Environmental systems Newberry County High School School of Architecture, Clemson University Carlos Gonzalez Aguilar Miguel Yon Moll Liu Longqinl
Professor Vincent Blouin Final Project May, 2013
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Newberry County High School Final Project Arch873
Carlos, Miguel, Liu
Content 1. Project description......................................................................................................3 2. Building envelope description.....................................................................................6 3. R-values & heat radiation calculations.......................................................................10 4. Heat gain and heat loss calculations..........................................................................12 5. Active heating and cooling..........................................................................................14 6. Solar collector and photo-voltaic panels.....................................................................16 7.a Shading Analysis......................................................................................................17 7.b Lighting Analysis.......................................................................................................19 8. Energy Load Analysis.................................................................................................21 9. Parametric study.........................................................................................................23 10. Conclusions & References........................................................................................25
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1. Project description
Newberry County High School Final Project Arch873
Carlos, Miguel, Liu The High School for Newberry County was a hypothetical project for the course of Environmental Systems, Arch 873.
Location and climate
The purpose of the project was to apply the concepts and tools of this class regarding to building envelope, R-values, calculation of heat gain and heat loss, passive heating and cooling, active heating and cooling, solar collectors, photo-voltaic systems, shading and lighting analysis, and parametric analysis using eQuest.
State by State Climate Zones Information Source: http://www.naima.org/insulation
South Carolina State Climate Zone 3. Newberry County Source: http://energycode.pnl.gov/EnergyCodeReqs/index.jsp?state=South%20 Carolina
Avg high Avg low
This was a comprehensive analysis to understand the performance of a building in terms of heat flow and energy. With its results were possible to figure out how the design of a building has a direct impact of the amount of energy required for a building to function appropriately and also achieve a level of comfort for the users. Annual Solar Radiation in the site. Source: Revit 2013
Access
Parking
it Ex
State South Carolina Average High and Low monthly temperature 째F Source: http://www.weather.com/weather/wxclimatology/monthly/graph/USSC0245
High School
E W
Orientation of the building and topography
Site and Context Newberry High School
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Newberry County High School Final Project Arch873
Carlos, Miguel, Liu
Summer sun. July 1st, 12:00pm
Glass - Passive solar heating in winter - Direct solar radiation Glass 1/4” Low E Resistivity r= 1.5733 (h-ft²-°F) / Btu Specific heat= 0.2006 Btu/(lb·°F) Concrete slab - Thermal Mass Concrete slab tile 1/4” Resistivity r= 1.6545 (h-ft²-°F) / Btu Specific heat= 0.1569 Btu/(lb·°F) Concrete 6” Resistivity r= 8.2781 (h-ft²-°F) / Btu Specific heat= 0.1569 Btu/(lb·°F)
Floor Plan First Level
Precast Concrete Louver - Passive cooling in summer Winter sun. January 1st, 12:00pm Trombe Wall 3” + Glass - Passive solar heating in winter Brick 3” Resistivity r= 0.8013 (h-ft²-°F) / Btu Specific heat= 0.2006 Btu/(lb·°F) Glass 1/4” Low E Resistivity r= 1.5733 (h-ft²-°F) / Btu Specific heat= 0.2006 Btu/(lb·°F) Cellulose Fill Gypsum Wall Board
Floor Plan Second Level
Concrete slab - Thermal Mass Concrete slab tile 1/4” Specific heat= 0.1569 Btu/(lb·°F) Resistivity r= 1.6545 (h-ft²-°F) / Btu Concrete 6” Resistivity r= 8.2781 (h-ft²-°F) / Btu Specific heat= 0.1569 Btu/(lb·°F) Crushed stone 12” Resistivity r= 0.5957 (h-ft²-°F) / Btu Specific heat= 0.2006 Btu/(lb·°F)
Section Views. Detailed R - values and specific heat by materials 4 Wall facing North and South
Basement
South Elevation
East Elevation
South Elevation
West Elevation
Newberry County High School Final Project Arch873
Movable insulation EIFS exterior insulation Resistivity r= 75.1880(h-ft²-°F) / Btu Specific heat= 0.3798 Btu/(lb·°F) Concrete slab - Thermal Mass Concrete 6” Resistivity r= 8.2781 (h-ft²-°F) / Btu Specific heat= 0.1569 Btu/(lb·°F) Concrete slab - Thermal Mass Concrete slab tile 1/4” Resistivity r= 1.6545 (h-ft²-°F) / Btu Specific heat= 0.1569 Btu/(lb·°F) Concrete 6” Resistivity r= 8.2781 (h-ft²-°F) / Btu Specific heat= 0.1569 Btu/(lb·°F) Thermall Mass Brick 3” Resistivity r= 0.8013 (h-ft²-°F) / Btu Specific heat= 0.2006 Btu/(lb·°F) Cellulose fill Resistivity r= 41.15(h-ft²-°F) / Btu Specific heat= 0.3296 Btu/(lb·°F) Concrete 4” Resistivity r= 1.6545 (h-ft²-°F) / Btu Specific heat= 0.1569 Btu/(lb·°F)
Carlos, Miguel, Liu
Occupancy: Type E (education) Number of stories: 2 Area first floor: 6685 sqf Area second floor: 6696 sqf Total area: 13 381sqf Number of classrooms: 12 Emergency stairs: 2 Elevator: 1 Orientation on the site: From east to west Latitude: 35 N
Sun path along the year. Solar angles related with the building
Result with the psychometric chart
The psychometric chart for Newberry shows high values of relative humidity, therefore affecting the passive cooling techniques like movable insulation, louvers, thermal mass and operable inlet vent-fan. It is essential to use fans to move the hot air inside the buildings. Nonetheless this passive cooling strategies are important to reduce the direct solar radiation to the interior of the spaces, this allow to reduce the heat gain that would not be the case if these systems were not implemented. Conventional dehumidification and air conditioning
Concrete slab - Thermal Mass Concrete slab tile 1/4” Specific heat= 0.1569 Btu/(lb·°F) Resistivity r= 1.6545 (h-ft²-°F) / Btu Concrete 6” Resistivity r= 8.2781 (h-ft²-°F) / Btu Specific heat= 0.1569 Btu/(lb·°F) Crushed stone 12” Resistivity r= 0.5957 (h-ft²-°F) / Btu Specific heat= 0.2006 Btu/(lb·°F)
80% 60%
Comfort ventilation
40%
Thermal comfort zone
Internal gains
°F
10°
20°
Humidification
My
30°
Ma
40°
20%
Set
Jn
Ap Feb Jan
Aug Jul
°
Passive and active solar Conventional heating
Section Views. Detailed R - values and specific heat by materials Wall facing East and West
100%
Conventional air conditioning
Oct
High Thermal Mass with night ventilation (convective cooling)
Nv Dc
50° 60° Shade line
70°
80° 90° High thermal mass
100°
0% 110° 120° Evaporative cooling
Psychrometric chart for Newberry, SC.
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2. Building envelope description
Newberry County High School Final Project Arch873
Carlos, Miguel, Liu
Brick 4”
Inside Outside
Cellulose Fill 2”
Concrete 4”
Gypsum Wallboard 0.25”
Brick 3”
Inside Outside
Cellulose Fill 1”
Concrete 3”
Gypsum Wallboard 0.25”
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Newberry County High School Final Project Arch873
Carlos, Miguel, Liu
Concrete 1” Inside Outside
Cellulose Fill 1”
Concrete 2”
Gypsum Wallboard 0.25”
Concrete 1” Inside Outside
Cellulose Fill 0.5”
Concrete 2”
Gypsum Wallboard 0.25”
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Newberry County High School Final Project Arch873
Carlos, Miguel, Liu
Glass Low E 0.25” Inside Outside
Air Space 0.75”
Brick 4”
Cellulose Fill 0.25”
Gypsum Wallboard 0.625”
Glass Low E 0.13” Inside Outside
Air Space 0.50”
Brick 4” Cellulose Fill 0.20”
Gypsum Wallboard 0.625”
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Newberry County High School Final Project Arch873
Carlos, Miguel, Liu
Movable Insulation 1”
Outside
Air Space 0.75” Inside Concrete 6”
Gypsum Wallboard 0.25”
Movable Insulation 0.5”
Outside Air Space 0.75” Inside
Concrete 4”
Gypsum Wallboard 0.25”
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3. R-values & heat radiation calculations Wall type #1 option a. Thermal Mass k Outside air layer Brick Cellulosa fill Concrete Inside air layer
1.2480 0.0243 0.6044
x (in) 4 2 4
C 4.0000 0.3120 0.0122 0.1511 0.7400 Total R-value Total U-value
r 0.8013 41.1500 1.6545
R 0.2500 3.2052 82.3 6.618 1.3514 93.7246 0.0107
Wall type #1 option b. Thermal Mass Outside air layer Brick Cellulosa fill Concrete Inside air layer
k
x (in)
1.2480 0.0243 0.6044
3 1 3
C 4.0000 0.4160 0.0243 0.2015 0.7400 Total R-value Total U-value
r 0.8013 41.1500 1.6545
R 0.2500 2.4039 41.15 4.9635 1.3514 50.1188 0.0200
R-values for the Thermal Mass walls. The calculations for the thermal Mass walls show a higher total R-value than the trombe wall because they are facing East of West facades, and a few facing south. They also over pass the recommended R-50 for extreme climates and R-13 for moderate climates. The option A was the first approximation to the thicknesses of the materials. The option B is a modification of these thicknesses to reduce the total R-value and therefore reduce the cost in material, but always trying to keep the value over the desire minimum.
Newberry County High School Final Project Arch873
Glass wall option a. Single pane Outside air layer Glass Low E Inside air layer
k
x (in)
0.6356
0.25
k
x (in)
0.6356
0.25 0.75 4 0.2500 0.6250
1.2480 0.0243
C 4.0000 2.5424 1.1900 0.3120 0.0972 1.7800 0.7400 Total R-value Total U-value
r 1.5733 0.8013 41.1500
R 0.2500 0.3933 0.8403 3.2052 10.2875 0.5618 1.3514 16.8895 0.0592
Wall type #2 option B. Trombe Wall Outside air layer Glass Low E Air space * Brick Cellulose fill Gypsum wallboard Inside air layer
k
x (in)
0.6356
0.13 0.50 3 0.2000 0.6250
1.2480 0.0243
* Assumming the conductance in summer
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C 4.0000 5.0849 1.1900 0.4160 0.1215 1.7800 0.7400 Total R-value Total U-value
r 1.5733 0.8013 41.1500
R 0.2500 0.1967 0.8403 2.4039 8.23 0.5618 1.3514 13.8340 0.0723
C 4.0000 2.5424 0.7400 Total R-value Total U-value
r 1.5733
R 0.2500 0.3933 1.3514 1.9947 0.5013
Glass wall option b. Double pane Outside air layer Glass Inside air space Glass Low E Inside air layer
k
x (in)
0.6356
0.25 0.25 0.25
0.6356
C 4.0000 2.5424 1.2038 2.5424 0.7400 Total R-value Total U-value
r 1.5733 1.5733
R 0.2500 0.3933 0.8307 0.3933 1.3514 3.2187 0.3107
As well as for thermal mass walls, the trombe walls also have R-values higher than the recommended. As well there are two options related with the thicknesses of materials. They were varied to optimized the final R-value and also reduce the cost of materials and therefore its efficient.
The first option shows a glass wall with single pane that uses Low E glass, the second option uses double pane glass. The second option is more expensive than the first one. Also the R-values are higher affecting the insulation performance in a positive way.
R-values for the Roof
Roof option a.
R-values for the Trombe walls.
R-values for two types of glass wall systems
It is important to compare the cost of assemble of a specific systems vs the cost of consumption for future energy for cooling and heating.
Wall type #2 option A. Trombe Wall Outside air layer Glass Low E Air space * Brick Cellulose fill Gypsum wallboard Inside air layer
Carlos, Miguel, Liu
Outside air layer Movable insulation Ais space Concrete Inside air layer
k
x (in)
0.0133
1 0.75 6
0.6044
C 4.0000 0.0133 1.19 0.1007 0.7400 Total R-value Total U-value
r 75.188 1.6545
R 0.2500 75.188 0.8403 9.927 1.3514 87.5567 0.0114
Roof option b. k
x (in)
C 4.0000
0.0133
0.5
0.0266
0.75
1.19 0.1511 0.7400 Total R-value Total U-value
Outside air layer Movable insulation Ais space Concrete Inside air layer
0.6044
4
r
R 0.2500 75.188 1.6545
37.594 0.8403 6.618 1.3514 46.6537 0.0214
Option A was the first approximation to the thicknesses of the materials. Option B is a modification of these thicknesses to reduce the total R-value and therefore reduce the cost in material, but always trying to keep the value over the desire minimum. This is an important decision whether to reduce the energy consumption due to a bigger insulation of the roof and thickness or reduce the amount of material and increase the energy consumption regarding to cooling and heating.
Newberry County High School Final Project Arch873
1.6545 41.1500 1.6545
R 0.2500 1.6545 41.15 3.309 1.3514 47.7149 0.0210
As well option A and B differ in the thicknesses of the materials. Option B was designed to show lower R-values that affect the performance of the assemble in terms of heat flow.
Concrete wall option b
Solar heat gain Sg This table shows the Sg for latitude 35N as an interpolation between latitude 30 and 40 N (unit: Btu/h/ft2) T1 (°F) Surface Brick* Glass Concrete Exterior insulation***
Sg 4:00pm
East
1.6545 41.1500 1.6545
R 0.2500 1.6545 20.575 3.309 1.3514 27.1399 0.0368
South
1 0.5 2
r
West
0.6044 0.0243 0.6044
C 4.0000 0.6044 0.0486 0.3022 0.7400 Total R-value Total U-value
North
Outside air layer Concrete Cellulosa fill Concrete Inside air layer
x (in)
Roof
k
20° N 30° N 40° N 50° N 20° N 30° N 40° N 50° N 20° N 30° N 40° N 50° N 20° N 30° N 40° N 50° N 20° N 30° N
Single panel 46 60 33 24 8 42 51 21 9 24 69 60 17 21 31 31 14 87
Double panel 21 32 26 19 3 25 34 18 5 16 43 37 9 15 24 24 2 44
40° N 50° N
97 28
54 18
Sg 35°N
Single panel
Double panel
46.5
29
46.5
29.5
46.5
29.5
26
19.5
92
49
East
1 1 2
r
South
0.6044 0.0243 0.6044
C 4.0000 0.6044 0.0243 0.3022 0.7400 Total R-value Total U-value
West
x (in)
ETD 40
ETD 30
North
Outside air layer Concrete Cellulosa fill Concrete Inside air layer
k
R-values for the Concrete wall
Roof
Concrete wall option a
8:00 AM 12:00 PM 4:00 PM 8:00 PM 8:00 AM 12:00 PM 4:00 PM 8:00 PM 8:00 AM 12:00 PM 4:00 PM 8:00 PM 8:00 AM 12:00 PM 4:00 PM 8:00 PM 8:00 AM 12:00 PM 4:00 PM 8:00 PM
Light weight Dark color Light color 46 21 60 32 33 26 24 19 8 3 42 25 51 34 21 18 9 5 24 16 69 43 60 37 17 9 21 15 31 24 31 24 14 2 87 44 97 54 28
18
Heavy weight Dark color Light color 14 10 32 18 41 24 37 25 11 9 12 8 28 18 36 24 18 11 14 9 21 15 46 29 10 8 11 8 17 12 24 18 17 8 28 12 52 26 57
13
42
23
Light weight Dark color Light color 40 18.5 52 27.5 28.5 22.5 21 16.5 7 3 36.5 21.5 44.5 29.5 18.5 15.5 8 4 21 14 60 37.5 52 32.5 15 8 18.5 13 27 21 27 21 12 2 76 38.5 84.5 47 24.5
15.5
Heavy weight Dark color Light color 12 9 27.5 15.5 35.5 21 32.5 21.5 9.5 8 10.5 7 24.5 15.5 31.5 21 15.5 9.5 12 8 18.5 13 40 25.5 9 7 9.5 7 15 10.5 21 15.5 15 7 24.5 10.5 45.5 22.5 49.5
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The values of this table were used to calculate the total heat gain in summer.
Heat radiation from surfaces. ơ 5.67E-08 5.67E-08 5.67E-08 5.67E-08
H (W/m²) 5.6594 78.3295 48.4065 -58.4614 Total
H (Btu/h-ft²) Total H (Btu/h) 1.7935 5402.7078 24.8238 96530.8889 15.3407 41991.6947 -18.5273 -123854.6872 23.4308 20070.6042
ơ 5.67E-08 5.67E-08 5.67E-08 5.67E-08
H (W/m²) -178.6947 -106.0246 -135.9476 -242.8154 Total
H (Btu/h-ft²) Total H (Btu/h) -56.6309 -170591.1030 -33.6007 -130661.4614 -43.0838 -117931.8789 -76.9517 -514422.3294 -210.2672 -933606.7728
Heat radiation from surfaces to the environment (summer) T1 (°F) 71 T2 (°F) 92 Surface Area (m²) Emissivity (e1) Temperature (t1) K Emissivity (e2)** Temperature (t2) K 1 Brick* 0.7500 294.6667 1.0000 306.3333 Glass 1 0.9200 294.6667 1.0000 306.3333 1 Concrete 0.8500 294.6667 1.0000 306.3333 Exterior insulation*** 1 0.6000 294.6667 1.0000 306.3333 * Fireclay, source: http://www.engineeringtoolbox.com/emissivity-coefficients-d_447.html ** Emissivity of the sky ***Styrofoam insulation, source: http://www.infrared-thermography.com/material-1.htm
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ETD 35
Heavy weight Dark color Light color 10 8 23 13 30 18 28 18 8 7 9 6 21 13 27 18 13 8 10 7 16 11 34 22 8 6 8 6 13 9 18 13 13 6 21 9 39 19
The step was to interpolate the ETD values for latitude 30 and 40 to obtain the ETD for latitude 35 using the formula: ETD35= ETD30+(35-30)/(40-30) * (ETD40-ETD30)
T2 (°F)
32 Emissivity (e1) Temperature (t1) K Emissivity (e2)** Temperature (t2) K 0.7500 294.6667 1.0000 273.0000 0.9200 294.6667 1.0000 273.0000 0.8500 294.6667 1.0000 273.0000 0.6000 294.6667 1.0000 273.0000
31
Light weight Dark color Light color 34 16 44 23 24 19 18 14 6 3 31 18 38 25 16 13 7 3 18 12 51 32 44 28 13 7 16 11 23 18 23 18 10 2 65 33 72 40
Equivalent temperature differential for latitude 35 N
Heat radiation from surfaces to the environment (winter) 71 Area (m²) 1 1 1 1
Carlos, Miguel, Liu
The next table represent the different heat radiation for different materials. For winter glass surfaces have the higher heat radiation. In the case of the exterior insulation the number is negative indicating that the material tries to keep energy. In summer the situation is different. The heat radiation of all material in negative indicating that the heat from the outside is trying to enter the building. With the areas of the different materials in elevation or plan is possible to calculate the total amount of heat radiation of the building.
Heat radiation from surfaces compare with heat loss in winter The heat radiation from the surfaces represent a 19.45% if compare with the heat loss in winter (option B of table below). In this case glass surfaces have the higher value.
Material facades area (ft²) Material Concrete Glass Brick Trombe wall
North 1372.70 2195.58
East 424.83 184.42 788.54
South 738.24 1508.65 992.12 773.53
West 201.50 1231.67
Total (ft²) 2737.27 3888.65 3012.33 773.53
This table is useful to calculate the total heat gain in summer as well for the calculation of the total radiation for different surfaces
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4. Heat gain and heat loss calculations
Newberry County High School Final Project Arch873
Heat Gain in Summer. Option A Glass façade with overhang (South)
Glass window (North and east)
Hour: 4:00pm
Brick wall (east, south and west) Single pane windows Brick wall U-values 0.0107 t₀= 92 tᵢ= 70 CONDUCTION Hc Area (ft²) N (glass) 2195.58 N (concrete) 1372.7 788.54 E (Brick) E (glass ) 184.42 424.83 E (concrete) S (Glass) 1508.648 S (brick) 992.12 S (concrete) 738.24 S (trombe) 773.53 W (Brick) 1231.67 W (concrete) 201.5 Roof (concrete) 6696
Concrete wall (North, east, south and west) Location: 35°N Latitude Roof Glass Concrete 0.0114 0.5013 0.0210 °F °F (tᵢ-t₀) ETD U 0.5013 22 0.0210 10.5 0.0107 35.5 0.5013 22 0.0210 21 0.5013 22 0.0107 24.5 0.0210 15.5 0.0592 15.5 0.0107 18.5 0.0210 13 0.0114 45.5 TOTAL
Date 21st June
RADIATION E (glass) S (glass) N (glass) LIGHTING light bulbs
Area 184.42 1508.648 2195.58
Sg 46.5 46.5 26
F 4.3
W 2800
Amount 336 12
At rest 250
S.C. 0.6 0.25 0.6
Trombe wall 0.0592
Hg 24215.8383 302.0726 298.6749 2034.0342 186.9739 16639.4192 259.3444 239.8146 709.8912 243.1155 54.8990 3479.6657 48663.7437
TOTAL Occupants People at rest People in activity
In activity 580 TOTAL
90960
THG (Btu/h)
208598.1427
Heat gain in summer, option A.
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Heat Gain in Summer. Option B
The amount of energy to cool the interior of the building is 47.55% higher than that to warm the same spaces. That is why is important to have good ventilation of the building and avoid the direct solar radiation in summer as much as possible.
HG 5145.318 17538.033 34251.048 56934.399 HM 12040 12040 HP 84000 6960
curtains overhang curtains TOTAL
Carlos, Miguel, Liu
Glass façade with overhang (South) Brick wall (east, south and west) Single pane windows Brick wall U-values 0.0200 t₀= 92 tᵢ= 70 CONDUCTION Hc Area (ft²) N (glass) 2195.58 N (concrete) 1372.7 788.54 E (Brick) E (glass ) 184.42 E (concrete) 424.83 S (Glass) 1508.648 S (brick) 992.12 S (concrete) 738.24 S (trombe) 773.53 W (Brick) 1231.67 W (concrete) 201.5 Roof (concrete) 6696 RADIATION E (glass) S (glass) N (glass) LIGHTING light bulbs Occupants People at rest People in activity
5.66% more of energy consumption than in option B
Area 184.42 1508.648 2195.58 F 4.3 Amount 336 12
Glass window (North and east) Concrete wall (North, east, south and west) Location: 35°N Latitude Roof Glass Concrete 0.0214 0.3107 0.0368 °F °F U (tᵢ-t₀) ETD 0.3107 22 0.0368 10.5 0.0200 35.5 0.3107 22 0.0368 21 0.3107 22 0.0200 24.5 0.0368 15.5 0.0723 15.5 0.0200 18.5 0.0368 13 0.0214 45.5 TOTAL Sg S.C. 46.5 0.6 curtains 46.5 0.25 overhang 26 0.6 curtains TOTAL W 2800 TOTAL At rest In activity 250 580 TOTAL
THG (Btu/h)
Hour: 4:00pm Date 21st June Trombe wall 0.0723
Hg 15007.0451 531.0770 558.5369 1260.5322 328.7207 10311.7848 484.9869 421.6206 866.6816 454.6381 96.5186 6530.4163 36852.5587 HG 5145.318 17538.033 34251.048 56934.399 HM 12040 12040 HP 84000 6960 90960
196786.9577
Heat gain in summer, option B.
This option is based on the total U-values found in the tables shown in this document for the option A of all materials, as well on the ETD values for latitude 35N I assumed 12 professor in movement, one in each class, besides 28 student in rest taking a class for a total of 336 student in all the classes as the same time. Also I considered one light bulb for class and some other in the circulation spaces for a total of 28 bulbs.
This option is based on the total U-values for the option B all the different material. The idea is to compare the total heat gain between the two tables and realize that the changes of thicknesses of material for the envelope of the building has an impact on the energy consumption of the building.
Btu consume over time (option B)
There is a 7.62% of heat gain in the north facade and 5.24% in the south facade. This amount could be reduce modifying this facade elements and dimension.
THg (Btu/h) 196786.9577
1 day (Btu) 4722886.986
1 month (Btu) 141686609.6
1 year (Btu) 1700239315
There is a reduce of 5.66% in option B. This is 11811Bth/h less of consumption of energy to cool the inside of the building.
Newberry County High School Final Project Arch873
Heat Loss in Winter. Option B
Heat Loss in Winter. Option A Glass façade with overhang (South)
Glass window (North and east)
Brick wall (east, south and west) Concrete wall (North, east, south and west) Q= 50 Brick wall Roof Glass Concrete U-values 0.0107 0.0114 0.5013 0.0210 tᵢ= 70 °F Trombe wall t₀= 31 °F 0.0592 CONDUCTION Hc Area (ft²) U (tᵢ-t₀) Hc N (glass) 2195.58 0.5013 39 42928.0770 N (concrete) 1372.7 0.0210 39 1121.9840 788.54 0.0107 39 328.1217 E (Brick) E (glass ) 184.42 0.5013 39 3605.7880 424.83 0.0210 39 347.2372 E (concrete) S (Glass) 1508.648 0.5013 39 29497.1522 S (brick) 992.12 0.0107 39 412.8340 S (concrete) 738.24 0.0210 39 603.4046 S (trombe) 773.53 0.0592 39 1786.1779 W (Brick) 1231.67 0.0107 39 512.5138 W (concrete) 201.5 0.0210 39 164.6971 Roof (concrete) 6696 0.0114 39 2982.5706 TOTAL 84290.5581 Loss thru edges perimeter Factor (tᵢ-t₀) He He (first floor) 487.51 0.4 39 7605.156 He (second floor) 487.51 0.4 39 7605.156 TOTAL 15210.312 Loss thru slab Area (ft²) F Hs First floor 6696.101 2 13392.202 Second floor 6696.101 2 13392.202 TOTAL 26784.404 Loss thru windows constant Q (tᵢ-t₀) HP Hi 0.018 50 39 35.1 TOTAL 35.1
HL (Btu/h)
Carlos, Miguel, Liu
126320.3741
Heat loss in winter, option A.
The total heat loss in winter could be reduce by reduce the area of glass in the facade or using another window system with triple pane , more air space or bigger thickness of the glass. It is also possible to increase the quality of construction, but this could also increase the initial investment to build
18.30% more of energy consumption than in option B
Glass façade with overhang (South) Brick wall (east, south and west) Q= 50 Brick wall U-values 0.0200 tᵢ= 70 t₀= 31 CONDUCTION Hc Area (ft²) N (glass) 2195.58 N (concrete) 1372.7 788.54 E (Brick) E (glass ) 184.42 E (concrete) 424.83 S (Glass) 1508.648 S (brick) 992.12 S (concrete) 738.24 S (trombe) 773.53 W (Brick) 1231.67 W (concrete) 201.5 Roof (concrete) 6696
Glass window (North and east) Concrete wall (North, east, south and west) Roof 0.0214
Glass 0.3107
U 0.3107 0.0368 0.0200 0.3107 0.0368 0.3107 0.0200 0.0368 0.0723 0.0200 0.0368 0.0214
(tᵢ-t₀) 39 39 39 39 39 39 39 39 39 39 39 39 TOTAL (tᵢ-t₀) 39 39 TOTAL
°F °F
Loss thru edges He (first floor) He (second floor)
perimeter 487.51 487.51
Factor 0.4 0.4
Loss thru slab First floor Second floor
Area (ft²) 6696.101 6696.101
F 2 2
Loss thru windows Hi
constant 0.018
Q 50
TOTAL (tᵢ-t₀) 39 TOTAL
HL (Btu/h)
Concrete 0.0368 Trombe wall 0.0723 Hc 26603.3981 1972.5716 613.6039 2234.5798 610.4812 18279.9822 772.0200 1060.8518 2180.6828 958.4263 289.5557 5597.4997 61173.6532 He 7605.156 7605.156 15210.312 Hs 13392.202 13392.202 26784.404 HP 35.1 35.1
Btu consume over time (option B)
From this table we can see that 25.78% of the heat loss is due to the glass facade in the north. There is a 17.71% of heat loss in the glass south facade. This indicates that it might be necessary to reduce the area of glass in the north and south facade in order to reduce the energy consumption to heat the internal environment of the building to keep the temperature at 70 F.
1 month (Btu) 74306497.81
1 year (Btu) 891677973.7
loss
Heat loss in winter, option B. This table is based on the option B of all material of the tables above. If compared with the option A of heat loss in winter, we can see that there is a reduction of 18.30% of energy consumption per hour (23116 Btu/h less).
1 day (Btu) 2476883.26
17.71% of heat through glass
103203.4692
This table uses the U-values of option A of all the material mentioned in the tables above. The idea is to compare option A and B in the amount of energy consumption per hour. This offers feedback regarding the thicknesses of materials and therefore guide the design for this High School.
THg (Btu/h) 103203.4692
25.78% of the heat loss through glass
13
5. Active heating and cooling
Newberry County High School Final Project Arch873
Carlos, Miguel, Liu
Active heating and cooling, description: Symbols
• Configuration: single mechanical room.
Includes the boiler, chiller and reserve tank. The cooling tower is located in the roof. The fan room includes the air handlers, filters and dehumidifier.
• Heating and cooling system: Variable air-volume, all air single duct.
The air is conditioned in the fan room. A thermostat is located in every room to control the amount of conditioned air that enters •
Supply ductwork Exhaust return ductwork Return register Supply diffuser
Sizing for mechanical room: this is based on the “The Architect’s Studio Companion: Rules of Thumb for Preliminary Design” by E. Allen and J. Lano. The dimension for the fan room and the space for the major heating and cooling equipment are as follow: Space Cooling tower Boiler and chiller Fan room Cooling air volume inCFM Area of main supply and return ducts Area of branch supply and return ducts Area of exhaust air louver Area of fresh air louver Cooling capacity
Feature 35 sqf 200 sqf 550 sqf 10 100 m3/sec 6.8 sqf 10.2 sqf 11.5 sqf 12 sqf 12Tons
Heat power = 103 203.5 * (1+0.2)Btu/h = 123 844.2 Btu/h
Cooling power
Distribution of ductwork, supply diffuser and return register, first and second floor Exhaust centrifugal fan, direct drive, roof mounted, with control damper. It is located to avoid proximity with the fresh air intake unit. Area 11.5 sqf Cooling Tower, closed circuit, Counterflow. Area 21.5 sqf
Return ductwork Supply ductwork
24”x24” return register, exhaust ventilation system
Fresh air intake, roof mounted with control damper Located in north facade to take advantage of the predominant wind from north-east. Area 12sqf Fresh air intake ductwork directed to the fan room to be filtered and dehumidified (if required) Air duct for fresh air intake directed to the fan room
= 196 787.0*(1+0.2) Btu/h = 200 722.7 Btu/h
Air duct with conditioned air to be distribute throughout the building, variable dimensions
16.73 tons of cooling capacity needed T he recommended cooling capacity is of 12 tons but the design of this high school over pass it by 39%. This means that the mechanical system should be increase accordingly.
24”x24” return register, exhaust ventilation system Fan Room Ductwork toward Fan
Section View. Detailed Vertical duct and ductwork 14
Newberry County High School Final Project Arch873 The tables on the right were useful to determine the size for the mechanical room.
Carlos, Miguel, Liu
Sizing spaces for major equipment
Sizing spaces for air handling
Symbols Supply ductwork Exhaust return ductwork
Table for dimensioning the ductwork 6”x12” return ductwork 18”x12” return ductwork 12”x12” return ductwork 24”x24” return register, exhaust ventilation system 24”x24” supply diffuser, air distribution system Air ductwork, supply conditioned air Reducing rectangular TEE
Floor Plan Second level
Supply air ductwork Diffuser
Return ductwork
VAV terminal with thermostat Ceiling Cooling Tower, closed circuit, Counterflow
18”x12” supply air duct 6”x12” supply air duct 12”x12” supply air duct
24”x24” return register, exhaust ventilation system 24”x24” supply diffuser, air distribution system Air ductwork, supply conditioned air Reducing rectangular TEE
Control panel for temperature and ventilation Supply air ductwork
Floor Plan Basement and First level
Fan room
Perspective view. Detailed distribution of ductwork.
Section View. Detail ductwork in classroom
15
Hand Dryer: XLERATOR
6. Solar collector and photo-voltaic panels Corridors + Stairs
Average daily load of a Bathroom (qualifies for LEED credits) 1500 1 1500
1‐ton HVAC Water Pump (1HP)
Solar Collector South Carolina has a temperate climate compared to another zones with more extreme conditions.
33
Cooper Lighting: 22DP LED Straight & Narrow
Mechanical Room
33
1500 1500
16 1
20
24000 1500
660
110 111
110
AC total connected Watts
1500 AC total connected Watts 16 24000 110 PHOTO-VOLTAIC SYSTEM
1‐ton HVAC Water Pump (1HP)
References: Lecture 20
4
660 AC total connected Watts 660 Carlos, Miguel, Liu
Final Project Arch873 Corridors + Stairs
1500
0.2 Total Average daily load of Bathrooms 5 7 214.286 2177.142857 AC average daily Load 544.286
Number of Bathrooms
660 544.2857143 110
20
1
1500
111
24000 1500 25500
AC total connected Watts
Due to the design of passive and active heating system for this project, our building just required the use of solar collectors for heating water for restrooms. This system is easy to assemble and offers great economy in terms of investment and future savings in electricity.
Number of Bathrooms 1500 4 1566
AC total connected Watts
Average daily load of a Bathroom
Cooper Lighting: 22DP LED Straight & Narrow
Mechanical Room
110
Newberry County High School 544.2857143
Total Average daily load of Bathrooms
7
5
7
2177.142857
3300 3300
AC average daily Load 660 660
7
5
7
AC average daily Load
9 3
24000 1500 25500
5 5
7 7
9 5 AC average daily Load 3 5
154286 3214.29 7 157500 154286 7
AC average daily Load
Total Average Daily Load of the Building
Load Total Average Daily Load of the Building
Load Calculation: References:
Load Average daily load classrooms
Average daily load classrooms
Lecture 20
3300 3300
3214.29 157500 Watt‐hours
AC Watt‐hours DC AC 2490.71
DC
2490.71 544.286
Average daily load bathrooms For the Load calculation we assumed that every classroom 544.286 Average daily load bathrooms 3300 Average daily load Mechanical Room a 3300 Average daily load Mechanical Room http://www.cooperindustries.com/content/public/en/lighting/products/suspended_linear_direct_indirect/_135335.ssd.html 157500 Average daily load Corridors + Stairs http://www.televisioninfo.com/content/Samsung‐UN46D6500‐3D‐LED‐LCD‐HDTV‐Review/Power‐Consumption.htm projector, a desktop computer, and the lighting fixtures. 157500 Average daily load Corridors + Stairs http://www.televisioninfo.com/content/Samsung‐UN46D6500‐3D‐LED‐LCD‐HDTV‐Review/Power‐Consumption.htm 163835 http://exceldryer.com/products_xlerator.php?gclid=CLy4z43AyLYCFRMZnQodGwYA9g The bathrooms are equipped with the lighting fixtures and Total Average Daily Load of the Building Watt‐h 163835 Watt‐h http://exceldryer.com/products_xlerator.php?gclid=CLy4z43AyLYCFRMZnQodGwYA9g Total Average Daily Load of the Building a hand dryer. In the corridors and stairs only lighting fixtures where considered for the exercise Step 1: Determine the Average Amp‐Hours Per Day Step 1: Determine the Average Amp‐Hours Per Day In the Mechanical room a load of 16 tons of the HVAC DC Average DC System Average Amp‐Hours Inverter system was considered and anAC Average extra load AC Average for the water Efficiency DC Average Average Amp‐Hours Inverter Daily Load DC System Voltage Per Day Daily Load Daily Load 0 Voltage 12 Per Day Efficiency Daily Load pump. 15169.90741 163835 0.9 163835 0.9 0 12 15169.90741 Step 2: Determine the Array Peak Amps knowing the Peak Sun Hours Per Day We consider that in calculation for a real building Step 2: Determine the Array Peak Amps knowing the Peak Sun Hours Per Day additional loads such as maintenance equipment to clean Academic Year Sept Oct Nov Dec Jan Feb Mar Apr May Average the building, exterior lighting fixtures and Aug the additional Academic Year 5.5 5.3 5.2 4.3 3.8 3.9 4.6 5.3 5.9 5.7 4.95 equipment in the mechanical room Aug should Sept be included. Oct Nov Dec Jan Feb Mar Apr May Average Notes: 5.5 5.3 5.2 4.3 3.8 3.9 4.6 Peak Sun Hours 5.3 5.9 5.7 4.95 Average Amp‐Hours Array Peak We chose to use the sun peak of the average of the academic year, P/Day Per Day Amps because that’s the operational period of the building. Notes: Location of photo-voltaic panels in the roof http://www.benq.us/product/projector/mw721/specifications
http://www.benq.us/product/projector/mw721/specifications
http://www.cooperindustries.com/content/public/en/lighting/products/suspended_linear_direct_indirect/_135335.ssd.html was gonna be equipped with a TV, a stereo system,
Location of solar collector in the building
The solar collectors are located in the middle of the roof to allow space for the Photo-voltaic System Panels in the sides. This was also convenient to locate the pipes for cold and hot water close to a vertical duct and with direct connection with the storage tank and heat exchanger in the mechanical room. For this project we recommend the Drain-back Solar Hot Water System because it could also be used in cloudy days or at night.
15169.90741 4.5 Average Amp‐Hours Peak Sun Hours P/Day Per Day
We chose to use the sun peak of the average of the academic year, because that’s the operational period of the building.
Photo-voltaic System Selection:
Step 3: Determine the number of modules in parallel
Tilt & Orientation
15169.90741
Step 3: Determine the number of modules in parallel Despite being the most expensive of the photo-voltaic systems we Notes:
Due to the location of the project the tilt of the panel should be equal to the latitude of the site. This is 35 and the orientation should be + 20°.
3371.090535
4.5
Array Peak Peak Amps Per Modules in Amps Module silicon” because Parallel choose the “single-crystal
is also 3371.090535 8 421.3863169 the most efficient of all. Due to the reduced area we had to place solar panels (4000 sqf) we had to chose the one Array Peak
We made the assumption that the modules generate 8 Amps Per Module with more efficiency. at the operating point of maximum output
Amps
3371.090535 Integration with the Building Fabric, Orientation and Tilt
Notes:
3371.090535 Array Peak Amps
Peak Amps Per Module
Modules in Parallel
8
421.3863169
Step 4: Determine the number of modules in series We made the assumption that the modules generate 8 Amps Per Module at the operating point of maximum output
DC System provides Nominal Module The photo-voltaic panels are located in the roof of the building, that location 4,000 squareModules in feet to locate Voltage Voltage Series the modules. The panels are mounted in a frame that is tilted 37 degrees, the same latitute in which the building is Notes: 2 48 24 Step 4: Determine the number of modules in series located. We made the assumption that the desired DC system Voltage is 48
DC System Voltage
VDC and the Nominal Module Voltage is 24 VDC
Precise Estimation Conclusion:
Step 5: Determine the total number of Modules In the calculation 843 modules
Nominal Module Voltage
Modules in Series
are needed to produce all the energy needed in the building, in the design we have 2 48 24 198 modules which will produce 23% of the building energy demand. Modules in Modules in We made the assumption that the desired DC system Voltage is 48 Modules in Parallel Series reduced. By using more efficient PV panels producing each one 8 Peak amps per Series module the number of panels was VDC and the Nominal Module Voltage is 24 VDC Notes:
2
Step 5: Determine the total number of Modules
RESULT: A total of 842.8
Integration with the Network:
Cold Water
16
Integration of the solar collector with the mechanical room
24
VDC,
8
Peak Amps per Module)
Modules in Series
842.7726337
are required to meet the load of the building
Modules in Parallel
Modules in Series
842.7726337 2 421.3863169 In order to cover the 77% of energy not produced by the PV system the building will have to be connected to the network. DC Tot. Connected are required to meet the load of the building 10 Watts Per VDC, Peak Amps per Module) 8 Inverter RESULT: A total of 842.8 modules ( 24AC Tot. Connected Panels Square Footage Efficiency Square Foot One of the advantages of the system and it Watts application to a school thatWatts functions only from August to May is that 0.9 0 despite having to buy electricity to cover the 310987 77% of the energy in those months, in the10 rest of the 34554.11111 year the energy produced can be sold to the electric company. Step 1: Rough Estimation of PV Size
Hot Water
modules (
421.3863169
Step 1: Rough Estimation of PV Size
Location of solar collector in the building
7.a Shading Analysis,
done with Revit 2013
Final Project Arch873
10:00 am
12:00 pm
Carlos, Miguel, Liu
2:00 pm
4:00 pm
FALL EQUINOX September 22
8:00 am
Newberry County High School
WINTER SOLSTICE December 21
At 8:00 am the sun does not enter the classrooms during fall, there is a small direct access in the Winter
In winter the from 10:00 am to 2:00pm there is a direct light from the sun on the desks can be bad for the performance of the students. It could be solved with shading devices in the lateral windows of the classrooms.
The direct light of the sun in Fall could be neglected due to the fact that it is not in contact with the desks.
17
Newberry County High School Final Project Arch873
10:00 am
12:00 pm
2:00 pm
4:00 pm
SPRING EQUINOX March 20
8:00 am
Carlos, Miguel, Liu
18
SUMMER SOLSTICE June 21
At 8:00 am the sun does not enter the classrooms neither in Spring or Summer.
In Summer there is no direct light from the sun on the classrooms, the small amount of sun light is protected by the overhangs to prevent the sun of touching the trombe walls and overheating the rooms.
The direct light of the sun in Spring as well as in Fall could be neglected due to the fact that it is not in contact with the desks.
SPRING EQUINOX March 20
It is an environmental analysis tool that allows to simulate building performance. It could be use to for lighting analysis, insolation analysis, thermal analysis and acoustic analysis. For the purpose of this project only the lighting analysis was performed in one room that is defined as the model for analysis.
SUMMER SOLSTICE June 21
Ecotect Analysis tool:
COMMENTS: The room that we are studying is one of the typical classrooms. The classrooms are characterized for having a window facing South, with walls and overhangs on the exterior to protect the interior space of the solar incidence in summer. In the design of the classrooms blocking direct sunlight to the interior was a primary concern, due to the fact that direct sun light on the desk can affect the performance of the students.
Final Project Arch873
FALL EQUINOX September 22
• MODEL FOR ANALYSIS
done with Ecotec 2010
WINTER SOLSTICE December 21
7.b Lighting Analysis,
Newberry County High School Carlos, Miguel, Liu
19
Newberry County High School Final Project Arch873
Daylight Study with the grids at the height of the desks • Results: The daylight factor in the first two rows of grids by the window range from 26% to 10%, a percentage above 12% is very high, however this percentages are only in areas where there are no desks. T h e first row of desks will be located where the third grid row of the daylight study is located, the results show that the light for this space is between 6%5% which is good for studying. Most of the class is below 3% as a result artificial lights will be needed.
20
Carlos, Miguel, Liu
Daylight Study with the grids at the height of the upper windows • Results: The diagram on the left is a rough proposed distribution of the artificial lighting, the concept we want to demonstrate is that due to the fact that in Winter Solstice at 12:00pm the area close to the window is well illuminated there is no need for artificial lights close to the window.
• Clarification:
We understand that in order to take make a precise light design the information of the artificial lights should be included in the model, with that we will be able to calculate the distance and amount of lamps needed in the zone.
8. Energy Load Analysis,
done with eQuest Source: http://www.doe2.com/equest/
S
Newberry County High School Final Project Arch873
Carlos, Miguel, Liu
W
N
E
Building shell, 3-D geometry from eQuest
Air side HVAC system proposed for eQuest
Features in eQuest Cooling equipment:
Chilled water coils
Heating equipment:
Hot water coils
Footprint shape: Zoning pattern: Building orientation:
T shape
North
Doors:
2 glass north
6 in concrete
Above grade walls: Insulation:
Dry wall 6 in concrete
Roof surface:
Ext / Cav. Insu:
Ceiling finish:
ext bd, R-5
Floors:
10 feet.
Ground floor:
Insulation:
2 in Polystyrene 6 in concrete Horz int bd, R-5
HVAC system definition
8 in concrete
One per floor
Floor heigths:
Exterior insulation:
Below grade walls:
doors
facing
There are chilled water and hot water coils, wit a water loop. There is a single zone air handler with HW heat, and use of ducts. The design temperature for the indoor is of 70 째F. Fans with variable speed drive and auto sized fan flow. The fan should operate one hour before and after of the defined schedule There is HW boiler with natural gas with 300-2500 kBtu with an efficiency of 80%. the tank capacity is of 479 gal. The uniform charge is of $0.12 / kWh.
2 glass doors facing east Double Low - e glass Windows:
Double Low - e glass, clear 1/8 in, 1/4 in air.
Overhang:
all windows facing south, 2ft
6 in HW concrete
Cooling setpoint:
70 째F
R-19 mtl furred insul
Heating setpoint:
70 째F
eQuest allows to configure a virtual model of a simplify building to determine the energy load that it could require. It is necessary to establish its properties, materials, dimensions, amid other to simulate the behavior of the building. Source: http://www.doe2.com/equest/ Water side HVAC system proposed for eQuest
21
Newberry County High School Final Project Arch873
Hand calculation of heat gain and loss
Results wih eQuest 1 W = 3.42 Btuh
Heat loss in winter = 103 203.5 Btu/h
We considered the highest and the lowest values of the table on the left (summer and winter conditions) to compared with the hand calculation for heat loss and gain obtained in project 1 and 2. The conversion from Watts to Btuh are shown below:
Heat gain in summer = 196 787.0 Btu/h Assumed a 20% margin for added comfort, the heating and cooling power is as follow:
1. Summer condition, ventilation + space cooling:
1. Heat power = 103 203.5 * (1+0.2)Btu/h = 123 844.2 Btu/h
28 060 kWh/month = 95 965 200 Btu/month * 1 month/30 days * 1 day/24h = 266 570 Btu / h
2. Cooling power = 196 787.0*(1+0.2) Btu/h = 200 722.7 Btu/h
Carlos, Miguel, Liu
2. Winter condition, ventilation + space cooling: 7 660 kWh/month = 26 197 200 Btu/month * 1 month/30 days * 1 day/24h = 72 770 Btu / h
= 16.73 tons of cooling capacity
Monthly energy consumption (kWh)
This calculation only considered the energy load for space cooling and ventilation. Also assume heat gain during 12 hours of the day.
For cooling: the result from eQuest is 24.7% higher than the one retrieved from the hand calculation. Interpretation
in
a
annual basis:
Annual energy consumption (kWh) for electricity
For heating: eQuest shows a 24.3% reduction compared with the amount of the hand calculation
Space cooling and ventilation are the major aspects to considered for electricity consumption because the weather in South Carolina is humid and relatively hot.
1 W = 3.42 Btuh We considered the highest and the lowest values of the table on the left (summer and winter conditions) to compared with the hand calculation for heat loss and gain obtained in project 1 and 2. The conversion from Watts to Btuh are shown below: 1. Summer condition: 15 800 000 Btu/ month * 1 month/30 days*1day/24 hours =21 944.4 Btu/h
Water heating has a higher value than space heating. South Carolina has a mild climate if compared with other upper states. Annual energy consumption (kWh) for natural gas
22
2. Winter condition: 67 500 000 Btu/ month * 1 month/30 days*1day/24 hours =93 750 Btu/h
Monthly gas consumption (Btu)
9. Parametric study,
Newberry County High School
done with eQuest Source: http://www.doe2.com/equest/
S
Final Project Arch873
Carlos, Miguel, Liu
W Properties modifications for the new energy load simulation: 1. Building orientation.
1. Summer condition, ventilation + space cooling:
2.Change in thicknesses.
29 030 kWh/month = 275 785 Btu / h
material
3. Change in insulation
2. Winter condition, ventilation + space cooling: 8 480 kWh/month = 80 560 Btu / h
E
Building shell, 3-D geometry from eQuest
This calculation only considered the energy load for space cooling and ventilation. Also assume heat gain during 12 hours of the day.
N
Looking at the table below of “Features in eQuest” there are marked in red font the modification of the properties for this project to determine the simulate building performance. There are consequently changes in the energy load to respond to the new configuration.
Monthly energy consumption (kWh)
For cooling: there is an increase of 3.3% in the amount of energy consumption per hour
Features in eQuest Cooling equipment:
Chilled water coils
Heating equipment:
Hot water coils
Footprint shape: Zoning pattern: Building orientation:
T shape
North north east
Doors:
2 glass north
4 in concrete
Above grade walls: Insulation:
Dry wall 4 in concrete
Roof surface:
Ext / Cav. Insu:
Ceiling finish:
ext bd, R-5
Floors:
10 feet.
Ground floor:
Insulation:
6 in concrete
One per floor
Floor heigths:
Exterior insulation:
Below grade walls:
2 in Polystyrene 6 in concrete Horz int bd, R-5
Windows: Overhang:
For heating: there is an increase of 11.1% in the amount of gas consumption per hour.
doors
facing 1. Summer condition:
2 glass doors facing east Double Low - e glass
16 240 000 Btu/ month =22 555.6 Btu/h
Double Low - e glass, clear 1/8 in, 1/4 in air.
2. Winter condition:
all windows facing southwest, 2ft
75 950 000 Btu/ month =105 486.1 Btu/h
4 in HW concrete
Cooling setpoint:
70 °F
R-4 mtl furred insul
Heating setpoint:
70 °F
Monthly gas consumption (Btu)
23
Newberry County High School Final Project Arch873 Interpretation in a annual
Interpretation in a annual
basis:
basis:
Space cooling and ventilation fans represent the aspects with higher demand along the year for electricity consumption
Comparing with the first approximation for the energy load there is a reduction in 1% in space cooling but an increase of 2% in ventilation.
Annual peak demand (kWh) for electricity
Annual energy consumption (kWh) for electricity
Space heating has the higher demand in terms of natural gas consumption. Annual peak demand (kWh)for natural gas
Total annual bill across all rates: $35 760
There is a reduction in water heating of 6% and a increase of 6% in space heating.
Carlos, Miguel, Liu • Conclusion of the parametric study Just changing the orientation of the building to north-north-east increased the annual energy consumption for space cooling and space heating both in 1%. This is due to the change of orientation of the south facade windows that now faced west sunset direct solar radiations in the afternoon. The system of windows, overhanging and trombe wall was not designed to receive the solar rays that become more horizontal as the sun inclines in the sky. This means that during the afternoons, in summer or winter, the sun will heat directly the classrooms requiring therefore more energy for cooling. As well the change of orientation of the building affects the performance of the trombe wall system in winter. This is because there will be a reduction in the amount of hours that this system faces direct solar radiation, making it inefficient . This means that the amount of heat that the system should be keeping at day to liberate at night is reduced. Just decreasing the thicknesses of some of the material decrease the performance of the building for cooling in 1% and for heating in 9% (19 Btuh more for cooling, 10 166.7 Btuh more for heating) ,
Annual energy consumption (kWh) for natural gas
Total annual bill across all rates: $37 070
• Conclusion of cost There is a direct affect on cost from the changing of orientation and thicknesses of material for the model in eQuest. The original annual bill without changes of any kind is of $35 760 The annual bill due to change in building orientation is of $36 279 and for changings in material’s thicknesses and insulation is of $36 543. The overall effect will be of $37
070
Clearly there is a increase in cost due to theses changes in orientation and materials. This 3.5% annual increase affect directly the cash flow of the owners or the administration in charge of the high school. All these results show that the design strategies for the high school in terms of active and passive heating and cooling were thoughtfully considered to reduce the total energy consumption, increase the efficiency of the building, and avoid unconscious design. Monthly utility bill, first energy load analysis ($)
24
Monthly utility bill, parametric study ($)
10. Conclusion & References
Newberry County High School Final Project Arch873
Carlos, Miguel, Liu
Final Conclusions •
There could be limitless configurations for the design of a building in terms of materials, envelope layers, orientation, passive and active strategies for cooling and heating, etc. Nonetheless a design could be carefully considered to have a positive impact on the performance of the edifice regarding to energy flow and its repercussion in cost and users comfort.
•
In this trend this project depict two different options for envelope configuration for walls, roof and glazing. Each one of the options has variations in thicknesses and layers of material that reflected a corresponding change in the total R-values. With these totals was possible to select the best choice that reduces the cost in materials and satisfies the minimum required for assemblies in a moderate climate like South Carolina.
•
The use of different design strategies have also a direct impact on the total amount of energy that flows from and to the building in terms of heat lost and heat gain. The designer has the power to influences this value when he / she determines the configuration of the building. In this project the strategies included were: orientation of the edifice, use of louvers, trombe wall, thermal mass walls, movable insulation, and natural ventilation.
•
The Drain-back Solar Hot Water System provides hot water for the water fixtures of the restrooms, in cloudy days the system is supported by a water heater in the mechanical room.
•
The photovoltaic system proposed will cover approximately 23% of the building energy demand, the remaining 77% will be provided by the network. Due to the fact that the building is a school, from late May to August a high percentage of the energy produced by the system won’t be used. The energy can be sold to the network, making the return of investment much faster.
•
The shading analysis helps us demonstrate that for the most part of the year the classes are passively protected by the walls and the window design, in the days with a higher solar incidence to the interior are in the cold days of the year ( December 21st), in these days the building can be protected only with shading devices because although the direct light into the work desks is a problem, the solar access also help warm the rooms.
•
With the hand-made amount calculated of heat gain and heat loss was possible to determine the size and type of HVAC system and the necessary space for the mechanical and fan room. The distribution of ducts, exhausts and intake louvers and other elements like thermostats and control panels were part of the design of the heating and cooling system. It is important to remark that the HVAC system had to be coordinate with the architecture design in order to avoid conflicts of space, area, structure damage, among others.
•
The results from eQuest were compared with those retrieve from the hand made calculation. There was a significant difference between both but either any of the approaches were significantly important to understand the performance of a building in terms of its design.
•
eQuest is an easy tool to obtain results fast and accurate, though complex design strategies are difficult to compute in the software. Nonetheless it enrich the analysis of the building in terms of manpulation of the variables and cost.
References •
E. Allen and J. Lano. The Architect’s Studio Companion: Rules of Thumb for Preliminary Design”
•
Blouin, Vincent. (2013). Class Documents of Environmental and Systems Arch 873, School of Architecture. Clemson University, S.C.
•
http://www.naima.org/insulation
•
http://energycode.pnl.gov/EnergyCodeReqs/index.jsp?state=South%20 Carolina
•
http://www.weather.com/weather/wxclimatology/monthly/graph/ USSC0245
•
http://www.autodesk.com
•
http://usa.autodesk.com/ecotect-analysis/
• •
http://www.doe2.com/equest/
25