Dissertation:How place-making attributes Indian streets by kavya parvathy

How place-making attributes Indian urban streets? Dissertation

S. kavya parvathy Bachelor of architecture

APPENDIX 1

IMPACTS ON PLACEMAKING OF INDIAN URBAN STREETS A PROJECT REPORT Submitted by

S.KAVYA PARVATHY In partial fulfillment for the award of the degree Of

BACHELOR OF ARCHITECTURE IN

DISSERTATION WRITING

MISRIMAL NAVAJEE MUNOTH JAIN SCHOOL OF ARCHITECTURE

ANNA UNIVERSITY: CHENNAI 600 025 MAY 2021

ANNA UNIVERSITY: CHENNAI 600 025

BONAFIDE CERTIFICATE

Certified that this project report “IMPACT OF URBAN STREETS OF INDIA IN PLACE-MAKING” is the bonafide work of S.KAVYA PARVATHY Who carried out the project work under my supervision.

SIGNATURE

HEAD OF THE DEPARTMENT

SUPERVISOR

Abstract This dissertation sets out a series of constitutive principles for planners and architects to use when planning for and regulating public space design and management. Based on an extensive examination of public space in India, the substance of which is reported principles relating to the critical but often missing strategic planning framework for the development and rejuvenation of public spaces. Public spaces in India are diverse- like the country- varying in scale, size, shape, activity, and function, population it caters to, geography, history, structure, and infrastructure. Irrespective of these differences, each public space has an exclusive identity and value to the city and citizens. This is a boldly positive outline for modelling public space, based on the notion that public spaces in our cities come in many different forms and appearances, but collectively add huge value to the experience and latent of urban areas. Therefore, they deserve serious consideration by those with regulatory and other responsibilities for their conveyance.

Appendix 3 Table of contents Tables and figures 1. Introduction 1.1 Background study......................................................................................... 1.2 Problem statement...................................................................................... 1.3 Objectives of the study............................................................................... 1.4 Research questions...................................................................................... 1.5 Research hypothesis.................................................................................... 1.6 Theoretical framework................................................................................. 1.7 Conceptual framework.................................................................................. 1.8 Significance of the study................................................................................ 1.9 Scope and delimitation of the study............................................................ 1.10 Definition of terms..........................................................................................

2. Literature review 2.1 introduction...................................................................................................... 2.2 theoretical literature....................................................................................... 2.3 empirical literature......................................................................................... 2.4 policy review..................................................................................................

3. Research methodology 3.1 introduction...................................................................................................... 3.2 data collection methods................................................................................

3.3 data analysis..................................................................................................... 3.4 presentation..................................................................................................... 3.5 interpretation....................................................................................................

4. Data analysis, interpretation and discussion 4.1 introduction........................................................................................................... 4.2 data presentation................................................................................................. 4.3 data analysis.......................................................................................................... 4.4 data interpretation............................................................................................... 4.5 discussion...............................................................................................................

5. Summary of findings, conclusion and recommendations 5.1 introduction............................................................................................................ 5.2 research findings................................................................................................... 5.3 conclusion.............................................................................................................. 5.4 recommendations................................................................................................

6. Sources and refrences..................................................................

LIST OF FIGURES Fig 1. Chennai road during a historical phase Fig 2. old photograph of a street connecting towards charminar Fig 3. A busy street in Delhi 1948 Fig 4. Market road in colonial period Fig 5. Master plan of east lake byllesby Regional Park Fig 6. Janaki puri district center Fig 7. Nehru place Fig 8. Linkage courtyard in Nehru place Fig 9. Identification of elements in bellasis road Fig 10. Proposal inclusion -bellasis road Fig 11. Bellasis road before Fig 12. Bellasis road after Fig 13. St Mark's road Bangalore Before Fig 14. St Mark's road Bangalore After Fig 15. Source the news minute Fig 16. The after effects of lockdown in a busy street Fig 17. Street side encroachments in Mumbai Fig 18. Aerial road in Pudukkottai Fig 19. Existing structure of PPP system Fig 20. Illustration community Fig 21. Illustration pocket parks Fig 22. Illustrations recreation Fig 23. Section along street Fig 24. Connecting alleys Fig 25. Green alleys Fig 26. Street crossing Fig 27. Services along street -street design inclusions Fig 28. Green trellis wall

Fig 29. Planter box Fig 30. Community infrastructure along streets Fig 31. Wall art Fig 32. Art installation Fig 33. Crowded streets of India Fig 34. Shopping along streets Fig 35. Transportation Fig 36. Pedestrian movement Fig 37. Transition space -street Fig 38. Strategies in place making Fig 39. Public places and its value Fig 40. Benefits of public places

LIST OF TABLES Table 1 width and speed Table 2 carriage lane width as per IRC

Introduction Background study Problem statement Objectives of the study Research questions Research hypothesis Theoretical framework Conceptual framework Significance of the study Scope and delimitation of the study Definition of terms

DEFINITION Accessibility Facilities offered to people to reach social and economic opportunities, measured in terms Of the time, money, comfort, and safety that is associated with reaching such opportunities. Average trip length the average distance covered by a transport mode for a trip. This is commonly measured in kilometers. Bus Rapid Transit (BRT), high quality bus-based mass transit system that delivers fast, comfortable, reliable, And cost-effective urban mobility through the provision of segregated right-of-way Infrastructure, rapid and frequent operations, and excellence in marketing and customer Service. Bulb-out Lateral extensions of the footpath into the carriageway to reduce the crossing distance for pedestrians. They reduce vehicle speeds, provide enhanced protection and visibility for pedestrians, and lower the time taken to cross the street. Complete streets streets that are designed to cater to the needs of all users and activities, through equitable Allocation of road space. Complete streets provide safe and inclusive environments that support users of all age groups, genders, and physical dispositions. They also guarantee efficient mobility by focusing on moving people, user safety, universal accessibility, vitality And livability, sensitivity to local context, and environmental sustainability. Eyes on the street Informal surveillance of any street by the residents, shopkeepers, and other users of the street. Greenway A linear, landscaped pedestrian or bicycle route based on natural passages such as canals, rivers, or other scenic courses. It is typically for recreational use, with an emphasis on conserving and preserving vegetation. Mode shares The share of total trips carried out by different modes of urban transport including, but not limited to walking, cycling, bus, rail, share auto-rickshaws, private auto, two wheelers, and cars. Parking Management A mechanism to facilitate efficient use of street space to ensure additional space dedicated for pedestrians, cyclists, public transport, and motorists. In addition, over time, collecting a fee for parking can manage its demand and ensure that personal motor vehicle users compensate the city for the use of valuable land on which they park their vehicles. Right of Way (RoW) Measure of the width of the road taken from compound wall/edge on one side of the street

to that on the other side. Scarification This refers to the process of removing a pavement surface (asphalt, PCC, etc.) to improve the cross section and the surface profile, thereby preparing it for resurfacing Shared street A street where formal distinctions between spaces allocated for various users, is removed. The concept of shared streets is to ensure that each street user becomes progressively more aware and considerate of the others on the street. Specific design interventions can be made to force the vehicles to slow down and match the pace of those on foot. Sustainable transport modes the following modes are categorized as “sustainable modes” of urban transport because when compared with personal motor vehicles, they consume the least amount of road space and fuel per person-km and also cost much less to build the infrastructure: walking, cycling, and public transport (including a regular bus service as well as MRT systems). Traffic calming Traffic calming measures ensure pedestrian and vehicle safety by reducing the speed of motor vehicles through vertical and/or horizontal displacements, real/perceived narrowing of carriageways, material/color changes that signal conflict point, or complete closure of streets for vehicular traffic.

CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION

Public spaces range in form from informal street corners to grand civic set pieces. At a larger scale, formal public spaces have long had an important role as the perceived centers of settlements of all types and as the focus for public life, activities and events. At a smaller scale, they might simply be somewhere to rest, hang

out, or play whilst providing a visual recess in the flow of streets through urban areas. They embrace everything from traditional squares, to incidental urban spaces, to a range of new sorts of spaces Squares and plazas, walkways and streetscapes are the most representative expressions of public urban spaces. Even though they vary widely in style, form, and size, they always are among the most significant locations in a city. As spaces to lead into, pass, meander or remain they have an inimitable atmosphere, accommodating street life in all its vibrant variations such as the staging of events, celebrations, and gatherings. Contemporary projects from all parts of the world show the array of amazing solutions for this enthralling planning task at the interface of architecture, landscape planning, and urban development. Scope of the study The identity of chronological public spaces in an instant society As technology overtakes the contemporary world, we live in a world of instant messaging, online shopping and fast food. Everything is available at a click and the constant ‘feed’ of information and visuals train the mind to require constant change in scene and settings to be able to reap interest. The role of community gardens in urban vicinities While research increasingly indicates the need for the human-nature connection for healthy societies, the practical issues of over-population and urbanization have resulted in taut urban neighborhoods suffocating from lack of any form of natural greens. Further magnification is caused by the modern lifestyle that highly reduces neighborly interactions making cities dead and lifeless. It is the role and responsibility of the designers to find creative ways to sustain these vital relationships. Resurfacing the role of public architecture through place making While public architecture universally seeks to cultivate public interaction, the lack of an individualistic personality leads to a stale and stagnant space – a mindless replication with no liveliness. A downside of modern architecture is the ‘generated brands’ for public architecture where every mall has an atrium and every city has a botanic garden. What makes these spaces distinct and enjoyably sustaining in the long run would be the unique character and connection they hold to the cultural context? Redefining the public realm with modern equipment As modern technology permeates our life from daily routines to work to play, it is foreseeable that the public realm which is the core of life in cities should incorporate these ‘technological elements’. Elevating public spaces with universal access principles Modern inventions, differently abled people can live and move independently. It is therefore imperative that public places are inclusive and easily accessible for such people. Aligning design to the voices of the community While architecture has always been the art of expressing oneself – primarily the designer, when it comes to community architecture, a modification is required to make the end user the primary manifestation. As the community is the vital supporter of the space, the voices of the community become chief drivers of mutual design. Significance of the study

The role of design in the identity of a community In designing to the strengths of a community, the designer holds the key to influence society positively. A successful design would accentuate the identity of the community. While every community has multiple aspects with diverse strengths, the challenge lies in identifying the unifying thread that would pull them together. Design plays a complex role in modern industrial societies. Besides its explicit practical functions, design also has inherent social functions. Designers not only create useful products and images, but they also produce and reproduce cultural meanings through those designs. "Design creates culture. Culture shapes values. Values determine the future." -- Robert L. Peters, designer and author

fig 1.Chennai during a historical phase connecting towards

fig 2.old photograph of a street charminar

Fig 3.a busy street in Delhi 1948

Fig 4.market road in colonial period

History Mrs. Jane Jacobs, chairman of the Comm. to save the West Village holds up documentary evidence at press conference at Lions Head Restaurant at Hudson & Charles Sts. The concepts behind placemaking originated in the 1960s, when writers like Jane Jacobs and William H. Whyte offered ground-breaking ideas about designing cities that catered to people, not just to cars and shopping centres. Their work focused on the importance of lively neighbourhoods and inviting public spaces. Jacobs advocated citizen ownership of streets through the now-famous idea of "eyes on the street." Whyte emphasized essential elements for creating social life in public spaces. The term came into use in the 1970s by landscape architects, architects and urban planners to describe the process of creating squares, plazas, parks, streets and waterfronts that will attract people because they are pleasurable or interesting. Landscape often plays an important role in the design process. The term encourages disciplines involved in designing the built environment to work together in pursuit of qualities that they each alone are unable to achieve. Bernard Hunt, of HTA Architects noted that: "We have theories, specialisms, regulations, exhortations, demonstration projects. We have planners. We have highway engineers. We have mixed use, mixed tenure, architecture, community architecture, urban design, and neighbourhood strategy. But what seems to have happened is that we have simply lost the art of placemaking; or, put another way, we have lost the simple art of placemaking. We are good at putting up buildings but we are bad at making places." Jan Gehl has said "First life, then spaces, then buildings – the other way around never works"; and "In a Society becoming steadily more privatized with private homes, cars, computers, offices and shopping centres, the public component of our lives is disappearing. It is more and more important to make the cities inviting, so we can meet our fellow citizens face to face and experience directly through our senses. Public life in good quality public spaces is an important part of a democratic life and a full life." The writings of poet Wendell Berry have contributed to an imaginative grasp of place and placemaking, particularly with reference to local ecology and local economy. He writes that, "If what we see and experience, if our country, does not become real in imagination, then it never can become real to us, and we are forever divided from it... Imagination is a particularizing and a local force, native to the ground underfoot." Principles According to Project for Public Spaces, successful placemaking is based on eleven basic principles: The Community Knows Best

An important aspect of placemaking is taking into account inputs of the people who will be using the public space most. That is, to say, the community for which the public space is intended. This is important because members of the community are likely to have useful insights into how the space does - or should - function, as well as a historical perspective of the area, and an understanding of what does and does not matter to other members of the community. Places, Not Designs Placemaking is not just about designing a park or plaza with efficient pedestrian circulation. It involves taking into account the interrelations between surrounding retailers, vendors, amenities provided, and activities taking place in the space, then fine-tuning the space with landscape changes, additions of seating, etc., to make all of those element’s mesh. The end result should be a cohesive unit that creates greater value for the community than just the sum of its parts. Placemaking is a Group Effort Partners for political, financial, and intellectual backing are crucial to getting a public space improvement project off the ground. These partners can range from individuals, to private or municipal institutions, to museums, to schools. Make and Act on Observations By observing how a public space is used, it is possible to gain an understanding of what the community does and does not like about it. This understanding can be used to assess what activities and amenities may be missing from the space. Even after a public space has been built, observation is key to properly managing it, and evolving it to better suit the community's needs over time. Requires a Vision As with many other types of project, a placemaking project needs a vision to succeed. This vision should not be the grand design of a single person, but the aggregate conception of the entire community. Requires Patience A placemaking project does not happen overnight. Do not be discouraged if things do not go exactly as planned at first, or if progress seems slow. Triangulate Triangulation is represented between a mural, cafe, and street vendor in Plazoleta del Chorro de Quevedo, located in La Candelaria, Bogotá, Colombia.

Triangulation, simply put, is the strategic placement of amenities, such that they encourage social interaction, and are used more frequently. For example, "if a children's reading room in a new library is located so that it is next to a children's playground in a park and a food kiosk is added, more activity will occur than if these facilities were located separately." Ignore Naysayers Just because it hasn't been done doesn't mean it can't be done. What it does mean is that there are few people, in either the private or public sectors, who have the job of creating places. Form Supports Function A public space's form factor should be formulated with its intended function(s) in mind. Money Should Not Be an Issue If networking and team building have been executed correctly, public sentiment towards the project should be positive enough to overlook its monetary cost. Placemaking is an Ongoing Process Placemaking is never "done". Minor tweaks can be made to improve the space's usefulness to its community over time, and regular maintenance/upkeep of facilities and amenities is a fact of life. Healthy Placemaking - The Link between Place and Health Both the opportunities available to individuals and the choices made based on those opportunities impact individual, family, and community health. The World Health Organization's definition of health provides an appropriate, broad-reaching understanding of health as a "resource for everyday life, not the object of living" and an important frame for discussing the interconnections between Place and Health. A 2016 report The Case for Healthy Places, from Project for Public Spaces and the Assembly Project, funded by the Knight Foundation and focusing on research related to Shaping Space for Civic Life both offer insight into the current evidence base showing how health and wellbeing are impacted by where you live and the opportunities available to you. The Arts and Creative Placemaking While the arts and creative expression play a substantial part in establishing a sense of place, economic growth and production must also play an equally large role in creating a successful place. These two factors are not mutually exclusive, as the arts and cultural economic activity made up $729.6 billion (or 4.2%) of the

United States GDP in 2014, and employed 4.7 million workers in 2012. This means that the arts can be deployed as a powerful tool in the creation or rehabilitation of urban spaces. The role of the designer as an intermediate: The behavioral psychology and diversity of people makes designing public spaces a grey area. The designer plays the role of an intermediary in reconciliation the needs of the people with an appropriate built solution. Social Sustainability in Architectural Design for Public: Spaces As seen the components of social sustainability, considering the fundamental human needs and compatibility of behavioral patterns and physical patterns of space, can be noticed as essential and fixed items in either public buildings or private buildings, but spatial qualities, are changeable; because it is mostly affected by building function and it’s usage and also the region within which the building located. People have different expectations from different spaces, so every place or space will require certain spatial quality. As the sustainability of contemporary cities has gained prominence, interest in architecture has improved, due to its social and public responsibility. But it is certain that some of spatial abilities are in common with all public spaces in a region. Assessment of these qualities, which is one of the purposes of this research, can be operative contribution for social sustainability of civic buildings. Scope and delimitation The public space is a very important feature of the city. Public space is responsible for the behavior of the cities and to showcase its strength to the world. It will help to make an Identity of the city and country to portray it in front of the people. Healthy spaces will lead to healthy life. It is the key factor of the city to develop which can be seen from ancient times. Public spaces also holds social value and attachments of people to it. Making it healthy and successful is the tale of a design of a Public space. Image of the city varies from its spaces and the value there spaces hold. Public Spaces is a concept to meet, greet, and enjoy the space together with the most important value i.e. sharing of space. The cities arc known for their Public spaces which was lacking in India.

CHAPTER 2 CASE STUDIES

1. East Lake Byllesby Regional Park Master Plan

Goal: To update the Lake Byllesby Regional Park Master Plan. This includes adding a new Interpretation and Natural Resources Management Plan for the Park.Dakota County is in the Upper Midwestern region of the United States of America. The County is currently updating the 2005 Lake Byllesby Regional Master Plan and developing a new Natural Resources Management Plan for the park. The master plan is proposed to be a 10-25 year vision for the park. Its purpose is to guide future decision about park activities, capital investment and natural resource restoration. An updated master plan is needed to reflect changes to the area over last 10 years including a new bridge that connects Lake Byllesby parks.

Fig 5.master plan of east lake byllesby Regional Park.

The project strategy consists of four stages. Phase One: Organising the project and defining the process to follow. Phase Two: Identifying the issues, opportunities and needs of the community. This involved engaging with residents through an online questionnaire which helped develop two proposed concepts. Phase Three: Establishing a vision and exploring alternative designs and policy concepts to reflect the vision. Phase Four: To determine the preferred concept and future direction of the area.

Community input on the concepts involved a range of activities using both digital and traditional platforms. The team worked with Social Pinpoint to develop two customised interactive maps for local residents to participate on. Both maps utilized Social Pinpoint's advanced base map functionality including custom satellite imagery and embedding the concept design into the map. They also used Social Pinpoint's Geo-Survey functionality linked to Sidebar tabs to show different levels of detail and break the concept up into five different categories:     

Passive recreation & circulation Active recreation Accommodations Natural resource management Interpretation Users were able to answer a short survey in the sidebar tab, and drop markers onto the map to give their location-based feedback. The Social Pinpoint map was mainly designed to help:  

Create an interactive platform to communicate two proposed concepts and ideas. Incorporate a survey. This includes the drag and drop comment markers, Resurveys and base map customization to understand resident's preferences between the different concepts.  Include information and concept 'mood-board' imagery in sidebar tabs to allow participants to read and gain greater knowledge about the designs before filling out the survey. Outcome There were many opportunities for the community give their input across many platforms including the Social Pinpoint interactive map, community open house and stakeholder meetings and community meetings.

1. Janakpuri district centre, New Delhi

Fig 6.janak puri district centre, source delineation of Delhi

The main commercial centre is the Janakpuri District Centre which houses various regional offices of company. And firms as well as shops selling food. Apparel. Handicrafts and jewellery. There is a wide variety of shopping and dining options from branded shops and high end restaurants to small flea stalls and street side food vendors. A "crafts bazaar" within the complex is known for handicrafts and home decor items.

Key points of janakpuri district centre a. Access and linkage- two foot over bridges can be accessed from Janakpuri District Centre. Numerous city buses intersect this area, two metro intersection and connectivity of with the fast moving roads. b. Comfort and image — Janakpuri. District centre has seen a real turnaround in recent years. At the turn of the 2nd century. It is substantially more un-hygienic. It is not a place to relax. It is a place with lack of services. c. Uses and Activities - Janakpuri District center is virtually never vacant. Thousands of people work daily and thousands of people approach the retail daily. Lack of activities hap, there. d. Sociability - Janakpuri District center have some social spaces but not in use because of the garbage and lack of maintenance of the spaces.

3. Nehru place, New Delhi

Fig 7.Nehru place

Fig 8.linkage courtyard in Nehru place

Nehru place market is named after the first Prime Minister of India Jawaharlal Nehru and one of its initial commercial buildings was constructed in the year 1980 with a four floor buildings which fringe a la, pedestrian courtyard with an underground parking in Delhi. Even today most of its original structure there with little renovation. Key points of Nehru place a. Access and linkage- outer ring road can be accessed from Nehru Place. Numerous city buses intersect this area, two metro intersection and connectivity of with the fast moving roads. One is Nehru place (violet line) and the other is Nehru Enclave (magenta line). b. Comfort and image - Nehru Phase seen as a very busy space in recent years. The place is not for stoppage as the place has developed its own character of IT hub. It is not a place to relax. it is a place to business only. It is place with lack of services. A. the structures are too old and the spaces are not working well. c. Uses and Activities - Nehru place is virtually very busy place. Lakhs of people work daily and thousands of people approach the retail daily. Lack of activities

4. Bhikaji cama place, New Delhi

Bhikaji cama place was constructed on the named after great freedom fighter Bhikaji cama and one of its initial building is constructed in 1973. Designed by renowned architect Raj rewal. The whole site is developed into the levels. Individual buildings has their own basement parking. Also the original structure still exist and the central area is paved in 2005. Key points of Bhikaji cama place a. Access and linkage inner ring road can be accessed by the place. Six bus stop are there for the bus stops. The nearest 'tier° station for the place are AIMS (yellow line) and the Bhiikaji Cama place metro station (pink line). b. Comfort & image - Bhikaji coma place became a very unhappening space. The place is only for offices and the other sectors are shrinking which makes it more dead spaces. All the spaces planned for comfort arc now used for parking. The place also have a five star hotel Hayat.

5. Bellasis Road, Mumbai Mumbai is a city of pedestrians, with 51% of the total daily trips being walk trips, according to the April 2016 edition of the Comprehensive Mobility Plan of Greater Mumbai. Taking this into account, the Municipal Corporation of Greater Mumbai (MCGM) joined the global movement to improve pedestrian experience in August 2018, and announced the redesigning of Bellasis Road, a stretch between Nagpada and Mumbai Central Junction, in Byculla’s neighbourhood, to make it a ‘model street’. Following a series of consultations with stakeholders including institutions, vendors and the general public, the redesigning of this road is currently underway. The proposed new design complies with the national road safety standards, while safeguarding the vibrancy and local identity of the street.

Existing road condition Originally built in 1793, Bellasis Road is an 823-meter-long street, stretching between Nagpada Junction and Mumbai Central Station Junction. The street is an important east-west urban connector, with ground floor retail frontage along the corridor, which generates high pedestrian and vehicle volumes every day. The common issues observed on this road included lack of walkable footpaths, vehicular congestion, bottlenecks, multiple layers of street side parking and poor pedestrian crossing infrastructure.

Fig 9.identifiaction of elements –bellasis road

Proposed Design and Design Elements The proposed design of Bellasis Road included the following principles: a.Maintaining contiguous vehicular traffic lanes: two lanes on each side B.Creating multi-utility/parking zones all along the street c.Introducing continuous footpaths d.Introducing protected pedestrian crossings e.Introducing ‘place making’ to manage the footpaths Bellasis Road is known for its street side everyday informal activities. An organized space along the street for these activities will help to maintain the character of the street as well as smoothen the pedestrian and vehicular movement.

Fig 10.proposal inclusions-belllasis road

Safe walkable streets are fundamental components for any city. Today, the issues faced by pedestrians in Bellasis Road are common to people in almost every urban street in India. Bellasis Road is an embodiment of a typical Indian street, with its varied land-uses generating a plethora of street activities, jostling shoulder-to shoulder with traffic.

When designed strategically, these multiple elements can contribute to a safer environment for vulnerable road users, and help establish vibrant, mixed-use public spaces while ensuring smooth vehicular flow.

FIG 11.before

FIG 12.after

6. St. Marks Rd.; Bangalore, India The reconstruction of this one-way street addressed several major challenges, including inadequate design and planning, poor maintenance standards, and inefficient utility management. The project took a comprehensive, multidimensional approach under the program Tender S.U.R.E.: break once, and fix once and for all. This approach promotes upfront investment in quality materials and construction to increase durability. Goals Balance existing uses. Enhance user experience, increase pedestrian safety, and calm traffic. Reduce disruptive construction practices by investing in upfront, quality. Construction for long-term durability. Key Elements Enhanced and extended sidewalks. One-way protected cycle tracks. Consistent travel lanes. Dedicated and paved bus, auto rickshaw, and parking bays. Landscaped strip between the motorized and non-motorized paths.

Fig 13.

Before

Fig 14.

after

CHAPTER 3 DATA COLLECTION

In India’s bustling cities, time spent in public spaces is an integral component of everyday life. Street design that focuses on motorized traffic does not take into account this human quality of street life. Instead, local practices and human activity should inform city planning.

Fig 15.source.the news minute

Fig 17.streets side encroachments in Mumbai

Fig 16.the after effects of lockdown in a busy street

Fig 18.aerial road in Pudukkottai

Who designs the streets? In 1999, the chief minister of the state of Karnataka established the Bangalore Agenda Task Force, a publicprivate partnership headed by the former CEO of Infosys Technologies, Nandan Nilekani. The Task Force consisted of several nominated members, many of whom were from the corporate world, charged to design an agenda for development of the city including its infrastructure and urban service networks. Even though it was active only for five years, the Task Force demonstrated a trend that has become commonplace since India

started implementing neoliberal policies in 1991. Private investors, who promote ‘modernization’ and idealize ‘world class’ cities like Paris, London, and Tokyo, are now a significant voice in the planning of Indian cities.

Currently, most cities in India do not have street design guidelines to direct urban street planning. The guidelines that exist are primarily for national and state highways with minimal emphasis on urban roads and streets, and almost no consideration of pedestrian activity or accommodation for tyre repair shops or chai stalls. Street design is only beginning to be addressed by a few cities like Delhi, Ahmedabad, Bangalore and other main cities. But even these cities’ guidelines, while emphasizing the primacy of streets as public spaces, mimic ‘global’ engineering standards at the expense of the vernacular design features of streets that make them conducive to public life.

Most regulatory literature, for example, consistently uses the term ‘road’ to refer to all types of urban streets. The Tender SURE (Specifications for Urban Roads Execution) Design Standards for Indian cities establish design guidelines, including widths for sidewalks and rights-of-way, based on hierarchies that are defined by “means of efficient access to dwellings and destination points within neighborhoods; and as a means of mobility for all modal types and users” (Jana Urban Space Foundation, 2011). These hierarchies of arterial, sub-arterial, collector, local, and sub-local roads defined in the guidelines have origins in traffic engineering where access and mobility for motorized traffic, not for pedestrians or cyclists govern the design of street sections.

Fig 19.existing structure of ppp system

Identification of the following four tools used by communities while implementing creative placemaking.

Anchoring: When a key arts institution, organization, or building in the area prompts additional foot traffic or regional draw. These anchors can attract additional business, and become a strong source of identity for the neighborhood. Activating: When visual or performing arts are brought into the public realm, it activates the space while creating interest, activity, and engagement. More people and eyes on the street drives curiosity to explore and establishes a sense of safety. Fixing: Taking vacant, underutilized, or blighted spaces in a neighborhood and treating them as an opportunity for new art and design projects. This can change how people think about these spaces and the opportunities that they represent. Planning By using the arts and creative community meeting strategies, stakeholder enthusiasm can be bolstered, resulting in valuable input for community design. Bringing artists into the planning process can upend the familiar and allow participants to mentally "unhook" from their preconceived notions. Community Attachment Great places must do more than meet the basic requirements if they want to foster greater community attachment. A strong sense of attachment can result in residents who are more committed to the growth and success of their community. The Knight Foundation conducted a study measuring community attachment, and found that there Community place making on the streets of Chicago. Was very little variation in the primary drivers of attachment rates when compared between different cities across the United States. Drivers of Attachment

Social Offerings - Gathering places that foster face-to-face interactions, building trust with others, and an environment where people care for one another. This includes perceptions of a healthy nightlife, an arts and cultural scene, and community events. Openness - How inclusive the community is to a wide range of people and lifestyles. Openness is measured by perception that the place is good for old people, racial and ethnic minorities, families and children, gays and lesbians, college grads looking for work, immigrants, and young adults without children. Aesthetics - The physical beauty of the place. Mostly focusing on the availability of open green space, parks, playgrounds, and recreational trails. Attachment Trends Placemaking tools and practices Tools and practices of placemaking that benefit from utilizing the mesoscale context include:

  

Form-Based Codes Infill Development Urban Forestry Practices

  

Civil Engineering Architecture Social Media and Placemaking

As society changes to accommodate new technologies, urban planners and citizens alike are attempting to utilize those technologies to enact physical change. One thing that has had a massive impact on western society is the advent of digital technologies, like social media. Urban decision makers are increasingly attempting to plan cities based on feedback from community engagement so as to ensure the development of a durable, livable place. With the invention of niche social technologies, communities have shifted their engagement away from local-government-led forums and platforms, to social media groups on websites such as Facebook and Next door to voice concerns, critiques and desires. In a sense, these new platforms have become a Third Place, in reference to Ray Oldenburg's term.

Social media tools such as these show promise for the future of placemaking in that they are being used to reclaim, reinvigorate and activate spaces. These online neighborhood and event-centric groups and forums provide a convenient non-physical space for public discourse and discussion through digital networked interactions to implement change on a hyper-local level; this theory is sometimes referred to as Urban Acupuncture. This type of shift towards a more crowd-sourced planning method can lead to the creation of more relevant and useful and inclusive places with greater sense of place The Community is the Expert the important starting point in developing a concept for any public space is to identify the talents and. sets within the community. In any community there are people who can provide an historical perspective, valuable insights into how the area functions, and an understanding of the critical issues and what is meaningful to people. Tapping this information at the beginning of the process will help to create a sense of community ownership in the project that can be of great benefit to both the project sponsor and the community. Creating a place, Not a Design If your goal is to create a place design will not be enough. To make an underperforming space into a vital "place." physical elements must be introduced that would make people welcome and comfortable, such as seating and new landscaping, and also through "management" changes in the pedestrian circulation pattern and by developing more effective relationships between the surrounding retail and the activities going on in the public spaces. The goal is to create a place that has both a strong sense of community and a comfortable image, as well as a setting and activities and uses that collectively add up to something more than the sum of its often simple parts. This is cast' to say, but difficult to accomplish. Observation We can all learn a great deal from others' successes and failures. By looking at how people are using (or not using) public spaces and finding out what they like and don't like about them, it is possible to assess what makes them work or not work. Through these observations, it will be clear what kinds of activities arc missing and what might be incorporated. And when the spaces are built, continuing to observe them will teach even more about how to evolve and manage them over time. Having a Vision the vision needs to come out of each individual community. However, essential to a vision for any public space is an idea of what kinds of activities might be happening in the space, a view that the space should be comfortable and have good image, and that it should he on important Owe where people want to be. It should instill a sense of pride in the people who live and work in the surrounding area.

Light, Quicker, Cheaper The complexity of public spaces is such that you cannot expect to do everything right .Initially, The best spaces experiment with short term improvements that can be tested and refined over many years, Elements such as seating, outdoor cares, public am striping of crosswalks and pedestrian havens, community gardens are examples of improvements that can be accomplished in a short time. choice and arrangement different elements in relation to each other can put the triangulation process in motion .Further example, if a bench, a wastebasket and a telephone are placed with no connection to each other, each may receive a very limited use, but when they are arranged together along with other amenities such as a coffee can, they will naturally bring people together .On a broader level, if a children’s reading room in a new library is located so that it Is next to a children's playground in a park and a food kiosk is added, more activity will occur than if these facilities were located separately. Form Supports function the input from the community and potential perm., the understanding how the spaces function. The experimentation and overcoming the obstacles. Although deign is important. These other elements tell you what "form" you need to accomplish the future vision for the space. In addition if the community and other partners are involved in programming and other activities this can also reduce cost. More importantly, that by following these steps. People will have so much enthusiasm for the project that Ne cost is viewed much more broadly end consequently as not significant when compared with the ben... Not arriving at a conclusion by nature good public spaces that respond to in needs. The ongoing changes of the community require attention. Amenities wear out, needs change and other things happen in an urban environment. Being open to the need for change and having the management flexibility to enact Nat change is what builds great public spaces and great Metes and towns. Customization The space can hold different activity for different purpose according to the event or need. The space will be more usable if the space can change with nature or behavior of humans. Space should adopt the nature and the activities coking place.

Fig 20.illustration community

Table 1.width and speed

Table 2.Carriage lane widths as per IRC

CHAPTER 4 ANALYSIS

The place-making approach is a participant-based planning approach that includes community involvement In the development and transformation of spaces into places of higher quality. The concept of place-making

Is to make public spaces more livable. It is a well-known approach in the area of urban planning research. However, the concept of place-making has also been widely utilized in different fields, especially in areas that Require exploring the relationship between place and people.

Fig 21.illustartion pocket parks

Fig 22.illustration recreation

Place making is the process through which we work together to shape our public spaces. Rooted in community-based participation, Place making involves the planning, design, management and programming of shared use spaces. More than just designing spaces, Place making brings together diverse people (including professionals, elected officials, residents, and businesses) to improve a community’s cultural, economic, social and ecological situation. Analysis according to the type of activities Urban space discovery walks / events  ‘Tactical urbanism’ small scale community-led space transformations: Park (in) Day; book boxes; chair bombing; street yoga; etc.  Potentially a Cascadia Place making event bringing together community place making innovators and professionals for cost consulting and facilitation for public and private development and urban planning projects

Streetscapes:  Streets as Open Space – Embrace “Streets as Open Space” concept to balance existing open space as Tempe grows. Embellish with abundant shade, trees, landscape elements, street furniture, engaging storefronts, art, etc.  Enhance streets to maximize safe and efficient use by pedestrians, bicyclists, transit riders, and motorists following the principles of balanced streets  As density, restaurant, and retail options increase, the need for open space becomes more important -- encourage use of landscaped courtyards, street/sidewalk pocket parks, curb extensions, outdoor seating areas, and patios to increase open space opportunities  Sidewalk zones along Broadway Road, Southern Avenue, Rural Road, and Drive should provide for a variety of active and social functions including: contiguous shade, outdoor seating, café tables, pocket parks, publically accessible private open spaces, dog areas, etc.  Promote use of pocket parks and parklets to promote healthy corridors, commercial spaces, and Place making.

Fig 23.section along street

Connectivity / Green Alleys  Connect people “to and through” neighborhoods and development projects. Repurpose alleyways as public trails to expand connectivity. Encourage active use of alleys through safe design.  As redevelopment happens along the arterials, work with developers to ensure frontages along alleyways are designed as well as other elevations.  Focus on alleyways where single-family meets multi-family area.  Encourage active use and treatment of alleyways as an effective buffer/transition tool between singlefamily and multi-family areas

Fig 24.connecting alleys

Crossings:

Fig 25.green alleys

   

Safe, Convenient, Comfortable – Enhance safe routes to school, Universal Design [ADA], Union Pacific Railroad pedestrian/bike crossings, Neighborhood access, shade at intersections, signalized crossings [HAWKs] where appropriate, bulb-outs, and signal timing. Partner with Union Pacific Railroad to create safe north-south crossings from Alameda area to the north to improve circulation and connectivity Partner with private to enhance pedestrian Promote active use of Avenue and corridors as recreational and pedestrian/bike commute corridors.

Fig 26.street crossing

Pedestrian Scale       

Foster Alameda as a premier pedestrian environment and destination. Provide human-scaled experiences by layering interests and maintaining a walkable rhythm of building entries. Superblocks contradict a walkable pedestrian scale. Encourage on-street parking to support viable ground-floor leases and immediate short-term parking in strategic locations where appropriate Encourage flexibility in meeting the requirements for uses within mixed-use areas [office, restaurant, retail, etc.] to energize ground floor activity Promote uses that balance over a 24-hour daily cycle to energize street activity and create vitality Encourage walk-up residential units with landscaped areas along street frontages at the ground-floor along main arterials Support existing grid/single-block street pattern to prevent superblock development Along main arterials/street fronts, provide contiguous shade at building entrances, patios, and sidewalks with overhangs and/or covered sidewalks

Landscape Treatments  The Sonoran Desert has a unique landscape which serves as a community differentiator, rich with rare textures and forms.  Embrace non-invasive, drought-tolerant plant palette to promote water conservation and Placemaking.  Use the Historic Plant Palette as a resource to inform plant selections in appropriate areas [Historic Districts, post-war/flood-irrigated subdivisions]  Promote biodiversity throughout landscapes to help prevent single-specie die-off, disease, pest infestations, etc., and promote sustainable crop pollination, nutrient cycling, and healthy soils, and bird/insect diversity  Promote a maintenance plan that does not over-groom or over-prune arid plants, which causes shock and reduces flowering/pollination  Support tall / high-canopy trees [Aleppo pine, Eucalyptus, Mexican fan palm] which are home to birds of prey [hawks, owls, etc.] as part of a healthy and balanced urban forestry program/habitat

Fig 27.services along street –street deign inclusions

Fig 28.green trellis wall

Public / Private Art:

Fig 29.planter box

Fig 30.community infrastructure along streets

  

Neighborhood Identity + Expression – Promote outdoor art as community infrastructure in transportation, neighborhoods, parks, and commercial / office / mixed-use projects. Work with Arts staff to close existing loophole in Art in Private Development [AIPD] Ordinance which excludes multi-family, mixed-use, and industrial projects pass-through grants, SRP-MIC Gaming Grants, and others for area projects which focus on neighborhood signage, identity, placemaking, etc. Use art and neighborhood identity to triangulate uses which create different user groups [young + old] during different times of the day and week, as well as for special events [canal-based events, Library Complex events, farmers’ markets, etc.]

Fig 31.wall art

Fig 32.art installations

Vibrant Corridors:  Healthy, Engaging, Viable – Foster health, wealth, and resource efficiency; create walkable commercial corridors for better local revenue generation and retention; mitigate need for a personal automobile.  Integrate work of Transportation, Economic Development, and planning teams to promote a vision for the Broadway Road and Southern Avenue corridors as a healthy mix of neighborhood-based tenants with well-designed, pedestrian-scaled ground-floors and commercial corner.  Focus redevelopment efforts to create a successful, walkable, vertical mixed-use project 15.3 Work with Economic Development to identify commercial/strip centers in need of rehabilitation, adaptive reuse, and/or storefront improvement, and actively work to promote a healthy mix of tenants throughout each center [individually], as well as the corridor

Fig 33.crowded streets of India

Fig 34.shopping along streets

Fig 35.transporatation

Fig 36.pedestrain movement

Transitions

Fig 37.transition space -street

    

Design setbacks and step-downs to maintain integrity of single-family neighborhoods adjacent to mixed-use/multi-family areas. Maintain pedestrian-scaled building frontages. Use landscape treatments and art to soften transitions. Scale multi-family and mixed-use developments to meet the character of adjacent single-family areas where immediate adjacency occurs Focus on commercial corners and the Broadway Road corridor where mixed-use/multi-family parcels are adjacent to single-family parcels Encourage active use and treatment of alleyways as an effective buffer/transition tool between singlefamily and multi-family areas. Create design standards for reverse-frontage walls along major arterials throughout the area

As the global population continues to rise, people increasingly migrate to cities. With the pressure on these spaces increasing, the necessity of having an established and widely understood theory for the design of a conducive urban environment is clearly important.

Historic context The consideration of how cities should be laid out is not a new phenomenon. Historians record the first urban formations at least 6,000 years ago. These early cities evolved from a conglomeration of settlements with accepted routes providing access to water and common land. As human society developed, so settlements changed to reflect cultural, trade and defensive requirements. The layout of many cities has common elements: a central fortified area such as a castle, town quarters and suburbs. Open areas were established at the crossing points of trade routes to facilitate the exchange of goods. These open areas became public squares, and many of them also served a political function, enabling the ruling elite to gather and be seen by those they ruled, in processions, parades and religious ceremonies. These squares are also credited with facilitating the exchange of ideas between traders and city-dwellers as they swapped goods. For example, it is generally accepted that writing was developed to facilitate the record of trades made in such squares by the early Phoenicians. As cities grew, industries and trades concentrated in particular areas within the urban zone. In spite of the many similarities in the development of the world's cities, there were also subtle differences in how particular societies and groups arranged the built environment; and historians draw on these differences to infer cultural, religious and attitudinal differences. For example, in Islamic cities from the fourteenth century, squares were often near the gates because they were associated with bazaars or markets, whereas squares in European cities tended to be in city centers because they were associated with cathedrals and municipal buildings A sense of place (genius loci) is the essential character and spirit of an area. Placemaking is a term used to describe the process by which an area in the public realm is given a unique and attractive character. In itself, placemaking is a generic concept which could be said to embrace the work of a number of professions, including architects, town planners, master planners, urban designers and landscape architects. Placemaking emerged in the 1960s when commentators, theorists and writers began to call for a greater consideration of the individual’s experience of the built environment. In 'The Death and Life of Great American Cities' (1961), for example, the American-Canadian writer and activist Jane Jacobs argued that the practice of urban renewal was not taking into consideration the needs of most city-dwellers. She drew on sociology concepts such as ‘social capital’ and ‘eyes on the street’, and advocated a grass-roots approach to urban planning. Current practice in placemaking Placemaking is the task of making an area feel attractive to inhabitants, visitors and the wider public and currently tends to be used to describe a stream of work which runs in parallel with the technical and practical work of designing the built environment. This process can apply to large-scale, national or city-wide developments, as well as small street-level initiatives. Because placemaking bridges the technical and practical work of designing a place with processes as varied as public consultation, marketing, PR, branding and events management; the practice is interpreted and described in a range of ways by the different groups involved. It is sometimes described as a process and sometimes a philosophy, and this lack of definition can lead to confusion with clients, stakeholders and other professionals.

Measuring the success of placemaking A potential area of difficulty which arises when a field of work crosses disciplines and lacks a precise definition is that it can be problematic to judge success. How can the ‘attractiveness’ or ‘uniqueness’ of an area be valued in absolute terms? How can people’s feelings about a place be accurately measured? It is essential for the client and the team to agree at the outset which measures are practicable and appropriate for their development. Not only does this avoid misunderstanding but it also gives the team the potential to conduct the same test before and after the works – giving the potential for an accurate measure of change/acceptance by target groups. These measures of success should be closely linked to the issues which prompted project’s initial brief:  Why is money being spent on this project?  What does the project hope to achieve?  Who is it for?  How will this be achieved? The project team may want to consider the red line for the project and whether placemaking is an appropriate means of extending the benefits of the initiative outside the construction area. Specific measures will vary from project to project and depend on its scale, some suggestions for approaches include: Involvement and acceptance by wider community – those within 5-mile radius, 10-mile radius to visit at least once a month, once a year. If the project is of national significance, questions could be included in a Mori poll, for instance, to gauge attitude and awareness. Involvement and acceptance by younger, older, working people – this would need to be quantified in a visit audit or poll - see above. Involvement and acceptance by specific local resident groups – as above. Reduction of crime – this would be an analysis of statistics. Visibility in regional, national, international media – this would be an analysis of press cuttings and web mentions. Public to accept the place’s sustainability credentials – this would be a combination of public questionnaire and audit of press coverage. Public to see the area as easily accessible from town Centre – this could be audited by analyzing visitor journey times, including a question in the public questionnaire and an audit of media coverage. Popularity – this could be on numbers, inclusion of positive words in questionnaire to an anecdotal question about impressions. Methods of conducting a placemaking audit could include: Observe (watch or film) visitor numbers during set times of the day. Observe dwell time of visitors in particular areas. Create a questionnaire (see below for ideas of questions) and ask a pre-agreed number of visitors at set times in the day. Audit mentions in the media. Analyze takings in shops/local trades. It should be noted that some projects currently being tendered connect education and work opportunities provided by the development with placemaking.

Placemaking at different stages in a project The process of placemaking can occur at different stages in a project. If a project is a new development in a previously unoccupied area, then it may include less consultation than a project in the Centre of a densely occupied space. Placemaking at concept and design stages The project team may commission a Placebook from a specialist consultant. This book will provide an overview of the project’s context, the history of the site, as well as setting out the aims of the project and providing a demonstration of its brand values. Some Place books are created following consultation with groups of experts, local people and stakeholders, and include distillations of the outcomes of these meetings. A place book is often organized thematically, such as: history, vision, brand values, design, culture, community, commercial, sustainability. The publicly-visible element of placemaking at concept and design stages tends to fall under the heading of ‘Community engagement’ and be defined by the Localism Act enacted which specifies that before a development can take place the local community should have its say. This kind of placemaking may include: Presentations of initial concepts for the project in boards, on notices, on the internet. Meetings / workshops with local residents (these may be held regularly through the life of the project). Request for comments and ideas. A phone line / email address / social media space (#) for people to contact the team. For an example of this placemaking. As society changes to accommodate new technologies, urban planners and citizens alike are attempting to utilize those technologies to enact physical change. One thing that has had a massive impact on western society is the advent of digital technologies, like social media. Urban decision makers are increasingly attempting to plan cities based on feedback from community engagement so as to ensure the development of a durable, livable place. With the invention of niche social technologies, communities have shifted their engagement away from local-government-led forums and platforms, to social media groups on websites such as Facebook and Next door to voice concerns, critiques and desires. In a sense, these new platforms have become a Third Place, in reference to Ray Oldenburg's term.

The Community is the Expert The important starting point in developing a concept for any public space is to identify the talents and. sets within the community. In any community there are people who can provide an historical perspective, valuable insights into how the area functions, and an understanding of the critical issues and what is meaningful to people. Tapping this information at the beginning of the process will help to create a sense of community ownership in the project that can be of great benefit to both the project sponsor and the community. Creating a place, Not a Design If your goal is to create a place design will not be enough. To make an underperforming space into a vital "place." physical elements must be introduced that would make people welcome and comfortable, such as seating and new landscaping, and also through "management" changes in the pedestrian circulation pattern and by developing more effective relationships between the surrounding retail and the activities going on in the public spaces. The goal is to create a place that has both a strong sense of community and a comfortable image, as well as a setting and activities and uses that collectively add up to something more than the sum of its often simple parts. This is cast' to say, but difficult to accomplish. Observation We can all learn a great deal from others' successes and failures. By looking at how people are using (or not using) public spaces and finding out what they like and don't like about them, it is possible to assess what makes them work or not work. Through these observations, it will be clear what kinds of activities arc missing and what might be incorporated. And when the spaces are built, continuing to observe them will teach even more about how to evolve and manage them over time. Having a Vision the vision needs to come out of each individual community. However, essential to a vision for any public space is an idea of what kinds of activities might be happening in the space, a view that the space should be comfortable and have good image, and that it should he on important Owe where people want to be. It should instill a sense of pride in the people who live and work in the surrounding area. Light, Quicker, Cheaper The complexity of public spaces is such that you cannot expect to do everything right .Initially, The best spaces experiment with short term improvements that can be tested and refined over many years, Elements such as seating, outdoor cares, public am striping of crosswalks and pedestrian havens, community gardens are examples of improvements that can be accomplished in a short time. choice and arrangement different elements in relation to each other can put the triangulation process in motion .Further example, if a bench, a wastebasket and a telephone are placed with no connection to each other, each may receive a very limited use, but when they are arranged together along with other amenities such as a coffee can, they will naturally bring people together .On a broader level, if a children’s reading room in a new library is located so that it Is next to a children's playground in a park and a food kiosk is added, more activity will occur than if these facilities were located separately. Form Supports function the input from the community and potential perm., the understanding how the spaces function. The experimentation and overcoming the obstacles. Although deign is important. These other elements tell you what "form" you need to accomplish the future vision for the space. In addition if the community and other partners are involved in programming and other activities this can also reduce cost. More importantly, that by following these steps. People will have so much enthusiasm for the project that Ne cost is viewed much more broadly end consequently as not significant when compared with the ben... Not arriving at a conclusion by nature good public spaces that respond to in needs. The ongoing changes of the community require attention. Amenities wear out, needs change and other things happen in an urban

environment. Being open to the need for change and having the management flexibility to enact Nat change is what builds great public spaces and great Metes and towns. Customization The space can hold different activity for different purpose according to the event or need. The space will be more usable if the space can change with nature or behavior of humans. Space should adopt the nature and the activities coking place. Placemaking during construction It is best practice to continue to involve local stakeholders and the wider community during the construction phase. The involvement could range from a simple notice on a hoarding setting out the project’s aims and timetable, to a commitment to invite local people to provide skills and services to the project, to the provision of a bespoke community space offering a community information hub during the life of the project. For example, 'View Tube' was set up during the construction of the Queen Elizabeth Park during the 2012 Olympic Games to offer a space for groups to meet and view progress as well as bespoke education programs tailored to the curriculum. A cafe and small community arts space were made open to all. The popularity of the space has given it an unexpected ongoing life as a cafe and community hub. Placemaking to launch a new development When a development launches, it is important for its popular image to change. The new development may offer new services or commercial opportunities, or it may simply be aiming to attract different people. Successful launch placemaking strategies include: Hold an event - this could be a party to launch the space or may be a more strategic publicity stunt. Find elements of the new development to share with the media and general public. Encourage buy-in from all elements of the community, have a joing planning team. Long-term placemaking Although a one-off event is important in setting the tone, long-term detailed work is essential to effective placemaking, just as much as the consideration of placemaking in the initial design. It is important to note that much of the long-term placemaking work should have been planned at the outset. This is because relationships take time to grow. Planning in a long-term strategy from the start also ensures practical issues have been considered and the design of the space is able to accommodate the likely range of end uses required. Long-term placemaking activities should be developed in consultation with the local and targeted people affected by the development. Strategies might include: Host an event or series of events targeted at the strategic audience, it may involve music, film, sport, art or even a carnival. Festivals can start small and grow year on year. The regeneration of Folkstone through its Art Triennale and associated spin-off festivals is an interesting model. Ensure all elements of the new development, both physical and virtual, are on-message and on-brand. Have an ongoing budget for maintenance. Placemaking is about people’s experiences of a place and it is important to pay attention to ongoing maintenance, cleaning, repair and refurbishment.

Set up a managed community allotment scheme to encourage people to connect, this could be linked to a market to enable allotment growers to sell spare goods, or it could be as modest as a small stall. Form partnerships with local businesses, schools, colleges and other institutions where local groups meet and listen to what they want from the development. Small, low-key events can be extremely effective if they form part of a strategic campaign. People are always happy to share good experiences with their friends. Harnessing the power of social media is essential.

Fig 38.strategies in place-making

Community Attachment Great places must do more than meet the basic requirements if they want to foster greater community attachment. A strong sense of attachment can result in residents who are more committed to the growth and success of their community. The Knight Foundation conducted a study measuring community attachment, and found that there Community placemaking on the streets of Chicago. was very little variation in the primary drivers of attachment rates when compared between different cities across the United States.

Drivers of Attachment Social Offerings - Gathering places that foster face-to-face interactions, building trust with others, and an environment where people care for one another. This includes perceptions of a healthy nightlife, an arts and cultural scene, and community events. Openness - How inclusive the community is to a wide range of people and lifestyles. Openness is measured by perception that the place is good for old people, racial and ethnic minorities, families and children, gays and lesbians, college grads looking for work, immigrants, and young adults without children. Aesthetics - The physical beauty of the place. Mostly focusing on the availability of open green space, parks, playgrounds, and recreational trails. Attachment Trends

CHAPTER 5 CONCLUSION

Fig 39.public places and its value

Method of design development Step 1: Assess public space challenges Step 2: Select a site Step 3: Identify key stakeholders Evaluating your neighborhood Step 4: Collect data Making a place plan Step 5: Conduct place evaluation workshop Step 6: Translate the ideas into action with a working group Step 7: Develop a visual concept plan Step 8: Create a summary report and presentation Implementing your place plan Step 9: Implement short-term actions Step 10: Develop long-term design and management plans Step 11: Assess results and replicate

Conclusion In conclusion, the results of the analysis show that the four main significant attributes of a great Place are imaging, sociability, activities and accessibility, which are the themes that determine the Place-making approach studied Simultaneously, the planner and developer must consider community views and ideas in the transformation of a space to a place. Connections between destination and tourists should be made; the visiting community makes the connection important in the relationship between places and people. When making places for tourist destinations, focus should not only been creating the image of the place, but also on how to involve people such as the government, businesses, non-government organizations and tourists to achieve the development of sustainability. Lastly, suggestions based on the analysis output include the need for studies that focus on adapting the concept of tourism place-making since the approach can become a suitable sustainable planning method for making heritage destinations.

Fig 40.the benefits of great places –sources-project for great places

Sources and references 1. The Image of the City, by Kevin Lynch (1960) 2. The Death and Life of Great American Cities, by Jane Jacobs (1961) 3. Place and Space: The Perspective of Experience, by Yi-Fu Tuan (1977) 4. Placemaking: The Art and Practice of Building Communities] by Lynda H. Schneekloth & Robert G. Shibley (1995) 5. The Great Good Place, by Ray Oldenburg (1989) 6. The Ecology of Place, by Timothy Beatley and Kristy Manning (1997) 7. How to Turn a Place Around, by Project for Public Spaces (2000) 8. The Art of Placemaking: Interpreting Community Through Public Art and Urban Design, by Ronald Lee Fleming at The Townscape Institute (2007) 9. The Routledge Handbook of Placemaking, by Cara Courage, Tom Borrup, Maria Rosario Jackson, Kylie Legge, Anita Mckeown, Louise Platt, Jason Schupbach 10. "What is Placemaking? | Project for Public Spaces". Pps.org. 31 December 2009. Retrieved 15 August 2012. 11. /http://www.pps.org/reference/jgehl/ 12. "Eleven Principles for Creating Great Community Places - Project for Public Spaces". Project for Public Spaces. Retrieved 29 March 2017. 13. "Health Promotion Glossary" (PDF). Health Promotion Glossary. World Health Organization. 1998. Retrieved 11 September 2016. 14. Analysis, US Department of Commerce, BEA, Bureau of Economic. "Bureau of Economic Analysis". bea.gov. Retrieved 3 May 2018. 15. Bennett, Jamie (2014). "Creative Placemaking" (PDF). Community Development INVESTMENT REVIEW. 10 (2, 2014): 77–82. 16. Appadurai, A., 1987. Street Culture. India Mag. 81 12–22. 17. Gambetta, C., Bandyopadhyay, R., 2012. Streetscapes – The problem. Seminar India 636. 18. Jana Urban Space Foundation, 2011. Tender SURE Volume 1: Design Standards. 19. Mani, L., 2013. Integral nature of things: critical reflections on the present. Routledge, London; New York.

END OF THE REPORT