Concepts and Tools for Gender Analysis Gender Analysis and GPB Training for DOH Central and Attached Agencies October 22-24, 2014; Tagaytay City
Office of the President Philippine Commission on Women
EXERCISE: ASKING THE RIGHT QUESTIONS List down possible questions to: - Surface the situation of women and men - Roles and responsibilities of women and men - Differential access to resources - Differential impact of programs and projects Office of the President Philippine Commission on Women
89% of women workers in NCR are in the Services Sector
20% of the management positions are occupied by women
Office of the President Philippine Commission on Women
PRESENTATION OUTLINE I. Gender Analysis Defined II. Data and Materials for Gender Analysis III. Gender Analysis Tools 24 Hour Activity Profile GMEF HGDG
I. Exercise on Applying the HGDG Office of the President Philippine Commission on Women
GENDER ANALYSIS: SESSION OBJECTIVES • To develop a basic understanding of gender analysis and its benefits • To become familiar with gender analysis tools, approaches and data
Office of the President Philippine Commission on Women
Gender Analysis-Planning Flow Situation analysis • Identification of gender issues • Investigation of causes of the issues
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Development and implementation of strategy •Addressing gender gender issues and their causes •Creating opportunities
GAD goals and targets (gender equality and women’s empowerment) •Monitoring performance and results •Assessment of intervention strategies Office of the President Philippine Commission on Women
WHAT IS GENDER ANALYSIS? Process of asking or investigating key questions at the beginning of a planning process that will help in:
identifying gaps or differences between women and men, girls and boys Understanding why these gaps exist and persist Choosing what actions to take to reduce the gap or address the issue
Process of considering how women and men, girls and boys, and their social relations are affected by the way an organization operates, or a development program is being implemented Office of the President Philippine Commission on Women
WHAT IS GENDER ANALYSIS? It contributes to being more accurate in disaggregating the factors that create and sustain one condition. Some questions to be asked: 5 W and 1 H -WHO DOES WHAT, WHO DECIDES - WHAT ARE THE OPTIONS - WHERE IS IT LOCATED - WHEN IS IT HELD - WHY IS IT A PRIORITY - HOW WILL IT AFFECT OTHERS Office of the President Philippine Commission on Women
WHY GENDER ANALYSIS? To understand social processes and respond with informed and equitable options. To identify gender issue/s and design strategies relevant to proposed/existing PPAs. To ensure that concerns particular to women are included in the development agenda To anticipate impacts of policies/programs/ services on both women and men (gender impact assessment) Office of the President Philippine Commission on Women
LEVELS OF GENDER ANALYSIS • Household and community level – Gender gaps – Gender analysis matrix (GAM) – 24 hour activity profile • Project or program – Harmonized GAD Guidelines (HGDG) • Organization or institution – PCW’s Gender Mainstreaming Evaluation Framework (GMEF) – Gender Responsive LGU (GeRL Ka Ba Tool) for LGUs
Office of the President Philippine Commission on Women
STEPS IN GENDER-BASED ANALYSIS 1. Surface the differential situation of men and women 2. Identify the differential roles and responsibilities of men and women 3. Analyze the differential access to resources of men and women 4. Analyze the differential impact of programs or project interventions to men Office of the President and women Philippine Commission on Women
1. Surface the differential situation (access to National HIV/STI Prevention Program) of men and women (There is no sex disaggregated data on the access of women and men to the Program.) • If men’s access rate is low, why? What are the reasons? – Macho image?? – Source? Where would they prefer to get if from? Government? Private? Female health worker? Male health worker? – Educational levels? – Economic capabilities? • What would make them access the Program?
• What is the gender dimension of accessing the Program? • What prevent/hinder them from accessing the Program? –Husband’s/family’s decision –Economic capabilities? –Educational level? –Social support?
Office of the President Philippine Commission on Women
2. Identify the differential roles and responsibilities of men and women
• What are the gender roles assigned to males? Productive, what else? • What are the gender roles assigned to females? Reproductive, what else? • How are these roles affecting access to the HIV/STI Program?
Office of the President Philippine Commission on Women
3. Analyze the differential access to resources of men and women
• Who has more access to HIV/STI Prevention Program (e.g. free voluntary HIV Counseling and testing service) men or women? Why? • Is it because the testing services are more accessible to females? • Is it because most of the HIV counselors are females? • To whom are the IECs on the Program directed? To both males and females? Where are the IECs conducted? Office of the President Philippine Commission on Women
4. Analyze the differential impact of programs or project interventions to men and women • How would national HIV/STI prevention program benefit the man? • What will be the impact of accessing the program? • Reduced chances of transmission to others?
• How would national HIV/STI prevention program benefit the woman? • What will be the impact of accessing the program to the woman? • Loss of job?stigma?
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PART 2 DATA AND MATERIALS FOR GENDER ANALYSIS
Office of the President Philippine Commission on Women
Data that can be analyzed • Qualitative – Narrative administrative reports – Case studies – Observation data
• Quantitative – Tabulated data from official statistical databases (based on surveys, censuses) – Numerical information from administrative reports – Numerical/statistical data from research studies Office of the President Philippine Commission on Women
Office of the President Philippine Commission on Women
Maternal Mortality Rate (per 100,000 live births)
300 250 200 150
209
203
221 197
191
186
180 172 162
100 50
19 90 19 91 19 92 19 93 19 94 19 95 19 98 20 06 20 11 20 15
0
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• Where are birthing facilities in located? • Are pregnant women delivering in these centers? • Has maternal mortality Office of thedeclined President Philippine Commission on Women because of these
Office of the President Philippine Commission on Women
Office of the President Philippine Commission on Women
Would it be easy to bring birthing mothers to the birthing facilities and/or hospital in this condition?
• Would it be easy for mothers to bring their infants and young children to the health center or hospital in this condition? • Would it be easy for pregnant women to have prenatal if the situation and road to the health and center or hospital is like this?
Office of the President Philippine Commission on Women
Factors contributing to maternal deaths: •Money •Distance to health facilities •Wait & see attitude •Late referrals
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BIRTHING FACILITIES
Office of the President Philippine Commission on Women
Office of the President Philippine Commission on Women
Morbidity Causes, LDS •Diarrhea •Pneumonia •Acute Respiratory Infection •Tuberculosis •Parasitism What infrastructure facilities and programs or services are needed to reduce the number of persons who gets sick? Office of the President Philippine Commission on Women
Infectious diseases among infants pneumonia, diarrhea, measles
•What are the effects of infectious diseases to children? •How does this affect the mother? How does it affect the father?
Office of the President Philippine Commission on Women
Key facts-Tuberculosis • • • • • •
•
Tuberculosis (TB) is second only to HIV/AIDS as the greatest killer worldwide due to a single infectious agent. In 2012, 8.6 million people fell ill with TB and 1.3 million died from TB. Over 95% of TB deaths occur in low- and middle-income countries, and it is among the top three causes of death for women aged 15 to 44. In 2012, an estimated 530 000 children became ill with TB and 74 000 HIVnegative children died of TB. An estimated 22 million lives saved through use of DOTS and the Stop TB Strategy recommended by WHO. People infected with TB bacteria have a lifetime risk of falling ill with TB of 10%. However persons with compromised immune systems, such as people living with HIV, malnutrition or diabetes, or people who use tobacco, have a much higher risk of falling ill. Without proper treatment up to two thirds of people ill with TB will die.
Office of the President Philippine Commission on Women
Who is most at risk? Tuberculosis mostly affects young adults, in their most productive years. However, all age groups are at risk. Over 95% of cases and deaths are in developing countries.
People who are co-infected with HIV and TB are 21 to 34 times more likely to become sick with TB (see TB and HIV section). Risk of active TB is also greater in persons suffering from other conditions that impair the immune system.
Office of the President Philippine Commission on Women
Prevalence of Violence Against Women (VAW)
Enhanced Data Collection on VAW • Out of the 9,316 women who’s ages ranged from 15 to 49 • 1 out of 5: was physically abused • 1 out of 15: was abused in the past 12 months • 1 out of 28: was abused even during pregnancy
• 1 out 10: sexually abused • • • •
Less than a fifth (17%) sought help 1 out of 5 sexually abused women fought back physically 1 out of 3 retaliated verbally Out of those sexually abused, how many were infected with STI/HIV among others? Office of the President Philippine Commission on Women
Women in Especially Difficult Circumstances • Are there cases of violence against women (VAW)? • Are there WCPUs in the area? • Are these enough? • Are referral mechanisms for VAW cases established? • Are there centers for trafficked/abused women? • How does VAW affect women entrepreneurs?
Cases served by DSWD
Female Male
Sexually abused
2,557
1,289
722
696
1,178
10
Abandoned
244
199
Victims of child labor
289
363
66
2
Physically abused/maltreated Neglected
Sexually exploited Uncategorized
Office of21 the President2 Philippine Commission on Women
Labor Force Participation Rate
What are the policies , standards and guidelines on occupational health? Who are more prone to occupational health hazards? Are the programs and projects related to occupational health gender-responsive? Office of the President Philippine Commission on Women
Office of the President Philippine Commission on Women
•Why are there more male cases? Why is the rate of male cases doubled compare to that of women? •What are the available programs for women and men? Are their special needs considered in the programs
•What is the age structure of the cases? •What is the percentage of the cases requiring care? •Who usually provides care for the infected male and female?
Most of the cases (95%) were males. The median age was 27 years (age range: 4-61 years). The 20-29 year (57%) age group had the most number of cases.
Office of the President Philippine Commission on Women
Gender Analysis in infectious diseases - What are the social, economic and personal/biological determinants and consequences of infectious diseases - how gender interacts with these factors to produce different outcomes for males and females - include the different roles of men and women in the household, status within the household and community, and cultural norms affecting risks of infection
Office of the President Philippine Commission on Women
The gender differences in the consequences of infectious diseases include •how illness is experienced, •treatment-seeking behaviour, •nature of treatment, and care and support received from the family and care providers. •economic consequences may be worse for women who are left with families to support when husbands become infected and die, or they may not be able to earn income or support their families when they themselves are ill. Office of the President Philippine Commission on Women
Source of Drinking Water 20% 36%
44% Faucet Deep Well River, Dug-Shallow Well
•Who fetches water? •How far is the source? •How long does it take to fetch the water? •How often is it done in a day?
•What are the available facilities for safe drinking water? •Who has more access? •What are the effects of drinking unsafe water? •What are the consequences if a family member gets sick? •How does sickness of a family member affect the mother? How does it affect the father? Office of the President Philippine Commission on Women
Malnutrition Rate • Education and location determine whether mothers bring their sick children to a health facility. • How are children (girls & boys) affected by malnutrition? • How are mothers affected by the malnutrition of their children?
Prevalence of Malnutrition (0-5 years old), 2008
Office of the President Philippine Commission on Women
Institutional Capacity of the Agency
Office of the President Philippine Commission on Women
• What is the percentage of women-employees per level? • What is the percentage of women-department heads?
• Is there a GAD focal point system? • Where is it attached? • Does it have budget for operations? Office of the President Philippine Commission on Women
?
13 17 2
8
4
Gen. Public Services Health Economic Services
•Are these expenditures genderresponsive? •On what expense(s) was the 5% GAD budget spent for?
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Educational Sector Social Welfare Others Office of the President Philippine Commission on Women
PART 3: TOOLS FOR GENDER ANALYSIS A. 24 Hour Activity Profile B. Gender Mainstreaming and Evaluation Framework (GMEF) C. Harmonized Gender and Development Guidelines (HGDG)
Office of the President Philippine Commission on Women
24 HOUR ACTIVITY PROFILE Productive - Production of goods and services - Usually with a cash value Reproductive - Care and maintenance of the household/family - Includes value formation and the transmission of traditions - Crucial to human survival yet often devalued
Community work - Organization of social events - Participation in organization - Involves considerable volunteer time - Venue for decision-making Leisure - Time for oneself - Recreation - Recharges physically, mentally, spiritually Office of the President Philippine Commission on Women
24 HOUR ACTIVITY PROFILING Time
Activities
Who
A
Where Type of activity
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GENDER MAINSTREAMING EVALUATION FRAMEWORK (GMEF)
B
Enhanced GMEF Tool
Office of the President Philippine Commission on Women
HARMONIZED GAD GUIDELINES
C
HGDG – Generic and Health Specific Project Design Checklist and PIMME checklist
Office of the President Philippine Commission on Women
GENDER ANALYSIS REVIEW • Consider roles, needs and circumstances of women and men • Leads to better policies and programs • Conducted before, during and after the development, implementation of LGU programs , projects, policies and activities • Who does what? Who controls what? • Involve stakeholders in consultations • Take advantage of existing data Office of the President Philippine Commission on Women
Linking GA, GM and GPB Gender analysis
GM Plan/ GAD Agenda
Annual GPB
•Review of GM progress and problems •Review of key issues faced by F/M clients
• Prioritization of issues and when each will be addressed • Matching of issues with strategies • Setting up targets and tracking progress
• Validating gender/GM analysis done • Reflecting issues and strategies for a particular year in that year’s GPB • Allocating resources to achieve the year’s GAD plan
Office of the President Philippine Commission on48Women
Office of the President Philippine Commission on Women