e v o lv i n g
d e t r o i t
EVOLVING DETROIT Kato Allaert, Alison Brown, Stephanie Schemel and Joseph Ward
INTRODUCTION
P. 5 - 15
1 KICKSTARTERS - ZERO TO FIVE YEARS
P. 16 - 35
2 DEVELOP - FIVE TO TWENTY YEARS
P. 35 - 49
3 SPATIAL STRATEGY
P. 50 - 61
4 SUSTAIN - TWENTY YEARS AND BEYOND
P. 62 - 63
CONCLUSION
P. 64 - 65
REFERENCES
P. 66 - 69
APPENDIX
P. 70 - 87
Evolving Detroit
Detroit can no longer be thought of as a climactic point in the past. Detroit is a place that is constantly evolving and adapting. Throughout its history Detroit has gone through many physical, economic, and social transformations and will continue to change in the future. Detroit must become an adaptive and resilient city that can continue to evolve with internal changes and external pressures. Detroit was once a great city and will continue to be a great city.
VISION Detroit - A city of neighbourhoods It is known for its diversity and vibrant culture. This will be demonstrated through its many distinct and vibrant neighbourhoods, that come together to make up the unique city of Detroit. Detroit - A city of Innovation Detroit has an adaptable economy that can build on assets from the past and ranges in focus from green energy, information technology to creative innovation while building on existing assets and creative spirit.
Detroit’s once unused land has transformed into a variety of innovative land use projects that engage the local community and revitalise the local environment.
Detroit - a City oF Connectivity Detroit has recreated its transport into a diverse and equitable network that connects Detroit economically and socially with the greater area in an environmentally sustainable way.
5
1 KICKSTARTERS - ZERO TO FIVE YEARS INTRODUCTION
Detroit - A city of Sustainability
FRENCH
FORT DETROIT
VILLAGE Largest village between Montreal and New Orleans
CITY Incorporated as a city
FORD MODEL-T automobile industry mass production
DECLINE white flight social segregation closure of plants unemployment blight and crime
2011 POPULATION 700 000
1977 RENAISSANCE CENTRE
FALL OF AUTO INDUSTRY
1967 DETROIT RIOTS
1950
1929-1930
AMERICAN
TRADE CENTRE Central location in Great Lakes region
6
AMBASSADOR BRIDGE + TUNNEL
TECHNOLOGY
BRITISH
1900 POPULATION 265 000 1903
1870
1812 WAR OF 1812
1806
FIRE 1796 1805
1760
1701
1 KICKSTARTERS - ZERO TO FIVE YEARS INTRODUCTION
ALGONQUIAN IROQUIAN TRIBES
“We hope for better things, it will rise from the ashes.”
1765 POPULATION 800
BEAVER WARS
Throughout Detroit’s history, several catalysts emerged that shaped the form, functionality, and image of Detroit.
1950 POPULATION 1.85 MILLION
Detroits History
DETROIT’S HISTORY Due to Detroit’s one industry dependence, it was not resilient to the changes that ensued in the city during the fall of the auto industry. Problems quickly snowballed and led to the challenges that face Detroit today.
Urban Sprawl White Flight out of City Center Social Segregation and Poor Urban Core Auto Centric Development
Declining Education and Skill Set
Blight and Crime
Rise of Poverty and Bankruptcy
Ford and Chrysler Plants Close
Population Decrease and Vacancy Unemployment
7
1 KICKSTARTERS - ZERO TO FIVE YEARS INTRODUCTION
A Non-Resilliant Detroit
DETROIT IN STATISTICS
2.5
X
4.7M 700 K 14.2%
1 KICKSTARTERS - ZERO TO FIVE YEARS INTRODUCTION
82.7%
2,137
40%
30% 8
4
th
Detroit’s unemployment rate is greater than the national average.
Population of South East Michigan. Population of Detroit.
African American population of Michigan. African American Population of Detroit.
Violent crimes in Detroit per 100,000 (2011).
High school students who do not graduate with a diploma.
Of land in Detroit is vacant.
18
Largest City in the United States in 1940.
th
70% 61%
4
th
3
x
9%
Largest City in the United States Today.
Of Detroit jobs are held by commuters. Of employed Detroiters work outside the city.
Among the United States metropolitan statistical areas in terms of export value.
Higher rate of children with elevated blood lead levels than the national average.
Of Detroiters use public transport.
27/ 100
Number of jobs within the city per 100 residents of Detroit.
DETROIT’S URBAN FORM
Low-Rise and Suburban
Wide streets preventing pedestrian flow
Gaps between homes in residential areas
Higher density buildings in core
Megablocks in the core
Highways
Large amount of downtown space designated for parking lots
Pockets of vibrant, dense, walkable neighbourhoods
Abandoned and Vacant Buildings
9
1 KICKSTARTERS - ZERO TO FIVE YEARS INTRODUCTION
Our strategies build largely on the existing urban form.
PROBLEM ANALYSIS After analysing the many challenges that cripple Detroit today, a pattern quickly emerged. All challenges are easily linked to one of three categories: unemployment, vacancy and auto-centric development.
disconnection with greater area
population decline
biodiversity concerns bad quality built environment
white flight property value doesn’t attract people undervalue of historical heritage lack of pride superblocks underinvestment unused infrastructure segregation poor education no neighbourhood connection lack of jobs underutilization of waterfront bad quality public realm gerrymandering zoning disconnection between university soil pollution and local community unused land lack of healthy food access one company oriented not sufficient tax yield brownfield sites environmental problems lack of skilled workers
unemployment
vacancy
lack of identity mis-match of jobs and housing lack of commercial centre health problems huge infrastructure underutilized public realm bankrupt commuting highways industrialization inefficient transport lack of walkability crime
autocentric lack of public transport highways as a physical barrier to pedestrians
1 KICKSTARTERS - ZERO TO FIVE YEARS INTRODUCTION
sprawl blight
Unemployment – Detroits unemployment rate is well above the national average. The reason for the high unemployment level is linked to many sources such as poor education, lack of skilled work force and overall low municipal investment into the community. By tackling this issue we can solve many problems such as social segregation, lack of pride in community, and high crime rates.
10
Vacancy – A large proportion of the total homes in Detroit are vacant. The vacant lot issue is closely related with unemployment, as the lack of jobs forced many to leave the city. Subsequently, a large amount of mis-used land exsists within the city. By addressing this issue we can also improve environmental degradation levels, citizens health (due to pollution), poor nutrition, and overall improve the quality of the public realm.
Auto-centric Development – Being the “Motor City”, a great deal of Detroit‘s spatial development was based on personal vehicles. Highways and impervious pavement make up a large part of the landscape. Addressing transport problems such as sprawl and lack of efficient public transport will lead to a less polluting Detroit and more compact neighbourhoods.
biodiversity concerns population decline bad quality built environment disconnection with greater area white flight property value doesn’t attract people undervalue of historical heritage lack of pride superblocks underinvestment unused infrastructure segregation poor education no neighbourhood connection lack of jobs underutilization of waterfront bad quality public realm gerrymandering zoning disconnection between university soil pollution and local community unused land lack of healthy food access one company oriented not sufficient tax yield brownfield sites environmental problems lack of skilled workers
unemployment
STRATEGIES heterogeneous Variety of action from actors at all scales creating a highly diverse Detroit.
vacancy
lack of identity mis-match of jobs and housing lack of commercial centre health problems huge infrastructure underutilized public realm bankrupt commuting highways industrialization inefficient transport lack of walkability crime
autocentric lack of public transport
sprawl blight
land-use transport green economy
Open to change
evolving detroit EVOLVING DETROIT
To address these main problems, focus will be placed on three objectives:
land-use green economy transport
Local and regional level objectives, topdown and bottom-up policy mix.
These objectives will act as catalysts and lead to further improvements later on. All three objectives are interrelated and address sustainability concerns on an economic, social, institutional, and environmental level. Five strategies apply to the objectives and by addressing the objectives with these strategies, Detroit will transform into an evolving city.
Never a set end point, all future developments must be resilient and accepting of future change.
Causal Three main objectives will lead to further change and growth.
Adaptive Utilise exsisting infrastructure and systems to their fullest extent or adapt them to the next generation of use.
11
1 KICKSTARTERS - ZERO TO FIVE YEARS INTRODUCTION
highways as a physical barrier to pedestrians
Cross-Scale
FROM SMALL SCALE TO LARGE SCALE
1 KICKSTARTERS - ZERO TO FIVE YEARS INTRODUCTION
Why small scale first? Our objectives will be implemented on multiple scales, from the small neighbourhood, to the city and surrounding area as a whole. Evolving Detroit puts the focus on the people, the citizens of Detroit that know the city best and will be most affected by changes that will ensue. Community initiatives and local assets are the starting point for our implementations.
Impact Detroit: Shop front revitalisation Livernois Corridor #% # ( % # Organizations and Leaders Livernois Corridor Initiative
Skillman Foundation Good Neighbourhood
2013
"#! % $ & !# Winter 2013, will incorporate a month-long challenge to improve a particular aspect of the Livernois Corridor. Impact Detroit will facilitate the challenge, bringing together 30 Challenge Detroit leaders—who have come to work in Detroit for a year—with a team of professionals, community leaders, organizations, and residents who are working in and around the area. %!# #! % # ' % * % ! !""!#%& % $ ( % , and developed in collaboration with students from +$ !! ! # % %&# !$$ % $ & activating a vacant storefront as a pop-up gallery $" $" ) $" !# % $" Detroit participants will inhabit the space throughout their month-long challenge, which will commence with a community workshop and culminate with a community ' % ( % % $%!# #! % $ % ! $ ! achieving the activated storefront will be shared with the Livernois Working Group to provide a model that can be replicated in the future.
Brightmoor Alliance
PROJECT PARTNERS: Livernois Community Livernois Working Group Challenge Detroit University of Detroit-Mercy University Commons Organization Detroit Economic Growth Corporation IMAGES: John Quaine, UDM Livernois Studio University Commons Organization
Cities are built by neighbourhoods and people in them. Cities don’t build neighbourhoods. It’s the people that built the homes, that built the neighbourhoods, that made this city what it is.
Emerging Efforts Advisory Commitee Pilot Projects-Areas of Focus
Activating Community Transformation Activating Community Transformation
Woodmere Springdale Community Plan
48217 Neighbourhood Plan
12
Woodward/6-8 Mile Revitalisation Plan: Vision for a Sustainable Livable Corridor
Wellness Center Campus Strategy Mexicantown: Vernor/Bagley Vista
North End Neighbourhood Investment Strategy Paradise Valley Cultural + Entertainment District
Spatial Identification
13
1 KICKSTARTERS - ZERO TO FIVE YEARS INTRODUCTION
A thorough analysis of Detroit‘s current configuration (see Appendix) identifies the focus areas of the evolving Detroit vision. 1 NEIGHBOURHOODS Identification of neighbourhoods by overlaying several factors and local variables with identified areas for neighbourhood stabilisation. The downtown core is a “special“ neighbourhood with more bussinesses and a different urban form.
2 INNOVATION CLUSTERS Identification of innovation clusters based on the location of industries, companies , universities etc.
PRINTED ON TRANSPARENT FILM IN ORIGINAL REPORT
3 GREEN-IN-BETWEEN The space in-between clusters is identified as green-in-between areas for innovative land use and green economy projects.
PRINTED ON TRANSPARENT FILM IN ORIGINAL REPORT
4 TRANSPORT The transport strategy is based on identified neighbourhoods and clusters. The strategy includes connections within but also from outside the city.
PRINTED ON TRANSPARENT FILM IN ORIGINAL REPORT
EVOLVING DETROIT
1 KICKSTARTERS - ZERO TO FIVE YEARS INTRODUCTION
KICKSTART YEARS 0-5
YEARS 5-20
DEVELOP
SUSTAIN
1. Improved connectivity and walkability within neighborhoods: 15% increase in bicycle trips 25% of trips by foot or with public transit
1. Unemployment rate decrease to 15%
1. Community engagement which leads to a sense of pride in place and a new identity. Leading to an increase in community cohesion and social interaction
2. Urban management strategy that focuses on fitting in existing development and contains green new development
3. Every resident will be within a 6 min walk (500m) of quality green open space. Every resident will be within a 10 min walk (800 m) to fresh food markets, child care, health service, leisure, social learning and cultural infrastructure
2. Self sustaining local economy based on the creation of a globally competitive and innovative city
4. International recognition for environmental leadership
4. The city will have the capacity to meet up to 50 per cent of energy demand from local energy sources
3. Support the development of small scale spaces for cultural, creative, retail and small businesses. Wide cross section of businesses including start up and niche sectors 4. Developing effective partnerships and accelerate investment in green economy and technology 5. 250 homes have been recycled and relocated and 500 blot plots have been created
14
2. Reduce average distance driven per resident by 30%
YEARS 20+
3. The city will reduce greenhouse gas emissions by 50 per cent compared to 2006 levels
Current State Detroit is currently in an emergency management state due to the cities growing fiscal crisis. Detroit currently suffers from a $327 million budget deficit and more than $14 billion in debt. The state of Michigan has appointed Kevyn Orr, a bankruptcy attorney, as the Emergency Manager for Detroit. This report was written during the recent power shift in Detroit‘s administration and the objectives, timeline, and framework chosen are a direct reflection of the cities current emergency state.
They don’t say “take over” but when you have a financial manager you are taking over. All the corruption the city has had…it was there in any administration.
Due to the fiscal deficit much funding is necessary before any implementations can be put in place. Several grant and funding schemes as well as the policies implemented in the first five years will assist to start-up Detroit‘s budget needs.
Kresge Foundation
$150m
In January 2013 The Kresge Foundation made a commitment to Detroit based on their adaptation of Detroit Future Cities Project.
Kellog Foundation
$150m
Joint matching of the Kresge Foundation
Varies
Billions from the federal government to invest in urban recovery. These span from job training and alternative energy to education and community health.
U.S. Recovery and Reinvestment Act 2009
State of Michigan
$164m annually
Detroit is already the recipient of multiple special state programs and tax provisions.
KEY p.18-47
goal
how
?
tools actors
??
15
1 KICKSTARTERS - ZERO TO FIVE YEARS INTRODUCTION
Funding
KICKSTARTERS - Zero to Five Years
Initial interventions will make the necessary adjustments for future development. The aim of this first stage is to quickly revitalise available assets and to get social awareness and involvement in the project. Quick small changes will energise the city and result in trust in the project and future long term changes.
KICKSTARTERS
BLOT-PLOTS
TESTBEDS & INCUBATOR
CREATIVE INNOVATION CLUSTERS
sKILLED wORKFORCE INITATIVE
land-use transport
green economy
LARGE SCALE
LOCAL BICYCLE NETWORK
rIGHT-SIZING STREETS
CULTURE AND COMMUNITY
CITIZEN ADVICE BUREAU
RECYCLING AND RELOCATING
grace period
green in-between
education clusters
innovative auto industry
gas tax
regional transit authority
tax-base sharing
reduction in street parking
smart technology for transport
17
1 KICKSTARTERS - ZERO TO FIVE YEARS
SMALL SCALE
Small scale 1.1 BLOT PLOTS
?
1.2 RECYCLE AND RELOCATE
1 KICKSTARTERS - ZERO TO FIVE YEARS
High quality plots in low-density neighbourhoods, safer and qualitative low-density living, reduction of financial burden for the city in upkeeping land.
? 18
Side yard expansion: homeowners in failing neighbourhoods who do not want to move to denser neighbourhoods, are snapping up adjacent vacant lots for their own use.
?
Concentrate residents in neighbourhoods and thereby strengthen existing community groups and neighbourhood identity
?
Policy stimulates individuals to clear abandoned plots and use the material to construct a new house in the neighbourhood core core.
White Picket Fence Program: $200 to buy adjacent city owned plots, no need for approval by the Detroit City Council and $200 in free fencing or landscaping material funded by Charter One bank and Fifth Third Bank.
1. Loan programme with low interest and a grace period of 2 years as houses. well as a 10% subsidy for those who built LEED standard houses 2. Change from property tax to land tax to give people the incentive to plot.in the neighbourhood core more develop their plot
City of Detroit Residents Banks and Urban Neighbourhood Initiatives
City of Detroit
?
?
SMALL SCALE 1.3 CULTURE AND COMMUNITY empty parking lot
vacant building
1.4 CITIZEN ADVICE BUREAU performance
job application support open office for urban planning and design
?
art workshop
Offer an approachable forum for public discussions about cities, planning, and communities. A place where people can get free support looking for a job and adapting to new industries.
Develop cultural and community activities, creative use of existing buildings and land, create cultural clusters, reduce Detroit’s burden to upkeep vacant land and buildings buildings.
?
Provide existing buildings and land to residents and creative groups to stimulate flexible use programs.
Assesment of available spaces and buildings for such activities and programs
?
City of Detroit Residents Neighbourhood Groups
?
community events
?
The Bureau will be located in the centre of each neighbourhood, in an unused building along the high street. It will be a lively place for urbanism and skills development.
Community Development Block Grant Donations from Locals and Businesses
?
City of Detroit Local Businesses Residents
19
1 KICKSTARTERS - ZERO TO FIVE YEARS
open air cinema
Small scale 1.5 TESTBEDS AND INCUBATORS empty parking lot
vacant building
PRECEDENTS public library
CITIZEN ADVICE BUREAU
Shoreditch Trust Skills for Life London temporary shopping mall
?
offices in boxes
1 KICKSTARTERS - ZERO TO FIVE YEARS
CULTURE AND COMMUNITY
Sites and areas are specified for experimental projects to facilitate temporary use as well as start ups for creative businesses.
Offer space with low rent of $60/m2/year Start-up fund of $ 250/m2 Fixed time scope of 10 years Income from shared tax-base Community Development Block Grant
?
City of Detroit
20
Open Office Architecture Foundation London
co-work space
New and innovative uses for abandoned or underused buildings, employment, community identity & engagement, nurture start-ups, give incentives for young and educated people to stay in Detroit
?
TESTBEDS AND INCUBATORS
Van Gendthallen Amsterdam
Westergasfabriek Amsterdam
NDSM Selfmade City Amsterdam
SMALL SCALE
south west detroit brownfield site
1.6 Creative innovation clusters
1.7 Skilled Workforce initative
Citizen Advice Bureau
?
Zoning regulation and tax incentives to encourage development in identified economic clusters.
?
?
Assist residents at the Citizen Advice Bureau, matching them to the new jobs in Detroit. Programs that provide vocational schools in partnership with companies.
Tax credits for businesses that have a focus on green economy, information technology and research development. Detroit Area Green Sector Skills Alliance
Renewable Energy Education Act (support to develop career and technical education study programs) Detroit Regional Workforce Fund
Private businesses, universities and business networks
The federal government, City of Detroit/State of Michigan, large and small scale businesses
?
?
21
1 KICKSTARTERS - ZERO TO FIVE YEARS
?
Create a skilled and qualified workforce which will focus on cleantechnology businesses, renewable energy development and develop local skill sets that fit in the innovative and creative economy of Detroit.
The creation of clusters in the green economy where businesses can grow together, use unused land and buildings
Small scale 1.8 Right-Sizing streets SKILLED WORKFORCE INITIATIVE
Kauwgomballenfabriek Amsterdam
Ford Automotive Student Service Educational Training Michigan
Shoreditch Trust London
after
CREATIVE INNOVATION CLUSTERS
before
PRECEDENTS
?
1 KICKSTARTERS - ZERO TO FIVE YEARS
Will help in the creation of dense, walkable, safe neighbourhood centres.
? Detroit to me means a world of opportunities.
Narrow lanes to provide cycle lanes, thus promoting sustainable transportation. Creating more walkable neighbourhoods through the expansion of sidewalks.
Federal Neighborhood Stabilization Fund, Michigan State Housing Development Authority, and Michigan Historical Preservation Network.
?
City of Detroit Federal and State government
22
SMALL SCALE 1.9 Local Bicycle network I see beautiful homes in the city, I see the lawns are beautiful, I see people are shopping, I see the city as a new place that people want to come and live.
?
Local networks within the neighbourhood to improve connections while creating connections between neighbourhoods through bicycle highways.
PRECEDENTS LOCAL BICYCLE NETWORK
RIGHT SIZING STREETS
The San Francisco Bicycle Coalition
Prospect Park West Brooklyn New York
Highway Reinvestment Act 2009 Red Planet Bike Collective
?
City of Detroit Citizen Bureau Federal government
23
1 KICKSTARTERS - ZERO TO FIVE YEARS
?
Shorter travel distances,walking and biking made easier, less pollution, improving public health.
1 KICKSTARTERS - ZERO TO FIVE YEARS
Small scale
blot plot community square existing house relocated house recycled house existing public services new public services testbeds - incubators citizens advice bureau
24
SMALL SCALE
BLOT-PLOTS
RECYCLING AND RELOCATING CITIZEN ADVICE BUREAU
rIGHT-SIZING STREETS
LOCAL BICYCLE NETWORK
sKILLED wORKFORCE INITIATIVE
TESTBEDS & INCUBATORS CULTURE AND COMMUNITY
25
1 KICKSTARTERS - ZERO TO FIVE YEARS
CREATIVE INNOVATION CLUSTERS
26
LARGE scale 1.10 GRACE PERIOD
1.11 GREEN-IN-BETWEEN
recreation
PHYTO REMEDIATION AGRICULTURE
green space farming infrastructure
crops used for production of biofuel
?
Less city responsibility for vacant land. Creativity and a new community spirit are encouraged. Large scale incubator projects.
?
BIODIVERSITY active and passive parks
Introduction of a 5-year grace period, in which, land is leased cheap or free and citizens develop the site, power is given into the hands of neighbourhoods and communities, the design is allowed to develop organically and over a stretch of time. Assesment of available land that could be developed and guiding principles that determine basic parameters. Different parameters for low-density neighbourhoods, economic clusters, dense neighbourhoods etc.
?
City of Detroit Citizens Advice Bureau Residents
?
?
species like sunflowers remove contaminants from soil by phytoextraction
To transform the large amount of vacant land, in between the neighbourhoods, into a thriving, healthy and partially productive biodiversity landscape with incentives for people to engage in park and biodiversity projects, the possibility of direct access to nature and a secure, healthy and local food production with jobs created locally, overall a healthier and cleaner environment for the City of Detroit. Identified sites are designated either for biodiversity enhancement, soil remediation through local plants, or organic urban agriculture. Tax incentives (e.g. inexpensive rent for 5 years) EPA Brownfield Grant Community Action for a Renewed Environment Program
?
City of Detroit Residents – Neighbourhood Initiatives Non-Profit Organisations Detroit Mercy & Michigan State University (biofuel & soil remediation) Detroit Reforesters – non-profit organisation
27
1 KICKSTARTERS - ZERO TO FIVE YEARS
built up
LARGE scale 1.12 TAX-BASE SHARING
163 500 people work inside and live outside Detroit
?
1 KICKSTARTERS - ZERO TO FIVE YEARS
The improvement of Detroit’s financial status in order to begin much needed projects.
?
Each municipality contributes 40% of the tax of its commercial and industrial property to a regional pool; this money is then used across the region to improve local education, services and infrastructure, Detroit would take a larger share of that pool. Tax-base sharing scheme, change of tax-base, between Detroit and the approximately thirty municipalities that immediately surround the city
?
State of Michigan City of Detroit
28
municipalities included in Detroit’s tax base municipalities among the top 100 wealthiest in the US
There is a large fiscal disparity between Detroit and neighbouring municipalities. Due to high levels of poverty and unemployment, the city does not make enough money to support infrastructure and basic services. A large portion of the population outside of the city commutes in, thus using many of the basic services without paying for them. Improvements to Detroit will benefit the surrounding areas with job creation, provision of better public transport routes, and overall improved facilities.
LARGE scale 1.13 Innovative Auto Industry
PRECEDENTS GRACE PERIOD
DIY Urbanism Almere Oosterwold MVRDV
GREEN-IN-BETWEEN
TAX-BASE SHARING
Biofuel and Soil Remediation Research Detroit Mercy and Michigan State University
Minnesota
?
?
Re-establish auto industry heritage in city, increase employment opportunities, help automobile companies (GM, Ford, Chevrolet) meet their low carbon goals. Auto industries can offer more local jobs through vocational schools and a graduate scheme for local universities. Public-Private Partnership with automobile companies and municipality
Offer space for development with low rent or income tax incentive.
?
City of Detroit, Detroit Universities, Vocational schools, Auto industries
29
1 KICKSTARTERS - ZERO TO FIVE YEARS
Jeroen Saris’ “Temporality as a Strategy” Netherlands
LARGE scale 1.14 Creation of education and innovation clusters Birmingham
Hospitals Innovative Industries
PRECEDENTS CREATION OF EDUCATION AND INNOVATION CLUSTERS
Universities
Dearborn Ann Arbour
Windsor
?
1 KICKSTARTERS - ZERO TO FIVE YEARS
Improve the network of universities and flow of information sharing. Universities outreach program to the local community. Creating internship opportunities in innovation clusters. Keep students in Detroit post-graduation.
?
Network between universities and local schools, hospitals, research and innovation companies. University internship program with local economy.
Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy’s grant for businesses, industries, and universities.
?
Hospitals, universities, City of Detroit, Frederal Government, PPPs
30
The Detroit Medical Center affiliation with local Universities
Detroit is a place that grows on you. You find yourself really caring about the people around you. You really want to do things that help them.
X
4.7M 700 K AL TRA
?
Population of South East Michigan. Population of Detroit.
NSI T
14.2%
82.7%
2,137
African American population of Michigan.
ORITY H
N
African American Population of Detroit.
Violent crimes in Detroit per 100,000 (2011).
Shorter, more efficient multi-modal transit. Coordinated transit for more accessible and useful daily travel.
?
40%
High school students who do not graduate with a diploma.
Policy on a city and state level due to Detroit Department of Transportion working outside Detroit boundaries
30%
Of land in Detroit is vacant.
Joint state and municipal policy that consolidates public transport under one unified system
?
18
th
LARGE scale
Largest City in the United States Today.
1.16 REduction in street parking
T AU
GIO E R
Detroit’s unemployment rate is greater than the national average.
Largest City in the United States in 1940.
City of Detroit, Michigan, private public partnerhsip with Amtrak
70% 61%
4
th
3?
x
Of Detroit jobs are held by commuters. Of employed Detroiters work outside the city.
Among the United States metropolitan statistical areas in terms of export value.
Higher rate of children with elevated blood lead levels than the national average.
Decrease personal car use, increase walking and biking.
9 ? %
Of Detroiters use public
Designated current parking lots into community space, wider transport. sidewalks or bicycle parking.
27/ parking by 3% annually – slowly change the mindset of Reduce 100 Detroit. Alternatively, eliminate 1 parking lot every few years.
?
Number of jobs within the city per 100 residents of Detroit.
City of Detroit
31
1 KICKSTARTERS - ZERO TO FIVE YEARS
1.15 regional transit authority
2.5
4
th
LARGE scale 1.18 gas tax
1.17 Smart technology
+ $0.05 per gallon
Actual Cost of Gas
DETROIT TRAVEL PLANNER
?
1 KICKSTARTERS - ZERO TO FIVE YEARS
Improve reliability of transport and change the mindset of how Detroiters view their system. Through the use of smart phone apps and onboard GPS, real time informaiton is provided.
?
Creation of an online transit service that can alert citizens of delays or route changes. On site information and digital signage.
Potential funds form the Recovery and Reinvestment Act 2009
?
City of Detroit – Regional Transit Authority
32
$
Increased City Revenue Decreased Car Ridership
?
Tax levied on the sale of transportation fuels, calculated by volume purchased e.g. flat rate per gallon of fuel purchased.
?
This tax is necessary to generate funding for intercity transit infrastructure projects.
Tax of $o.o5 per gallon could generate $200m per year.
?
State of Michigan City of Detroit
LARGE scale
GAS TAX
REDUCTION IN STREET PARKING
SMART TECHNOLOGY
Big Move Project Toronto
Copenhagen Reduction Scheme
Re:route app that rewards walking
The people in Detroit love you and embrace you. We have all these organizations that care about Detroiters, about the people in Detroit. And they show us they care because they give back.
33
1 KICKSTARTERS - ZERO TO FIVE YEARS
PRECEDENTS
1 KICKSTARTERS - ZERO TO FIVE YEARS
LARGE scale
+ park biodiversity energy production economy cluster neighbourhood core neighbourhood low density living
34
In order to achieve the spatial changes on the large scale, the small scale interventions are very important. But, both are implemented simoultaneously.
tax-base sharing
LARGE scale
regional transit authority
greenin-between
education clusters
innovative auto industry
reduction in street parking
grace period
35
1 KICKSTARTERS - ZERO TO FIVE YEARS
gas tax
smart technology for transport
develop - FIVE to TWENTY YEARS After reaching a relative stability at the beginning of this phase, Detroit will experience 20 years of sustainable progress, economic growth and overall improved quality of life.
develop - FIVE to TWENTY YEARS
transport
green economy
land-use
PUBLIC SERVICES
LARGE SCALE
NEIGHBOURHOOD INFRASTRUCTURE
FIT AND SMALL ENERGY GRANTS
PHONE BOOTH CHARGING
CAR SHARING AROUND KEY NODES
COMMUNITY SQUARE
concepts for streets and places
green and blue corridors
BIOFUEL DEVELOPMENT
RENEWABLE ENERGY farms
BRT
NEW AMTRAK STATIONS
energy supergrid
37
1 DEVELOP 2 KICKSTARTERS - FIVE- TO ZERO TWENTY TO FIVE YEARS YEARS
SMALL SCALE
Small scale 2.1 Public services
?
2.2 Neighbourhood infrastructure
2 DEVELOP - FIVE TO TWENTY YEARS
Detroit has been forced to shut too many valuable public services, due to the dispersal of its population. Through the increased density of neighbourhoods, people are located closer to amenities, thus improving access and becoming more cost effective.
?
Raise and manage funds and other resources to support value-added programs and activities.
Policy changes to density in the neighbourhood to create a critical mass for services and locating all people within a 10 minute walk of basic services.
?
City of Detroit Federal government DPS Foundation
38
?
?
Improvement and expansion of existing infrastructure in the now densified neighbourhoods. This ensures cleaner, safer and more comfortable neighbourhoods. Sustainable solutions are implemented through energy from local energy production and education programmes for resource use awareness. Kickstarter policy changes towards densified neighbourhoods set the basis for efficient and cost-effective improvement of infrastructure, investment is kept to a minimum in low-density areas.
American Recovery and Reinvestment Act Education Programmes performed by the Citizen Advice Bureau Income from Tax-Base Sharing
?
City of Detroit Citizen Advice Bureau
SMALL SCALE 2.3 community square
2.4 FIT and small energy grants
municipal power grid
$
$
?
The creation of community squares surrounded by small shops, restaurants etc., in the now densified neighbourhoods in order to enhance community life. Hosting of cultural & community events. A place for socialising and play.
?
Organization of Events by the Citizen Advice Bureau
?
?
Feed-In-Tariffs encourage sustained and diverse employment of renewable energy on a local level. Residents will have the opportunity to invest in renewable enegry in their homes, that can be fed back into the system allowing residents to make a profit while lowering energy costs long term. Governments allow households the right to connect to the central grid, a tariff is then paid to the producer by the energy company (DTE Energy Co).
Community Development Block Grant Income from tax-base sharing & from new businesses in the area Community Engagement
Change in policy allowing residents to “feed into� the energy grid, while the creation of small energy grants to assist in installation. EPA and EERE grants for small businesses Residential Energy Efficiency Iniative
Neighbourhood Groups Citizen Advice Bureau City of Detroit
DTE Energy Co, City of Detroit, Michigan, Local Residents and community ownership (community centre)
?
?
39
1 DEVELOP 2 KICKSTARTERS - FIVE- TO ZERO TWENTY TO FIVE YEARS YEARS
local power generation
Small scale 2.5 phone booth charging
Unused Telephone Booths
+
Electric Charging Cars
2.6 car sharing around key nodes
=
Phone Booth Charging
?
2 DEVELOP - FIVE TO TWENTY YEARS
?
Small investment as phone booths are already connected to the power grid and only need some retrofitting to accommodate electric vehicles.
Public-Private Partnership: Funding from the Big 3 who could use these stations as a start-up to expand their marketshare in electric vehicles.
40
?
City of Detroit Telecommunication companies Big 3
?
Improve local walkability to the point where individuals do not need to drive everywhere. Car sharing would fill a void where people use the vehicles for longer trips, or where public transport is not viable.
Transform Detroits thousands of outdoor phone booths into charging points for electric vehicles, promoting a shift in technology.
?
Through the increased density initiatives , we can create local demand for car sharing. People will need to use cars less, thus making private car ownership a burden.
Private investment - Zipcar Opportunity for Big 3 to invest as a result of changing marketshare
?
Big 3 Private Companies (Zipcar)
SMALL SCALE PRECEDENTS COMMUNITY SQUARE
Burien Town Square, Washington
NEIGHBOURHOOD INFRASTRUCTURE
Street Lighting Project, Southampton
It’s a choice to be here, it’s a choice to be part of something. You can be very important here, people flourish. People are committed to Detroit.
Germany’s FIT Program
PHONE BOOTH CHARGING
Vienna, Telekom Austria
CAR SHARING
CAR 2 GO, USA
My husband and I came to Detroit to see it evolve. Whether Detroit is going to be X, Y, or Z is up for us to decide which is really exciting! Being open to the possibilities, being a part of it, being an active participant - it is very exciting! 41
1 DEVELOP 2 KICKSTARTERS - FIVE- TO ZERO TWENTY TO FIVE YEARS YEARS
FIT / SMALL ENERGY GRANTS
2 DEVELOP - FIVE TO TWENTY YEARS
Small scale
blot plot community square existing house relocated house recycled house
established public services
citizens advice bureau car sharing solar panels
42
SMALL SCALE
NEIGHBOURHOOD INFRASTRUCTURE
FIT AND SMALL ENERGY GRANTS
COMMUNITY SQUARE
PHONE BOOTH CHARGING
CAR SHARING AROUND KEY NODES
43
1 DEVELOP 2 KICKSTARTERS - FIVE- TO ZERO TWENTY TO FIVE YEARS YEARS
PUBLIC SERVICES
LARGE scale 2.8 concepts for streets and places
2.7 green and blue corridors swale
green streets
water links co-design
2 DEVELOP - FIVE TO TWENTY YEARS
ecoduct
? 44
DESIGN PROCESS
improved public realm
tree-lined streets
?
Use the city’s streets and spaces network to create green and blue corridors that help to adapt to climate change. Linkages between green and blue infrastructure to create dynamic ecological corridors. Improve biodiversity, manage water in a natural way, improve health (due to less pollution) and offer a better quality public realm. Green and blue infrastructure is established to connect patches of natural habitat and create necessary movement corridors for species. The concept includes planting species typical to the region and green spaces along now rightsized streets.
?
Acknowledge the city’s streets, places and spaces as valuable parts of public life, also including a network of historic buildings that need improvement. Improved public realm, health, identity and social life. A shift from car-orientated to pedestrian friendly environments.
?
Locations of squares and places, long-term street networks, solutions for existing infrastructure, concepts for improved public life, including greening and public art are defined. An ‘own-a-piece’ program is introduced which enables people to adopt part of the public realm.
The Community Action for a Renewed Environment Environmental Financial Advisory Board American Recovery and Reinvestment Act
Income from introduced gas tax and tax-base sharing SAFETEA-LU (dedicated to new & innovative forms of pedestrian friendly public realm improvement) Community Action for a Renewed Environment Program ”Adoption” and “Own-A-Piece” Programs
City of Detroit Detroit Reforesters (dedicated to bring the natural world to the ‘concrete city’)
City of Detroit, Citizen Advice Bureau, Neighbourhood Initiatives, Citizens
?
?
LARGE scale 2.9 Biofuel development Low carbon Consumption
?
Detroit has a huge potential to become a centre for biofuel development and research, allowing for a unique reuse of its existing infrastructure while helping to transition itself to become a leader in the green economy.
?
Through the large number of vacant lots, and kickstarter policies such as the Green-In-Between areas, Detroit can become a leader in growing crops on vacant land for biofuel. This compliments the investment and specialisation of universities in the areas.
?
Creation of renewable energy farms (Wind, Solar, Biomass) will encourage a diversification in employment, while creating renewable energy sources that can power Detroit.
?
These farms will be placed within our Green-In-Between sites that are specifically designated for energy production with high levels of vacancy and abandoned buildings.
US Energy Department investments in R&D toward Wayne State University (National Biofuels Lab) and Great Lake Bioenergy Centre. Ford and GM - committed to putting more biofuel into their cars. City of Detroit can establish programs to invest in biocrops using the large number of public vacant lots.
American Reinvestment Act for Renewable Energy Production Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy Research State Energy Programs Michigan Clean, Renewable and Efficient Energy Act and Renewable Energy Portfolio
Federal Government, State of Michigan, Private Companies, Universities
Federal Government, State of Michigan, Private investment by companies such as DTE Energy Co
?
?
45
1 DEVELOP 2 KICKSTARTERS - FIVE- TO ZERO TWENTY TO FIVE YEARS YEARS
Land Development
Green Energy Job Creation
2.10 renewable energy farms
LARGE scale 2.11 energy supergrid
?
2.12 BRT
2 DEVELOP - FIVE TO TWENTY YEARS
?
Through the creation of energy production sites based on renewable energy, Detroit can diversify its energy intake with the potential to sell excess energy to neighbouring areas.
Smart Grid Investment Grants DTE Energy Co
?
Federal Government, DTE Energy Co
46
?
Improve mobility and connectivity between downtown, neighbourhoods and the commuter area of detroit. Overall reduction in commuter traffic and improved mobility for citizens.
In coordination with our new renewable energy production sites, Detroit has the potential to build a smart grid in coordination with the greater mid-west and Ontario area.
?
BRT lines are long term solution that will be implemented incrementally as the density of our neighbourhoods increase. Designated right of way bus lanes allowing for buses to move quicker than general traffic, encouraging a shift to public transit. TIGER Grants Surface Transportation Discretionary Grants for Capital Investment State Infrastructure Bank Comprehensive Transportation Fund Advertisement and station naming rights
?
Regional Transit Authority City of Detroit State of Michigan
LARGE scale 2. 13 New amtrak stations potential economic development area
train line
?
amtrak station
multi-modal transit connection
green and blue corridorS
CONCEPTS for streets and places
Caribou Bog - Penjajawoc Marsh project, Maine
GLASS-HOUSE Community Led Design, UK
Energy Super grid
RENEWABLE ENERGY FARM
Expand the Amtrak rail network to include two new stations, both in sites that have a strong potential to act as clusters for the new green economy. Amtrak appeals to the suburban residents around Detroit who have a longer distance to travel into Detroit. Investing in new stations at key cluster nodes in Detroit. Improve the systems reach, and make it a viable alternative for commuters, by integrating the BRT lines with the new and old stations.
DESSERT-TEC Project
Detroit’s NextEnergy
BUS RAPID TRANSIT TIGER Grants Surface Transportation Discretionary Grants for Capital Investment Advertisement and station naming rights
?
Federal, City of Detroit, State of Michigan, Amtrak
TransMilenio Bogota
47
1 DEVELOP 2 KICKSTARTERS - FIVE- TO ZERO TWENTY TO FIVE YEARS YEARS
?
developed economic area
bus station
bus station
road
PRECEDENTS
2 DEVELOP - FIVE TO TWENTY YEARS
LARGE scale
+ biodiversity production innovation cluster neighbourhood core neighbourhood low density living highway and green infrastructure
48
In order to achieve the spatial changes on the large scale, the small scale interventions are very important. But, both are implemented simoultaneously.
concepts for streets and places
BIOFUEL DEVELOPMENT
RENEWABLE ENERGY farms
energy supergrid
green and blue corridors
NEW AMTRAK STATIONS
49
1 DEVELOP 2 KICKSTARTERS - FIVE- TO ZERO TWENTY TO FIVE YEARS YEARS
BRT
LAND USE ZERO TO FIVE YEARS The spatial strategy depicts a conceptual plan for neighbourhoods, as well as city level land-use, transport, and economic implementations. All strategies should be viewed as examples and can vary in implementation based on local factors.
4 SPATIAL STRATEGY
example of neighbourhood
50
blot plot community square existing house relocated house recycled house existing public services new public services testbeds - incubators citizens advice bureau
51
1 SPATIAL 2 4 KICKSTARTERS DEVELOP STRATEGY - FIVE- TO ZERO TWENTY TO FIVE YEARS YEARS
biodiversity production innovation cluster neighbourhood core neighbourhood low density living
GREEN IN BETWEEN ZERO TO FIVE YEARS Low density living Urban Farming Urban Plot Farming Plot
Blot Plot
Blot Plot
Biodiversity Active Park - 20 %
Passive Park - 80 %
Garden Plot Garden Plot Focus people and activities Energyon Production
Production
4 SPATIAL STRATEGY
Pennycress (wintercrop) Pennycress Phytoremediation (wintercrop) & Biofuel Phytoremediation production & Biofuel production
52
+ + Sunflowers Phytoremediation Sunflowers Phytoremediation
Passive Park - 80 %
Urban Farming
Focus on biodiversity
including urban forest and ‘untouched’ land
biodiversity production low density living
53
1 SPATIAL 2 4 KICKSTARTERS DEVELOP STRATEGY - FIVE- TO ZERO TWENTY TO FIVE YEARS YEARS
GREEN IN-BETWEEN ZERO TO FIVE YEARS
TRANSPORT ZERO TO FIVE YEARS The plan calls for the creation of an integrated, reliable system and an accessible, attractive alternative to the car: • Two BRT lines that utilise current public transit corridors, both lines will go through densely populated corridors based on averages that extend the entire length of each line • Incorporation of Amtrak’s current station in midtown into the BRT line, creating greater coordination of multi-modal transit • Connectivity of local transit within the system, allowing easy flow of users
4 SPATIAL STRATEGY
• Dense walkable neighbourhoods allow for increased walkability, bicycle lanes and bicycle highways to connect neighbourhood cores
54
BRT station BRT 1 existing Amtrak railway line existing Amtrak station
55
1 SPATIAL 2 4 KICKSTARTERS DEVELOP STRATEGY - FIVE- TO ZERO TWENTY TO FIVE YEARS YEARS
TRANSPORT ZERO TO FIVE YEARS
LAND USE FIVE TO TWENTY YEARS Spatial strategies at the development stage offer a conceptualisation of implementations based on progress in the initial phase.
4 SPATIAL STRATEGY
example of neighbourhood
blot plot community square existing house relocated house recycled house
established public services
citizens advice bureau car sharing
56
solar panels
biodiversity production innovation cluster neighbourhood core neighbourhood low density living highway and green infrastructure
57
1 SPATIAL 2 4 KICKSTARTERS DEVELOP STRATEGY - FIVE- TO ZERO TWENTY TO FIVE YEARS YEARS
LAND USE FIVE TO TWENTY YEARS
GREEN IN BETWEEN FIVE TO TWENTY YEARS Low density living Urban Farming Urban Plot Farming Plot
Blot Plot
Blot Plot
Biodiversity Active Park - 20 %
Passive Park - 80 %
Garden Plot Garden Plot Focus on people and activities Energy Production
Focus on biodiversity
including urban forest and ‘untouched’ land
Production
4 SPATIAL STRATEGY
Pennycress (wintercrop) Pennycress Phytoremediation (wintercrop) & Biofuel Phytoremediation production & Biofuel production
+ +
58
Sunflowers Phytoremediation Sunflowers Phytoremediation
Passive Park - 80 %
Urban Farming
Energy Production
biodiversity production low density living
59
1 SPATIAL 2 4 KICKSTARTERS DEVELOP STRATEGY - FIVE- TO ZERO TWENTY TO FIVE YEARS YEARS
GREEN IN BETWEEN FIVE TO TWENTY YEARS
TRANSPORT FIVE TO TWENTY YEARS The plan calls for continued development from the first five years: • Extending the BRT lines into the suburban areas incrementally, following popular commuter routes into Detroit. Retaining connections with outer suburbs plays a strong role in Detroit’s economy. • Adding a crosstown line through the midtown area and towards the Northern areas of Detroit and into the suburbs will allow for greater movement of people across Detroit, rather than every line focusing on movement into the Central Business District. • Creation of two new Amtrak stations that can further act as nodes of commercial development while being connected to the BRT system • Create new Amtrak stations facilitating connections into Detroit from a greater distance, improving access to people from the suburbs into the Detroit core.
4 SPATIAL STRATEGY
20+ Year Plan • Identification of two new routes that would link the neighbourhoods with one another in a circular route, will be completed once density is at critical level.
60
BRT station BRT 1 BRT 2 BRT 3 - future existing Amtrak railway line existing Amtrak station new Amtrak station
61
1 SPATIAL 2 4 KICKSTARTERS DEVELOP STRATEGY - FIVE- TO ZERO TWENTY TO FIVE YEARS YEARS
TRANSPORT FIVE TO TWENTY YEARS
Sustain - Twenty years and beyond It is impossible to know the future challenges that Detroit will face. The aim of this project is that after 20 years the vision will continue to grow and Detroit will continue to remain resilient to any future changes that will ensue. These long term goals will be harder to obtain, but certainly feasible if Detroit remains on the trajectory set out in the project.
WHAT IS THE FUTURE OF DETROIT? I‘ve witnessed people being really proud of Detroit. I‘ve never before seen so much Detroit pride. It‘s cool to be from Detroit now. It‘s no longer a threatening place, people are banding together and that creates community.
Right now the citizens are in a position to grow. This city is going to grow into a spiritual minded city. A spirit of helpfulness, a spirit of learning, a spirit to reach out, a spirit of caring. It will be an even greater city than it ever has been. People will come to see a city that has grown from the ground up.
What inspires me is the motivation and determination I see in the people of Detroit. With everthing we have been going through, people still perservere. Many people outside the city talk down about Detroit but when you do come to Detroit, and experience it, its not what people say, it’s a wonderful place to be in. 63
2 1 KICKSTARTERS DEVELOP FIVE- TO ZERO TWENTY TO FIVE YEARS YEARS 3 SUSTAIN - -TWENTY YEARS AND BEYOND
Detroiters know if you want things to happen you have to make an effort. If it doesn’t happen, all I can say is, “at least I tried“. If I don’t do anything and it doesn’t happen all I can say is “what if”.
Cities are living places that are constantly adapting because of the innovative citizens that make up that city. Throughout its history, Detroit has gone through many changes, persevered through many challenges and evolved into the city it is today, because of its people. The current financial crisis of the city has taken its toll, yet despite this, 700 thousand Detroiters have strived toward this challenge, and will overcome it. Their ambitions and aspirations are the most pivotal part of this strategic plan. Without their devotion and drive Detroit would never have been a great city and could not continue to be so. This report serves to assist Detroiters, to offer a basis and framework for them to go forward.
1 KICKSTARTERS - ZERO TO FIVE YEARS CONCLUSION
Detroiters must take action now more than ever, to stand together with their civic commitment and decision-making power to help Detroit evolve into a healthier, prosperous, and equitable city today, and for future generations to come.
64
1 KICKSTARTERS - ZERO TO FIVE YEARS CONCLUSION
65
INTRODUCTION US unemployment http://data.bls.gov/timeseries/LNS14000000 Detroit unemployment http://www.bls.gov/news.release/metro.t01.htm Detroit Works http://dev.detroitworksproject.com/wp-content/uploads/2013/01/The-DFC-Plan.pdf Detroit and Michigan population http://2010.census.gov/2010census/popmap/ipmtext.php?fl=26:2622000 Detroit violent crime stats http://www.fbi.gov/about-us/cjis/ucr/crime-in-the-u.s/2011/preliminary-annual-ucr-jan-dec-2011/data-tables/table-4/table-4-illinois-missouri 1 KICKSTARTERS http://www.govtrack.us/congress/bills/112/hr2207 http://portal.hud.gov/hudportal/HUD?src=/program_offices/comm_planning/communitydevelopment/programs/neighborhoodspg http://www.michigan.gov/mshda http://www.mhpn.org/ Jane Jacobs – Death and Life of great American cities – Used for Right sizing street https://www.michigan.gov/mdot/0,4616,7-151-9621_53334---,00.html http://www.regionalplans.org/featured-regional-planning-programs-and-issues/tax-base-sharing/ http://www1.eere.energy.gov/financing/grants.html http://www.tc.gc.ca/eng/programs/environment-utsp-casestudy-cs76eparkingtdm-891.htm STOPPED AT STREET PARKING REDUCTION
REFERENCES
DETROITERS QUOTES AND IMAGES Detroit Stories. (2012). Accessed at: http://detroitstoriesproject.com/ PRECEDENTS South Hampton City Council. Street Lighting Initiative. (2010). Accessed at: www.southampton.gov.uk/s-environment/roadsandparking/roadsmaintenance/streetlighting.aspx GGLO: Architecture, Interior Design, Landscape Architecture, Planning, and Urban Design. Accessed at: 66
http://www.gglo.com/our-work/project.aspx?projectId=159&catId=8 The Glass House. Accessed at: http://www.theglasshouse.org.uk/blog-archive/_/tags/25/urban%20design/ Miller, K. (2008). Land Project Creating Unbroken Green Corridor. Bangor Daily News. Accessed At: http://bangordailynews.com/2008/08/25/news/land-project-creating-unbroken-green-corridor/ Department of Transport. (2006) Applicability of Bogota’s TransMilenio BRT Systems to the United States. Federal Transit Administation. Accessed at: http://www.nbrti.org/docs/pdf/Bogota%20Report_Final%20Report_May%202006.pdf German Renewable Energies Agency (Deutsche Erneuerbare Energien Agentur, DENA), (2011). Accessed At: http://www.unendlich-viel-energie.de/de/politik/10-jahre-eeg.html NextEnergy. (2013). Accessed At: http://www.nextenergy.org/ San Franscisco Bicycle Network Facilities. Accessed at: http://www.sfmta.com/cms/bcomm/3180.html Shoreditch Trust. Accessed At: http://www.shoreditchtrust.org.uk/Skills-For-Life/Creative-Mentoring The Architecture Foundation: http://www.architecturefoundation.org.uk/programme/2012/we-made-that-the-open-office
Van Gendthallen Amsterdam. Accessed at: http://www.mediamatic.net/221790/nl/van-gendthallen Cultuurpark Westergasfabriek http://www.westergasfabriek.nl/ The Detroit Big Move. http://www.metrolinx.com/en/regionalplanning/bigmove/big_move.aspx RE:Route – Rewards for Cycling and Walking. http://www.tfl.gov.uk/roadusers/cycling/23601.aspx
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1 KICKSTARTERS - ZERO TO FIVE YEARS REFERENCES
NDSM Self Made City Amsterdam. Accessed At: http://bertbuijsrogge.nl/blog/ndsm-selfmade-city/
FUNDING Gallagher, J. (2013). Kresge Foundation pledges $150M toward Detroit Future City plan. Detroit Free Press. Accessed At: http://www.freep.com/article/20130109/NEWS01/130109052/Kresge-Foundation-promises-150M-toward-Detroit-Future-City-plan US Recovery and Reinvestment Act. (2009). http://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/BILLS-111hr1enr/pdf/BILLS-111hr1enr.pdf IMPLEMENTATIONS: National Biofuels Energy Laboratory. Acessed at: http://www.eng.wayne.edu/page.php?id=4765 DTE Energy Co. Acessed at: https://www2.dteenergy.com/wps/portal/Home/!ut/p/b1/04_Sj9CPykssy0xPLMnMz0vMAfGjzOLNDAPdjd0CTAzcPTxcDDxDTAPdDPwDDdzNjYEKIoEKDHAARwNC-sP1o8BK8Jjg55Gfm6pfkBthoOuoqAgAqO6Yfw!!/dl4/d5/L2dBISEvZ0FBIS9nQSEh/ The Office of Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy’s Funding. Accessed at: http://www.eere.energy.gov/ Detroit Medical Center. http://www.dmc.org/gme/ Detroit Department of Transportation. http://www.ci.detroit.mi.us/DepartmentsandAgencies/DetroitDepartmentofTransportation.aspx US Department of Transport - TIGER Grants. Accessed AT: http://www.dot.gov/tiger Cross Section Development. Accessed at: streetmix.net Wetherford, L. (2011). Detroit’s vacant lots could boost Michigan biodiesel industry. Midwest Energy News. Accessed At: http://www.midwestenergynews. com/2011/04/26/detroits-vacant-lots-could-boost-michigan-biodiesel/ Saris, Jeroen. (2012) “Temporality as a Strategy” Accessed At: http://www.destadbv.nl/ MVRDV. (2012). DIY Urbanism Almere Oosterwold. Accessed at: http://www.archdaily.com/227503/d-i-y-urbanism-almere-oosterworld-mvrdv/
REFERENCES
Greening Detroit. www.greeningdetroit.com/community/organisations
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1 KICKSTARTERS - ZERO TO FIVE YEARS REFERENCES
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1 LANDUSE
APPENDIX
1.1 VACANCY
0 - 9 % vacant land 10 - 27 % 28 - 47 % 48 - 72 % 73 - 100 %
70
1 - 4999 residents per square mile 5000 - 9999 10 000 - 15 000
71
1 KICKSTARTERS - ZERO TO FIVE YEARS APPENDIX
1.2 DENSITY
APPENDIX
1.3 NEIGHBOURHOOD STABILISATION PLAN AREAS
72
73 1 KICKSTARTERS - ZERO TO FIVE YEARS APPENDIX
1.4 IDENTIFIED NEIGHBOURHOODS
2 GREEN ECONOMY 2.1 IDENTIFICATION OF INDUSTRY, UNIVERSITIES AND ABANDONNED FACOTORIES as a potential for the green economy
Chrysler HQ
University District
University of Detroit Mercy Piquette Abandoned Factory Cluster Wayne State University
University of Michigan
Abandoned Rail Station
Abandoned Packard Factory GM HQ
Ford HQ University of Windsor
University
APPENDIX
Abandoned factories Auto industry factories Auto industry headquarters
74
75 1 KICKSTARTERS - ZERO TO FIVE YEARS APPENDIX
2.2 POTENTIAL INNOVATION CLUSTERS
APPENDIX
2.3 INNOVATION CLUSTERS AND identified NEIGHBOURHOODS
76
77
1 KICKSTARTERS - ZERO TO FIVE YEARS APPENDIX
2.4 INNOVATION CLUSTERS, identified NEIGHBOURHOODS AND VACANCY
APPENDIX
2.5 INNOVATION CLUSTERS, identified NEIGHBOURHOODS, VACANCY AND DENSITY
78
79
1 KICKSTARTERS - ZERO TO FIVE YEARS APPENDIX
2.6 identification of GREEN-IN-BETWEEN AREAS
APPENDIX
2.5 overview of identified INNOVATION CLUSTERS, NEIGHBOURHOODS AND GREEN-IN-BETWEEN AREAS
80
81 1 KICKSTARTERS - ZERO TO FIVE YEARS APPENDIX
3 TRANSPORT
3.1 current freeways
APPENDIX
3.2 current bus network
82
83 1 KICKSTARTERS - ZERO TO FIVE YEARS APPENDIX
3.3 PEOPLE MOVER
APPENDIX
3.4 Current amtrak line and stations
84
85
1 KICKSTARTERS - ZERO TO FIVE YEARS APPENDIX
3.5 Current AMtrak line with new stations near innovation clusters and neighbourhoods
APPENDIX
3.6 Identification of walkable neighbourhoods
86
4 current energy situation
Midland Cogeneration Natural Gas and Steam Approximatly 200 miles
Approximatly 150 Miles
Ludington Plant Hydroelectric
Approximatly 60 Miles
Belle River Plant - Coal
St Clair Plant Coal and Oil
Approximatly 230 miles
Donald C Cook Plant - Nuclear
Greater Detroit Resource Recovery Biomass
Fermi Power Plant Nuclear
Approximatly 45 miles
Detroit Edison Monroe Power Plant Coal
Mistersky Gas Power Plant Natural Gas
• Based on nonrenewable energy sources • Transmitted across huge land area • Highly reliant on nuclear and coal power 87
1 KICKSTARTERS - ZERO TO FIVE YEARS APPENDIX
Del Ray Power Plant - Natural Gas
Connors Creek Power Plant Natural Gas