3 models and last 2 models need to be developed in a deeper sense in the coming few weeks.

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CUT RESEARCH PROJECT

08 LECTURE 08- PROJECT INTERPRETATION: KINETIC STRUCTURES AND MOTION The concept of dynamism can be applied into the design project as the sites are quite windy, lots of design possibilities can be made. Since the public artwork will be located along the highway, it should look dynamic since there are frequent motions of vehicles along the highway. As people drive pass the highway, a dynamic form can interest them more than a static form does. Expressive dynamism means that the form looks like there is an implied motion and it looks like there is some motion going on; the motions can include stretching, twisting, compressing, etc. Using parametric modelling, we can test out relationships between different elements and the forms.

TUTORIAL 08- MID-SEMESTER REVIEW Lots of feedback about our Expression of Interest presentation are received. The feedbacks were extremely useful in our final weeks of design. Our group need to be more active and build up close relationships between our models explore them in much deeper way. Lighting is one of the three themes in our group, there are many more in this area yet to be explored. In our final design, many more variations of the cellular skin of voronoi pattern can be made by parametric modelling. Looking at works of other groups is very inspiring and it is good to learn from each other. _______________ 1. Stanislav Roudavski, Project interpretation: Kinetic Structures and Motion (University of Melbourne, 2012) [Lecture audio recording on lms].

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CUT RESEARCH PROJECT Direction for design proposal- Design voronoi pattern as the surface of the public artwork structure, with lighting effects and engage with site context (highway, vegetations, etc). Single technique derived from individual research and provided definitions that support the proposal- Manipulating voronoi pattern using grasshopper, by parametric modelling. Reverse-Engineer Case Study: recreating voronoi patterns with grasshopper Model making in week 6: manipulate voronoi patterns with various combinations of components in grasshopper, adjusting variables, adding attractor points, etc. This technique can be extended to produce a structure incorporating a complex tectonic system: A complex tectonic system- structural backbone/frame system with voronoi pattern (different shapes and forms should have different structures)

Some surface patterns that can be fabricated by tessellation

How to fabricate a surface with voronoi pattern?

Tessellation: A digital fabrication method, with the help of grasshopper definitions, the surface will be broken down into 2D smaller parts. The collection of pieces then fit together without gaps to form a surface.

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CUT RESEARCH PROJECT

EXAMPLE 1: Construction process of a surface by Tessellation

Fabricated small component pieces

Surface pattern created for fabrication by computational techniques

Joining pieces together

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CUT RESEARCH PROJECT

EXAMPLE 2: Construction process of a surface by Tessellation

Firstly build the surface with grasshopper

Real surface object constructed

Break down the surface into smaller compoenets by grasshopper components, later for fabrication (Tessellation).

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CUT RESEARCH PROJECT

EXAMPLE 3: A Ruby Sphere structure with voronoi pattern as the surface

Double layer of voronoi pattern- Ruby Sphere

Structural frame- Ruby Sphere

Grasshopper definition of the Ruby Sphere (Surface and structural frame)

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CUT RESEARCH PROJECT

Break down the voronoi surface into smaller components (Tessellaion process)

Grasshopper components used to break down the surface

PERSONAL REFLECTION

The mid-semester review gave me a very good opportunity to review my progress of what

I have done so far in this semester. It requires a lot of passion and engagement in order to achieve a favourable design. In the last 4 weeks of this semester, I need to try as much as I can to come up with a design proposal that suits the requirements of Wyndham City Council and all 3 themes of my group. _________________________________________________________________________________ p.43

C: DESIGN NARRATIVE EXPRESSION OF INTEREST(EOI) DOCUMENT _________________________________________________________________________________ p.44

CONTENT WESTERN GATEWAY PROJECT ······································································································p.46 - Introduction - Project Background

SITE ANALYSIS

- The Wyndham City - Sites A, B, C

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A: CASE FOR INNOVATION

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- 3 Themes: Cellular Skin, Lighting, Ecology

B: CUT RESEARCH PROJECT

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C: COMPETITIVE ADVANTAGE

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- Matrix Combinations - Reverse Engineer Case Study - Physical Models

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DESIGN NARRATIVE

WESTERN GATEWAY DESIGN PROJECT PROJECT BACKGROUND:

INTRODUCTION:

Being the fastest growing municipality in Victoria, the Wyndham City is situated around the suburbs of Werribee, Hoppers Crossing, Point Cook, Wyndham Vale, Trugania and Tarneit. The city is currently holding a population of 148000 and the current growing rate is at 8000 to 10000 residents per year. It is expected that ultimately there will be more than 430000 people live in the city.

This project is issued by the Wyndham City Council, inviting submissions for the Western Gateway Design Project to create a Gateway into Wyndham City along the Princes Highway. The project aims to echo the ‘Seeds of Change’ Gateway located at the Eastern interchange.

Recently, the Wyndham City Council has been trying to upgrade the image of the city by launching different significant works in the aesthetic conditions of the streetscapes, open spaces and parks. The Gateway Project is considered to be part of this program.

The proposed 3 sites for the Western Gateway provide extremely high exposure to those entering the Wyndham City, as well as those travelling along the freeway. The Wyndham City Council is looking for an exciting, eye catching installiation at Wyndham’s Western Gateway. At the same time, they expect the Gateway can inspire and enrich the municipality.

This project follows on from the success of the previous works of ‘Seeds of Change’ and ‘House in the Sky’, located at the Eastern Interchange and the interchange with the Western Ring Road respectively. In this project, our group’s main aim is to develop an exciting and eye-catching installation which suits the Wdynham City. Since parametric modelling is creating contemporary architectural discourse, our final design will be developed by parametric modelling. By applying parametric modelling, many more design possibilities will be allowed.

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DESIGN NARRATIVE

SITE ANALYSIS

Site Diagram- Site A,B,C

The Wyndham City: The Wyndham City has a very rich and wide range of unique and distinctive features â&#x20AC;&#x201C; natural, cultural, social and historical, the following are some examples: Natural features- the Werribee River and K Road Cliffs Wildlife sanctuaries- Point Cook Coastal Park and Heathdale Wetlands Historical attractions- Werribee Park Mansion and the Victoria State Rose Garden Historical sites and museums-The RAAF Museum and Cobbledicks Ford

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DESIGN NARRATIVE

Sites A,B,C: The sites for the Western Gateway installation are located near the edge of the Wyndham urban growth boundary where future residential and commercial developments will meet the undeveloped plains of the west. The western installation will be viewed by drivers travelling at high speed and provide the first indication of arrival into metropolitan Melbourne. The Princes Freeway provides excellent exposure onto the sites. The topography of all 3 sites are flatland. In addition, the location of the sites are windy. Site A is bounded by the traffic along the Princes Freeway, it is a 90 metre wide road reserve, measuring approximately 50,000 metres square. Site B is located immediately in front of a service station, the verge between north‐bound traffic along the Princes Freeway and the freeway off‐ramp onto the Princes Highway, measuring 22,000 metres square. Site C is a narrow band measuring approximately 18 metres wide, located to the west of the freeway off‐ramp onto the Princes Highway. This site measures approximately 4000 metres square.

Main features/ attractions surrounding the sites: Notable attractions surrounding the proposed Gateway include the Werribee Open Range Zoo, Werribee Park Mansion and the National Equestrian Centre. The Werribee River labels the backbone of Werribee. The Melbourne Water Western Treatment Plant, located immediately south of the proposed Gateway, is one of the world’s most significant wetlands. Wetlands forming part of the treatment facility have been declared to be of international significance under the Ramsar Convention, and provide a haven for tens of thousands of birds. The plants maintain vast ecology of the Werribee River and its surrounds.

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DESIGN NARRATIVE

CASE FOR INNOVATION

Cellular Skin... WATER CUBE (BEIJING NATIONAL AQUATICS CENTER), BEIJING,CHINA

Source: (http://www.filmapia.com/published/places/beijingnational-aquatics-center-water-cube)

AS A SYMBOL/ SIGN It is a very famous building situates in Beijing, specially built for the Olympic Games in 2008. It has very symbolic meanings and represents Chinese cultures. The cube concept represents typical Chinese way of understanding beauty- the serenity and beauty of calm, untroubled water. Furthermore, it symbolizes the spirit of the Beijing Olympics: ‘the green games, the high-tech games and the people’s games’. It portrays the way in which humanity relates to water and the harmonious coexistence of human and nature, which is life’s ultimate blessing in Chinese culture. The flat ceiling is a symbol of peace and stability as well. The Water Cube greatly expresses the nation’s beauty and pride.

Source:(http://www.filmapia.com/published/places/beijing-nationalaquatics-center-water-cube)

STRUCTURE & CELLULAR SKIN A cellular structure. Such a complex structure consists of 22000 steel members and 12000 nodes, the entire building is modelled in 4 dimensions. The structure of the building is a welded space frame consists of numerous steel tubes connected at spherical nodes. EFTE pillows are encapsulated in the structural frame. The building is the result of all the relevant engineering disciplines.

MATERIALITY- FUNCTIONAL CELLULAR SKIN For the outskirt of the building, the designers chose to use steel and a plastic called ethylene tetrafluoroethylene(EFTE). The EFTE was used to create the translucant pillows for the building’s cladding. It is strong and resistant to degradation from ultraviolet light and air pollution. With this material, the interior acts like an insulated greenhouse, capturing the energy from the sun for heating and lighting.EFTE creates a superb acoustic environment; with its lightweight, the need for a secondary structure to support the skin was eliminated; it can also improves seismic performance, and is self-cleaning and recyclable.

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DESIGN NARRATIVE

AIRSPACE TOKYO

Architect: Hajime Masubuchi

The outer skin/facade of the building acts like a dense tree canopy of the street, providing some shelter for the pedestrians walking by.

Collapsed elevation of the interior and exterior layers of the screen. It is a four-storey, mixed use residential and commercial building located in Tokyo, Japan; it was designed to accommodate different programs and clients. Its outer structural shell/skin is the most significant feature of the whole architecture, using scripting as the design process. The outer shell also has special structural performance. _______________ 1. Ben Pell, â&#x20AC;&#x2DC;Airspace Tokyoâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;, in The Articulate Surface: Ornament and Technology in Contemporary Architecture (Basel, London: Birkhauser; Springer distributor,2010), pp.86-89.

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DESIGN NARRATIVE

Bathroom of the interior

View of the building at night

PERFORMANCE- CELLULAR(VORONOI) SKIN- FUNCTIONAL The screen acts to protect the building from the street. The voids of the double-layered screen become more scarce adjacent to upper level bathrooms and bedrooms; at night, the screen also modulates views in and out of the building, and casts shadows of the geometric voids onto the street below1. Other than providing shelter to the interior spaces, the structural skin also affect the aesthetics of the exterior spaces by creating patterns of shadows with its voids. The cellular design and double layering of the screen resembles the biomorphic density of the vegetation, and is compressed into a 20cm-thick skin, the skin is made of rigid panels of aluminium composite materials, which have good sound insulation2. The skin acts as a visually dynamic threshold between public and private,framing and fragmenting views as one moves around and through the building3. There are different density and porosity distributed across the field to allow different privacies of different spaces4. The screen facade acts to buffer the inhabitants from the street and veils the disparate functions of the building behind an extensive and unifying enclosure system5. 1. Pell, pp.86-89. 2. Pell, pp.86-89. 3.. Pell, pp.86-89. 4. Pell, pp.86-89. 5. Pell, pp.86-89.

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DESIGN NARRATIVE

CHURCH OF LIGHT Locaton: Ibaraki, Japan Architect: Tadao Ando

The Church of Light is located in a residential suburb of Osaka. Its orientation is so much related to the sun. There is a freestanding concrete wall which divides the entrance from the chapel. This kind of separation creates a doorsill between the exterior and interior sacred spaces. To emphasize the modest character of the space, the floor is made up of rough scafolding planks.

LIGHTING...

Tadao Ando applied the theory of phenomenology to his architecture. This theory focuses on materiality and nature like light. He used materials with substance for the details of buildings, which is a palpable experience enhances the perception of the architecture, and is very much reflected to his own theory of phenomenology. The space of the chapel is defined by light, the strong contrast between light and solid. Strong light penetrates the darkness of box the cross cut, which Tadao Ando intended to express the purity that exists in the relationship between humans and nature. Profound emptiness is one feature of the interior. His idea of emptiness means something different, which is transferring someone into the realm of the spiritual. The emptiness is meant to occupy the occupant so that there is room for the spiritual to fill them. The building is famous for its cut technique with light.

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DESIGN NARRATIVE

KIASMA MUSEUM OF CONTEMPORARY ART Locaton: Helsinki, Finland Architect: Steven Holl

The Kiasma Museum of Contemporary Art is located in the heart of Helsinki at the foot of the Parliament building to the west, with Eliel Saarinen’s Helsinki Station to the wast and Finlandia Hall to the north. Kiasma’s concept involves the intertwining of the building’s mass with the geometry of the city and landscape. Each are reflected in the shape of the building. The design of the Kiasma provides a variety of spatial experiences. The galleries must house the most expressice artists, to

The horizontal light of northern latitudes is improved by a waterscape that acts as an ‘urban mirror’. A language of silence is created by getting rid of the intermediate scale in the building’s architecture, so that the artwork is able to occupy the intermediate scale in contrast with the neutral mass of the walls. Rather than articulating columns, moldings, window openings and so on, the architecture is expressed through details such as the twist of a door handle and the edge of a stair. Slight difference in room shapes and sizes are due to gently curving section of the building which allows the natural light to penetrate in several different ways. There rooms are meant to be silent, but not still. The building is famous for its diffuse technique with light.

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DESIGN NARRATIVE

SUITES AVENUE FAร ADE, BARCELONA Architect: Toyo Ito

ECOLOGY...

OVERVIEW The Suites Avenue has a unique and avant-garde identity, with its privileged position on the Passeig de Gracia, in the heart of Barcelona, and an exclusive faรงade designed by the acclaimed architect Toyo Ito. The Suites Avenue provides its guests with the luxurious living experience of 19th-Century Art Nouveau and the best 21st-century design1. The Suites Avenue offers spacious, luxury apartments with a minimum and simple decorations. The design of the facade of this building was inspired from nature, in which the facade mimics the ocean waves. Toyo Ito had successfully transformed the previously dull office building by creating a remarkable facade of undulating waves, in which he said that was inspired by his love of the work of Antoni Gaudi2. The facade becomes very dynamic with the wavy curves. If one look outside from the interior, a very special and dynamic view of the city can be enjoyed. 1. Suites Avenue, Barcelona (USA: Epoque Hotels, 2012) < http://www.epoquehotels.com/h.php/barcelona-hotels/boutique-hotel/h/ suitesavenuebcn/l/en> [accessed 3 May 2012]. 2 Suites Avenue, Barcelona < http://www.epoquehotels.com/h.php/barcelona-hotels/boutique-hotel/h/suitesavenuebcn/l/en>.

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DESIGN NARRATIVE

TOD’S OMOTESANDO BUILDING, TOKYO Architect: Toyo Ito

OVERVIEW The overall design concept of the building is the layering of tree silhousettes, the shape of the facade is derived from the zelkova trees. At its heart, this is a glass curtain wall block with concrete and steel supporting members, but those members are arranged in a way that makes the building defy its own shape1. Instead of the rigid right angles and mathematical curves of man-made architecture, Tod’s Omotesando is braces with gentle sweeping curves and forks that emulate organic forms; the effect is particularly stunning in the colder months when the bare branches of nearby elm trees are reflected in the building2. It mimics their graceful natural growth patterns. There are several trees right outside the door that happen to lean the opposite direction as the building’s majority superstructure, providing a mirror image of mother nature on man-made architecture. The branching structures aren’t merely a two-dimensional lattice on the exterior; they run through the inside, as well, serving as points of interest, section dividers, and even stairways of sometimes unusual walk3. 1. Jay Sweet, Tod’s Omotesando Building (USA: Glass, Steel and Stone, 2008)< http://www.glasssteelandstone.com/BuildingDetail/4056.php>[accessed 3 May 2012]. 2. Sweet, Tod’s Omotesando Building < http://www.glasssteelandstone.com/BuildingDetail/4056.php>. 3. Sweet, Tod’s Omotesando Building < http://www.glasssteelandstone.com/BuildingDetail/4056.php>.

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DESIGN NARRATIVE

CUT/DEVELOP

CUT RESEARCH PROJECT

The Cut Research Project aims to further develop the previous cases for innovation, based on the themes of cellular skin, lighting and ecology, with parametric modelling. The Research Project is divided into 2 phases: develop ment and fabrication. The first stage of development is to explore different matrix combinations of grasshopper components.

MATRIX OF COMBINATIONS

Inputs Arbitrary points

Boolean Patterning

Attractor Point

Curve Attractor A1

Associations

Image Sampler A2

Maths Functions A3

Multiple Maths Functions A4

Streaming Text Files

Using Sets A6

Table 1 _________________________________________________________________________________ p.56

DESIGN NARRATIVE

Inputs Curve Intersection

Explicid Grids

Attractor Point

Associations

Curve Attractor

Image Sampler

Maths Functions

Multiple Maths Functions

Using Sets

Table 2 _________________________________________________________________________________ p.57

DESIGN NARRATIVE

EXPLORE LAYERING...

EXPLORE GRID PATTERNS...

Our chosen case study for the research project is the Airspace Tokyo in Japan. The main characteristic of the building is its functional cellular skin of double voronoi layers. The voronoi patterns are very interesting, even the way they overlay has special functions and meanings. As we are exploring different patterns produced from the matrix, we found the above results most interesting and very special. Layering and grid patterns were explored.

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DESIGN NARRATIVE

REVERSE ENGINEER CASE STUDY- AIRSPACE TOKYO

Grasshopper Definitions for building the Voronoi patterns: Logical steps for recreating Airspace Tokyo facade using Grasshopper:

Steps 1-8 _________________________________________________________________________________ p.59

DESIGN NARRATIVE

DEVELOPMENT PROCESS... PHYSICAL MODELS- EXPLORE WITH VORONOI PATTERNS The case study of our group is Airspace Tokyo and the main feature of this building is its exterior voronoi double layer pattern. Based on this, we want to explore lighting, layering and site context with the voronoi pattern.

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DESIGN NARRATIVE

Voronoi pattern resulted from the attractor points (circle points) on the highway-representing traffic flow. From the above pattern, we observed that the size of voronoi increases as they get closer to the attractor points (where the traffic highways are).

Voronoi pattern resulted from the attractor points on the highway (representing traffic flow)

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DESIGN NARRATIVE

TESTING WITH LIGHT AND SHADOWS...

CUT/FABRICATE

MODEL PHOTOS...

Model 1: Double layer of voronoi patterns

Overlapping shadows on the ground, cut light

Overlapping shadows on the wall, cut light

Overlapping shadows on the ground (looking from the top), cut light

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DESIGN NARRATIVE

Model 2: Voronoi pattern with thickness, diffuse light Model 3: Voronoi pattern with butter paper, diffuse light

Voronoi pattern with butter paper, diffuse light

Voronoi pattern with thickness, diffuse light, thick shadows

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DESIGN NARRATIVE

Model 4: Voronoi pattern with site context (traffic flow)-grids

Model 5: Voronoi pattern with site context (traffic flow)- random

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DESIGN NARRATICE

COMPETITIVE ADVANTAGE Conceptual/Technical achievements of our research/ design work: Our group composed of 3 members and each of us has chosen a theme to develop in this project. Our themes are cellular skin, lighting and ecology respectively. Each of the themes are derived from our own case studies (part A). Based on our chosen case study for the Cut research project, which is the Airspace Tokyo, we want to develop our design using voronoi patterns. We applied the concept of voronoi in our themes and tried to explore their relationships. Our ultimate goal is to come up with a design that represent a combination of our themes, and satisfy the requirements of the design project at the same time. Parametric modelling is a contemporary architectural discourse of the 20th century that raise a lot of attentions in the architectural world. Before the invention of parametric modelling, people usually just treat computational tools as ways of documenting. In this way, lots of design possibilities are hindered. Digital-driven design process can create so much more design possibilities. The idea is that as one component or variable is changed in the program, the whole design outcome will change as well. The traditional way of designing is to first design, then document with computational tools. The design stage only depends on the designerâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s ability, instead, with the aid of digital tools, the designer can test out his ideas and create many more possibilities. In addition, one can avoid design errors by testing with digital tools. Because of the above reasons, our group want to achieve our design in this project by parametric modelling. The Wyndham City Council is asking for an exciting and eye-catching installation at the Western Gateway. Parametric modelling can undoubtedly achieve this with innovative ideas. Through parametric modelling, our group has shown our capability of manipulating the voronoi pattern successfully with grasshopper and rhino. This can be supported by the Reverse Engineer case study and model making process. Other skills related to parametric modelling can also be shown with the matrix and other weekly tasks. We strongly believe that voronoi pattern can only be mastered through parametric modelling and we are capable of doing so. A voronoi pattern is about subdivision of points, and it is almost impossible to be done manually. Parametric modelling can help us accurately produce different voronoi patterns with different grasshopper definitions. A single definition can already create voronoi pattern with different shapes and forms.

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DESIGN NARRATICE

Why should the Wyndham Cityâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s competition panel choose us to develop a completed design proposal? Our group has successfully made significant progress over the past weeks, with research work and manipulating different operations in grasshopper. The idea of voronoi pattern is very interesting , and there is so much more possibilities that yet to be discovered with voronoi pattern. It would be very exciting if an public art is created with voronoi pattern by parametric modelling at the Western Gateway. As mentioned before, parametric modelling is an increasing architectural discourse nowadays, it is a very innovative and new technology which increasingly affect the modern architecture. Our final design will be based on the following: the site context- the ecology of the site; how lighting techniques can help enhancing aesthetic performance of the public art; both are to be done with the voronoi pattern (cellular skin). A favourable outcome is foreseeable.

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DESIGN NARRATICE

LEARNING OBJECTIVES AND OUTCOMES The following are the learning objectives specified in the course outline: 1) “interrogat[ing] a brief” by considering the process of brief formation in the age of optioneering enabled by digital technologies; 2) developing “an ability to generate a variety of design possibilities for a given situation” by introducing parametric modelling with its intrinsic capacities for versioning; 3) developing “skills in various three-dimensional media” and specifically in dynamic 3D modelling, digital fabrication, dynamic diagramming and so on; 4) developing “an understanding of relationships between architecture and air” through interrogation of design proposal as physical models; 5) developing “the ability to make a case for proposals” by engaging students in the controversies and contradiction of contemporary architectural discourse on digital architectural design. 6) begin developing a personalised repertoire of computational techniques substantiated by the understanding of their advantages, disadvantages and areas of application; 7) develop the foundational understanding of computational principles behind digital geometry, data structures and programming; 8) develop capabilities for conceptual, technical and design analysis capable of positioning students’ creative work in comparison with the flagship professional projects.

According to the above learning objectives, our group has made the following progress: 1) We have studied the design brief in detail and started analyzing the design requirememts and put them into our consideration with the final design. 2) We are learning gradually and gaining more experience with handling design with grasshopper. 3) We are stil learning different types of digital fabrication for our design, it is under investigation at the moment; dynamic 3D modelling and dynamic diagramming are will be developed in the next few weeks. 4) The relationship between air and architecture is understood, physical models regarding this still need to be explored. 5) This is achieved through EOI. 6) This is achieved partially through the Cut research project, and need further development in the next few weeks. 7) This is achieved through video learning of grasshopper over the past weeks. 8) Our group has developed a foundamental concept for the final design, but more digital techniques and analysis need to be used to develop our final design, in order to make it creative and successful.

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PART 2: PROJECT PROPOSAL _________________________________________________________________________________ p.68

PROJECT PROPOSAL

09 PROJECT DELIVERY: DIGITAL FABRICATION Digital fabrication is about using computational techniques to assemble an architecture in contemporary architectural design. In order to construct an architecture, we need to find ways to connect the different pieces and components of the architecture. It is very important to make sure the architecture is stable and strong enough.

DEVELOPMENT OF FINAL DESIGN- MAKE USE OF THE BIG CONTRAST OF CELL SIZE IN THE VORONOI PATTERN CREATED BY ATTRACTOR POINTS Further development of the idea of traffic flow to the design idea of an indication of distance travelled by car drivers

EOI: Voronoi pattern built based on grids and attractor points

New voronoi pattern: Place one attractor point in every 50m, total length of the pattern is 300m. A new voronoi pattern with 6 regular sections is formed.

Next, the 2 skins of the new voronoi pattern are folded up to form a tunnel sculpture with 30m in width and 300m in length. The height of the tunnel varies from 4m to 8m. The tunnel sculpture will be built across site A and B. Since the speed of cars in the site is 100km/hr, for a 300m long tunnel, it will be a 10- second experience. Rather than saying that the final design is a structure, it is actually a experience of the car drivers in 10 seconds. The indication of every 50m travelled by the drivers will be achieved by applying diffused and cut light techniques. Colored diffusers like mosaic glass will be applied to the large voronoi holes to diffuse sunlight that pass through, the extrusion of the large voronoi holes also help diffusing the light. Cut light technique will be applied to the small voronoi holes to allow sunlight to cut through directly and provide air ventilation at the same time. As a result, every 50m travelled by the drivers will be indicated by the cut light technique since the small voronoi holes divide each 50m of the large voronoi holes, as shown in the above image. _________________________________________________________________________________ p.69

PROJECT PROPOSAL FINAL DESIGN- HOW TO CONSTRUCT THE DESIGN AND MAKE IT STABLE? In this project, we are required to design a public sculpture for the Wyndham City. Because of that, the structure of the installation will not be as complicated as a building. Our final design is a tunnel with 2 skins of voronoi pattern getting folded up. In order to support the tunnel itself, we apply the concept of a structural skin to the 2 skins of voronoi pattern. By extruding the large holes of the voronoi patterns, the 2 skins will be connected together and the whole structure will become a structural skin. This becomes the main support of the tunnel and enables it to stand stable itself.

Construction details of final design

Carbon Fibre: A very strong but light material

PERSONAL REFLECTION This week our group further developed the EOI and had decided the overall direction of the final design. We have explored a lot of different Construction details of final design voronoi patterns created by different functions and attractor points. This helped me to understand the significance of how parametric modelling drive our final design. _________________________________________________________________________________ p.70

PROJECT PROPOSAL

PROJECT PRESENTATION 1: MOVING IMAGE IN ARCHITECTURE The change in environments consequently will cause changes to the architecture. One of the most significant changes in environment is the change in direction of sunlight. For our final model, we will be taking stop- motion photographs to show the change in shadows of the tunnel sculpture by cut and diffused light technique. This can show the dynamic side of the architecture.

FINAL MODEL 1- LAYERING OF 2 SKINS OF VORONOI PATTERN

The left are the 2 voronoi patterns built digitally by Rhino and Grasshopper. They are fabricated by laser cut. The aim of building this model is to see the effect of double layering of voronoi patterns when they are folded up.

MODEL PHOTOS:

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PROJECT PROPOSAL

FINAL MODEL 2- TUNNEL SCULPTURE (SCALE 1:50) MODEL MAKING PROCESS:

1. Cut out the voronoi patterns on cardboards.

2. Cut the diffuers (colored tissue paper).

4. Stick the diffusers.

3. Bend the voronoi patterns and make them stable on the base.

5. Stick the extrusions (large voronoi holes).

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PROJECT PROPOSAL

MODEL PHOTOS (STOP-MOTION): Looking from the top

Looking at the interior

PERSONAL REFLECTION

The model making process is quite challenging since the second model was hand made. We had to be very

careful when making the model since everything need to be very precise. The experience of handmaking a model definitely is very memorable and I have also learnt a lot through the model making processes. _________________________________________________________________________________ p.73

PROJECT PROPOSAL

11 PROJECT PRESENTATION 2: DESIGN DOCUMENTATION This week is about finalising our design and document all the useful and important information onto the panels. The skills of documentation is very influential because it affects the flow and coherency of the information we present. Graphic style is also very important as it help enhancing the reading experience.

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PROJECT PROPOSAL

FINAL PANELS CHENG, YOKE YEE 345573

CHUNG, SZE MAN 538128 KWAN, WEI KUAN 524163

THE 10-SECOND EXPERIENCE WESTERN GATEWAY DESIGN PROJECT A design proposal to create a Gateway into Wyndham for city bound traffic into Princes Freeway. The compelling proposed Gateway is highly eye-catching to those entering the urban precinct of the municipality and to those travelling along the freeway.

EOI In the Expression of Interest stage, we as a group had developed 3 major ideas to form a design proposal. They are lighting (cut/diffused technique), cellular skin (voronoi/layering) and ecology (rooting system).

Aerial View

CONCEPT A tunnel as an indication of distance travelled (interval of every 50 meters) Tunnel Length: 300 meters; Width: 30 meters; Height: 4-8 meters.

DESIGN IDEAS VORONOI & LIGHTING The tunnel is made up of 2 layers of voronoi pattern, forming a structural skin. Using an interval of every 50m, an attractor point is applied while constructing the voronoi pattern. This results in a big contrast between the cell sizes. Extrusions - diffuse reflection and diffusers Since it is a dual layer design, larger cells are then extruded unevenly with different angles by joining the 2 layers, and these extrusions then become the main support for the whole structure. Besides, they provide spaces for diffuse reflection, as light will bounce within the volume, hence creating diffused lighting, a technique to allow penetration of diffused, scattered or unfocused light. More, coloured semitransparent glass is used as diffusers to create scattered coloured lighting in the desired areas. Smaller cells are not extruded to provide ventilation and acts as a cut light technique. Cut technique is achieved by direct light penetration through the pattern at sharp angles. The scale of the gaps becomes a major issue in controlling the desired amount of light for penetration. Since smaller cells are located every 50m, the cut light technique also act as an indication of distance travelled by car drivers. By using voronoi pattern and applying different lighting techniques, the tunnel is now a 10- second experience (100km/hr), rather than a structure.

Side Perspective

Interior Perspective

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PROJECT PROPOSAL

stop motion lighting effect of 1:50 model

diffused & cut lighting effect of 1:50 model

diffused & cut lighting effect of 1:50 model at night

FABRICATION construction technique

construction detail - joint

CONCRETE PAD FOOTING Concrete pad footings are used because they are suitable for point loads. The two ends of the arch are joined to the concrete pad footing using rubber sealant ball socket to allow slight movement due to expansion and contraction. CARBON FIBER The tunnel spans 300m length and has the height of 4m(lowest) to 8m(highest), without any column. The tunnel itself cannot afford to be made of heavyweight material. Carbon fiber is a very strong and light fiber-reinforced polymer, which is also corrosion-resistant. It is a common material for automotive and civil engineering. A way of fabricating it is by molding. It is by layering sheets of carbon fiber into a mold in the shape of a temporary steel skeleton. After filling epoxy into the mold, it is then heated and air-cured. After the carbon fiber has become solid enough, the temporary skeleton is then removed. VORONOI STRUCTURES The intercepting elements of the voronoi structures also act as support to the whole tunnel as load is transferred along them. The extrusion between the two layers at the diffused lighting part can act as supports to hold the two layers together. Rainwater can escape from the sides of the semi-transparent glass as they are not completely sealed.

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PROJECT PROPOSAL

12 FINAL SUBMISSION: CRITICAL DESIGN NARRATIVE The main purpose of this whole design project is to develop an installation that best suits the Wdynham City Council’s design expectations of an eye-catching and exciting installation. Our group’s final design is a combination of 3 themes: cellular skin, lighting and ecology. The idea of voronoi patterns is a major driving element of our final design, we are interested in how attractor points can create different voronoi patterns and result in big contrast between the size of the cells. Making use of this relationship, we had developed our final design into a 300m long tunnel with 6 regular sections of voronoi patterns. For the new voronoi pattern, we place one attractor point in every 50m, in order to create the big contrast of the size of the cells. Our final design is made up of 2 skins of voronoi patterns with extrusions between the large cells as the main support of the whole structure. We further apply the diffused and cut light technique to the cells of the voronoi patterns: the large cells are extruded and applied with colored diffusers such as mosaic glass to diffuse the natural sunlight; the small cells are not extruded and applied with cut light technique to allow sunlight to pass through at sharp angles and provide air ventilation. Since part of the small cells are located in every 50m of the tunnel, they also act as an indication of distance travelled by the car drivers at an interval of 50m. The speed of cars in the sites is 100km/hr, for a 300m long tunnel, it is a 10-second experience. Instead of saying our final design as an installation or structure, it is more of a driving experience for the car drivers in 10 seconds. We believe that our final design fulfills Wdyndam City Council’s expectations of an exciting and eye-catching installation. Since a 10-second experience is a short time interval, it definitely can create an exciting and memorable experience for the drivers.

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PART 3: LEARNING OBJECTIVES AND OUTCOMES

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LEARNING OBJECTIVES AND OUTCOMES

LEARNING PROGRESS THROUGHOUT THIS SEMESTER: Week 1- The first time I heard about the concept of parametric modelling and contemporary architectural discourse. These

concepts are very new and impressive. I started to form my own vision of this whole course as something completely different from what I have learnt before. I also began to learn the basic operations of Rhino and searched for some significant projects that raised contemporary architectural discourse.

Week 2- This week I continued to look for more significant examples that successfully created contemporary architectural

discourse in parametric modelling for more inspirations, since one of the main themes in this design project is parametric design. I also continued to learn the basic operations of rhino and grasshopper, and the relationship between the two. The combined operation of the 2 softwares is parametric modelling.

Week 3- I have studied the scripting example of Airspace Tokyo in detail. Explorations and learning of rhino and grasshopper was continued this week. From this week, I started to learn about the concept of voronoi patterns and found it very interesting. The concept of a functional cellular voronoi skin also became one major direction of our final design.

Week 4- Our group developed a combination of matrix with different grasshopper definitions and components. Through

the process of producing the matrix, I have gained a deeper knowledge of the relationship between different grasshopper components and their outputs. I had also tried to reproduce the geometry of Airspace Tokyo using grasshopper. This week was a big break through of my previous limited knowledge of grasshopper.

Week 5- This week I continued to explore with the case study: Airspace Tokyo. I have studied the relationship between different structures and shadows. I had also improved a lot in manipulating different geometries in rhino and grasshopper.

Week 6- This week our group started to develop the physical models for EOI, based on our knowledge on grasshopper and interest in voronoi patterns. The capabilities of using grasshopper and manipulating different voronoi patterns are shown.

Week 7- Our group made the physical models based on the grasshopper definitions, We further test the models with cut and diffused lighting effects. For the EOI presentation, we showed the panel our intention of the final design: produce an exciting installation by creating functional voronoi patterns that relates to the sites.

Week 8- This week we had our EOI presentation and needed to solve the problem of fabricating a voronoi surface. To fabricate a complicated surface like voronoi patterns, we need to use tessellation method to break down the surface into smaller components to fabricate.

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LEARNING OBJECTIVES AND OUTCOMES

Week 9- We continued to develop our final design proposal. I had further shown capability of making use of grasshopper

definitions to create the new voronoi pattern and applied a new concept (distance travelled by drivers) in creating that pattern. Construction method for our final design was suggested as well. This week we had developed a lot since the EOI.

Week 10- We built our final models and took the model photos. Week 11- We finalised our final design proposal and documented our panels. Week 12- Our final presentation

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LEARNING OBJECTIVES AND OUTCOMES

LEARNING OBJECTIVES AND OUTCOMES: The following are the learning objectives listed in the subject guide: 1) “interrogat[ing] a brief” by considering the process of brief formation in the age of optioneering enabled by digital technologies; 2) developing “an ability to generate a variety of design possibilities for a given situation” by introducing parametric modelling with its intrinsic capacities for versioning; 3) developing “skills in various three-dimensional media” and specifically in dynamic 3D modelling, digital fabrication, dynamic diagramming and so on; 4) developing “an understanding of relationships between architecture and air” through interrogation of design proposal as physical models; 5) developing “the ability to make a case for proposals” by engaging students in the controversies and contradiction of contemporary architectural discourse on digital architectural design. 6) begin developing a personalised repertoire of computational techniques substantiated by the understanding of their advantages, disadvantages and areas of application; 7) develop the foundational understanding of computational principles behind digital geometry, data structures and programming; 8) develop capabilities for conceptual, technical and design analysis capable of positioning students’ creative work in comparison with the flagship professional projects. The following are the evidence of the outcomes: 1) Have developed a deep understanding of how digital technologies help driving designs. The development of my understanding is shown from week 1 to week 12 journal: from preliminary research work to establishment of whole design project. The design brief was interrogated. (p.46,65,66) 2) p.20-23, 32-33,57-58,69 3) p. 20-24, 28-29,32-33, 42-43, 57-58, 69, 73, 75-76 4) p. 34,77 5) p.65-66 6) p.p. 20-24, 28-29,32-33, 42-43, 57-58, 69, 73, 75-76 7) p. 20-24, 28-29,32-33, 42-43, 57-58, 69, 73, 75-76 8) p. 46-77 At the beginning of this course, I was completely new to the idea of parametric modelling and the manipulation of grasshopper and rhino, as the semester proceeds, my knowledge kept accumulated at a steady speed. I have learnt and improved a lot after taking this subject. This subject definitely helped me to extend my horizons and conception of architectural designs. In the future learning, I will definitely apply the acquired competencies and continue to extend my knowledge. _______________________________________________________________ p.81

BIBLIOGRAPHY

BIBLIOGRAPHY Ben Pell, ‘Airspace Tokyo’, in The Articulate Surface: Ornament and Technology in Contemporary Architecture (Basel, London: Birkhauser; Springer distributor,2010), pp.86-89. Branko Kolarevic, Architecture in the Digital Age:Design and Manufacturing(New York; London: Spoon Press, 2003), pp.3-62. Farshid Moussavi, and Michael Kubo, eds. The Function of Ornament (Barcelona: Actar, 2006), pp. 5-14. Jonathan Hill. ‘Drawing Forth Immaterial Architecture’, Architectural Research Quarterly, 10, 1, pp. 51-55. Kalay Yehuda E. Architecture’s New Media : Principles, Theories, and Methods of Computer-Aided Design (Cambridge, Mass.: MIT Press, 2004), pp. 5 - 25. Mark Burry, Scripting Cultures: Architectural Design and Programming (Chichester: Wiley, 2011) pp.8-71. Stanislav Roudavski, Understanding the Course: Architecture as a Discourse (University of Melbourne, 2012)[Lecture audio recording on lms]. Stanislav Roudavski, Why Computing? Performance-Driven Design (University of Melbourne, 2012)[Lecture audio recording on lms]. Stanislav Roudavski, Project Conceptualization: Materiality/Performance/Ornament (University of Melbourne, 2012)[Lecture audio recording on lms]. Stanislav Roudavski, Project theme: Air in Architecture (University of Melbourne, 2012)[Lecture audio recording on lms]. Stanislav Roudavski, Project interpretation: Kinetic Structures and Motion (University of Melbourne, 2012)[Lecture audio recording on lms].

Suites Avenue, Barcelona (USA: Epoque Hotels, 2012) < http://www.epoquehotels.com/h.php/barcelona-hotels/boutiquehotel/h/suitesavenuebcn/l/en> [accessed 3 May 2012]. Sweet, Jay, Tod’s Omotesando Building (USA: Glass, Steel and Stone, 2008) < http://www.glasssteelandstone.com/BuildingDetail/4056.php> [accessed 3 May 2012]. Williams, Richard, ‘Architecture and Visual Culture’, in Exploring Visual Culture : Definitions, Concepts, Contexts, ed. by Matthew Rampley (Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press, 2005), pp. 102 - 16.

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