Basic Concepts on Gender and Development
La Rainne Abad-Sarmiento, DPA National GAD Resource Program Philippine Commission on Women
Member, PCW GAD Resource Pool
Objective
Enhance and level –off participants’ understanding of basic gender and development (GAD) concepts as part of ensuring gender-sensitive/responsive institutional governance and service delivery .
National GAD Resource Program Philippine Commission on Women
•Differentiating between SEX and GENDER
National GAD Resource Program Philippine Commission on Women
Sex Biological maleness or femaleness •
Reproductive organs
• Chromosomes •
Hormones
> Universal > Then and Now National GAD Resource Program Philippine Commission on Women
Sex
MALE
Sex organs
Hormones
PENIS TESTICLES
VAGINA OVARIES
androgen
estrogen â—? progeste rone
testosterone
Chromosomes
National GAD Resource Program Philippine Commission on Women
FEMALE
xy
xx
Gender is
> a social construct
> psychological and socio-cultural characteristics associated with our sex (feminine or masculine) passed through socialization different across cultures changes with time, technology, values and belief systems
National GAD Resource Program Philippine Commission on Women
The Gender Division of Labor Society defines gender roles for women and men. These also define how we value labor for each of these: PRODUCTIVE role/work REPRODUCTIVE role/work COMMUNITY MANAGEMENT role/work
National GAD Resource Program Philippine Commission on Women
Gender Division of Labor
Reproductive roles/work Childcare Household chores/ House management Backyard production Family health care (sick, elderly, other abled)
National GAD Resource Program Philippine Commission on Women
Community management: >Health care and nutrition > Church maintenance >Church leadership > Cleaning/greening > Peace-keeping > Fund raising >
National GAD Resource Program Philippine Commission on Women
Women have multiple gender roles reproductive, productive and community management Often, women are expected or forced by circumstances to perform multiple gender roles
National GAD Resource Program Philippine Commission on Women
Manifestation of Gender bias/discrimination (MGB)
or Gender issues/gaps 1. Multiple burdens 2. Stereotyping 3. Subordination 4. Marginalization 5. Violence against women National GAD Resource Program Philippine Commission on Women
Manifestations of Gender Bias 1 Multiple roles, multiple burdens • Many women do productive work, perform most reproductive roles, and are still relied upon for community management tasks; • Given current family set-up embedded in kinship ties, women are expected or forced by circumstances to perform multiple gender roles.
National GAD Resource Program Philippine Commission on Women
http://www.academia.edu/1162637/The Plight of Older National GAD Resource Program Philippine Commission on Women
women in the fishing industry AKLAN
Manifestations of Gender Bias
2 Gender Stereotyping Gender stereotypes persist lalaki=haligi ng tahanan babae=ilaw ng tahanan Women and men have different expected tasks and needs National GAD Resource Program Philippine Commission on Women
•
• • • •
Caring Nurturing Family oriented Patient Other-oriented
THUS, it is assumed that: • Home is her natural location • May be paid less/serve for free
But are these expectations/role assignments fair? Are these stereotyped traits of men and women remain the same?
National GAD Resource Program Philippine Commission on Women
Many people may have both feminine and masculine traits
Physical Psychological Social Cultural
Androgyny National GAD Resource Program Philippine Commission on Women
3 Subordination (Political field) Women play fewer roles in policy decision making even when our lives are stake.
Only few women get involved in local or national governance processes, like planning and policy decision making. We have yet to see more women in seats of power.
Former Mayor Sonia Lorenzo Sn Isidro, Nueva Ecija Program National GAD Resource
Philippine Commission on Women
Electoral reforms have to be instituted gainst unregulated election spending/political dynasties. Reproductive functions are used by family members against women when some aspire for public office.
May 2010 Elections Results for every Position by Sex as of July 2012 (Source: COMELEC Election Research and Statistics Department )
ELECTIVE POSITIONS
No. of Seats
Total No Candidates
%
Total No Elected
PHILIPPINES
17996
50268
41741
83.04 8340
16.60
17893
14498
81.03 3305
President
1
9
8
88.89
1
11.11
1
1
100
0
Vice- Pres
1
8
7
87.50
1
12.50
1
1
100
0
Senator
12 57
61 187
47
77.04
14
22.95
12 56
10 42
83.33 75.00
2 14
16.66 25.00
Congress District Rep
229
801
670
83.65
131
16.35
229
179
78.17
50
21.83
Governor
80 80 766
291 241 2041
249 207 1748
85.57 85.89 85.64
42 34 293
14.43 14.10 14.36
80 80 765
64 70 644
80.00 87.5 84.18
16 10 121
20.00 12.5 15.82
137 137
463 391
391 331
84.44 84.65
72 60
15.55 15.35
137 137
110 117
80.29 85.40
27 20
19.71 14.60
84.12 82.24 84.62 83.02
728 723 607 5634
15.88 17.76 15.38 16.98
1512 1482 1481 11830
1227 1190 1239 9604
81.15 80.30 83.66 81.18
285 292 242 2226
18.85 19.70 16.34 18.82
Party list
V-Governor Board member City Mayor City V-Mayor
Male
City Councilor 1522
4584 3856 Mun Mayor 1497 4071 3348 MunV-Mayor 1497 3946 3339 Mun 11980 33174 National GAD Resource Program 27540 Councilor Philippine Commission on Women
%
Female
Male
%
Female
%
18.47
May 2013 Elections Results for every Position by Sex as of July 2013
( Source: COMELEC Election Research and Statistics
Department )
ELECTIVE POSITIONS
No. of Seats
Total No Candidates
Male
%
PHILIPPINES
18054
44449
36401
81.89
Senator
12
33
25
75.75
Party list
58
123
Congress District Rep
234
630
505
Governor
80
202
V-Governor
80
Board member 766
Female
%
Total No Elected
17.82
17969
14331
79.75
3580
19.92
8
24.25
12
8
66.66
4
33.33
80.15
125
19.84
234
174
74.36
60
25.64
167
82.68
35
17.32
80
62
77.5
18
22.5
191
165
86.38
26
13.61
80
69
86.25
11
13.75
1755
1483
84.5
272
15.5
766
625
81.6
141
18.4
7925
Male
%
Female
%
City Mayor
143
377
313
83
64
17
143
112
78.32
31
21.68
City V-Mayor
143
355
304
85.63
51
14.37
143
122
85.31
21
14.69
City Councilor
1598
4031
3308
82.06
723
17.94
1598
1269
79.41
329
20.59
Mun Mayor
1491
3517
2830
80.47
687
19.53
1484 a
1172
78.98
312
21.02
MunV-Mayor
1491
3946
3339
84.62
607
15.38
1484 a
1228
82.75
256
17.25
Mun Councilor
11932
29673
24308
81.92
5365
18.08
11861 b
9468
79.82
2393
20.18
ARRM GOV
1
6
4
66.67
2
33.33
1
1
100
0
0
Program ARRM V- GOVNational 1 GAD Resource 8 8
100
0
0
1
1
100
0
0
ASSEMBLYMAN 24
90
8
10
24
20
83.33
4
16.67
Philippine Commission on Women
80
72
: .
Elections Results of Elected Candidates by Sex in 1998, 2001, 2004, 2007 , 2010, 2013 Source: COMELEC Election Research and Statistics Department
No. of Seats
Total No Male Candidates
1998
17512
63531
54454
85.71
9077
14.29
17403
14593
83.85
2810
16.15
2001
17623
52408
44332
84.59
8076
15.40
17479
14480
82.84
2999
17.16
2004
17713
50160
42705
85.14
7455
14.86
17573
14651
83.37
2922
16.63
2007
17887
46211
38787
83.93
7424
16.07
17482
14442
82.61
3040
17.38
2010
17996
50268
41741
83.04
8340
16.60
17803
14498
81.44
3305
18.56
2013
18054
44449
36401
81.89
7925
17.82
17969
14331
79.75
3580
19.92
Election Year
National GAD Resource Program Philippine Commission on Women
%
Female
%
Total No Elected
Male
%
Female
%
4 Marginalization Ex: Community Decision- making
National GAD Resource Program Philippine Commission on Women
4 Marginalization Men continue to dominate the corporate world, politics and sports
National GAD Resource Program Philippine Commission on Women
Women dominate service occupations which are valued less.
National GAD Resource Program Philippine Commission on Women
5 Violence Against Women • Physical (punching, kicking, hurting with objects) • Sexual (rape, incest) • Psychological( verbal, • abandonment, no family support) “Lay down or lay off”
Sexual“Kuwarto harassment o kuwatro” Peeping, chancing, National GAD Resource Program Philippine Commission on Women
Sexist statements and jokes
National GAD Resource Program Philippine Commission on Women
ď Ž Prostitution ď Ž Trafficking
Click to edit Master title style National GAD Resource Program Philippine Commission on Women
Manifestation of Gender bias/discrimination (MGB)
or Gender issues/gaps 1. Multiple burdens 2. Stereotyping 3. Subordination 4. Marginalization 5. Violence against women
National GAD Resource Program Philippine Commission on Women
FOR EVERY WOMAN • For every woman who is tired of acting weak • when she knows she is strong • there is a man • who is tired of appearing strong • when he feels vulnerable • • For every woman • who is tired of acting dumb • there is a man • who is burdened with the constant • expectation of “knowing” everything • National GAD Resource Program Philippine Commission on Women
For every woman who is tired of being called “an emotional female” there is a man who is denied the right to weep and be gentle For every woman who feels “tied down” by her children there is a man who is denied the full pleasure of shared parenthood. National GAD Resource Program Philippine Commission on Women
FOR EVERY WOMAN For every woman who is denied meaningful employment and equal pay there is a man who must bear full financial responsibility for another human being. For every woman who was not taught the intricacies of an automobile, there is a man who was not taught the satisfaction of cooking •
National GAD Resource Program Philippine Commission on Women
FOR EVERY WOMAN For every woman who takes a step toward her own liberation, there is a man who finds that the way to freedom has been made a little easier. by Nancy Smith National GAD Resource Program Philippine Commission on Women
Doitong Hill in Chang Rai Thailand
Given centuries of patriarchy the phallus has become a symbol of power in many societies
Marble pillar Huabiao, China
Ghost valley Crimea mountains, Ukraine
Agbar Tower, Barcelona, Spain National GAD Resource Program Philippine Commission on Women
Ruins of Dionysios temple, Greece
Will giving creative spaces for women and other genders for selfdetermination and expression possible? National GAD Resource Program Philippine Commission on Women
How can culture be used to equalize the present unsymmetrical /unfair relations and conditions?
National GAD Resource Program Philippine Commission on Women
VISION FOR THE FUTURE
MANIFESTATIONS OF GENDER BIAS
MULTIPLE BURDEN
Â
Productive Work
Shared responsibility
Reproductive Work/Parenting
Shared housework and Shared Parenting
Community Management / Work Shared Leadership / work
National GAD Resource Program Philippine Commission on Women
VISION FOR THE FUTURE
MANIFESTATIONS OF GENDER BIAS
STEREOTYPING OF ROLES
Woman as caregiver/nurturer Men as bread-winner, head of family
Shared roles
Obedient Woman, Powerful Men
Same Capacity to be/to do
Church roles and expectations
More women in church leadership
in caregiving
Woman to please and suffer in Modeling non-traditional roles Mass Media National GAD Resource Program Philippine Commission on Women
MANIFESTATIONS OF GENDER BIAS
VISION FOR THE FUTURE
MARGINALIZATION Non-recognition or low- valuation Recognition and Valuation of women’s of women’s work work Unequal pay for similar job
Equal pay for equal work
Last to hired First to be fired
Equitable recruitment and promotion policies
Limited opportunities for employment
Equal Opportunities for work and income generation
Non-recognition or low- valuation Recognition and Valuation of women’s of women’s work work National GAD Resource Program Philippine Commission on Women
Unequal pay for similar job
Equal pay for equal work
VISION FOR THE FUTURE
MANIFESTATIONS OF GENDER BIAS
SUBORDINATION
Â
Decision Making
Shared decision making
Opportunities for promotion
Eliminate obstacles for promotion
Equal opportunities Role in and Numbers in Leadership Positions for leadership positions
National GAD Resource Program Philippine Commission on Women
VISION FOR THE FUTURE
MANIFESTATIONS OF GENDER BIAS
VIOLENCE AGAINST WOMEN
Â
Physical
Respect for every person
Psychological Verbal
Relationship based on love and respect Equal treatment
Sexual Harassment
Respect for the law
Rape, Incest
More Reporting /Prosecution/ Conviction Decriminalization / Prosecution
Prostitution Trafficking National GADand Resource Program Philippine Commission on Women
Om Shanti
Maraming salamat!
the key to the future is in our hands!
National GAD Resource Program Philippine Commission on Women