Biology 2nd paper book 2014_kawsar_cambrian by kawsar hawlader

RxeweÁvb wØZxq cÎ GKv`k-Øv`k †kÖwY

Kvgiæb bvnvi

†gvt AvjZvd †nv‡mb

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KvIQvi Avjx nvIjv`vi

Zvwbqv ZzR&-†Rvniv

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g~j¨: †mŠRb¨- (weμ‡qi Rb¨ b‡n)

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- Kvgiæb bvnvi - †gvt AvjZvd †nv‡mb - KvIQvi Avjx nvIjv`vi - Zvwbqv-ZzR-†Rvniv

cÖKvk‡Ki K_v K¨vgweªqvb K‡jR ïay wkÿvq bq; wkÿv M‡elYv, cvVëB Ges m„Rbkxj cÖKvkbvi †ÿ‡Î wbR¯^ Ae¯’vb ˆZwi K‡i wb‡q‡Q| ïiæ †_‡K K¨vgweªqvb cvewj‡KkÝ-Gi jÿ¨gvÎv n‡”Q AZ¨šÍ Kvh©Ki cvVëB iPbvi †ÿ‡Î bZzb gvÎv hy³ Kiv| ÁvbvR©‡bi cvkvcvwk P~ovšÍ cixÿv¸‡jv‡Z AvkvZxZ mvdj¨ AR©b Ges D”P wkÿvi c_ wbwðZ Ki‡e-Ggb me cvVëB cÖKv‡ki †ÿ‡Î hZœkxj nIqv| GUv jÿŸxq welq †h, GKv`k-Øv`k †kªwYi AwaKvsk wkÿv_©x‡K welqwfwËK GKvwaK eB wKb‡Z nq| d‡j GKRb wkÿv_x© GKwU wel‡qi Rb¨ A_© I mgq `yB-B AcPq K‡i| wKš‘ Zv‡Z †Kv‡bv Kvw•ÿZ djvdj e‡q Av‡b bv| K¨vgweªqvb cvewj‡KkÝ-Gi cÖKvwkZ GKwU wel‡qi Rb¨ GKwU eB-B wkÿv_x©‡ì me mgm¨vi mgvavb G‡b w`‡e| K¨vgweªqvb K‡j‡R i‡q‡Q ¸Yx, †gavex I AwfÁZvm¤úbœ wkÿKe„›`| ïay wPšÍvi ¯Í‡i bq, ms¯‹vi I cixÿvg~jK Kv‡Ri ¯Í‡i AšÍtkxj MwZkxjZvq KvR K‡i P‡j‡Q K¨vgweªqvb K‡j‡Ri mK‡jB| huv‡ì †jLbxi gva¨‡g iwPZ n‡”Q GKvwaK welqwfwËK cvVëB| PjwZ wkÿve‡l© weÁvb wefv‡Mi GKv`k-Øv`k †kÖwYi wkÿv_x©‡ì Rb¨ K¨vgweªqvb K‡j‡Ri †gavex wkÿK Kvgiæb bvnvi, AvjZvd †nv‡mb, Zvwbqv-ZzR- †Rvniv I KvIQvi Avjx nvIjv`vi AK¬všÍ cÖqv‡m eBwU iPbv K‡i‡Qb| D‡jøL¨, mswkøó wkÿK gÐjx Zuv‡ì `ÿZv, AwfÁZv I Zviæ‡Yï gva¨‡g BwZg‡a¨ †hvM¨Zvi Qvc †i‡L‡Qb| g~jZ eBwUi Dc¯’vcbv, †jLvi fw½, wbLyuZ wPÎ I AvaywbK Z_¨ wbf©i hyw³ eBwU‡K K‡i‡Q mg„×| eBwU iPbvi †ÿ‡Î †jLKe„›` †hme eB Ges hv‡ì mn‡hvwMZv †c‡q‡Qb, †jLKe„‡›ì K_vq Zuv‡ì cÖwZ K…ZÁZv cÖKvk Kiv n‡q‡Q| D‡jøL¨, GKv`k-Øv`k †kÖwYi RxeweÁvb wØZxq cÎ eBwUi GKgvÎ MÖš’¯^Z¡ K¨vgweªqvb cvewj‡Kk‡bi| eBwU K¨vgweªqvb K‡j‡Ri wkÿv_x©‡ì webvg~‡j¨ weZi‡Yi Rb¨ cÖKvk Kiv n‡jv Ges BSB Foundation Gi cÿ †_‡K G eQi †`‡ki Ab¨vb¨ wkÿv cÖwZôv‡b †mŠRb¨ Kwc †`qv n‡e| eBwU h_v kÖxNªB †`‡ki mKj K‡j‡R cvVv‡bv n‡e Ges eBwUi wWwRUvj fvm©b I wWwRUvj Kb‡U›UwfwËK ms¯‹i‡Yi CD †`qv n‡e; hv‡Z K¨vgweªqv‡bi wkÿv_x©‡ì b¨vq Ab¨vb¨ wkÿv cÖwZôv‡bi QvÎ-QvÎxiv DcK…Z n‡Z cv‡i| weÁvb wkÿv‡K AvšÍR©vwZK ch©v‡q DbœxZ Kivi j‡ÿ¨ kªg I mvabvi GB wecyj Kg©Kv‡Ð huv‡ì Ae`vb Ab¯^xKvh© †mB mKj m¤§vwbZ wkÿKgÛjx Ges GB cÖKvkbvi mv‡_ mswkøó mevB‡K AvšÍwiK abëv`| eBwU wbf~©j, AvKl©Yxq I QvÎ-QvÎx‡ì Kv‡Q MÖnY‡hvM¨ Ki‡Z AvcÖvY †Póv Kiv n‡q‡Q| Avkv Kwi, fwel¨‡Z eBwUi kªxe„w× Ges wkÿv_x©‡ì Kv‡Q MÖnY‡hvM¨ Kivi Rb¨ kª×vfvRb wkÿK-wkwÿKve„›` Ges wcÖq wkÿv_x©iv Kvh©Ki MVbg~jK Dc‡`k ev civgk© cÖ`vb Ki‡eb| AvMvwg w`b¸‡jv‡Z †`‡ki wkÿv cÖwZôvb¸‡jvi g‡a¨ K¨vgweªqvb cvewj‡Kkb Zvi KxwZ©-K‡g©i bZzb Aa¨v‡qi m~Pbv Ki‡e-GUvB Avgvi cÖZ¨vkv|

cÖKvkK K¨vgweªqvb cvewj‡KkÝ cøU-22, ¸jkvb mv‡K©j-2, XvKv|

m~PxcÎ Aa¨vq

Aa¨v‡qi wk‡ivbvg

c„ôv

cÖvwYi wewfbœZv I †kÖwYweb¨vm ......................................................... 01  20

wØZxq t

cÖvwYi cwiwPwZ ............................................................................ 21  70

Z…Zxq t

gvbe kvixiZË¡ : cwicvK I †kvlY ................................................... 71  86

PZz_©

gvbe kvixiZË¡ : i³ msenb .......................................................... 87  108

cÂg

gvbe kvixiZË¡ : k¦mb I k¦vmwμqv .................................................. 109  124

lô

gvbe kvixiZË¡ : eR©¨ I wb®‹vkb .................................................... 125  136

mßg

gvbe kvixiZË¡ : Pjb I A½Pvjbv ................................................. 137  164

Aóg

gvbe kvixiZË¡ : mgš^q I wbqš¿Y .................................................. 165  192

beg

gvbe Rxe‡bi avivevwnKZv ........................................................... 193  218

`kg

gvbe‡`‡ni cÖwZiÿv (BwgDwbwU) .................................................... 219  234

GKv`k t

RxbZË¡ I weeZ©b ....................................................................... 235  268

Øv`k

cÖvwYi AvPiY ............................................................................ 269  286

cÖ_g

cvV¨m~Px cÖ_g Aa¨vq: cÖvwYi wewfbœZv I †kÖwYweb¨vm (7 wcwiqW) cÖvwYRM‡Zi wfbœZv; †kÖwYKi‡Yi wfwË I bxwZ; bb-KW©vUv (cÖavb ce© ch©šÍ †kÖwYweb¨vm); KW©vUv (†kÖwY ch©šÍ web¨vm); e¨envwiK- bb-KW©vUvi wewfbœ c‡e©i (†h‡Kv‡bv cuvPwU) I fvwU©eªvUvi wewfbœ †kÖwYi (†h‡Kv‡bv cuvPwU) bgybv cÖvYx ch©‡eÿY|

wØZxq Aa¨vq : cÖvwYi cwiwPwZ (25 wcwiqW) nv&BWªv (Hydra vulgaris)-MVb (†`ncÖvPx‡ii †Kv‡li êwkó¨mn); Lv`¨ MÖnY I cwicvK cÖwμqv; Pjb I Rbb; wg‡_vRxweZv; eënvwiK- nvBWªvi ¯’vqx ¯øvBW/g‡Wj ch©‡eÿY; Nvmdwos (Poecilocerux pictus)- MVb (evwn¨K); cwicvKZš¿-gyL Dcv½, cwicvK MÖwš’; eënvwiK- Nvmdwos/Avi‡kvjv Gi gyL Dcv½ ch©‡eÿY I Nvmdwos/Avi‡kvjv eë‡”Q` K‡i cwicvKZš¿ I MÖwš’ ch©‡eÿY; msenb c×wZ; k¦mb c×wZ; †iPb c×wZ; cÖRbb cÖwμqv I iƒcvšÍi; Nvm dwos Gi cyÄvÿxi MVb; `k©b †KŠkj; iæB gvQ (Labeo)- †`n MVb (evwn¨K); i³ msenb Zš¿; eënvwiK- iæB/KvZjv/g„‡Mj gvQ eë‡”Q` K‡i i³ msenb Zš¿ kbv³ I ch©‡eÿY; k¦mb I evqy_wji MVb; eënvwiK- iæB/KvZjv/g„‡Mj gvQ eë‡”Q` K‡i k¦mbZš¿, dzjKv I cUKv (evqy_wj) ch©‡eÿY; Rxeb Pμ; msiÿY (cÖvK…wZK)

Z…Zxq Aa¨vq : gvbe kvixiZË¡ : cwicvK I †kvlY (11 wcwiqW) gyLMnŸ‡i Lv`¨ cwicvK- hvwš¿K; ivmvqwbK; cvK¯’jxi wewfbœ As‡k msNwUZ cwicvK-hvwš¿K; ivmvqwbK; cwicvK MÖwš’i KvR- hK…Z, AMœvkq; cwicv‡K ¯œvqyZš¿ I ni‡gv‡bi f~wgKv; ÿz`ªv‡š¿ Lv`¨`ª‡e¨i- cwicvK; †kvlY; e„n`‡š¿i KvR; e¨envwiK- hK…r, AMœ¨vkq, cvK¯’jx I ÿz`ªv‡š¿i Aby‡”Q` (section) Gi ¯’vqx ¯øvBW ch©‡eÿY I kbv³KiY; ¯’~jZv- aviYv; KviY; cÖwZ‡iva

PZz_© Aa¨vq : gvbe kvixiZË¡ : i³ msenb (14 wcwiqW) i³ KwYKv I jwmKv; i³ RgvU euvav; e¨envwiK- i³ KwYKvmg~‡ni ¯’vqx ¯øvBW ch©‡eÿY; ü`wc‡Ði MVb; nvU©weU, wewfbœ `kv I Gi wbqš¿‡Y SA †bvW, AV †bvW Ges cviwKbwR Avu‡ki f~wgKv; i³Pvc I e¨v‡ivwiwmÞi Ges AvqZb wiwmÞ‡ii f~wgKv; gvbe‡`‡ni i³msenb Zš¿- wm‡÷wgK msenb; cvj‡gvbvwi msenb; ü`‡iv‡Mi wewfbœ Ae¯’vq KiYxq- ey‡K e¨_v; nvU© GUvK; nvU© †dBwjDi; ü`‡iv‡Mi wPwKrmvi aviYv- †cm †gKvi Kvh©μg; I‡cb nvU© mvR©vwi; K‡ivbvwi evBcvm; GbwRIcøvw÷

cÂg Aa¨vq : gvbe kvixiZË¡ : k¦mb I k¦vmwμqv (10 wcwiqW) k¦mbZ‡š¿i wewfbœ Ask I KvR; e¨envwiK- dzmdz‡mi Aby‡”Q‡`i ¯’vqx ¯øvBW ch©‡eÿY; cÖk¦vm-wbtk¦vm Kvh©μg I wbqš¿Y; M¨vmxq cwienb- Aw·‡Rb; Kve©b WvB-A·vBW cwienb; k¦vmiÄK; k¦mbbvjx mgm¨v, jÿY I cÖwZKvi- mvBbymvBwUm; IwUwUm wgwWqv; dzmdz‡mi G·-†i wP‡Îi Zzjbv- a~gcvqx gvby‡li; Aa~gcvqx gvby‡li; K…wÎg k¦vmcÖk¦v‡mi D‡Ïk¨- gyL n‡Z gy‡Li mvnv‡h¨

lô Aa¨vq : gvbe kvixiZË¡ : eR©¨ I wb®‹vkb (6 wcwiqW) e„°- MVb I KvR; †iP‡bi kvixie„Ë; e„‡°i f~wgKv- †iPb; Im‡gv‡i¸‡jkb; e„‡°i ZvrÿwYK weKj, jÿY I KiYxq; ni‡gvbvj wμqv- g~‡Îi NbZ¡ wbqš¿Y; i‡³ †mvwWqv‡gi gvÎv wbqš¿Y; i‡³i wcGBP wbqš¿Y; e¨envwiK- e„‡°i Aby‡”Q‡`i ¯’vqx ¯øvBW ch©‡eÿY

mßg Aa¨vq : gvbe kvixiZË¡ : Pjb I A½Pvjbv (12 wcwiqW) gvby‡li K¼vjZš¿- cÖavb Ask; Aw¯’ I Ziæbvw¯’i MVb; e¨envwiK- gvby‡li wewfbœ Aw¯’ (g‡Wj) ch©‡eÿY; †cwki MVb I KvR- gm„Y; Agm„Y; ü`; K¼vj; †cwk‡Z Uvb c‡o wKš‘ av°v †`q bv; e¨envwiK- cÖ¯‘ZK…Z ¯øvB‡Wi mvnv‡h¨ gm„Y I ü` †cwki KvVv‡gvi Zzjbv; K¼v‡ji Kvh©μg I ÔiWm I wjfviÕ Zš¿; nuvUz mÂvj‡b Aw¯’ I †cwki mgš^q; Aw¯’f½ Ges cÖv_wgK wPwKrmv- mvaviY (Simple); †hŠwMK (Compound); RwUj (Complex); mwÜi AvNvZ Ges cÖv_wgK wPwKrmv- ¯’vbPz¨wZ (Dislocation); gPKv‡bv (Sprain)

Aóg Aa¨vq : gvbe kvixiZË¡ : mgš^q I wbqš¿Y (12 wcwiqW) ¯œvqyweK mgš^q- aviYv; gw¯Í®‹ (MVb, Ask, KvR); gvbe ms‡e`x A½- †PvL (MVb I KvR); Kvb (MVb I KvR); ivmvqwbK mgš^q; AšÍtÿiv MÖwš’i Ae¯’vb, wbtmiY I wμqv- wcUzBUvwi; _vBi‡qW; c¨viv_vBi‡qW; G‡Wªbvj; †MvbvW; AMœvkq (AvB‡jUm Ae j¨v½vi n¨vÝ); ni‡gv‡bi cÖfve I Awbqwš¿Z ni‡gvb e¨env‡ii djvdj

beg Aa¨vq : gvbe Rxe‡bi avivevwnKZv (11 wcwiqW) cyiæl cÖRbbZš¿ I Gi ni‡gvbvj wμqv; ¯¿x cÖRbbZš¿ I Gi ni‡gvbvj wμqv; cÖRb‡bi wewfbœ ch©vq I `kviRtPμ I eqmwÜKvj I mg‡qi cwieZ©bmg~n; M¨v‡gU m„wó, wb‡lK, Bgcøv‡›Ukb; åæY MVb I wZbwU åæYxq ¯Í‡ii cwiYwZ; gw¯Í®‹ (MVb, Ask, KvR); Mf©ve¯’v I cwiPh©v; Mf©wb‡ivaK c×wZ I cwievi cwiKíbv; AvBwfGd c×wZK…wÎg Mf©aviY; cÖRbb Z‡š¿i mgm¨v- cyiæl I bvix cÖRbb AÿgZv; cyiæl I bvixi cÖRbb ni‡gv‡bi fvimvg¨nxbZv; åæ‡Yi e„w×i mgq mgm¨v; †hŠbevwnZ †ivM (wmwdwjm, M‡Yvwiqv, GBWm) jÿY I cÖwZKvi

`kg Aa¨vq : gvbe‡`‡ni cÖwZiÿv (BwgDwbwU) (9 wcwiqW) gvbe‡`‡ni †ivM cÖwZiÿv eë¯’v; cÖ_g cÖwZiÿv ¯Íi- cÖwZiÿvq Z¡‡Ki f~wgKv; Lv`¨`ª‡eï e¨v‡±wiqv aŸs‡m cwicvK bvjxi GwmW I Dr‡mP‡Ki f~wgKv; wØZxq cÖwZiÿv ¯Íi- e¨v‡±wiqv aŸs‡m g¨v‡μv‡dR (Macrophases) I wbD‡Uªvwdjm (Neutrophils); Z…Zxq cÖwZiÿv ¯Íi- mnRvZ (Inborn); AwR©Z (Acquired); cÖwZiÿv eë¯’vq A¨vw›UewWi f~wgKv; cÖwZiÿv eë¯’vq wUKvi (Vaccine) f~wgKv; †`‡ni cÖwZiÿvq ¯§„wZ (Memory) †Kv‡li f~wgKv

GKv`k Aa¨vq : RxbZË¡ I weeZ©b (15 wcwiqW) †g‡Ûwjqvb Bb‡nwiU¨vÝ- †g‡Û‡ji cÖ_g I wØZxq m~Î; Bb‡nwiU¨vÝ Gi †μv‡gv‡Rvg ZË¡- Am¤ú~Y© cÖKUZv; mgcÖKUZv; wj_vj wRb; cwic~iK wRb; Gwc÷vwmm; cwj‡RwbK Bb‡nwiU¨v›Um; wj½ wba©viY (XX-XY-XXXO) bxwZ; †m· wj¼W wWmAW©vi- eY©vÜZv, wn‡gvwdwjqv, gvmKz¨jvi wW÷ªwd; ABO i³MÖæc I Rh d¨v±‡ii Kvi‡Y m„ó mgm¨v- i³ mÂvj‡b RwUjZv; Mf©aviYRwbZ RwUjZv (Gwi‡_ªveøv‡÷vwmm wdUvwjm); weeZ©bZ‡Ë¡i aviYv; weeZ©‡bi gZev`- j¨vgvwK©Rg; WviDBwbRg; be¨ WviDBbev`; weeZ©‡bi cÖgvYvw`

Øv`k Aa¨vq : cÖvwYi AvPiY (8 wcwiqW) AvPi‡Yi cÖK…wZ (The nature of Behavior)- DÏxcbvq AvPiYMZ cwieZ©b; AvPiY I eskMwZi g‡a¨ m¤úK©; mnRvZ (Innate) AvPiY- Pjb (Taxes); cÖwZeZ©x wμqv (Reflexes); mnRvZ Av‡eM (Instincts); mnRvZ AvPiY hvPvB- kx‡Zi cvwLi gvB‡MÖkb; gvKokvi Rvj; Ac‡Z¨i cÖwZ hZœ-gvQ, e¨vO, cvwL; wkLb (Learning)- Af¨vmMZ (Habituation); AbyKiY (Imprinting); Pavlov Gi ZË¡KzKz‡ii jvjvi cÖwZeZx© wμqv; mvgvwRK AvPiY; ci¯ú‡ii cÖwZ mn‡hvwMZv (Altruism)- †gŠgvwQi mvgvwRK msMVb

cÖ_g Aa¨vq

cÖvwYi wewfbœZv I †kÖwYweb¨vm ANIMAL DIVERSITY & CLASSIFICATION êwPÎ¨gq G c„w_ex, wewPÎ Zvi cÖvwYRMr| êwPÎ¨ Zv‡ì MV‡b, emwZ‡Z, PvjPj‡b, Lv`¨ AvniY I MÖn‡b, Pjv‡divq, AvPvi-AvPi‡Y Ges cÖRb‡b| c„w_ex‡Z cÖvq GK †KvwU RxweZ cÖvwYi msL¨v Rvbv wM‡q‡Q| ZvQvov cÖwZeQi bZzb bZzb Avwe¯‹…Z A‡bK cÖvwYi ZvwjKv cÖKvk Kiv n‡”Q| ZviciI Aejyß cÖvwYi cÖRvwZi msL¨vI Kg bq; Zv nj cÖvq 50 jÿ| ZvB GB wekvj cÖvwYRMZ‡K mwVK Dcv‡q Rvb‡Z Ges cÖvwYKzj‡K Kv‡R jvMv‡Z I G‡ì myôz eë¯’vcbvq ˆZwi n‡q‡Q GKwU myk„•Lj †kÖwYweb¨vm| cÖavb kã (Key Word)  cÖvwYRMZ  †kÖwYKiY  åæY¯Íi  cÖwZmvg¨Zv  LÐvqb  wm‡jvg  b‡UvKW©  bbKW©vUv

G Aa¨vq cvV †k‡l AvgivÑ  cÖvwYRM‡Zi wewfbœZv e¨vL¨v Ki‡Z cvi‡ev  cÖvwY‡K wewfbœ †kÖwY‡Z fvM Kivi wfwË I bxwZ e¨vL¨v Ki‡Z cvi‡ev  wewfbœ ai‡bi cÖvwY‡K †kÖwY‡Z web¨¯Í Kivi cÖ‡qvRbxqZv we‡kølY Ki‡Z cvi‡ev  bb-KW©vUv cÖvwY‡K cÖavb ce© ch©šÍ web¨¯Í Ki‡Z cvi‡ev  KW©vUv cÖvwY‡K †kÖwY ch©šÍ web¨¯Í Ki‡Z cvi‡ev  e¨envwiK: wewfbœ cÖvYx kbv³ I wPÎ AsKb Ki‡Z cvi‡ev|

1.1 cÖvwYRM‡Zi wfbœZv c„w_ex‡Z wewfbœ cÖRvwZi cÖvYx i‡q‡Q| wewfbœ cwi‡e‡k evm Kivi Rb¨ cÖvYx wfbœ wfbœfv‡e Awf‡hvwRZ nq| Gme cÖvwY‡ì Kv‡iv Kv‡iv g‡a¨ êwk‡óï cÖPzi wgj i‡q‡Q, Avevi Kv‡iv Kv‡iv g‡a¨ wewfbœ gvÎvi cv_©K¨ cwijwÿZ nq| cÖvwYRM‡Zi g‡a¨ weivwRZ wewfbœ ai‡bi cv_©K¨‡K cÖvwYRM‡Zi wfbœZv (Animal diversity) e‡j| cÖvwYRM‡Zi wfbœZv¸‡jv wewfbœ ai‡bi n‡Z cv‡i, †hgb: evm¯’vbMZ, AvPiYMZ, RxbMZ, cÖRvwZ ev cÖKiYMZ cÖf…wZ|

RxeweÁvb wØZxq cÎ

1| RxbMZ ev eskMZ wfbœZv (Genetic diversity) : GK ev GKvwaK cÖRvwZi m`m¨‡ì g‡a¨ Rx‡bi cv_©K¨‡K RxbMZ wfbœZv e‡j| A_©vr GKB cÖRvwZi wewfbœ Rb‡Mvôx ev GKwU Rb‡Mvôxi m`‡m¨ RxbMZ cv_©K¨ ( †hgbÑ fviZxq eo GK k„•M MÐv‡i cv_©K¨ A‡bK †ewk| wKšÍy wPZvev‡N Lye Kg)ÑB n‡jv RxbMZ wfbœZv| 2| cÖRvwZK wfbœZv (Species diversity) : GKwU wbw`©ó AÂ‡j wewfbœ cÖRvwZi mgv‡ek‡K cÖRvwZ wfbœZv (Species diversity) e‡j | cÖRvwZ wfbœZv `ych©v‡q nq, h_v : (K) AvšÍtcÖRvwZK (Inter-specific) ch©v‡q wfbœZv : wfbœ wfbœ cÖRvwZi cÖvwYi g‡a¨ weivRgvb cv_©K¨RwbZ wfbœZv‡K AvšÍ:cÖRvwZK wfbœZv e‡j| †hgb- i‡qj †e½j UvBMvi (Panthera tigris) Ges wmsn (Panthera leo) GKB M‡Yi AšÍfy©³ nIqvq Zv‡ì g‡a¨ †hŠb cÖRbb c×wZ‡Z (evN I wms‡ni g‡a¨) cÖRbbÿg mšÍvb Drcvw`Z nq bv| myZivs evN I wmsn GKB cÖRvwZi AšÍfy©³ bq Ges Zv‡ì ‰ewkó¨vewji g‡a¨ AvšÍtcÖRvwZK wfbœZv weivRgvb| (L) AšÍtcÖRvwZK (Intra-specific) ch©v‡q wfbœZv : GKB cÖRvwZi AšÍf³ y© cÖvwY‡ì g‡a¨ weivwRZ cv_©‡Kï Rb¨ D³ cÖRvwZi cÖvwY‡ì g‡a¨ †h wfbœZvi D™¢e nq, Zv‡K AšÍtcÖRvwZK wfbœZv ejv nq| †hgb- GKB cÖRvwZ Homo sapiens Gi AšÍfy©³ nIqv m‡Ë¡I GKRb BD‡ivcxq †k¦Zv•M I GKRb Avwd«Kvb K…òv•M gvby‡li Mv‡qi is, Pz‡ji eY© I AvK…wZ BZ¨vw`‡Z A‡bK cv_©K¨ i‡q‡Q| myZivs Zv‡ì g‡a¨ weivRgvb Gme wfbœZvÑB n‡jv AšÍtcÖRvwZK ch©v‡q wfbœZv| 3| ev¯ÍyZvwš¿K wfbœZv (Ecosystem diversity) : †Kv‡bv cÖvK…wZK cwi‡e‡k weivRgvb †fŠZ, ivmvqwbK ev ˆRweK ‰ewkó¨My‡jvi g‡a¨ †Kv‡bv cwieZ©b NU‡j mvwe©Kfv‡e †mB we‡kl cwi‡e‡ki fvimvg¨ wewNœZ nq| G cwieZ©b `xN© mg‡qi Rb¨ ¯’vqx n‡j †mLv‡b emevmiZ cÖvwY‡ì g‡a¨ †h wfbœZvi D™¢e nq, Zv‡K ev¯ÍyZvwš¿K wfbœZv e‡j| 4| AvPiYMZ wfbœZv (Cultural diversity) : c„w_exi wewfbœ As‡k Awf‡hvR‡bi D‡Ï‡k¨ gvby‡li bvbvwea mvgvwRK MVb, wek¦vm‡eva, †KŠk‡ji wewfbœZv cÖf„wZ AvPiYMZ wfbœZvi AšÍM©Z|

1.2 cÖvwYi †kªwYKi‡Yi wfwË I bxwZ (Base and rules of classififcation) †h‡Kv‡bv cÖvYx m¤ú‡K© aviYv jvf Ki‡Z n‡j cÖ_‡g Zvi kbv³KiY (Identification) cÖ‡qvRb| Avi G kbv³Ki‡Yi Ab¨Zg gva¨g n‡jv †kªwYweb¨vm (Classification)| cÖvwYRM‡Zi mg¯Í cÖvwY‡K Zv‡ì ga¨Kvi cvi¯úwiK mv`„k¨ I êmv`„‡kï wfwË‡Z weÁvbwfwËKfv‡e wewfbœ ¯Í‡i ev av‡c Taxon ch©vqμ‡g web¨vm Kiv‡KB †kªwYweb¨vmKiY e‡j| cÖL¨vZ †kªwYweb¨vmwe` wm¤úm‡bi g‡Z, Classification is the ordering or scientific management of similar organisms into groups or sets on the basis of their relationship. myZivs Rxewe`¨vi †h kvLvq Dw™¢` I cÖvwY‡ì †kªyYwefvM, we‡kølY, bvgKiY I †kªwYweb¨vm Ges cÖvgvY¨ `wjj iÿY m¤ú‡K© weÁvbm¤§Zfv‡e Av‡jvwPZ nq, Zv‡K †kªwYweb¨vmwe`¨v (Taxonony) e‡j|

cÖvwYi wewfbœZv I †kÖwYweb¨vm

1.2.1 †kªwYweb¨v‡mi wfwË (Base of classification): cÖ‡Z¨K cÖvwYiB wbR¯^ KZKMy‡jv êwkó¨ ev jÿY _v‡K| †hme êwk‡óï Dci wfwË K‡i mvaviYZ †kªwYweb¨vm Kiv nq, Zv‡ì‡K †kªwYweb¨v‡mi wfwË e‡j| GMy‡jv n‡jvÑ†`‡ni AvKvi I AvK…wZ, †Kv‡li msL¨v, cÖwZmvg¨Zv, åƒY¯Íi, †`n MnŸ‡ii Dcw¯’wZ, LÐvqb, cÖvwšÍKZv, cywó, †cŠwóK bvjxi MVb, b‡UvKW©, RxebhvÎv, evm¯’vb BZ¨vw`| †kªwYweb¨v‡mi MyiæZ¡c~Y© K‡qKwU wfwË wb‡gœ Av‡jvwPZ n‡jv : 1| åƒY¯Í‡ii wfwË‡Z : ¯Íiwenxb : †`n GKUv gvÎ †Kvl Øviv MwVZ, D`vniY: Amoeba proteus GK¯Íix : †`‡ni †Kvlmg~n GKwU gvÎ ¯Í‡i mw¾Z, D`vniY : Spongilla fragilis. wØ¯Íix : G‡±vWvg© I G‡ÛvWvg© bvgK å~Yxq †Kvl¯Íi wb‡q MwVZ| D`vniY : Hydra vulgaris. wÎ¯Íix : G‡±vWvg©, †g‡mvWvg© I G‡ÛvWvg© bv‡g wZbwU å~Yxq †Kvl¯Íi wb‡q MwVZ| D`vniY : Homo sapiens. 2| cÖwZmv‡gï wfwË‡Z : AcÖwZmg (Asymmetrical) : G‡ÿ‡Î cÖvwYi †`n‡K Aÿ eivei †Q` Ki‡j `ywU Amgvb I mv`„k¨wenxb Ask cvIqv hvq| D`vniY : Pila globosa (Av‡cj kvgyK) wØcvk¦©xq cÖwZmg (Bilaterally symmetrical) : G‡ÿ‡Î cÖvwYi †`n‡K Aÿ eivei †Q` Ki‡j `ywU mgvb I mv`„k¨c~Y© Ask cvIqv hvq| D`vniY : Homo sapiens Aixq cÖwZmg (Radial symmetrical) : G‡ÿ‡Î cÖvwYi †`n‡K †K›`ªxq Aÿ eivei †K‡U `yB ev `yB‡qi †ewk msL¨K mgvb As‡k fvM Kiv hvq| D`vniY : Aurelia aurita †Mvjxq cÖwZmg (Spherical symmetry) : G‡ÿ‡Î cÖvwYi †`n‡K †K›`ª w`‡q †h‡Kv‡bv Z‡j Dj¤^fv‡e KvU‡j cÖwZ‡ÿ‡Î `ywU mgvb I mv`„k¨c~Y© Ask cvIqv hvq| D`vniY : Volvox globator

RxeweÁvb wØZxq cÎ

3| †`n MnŸi ev wm‡jv‡gi wfwË‡Z : A¨vwm‡jv‡gU (Acoelomate) : G ai‡bi cÖvwY‡Z †Kv‡bv wm‡jvg _v‡K bv,D`vniY: Taenia solium (wdZvK…wg)| AcÖK…Z wm‡jv‡gU (Pseudo coelomate) : G ai‡bi cÖvwYi †`ncÖvPxi I †cŠwóKbvjxi ga¨eZ©x ¯’vb †g‡mvWvg©vj †cwi‡Uvwbqvg Øviv Ave„Z _v‡K bv| Nematoda, Rotifera, Acanthocephala BZ¨vw` ce©fy³ cÖvwY‡Z G ai‡bi wm‡jvg cvIqv hvq| D`vniY : Ascaris lumbricoides (†Ku‡Pv/†Mvj K…wg) cªK…Z wm‡jv‡gU/wm‡jv‡gU (Eucoelomate/ Coelomate) : G ai‡bi cªvwYi †`n cÖvPxi I †cŠwóKbvjxi ga¨eZ©x ¯’vb †g‡mvWvg©vj †cwi‡Uvwbqvg Avei‡Y Ave„Z _v‡K| A‡cÿvK…Z DbœZ cªvYx (†hgb- gjv¯‹v, A¨vwbwjWv, Av‡_ª©v‡cvW, K‡W©U) G ch©v‡qi AšÍf³ ©y | D`vniY : Metaphire posthuma ( †Ku‡Pv)

4| LÐvq‡bi wfwË‡Z : mgLÐvqbwewkó: G ai‡bi cªvwYi †`n LÐMy‡jv m`„k nq| D`vniY : †Ku‡Pvi LÛvqb| Amg LÐvqbwewkó: G ai‡bi cÖvwYi LÐvqb m`„k nq bv| D`vniY : cZ‡½i LÐvqb| LÐvqbwenxb : G ai‡bi cÖvwY‡Z LÐvqb Abycw¯’Z| D`vniY : kvgyK, mgy`ªZviv BZ¨vw`i LÐvqb| 5| b‡UvK‡W©i Dcw¯’wZi wfwË‡Z : b‡UvKW©wenxb: Gme cÖvwY‡Z b‡UvKW© Abycw¯’Z, D`vniY : Periplaneta americana. b‡UvKW©wewkó: Gme cÖvwY‡Z mviv Rxeb A_ev kyaygvÎ åyYxq `kvq b‡UvKW© Dcw¯’Z, D`vniY : Bufo melanostictus

6| AvKv‡ii wfwË‡Z : AvYyexÿwYK cÖvYx: Gme cÖvYx AZ¨šÍ ÿz`ªvKvi, AvbyexÿwYK| D`vniY : Amoeba proteus e„nËi cÖvYx : Gme cÖvYx eo Ges G‡`i‡K Lvwj‡Pv‡L †`Lv hvq| D`vniY : Elephas indicus (nvwZ) 7| †Kv‡li msL¨vi wfwË‡Z : †Kvlwenxb: †`n †Kvlwenxb| D`vniY : Virus GK‡Kvlx: †`n GKwU gvÎ †Kvl Øviv ˆZwi| D`vniY : Plasmodium vivax eû‡Kvlx: †`n eû msL¨K †Kvl Øviv MwVZ| D`vniY : Homo sapiens

8| †giæ`‡Ði Dcw¯’wZi wfwË‡Z : †giæ`Ðwenxb (Invertebrate) : Gme cÖvwY‡Z †giæ`Ð †bB| D`vniY : Bombyx mori (†ikg †cvKv)| †giæ`Ðwewkó (Vertebrate) : Gme cªvwY‡`i †giæ`Ð Av‡Q| D`vniY : Homo sapiens

cÖvwYi wewfbœZv I †kÖwYweb¨vm

wkÿv_x©i KvR: wkÿK wkÿv_x©‡ì `ywU `‡j fvM K‡i GKwU `j‡K wm‡jv‡gU I A¨vwm‡jv‡gU cÖvwYi g‡a¨ Ges Ab¨ `j‡K wW‡cøveøvw÷K I wUªc‡jveøvw÷K cÖvwY‡ì g‡a¨ êmv`„k¨mg~n Q‡Ki gva¨‡g Dc¯’vcb Ki‡Z ej‡eb|

1.2.2 †kªwYweb¨v‡mi bxwZ (Rules of classification) †kªwYweb¨vm GKwU mymse× weÁvb| Gi cÖavb bxwZMy‡jv wbgœiƒc : 1| K¨vUvMwi web¨vm : †kªwYweb¨vm Ki‡Z n‡j U¨v·v‡K μgvš^‡q K¨vUvMwii AšÍfy©³ Ki‡Z n‡e| 2| †kªwYe×MZ êwkó¨ : cÖ‡Z¨K K¨vUvMwi‡Z AšÍf³ y© U¨v·‡bi kbv³Kvix êwkó¨vejxi D‡jøL Ki‡Z n‡e| 3| bvgKiY : cÖwZwU U¨v·‡bi êÁvwbK bvg _vK‡Z n‡e| ICZN-Gi wbqgvewj AbymiY K‡i myôzfv‡e bvgKiY cÖwμqv m¤úbœ Ki‡Z n‡e| 4| msiÿY : †kªwYweb¨¯Í bgybv h_vh_fv‡e msiÿY Ki‡Z n‡e| 5| kbv³KiY cÖwμqv : wewfbœ cÖvwY‡Mvôxi Rb¨ wbw`©ó msMÖn I msiÿY c×wZ AbymiY Ki‡Z n‡e Ges m¤úK©hy³ Ab¨vb¨ cÖvwYi mv‡_ Zzjbvg~jK eY©bv _vK‡Z n‡e| 1.2.3 †kªwYweb¨v‡mi cÖ‡qvRbxqZv: †kªwYweb¨v‡mi cÖ‡qvRbxqZv Acwimxg| ZË¡xq I dwjZ Dfq cÖvwYweÁv‡bB †kªwYweb¨v‡mi cÖ‡qvRbxqZv Ab¯^xKvh©| ZvwË¡K cÖ‡qvRbxqZv: †kªwYweb¨v‡mi gva¨‡g †Kv‡bv cÖvwY‡Mvôxi AšÍfy©³ GKwU cÖvYx m¤^‡Ü Ávb jvf Ki‡j H †Mvôxi Ab¨vb¨ cÖvYx m¤^‡Ü aviYv R‡b¥| Kg cwikªg I Aí mg‡qi g‡a¨ cÖvwYRM‡Zi A‡bK m`m¨ m¤ú‡K© Rvbv I †kLv hvq| cÖvwYK~‡ji cvi¯úwiK m¤úK© ev RvwZRwbi wewfbœ Z_¨ cvIqv hvq| cÖvwYK~‡ji weeZ©wbK aviv wbY©‡q I bZzb cÖRvwZ kbv³ Ki‡Z †kªªwYweb¨vm Acwinvh©| dwjZ cÖ‡qvRbxqZv : Rb¯^v¯’¨, K…wl I e‡bi ÿwZKi cÖRvwZ `g‡bi D‡Ï‡k¨ †kªwYweb¨vm wbw`©ó cÖRvwZi mwVK cwiPq `vb K‡i| A_©‰bwZK MyiæZ¡m¤úbœ cÖvYx evQvB Kiv hvq, K…wÎg cÖRb‡bi gva¨‡g DbœZ Rv‡Zi ckycvwL D™¢veb mnRZi nq| eb¨cÖvYx msiÿ‡Y I f~ZË¡xq NUbvejxi wbLuyZ wPÎ Zz‡j ai‡Z RxeRM‡Zi †kªwYweb¨v‡mi cÖ‡qvRb| ]

1.4 cÖvwYRM‡Zi bb KW©vUv I KW©vUv ce© cÖvwYRM‡Zi me©‡gvU 33 wU ce© i‡q‡Q, Zvi g‡a¨ bqwU ce©‡K †gRi ce© Ges evwKMy‡jv gvBbi ce© wn‡m‡e we‡ewPZ| cÖvq 13,48,000 cÖRvwZi RxweZ cÖvYx G ce©¸‡jvi AšÍf³ ~© | AvUwU bbK‡W©U ce©¸‡jv n‡jvÑ 1. Porifera, 2. Cnidaria, 3. Platyhelminthes, 4. Nematoda, 5. Annelida, 6. Arthropoda, 7. Mollusca, 8. Echinodermata,

Phylum-1 : Porifera (cwi‡div)- (L.porus-pore+ferre-to bear) Porifera c‡e©i cÖvwY‡ì mvaviY bvg ¯úÄ (sponge) | Bs‡iR weÁvbx Ellis (1765) G‡ì cÖvwYiƒ‡c wPwýZ K‡ib| Robert Grant (1836) G‡ì cÖvwYiƒc êwk‡óï eY©bv K‡ib Ges Porifera bvgKiY K‡ib|

RxeweÁvb wØZxq cÎ

ˆewkó¨ : p †`n cÖvPxi Aw÷qv (ostia) bvgK AmsL¨ wQ`ªhy³| p †`‡n we‡kl bvwjKvZš¿ (canal system) Av‡Q hv Øviv †`‡ni Avf¨šÍixY cwienb msNwUZ nq| p G‡`i †`nZ¡K CaCO3 ev wmwjKv wbwg©Z w¯úwKDj (spicule) ev KÈKhy³| p †`‡ni wfZi ¯ú‡Ävwmj (Spongocoel) bvgK GK ai‡bi cÖk¯Í MnŸi _v‡K hv †`‡ni evB‡i A¯‹zjvg bvgK wQ`ªc‡_ Db¥y³ nq| p Dfwjw½K| RxebP‡μ mšÍiYkxj A¨vwçeøv÷zjv jvf©v (amphiblastula larva) A_ev c¨v‡ibKvBgyjv jvf©v (paranchimula larva) †`Lv hvq| p cwiYZ cÖvYx †mmvBj (sessile) A_©vr PjvP‡j Aÿg Ges mv‡÷ªUv‡gi mv‡_ mshy³ _v‡K| p K‡qKwU cÖRvwZi cÖvYx Qvov cÖvq mK‡jB mvgyw`ªK| D`vniY: Sycon gelatinosum (¯úÄ), Spongilla locustris (wgVv cvwb ¯úÄ)|

Phylum-2: Cnidaria (wbWvwiqv)-(Gr. knide=nettle+L.aria=like or connected with) wbWvwiqvb cÖvwY‡ì mgy‡`ªi dyj (flower of the sea) ejv nq| GB c‡e©i cÖvwYiv mgy`ª Zj‡`‡k K‡jvwb MVb K‡i| GB c‡e©i cÖRvwZi msL¨v cÖvq 10,000 hv‡ì g‡a¨ †Kej 20wU cÖRvwZi cÖvYx wgVv cvwb‡Z evm K‡i| êwkó¨ : p †`n Aixq cÖwZmg| p Giv wØ¯Íix ev wW‡cøveøvw÷K cÖvYx| Gme cÖvwYi åyY‡`‡n G‡±vWvg© I G‡ÛvWvg© bvgK `y‡Uv †Kvl¯Íi _v‡K| ¯Íi `y‡Uvi gaëZ©x ¯’v‡b †g‡mvwMøqv Dcw¯’Z| p †`‡ni Af¨šÍ‡i wm‡j‡›UiY ev M¨v‡÷ªvfv¯‹yjvi MnŸi i‡q‡Q hv GKwU gvÎ wQ‡`ªi gva¨‡g †`‡ni evB‡i Db¥y³ nq| p †`nZ¡‡K AmsL¨ wb‡Wveøv÷ †Kvl _v‡K hv wbgv‡Uvwm÷ enb K‡i| p cwjc I †gWymv bvgK `yB ai‡bi Avw½K MVb †`Lv hvq| p †Kvlxq I Av½xK ch©v‡q mij ai‡bi kªgwefvM cwijwÿZ nq| D`vniY: Hydra viridis (nvBWªv) , Obelia geniculata (I‡ewjqv)

Phylum-3: Platyhelminthes (cøvwU‡njwgbw_m)-(Gr. platys = flat + helminth = worm) G‡ì‡K P¨vÞvK…wg (flat worm) ejv nq| eû‡Kvlx cÖvwY‡ì g‡a¨ Platyhelminthes c‡e©i cÖvwYivB cÖ_g wÎ¯Íix cÖvYx| GB c‡e© cÖRvwZi msL¨v cÖvq 20,000| G‡ì AwaKvskB ciRxex|

cÖvwYi wewfbœZv I †kÖwYweb¨vm

ˆewkó¨ : p Giv wÎ¯Íix ev wUªc‡jveøvw÷K cÖvYx Ges A¨vwm‡jv‡gU (wm‡jvg I MnŸiwenxb)| p G‡`i †`n big, j¤^v, c„ôxqÑA¼xq Zj eivei cvZv ev wdZvi gZ P¨vÞv| p †iPbZš¿ wkLv †Kvl (flame cell) wb‡q MwVZ| p †cŠwóKZš¿ cvqywQ`ª wenxb Ges kvLvwš^Z| p Dfwjw½K, wb‡lK Af¨šÍixY, cwiùzUb cÖZ¨ÿ ev c‡ivÿ| p AwaKvskB ciRxex, wKQz msL¨K gy³Rxex| D`vniY : Fasciola hepatica (hK…Z K…wg), Taenia solium (wdZv K…wg)

Phylum-4: Nematoda (†bgv‡UvWv)-(Gr. nematos=thread + helminth=worm) Nematoda -†ì mvaviY bvg myZvK…wg (thread worm) ev †MvjK…wg (round worm)| GB c‡e© kbv³K…Z cÖvq 12000 cÖRvwZi K…wg Av‡Q hv‡ì AwaKvskB wewfbœ Rxe‡`‡n ciRxex| êwkó¨ : p †`n bjvKvi, wØÑcvk¦©xq cÖwZmg I `yw`K myuPv‡jv| p gyLwQ`ª êwkó¨c~Y© Iô (lip) Øviv cwi‡ewóZ| †cŠwóKbvjx †mvRv I kvLvnxb Ges gyL †_‡K cvqy ch©šÍ we¯Í…Z| p †`nMnŸi †g‡mvWvg© Ave„Z bq e‡j G‡K Pseudocoelom e‡j| p †`n ALÐvwqZ wmwjqvwenxb I wKDwUKj Øviv Ave„Z| p k¦mbZš¿ I msenbZš¿ Abycw¯’Z| p AwaKvsk cÖvYx GKwjw½K, †hŠb wØiƒcZv †`Lv hvq| D`vniY : Ascaris lumbricoides,(†Mvj / †Ku‡Pv K…wg), Loa loa (gvby‡li †Pv‡Li K…wg)

Phylum-5: Annelida (A¨v‡bwjWv)-(Lt. annulus = small ring) Giv ¯’jPi, wgVvcvwbevmx ev mvgyw`ªK| GB c‡e© RxweZ cÖRvwZi msL¨v cÖvq 12000| ˆewkó¨ : p †`n j¤^v, bjvKvi, wØcvk¦x© q cÖwZmg, wKDwUKj w`‡q Ave„Z Ges cÖK…Z wm‡jvghy³| p †bwd«wWqv bv‡gi cu¨vPv‡bv bvwjKv cÖavb †iPb A½ wnmv‡e KvR K‡i| p mvaviYZ wmUv (Seta) A_ev c¨viv‡cvwWqv (Parapodia) bvgK wPÎ: 1.8: Metaphire posthuma A½ Pj‡b mnvqZv K‡i| p RxebP‡μ †Uªv‡Kv‡dvi (Trochophore) bvgK jvf©v _vK‡Z cv‡i A_ev mivmwi cwiùzUb nq| D`vniY: Metaphire posthuma ( †Ku‡Pv), Hirudo medicinalis (†RuvK)

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Phylum-6: Arthropoda (Av‡_ª©v‡cvWv)- (Gr. arthron-joint + podos-foot) cÖvwYRM‡Zi e„nËg ce© nj Arthropoda| GB c‡e©i cÖvq 900,000 cÖRvwZi cÖvwY‡K G ch©šÍ kbv³ Kiv n‡q‡Q| ˆewkó¨ : p †`‡n wZb ev Z‡ZvwaK †Rvov mwÜhy³ cvk¦©xq cv ev Dcv½ _v‡K| p †`n wØcvk¦xq© cÖwZmg, LÐvwqZ Ges wewfbœ U¨vMgvq (tagma) wef³ ( †hgb-wki, eÿ I D`i)| p wKDwUKj wbwg©Z ewntKsKvj i‡q‡Q hv wbqwgZ †gvwPZ nq| p gv_vq G‡›Ubv I GK‡Rvov cyÄvwÿ _v‡K|

wPÎ 1.9 : Poekilocerus pictus

p k¦mbA½ UªvwKqv, dzjKv, eyKjvs A_ev mvaviY †`nZj| p gvjwcwRqvb bvwjKv cÖavb †iPb A½| p wn‡gvwmj (haemocoel) bvgK †`n MnŸi _v‡K| p GKwjw½K cÖvYx, A‡bK‡ÿ‡Î †hŠb wØiƒcZv †`Lv hvq| p AšÍtwb‡lK N‡U, cwiùzUb cÖZ¨ÿ ev c‡ivÿ, RxebP‡μ jvf©v, wcDcv ev wbç `kv †`Lv hvq| D`vniY : Poekilocerus pictus (Nvmdwos), Apis indica (†gŠgvwQ)|

Phylum-7: Mollusca ( †gvjv¯‹v)- (L. molluscus = soft) Mollusca cÖvwYRM‡Zi wØZxq e„nËg ce©| †gvjv¯‹v‡ì RxweZ cÖRvwZi msL¨v cÖvq 100.000 (Barnes et al. 2004) G‡ì Rxevk¥ cÖRvwZi msL¨vB cÖvq 35000| êwkó¨ : p †`n wØÑcvk¦©xq cÖwZmg, ALÐvwqZ Ges my¯úó gv_vwewkó| p A¼xq †`ncÖvPxi gvsmj c`ÑG we‡kwlZ hv cÖavbZ Pjb A½ wn‡m‡e KvR K‡i| p c„ôxq †`ncÖvPxi g¨v›Uj bvgK GK‡Rvov fuv‡Ri m„wó K‡i hv g¨v›Uj MnŸi‡K wN‡i †i‡L k¦mb A‡½ iƒcvšÍwiZ nq| p †`n mvaviYZ GK ev GKvwaK †Lvjm Øviv Ave„Z| p AwaKvs‡ki cwicvKZ‡š¿ i¨vWyjv (radula) bvgK Ask i‡q‡Q| p i³ msenbZš¿ gy³ ai‡bi A_©vr i³bvjx I wn‡gvwmj DfqB _v‡K| D`vniY : Pila globosa (kvgyK), Octopus valgaris ( A‡±vcvm)

cÖvwYi wewfbœZv I †kÖwYweb¨vm

Phylum-8 : Echinodermata (GKvB‡bvW©vgvUv)-Gr.echinos = hedgehog/spine + derma = skin Echinodermata c‡e©i cÖvwYiv AwZ cwiwPZ mvgyw`ªK cÖvYx| GB c‡e© RxweZ cÖRvwZi msL¨v cÖvq 6000, wKš‘ G‡ì Rxev‡k¥i msL¨v AviI A‡bK †ekx, cÖvq 13000 (Barnes et al., 2004) êwkó¨ : p c~Y©v½ cÖvYx cÂAixq (pentamerous) cÖwZmg, ALÐvwqZ, ZviKvKvi, †MvjvKvi, PvKwZi b¨vq A_ev j¤^vK…wZi| jvf©v `kvq wØcvk¦©xq (bilateral) cÖwZmg| p †`‡ni Af¨šÍ‡i cvwb msenb Zš¿ we`¨gvb Ges mswkøó bvwjKvc` G‡ì Pjb A½| p g¯ÍK, gw¯Í®‹ I †iPb A½ Abycw¯’Z| p KÈKgq AwmK&j (Ossicle) A_ev w¯úwKDj (Spicule) wbwg©Z AšÍ:K¼vj _v‡K| p †`‡n my¯úó †gŠwLK Zj (oral) I civOgyL Zj (abroal) we`¨gvb; †gŠwLK Z‡j cuvPwU A¨v¤^yj¨vμvj LuvR _v‡K| D`vniY: Asterias vulgaris, (mgy`ª Zviv) , Echinus esculentus (GKvBbvm) wkÿv_x©i KvR: wkÿK wkÿv_x©‡ì K‡qKwU `‡j fvM K‡i cÖ‡Z¨K `‡j wZbwU K‡i bb-K‡W©U cÖvwYi mieivnK…Z bgybv wkÿ_x©‡ì ch©‡eÿY Kiv‡bvi ci Gme c‡e©i kbv³Kvix êwkó¨ wjL‡Z ej‡eb|

Phylum-9: Chordata (KW©vUv)- (Gr. Chorda= cord + ata= to bear) cÖvwY‡`‡n b‡UvK‡W©i Dcw¯’wZ I Abycw¯’wZi Dci wfwË K‡i cÖvwYRMZ‡K `ywU MÖæ‡c wef³ Kiv nq| cÖvwYRM‡Zi 43wU c‡e©i g‡a¨ 42wU ce©B bb-KW©vUv `jf‚³| Balfour (1880) b‡UvKW©avix cÖvwY‡`i wb‡q Chordata ce©wU m„wó K‡ib| GB c‡e©i cÖRvwZi msL¨v cÖvq 46000| ˆewkó¨ : 1. å~Yve¯’vq A_ev AvRxeb c„ô ga¨‡iLv eivei `ÐvK…wZ I w¯’wZ¯’vcK wb‡iU b‡UvKW© _v‡K| 2. b‡UvK‡W©i wVK Dc‡i j¤^ Aÿ eivei duvcv, bjvKvi mœvqyi¾y ev bvf©KW© _v‡K| 3. Rxe‡bi †h †Kv‡bv `kvq ev AvRxeb Mjwe‡ji `ycv‡k K‡qK‡Rvov dzjKviÜ« _v‡K| 4. G‡Ûv÷vBj (Endostyle) Dcw¯’Z hv c‡i _vBi‡qW (Thyroid) MÖwš’‡Z iƒcvšÍwiZ nq| 5. AwaKvsk m`‡m¨ ZiæYvw¯’gq (Cartilaginous) A_ev Aw¯’gq (Bony) AšÍ:K¼vj (Endoskeleton) Dcw¯’Z| D`vniY : Homo sapiens (gvbyl), Panthera tigirs (evN)|

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1.5 Chordata c‡e©i Dc-ce©mg~n : Subphylum-1: Urochordata (Gr. oura=tail+L. chorda=cord)

kbv³Kvix ˆewkó¨ : p b‡UvKW©, mœvqyi¾y Ges cvqy cieZx© †jR ïaygvÎ gy³ mšÍiYkxj jvf©vq Dcw¯’Z _v‡K| p cwiYZ cÖvYx †mmvBj A_©vr PjvP‡j mÿg Ges ¯’vqxfv‡e †Kv‡bv e¯‘i mv‡_ mshy³ _v‡K, A_ev gv‡S-g‡a¨ cøv¼UwbK Ges wUDwbK Øviv Ave„Z _v‡K hv‡Z wKQyUv †mjy‡jvR Dcw¯’Z| p mevB mvgyw`ªK Ges mgy‡`ªi Zj‡`‡k GKKfv‡e ev K‡jvbx MVb K‡i evm K‡i| p mvgyw`ªK †dvqviv ev wUDwb‡KU bv‡g cwiwPZ| p Dfwjw½K RxebP‡μ jvf©v`kv †`Lv hvq| D`vniY : Ascidia mentula, Doliolum rarum

Subphylum-2: Cephalochordata- (Gr. kephalo = head + L. chorda = cord) êwkó¨ : p †`n j¤^v, cvk¦x©qfv‡e Pvcv (laterally compressed), gvQ AvK…wZ I ¯^”Q| Dfq cÖvšÍ m~uPv‡jv| p jvf©v I cwiYZ cÖvwYi †`‡n ˆ`N©¨ eivei b‡UvKW© I mœvqyi¾y we¯Í…Z| p †`‡ni AMÖ A¼fv‡M ÔIivj ûWÕ _v‡K; Iivj û‡W wmwi (cirri) _v‡K| p Mjwe‡j AmsL¨ dzjKv iÜª Dcw¯’Z, dzjKv¸‡jv A¨vwUªqv‡g Db¥y³; A¨vwUªI‡cvi cvqywQ‡`ªi m¤§y‡L Aew¯’Z| p G‡ì‡K Bs‡iwR‡Z Lancelet e‡j| eZ©gv‡b Amphioxus bvgwU †mdv‡jvK‡W©U‡ì mvaviY bvg wn‡m‡e eëüZ nq| D`vniY : Branchiostoma lanceolatum (A¨vwçA·vm)

Subphylum 3: Vertebrata (j¨vwUb, vertebratus = †giæ`Û) ˆewkó¨ : p AšÍZtc‡ÿ åƒY Ae¯’vq b‡UvKW©, mœvqyi¾y, dzjKv wQ`ª Ges cvqy cieZx© †jR Dcw¯’Z _v‡K| p c„ôxq duvcv mœvqyi¾y †_‡K gw¯Í®‹ I myly¤œv KvÛ (spinal cord) MwVZ nq|

cÖvwYi wewfbœZv I †kÖwYweb¨vm

p Aw¯’gq (bony) ev ZiæYvw¯’gq (cartilaginous) K‡kiæKv myly¤§v KvÛ‡K wN‡i iv‡L; K‡kiæKv cÖv_wgK Aÿxq fvievnx (primary axial support) wn‡m‡e KvR K‡i; K¼vj m¤§yLcÖv‡šÍ cwiewZ©Z n‡q K‡ivwU (skull) MV‡bi gva¨‡g gw¯Í®‹‡K myiwÿZ iv‡L| p Mjwe‡ji Dfq cv‡k¦© 5-15 †Rvov dzjKv wQ`ª _v‡K; DbœZ †giæ`Ûx‡`i †ÿ‡Î Mjwejxq dzjKv iÜª åæY`kvq Dcw¯’Z _v‡K| p cvk¦x©q †Rvo cvLbv ev c` Pjb A½ wn‡m‡e e¨eüZ nq|

Vertebrata Dcc‡e©i †kªwYmg~n : Vertebrata Dcce© `ywU Awa‡kªwY‡Z (Superclass) wef³| h_v: Agnatha I Gnathostomata|

Awa‡kªwY 1- Agnatha (A¨vMbv_v) : cÖK…Z †Pvqvj I †Rvo Dcv½ Abycw¯’Z| †kªwY 1- Myxini (wgw·bx) ‰ewkó¨: p Giv n¨vMwdm (Hagfish) bv‡g cwiwPZ| p †`n miæ Bj m`„k (Eel-like), †MvjvKvi, †Pvqvjwenxb, hyM¥ cvLbvwenxb Ges ¯øvBg MÖwš’hy³ bMœ Z¡K| p 4 †Rvov †U›UvKjhy³ cÖvšÍxq gyL| ev°vj dv‡bj Abycw¯’Z| p dzjKv wQ`ª 5-15 †Rvov| p bvwmKv _wj (Nasal sac) gyL Mne‡i Db¥y³ D`vniY: Myxine glutinosa (AvUjvw›UK n¨vMwdm), Eptatretus stouti (c¨vwmwdK n¨vMwdm) †kªwY 2- Cephalaspidomorphi (†mdvjvmwc‡Wvgiwd) ‰ewkó¨: p mvaviY bvg j¨v‡¤cÖ (Lamprey) p †`n miæ Bj m`„k (Eel-like) , †MvjvKvi, †Pvqvj wenxb, hyM¥ cvLbvwenxb| p nwb© `uvZhy³, †PvlY ÿgZvm¤úbœ gyL (suctorial mouth with horny teeth) p 7 †Rvov dzjKv wQ`ª _v‡K Ges bvwmKv _wj gyL MnŸ‡i Db¥y³ bq| D`vniY : Petromyzon marinus (†c‡UªvgvB‡Rvb)

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Awa‡kªwY 2- Gnathostomata (b¨v‡_v‡÷vgvUv) : cÖK…Z †Pvqvj I †Rvo Dcv½ (cvLbv/c`) Dcw¯’Z| †kªwY 3- Chondrichthyes (KbwWªKw_m) ‰ewkó¨: p †`n cø¨vK‡qW (Placoid) AvuBk Øviv Ave„Z| AšÍtK¼vj KvwU©‡jR wbwg©Z| p cy”QcvLbv †nUv‡ivmviKvj (heterocercal) gyLwQ`ª I bvmviÜª A¼xq| p dzjKvwQ`ª 5-7 †Rvov| (Operculum) _v‡K bv|

Kvb‡Kv

p evqy_wj (air bladder) _v‡K bv| D`vniY : Scoliodon sorrakowah (_ywÆ nv½i) †kªwY 4 - Actinopterygii (A¨vKwU‡bvc‡UivBwR) ‰ewkó¨: p AšÍtK¼vj Aw¯’ wbwg©Z| p Z¡‡K wgDKvm MÖwš’ Dcw¯’Z Ges mvaviYZ mvBK¬‡qW (cycloid), wUb‡qW (ctenoid) ev M¨vb‡qW (ganoid) ai‡bi AvuBk Øviv Ave„Z; wKQy wKQy †ÿ‡Î AvuBk Abycw¯’Z| p cy”Q cvLbv †nv‡gvmviKvj (homocercal); gyLwQ`ª g¯Í‡Ki m¤§yLfv‡M Aew¯’Z| p †f‡m _vKvi Rb¨ cUKv (swim bladder) _v‡K| p †Rvov dzjKv, KvbKzqv I evqy_wj we`¨gvb| D`vniY : Tenualosa ilisha (Bwjk), Labeo rohita (iæB)

†kªwY 5- Sarcopterygii (mvi‡Kvc‡UivBwR) ‰ewkó¨: p AšÍtKsKvj Aw¯’gq Ges †`n M¨vb‡qW ai‡bi AvuB‡k Ave„Z| p gv_vi `ycv‡k GKwU K‡i dzjKviÜ« _v‡K hv Kvb‡Kv w`‡q Ave „Z| p †f‡m _vKvi Rb¨ cUKv _v‡K| p †jR WvBwdmviKvj ai‡bi A_©vr c„óxq I A¼xq cvLbv GKxf~Z n‡q Awfbœ I bgbxq cvLbv wn‡m‡e †jR wN‡i Aew¯’Z|

cÖvwYi wewfbœZv I †kÖwYweb¨vm

D`vniY : Neoceratodus forsteri (A‡÷ªwjqvb jvswdk), Protopterus annectens (Avwd«Kvb jvswdk) †kªwY 6 - Amphibia (A¨vwçweqv) ‰ewkó¨: p jvf©v `kvq dzjKv Ges c~Y©v½ Ae¯’vq dzmdzm Øviv k¦vmKvh© Pvjvq| p †`nZ¡K bMœ (naked), †fRv I MÖwš’gq (glandular) p AMÖc‡` PviwU Ges cðv`c‡` cuvPwU bLiwenxb AvOyj Dcw¯’Z| p Awj›` `ywU I wbjq GKwU cÖ‡Kvôwewkó| p cvwb‡Z dzjKvi mvnv‡h¨ I ¯’‡j dzmdz‡mi mvnv‡h¨ k¦mb Pvjvq| D`vniY : Bufo melanostictus (Kz‡bve¨vO)

†kªwY 7 - Reptilia (‡icwUwjqv) êwkó¨: p †`nZ¡K ï®‹ Ges GwcWvwg©m wbtm„Z AvuBk ev k³ †cøU Øviv Ave„Z| p `yB †Rvov c` (mvc e¨ZxZ), Dfq c` cuvPwU K‡i bLihy³ AvOyjwewkó| p AemviYx wQ`ª AvovAvwofv‡e Aew¯’Z| p ü`wc‡Ûi wbjq Am¤ú~Y©fv‡e wØwef³ (Kzwgi e¨ZxZ)| p ey‡K fi w`‡q P‡j| D`vniY : Hemidactylus frenatus (wUKwUwK), Draco volans (Do–°z wUKwUwK) †kªwY 8 - Aves (A¨vwfm) ‰ewkó¨: p cvjK (feather) Øviv †`n Ave„Z| AMÖc` Wvbvq (wing) iæcvšÍwiZ| p †Pvqvj `šÍnxb PÂz‡Z (back) cwiYZ n‡q‡Q| p Aw¯’ nvjKv I evqyc~Y|© dzmdz‡mi mv‡_ evqy_wj (air sac) hy³| D`vniY : Columba livia (KeyZi), passer domesticus (Po–B) †kªwY 9 - Mammalia (g¨vgvwjqv) ‰ewkó¨: p ¯ÍbMÖwš’ (mammary gland), Ng©MÖwš’ (sweat gland) I †mevwmqvm MÖwš’ (sebaceous gland) Dcw¯’Z| p eÿMnŸi I Dì MnŸi Gi gaëZx© ¯’v‡b †cwkeûj ga¨”Q`v (diaphragm) Dcw¯’Z| p †Pvqv‡j wewfbœ cÖKvi ùvZ (Heterodont) _v‡K| p †`n †jv‡g Ave„Z Ges ewntK‡Y© wcbv (pinna) Dcw¯’Z| †jvwnZ KwYKv wbDwK¬qvmwenxb|

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D`vniY : Homo sapiens (gvbyl), Panthera tigris (evN) wkÿv_x©i KvR: wkÿK wkÿv_x©‡`i wewfbœ `‡j fvM K‡i fvwU©eªvUvi wewfbœ †kÖwYi bgybv cÖvYx ch©‡eÿY Kiv‡bvi ci cÖwZwU bgybvi †kÖwYi ˆewkó¨ LvZvq wjL‡Z ej‡eb|

1.6 e¨envwiK cixÿvi bvg: bb-KW©vUvi wewfbœ c‡e©i I fvwU©eªvUvi wewfbœ †kªwYi bgybv cÖvYx ch©‡eÿY| cÖ‡qvRbxq DcKiY: bb-K‡W©U I K‡W©U bgybv cÖvYx ch©‡eÿY:

bgybv 1. wgVv cvwbi ¯úÄ : Spongilla fragilis

wPÎ 1.23: Spongilla fragilis

†kªwYweb¨vmMZ Ae¯’vb Phylum (ce©) : Porifera Class (‡kªYx): Demospongiae Family (‡MvÎ): Spongillida Genus (MY): Spongilla Species (cÖRvwZ): Spongilla fragilis

bgybv 2. nvBWªv : Hydra viridis †kªwYweb¨vmMZ Ae¯’vb Phylum(ce©) : Cnidaria Class(‡kªYx) : Hydrozoa Family(‡MvÎ): Hydridae Genus(MY) : Hydra Species (cÖRvwZ) : Hydra viridis

wPÎ 1.24: Hydra viridis

cÖvwYi wewfbœZv I †kÖwYweb¨vm

kbv³Kvix ˆewkó¨ 1. †`n bjvKvi, GKcÖvšÍ gy³ I AcicÖvšÍ e×| 2. gy³ cÖv‡šÍ Aew¯’Z nvB†cv‡÷v‡gi P~ovq gyLwQ`ª Aew¯’Z| 3. nvB‡cv‡÷vg‡K wN‡i 6-8wU myZvK…wZ Kwl©Kv i‡q‡Q|

bgybv 3. wdZv K…wg : Taenia solium †kªwYweb¨vmMZ Ae¯’vb Phylum (ce©): Platyhelminthes Class(‡kªYx): Cestoda Family(‡MvÎ): Taeniidae Genus(MY): Taenia Species (cÖRvwZ) : Taenia solium

wPÎ 1.25: Taenia soltum

kbv³Kvix ˆewkó¨ 1. wdZvi g‡Zv †`n Dc‡i-wb‡P Pvcv I j¤^v| 2. †`n †¯‹v‡j·, MÖxev I †÷ªvwejv-q wef³| 3. ‡¯‹v‡j· ÿz`ª, 4wU †PvlK †KvYvKvi i‡÷jvg Ges LÛ‡Ki g‡Zv AmsL¨ †cÖv‡MøvwUW i‡q‡Q|

bgybv 4. Nvm dwos: Poecilocerus pictus †kªwYweb¨vmMZ Ae¯’vb

wPÎ 1.26: Poekilocerus pictus

Phylum (ce©) : Arthropoda Class (‡kªYx) : Insecta Family (‡MvÎ) : Acrididae Genus (MY): Poekilocerus Species (cÖRvwZ) : Poekilocerus pictus

kbv³Kvix ˆewkó¨ 1. †`n wKDwUK‡j Ave„Z Ges g¯ÍK, eÿ I D`‡i wef³| 2. g¯Í‡K GK‡Rvov cyÄvÿx I GK‡Rvov A¨v‡›Ubv Ges Pe©bÿg gy‡Lvcv½ i‡q‡Q| 3. wZb †Rvov mwÜhy³ c`, ga¨e‡ÿ GK‡Rvov Ges cðvre‡ÿ GK‡Rvov Wvbv Av‡Q|

RxeweÁvb wØZxq cÎ

bgybv 5. mgy`ª Zviv : Astropecten auranciacus †kªwYweb¨vmMZ Ae¯’vb Phylum (ce©) : Echinodermata Class (‡kªYx) : Asteroidea Family (‡MvÎ) : Asteroidae Genus (MY) : Astropecten Species (cÖRvwZ) : Astropecten auranciacus

wPÎ 1.27: Astropecten auranciacus (ev‡g-wegyLZj Ges Wv‡b- †gŠwLKZj

kbv³Kvix ˆewkó¨ 1. †`n Aixq cÖwZmg, ZviKvm`„k Ges K›UKgq Z¡‡K Ave„Z| 2. †`‡ni †gŠwLK Z‡j cÖ‡Z¨K evûi ‰`N¨© eivei A¨¤^yj¨vμvj LuvR Av‡Q| 3. †`‡ni we†gŠwLK Z‡j g¨v‡Wª‡cvivBU I cvqy i‡q‡Q| A¨v¤^yj¨vμvj Luv‡Ri Dfq cv‡k mvwie× bvwjKv c` Aew¯’Z|

bgybv 5. nv½i : Scoliodon sorrakowah †kªwYweb¨vmMZ Ae¯’vb Phylum (ce©) : Chordata Sub phylum (Dcce©) : Vertebrata Class (‡kªYx) : Chondrichthyes Family (‡MvÎ) : Scyllidae Genus (MY) : Scoliodon Species (cÖRvwZ) : Scoliodon sorrrakowah

cÖvwYi wewfbœZv I †kÖwYweb¨vm

wPÎ 1.28: Scoliodon sorrakowah

kbv³Kvix ˆewkó¨ 1. †`n j¤^v I cvk¦©xqfv‡e Pvcv Ges g¯ÍK Dci-wb‡P Pvcv| ‡`nZ¡K cøvK‡qW ai‡bi AuvB‡k Ave„Z, †jR †n‡U‡ivmvK©vj ai‡bi, cuvP‡Rvov cvk¦x©q dzjKvwQ`ª we`¨gvb| 2. g¯Í‡Ki AMÖcÖv‡šÍ ZzÛ I A¼w`‡K Aa©P›`ªKvi gyLwQ`ª we`¨gvb|

bgybv 7. KvZj gvQ : Catla catla †kªwYweb¨vmMZ Ae¯’vb Phylum (ce©) : Chordata Sub-phylum (Dc-ce©) : Vertebrata Class (‡kªYx) : Actinopterygie Order (eM©) : Cypriniformes Family (‡MvÎ) : Cyprinidae Genus (MY) : Catla Species (cÖRvwZ) : Catla catla

wPÎ 1.29: Catla catla

RxeweÁvb wØZxq cÎ

kbv³Kvix ˆewkó¨ 1. †`n cvk¦x©qfv‡e Pvcv I mvBK¬‡qW AuvB‡k Ave„Z| 2. gyLwQ`ª ‡QvU Ges D×© I wb¤œ gvsmj †VuvUhy³| 3. cy”Q cvLbv †nv‡gvmvK©vj ai‡bi |

bgybv 8. wUKwUwK : Hemidactylus brooki †kªwYweb¨vmMZ Ae¯’vb Phylum(ce©): Chordata Sub-phylum (Dc-ce©): Vertebrata Class (‡kªYx): Reptilia Family (‡MvÎ): Geckonidae Genus (MY): Hemidactylus Species (cÖRvwZ): Hemidactylus brooki

wPÎ 1.30: Hemidactylus brooki

kbv³Kvix ˆewkó¨ 1. gv_vwU wÎ‡KvbvKvi, G‡Z GK †Rvov †PvL, GK †Rvov bvmviÜ« Ges GK †Rvov KY©wQ`ª i†q‡Q| 2. `y‡Rvov cv‡qi cÖwZwU‡Z cvPuwU K‡i c¨vW I bLiwewkó Av½yj Av‡Q| 3. †jR gvSvwi AvKv‡ii, f½yi I cybiærcwË ÿgZv m¤úbœ| bgybv 9. ‡`v‡qj cvwL: Copsychus saularis †kªwYweb¨vmMZ Ae¯’vb Phylum (ce©): Chordata Sub-phylum(Dc-ce©): Vertebrata Class (‡kªYx): Aves Family (‡MvÎ): Turdidae Genus (MY): Copsychus Species (cÖRvwZ): Copsychus saularis wPÎ 1.31: Copsychus saularis

cÖvwYi wewfbœZv I †kÖwYweb¨vm

kbv³Kvix ˆewkó¨ 1. ‡`n cvjK Øviv Ave„Z | cvjK¸‡jv mv`v-Kv‡jv eY©hy³ (¯¿x †`v‡q‡ji bxj‡P-a~mi)| 2. cy”Q cvjK j¤^v I wZh©Kfv‡e cÖmvwiZ, Wvbv j¤^v mv`v `vMmn Kvj‡P&-ev`vgx, †VuvU miæ I Zxÿè| cÖwZ cv‡q 4wU bLihy³ Av½yj Av‡Q hv‡`i 3wU mvg‡bi w`‡K Ges 1wU wcQ‡bi w`‡K cÖmvwiZ|

bgybv 10. wMwbwcM : Cavia porcellus †kªwYweb¨vmMZ Ae¯’vb Phylum (ce©): Chordata Sub-phylum (Dc-ce©): Vertebrata Class (‡kªYx): Mammalia Family (‡MvÎ): Cavidae Genus (MY): Cavia Species (cÖRvwZ): Cavia porcellus wPÎ 1.32: Cavia porcellus

kbv³Kvix ˆewkó¨ 1. mgMÖ †`n Nb I eo eo †jv‡g Ave„Z| 2. AMÖc‡` 4wU I cðvrc‡` 3wU K‡i bLihy³ Av½yj we`¨gvb| 3. gy‡L ms‡e`x †Muvd I ewntK‡Y© wcbv Dcw¯’Z|

 GB Aa¨v‡qi cÖavb kãwfwËK mvims‡ÿc  cÖvwYRMZ : c„w_exi mKj †QvU-eo cÖvYx wb‡q cÖvwYRMZ MwVZ|  †kÖwYweb¨vm: cÖvwYRM‡Zi mg¯Í cÖvwY‡K Zv‡ì ga¨Kvi cvi¯úwiK mv`„k¨ I êmv`„‡kï wfwË‡Z

weÁvbwfwËKfv‡e wewfbœ ¯Í‡i ev av‡c ch©vqμ‡g web¨vmKiY‡KB †kÖwYweb¨vm e‡j|  åæY¯Íi: åƒ‡Yi cwiùzUbKv‡j RvB‡Mv‡Ui evi evi wefvR‡bi gva¨‡g m„ó †Kvl¸‡jv ¯Í‡i mw¾Z n‡q ˆZwi K‡i åƒY¯Íi (germ layers) | åƒY¯Í‡ii msL¨v 2 ev 3 n‡Z cv‡i|  cÖwZmvg¨Zv : A‡ÿi mv‡_ mvgÄm¨ †i‡L cÖvwY‡`‡ni we‡fR¨Zvi cÖK…wZ‡K cÖwZmvg¨ e‡j|  LÐvqb : m`„k †`nL‡Ûi îwLK cybive„wË‡K LÐvqb (segmentation) e‡j| cÖwZwU LÐ‡K ejv nq †gUvwgqvi (metamere) ev †mvgvBU (somite) |  wm‡jvg : åƒYxq †g‡mvWvg© †_‡K m„ó c¨vivBUvj †cwi‡Uvwbqvg I wf‡mivj †cwi‡Uvwbqvg AveiY Øviv Ave„Z †`nMnŸi‡K ejv nq wm‡jvg|  b‡UvKW© : åƒY‡`‡ni KvVv‡gv MVbKvix wb‡iU I w¯’wZ¯’vcK K¼vjgq `Ð‡K (skeletal rod) b‡UvKW© e‡j|  bb-KW©vUv : b‡UvKW©wenxb cÖvwY‡ì bb-KW©vUv e‡j|  KW©vUv : †hme cÖvwY‡ì åƒYve¯’vq ev AvRxeb c„ô ga¨‡iLv eivei b‡UvKW© Ae¯’vb K‡i Zv‡ì KW©vUv e‡j|

RxeweÁvb wØZxq cÎ

Abykxjbx m„Rbkxj cÖkœ wb‡Pi wPÎ¸‡jv jÿ Ki Ges cÖkœ¸‡jvi DËi `vI:

x y z K. wkLv †Kvl Kx? 1 L. mKj †giæ`ÛxB K‡W©U wKš‘ mKj K‡W©U †giæ`Ûx bq †Kb? 2 M. DÏxc‡K ‘z’ cÖvwYwUi êwkó¨vejxi Av‡jv‡K Zvi ¯^xq c‡e© ¯’vb `v‡bi KviY e¨vL¨v K‡iv| 3 N. grm¨ †Mvôxi AvIËvf~³ nIqv m‡Ë¡I x I y †K wfbœ `ywU †kÖwY‡Z ¯’vb †Ìqv n‡q‡Q|Ñwe‡kølY Ki| 4 eûwbe©vPwb cÖkœ 1| †kÖwYweb¨v‡mi GKK n‡”QÑ K. MY L. †kÖwY M. eM© N. cÖRvwZ 2| cøvK‡qW AvuBk cvIqv hvq †Kvb cÖvwY‡Z? K. A‡÷ªwjqvb jvswdk L. Wjwdb M. Bwjk gvQ N. nv½i wb‡Pi DÏxc‡Ki Av‡jv‡K 3 I 4 bs cÖ‡kœi DËi `vI: GKRb †R‡j b`x †_‡K Rvj †U‡b Zzj‡ZB eo eo iæB gv‡Qi mv‡_ 19 †Rvov Dcv½ wewkó wKQz cÖvYx †c‡jb| 3| iæB gv‡Qi mv‡_ cÖvß cÖvwYwU †Kvb c‡e©i? K. Arthropoda L. Annelida M. Mollusca N. Porifera 4| iæB gv‡Qi mv‡_ cÖvß cÖvwYwUiÑ i. wn‡gvwmj Dcw¯’Z ii. gvjwcwRqvb bvjx cÖavb †iPb A½ iii. gyL MnŸ‡i i¨vWzjv bvgK `šÍK _v‡K| wb‡Pi †KvbwU mwVK? K. i I ii L. ii I iii M. i I iii N. i, ii I iii 5| wkLv †Kvl †Kvb c‡e©i êwkó¨? K. Porifera L. Annelida M. Platyhelminthes N. Arthropoda

wØZxq Aa¨vq

cÖvwYi cwiwPwZ

(INTRODUCTION OF ANIMAL) nvBWªv (Hydra) 1744 mv‡j weÁvbx Aveªvnvg †Uª¤^‡j (Abraham Trembley, 1700-1784) me©cÖ_g nvBWªv Avwe®‹vi K‡ib| nvBWªv GKwU eû g¯ÍKwewkó KvíwbK ˆ`‡Zï bvg hvi gv_v KvU‡j Zv †_‡K Avevi `yB ev Z‡ZvwaK bZzb gv_v MRvZ| nvBWªvi GKwU D‡jøL‡hvM¨ êwkó¨ n‡jv Gi cybiærcv`b ÿgZv hv ˆ`‡Zï g‡Zv nviv‡bv ev ÿwZMÖ¯’ Ask cybivq m„wó Ki‡Z cv‡i| ZvB wjwbqvm Gi bvgKiY K‡ib Hydra | cÖavb kã (Key Word)  wØ¯Íix cÖvwY  nvB‡cv‡÷vg  GwcWvwg©m  wb‡Wveøv÷  M¨v‡÷ªvWvwg©m  †g‡mvwMøqv  wm‡j‡›UiY  Pjb  wb‡lK  wg‡_vRxweZv G Aa¨vq cvV †k‡l AvgivÑ  nvBWªvi MVb eY©bv Ki‡Z cvi‡ev  nvBWªvi Lv`¨ MÖnY I cwicvK cÖwμqv eY©bv Ki‡Z cvi‡ev  Pjb I Rbb c×wZ eY©bv Ki‡Z cvi‡ev  nvBWªvi wg‡_vRxweZv we‡kølY Ki‡Z cvi‡ev  eënvwiK: nvBWªvi ¯’vqx ¯øvBW ch©‡eÿY K‡i wPÎ AsKb Ki‡Z cvi‡ev|

2.1 nvBWªvi MVb (Structure) wbWvwiqv (Cnidaria) c‡e©i AwaKvsk m`m¨ mvgyw`ªK n‡jI Hydra GKwU wek¦Rbxb wgVv cvwbi gy³Rxex cÖvYx| RjR Dw™¢‡`i cvZvi wbgœZj ev cvwb‡Z wbgw¾Z KwVb e¯‘i Zj †_‡K Giv wbgœgyLx n‡q Szj‡Z _v‡K| Giv gvsmvkx| mvaviYZ Lvj, wej, cyKzi, n«`, †Wvev, SY©vi g‡Zv †mªvZnxb cvwb‡Z G‡`i †ewk cvIqv hvq|

RxeweÁvb wØZxq cÎ

nvBWªvi †kªwYweb¨vmMZ Ae¯’vb (Classification of Hydra) : Kingdom-Animalia Phylum-Cnidaria Class-Hydrozoa Order-Hydroida Family-Hydridae Genus-Hydra Species-Hydra vulgaris

2.1.1 evwn¨K MVb (External structure): Hydra Ñi †`n big I A‡bKUv bjvKvi| †`‡ni GKcÖvšÍ †Lvjv Ges AcicÖvšÍ e×| †`n Aixq cÖwZmg Ges 10Ñ30 wgwjwgUvi ch©šÍ j¤^v Ges cÖvq 1 wgwjwgUvi PIov| GKwU cwiYZ HydraÑi †`n‡K cªavbZ wZbwU As‡k fvM Kiv hvq : nvB‡cv‡÷vg, †`nKvÐ I c`Zj| nvB‡cv‡÷vg (Hypostome) : GwU †`‡ni gy³, †gvPvK…wZ, †QvU I ms‡KvPbÑcÖmviYÿg cÖvšÍ| Gi P~ovq e„ËvKvi gyLwQ`ª Aew¯’Z| gyLwQ`ªc‡_ Lv`¨ M„nxZ I AcvP¨ Ask ewn®K……Z nq| †`nKvÐ (Trunk) : nvB‡cv‡÷v‡gi wbP †_‡K cv`PvKwZi Dci ch©šÍ AskwU †`nKvÐ| nvB‡cv‡÷v‡gi †Mvovi PZzw`©‡K wN‡i 5Ñ8wU miy, ms‡KvPbÑcÖmviYÿg, †`n A‡cÿv mvgvb¨ j¤^v I duvcv myZvi g‡Zv Kwl©Kv Aew¯’Z| Kwl©Kvi ewntcÖvPx‡i wewfbœ ai‡bi †bgv‡Uvwm÷ _v‡K| Kwl©Kv I †bgv‡Uvwm÷ cvi¯úwiK mn‡hvwMZvq wPÎ 2.1.1: Hydra-i ewn©MVb Lv`¨ msMÖn, Pjb Ges AvZ¥iÿvq Ask †bq| c`Zj ev cv` PvKwZ (Pedal disc) : nvBWªv †`‡ni †h Ask Øviv wbgw¾Z †Kv‡bv e¯‘i mv‡_ AvU‡K _v‡K †m Ask‡K c`Zj ev cv` PvKwZ e‡j| cv` PvKwZ P¨vÞv, _vjvi b¨vq| cÖ‡qvRbg‡Zv cv`PvKwZ wegy³ K‡i nvBWªv wewfbœ ai‡bi Pjb m¤úbœ K‡i|

2.1.2 Af¨šÍixY MVb (Internal structure) nvBWªv GKwU wØ¯Íix cÖvYx| Gi †`ncÖvPxi G‡±vWvg© (Ectoderm) I G‡ÛvWvg© (Endoderm) bvgK `ywU åƒYxq †Kvl¯Íi wb‡q MwVZ| hv cwiYZ nvBWªv‡Z h_vμ‡g GwcWvwg©m (Epidermis) I M¨v‡÷ªvWvwg©m (Gastrodermis)-G cwiYZ nq| G `ywU †Kvl¯Í‡ii ga¨¯’‡j †g‡mvwMøqv (Mesoglea) bvgK A‡Kvlxq ¯Íi we`¨gvb|

cÖvwYi cwiwPwZ (nvBWªv)

GwcWvwg©m (Epidermis) ev ewntZ¡K -Gi †Kvlmg~n : Hydra ÑGi ewntZ¡K wewfbœ cÖKvi †Kv‡li mgš^‡q MwVZ| G †KvlMy‡jv cÖavbZ msiÿK I DÏxcbv MÖvnK wn‡m‡e KvR K‡i| Z‡e Rbb A½ ˆZwi KivI G ¯Í‡ii Ab¨Zg KvR| Hydra ÑGi ewntZ¡K wbgœwjwLZ mvZ cÖKvi †Kv‡li mgš^‡q MwVZ, h_v :

†ckx AveiYx †Kvl (Epithelio-muscular cell) : nvBWªvi ewntZ¡‡Ki mgMÖ Ask Ry‡o Giv Ae¯’vb K‡i| ewntZ¡‡Ki wewfbœ †KvlMy‡jvi g‡a¨ Giv eo Ges msL¨vq †ewk| Giv †`L‡Z ¯Í¤¢vKvi| Giv AveiY m„wó K‡i †`n‡K evB‡ii AvNvZ †_‡K iÿv K‡i| ms‡KvPb-cÖmvi‡Yi gva¨‡g †`‡ni Ask we‡kl‡K euvKv K‡i wkKvi aiv, Pjb BZ¨vw`‡Z Ask †bq| wgDKvm `vbv wKDwUKj ÿiY K‡i I †`n wcw”Qj iv‡L| B›Uviw÷wkqvj †Kvl (Interstitial cell) : †cwk AveiYx †Kv‡li duv‡K duv‡K My”QvKv‡i †g‡mvwMøqv †Nu‡l Giv Ae¯’vb K‡i| Giv †MvjvKvi ev wÎ‡KvYvKvi my¯úó wbDwK¬qvm wewkó †Kvl| cÖ‡qvR‡b Giv Ab¨ †h †Kv‡bv ai‡bi †Kv‡l cwiYZ n‡Z cv‡i| cybiærcwË I gyKzj m„wó‡Z Ask †bq|

wPÎ:2.1.2: GwcWvwg©‡mi †Kvlmg~n

ms‡e`x †Kvl (Sensory cell) : Giv †cwk AveiYx †Kv‡li duv‡K duv‡K mg‡Kv‡Y I wewÿßfv‡e Qov‡bv _v‡K| Kwl©Kv, nvB‡cv‡÷vg I c`Z‡ji Pviw`‡K Giv †ewk _v‡K| G †Kvl miæ, j¤^v I m~² ms‡e`x †ivgwewkó| G‡`i †fZ‡ii cÖvšÍ n‡Z ¸wUKvhy³ m~² Zš‘ wbM©Z n‡q mœvqyZ‡š¿i mv‡_ hy³ nq| Giv cwi‡ek †_‡K wewfbœ DÏxcbv msMÖn K‡i mœvqy‡Kv‡l mieivn K‡i| mœvqy †Kvl (Nerve cell) : Giv GwcWvwg©‡mi wb‡Pi w`‡K †g‡mvwMøqv †Nu‡l mgvšÍivjfv‡e Ae¯’vb K‡i| G‡`i `yB ev Z‡ZvwaK kvLvwš^Z mœvqy m~Î _v‡K hviv ci¯úi hy³ n‡q mœvqy RvwjKv MVb K‡i| Giv ms‡e`x †Kvl Øviv M„nxZ DÏxcbv Abyhvqx Dchy³ cÖwZ‡e`b m„wó K‡i| wewfbœ †Kv‡li Kv‡Ri g‡a¨ mgš^q mvab K‡i| MÖwš’ †Kvl (Gland cell) : Giv gyLwQ‡`ªi Pviw`‡K I c`Z‡j we¯Í…Z MÖwš’ m¤^wjZ †Kvl| nvB‡cv‡÷v‡gi MÖwš’‡Kvl wbtm„Z wgDKvm Lv`¨`ªe¨‡K wcw”Qj K‡i MjatKi‡Y mvnvh¨ K‡i| ÿYc` m„wó K‡i Pj‡b mvnvh¨ K‡i| wgDKvm ÿiY K‡i †`n‡K †Kv‡bv e¯‘i m‡•M †j‡M _vK‡Z mvnvh¨ K‡i| Rbb †Kvl (Germ cell) : nvBWªvi cÖRbb FZz‡Z kyμvkq I wW¤^vkq MwVZ nq| kyμvkq n‡Z ïμvYy Ges wW¤^vkq n‡Z wW¤^vYy ˆZwi nq| G †Kvl¸‡jv †hŠb cÖRb‡bi mgq wb‡l‡Ki gva¨‡g RvB‡MvU m„wó K‡i

RxeweÁvb wØZxq cÎ

wb‡Wveøv÷ †Kvl (Cnidoblast cell) : c`Zj Qvov ewntZ¡‡Ki me©Î we‡kl K‡i Kwl©Kvi †cwk AveiYx †Kv‡li duv‡K duv‡K Giv Ae¯’vb K‡i| wb‡Wveøv÷ †Kvl wW¤^vKvi I d¬v‡¯‹i g‡Zv| Kwl©Kvq G‡`i msL¨v †ewk Z‡e c`Z‡j Abycw¯’Z| nvBWªvi wb‡Wveøv÷ †Kvl †`L‡Z d¬v‡¯‹i g‡Zv| †g‡mvwMøqv msjMœ cÖvšÍwU mvgvb¨ miæ Ges gy³ cÖvšÍ cÖk¯’| GUv wb‡gœv³ Ask wb‡q MwVZÑ AveiY : wb‡Wveøv÷ †Kv‡l ewnt I AšÍtAveiYx bvgK `ywU AveiYx _v‡K| G AveiYxØ‡qi gv‡S `vbv`vi mvB‡UvcøvRg I wbDwK¬qvm _v‡K| wbgv‡Uvwm÷ : †Kv‡li †K›`ª¯‡’ j ùxZKvq GKwU K¨vcmyj AvK…wZi _‡j _v‡K, G‡K wbgv‡Uvwm÷ e‡j| Gi Af¨šÍ‡i Avwgl I †db‡ji mgš^‡q MwVZ wnc‡bvUw·b bvgK welv³ c`v_© _v‡K| wbgv‡Uvwm‡÷i AMÖfv‡M GKwU duvcv m~ÎK _v‡K| G‡Z wZbwU eo eo Zxÿè KuvUvi g‡Zv eve© I wZb mvwi mwc©j mvwi‡Z web¨¯Í ÿz`ªZi KuvUvi g‡Zv evwe©Ij _v‡K| wbgv‡Uvwm÷ Db¥y³ nevi c~‡e© evULvwb KuvUv I m~ÎKmn K¨vcmy¨‡j D‡ëvfv‡e XyKv‡bv _v‡K| myÎ‡Ki Dci wfwË K‡i (fvb©¨vi-1965) wbgv‡Uvwmm Pvi cÖKviÑ w÷‡bvwUj (Stenotil), fj‡f›U (Volvent) †÷ªc‡UvjvBb MøywUb¨v›U (Streptoline glutinant) I w÷wiIjvBb MøywUb¨v›U (Stereoline glutinant).

w÷‡bvwUj

fj‡f›U

†÷ªc‡UvjvBb MøywUb¨v›U w÷wiIjvBb MøywUb¨v›U

wPÎ 2.1.3: wewfbœ cÖKvi wbgv‡Uvwm÷

AcviKzjvg : m~ÎK I K¨vcwmD‡ji ms‡hvM¯’‡j AcviKzjvg bvgK GKwU XvKbv _v‡K| wb‡Wvwmj : wb‡Wveøv÷ †Kv‡li AMÖcÖv‡šÍ GKwU KÈK _v‡K G‡K wb‡Wvwmj e‡j| GwU wUªMv‡ii g‡Zv KvR K‡i| GwU †Kv‡bv wKQyi ms¯ú‡k© Avm‡j AcviKzjv‡g Pvc †`q d‡j m~ÎKwU evB‡i wbwÿß nq|

wPÎ 2.1.4: wb‡Wveøv÷, ev‡g-¯^vfvweK Ae¯’vq I Wv‡b m~ÎKwU Db¥y³

cÖvwYi cwiwPwZ (nvBWªv)

†cwkm~Î : wb‡Wveøv‡÷i e„‡šÍi w`‡K †cwkm~Î _v‡K hv K¨vcwmD‡ji c„ô‡`k †_‡K m„wó nq| j¨v‡mv : mvB‡UvcøvRg †_‡K K¨vcwmDj ch©šÍ GKwU †gvUv cu¨vPv‡bv m~ÎK _v‡K G‡K j¨v‡mv e‡j| wb‡Wvwm‡ji †Mvovq I K¨vcwmD‡ji Dc‡i Aej¤^b `vbKvix iW _v‡K| wb‡Wveøv÷ †Kvl AvZ¥iÿvq, Pjb Ges †`n‡K †Kvb e¯‘i mv‡_ AvU‡K _vK‡Z mvnvh¨ K‡i| Gi m~ÎKwU wkKvi ai‡Z I wnc‡bvUw·b wkKvi‡K †g‡i †dj‡Z mvnvh¨ K‡i| 2.1.3 M¨v‡÷ªvWvwg©m (AšÍtZ¡K) Gi †Kvlmg~n nvBWªvi †g‡mvwMøqvi wfZ‡i wm‡j‡›Uib MnŸi‡K wN‡i M¨v‡÷ªvWvwg©m Aew¯’Z| G ¯Í‡ii †KvlMy‡jv mvwe©Kfv‡e cwicv‡Ki mv‡_ RwoZ| GRb¨ G †Kvl¯Íi‡K M¨v‡÷ªvWvg© e‡j| GwcWvwg©m A‡cÿv M¨v‡÷ªvWvwg©m Gi MVb A‡bKUv mij Ges cuvP ai‡bi †Kvl wb‡q MwVZ| 1| †ckxAveiYx †Kvl ev cywó †Kvl (Musculoepithelial cells Or nutritive cell) : M¨v‡÷ªvWvwg©m Gi †ewkifvM GjvKv Ry‡o Aew¯’Z Ges GB †Kvl¸‡jv ¯Í¤¢vKvi, eo wbDwK¬qvm I MnŸihy³ †Kvl| MVb I Kvh©‡f‡` cywó †KvlMy‡jv `yBcÖKvi, h_vwPÎ 2.1.5: nvBWªvi AšÍZ¡‡Ki †Kvlmg~n (K)d¬v‡Rjvhy³ †ckx AveiYx †Kvl (Flagellated musculo-epithelial cell) : G‡ì gy³ cÖv‡šÍ 1-3wU d¬v‡Rjv _v‡K| Gme d¬v‡Rjvi Av‡›`vj‡bi d‡j wm‡j‡›Ui‡b cÖ‡ekK…Z Lv`¨ g‡i hvq ev †f‡•M hvq| Giv AvšÍt‡Kvlxq I ewnt †Kvlxq cwicv‡K Ask †bq Ges d¬v‡Rjvi mvnv‡h¨ cvwb cÖevn m„wó K‡i c‡ivÿfv‡e k¦mb I †iP‡b mvnvh¨ K‡i (L) ÿYc`hy³ †ckx AveiYx †Kvl (Pseudopodial-musculo-epithelial cell) : G‡ì gy³cÖv‡šÍ A¯’vqx ÿYc` m„wó nq hvi mvnv‡h¨ Lv`ë¯‘ wm‡j‡›Ui‡b cÖ‡ek Ki‡j ÿYc‡ì mvnv‡h¨ Aa©cvwPZ Lv`¨KYv MjatKiY K‡i AšÍt†Kvlxq cwicvK m¤úbœ K‡i Ges cwicvKK…Z Lv‡`ï cwi‡kvl‡Y Ask †bq| 2| B›Uviw÷wkqvj †Kvl (Interstitial cells) : †ckx AveiYx †Kv‡li ewntcÖv‡šÍi duv‡K duv‡K Aew¯’Z †MvjvKvi ev Pvi‡KvYv ai‡bi Ges my¯úó wbDwK¬qvmhy³ †Kvl hv cÖ‡qvRbgZ Ab¨vb¨ †Kv‡l (wb‡Wveøv÷, Rbb †Kvl, gyKzj MVb) iƒcvšÍwiZ nq| 3| MÖwš’‡Kvl (Gland cells) : cywó‡Kv‡li duv‡K duv‡K wewÿßfv‡e Ae¯’vb K‡i| Z‡e nvB‡cv‡÷v‡g G‡ì msL¨v me©vwaK| Giv Zzjbvg~jKfv‡e ÿz`ª Ges 2-1wU d¬v‡Rjvhy³ Ges Kv‡Ri wfwË‡Z Mªwš’‡KvlMy‡jv `yBai‡bi, h_vÑ

RxeweÁvb wØZxq cÎ

(K) wgDKvm wbtmvix (Mucous secreting) : gyLwQ`ª I nvB‡cv‡÷vg AÂ‡j Aew¯’Z Ges wcw”Qj wgDKvm wbtmiY K‡i Lv`¨ MjatKi‡b mvnvh¨ K‡i|

(L) Dr‡mPK wbtmvix (Enzym secreting) : †`‡ni Ab¨vb¨ ¯’v‡b we`¨gvb Ges cwicv‡Ki Rb¨ Dr‡mPK ÿiY K‡i cwicv‡K AskMÖnb K‡i| 4| ms‡e`x †Kvl (Sensory cells) : Giv cywó †Kvl I Ab¨vb¨ †Kv‡li duv‡K duv‡K Aew¯’Z| miæ I j¤^vK…wZi †Kvl G‡ì gy³cÖv‡šÍ ms‡e`x †ivg _v‡K hvi mvnv‡h¨ cwi‡ek †_‡K DÏxcbv MÖnY K‡i Ges Ab¨vb¨ †Kvlmg~n‡K mwμq Ki‡Z f~wgKv iv‡L| 5| mœvqy‡Kvl (Nerve cells) : Giv †g‡mvwMøqvi wfZ‡ii Mv‡q msjMœ eûf~RvK…wZi †Kvl Ges kvLvÑcÖkvLv m„wói gva¨‡g mœvqyÑRvwjKv MVb K‡i| ewnt I AšÍtZ¡‡Ki ms‡e`x †Kvlmg~n KZ…©K M„nxZ DÏxcbv Abyhvqx mœvqy‡KvlMy‡jv Dchy³ cÖwZ‡e`b m„wó K‡i| 2.1.4 †g‡mvwMøqv (Mesoglea) nvBWªvi ewntZ¡K I AšÍtZ¡‡Ki gv‡S Aew¯’Z †Rjxi b¨vq A‡Kvlxq ¯Íi‡K †g‡mvwMøqv (Mesoglea) e‡j| G ¯Íi w¯’wZ¯’vcK I eY©nxb| Gi e¨vm 0.1 wg.wg| mœvqy‡Kvl I ms‡e`x †Kv‡li Zš‘mg~n Ges †cwk AveiYx †Kv‡li †ckx‡jR G ¯Í‡i Ae¯’vb K‡i| †g‡mvwMøqv ewnt I AšÍtZ¡‡Ki wfwË wn‡m‡e KvR K‡i †`‡ni wewfbœ †Kv‡li Kv‡Ri g‡a¨ mgš^q mvab K‡i| Gi w¯’wZ¯’vcKZv †`n ms‡KvPbÑcÖmvi‡Y mvnvh¨ K‡i| †cwk †Kvlmg~‡ni †cwk cÖea©bMy‡jvi mshyw³ Zj wn‡m‡e KvR K‡i| 2.1.5 wm‡j‡›Uib (Coelenteron) : Cnidaria c‡e©i cÖvwY‡ì †`‡ni †K›`ª¯’‡j GwcWvwg©m ev M¨v‡÷ªvWvwg©m Øviv cwi‡ewóZ GKgvÎ †`nMnŸi‡K wm‡j‡Èib e‡j| GwU GKwU gvÎ wQ`ªc_ gyLwQ‡`ªi gva¨‡g cwi‡e‡ki mv‡_ †hvMv‡hvM iÿv K‡i| wØ¯Íix cÖvwY‡ì †cŠwóKbvwj Ges †`n MnŸi Df‡qi KvRB wm‡j‡Èi‡bi gva¨‡g m¤úvw`Z nq| GwU Lv`¨ cwicvK, k¦mb, †iPb, Lv`¨mvi cwienY I eR©¨ c`v_© wb®‹vk‡bi gZ kixie„Ëxq KvR m¤úv`b K‡i| wm‡j‡›Ui‡b M„nxZ Lv`ë¯Íy cywó †cwk †KvlMy‡jvi mnvqZvq AšÍt I ewnt †Kvlxq cwicvK m¤úbœ K‡i| Avevi AcvP¨ Lv`¨vsk I wecv‡Ki d‡j Drcbœ eR©¨ c`v_©mg~n gyL wQ‡`ªi gva¨‡g †`‡ni evwn‡i wb®‹vwkZ nq| G Kvi‡Y wm‡j‡›Uib‡K cwicvKÑmsenb MnŸi (Gastrovascular cavity) e‡j|

cÖvwYi cwiwPwZ (nvBWªv)

2.2 nvBWªvi Lv`¨MÖnY I cwicvK cÖwμqv (Feeding and digestive machanism) nvBWªv gvskvmx (carnivorous) cÖvYx| wewfbœ RjR ÿz`ª ÿz`ª cÖvYx, †hgb- cZ‡•Mi jvf©v, Av‡_©ªv‡cvWv c‡e©i wewfbœ cÖvYx (Cyclops, Daphnia BZ¨vw`), evOvwP, gv‡Qi wWg, ÿz`ªvK…wZi †bgv‡UvW, iwUdvi BZ¨vw` Lv`¨ wn‡m‡e MÖnY K‡i| 2.2.1 nvBWªvi Lv`¨ MÖnY c×wZ ÿzavZ© nvBWªv cv`PvK&wZi mvnv‡h¨ †Kv‡bv e¯‘i mv‡_ c`Zj Øviv msjMœ n‡q Kwl©KvMy‡jv cvwb‡Z fvwm‡q A‡cÿv Ki‡Z _v‡K| †Kv‡bv Lv`¨ cÖvYx ev wkKvi Kwl©Kvi Kv‡Q AvmvgvÎ Kwl©Kvi wb‡Wveøv÷ †KvlMy‡jv D‡ËwRZ nq Ges wkKv‡ii cÖwZ AmsL¨ wbgv‡Uvwm÷ wb‡ÿc K‡i| G mgq fj‡f›U wbgv‡Uvwm÷ wkKvi‡K Rwo‡q a‡i, MøywUb¨v›U AvVv‡jv c`v_© wbtmiY K‡i Ges w÷‡bvwUj wnc‡bvUw·b wbtmiY K‡i wkKvi‡K Aek K‡i| AZtci Kwl©KvMy‡jv euvKv I Lv‡Uv n‡q wkKvi‡K gy‡Li KvQvKvwQ wb‡q Av‡m| gyLwQ`ª eo n‡q wkKvi‡K MÖnY K‡i| gyLwQ‡`ªi Pvicv‡k wgDKvm MÖwš’ wcw”Qj wgDKvm wbtm„Z K‡i Lv`¨ MjatKi‡Y mnvqZv K‡i| nvB‡cv‡÷vg I †`ncÖvPx‡ii †KvlMy‡jvi ms‡KvPb-cÖmvi‡Yi gva¨‡g Lv`¨ wm‡j‡›Ui‡b cÖ‡ek K‡i|

wPÎ 2.1.7: nvBWªvi Lv`¨MÖnY c×wZ

2.2.2 cwicvK cÖwμqv Lv`¨ cwicv‡Ki Rb¨ nvBWªvi †`‡n D”P †kªwYi cÖvwYi g‡Zv †Kv‡bv cwicvKZš¿ †bB| wm‡j‡›Uib Ges cywó †Kv‡li mnvqZvq m¤ú~Y© cwicvK c×wZ m¤úbœ nq| nvBWªvi Lv`¨ cwicvK 2wU ch©v‡q N‡U| h_v: ewnt‡Kvlxq cwicvK I AšÍt‡Kvlxq cwicvK| (K) ewnt‡Kvlxq cwicvK (Extracellular digestion) : wm‡j‡›Ui‡b Lv`¨e¯‘ †cuŠQv‡j M¨v‡÷ªvWvwg©‡mi d¬v‡Rjvhy³ †Kvlmg~‡ni d¬v‡Rjv Av‡›`vwjZ nq| d‡j RxweZ Lv`¨ gviv hvq I wKQyUv P~Y©ÑweP~Y© nq| G mgq MÖwš’ †Kvl †_‡K Dr‡mPK wbtm„Z nq hv Lv`¨e¯‘‡K AvswkK cwicvK K‡i| wm‡j‡›Ui‡bi g‡a¨ G Lv`¨ cwicvK msNwUZ nq e‡j G‡K ewnt‡Kvlxq cwicvK e‡j|

RxeweÁvb wØZxq cÎ

(L) AšÍt‡Kvlxq cwicvK (Intracellular digestion) : wm‡j‡›Ui‡b G AvswkK cwicvKK…Z Lv`¨ Gici nvBWªvi G‡ÛvWv‡g©i ÿYc`hy³ †cwk AveiYx †Kvl d¨v‡MvmvB‡Uvwmm c×wZ‡Z MÖnY K‡i Ges cwicvK nq| †Kv‡li Af¨šÍ‡i Giƒc Lv`¨ cwicvK c×wZ‡K AšÍt‡Kvlxq cwicvK e‡j| cwicvK †k‡l Lv‡`¨i AcvP¨ Ask gyLwQ`ª c‡_ kix‡ii evB‡i wbM©Z nq Ges mvie¯‘ †`‡ni wewfbœ †Kvl Øviv cwi‡kvwlZ nq|

wPÎ: 2.1.8: nvBWªvi Lv`¨ cwicvK c×wZ

Lv`¨mvi cwi‡kvlY I AvZ¥xKiY (Absorption and assimilation) : Lv`¨mvi †Kv‡li mvB‡UvcøvRg KZ…©K mivmwi cwi‡kvwlZ nq Ges e¨vcb cÖwμqvq wewfbœ †Kv‡l cwievwnZ nq| Lv`¨mvi †_‡K m„ó ˆRekw³ †`‡ni e„w× I wewfbœ ˆRweK Kv‡R e¨eüZ nq| AcvP¨ Lv`¨vsk wb®‹vkb (Egestion) : AcvP¨ Lv`¨KYvMy‡jv wm‡jÈi‡b †_‡K hvq| nvBWªvi †`n cÖvPx‡ii ms‡KvPbÑcÖmviY Ges d¬v‡Rjvi mÂvj‡bi d‡j ewnM©vgx cvwb cÖev‡ni mv‡_ AcvP¨ Lv`¨vsk gyLwQ`ª w`‡q †`‡ni evB‡i wbM©Z nq|

2.3 nvBWªvi Pjb I Rbb c×wZ 2.3.1 Pjb (Locomotion) Pj‡bi Rb¨ nvBWªvi c„_K †Kv‡bv A½ †bB| nvBWªvi Pjb g~jZt †cwk AveiYx ev cywó †Kvlw¯’Z gv‡qvwbg Zš‘mg~‡ni ms‡KvPb, I cÖmvi‡Yi gva¨‡g msNwUZ nq, Z‡e Kwl©Kvmg~n, Kwl©Kvw¯’Z wbgv‡Uvwm÷, cv`PvK&wZ Ges MÖwš’‡Kvlmg~n Pj‡b D‡jøL‡hvM¨ f~wgKv cvjb K‡i| nvBWªv‡Z wb‡¤œv³ cÖKvi Pjb †`Lv hvq: jywcs/nvgv¸wo Pjb (Looping) : G c×wZ‡Z Pj‡bi mgq nvBWªv G‡±vWv‡g©i †cwk AveiYx †Kv‡li ms‡KvP‡bi Øviv MwZc‡_i w`‡K †`‡ni AMÖfvM‡K euvwK‡q Kwl©Kv Øviv Pjb Zj‡K ¯úk© K‡i Ges Kwl©Kvi MøywUb¨v›U RvZxq wbgv‡Uvwm‡÷i mvnv‡h¨ wfwË‡K AuvK‡o a‡i| AZtci c`Zj‡K gy³ K‡i gy‡Li KvQvKvwQ G‡b ¯’vcb K‡i| G Ae¯’vq nvBWªv‡K D‡ëv ‘U’ AvK…wZi g‡Zv †`Lvq| AZtci Kwl©Kv gy³ K‡i †mvRv n‡q `uvovq| d‡j †`‡ni cÖvq A‡a©K `~iZ¡ AwZμg K‡i| evi evi G cÖwμqvi cybive„wË NwU‡q nvBWªv m¤§y‡L AMÖmi nq| j¤^v `~iZ¡ AwZμg Kivi mgq nvBWªv mvaviYZ nvgv¸woi mvnv‡h¨ P‡j|

cÖvwYi cwiwPwZ (nvBWªv)

wPÎ 2.1.9: jywcs ev nvgv¸wo Pjb

mgvimwës/wWMevwR Pjb (Somersaulting) : G c×wZ‡Z nvBWªv wWMevwRi gva¨‡g PjvPj K‡i| GUv †ek `ªæZ PjvPj cÖwμqv| nvBWªv mgvimwës cÖwμqvi Pj‡bi ïiæ‡Z †`‡ni GK cv‡k¦©i †ckx AveiYx †Kvl‡K msKzwPZ Ges Aci cv‡k¦©i †Kvl‡K cÖmvwiZ K‡i| d‡j MwZc‡_i w`‡K †`n †eu‡K hvq Ges Kwl©Kvi mvnv‡h¨ MwZc_‡K ¯úk© K‡i| G mgq MøywUb¨v›U RvZxq wbgv‡Uvwm‡÷i mvnv‡h¨ ¯úk©K…Z ¯’vb‡K AvU‡K a‡i Ges c`Zj‡K gy³ K‡i Kwl©Kvi Dci D‡ëv Ae¯’vq `uvovq| AZtci c`Zj‡K ax‡i ax‡i Pj‡bi w`‡K euvwK‡q MwZc_‡K AuvK‡o a‡i| c‡i Kwl©Kv¸‡jv‡K D‡ËvwjZ K‡i ¯^vfvweK Ae¯’vq wd‡i Av‡m| evi evi G cÖwμqvi cybive„wË NwU‡q nvBWªv `ªæZ AMÖmi nq| G Pj‡b nvBWªv GKevi Kwl©Kvi Dci GKevi cv`PvKwZi Dci `uvovq| hv ch©vqμ‡g P‡j e‡j G‡K wWMevwR Pjb e‡j| GKevi wWMevwR Pj‡bi gva¨‡g nvBWªv Zvi †`‡ni cÖvq wØ¸Y `~iZ¡ AwZμg K‡i| ¯^í `~iZ¡ AwZμ‡gi mgq nvBWªv G c×wZ‡Z P‡j |

wPÎ 2.1.10: mgvimwës ev wWMevRx Pjb

mšÍiY (Swimming) : nvBWªv †`n‡K Avbyf~wgKfv‡e ev cvwbi mv‡_ mgvšÍivjfv‡e †i‡L Kwl©KvMy‡jv‡K cvwb‡Z fvwm‡q w`‡q Ges mÂvwjZ K‡i muvZvi Kv‡U|

wPÎ: 2.1.11: muvZvi / mšÍiY

RxeweÁvb wØZxq cÎ

Av‡ivnb (Climbing) : gv‡S gv‡S nvBWªv Kwl©KvMy‡jv‡K cÖmvwiZ K‡i RjR Dw™¢‡`i kvLvÑcÖkvLvi mv‡_ `„pfv‡e mshy³ K‡i| Gici nvBWªv cv`PvKwZ wegy³ K‡i bZzb RvqMvq †i‡L wbP †_‡K Dc‡i Av‡ivnY ev Dci †_‡K wb‡P Ae‡ivnY K‡i| fvmv (Floating) : KLbI KLbI nvBWªv cÖ_‡g cv`PvK&wZ gy³ K‡i Ges Kwl©Kvi Dci fi w`‡q Dëvfv‡e `uvovq| Gici cv`PvK&wZi MÖwš’‡Kvl †_‡K wbtm„Z M¨v‡mi mvnv‡h¨ ey` ey` ˆZwi K‡i| d‡j cÖvYx wfwË †_‡K wePz¨Z I nvjKv n‡q cvwbi c„ôZ‡j †f‡m I‡V| G Ae¯’vq †XD‡qi AvNv‡Z wbw®Œq nvBWªv ¯’vbvšÍwiZ nq|

wPÎ: 2.1.12: Av‡ivnb

Wyev (Drowing) : MÖwš’‡Kvl wbtm„Z ey`ey` †d‡U †M‡j nvBWªvi †`‡ni IRb †e‡o hvq| d‡j nvBWªv Lye mn‡RB cvwbi wb‡P P‡j †h‡Z cv‡i|

wPÎ: 2.1.13: fvmv

MøvBwWs (Gliding) : weÁvbx gvk©vj 1882 mv‡j nvBWªv‡Z MøvBwWs Pj‡bi eY©bv †`b| G c×wZ‡Z nvBWªv cÖ_‡g cv`PvK&wZi MÖwš’‡Kvl †_‡K AvVv‡jv im wbtm„Z K‡i| c‡i H ¯’v‡b GwcWvwg©m †Kv‡l ÿYc` MwVZ nq| ÿYc‡`i ch©vqμwgK ms‡KvPb I cªmvi‡Yi gva¨‡g AZ¨šÍ axi MwZ‡Z nvBWªv ¯’vbvšÍwiZ nq| Kwl©Kvi mvnv‡h¨ nuvUv (Tentacle based movement ) : G‡ÿ‡Î nvBWªv Zvi †`‡ni fi c`Z‡ji Dci bv †i‡L Kwl©Kvi Dci ¯’vcb K‡i Ges Kwl©Kv‡K cv‡qi g‡Zv e¨envi K‡i Dëvfv‡e ax‡i ax‡i Pj‡Z cv‡i|

wPÎ: 2.1.14: Kwl©Kv Pjb

†`n ms‡KvPb cÖmvi‡Yi gva¨‡g Pjb (Spontaneous movement ) : nvBWªvi †`n cÖvPx‡ii †cwk AveiYx †Kvl †cwkZš‘My‡jvi ms‡KvPb cÖmviY NwU‡q †`n‡K B”Qvg‡Zv wewfbœfv‡e euvwK‡qI nvBWªv PjvPj Ki‡Z cv‡i| wkÿv_x©i KvR: GKwU Q‡Ki gva¨‡g jywcs I mgvimwës Pj‡bi g‡a¨ cv_©K¨ †`LvI|

2.3.2 cÖRbb (Reproduction) cÖRvwZi avivevwnKZv iÿvi Rb¨ cÖRbb Acwinvh©| nvBWªv‡Z 2 ai‡bi cÖRbb †`Lv hvq, A‡hŠb cÖRbb (Asexual reproduction) Ges †hŠb cÖRbb (Sexual reproduction) | A‡hŠb cÖRbb (Asexual reproduction) : A‡hŠb cÖRbb c×wZ‡Z nvBWªv Rbb †Kvl m„wó QvovB wb‡R‡`i g‡Zv GK ev GKvwaK wkky cÖvYx Drcbœ Ki‡Z mÿg| nvBWªv‡Z 2 ai‡bi A‡hŠb cÖRbb N‡U h_v: gyKz‡jv`Mg (Budding) I wØÑwefvRb (Binary Fission) |

cÖvwYi cwiwPwZ (nvBWªv)

(K) gyKz‡jv`Mg (Budding) : GwU nvBWªvi ¯^vfvweK cÖRbb c×wZ| AbyK~j cwi‡e‡k nvBWªv G c×wZ‡Z eskwe¯Ívi K‡i| gyKz‡jv`&M‡gi mgq nvBWªvi †`‡ni wbgœfv‡Mi †Kv‡bv ¯’v‡bi ewntZ¡‡Ki B›Uviw÷wkqvj †Kvl `ªyZ wefvwRZ n‡q cÖ_‡g ùxZ Ask I c‡i bjvKvi duvcv gyKz‡j cwiYZ nq| gyKz‡ji †`n cÖvPx‡i G‡±vWvg©, G‡ÛvWvg© I †g‡mvwMøqv _v‡K Ges †K›`ªfv‡M wm‡j‡›Uib _v‡K| wm‡j‡Èi‡bi gva¨‡g gyKzj gvZ…‡`n †_‡K Lv`¨MÖnY K‡i e„w× jvf K‡i| Gmgq gyKz‡ji gy³ cÖv‡šÍ nvB‡cv‡÷vg, gyLwQ`ª I Kwl©Kv weKwkZ nq Ges gyKzjwU GKwU AcZ¨ nvBWªvq cwiYZ nq| AZtci gyKzj I gvZ… nvBWªvi ms‡hvM¯’v‡b Luv‡Ri m„wó nq| hv μgk Mfxi nevi d‡j gyKzjwU gvZ… nvBWªv n‡Z wew”Qbœ nq I ¯^vaxbfv‡e Rxebhvcb kyiæ K‡i| GKwU nvBWªvi †`‡n GKvwaK gyKzj Drcbœ n‡Z cv‡i| d‡j nvBWªv‡K `je× cÖvwYi g‡Zv g‡b nq| ÿzavZ© nvBWªv gyKzj cybtcwi‡kvlY Ki‡Z cv‡i|

wPÎ 2.1.15: gyKzj‡jv`M‡gi avcmg~n

(L) wØ-wefvRb (Binary Fission) : GwU nvBWªvi †Kv‡bv ¯^vfvweK cÖRbb c×wZ bq| `yN©UbvekZ: nvBWªvi †`n `yB ev Z‡ZvwaK As‡k wef³ n‡j wew”Qbœ As‡ki B›Uviw÷wkqvj †Kvl ZvovZvwo wefvwRZ I iƒcvšÍwiZ n‡q wewfbœ cÖKvi †Kvl MVb K‡i| Gfv‡e cÖwZwU LÐ GKwU cwic~Y© nvBWªvq cwiYZ nq| †`n wefvR‡bi gva¨‡g GKwU nvBWªv †_‡K 2wU nvBWªv ˆZwii gva¨‡g eske„w× Kivi G c×wZ‡K wØÑwefvRb e‡j| nvBWªv‡Z 2 ai‡bi wØÑwefvRb †`Lv hvq| h_v: Aby‰`N©¨ wefvRb : G c×wZ‡Z nvBWªvi †`n ˆ`N©¨ eivei wefvwRZ n‡q 2wU AcZ¨ nvBWªvi m„wó K‡i| `yBgv_vwewkó ev `ywU c`Zjwewkó nvBWªv‡Z Giƒc wefvRb †`Lv hvq| AbycÖ¯’ wefvRb : hw` †Kv‡bv Kvi‡Y nvBWªvi †`n AbycÖ¯’fv‡e wefvwRZ nq, Zvn‡j †`n cybtMV‡bi gva¨‡g cÖwZwU LÐ GKwU K‡i bZzb nvBWªvq cwiYZ nq| G‡K cybiærcwËI e‡j|

wPÎ 2.1.16: nvBWªvi cybiæcwËi avcmg~n

RxeweÁvb wØZxq cÎ

†hŠb cÖRbb (Sexual reproduction): kx‡Zi kyiæ‡Z nvBWªvi †hŠb cÖRb‡bi gva¨‡g eskwe¯Ívi K‡i| nvBWªvi †hŠb cÖRbb‡K 4wU ch©v‡q fvM Kiv hvq, h_v; A¯’vqx Rbbv½ m„wó, Rbb †Kvl m„wó, wb‡lK, cwiùzUb A¯’vqx Rbbv½ m„wó : cÖRbb FZz‡Z nvBWªvi †`‡n A¯’vqx Rbbv½ m„wó nq| Rbbv½ 2 cÖKvi| h_v: kyμvkq I wW¤^vkq| hv GKB nvBWªvi †`n ev wfbœ nvBWªvi †`‡n m„wó n‡Z cv‡i| wb‡gœ G‡`i eY©bv †`qv n‡jv : kyμvk‡qi DrcwË I MVb : †hŠb cÖRb‡bi kyiæ‡Z nvBWªvi ewntZ¡‡Ki B›Uviw÷wkqvj †Kv‡li `ªyZ wefvR‡bi d‡j nvB‡cv‡÷v‡gi wb‡P GK ev GKvwaK kyμvkq MwVZ nq| kyμvkq †gvPvK…wZi| Gi kxl©fv‡Mi DuPz Ask‡K wbcj e‡j| wW¤^vk‡qi DrcwË I MVb : nvBWªvi †`‡ni Aa©vs‡ki wb‡Pi ewntZ¡‡Ki B›Uviw÷wkqvj †Kvl `ªæZ wefvR‡bi d‡j 1wU †MvjvKvi wW¤^vkq MVb K‡i| Rbb †Kvl m„wó (Gametogenesis): cÖRbb FZz‡Z Hydra-i ewntZ¡‡Ki B›Uviw÷wkqvj †Kvl¸‡jv `ªæZ wefvwRZ n‡q †`‡ni Dc‡ii w`‡K GK ev GKvwaK †gvPvK…wZi ïμvkq Ges †`‡ni wb‡Pi w`‡K GK ev GKvwaK †MvjvK…wZi wW¤^vkq m„wó K‡i| Gme Rbb A½ cÖvwY‡`‡n A¯’vqxfv‡e m„wó nq| ïμvkq †_‡K ¯úvg©v‡Uv‡R‡bwmm cÖwμqvq AmsL¨ ïμvYy m„wó nq| cÖwZwU wW¤^vk‡q DI‡R‡bwmm cÖwμqvq GKwU e„n`vKvi wW¤^vYy m„wó nq|

(K)

(L) wPÎ: 2.1.17: (K) ïμvkq I (L)wW¤^vk‡qi cÖ¯’‡”Q`

wb‡lK (Fertilization) : kyμvYy I wW¤^vYyi wgjb cÖwμqv‡K wb‡lK e‡j| nvBWªvq ewntwb‡lK I ciwb‡lK N‡U| GKB nvBWªvi kyμvYy I wW¤^vYy GKB mv‡_ cwic° nq bv e‡j G‡`i ¯^wb‡lK N‡U bv| wb‡l‡Ki d‡j wWcø‡qW RvB‡MvU MwVZ nq| cwiùzUb (Development): RvB‡MvU n‡Z cwiùzU‡bi gva¨‡g wkï nvBWªvi DrcwË nq| cwiùzUbKv‡j nvB‡cv‡÷vg, Kwl©Kv I cv`PvKwZi c~Y© weKvk N‡U Ges AcZ¨ nvBWªv ev nvBWyªjvq cwiYZ nq hv AbyK‚j cwi‡e‡k wm÷ AveiYx †f` K‡i †ei n‡q Av‡m Ges e„w× †c‡q c~Y©v½ nvBWªvq cwiYZ nq| wkÿv_x©i KvR: †hŠb I A‡hŠb P‡μi g‡a¨ cv_©K¨g~jK QK ˆZwi Ki||

cÖvwYi cwiwPwZ (nvBWªv)

2.4 wg‡_vRxexZv (Symbiosis) hLb `ywU wfbœ cÖRvwZfy³ Rxe (Dw™¢`, cÖvYx ev AbyRxe) Nwbôfv‡e mnve¯’v‡bi d‡j ci¯ú‡ii KvQ †_‡K DcK…Z nq, ZLb G ai‡bi mvnPh©‡K wg‡_vRxexZv (Symbiosis) e‡j| G Ae¯’vq Rxe `ywU‡K wg‡_vRxex (Symbiont) ejv nq| Chlorohydra viridissima bvgK meyR nv&BWªv I Zoochlorella bvgK ˆkevj Gi g‡a¨ GiKg m¤úK© (Symbiosis) my¯úó cÖwZdwjZ nq| meyR nvBWªv Ges RyI‡K¬v‡ijv (ˆkevj) G‡K Ac‡ii mnvqZvq †eu‡P _v‡K| GLv‡b ci¯úi ci¯ú‡ii DcKvi mvab K‡i| wb‡gœv³fv‡e Giv ci¯ú‡ii KvQ †_‡K DcK…Z nq| ‰kevj †hfv‡e DcK…Z nq : ‰kevjmg~n nvBWªvi AšÍt‡Kvlxq †cwk AveiYx †Kv‡l Avkªq cvq Ges nvBWªvi k¦m‡b m„ó CO2 mv‡jvKms‡køl‡Yi Rb¨ ˆkevj KZ…©K eëüZ nq| GQvov nvBWªvi wecvKxq Kv‡R Drcbœ eR©¨ c`v_© ˆkevj KZ©„K M„nxZ nq| nvBWªv †hfv‡e DcK…Z nq : ˆkevj KZ…©K cÖ¯‘ZK…Z Lv`¨ nvBWªvi kK©iv RvZxq Lv‡`ï Afve c~iY K‡i| mv‡jvKms‡køl‡Y ˆkevj †h O2 wbM©Z K‡i nvBWªv Zv k¦m‡b eënvi K‡i Ges nvBWªvi m„ó eR©¨ c`v_© ˆkevj KZ„©K M„nxZ nIqvi d‡j nvBWªv eR©¨gy³ nq| A‡bK mgq nvBWªv g„Z ˆkevjI Lv`¨ wn‡m‡e MÖnY K‡i|

2.5 e¨envwiK cixÿvi bvg: Hydra-i ¯’vqx ¯øvBW ch©‡eÿY cÖ‡qvRbxq DcKiY: Hydra-i ¯’vqx ¯øvBW Ges GKwU AYyexÿYhš¿| Kvh©c×wZ: Hydra-i ¯’vqx ¯øvBWwU AYyexÿY h‡š¿ ¯’vcb Ki‡Z n‡e Ges ch©‡eÿY Ki‡Z n‡e| ch©‡eÿY: fv‡jvfv‡e ch©‡eÿY Ki‡j wb‡¤œi ˆewkó¨¸‡jv †`Lv hvqÑ 1. ‡MvjvK…wZ, †K‡›`ª †MvjvKvi wm‡j‡›UiY we`¨gvb| 2. †`ncÖvPxi wØ¯Íix A_©vr GwcWvwg©m I M¨v‡÷ªvWvwg©m Dcw¯’Z| wPÎ 2.1.18: nvBWªvi cÖ¯’‡”Q` 3. GwcWvwg©m I M¨v‡÷ªvWvwg©m `yB¯Í‡ii gvSLv‡b A‡Kvlxq †g‡mvwMøqv Av‡Q| 4. GwcWvwg©m I M¨v‡÷ªvWvwg©‡m †ckx Aveibx, B›Uviw÷wkqvj, Mªwš’, ¯œvqy, ms‡e`x, wb‡Wveøv÷ BZ¨vw` †Kvl we`¨gvb|  GB Aa¨v‡qi cÖavb kãwfwËK mvims‡ÿc  wØ¯Íix cÖvYx: †h me cÖvwYi †`n cÖvPxi GKUvWvg© I G‡ÛvWvg© bvgK `ywU åƒbxq †Kvl¯Íi wb‡q MwVZ  nvB‡cv‡÷vg: nvBWªvi †`‡ni AMÖcÖvšÍ ev Iivj As‡k we`¨gvb KwbK¨vj AvK…wZi MVb‡K nvB‡cv‡÷vg e‡j|  GwcWvwg©m : nvBWªvi †`ncÖvPx‡ii me‡P‡q evB‡ii w`‡K cvZjv I bgbxq wKDwUKj Øviv Ave„Z ¯Íi|  wb‡Wveøv÷: wb‡Wveøv÷ nvBWªvi ewntZ¡‡Ki †ckx AveiYx †Kv‡li duv‡K duv‡K Aew¯’Z d¬¨v· AvK…wZi we‡kl ai‡bi †Kvl|  M¨v‡÷ªvWvwg©m : nvBWªvi †`‡ni AšÍtZ¡K, GwU †`ncÖvPx‡ii `yB-Z…Zxqvsk MVb K‡i|

RxeweÁvb wØZxq cÎ

 †g‡mvwMøqv: wØ¯Íix cÖvwY‡Z G‡±vWvg© I G‡ÛvWvg© bvgK åƒYxq †Kvl¯Í‡ii gv‡S we`¨gvb A‡Kvlxq ¯Íi|  wm‡j‡›Uib: wm‡j‡›Uib n‡jv wbWvwiqv c‡e©i cÖvwY‡`i †`‡ni Af¨šÍ‡i we`¨gvb we‡kl MnŸi hv

GKwU wQ‡`ªi gva¨‡g †`‡ni evB‡i Db¥y³ nq|  Pjb : †h cÖwμqvq Rxe‡`n ˆRweK cÖ‡qvR‡b wbR cÖ‡Póvq ¯’vbvšÍwiZ nq|  wb‡lK : ïμvYy I wW¤^vYyi wgjb cÖwμqv‡K wb‡lK e‡j|  wg‡_vRxweZv : hLb wfbœ cÖRvwZfz³ Rxe Nwbófv‡e mnve¯’v‡bi d‡j ci¯ú‡ii KvQ †_‡K DcK…Z nq, ZLb G ai‡bi m¤úK©‡K wg‡_vRxweZv e‡j|

Abykxjbx m„Rbkxj cÖkœ: GKwU mvK©vm cvwU©i †kvÕ‡Z GK gRv`vi cÖwZ‡hvwMZvi Av‡qvRb Kiv n‡q‡Q| GKB RvqMv †_‡K ïiæ K‡i GKRb †RvKvi nvgv¸wo w`‡q Ges GKRb †RvKvi wWMevwR w`‡q GKwU wbw`©ó `yiZ¡ AwZμg Ki‡e| GB Av‡qvRbwU iwng‡K Lye Avb›` w`j| nVvr iwn‡gi g‡b nj †m †Kvb GKwU A‡giæ`Ûx cÖvwYi †ÿ‡Î Ggb Dfq ai‡bi Pjb jÿ¨ K‡i‡Q| K. wb‡Wveøv÷ Kx? 1 L. wm‡j‡›Uib‡K M¨v‡÷ªvfv¯‹zjvi MnŸi ejv nq †Kb? 2 M. DÏxc‡K Av‡jvwPZ Pjb¸‡jv m¤úbœ Kivi Rb¨ iwn‡gi †`Lv A‡giæ`Ûx cÖvwYi †ÿ‡Î we‡kl A½wUi f‚wgKv-e¨vL¨v Ki| 3 N. mvK©v‡mi †RvKvi‡ì cÖwZ‡hvMxZvi m`„k Kg©KvÛ †h cÖvwYi `yai‡bi Pj‡bi Bw½Z †`q Zv‡ì †KŠkjMZ cv_©K¨ wbiæcY Ki| 4 eûwbe©vPwb cÖkœ: 1| Hydra bvgKib n‡q‡Q †Kvb êwk‡óï Rb¨? K. wg‡_vRxweZv L. gyKz‡jv`Mg M. cybiærcwË N. wefvRb 2| †Kvb wbgv‡Uvwm‡÷i myÎK cu¨vPv‡bv? K. †cwbUªv›U L. fj‡f›U M. †÷ªc‡UvjvBb N. MøywUb¨v›U wb‡Pi wP‡Îi Av‡jv‡K 3 I 4 bs cÖ‡kœi DËi `vI: A

3| wP‡Îi A wPwýZ As‡ki bvg Kx? K. †jvvweDj L. Kwl©Kv 4| wP‡Îi †KvlwU mvnvh¨ K‡iÑ i. Pj‡b ii. †iP‡b wb‡Pi †KvbwU mwVK? K. i I ii L. ii I iii 5| †KvbwU nvBWªvi `ªæZ Pjb cÖwμqv? K. jywcs

L. MøvBwWs

M. m~ÎK

N. j¨v‡mv

i ii. Lv`¨MÖn‡Y M. i I iii M. K¬vBw¤^s

N. i, ii I iii N. mgvimwës

Nvmdwos (Poecilocerux) Arthropoda c‡e©i Insecta †kÖwYi GKwU c„w_exe¨vcx we¯Í…Z cÖvYx Nvmdwos (Poekilocerus) | mPivPi `yB ai‡bi Nvmdwos †`Lv hvq- j¤^v A¨v‡›Ubvhy³ Ges Lv‡Uv A¨v‡›Ubv hy³| Nvm dwos Gi wKQy Mb ev cÖRvwZ `je×fv‡e evm K‡i Ges dm‡ji fxlY ÿwZmvab K‡i| Giv c½cvj (Locust) bv‡g cwiwPZ| Locusta migratoria, Schirtocera gregaria c½cv‡ji g‡a¨ D‡jøL‡hvM¨| cÖavb kã (Key Word)  gy‡Lvcv½  jvjvMÖwš’  Db¥y³ i³ msenb  UªvwKqvj Zš¿  gvjwcwRqvb bvwjKv  Am¤ú~Y© iƒcvšÍi  cyÄvwÿ  mycvicwRkb  A¨v‡cvwRkb G Aa¨vq cvV †k‡l AvgivÑ  Nvmdwos Gi MVb eY©bv Ki‡Z cvi‡ev  Nvmdwos Gi cwicvK Zš¿ I cwicvK cÖwμqv eY©bv Ki‡Z cvi‡ev  eënvwiK : - Nvmdwos/ Avi‡kvjv Gi gyL Dcv½ kbv³ I wPÎ AsKb Ki‡Z cvi‡ev - Nvmdwos/ Avi‡kvjv eë‡”Q` K‡i Gi cwicvKZ‡š¿i wewfbœ Ask kbv³ Ki‡Z cvi‡ev  Nvmdwos Gi msenb c×wZ eY©bv Ki‡Z cvi‡ev  Nvmdwos Gi k¦mb c×wZ eY©bv Ki‡Z cvi‡ev|  Nvmdwos Gi †iPb c×wZ eY©bv Ki‡Z cvi‡ev  Nvmdwos Gi cÖRbb cÖwμqv I iƒcvšÍi e¨vL¨v Ki‡Z cvi‡ev  Nvmdwos Gi cyÄvÿxi MVb I `k©b‡KŠkj eY©bv Ki‡Z cvi‡ev| Nvm dwos GK cÖKvi cZ½ †c÷ (ÿwZKviK KxU cZ½)| avb, cvU BZ¨vw` dmj Ges kvK-mewRi evMv‡b Giv evm K‡i| k‡mï KwP cvZv G‡ì Lv`¨ d‡j Giv km¨ I kvK-mewRi cÖf‚Z ÿwZ mvab K‡i|

RxeweÁvb wØZxq cÎ

Nvm dwos Gi †kÖwYweb¨vmMZ Ae¯’vb Kingdom - Animalia Phylum - Arthropoda Class - Insecta Order - Orthopter Family - Acrididae Genus - Poekilocerus Species - Poekilocerus pictus

2.6 MVb (Structure) evwn¨K MVb (External Structure): Nvm dwos AvKv‡i eo, ˆ`N©¨ mvaviYZ 8-9 †mw›UwgUvi †`n miæ, j¤^v Ges wØ-cvk¦x©q cÖwZmg| eY©-nwi`ªvf meyR| KvBwUb wbwg©Z wKDwUKj Nvm dwos Gi ewntKsKvj MVb K‡i| hv nvB‡cvWvwg©m wbtm„Z c`v_© Øviv m„wó nq| ewntKsKvj cÖwZ †`n LÛ‡K †¯‹¬ivBU bvgK KwVb †cø‡Ui b¨vq MVb m„wó K‡i| †¯‹¬vivBU mg~‡ni ms‡hvM¯’j cvZjv big wSjøx Øviv Ave„Z| G‡`i m~Pvi e‡j| Nvm dwos‡qi †`n LÛKvwqZ, Z‡e G LÛvqb ïay evwn¨K| †`n‡K cÖavbZ wZbwU AÂ‡j fvM Kiv hvq| h_v: g¯ÍK, eÿ I D`i|

g¯ÍK (Head) : QqwU †`n LÛK mshy³ n‡q Nvmdwos‡qi g¯ÍK MVb K‡i| g¯ÍK bvkcvwZ AvK…wZwewkó Ges nvB‡cvMb¨v_vm ai‡bi A_©vr gyLiÜ« wb¤œgyLx n‡q Djø¤^fv‡e Aew¯’Z| g¯Í‡Ki †nW K¨vcmy¨j d«b&m, K¬vBwcqvm I j¨veªvg Øviv MwVZ| g¯Í‡Ki c„ô‡`‡ki wÎ‡KvbvKvi AÂj‡K e‡j fv‡U©·| Kcv‡ji w`‡K _v‡K cÖk¯Í d«b&m hvi wb‡P AvqZvKvi †cøUwU‡K K¬vBwcqvm e‡j| GK‡Rvov †Rbv g¯Í‡Ki cvk¦©‡`k MVb K‡i Ges g¯Í‡Ki wcQb w`‡K _v‡K Aw·cyU| Nvmdwos‡qi g¯ÍK GK‡Rvov cyÄvwÿ, GK‡Rvov A¨vw›Ubv Ges gy‡Lvcv½ enb K‡i|

cÖvwYi cwiwPwZ (Nvmdwos)

eÿ (Thorax): g¯Í‡Ki wcQ‡b Aew¯’Z gvsmj AskwU‡K eÿ e‡j| Nvmdwos‡qi eÿ wZbwU my¯úó LÐ‡K wef³ h_v: (K) AMÖeÿ (Prothorax) (L) ga¨eÿ (Mesothorax) Ges (M) cðvreÿ (Metathorax)| e‡ÿi cÖwZwU LÐ‡Ki A¼xqw`‡K GK‡Rvov K‡i †gvU wZb‡Rvov cv Ges c„ôxqw`‡K ga¨ I cðvre‡ÿ GK‡Rvov K‡i †gvU `y‡Rvov wKDwUK&j wbwg©Z Wvbv Av‡Q| AMÖe‡ÿ †Kv‡bv Wvbv _v‡K bv| e‡ÿi cÖwZwU Ask wKDwUKj wbwg©Z AveiY Øviv Ave„Z| AMÖeÿ, ga¨eÿ I cðvreÿ Ave„ZKvix †¯‹¬ivBU ev UviMvg‡K h_vμ‡g †cÖv‡bvUvg, †g‡mv‡bvUvg I †gUv‡bvUvg e‡j|

cv : cÖwZwU eÿLÐ A¼xq‡`‡k GK †Rvov K‡i mwÜhy³ cv enb K‡i| Nvmdwos‡qi †gvU 3 †Rvov cv Av‡Q| cÖwZwU cv 5wU LÐK, †hgb- K·v (Coxa, G‡Kev‡i †Mvovi LÛK), †UªvK¨›Uvi (Trochanter), wdgvi (Femur), wUweqv (Tibia) Ges Uvimvm (tarsus)-G wef³|

Wvbv: c~Y©v½ Nvmdwos‡qi ga¨e‡ÿ Ges cðvre‡ÿi c„óZ‡j GK‡Rvov K‡i †gvU `yB †Rvov Wvbv mshy³ _v‡K| cÖ_g †Rvov Wvbv miæ I k³ Ges Dovi Kv‡R e¨eüZ nq bv| Giv wØZxq †Rvov Wvbv‡K Ave„Z K‡i iv‡L| wØZxq †Rvov Wvbv cvZjv, wSjøxgq, eo, cÖk¯Í Ges Dovi Rb¨ Awf‡hvwRZ|

Dì (Abdomen) : Nvmdwos‡qi Dì miæ I j¤^v Ges 11wU LÛK wb‡q MwVZ| cÖwZwU L‡Ûi c„ô‡`‡k UvM©vg I A¼xq †`‡k ÷vbv©g _v‡K, wKš‘ wcøDib †bB| cÖ_g LÛ Am¤ú~Y© KviY G‡Z ÷vbv©g cðvr e‡ÿi mv‡_ hy³ _v‡K| G‡Z ïay UvM©vg Aew¯’Z| Gi cv‡k wU‡¤úwbK c`©v _v‡K hv kÖeY _wj‡K Ave„Z K‡i iv‡L| D`‡ii cðvrfvM m½‡gi Rb¨ ev wWg cvovi Rb¨ bvbvfv‡ei iƒcvšÍwiZ n‡q‡Q| cyiæl Nvmdwos‡qi D`‡ii AMÖfvM †MvjvKvi, beg LÛ‡Ki ÷vbv©g j¤^v‡U Ges m½g A½‡K Ave„Z K‡i iv‡L| d‡j Dì mvgvb¨ †gvPov‡bv _v‡K| ¯¿x Nvmdwos‡qi Dì miæ Ges wWg cvovi Rb¨ K‡qKwU Rbb Dcv½ (IwfcwRUi) G As‡ki mv‡_ hy³ _v‡K|

wPÎ 2.2.3: ¯¿x I cyiæl Nvmdwos Gi D`i; (K) cvk¦©`„k¨ cyiæl (L) c„ô`„k¨ cyiæl (M) cvk¦©`„k¨ ¯¿x (N) c„ô `„k¨ ¯¿x

RxeweÁvb wØZxq cÎ

2.7 Nvm dwos‡qi cwicvKZš¿ Nvmdwos‡qi cwicvKZš¿ `ywU As‡ki mgš^‡q MwVZ, h_v: †cŠwóKbvwj (Alimentary canal) Ges jvjvMÖwš’ ev †cŠwóKMÖwš’ (Salivary glands) †cŠwóKbvwj (Alimentary canal) : Nvmdwos‡qi †cŠwóKbvwj miæ, j¤^v b‡ji g‡Zv bvwj| GwU gyL †_‡K cvqy ch©šÍ we¯Í…Z Ges wn‡gvwm‡j cu¨vPv‡bv Ae¯’vq _v‡K| mgMÖ †cŠwóKbvwj wZbwU As‡k wef³;| h_v: K) AMÖ †cŠwóKbvwj (Stomodaeum or fore-gut) : GwU †cŠwóKbvwji cÖ_g Ask| gyLwQ`ª †_‡K wMRvW© ch©šÍ we¯Í…Z †cŠwóKbvwji Ask‡K †÷v‡gvwWqvg e‡j| G Ask G‡±vWvg© †_‡K MwVZ nq Ges AšÍtcÖvPxi wKDwUKj wbwg©Z k³ AveiY Øviv Ave„Z _v‡K| GwU QqwU As‡k wef³| h_vÑ gyLwQ`ª (Mouth aperture) : GwU †cŠwóKbvwji me‡P‡q mvg‡bi Ask| G wQ`ªc‡_ M„nxZ Lv`ë¯Íy gyLwee‡i cª‡ek K‡i| gyLweei ev gyLMnŸi (Oral cavity) : GwU gy‡Lvcv•Mmg~n Øviv cwi‡ewóZ GKwU MnŸi| gyLweei GKwU mswÿß bjvKvi Mjwe‡j Db¥y³ nq| Lv`ë¯Íy gyLMnŸ‡ii g‡a¨ g¨vwÛej KZ…©K KwZ©Z n‡q jvjvi mv‡_ wgwkªZ nq| Mjwej (Pharynx) : GwU gyLMnŸ‡ii wcQ‡b Aew¯’Z ÿz`ª I †ckj bvwj Lv`¨ e¯Íy‡K MÖvmbvwj ev Abœbvwj‡Z †cÖiY K‡i| MÖvmbvwj ev Abœbvwj (Oesophagus) : Mjwe‡j cðv‡Z Aew¯’Z †mvRv, miæ I bjvKvi hv MÖxevi g‡a¨ w`‡q cÖmvwiZ n‡q Dì ch©šÍ we¯Z…Z| Gi ga¨ w`‡q Lv`¨ μ‡c †cuŠQvq| μc (Crop) : Abœbvwj cieZx© cvZjv cÖvPxi wewkó GKwU cÖk¯Í bjvKvi _wj| μ‡c Lv`ë¯Íy mvgwqKfv‡e mwÂZ _v‡K| μ‡ci ms‡KvPb cÖmvi‡Y Lv`¨ wKQyUv P~Y© nq Ges jvjv¯’ Dr‡mPK μ‡ci g‡a¨ cwicv‡Ki m~ÎcvZ NUvq| wMRvW© (Gizzard) : μ‡ci cieZ©x wÎ‡KvYvKvi, †cwkeûj, ùvZ I fuvRhy³ Ask‡K wMRvW© e‡j| GwU AMÖ I cðvr `ywU cÖK‡ô wef³| wMRv‡W©i ms‡KvPb cÖmvi‡Y Lv`ë¯Íy cy‡ivcywi P~Y© nq| Aby‰`N©¨ fuvRMy‡jv QuvKwbi g‡Zv KvR K‡i| wMRv©W

M¨vw÷ªK wmKv cvK¯’jx

†Kvjb

gyLwQ`ª jvjvbvwj

jvjvMÖwš’

gvjwcwRqvb bvwjKv

wPÎ: 2.2.4: Nvmdwos Gi cwicvKZš¿

gjvkq cvqy

cÖvwYi cwiwPwZ (Nvmdwos)

L) ga¨ †cŠwóKbvwj (Mesenteron or Mid-gut) : GB AskwU wMRvW© n‡Z ïiæ K‡i Dì ch©šÍ we¯Í…Z Gi cÖvPx‡i †Kv‡bv wKDwUK‡ji AveiYx _v‡K bv Ges cÖvPxi n‡Z bvbv cÖKvi Dr‡mPK wbtm„Z nq| †g‡m‡›Ui‡Yi AšÍMv© ‡Î MnŸi‡K †eób K‡i GKwU ZšÍygq AveiY _v‡K| G‡K †cwiUªwdK c`©v (Peritrophic membrane) e‡j| G c`©v Lv‡`ï NlY©RwbZ AvNvZ †_‡K †g‡m‡›Uib‡K iÿv K‡i| †g‡m‡›Uib wbgœwjwLZ Askmg~n aviY K‡i| (i) †ncvwUK wmKv ev hK…Z wmKv (Hepatic caeca) : wMRvW© I †g‡m‡›Ui‡bi ms‡hvM¯’‡j †fuvZv 6 †Rvov e× I miæ b‡ji g‡Zv A•M| †ncvwUK wmKvi Aci gyL †cŠwóKbvjx‡Z Db¥y³ nq| †ncvwUK wmKv wewfbœ cÖKvi Dr‡mPK wbtmiY K‡i Lv`¨ cwicv‡K mnvqZv K‡i| (ii) gvjwcwRqvb bvwjKv (Malpighian tubules) : †g‡m‡›Uib I †cÖv‡±vwWqv‡gi miæ ms‡hvM¯’‡j Aew¯’Z AmsL¨ miæ bvwjKv| gvjwcwRqvb bvwjKv Nvmdwos‡qi cÖavb †iPb A•M wn‡m‡e KvR K‡i| Giv bvB‡Uªv‡RbRvZ eR©¨ c`v_© †kvlY K‡i Ges †`‡ni Zij `~wlZ c`v_© ev g~Î wb®‹vk‡b mvnvh¨ K‡i| (M) cðvr †cŠwóKbvwj (Proctodium or hind–gut): GwU †cŠwóK bvwji †klfvM hv gvjwcwRqvb bvwjKvi †cQb †_‡K cvqy ch©šÍ we¯Í…Z GKwU cu¨vPv‡bv bvwj| GwU G‡±vWvg© D™¢~Z Ges Gi AšÍtcÖvPxi wKDwUKj Ave„Z| †cÖv‡±vwWqvg wbgœwjwLZ PviwU As‡k wef³ : (i) Bwjqvg (Ileum) : †cÖv‡±vwWqv‡gi cÖ_g bjvK…wZi miæ Ask| Gi AšÍ:cÖvPx‡i †ivghy³ Aby‰`N©¨ fuvR _v‡K| G fuvRMy‡jv KcvwUKvi g‡Zv KvR K‡i| Bwjqvg Lv`¨ cwicvK I cvwPZ Lv`ë¯Íy †kvlY K‡i| (ii) †Kvjb (Colon) : Bwjqv‡gi cieZ©x †gvUv Ask‡K †Kvjb e‡j| Gi e¨vm Bwjqv‡gi e¨vm A‡cÿv AwaK| Bwjqv‡gi †kvl‡Yi ci Lv`¨mv‡ii Aewkóvsk cvwbmn GLv‡b †kvwlZ nq| (iii) †i±vg (Rectum) ev gjvkq : †cŠwóKbvwji me©‡kl ùxZ I cyiæ cÖvPxihy³ Ask| Gi AšÍtcÖvPx‡i QqwU †iK&Uvj c¨vwcjv (Rectal papilla) bvgK Abyj¤^ fuvR _v‡K| gj †_‡K AwZwi³ cvwb, LwbR jeY, A¨vgvB‡bv GwmW BZ¨vw` †kvlY K‡i| Lv‡`ï AcvP¨ Ask mvgwqKfv‡e Rgv iv‡L| (N) cvqy (Anal aperature) : gjvk‡qi †kl cÖv‡šÍ Aew¯’Z wQ`ªc_‡K cvqy ev cvqywQ`ª e‡j| AcvP¨ Lv`¨vsk A‡cÿvK…Z ky®‹ gj wn‡m‡e †`‡ni evB‡i AcmviY K‡i|

2.7.1 gy‡Lvcv½: (Mouth parts) Nvmdwos‡qi gyL I gy‡Li Pvicv‡k †hme bobÿg, mwÜhy³ Dcv½mg~n Ae¯’vb K‡i Zv‡ì‡K mgwóMZfv‡e gy‡Lvcv½ ejv nq| G‡ì gy‡Lvcv½ Pe©b Dc‡hvMx (Chewing type) ev g¨vwÛey‡jU (mandi bulate) ai‡bi hv wb¤œwjwLZ Ask¸‡jv wb‡q MwVZ1. j¨veªvg (Labrum) : GwU Nvmdwos Gi gyLwQ‡`ªi Dc‡i Aew¯’Z GKwU cÖk¯’ cvZjv c`©vi b¨vq Ask| hv g¯Í‡Ki K¬vBwcqv‡mi mv‡_ mshy³ _v‡K| Gi wb‡P gyLwQ`ª Aew¯’Z| j¨veªvg ms‡e`bkxj Ges g¨vwÛej‡K Ave„Z K‡i iv‡L| GwU D‡a©vô wn‡m‡e gyLwQ`ª‡K †X‡K †i‡L Lv`ë¯Íy a‡i ivL‡Z mvnvh¨ K‡i|

RxeweÁvb wØZxq cÎ

2. g¨vwÛej (Mandible) : gyLwQ‡`ªi m¤§yLfv‡Mi `ycv‡k Aew¯’Z `ywU k³ I Kiv‡Zi b¨vq `ÐKhy³ Dcv½‡K g¨vwÛej e‡j| GwU k³ †cø‡Ui b¨vq I `uvZ¸‡jv aviv‡jv| GwU †Pvqv‡ji KvR K‡i| cÖwZwU g¨vwÛe‡ji †Mvovq GKwU †Kvgj wKDwUKjhy³ AÂj _v‡K| G‡K mve‡gvjvi AÂj e‡j| g¨vwÛe‡ji GKwU cÖvšÍ K¬vBwcqvm Ges Aci cÖvšÍ g¯Í‡Ki †Rvbvi mv‡_ `yB ¸”Q †cwk Øviv hy³ _v‡K| †fZ‡ii w`‡Ki †cwk¸”Q‡K A¨vWv±i †cwk Ges evB‡ii w`‡Ki †cwk¸”Q‡K A¨veWv±i †cwk ejv nq| G †cwkmg~‡ni mvnv‡h¨ Dfq cv‡ki g¨vwÛej GK‡hv‡M KvR K‡i| g¨vwÛej Lv`¨e¯‘‡K KZ©b, †clY I Pe©‡b mvnvh¨ K‡i|

j¨vweqvg g¨vwÛej

g¨vwÛej

nvB‡cvd¨vwis·

Kv‡W©v ÷vBcm

mve‡g›Uvg †g›Uvg

j¨vweqv j cví

g¨vw·jv

j¨vwmwbqv

M¨vwjqv g¨vw·jvwi cví g¨vw·jv

wcÖ-†g›Uvg wPÎ: 2.2.5: Nvmdwos Gi gy‡Lvcv½

3. g¨vw·jv (Maxilla) : g¨vwÛe‡ji cÖwZ cv‡k GKwU K‡i `ywU g¨vw·jv Aew¯’Z| cÖwZ g¨vw·jv A‡bK¸‡jv mwÜhy³ Ask wb‡q MwVZ| h_v: Kv‡W©v, ÷vBcm& , j¨vwmwbqv, M¨vwjqv I g¨vw·jvwi cví| Kv‡W©v me‡P‡q †Mvovi Ask Ges g¨vw·jv‡K g¯Í‡Ki mv‡_ hy³ iv‡L| ÷vBc&m Kv‡W©vi Dc‡i Aew¯’Z GKwU j¤^vK…wZi `ÐvKvi Ask| ÷vBc‡mi Dc‡i wfZ‡ii w`‡K ewa©Z j¨vwmwbqv Ges evB‡i M¨vwjqv Aew¯’Z| M¨vwjqvi evB‡ii w`‡K †ivghy³ Ges cuvPwU L‡Ð wef³ GKwU j¤^v A½ _v‡K hv‡K g¨vw·jvix cví e‡j| g¨vw·jv ¯^v` MÖnY, Lv`¨e¯‘ a‡i ivLv, gy‡Li wfZi cÖ‡ek Kiv I P~Y© Ki‡Z mvnvh¨ K‡i| GQvov g¨vw·jvwi cví A¨v‡›Ubv I cv‡qi AMÖfvM cwi®‹v‡i Ask †bq, Lv`¨e¯‘ niY cÖwZ‡iva K‡i Ges ms‡e`x A½ wn‡m‡e KvR K‡i| 4. j¨vweqvg (Labium) : g¨vw·jvi wcQ‡b j¨vweqvg ev wØZxq g¨vw·jv Aew¯’Z| GwU gyLwQ‡`ªi wb‡P Aew¯’Z Ges eûmwÜwewkó †hŠwMK Dcv½| j¨vweqvg wb‡Pi w`K n‡Z h_vμ‡g-mve‡g›Uvg, †g›Uvg I wcÖ‡g›Uvg bvgK wZbwU As‡k wef³| mve‡g›Uvg Øviv j¨vweqvg g¯Í‡K †cÖvw_Z _v‡K| wcª‡g›Uv‡g j¨vweqvj

cÖvwYi cwiwPwZ (Nvmdwos)

cví bvgK wZbLÐK hy³ miæ j¤^v Ask we`¨gvb| j¨vweqvj cv‡íi wfZ‡ii w`‡K c¨viv‡Møvmv I †Møvmv bvgK `ywU LÐK cvkvcvwk Ae¯’vb K‡i| gy‡L Lv`¨ cÖ‡ek Kiv‡bv, Lv`¨ dm‡K hvIqv †ivaKiv I Lv`¨e¯‘i ¯^v` MÖnY KivB Gi cÖavb KvR| j¨vweqvj cví Lv‡`¨i ¸Yv¸Y eyS‡Z mvnvh¨ K‡i| 5. nvB†cvd¨vwis· (Hypopharynx) : gyL MnŸ‡i Aew¯’Z †g›Uv‡gi mv‡_ hy³ big, j¤^v‡U gvsmj wcÐ‡K nvB‡cvd¨vwis· e‡j| Gi †K›`ªxq As‡ki c„ôZj g¨vwÛej Øviv, AsKxq Zj j¨vweqvg Øviv Ges cvk¦©Zj g¨vw·jv Øviv cwie„Z _v‡K| Gi †Mvovi w`‡K jvjvMÖwš’i mvaviY bvwj Db¥y³ _v‡K| GwU Lv`¨‡K bvovPvov K‡i jvjvi mv‡_ †gkv‡Z mvnvh¨ K‡i| Gi gva¨‡g jvjvim μ‡c cÖ‡ek K‡i| 2.7.2 †cŠwóKMÖwš’ (Digestive gland) jvjvMÖwš’ Nvmdwos‡qi cÖavb †cŠwóK MÖwš’ | Nvm dwos‡qi eÿ MnŸ‡i †cŠwóK bvjxi μ‡ci wb‡P `yB cv‡k GK‡Rvov jvjvMÖwš’ Aew¯’Z| cÖwZ cv‡ki jvjvMÖwš’ kvLv-cÖkvLvq wef³ Ges AmsL¨ ÿz`ªvKvi MÖwš’ ev A¨vwmwb (Acini)-i mgš^‡q MwVZ| cÖwZwU A¨vmvBbvm bvjxKvhy³ †Kv‡l MwVZ hv‡Z ÿiYÿg AmsL¨ `vbv _v‡K| bvjxKv¸‡jv wgwjZ n‡q `ywU eo jvjvMÖwš’ bvjx MVb K‡i hv mvg‡bi w`‡K AMÖmi n‡q GKwU Awfbœ jvjvMÖwš’ bvjx MVb K‡i| cÖwZcv‡ki jvjvMÖwš’i ga¨¯’‡j cvZjv cÖvPxi wewkó j¤^v‡U _wji gZ A½ _v‡K hv‡K jvjvavi e‡j| G‡Z mvgwqKfv‡e jvjvim mwÂZ _v‡K| `yB cv‡ki jvjvavi †_‡K AvMZ `ywU jvjvavibvjx wgwjZ n‡q GKwU Awfbœ jvjvavi bvjx MVb K‡i hv Awfbœ jvjv MÖwš’ bvjxi mv‡_ wgwjZ n‡q GKwU Awfbœ jvjvbvjx MVb K‡i| Gici G bvjx AviI mvg‡b AMÖmi n‡q nvB‡cvd¨vwis‡mi †Mvovq Db¥y³ nq| jvjvMÖwš’ jvjv im (Saliva) wbtm„Z K‡i| G‡Z wewfbœ Dr‡mPK †hgb-A¨vgvB‡jR, RvB‡gR, Bbfv‡U©R _v‡K hv kK©iv RvZxq Lv`¨‡K AvswkK cwicvK K‡i| GQvov jvjvi wgDwmb Lv`¨‡K wcw”Qj K‡i MjatKi‡Y mvnvh¨ K‡i| μc

gyLwQ`ª jvjvbvwj

†ncvwUK wmKv

cvK¯’wj

Bwjqvg

jvjvMÖwš’

wPÎ: 2.2.6: Nvmdwos Gi †cŠwóKMÖwš’

GQvov ga¨‡cŠwóK bvwj‡Z Aew¯’Z QqwU †ncvwUK wmKvI Nvmdwos Gi †cŠwóK MÖwš’ wn‡m‡e KvR K‡i| †ncvwUK wmKv †_‡K wbtmwiZ GbRvBg¸‡jv n‡jv- jvB‡cR, Bbfvi‡UR, A¨vgvB‡jR I †cÖvwU‡qR| cvK¯’wj‡Z _vKv Lv‡`¨i ai‡bi Dci GB GbRvBg¸‡jvi ÿiY wbf©i K‡i| Nvmdwos‡qi cwicvK c×wZ: Nvm, km¨ `vbv Ges cvZv Nvmdwos Gi Lv`¨| Nvmdwos g¨vw·jvix cví I j¨vweqvj cví Øviv Lv`¨ wbe©vPb K‡i| AMÖc`, j¨veªvg Ges j¨vweqvg Lv`¨ e¯‘ AvU‡K iv‡L;

RxeweÁvb wØZxq cÎ

jvjvMÖwš’ n‡Z wbtm„Z im Lv`¨ e¯‘‡K wcw”Qj K‡i, g¨vwÛej Ges g¨vw·jv Lv`ë¯‘i ÿz`ª ÿz`ª Ask †K‡U Pz‡l _v‡K| gy‡Lvcv½ Øviv M„nxZ Lv`¨ h_vμ‡g Mjwej, Abœbvjx Ges μc Øviv cwievwnZ n‡q wMR©v‡Z †cÖwiZ nq| wMRv‡W©i g‡a¨ Lv`ë¯‘ wcó nq Ges ÿz`ªvKvi Lv`¨Kbv ga¨ A‡š¿i Mne‡i cÖ‡ek K‡i| g‡a¨ A‡š¿i Ges M¨vw÷ªK wmKv ÿiY I †kvlYZj iƒ‡c KvR K‡i| cvK¯’jx‡Z ev AšÍ©MvÎ †fw›UªwKDjv‡m gj‡UR, A¨vgvB‡jR, Bbfv‡U©R, jvB‡cR BZ¨vw`| Dr‡mP‡Ki Dcw¯’wZ‡Z Lv`ë¯‘ mij I Zij Lv‡`¨ iƒcvšÍwiZ nq| Zij Lv`¨ wn‡gvwm‡j cÖ‡ek K‡i mviv‡`‡n cwievwnZ nq| Aciw`‡K, gjvkq AcvP¨ e¯‘ n‡Z cvwb †kvlY K‡i, d‡j KwVb AcvP¨ e¯‘ gjiƒ‡c cvqyØviv evB‡i †ei n‡q Av‡m|

2.8 eënvwiK cixÿY bs-1 cixÿvi bvg: Nvm dwos ev Avi‡kvjv Gi gyL Dcv½ ch©‡eÿY| cÖ‡qvRbxq DcKiY: m`¨ wbRx©e Nvmdwos ev Avi‡kvjv, di‡mc, ¯øvBW, wMømvwib, wbW&j| Kvh©c×wZ: m`¨ wbRx©e GKwU Nvmdwos/Avi‡kvjv‡K evg nv‡Zi `yAvOyj w`‡q gv_vwU †P‡c a‡i Wvb nv‡Zi di‡mc w`‡q cÖwZwU gyL-Dcv‡½i †Mvovq a‡i μgvš^‡q j¨veªvg, g¨vwÛej, g¨vw·jv, nvB‡cvd¨vwis· I me †k‡l j¨vweqvg Zz‡j Avb‡Z n‡e| G¸‡jv GKUv ¯øvB‡W mvwR‡q wMømvwib w`‡q †i‡L ch©‡eÿY Ki‡Z n‡e| Gi ci eB‡qi wPÎ Abyhvqx gy‡Lvcv½‡K mvRv‡Z n‡e| mij AYyexÿYh‡š¿ ¯øvBWwU ¯’vcb K‡i fvjfv‡e ch©‡eÿY Ki‡Z n‡e| ch©‡eÿY †k‡l gyL Dcv½¸‡jvi my›ì wPÎ Gu‡K G‡ì wewfbœ Ask wPwýZ Ki‡Z n‡e|

wPÎ 2.2.7: Nvmdwos Gi gy‡Lvcv½

cÖvwYi cwiwPwZ (Nvmdwos)

ch©‡eÿY: Nvmdwos Gi wb¤œwjwLZ cuvP ai‡bi gy‡Lvcv½ cvIqv hvq1| j¨veªvg ev D‡×©vô t GwU g¯Í‡Ki c„ô‡`‡k Aew¯’Z GKwU SzjšÍ, AvqZvKvi, PIov I cvZjv c`©vi g‡Zv A½| j¨veªv‡gi Zj‡`‡k gyLwQ`ª Aew¯’Z| 2| g¨vwÛe&j ev †Pvqvj t Giv gyLwQ‡`ªi `ycv‡k GKwU K‡i †gvU `ywU †ek k³ I `uvZhy³ Dcv½ we‡kl| 3| g¨vw·jv (cÖ_g) t cÖ‡Z¨K †Pvqv‡ji †cQ‡b GKwU K‡i g¨vw·jv Aew¯’Z| cÖwZwU g¨vw·jv wb‡¤œv³ LÛ‡K wef³K) †cÖv‡Uv‡cvWvBU t GwU `ywU LÛK mn‡hv‡M MwVZ| wb‡Pi LÛKwU Kv‡W©v Ges Dc‡iiwU ÷vBc&m| L) G‡·v‡cvWvBU t GwU LÛKwewkó g¨vw·jvwi cvj&c hv ÷vBc‡mi ewntcÖv‡šÍi mv‡_ hy³ _v‡K| M) G‡Ûv‡cvWvBU t GwU `ywU LÛKhy³ Ges g¨vw·jvwi cv‡íi †fZ‡ii w`‡K ÷vBc‡mi mv‡_ hy³| †fZ‡ii w`‡Ki LÛKwU bLivK…wZi j¨vwmwbqv Ges evB‡ii LÛKwU XvKwbi b¨vq M¨vwjqv| g¨vw·jvi Dc‡i A‡bK m~² †ivg _v‡K| 4| nvB‡cvd¨vwis· ev DcwRnŸv t GwU GKwU bjvK…wZi A½ Ges j¨veªv‡gi m¤§y‡L I `ywU g¨vw·jvi gvSLv‡b Ae¯’vb K‡i| 5| j¨vweqvg ev wØZxq g¨vw·jv t `ywU g¨vw·jv GK‡Î hy³ n‡q Zj‡`‡k eûmwÜ wewkó j¨vweqvg MVb K‡i‡Q| GwU cÖavbZ wZbwU L‡Û wef³, h_v-mve‡g›Uvg, †g›Uvg Ges wcÖ‡g›Uvg| wcÖ‡g›Uvg †_‡K wZb LÛwewkó `ywU j¨vweqvj cví m„wó n‡q‡Q| Gi †fZ‡ii w`‡K h_vμ‡g c¨viv‡Møvmv I †Møvmv Aew¯’Z|

cixÿY bs-2 cixÿvi bvg: Nvm dwos ev Avi‡kvjv eë‡”Q` K‡i cwicvKZš¿ I MÖwš’ ch©‡eÿY| cÖ‡qvRbxq DcKiY: m`¨ wbRx©e Nvmdwos ev Avi‡kvjv, di‡mc, ¯øvBW, wMømvwib, wbW&j| Kvh©c×wZ:  GKUv m`¨ wbRx©e Avi‡kvjvi cvLv¸‡jv I ï½ `ywU †K‡U †dj‡Z n‡e|  D`‡ii wcQbfvM †_‡K AMÖe‡ÿi m¤§yLfvM ch©šÍ j¤^vjw¤^fv‡e UviMv I ÷vb©v‡gi gv‡Si cvk¦x©q c`©v eivei m~ÿè KuvwP w`‡q KvU‡Z n‡e|  Nvmdwos‡K cvwbhy³ †Uª-‡Z wcV Dc‡i †i‡L wcb w`‡q †Mu‡_ w`‡Z n‡e|  mveav‡b wcQb AÂj †_‡K mvg‡bi w`‡K UviMvi †cøU¸‡jv di‡mc w`‡q Zz‡j †dj‡Z n‡e|  eªvk I di‡mc w`‡q D`‡ii Pwe© I k¦vmbvwj miv‡Z n‡e Ges e‡ÿi †cwk¸‡jv KvU‡Z n‡e|  k¦vmbvwj‡KI mveav‡b miv‡Z n‡e|  Gfv‡e eÿ I Dì Db¥y³ Kivi ci eëüZ cvwb †d‡j cwi¯‹vi cvwb w`‡q †Uª fwZ© Ki‡Z n‡e|  †cŠwóKbvwj‡K GKUz †U‡b GKcv‡k wcb w`‡q AvU‡K wewfbœ Ask ch©‡eÿY Ki‡Z n‡e|  ch©‡eÿ‡Yi ci Avi‡kvjvi †cŠwóKZ‡š¿i wPÎ Gu‡K wPwýZ Ki‡Z n‡e| †cŠwóKbvwj my¯úó wZbwU cÖavb As‡k wef³; h_v-K) AMÖ-Aš¿ ev †÷v‡gvwWqvg, L) ga¨- Aš¿ ev †g‡m‡÷ib Ges M) cðvr- Aš¿ ev †cÖv‡±vwWqvg|

RxeweÁvb wØZxq cÎ

K) AMÖ-Aš¿ (Stomodium) t Nvmdwos Gi AMÖ-Aš¿ wb¤œwjwLZ Askmg~‡n wef³ jvjvMÖwš’ 1) gyLMnŸi t GKwU gy‡Lvcv½ w`‡q cwi‡ewóZ GKwU msKxY© MnŸi| jvjvavi 2) Mjwej t gyLMnŸ‡ii cðv‡Z Aew¯’Z GwU Abœbvjx GKwU ÿz`ª I †cwkeûj bvwjwe‡kl| μc 3) Abœbvwj t GwU Mjwe‡ji †cQ‡b †cŠwóKbvwji †mvRv I miæ Ask| wMRvW© 4) μc t GwU cvZjv cÖvPxiwewkó †ncvwUK wmKv Av‡cjvK…wZi _wj we‡kl| †g‡m‡›UiY gvjwcwRqvb bvwjKv †i±vg 5) wMRvW© t GwU μ‡ci wcQ‡b Aew¯’Z GKwU wÎ‡KvYvKvi k³ Ask| †Kvjb Bwjqvg L) ga¨-Aš¿ (Mesenteron) t wPÎ: 2.2.8: Nvmdwos Gi cvwicvKZš¿ GwU wMRv‡W©i †cQ‡b Aew¯’Z GKwU cvZjv cÖvPxi wewkó bvwj| G‡Z wb¤œwjwLZ `y'ai‡bi bvwjKv hy³ _vK‡Z †`Lv hvq1) †ncvwUK wmKv t Giv wMRvW© I †g‡m‡›Ui‡bi ms‡hvM¯’‡j 7-8 wU eÜ miæ bvwjKv| 2) gvjwcwRqvb bvwjKv t Giv †g‡m‡›Ui‡bi †kl cÖv‡šÍ AmsL¨ (60-70) njy` is‡qi m~ÎvKvi A½vYy| M) cðvr Aš¿ (Proctodium) : GwU †cŠwóKbvwji †klvsk Ges wb¤œwjwLZ Askmg~‡n wef³1) Bwjqvg t GwU †cÖv‡±vwWqv‡gi cÖ_g Ask| 2) †Kvjb t GwU Bwjqv‡gi †cQ‡b Aew¯’Z| 3) gjvkq t GwU †cÖv‡±vwWqv‡gi ùxZ cÖvšÍxq Ask|

2.9 i³ msenb c×wZ (Blood Circulation System) Nvmdwos‡qi i³ÑmsenbZš¿ AbybœZ Ges Db¥y³ (Open) ai‡bi| KviY i³ msen‡bi Rb¨ Nvmdwos‡qi †Kv‡bv wbw`©ó i³bvjx †bB Ges i³ wn‡gvwm‡ji gva¨‡g mivmwi wewfbœ †Kv‡li g‡a¨ cÖevwnZ nq| Nvmdwos‡qi i³ msenbZš¿‡K 4wU cÖavb As‡k fvM Kiv hvq| †hgb(K) wn‡gvwmj (Haemocoel) : Nvmdwos‡qi †`nMnŸi †g‡mvWvg© n‡Z Drcbœ †cwi‡Uvwbqvj c`©v Øviv Ave„Z _v‡K bv| GwU i‡³ c~Y© Ges msenbZ‡š¿i Ask wn‡m‡e KvR K‡i| G ai‡bi AcÖK…Z †`nMnŸi‡K wn‡gvwmj e‡j| wn‡gvwm‡j Aew¯’Z †cŠwóKbvwj, †iPbZš¿, cÖRbbZš¿ mivmwi i‡³i ms¯ú‡k© Av‡m| Nvmdwos‡qi wn‡gvwmj `ywU AbycÖ¯’ c`©v w`‡q wZbwU cÖ‡Kvô ev mvBbvm G wef³Ñ †cwiKvwW©qvj mvBbvm (Pericardial sinus), †cwiwf‡mivj mvBbvm (Perivisceral sinus) I †cwiwbDivj mvBbvm (Perineural sinus) | c`©vMy‡jv wQ`ªhy³| d‡j i³ cÖ‡qvRb g‡Zv GK

cÖvwYi cwiwPwZ (Nvmdwos)

mvBbvm †_‡K Ab¨ mvBbv‡m hvZvqvZ Ki‡Z cv‡i| A¼xq c`v©wU cv‡qi †fZ‡i we¯Z…Z| wn‡gvwmj me Zš¿‡K aviY K‡i Ges i³ ev wn‡gvwjç aviY K‡i I i³ cÖev‡n Ask †bq| (L) wn‡gvwjç (Haemolymph) ev i³ : Nvmdwos‡qi i³ †`nMnŸ‡ii jwmKvi mv‡_ wgwkªZ Ae¯’vq wn‡gvwm‡j _v‡K e‡j i³‡K wn‡gvwjç e‡j| GwU i³im Ges wn‡gvmvBU (Haemocyte) bvgK i³KwYKvi mgš^‡q MwVZ| (M) ü`hš¿ (Heart) : †`n MnŸ‡ii c„ô‡`‡k, †`ncÖvPx‡ii wb‡P Ges †`‡ni ga¨‡iLv eivei GKUv j¤^v c„ôevwnKv ev ùxZ i³bvjx we¯Í…Z| G‡K Nvmdwos Gi ürhš¿ e‡j| GUv cvqyi wbKU n‡Z Drcbœ n‡q Dì I eÿ‡K AwZμg K‡i g¯ÍK ch©šÍ we¯Í…Z| ürhš¿ μgvš^‡q mvRv‡bv 7wU dv‡bjvKvi cÖ‡Kv‡ô wef³| `ywU cÖ‡Kv‡ôi gaëZx© AÂ‡j ürh‡š¿i cÖvPxi Dfq cvk¦© n‡Z fuvR n‡q ürh‡š¿i MnŸ‡i cÖ‡ek K‡i| G iKg cÖwZwU fuv‡Ri kx‡l© Dfq cv‡k GKwU K‡i KcvwUKv hy³ wQ`ª _v‡K| G‡ì‡K Aw÷qv

m¤§yL A¨vI©Uv

ü`cÖ‡Kvô Aw÷qv

A¨vjvix †ckx (Ostia;) GK eP‡b Aw÷qvg (Ostium ) e‡j| cÖwZwU cÖ‡Kvô Aw÷qvi mvnv‡h¨ †cwiKvwW©qvj mvBbv‡mi mv‡_ hy³ _v‡K| KcvwUKv _vKvq Aw÷qvi gva¨‡g i³ †Kej †cwiKvwW©qvj mvBbvm cðvr A¨vI©Uv n‡Z ürh‡š¿ cÖ‡ek Ki‡Z cv‡i wKš‘ nrhš¿ †_‡K †ei n‡q Avm‡Z wPÎ 2.2.9: Nvmdwos Gi ü`hš¿ cv‡i bv| ürh‡š¿i †kl cÖ‡KvôwU cðvrcÖv‡šÍ eÜ|

(N) mnvqK ¯ú›`bkxj A•M (Accessory pulsatile organs): ü`h‡š¿i cÖwZ cÖ‡Kv‡ôi cvk¦©fv‡M GK‡Rvov wÎf~RvKvi A¨vjvwi †cwkÑhy³ _v‡K| G †cwkmg~n i³‡K ü`hš¿ n‡Z †cwiKvwW©qvj mvBbvm (ü`hš¿ I A¨vjvwi †cwkmg~n aviYKvix wn‡gvwm‡ji MnŸi)ÑG Ges †cwiKvwW©qvj mvBbvm n‡Z ü`h‡š¿ cÖ‡e‡k mnvqZv K‡i|

2.9.1 i³ msenb cÖwμqv (Process of blood circulation) Nvmdwos‡qi ü`hš¿ ms‡KvPb cÖmvibkxj Ges msenb cÖwμqv mœvqyZ‡š¿i wbqš¿Yvaxb, ü`h‡š¿i cÖvPxi Ges A¨vjvwi †cwkmg~‡ni ms‡KvP‡bi d‡j †cwiKvwW©qvj mvBbv‡mi AvqZb e„w× cvq| d‡j i³ †cwiwf‡mivj mvBbvm n‡Z †cwiKvwW©qvj mvBbv‡m cÖ‡ek K‡i|

RxeweÁvb wØZxq cÎ c„ôxq gnvagbx

c„ôxq Wvqvdªvg ü`wc‡Ûi cÖ‡Kvô Aw÷qv

†cwiKvwW©qvj mvBbvm †cwiwf‡mivj mvBbvm

A¼xq Wvqvd«vg †cwiwbDivj mvBbvm wPÎ 2.2.10: Nvmdwos Gi i³msenb cÖwμqv

Gici ü`h‡š¿i cÖvPxi¯’ †cwkMy‡jvi cÖmvi‡bi d‡j i³ Aw÷qvi gva¨‡g ü`h‡š¿i MnŸ‡i cÖ‡ek K‡i| MnŸiMy‡jv i‡³ c~Y© n‡j ü`h‡š¿i cðvrcÖvšÍ n‡Z GKwU μwgK ms‡KvP‡bi †XD mvg‡bi w`‡K cÖevwnZ nq hvi d‡j i³ AMÖ gnvagbxi gva¨‡g g¯Í‡Ki mvBbv‡m cª‡ek K‡i| G Ae¯’vq †`‡ni AMÖfv‡M i‡³i Pvc e„w× cvq Ges i³ †cwiwf‡mivj mvBbvm Ges Ae‡k‡l †cwiwbDivj mvBbv‡m cÖ‡ek K‡i †`‡ni wewfbœ As‡k mÂvwjZ nq| Gi ci i³ cðvrgyLx n‡q †cwiwf‡mivj mvBbv‡m cÖ‡ek K‡i PμwUi cybive„wË NUvq| kvLv i³bvjxi gva¨‡gI ü`hš¿ †_‡K i‡³i GKvsk Wvbv I Ab¨vb¨ As‡k cÖevwnZ nq| wkÿv_x©i KvR: Nvmdwos‡qi msenb cÖwμqv cÖevnwP‡Îi gva¨‡g Dc¯’vcb Ki|

2.10 k¦mbZš¿ (Respiratory System) Ab¨vb¨ ¯’jPi KxUcZ‡½i g‡Zv Nvmdwos k¦m‡bi Rb¨ evqy †_‡K Aw·‡Rb MÖnY K‡i| UªvwKqv bvgK we‡kl ai‡bi k¦vmbvwj I Zv‡ì kvLvÑcÖkvLvi gva¨‡g cwi‡ek †_‡K Aw·‡Rb †`‡ni cÖwZwU †Kv‡l †cuŠ‡Q Ges k¦mb wμqvi d‡j Drcbœ Kve©b WvBA·vBW GKB c‡_ †ei n‡q hvq| UªvwKqv I Gi kvLvÑcÖkvLvMy‡jv ci¯ú‡ii mv‡_ wgwjZ n‡q Nvmdwos k¦mb Kvh© m¤úv`b K‡i e‡j G‡ì k¦mbZš¿‡K UªvwKqvj Zš¿ (Tracheal system) e‡j| Nvmdwos‡qi UªvwKqvj Zš¿ wbgœwjwLZ Pvi ai‡bi Ask wb‡q MwVZ| (K) ¯úvBivK&j ev k¦vmiÜ« (Spiracle): Nvmdwos‡qi †`‡ni UvM©v I ÷vY©vi gaëZ©x wcøDiv (Pleura) bvgK cvZjv c`©vq Aew¯’Z wW¤^vKvi iÜ«‡K ¯úvBivK&j e‡j| Nvmdwos‡qi 10 †Rvov ¯úvBivK&j _v‡K| G‡ì g‡a¨ cÖ_g 2 †Rvov eÿ‡`‡k Ges evwK 8 †Rvov Dì AÂ‡j Aew¯’Z| (L) UªvwKqv (Trachea) ev k¦vmbvwj : UªvwKqv Nvmdwos‡qi cÖavb k¦mb A½| cÖwZwU ¯úvBivK&j Gi †cQb †_‡K Drcbœ n‡q UªvwKIj ev kvLv UªvwKqvi gaëZ©x ¯’v‡b Ae¯’vbKvix bvwj‡K UªvwKqv e‡j| A¨vwUªqv‡gi gva¨‡g ¯úvBivK&jMy‡jvi mv‡_ UªvwKqvMy‡jv hy³ nq| UªvwKqv¸‡jv kvLv cÖkvLvq wef³ n‡q †`nvf¨šÍ‡i RvwjKvKv‡i we¯Z…Z _v‡K| Giv w¯’wZ¯’vcK, iƒcvi g‡Zv D¾¡j Ges G‡ì cÖvPxi wZbwU ¯Í‡i web¨¯Í; h_v: AšÍt¯’ KvBwUb MwVZ Bw›Ugv (Intima), ga¨¯’ eûfyRvKvi †Kv‡l MwVZ Gwc‡_vwjqvg (Epithelium) ; Ges ewnt¯’ wfwË wSwjø (Basement membrane)| UªvwKqvi

cÖvwYi cwiwPwZ (Nvmdwos)

MnŸ‡i wKQyUv cici Bw›Ugv cyiæ n‡q AvswUi gZ MVb m„wó K‡i| G ¸‡jv‡K wUwbwWqv (Taenidia) e‡j| ¯’v‡b ¯’v‡b UªvwKqvMy‡jv ùxZ n‡q _wjKvKvi evqy_wj MVb K‡i|

Gwc‡_wjq †Kvl¯Íi wUwbwWqvg Bw›Ugv (K)

(L)

wPÎ 2.2.11: (K) Bw›Ugvhy³ UªvwKqv; (L) GKwU evqy_wj

(M) UªvwKIj †Kvl (Tracheole cell)/cÖvšÍxq †Kvl : cÖavb UªvwKqvMy‡jvi cvk¦©fvM n‡Z μgvMZ wefvR‡bi d‡j m„ó kvLv UªvwKqv AwZ m~² kvLvq †cuŠQv‡bvi ci Giv GKwU ZviKvK…wZi †Kvl MVb K‡i| G‡`i UªvwKIj †Kvl ev cÖvšÍxq †Kvl e‡j| (N) UªvwKIj (Tracheole) : UªvwKIj †Kvl †_‡K KZK¸‡jv m~² I miæbvwj †ei n‡q †`n †Kv‡li cÖZ¨ÿ ms¯ú‡k© Av‡m| Gme bvwj‡K UªvwKIj e‡j| G‡`i cÖvPxi Bw›Ugv I wUwbwWqv wenxb| cÖwZwU miæbvwji †kl cÖv‡šÍ UªvwKIj i‡m c~Y© j¤^v _wj ev cÖvšÍxq _wj _v‡K| Nvmdwos Gi UªvwKqvMy‡jvi e¨vcK kvLvqb I GKxfeb N‡U| d‡j K‡qKwU Aby‰`N©¨ I AbycÖ¯’ UªvwKqvj KvÐ (Tracheal trunk) MwVZ nq|

2.10.1 k¦mb c×wZ (Process of Respiration)

†mdvwjK evqy_wj eÿxq evqy_wj eÿxq k¦vmiÜ« c„ôxq UªvwKqvjKvÛ 1g D`ixq k¦vmiÜ« D`ixq evqy_wj cvk¦x©q UªvwKqvjKvÛ

8g D`ixq k¦vmiÜ«

wPÎ 2.2.12: Nvmdwos Gi k¦mbZš¿

Nvmdwos Gi i‡³ †Kv‡bv k¦vm iÄK (respiratory pigment) bv _vKvq k¦m‡b i‡³i †Kv‡bv f~wgKv _v‡K bv| d‡j i³ †Kv‡l Aw·‡Rb mieivn K‡i bv| mivmwi evZvm n‡Z †Kvl¸‡jv O2 MÖnY K‡i Ges CO2 Z¨vM K‡i| evZvm ¯úvBivK‡ji g‡a¨ w`‡q UªvwKqvj Z‡š¿ cÖ‡ek K‡i| cieZx©‡Z UªvwKqv I UªvwKI‡ji gva¨‡g wewfbœ A•MÑcÖZ¨‡•Mi g‡a¨ M¨vmxq Av`vbÑcÖ`vb m¤úbœ nq| k¦mb cÖwμqv `ywU av‡c m¤úbœ nqÑ 1. k¦vmMÖnY (Inspiration) : †`n cÖvPx‡ii †cwki cÖmvi‡Yi d‡j Nvmdwos‡qi UªvwKqvi AšÍt¯’ MnŸiI AvqZ‡b e„w× cvq| Gmgq cÖ_g Pvi †Rvov ¯úvBivK&j Ly‡j hvq Ges G‡`i gva¨‡g O2 hy³ i³ cÖ_‡g UªvwKqvq †cuŠ‡Q, c‡i UªvwKqvi kvLvÑcÖkvLv n‡q O2 cÖvšÍxq †Kvl ev UªvwKIj †Kv‡li gva¨‡g cÖvšÍxq _wj‡Z we`¨gvb Zij ev UªvwKqvj i‡m `ªexf~Z nq| G O2 hy³ Zij UªvwKI‡ji cvZjv cÖvPx‡ii wfZi w`‡q e¨vcb c×wZ‡Z †`n‡Kv‡l cÖ‡ek K‡i I Lv`¨`ªe¨‡K RvwiZ K‡i cvwb, CO2 I kw³ Drcbœ K‡i|

RxeweÁvb wØZxq cÎ

2| k¦vmZ¨vM (Exhalation) : †Kvlxq k¦m‡bi d‡j Drcbœ CO2 UªvwKI‡ji cÖvšÍxq _wj‡Z we`¨gvb Zi‡j `ªexf~Z nq Ges c‡i UªvwKqvq G‡m †cuŠ‡Q| G ch©v‡q †`n cÖvPx‡ii †cwki ms‡KvP‡b D`ixq LÐKMy‡jv msKzwPZ n‡j UªvwKqvi AšÍt¯’ MnŸ‡ii AvqZb K‡g hvq| d‡j UªvwKqvq Aew¯’Z CO2 †`‡ni cðvrfv‡M Aew¯’Z Qq †Rvov ¯úvBivK&j w`‡q evB‡i P‡j Av‡m| wKQy cwigvY CO2 UªvwKqvi gva¨‡g cwievwnZ nIqvi mgq UªvwKqvi cÖvPxi †f` K‡i cÖ_‡g †`n MnŸi I c‡i †`n cÖvPxi †f` K‡i evB‡i P‡j hvq|

wPÎ: 2.2.13: Nvmdwos Gi k¦mb c×wZ

wkÿv_x©i KvR: Q‡Ki gva¨‡g UªvwKqv I UªvwKI‡ji g‡a¨ cv_©K¨ wjL|

2.11 †iPbZš¿ (Excretory System) Nvmdwos‡qi cÖavb †iPbA•M gvjwcwRqvb bvwjKv| GQvov Ab¨vb¨ wKQy A•M †hgb- d¨vU ewW, †b‡d«vmvBU, BDwi‡Kvm MÖwš’ Ges wKDwUKj mnKvwi †iPb A•M wn‡m‡e KvR K‡i| gvjwcwRqvb bvwjKv Ges mnKvwi †iPb A•Mmg~n GK‡Î Nvmdwos‡qi †iPbZš¿ ˆZwi K‡i| gvjwcwRqvb bvwjKv: †g‡m‡›Uib I †cÖv‡±vwWqv‡gi ms‡hvM¯’‡j m~² myZvi g‡Zv njy` i‡Oi gvjwcwRqvb bvwjKv ¸”QvKv‡i Ae¯’vb K‡i| weÁvbx gvjwcwR (Malpighi) me© cÖ_g G bvwjKv Avwe®‹vi K‡ib| bvwjKv¸‡jvi gy³ cÖvšÍwU e× I wn‡gvwm‡j fvmgvb _v‡K| †cŠwóK bvwji mv‡_ hy³ cÖvšÍwU †Lvjv _v‡K| bvwjKvi MnŸi GK¯Íi NbvKvi eo AvKv‡ii Gwc‡_wjqvg †Kvl Øviv cwie„Z _v‡K| Gwc‡_wjqvg †Kvl¸‡jvi gy³ cÖv‡šÍ AwZm~ÿè mvB‡UvcøvRwgK cÖea©K _v‡K| G cÖea©K¸‡jv bvwjKvi Af¨šÍ‡i †gŠPvK eW©vi I eªvk eWv©i bv‡g `yai‡bi MVb m„wó K‡i| †gŠPvK eW©vi (Honey comb border) : bvwjKvi `~ieZx© As‡k Gwc‡_wjqvj †Kv‡li mvB‡UvcøvRwgK cÖea©K¸‡jv Nbmwbœ‡ewkZ n‡q †gŠPv‡Ki b¨vq MVb m„wó K‡i| G‡`i †gŠPvK eW©vi e‡j| eªvk eW©vi (Brush border) : †cŠw÷Kbvwji wbKUeZ©x bvwjKvi AÂ‡j cÖea©K¸‡jv duvKv duvKv Ges AwbqwgZ fv‡e mw¾Z †_‡K eªvk eW©vi (Brush border) MVb K‡i|

cÖvwYi cwiwPwZ (Nvmdwos)

Gwc‡_wjqvj †Kvl¸‡jv GKwU †em‡g›U c`©vi Dc‡i Ae¯’vb K‡i| bvwjKvi cÖvPx‡i c¨vPv‡bv Aby‰`N¨© †cwk¯Íi _v‡K hvi ms‡KvP‡b bvwjKv¸‡jv Av‡›`vwjZ nq| d‡j bvwjKvi DcwiZj GKw`‡K AwaK cwigvY wn‡gvwj‡çi ¯ú‡k© Av‡m| Ab¨w`‡K bvwjKv MnŸ‡i Zi‡ji mÂvjb m¤¢e nq| ga¨ †cŠwóKbvwj eR¨ wb®‹vkb c_

cðvr †cŠwóKbvwj

wfwË c`©v eªvk eW©vi

(K) (L) wPÎ 2.2.14: Nvmdwos Gi gvjwcwRqvb bvwjKv; (K) cÖ¯’‡”Q` (L) j¤^‡”Q`

gvjwcwRqvb bvwjKvi Kvh©c×wZ: Nvmdwos‡qi †`‡n wecv‡Ki d‡j m„ó eR©¨ c`v_© n‡jv BDwiK GwmW ev Aí cwigv‡Y Zvi cwiewZ©Z iƒc, †hgb- BDwiqv, A¨v‡gvwbqv cÖf„wZ| cÖwZwU gvjwcwRqvb bvwjKvi †Mvovi Ask ÿi‡Yi Rb¨ Ges cÖvšÍxq Ask †kvl‡Yi Rb¨ Awf‡hvwRZ| A_©vr bvwjKvi cÖvšÍxq †gŠPvK eW©vi hy³ AÂ‡ji Gwc‡_wjqvj †Kvl¯Íi w`‡q wn‡gvwjç †_‡K cUvwmqvg ev †mvwWqvg Avqb, BD‡iU, cvwb I CO2 †kvlY K‡i| GMy‡jv H As‡k cUvwmqvg ev †mvwWqvg Kve©‡bU, cvwb I BDwiK Gwm‡W cwiYZ n‡j cvwb I evB Kve©‡bUmg~n bvwjKvi wbKUeZx© AÂj A_©vr eªvk eW©vihy³ Gwc‡_wjqvj †Kvlxq AÂj Øviv cybt‡kvwlZ n‡q wn‡gvwj‡ç wd‡i Av‡m| bvB‡Uªv‡Rbhy³ eR©¨ c`v_© wmjxq Av‡›`vj‡bi d‡j †cŠwóKbvwj‡Z cÖ‡ek K‡i Ges cðvr A‡š¿i gjvk‡q AviI cvwb †kvl‡Yi d‡j cÖvq k³ BDwiK GwmW g‡ji mv‡_ †`n Z¨vM K‡i|

wPÎ 2.2.15: gvjwcwRqvb bvwjKvi Kvh©c×wZ|

2.12 cÖRbb cÖwμqv I iƒcvšÍi (Reproduction system & Metamorphosis)

RxeweÁvb wØZxq cÎ

2.12.1 cÖRbb (Reproduction): Nvm dwos GKwj½ cÖvYx| G‡`i †hŠb wØiƒcZv my¯úó| ¯¿x dwos Gi D`‡i IwfcwRUi †`‡L cyiæl I ¯¿x Nvmdwos mbv³ Kiv hvq| Nvmdwos‡qi cyiæl cÖRbbZš¿ GK‡Rvov ïμvkq, (Testir), ïμevnx bvjx (Vas deferens), ïμvavi (Seminal Vesicle), †ÿcb bvjx (Ejaculatory duct), Avbylw½K MÖwš’ Ges cys RbbwQ`ª wb‡q MwVZ| Nvm dwos‡qi ¯¿x cÖRbbZš¿ GK‡Rvov wW¤^vkq (Ovary) wW¤^bvjx (oviduct), †hvwb (Vagina), ïμavbx (Spermatheca), †Kv‡j‡Uwiqvj MÖwš’ (Collaterial gland), RbbwQ`ª (Gonopore) Ges IwfcwRUi (Ovipositor) wb‡q MwVZ| Nvm dwos †hŠb cÖRb‡bi gva¨‡g eskwe¯Ívi K‡i| MÖx‡®§i †k‡li w`‡K Nvm dwos Gi cÖRbb N‡U c~Y©eq¯‹ cyiæl I ¯¿x cZ½ wgj‡bi gva¨‡g wb‡lK wμqv m¤úbœ nq| ¯¿x Nvm dwos‡qi wW¤^bvjx w`‡q wWg †ei n‡q Avmvi mgq ¯úvg©vw_Kvq wWg wbwl³ nq| cÖRb‡bi ci n‡Z wKQzw`b ci ci wWg cvov ïiæ nq Ges kirKvj ch©šÍ wWg cvov Pj‡Z _v‡K| ¯¿x Nvm dwos Zvi IwfcwRU‡ii mvnv‡h¨ `k †mw›UwgUvi Mfxi GKwU MZ© K‡i Zv‡Z wekwU wWg ¸”QvKv‡i cv‡o| wm‡g›U RvZxq c`v‡_©i mvnv‡h¨ GKwU wWg Ab¨wUi mv‡_ AvU‡K _v‡K| GKwU ¯¿x Nvm dwos `kwU ¸‡”Q cÖvq 200wU wWg cv‡o| wWg cvovi ci cyiæl I ¯¿x Nvm dwos gviv hvq| wbwl³ nIqvi ci wW‡gi g‡a¨ Zv‡`i cwiùzUb Avi¤¢ nq| cÖ_g Ae¯’vq cÖvq wZb mßvn cwiùzUb P‡j| AZtci cÖwZK‚j AvenvIqvi (kxZKv‡j) Kvi‡Y cwiùzib eÜ _v‡K| GB Ae¯’v‡K Wvqv‡cR (diapause) e‡j| em‡šÍi AbyK‚j AvenvIqvq Avevi cwiùzib Avi¤¢ nq Ges wWg dz‡U beRvZK †ei n‡q Av‡m| beRvZK Nvm dwos‡K wbç (Nymph) e‡j|

2.12.2 iƒcvšÍi (Metamorphosis) Nvm dwos‡qi iƒcvšÍi GKwU Am¤ú~Y© iƒcvšÍi| KviY AvKvi, is, Wvbv, Rbbv½ Qvov wkï Ae¯’vi Nvmdwos †`L‡Z cwiYZ Nvmdwos‡qi gZ Ges eqm evovi mv‡_ mv‡_ D³ A½¸‡jvi cwieZ©‡bi gva¨‡g c~Y©v½ cÖvwY‡Z cwiYZ nq| wbwl³ wW¤^vby †_‡K cwiùzi‡bi gva¨‡g wbç †ei n‡q Av‡m| wbç †`L‡Z cwiYZ Nvm dwos‡qi gZ Z‡e Giv AvKv‡i †QvU, Wvbv wenxb Ges AcwiYZ Rbbv½evnx| wbç meyR I KwP MvQ cvZv Lv`¨ wn‡m‡e MÖnY K‡i| †`n k³ wKDwUKj Øviv Ave„Z _vKvq †`‡ni ¯^vfvweK e„w×i Rb¨ wbç wbw`©ó mgq ci ci †Lvjm e`jvq| †Lvjm e`jv‡bvi G cÖwμqv‡K †gvwës (moulting) ev wb‡g©vPb e‡j| †gvwës‡qi gva¨‡g G‡ì ˆ`wnK AvKvi e„w× cvq, Wvbv c¨vW I Rbbv½ MVb ïiæ nq| G‡ì c~Y©v½ Ae¯’v cÖvwßi Rb¨ cuvPevi †gvwës‡qi cÖ‡qvRb nq| `ywU †gvwës‡qi gaëZx© Ae¯’v‡K Bb÷vi e‡j| †kl †gvwës‡qi ci Wvbvi DrcwË nq| wbç †_‡K c~Y©v½ Nvm dwos‡q cwiYZ n‡Z cªvq `yB gvm mgq jv‡M|

cÖvwYi cwiwPwZ (Nvmdwos)

wPÎ: 2.2.17: Nvmdwos Gi iƒcvšÍi

2.13 cyÄvwÿi MVb I `k©b †KŠkj 2.13.1 cyÄvwÿ (Compound Eye) cyÄvwÿ Nvmdwos Gi cÖavb Av‡jvK ms‡e`x A½| Nvmdwos‡qi gv_vi Dcwifv‡M cÖwZ cv‡k GKwU K‡i `ycv‡k `ywU Kv‡jv e„šÍnxb e„ËvKvi Ask‡K cyÄvwÿ (compound eye) e‡j| GwU cÖRvwZ‡f‡` cÖvq `yB nvRv‡ii gZ Pÿz GKK wb‡q MwVZ | G‡`i cÖ‡Z¨KwU‡K IgvwUwWqvg (Omatidium) e‡j| cyÄvwÿi DcwifvM DËj Ges ¯^”Q wKDwUKj Øviv Ave„Z _v‡K| cÖwZwU IgvwUwWqvg j¤^v‡U Ges ci¯úi mwbœweó eû †Kvl Øviv MwVZ| †Kvl¸‡jvi cÖvšÍ ci¯ú‡ii mv‡_ hy³ Ges GKwU †K›`ªxq A‡ÿi Pvicv‡k mvRv‡bv _v‡K| cyÄvwÿ Av‡jvK‡iLvi cÖwZwe¤^ mn‡RB cÖwZdwjZ Ki‡Z cv‡i|

wPÎ 2.2.18: Nvmdwos Gi cyÄvwÿ (AvswkK e¨ve‡”Q`)

IgvwUwWqv‡gi MVb : cÖwZwU IgvwUwWqvg wb‡gœv³ Askmg~n wb‡q MwVZ : 1| KwY©qv (Cornea) : cÖwZwU IgvwUwWqv‡gi evB‡ii w`‡K Aew¯’Z DËj I Qq‡KvYvK…wZi ¯^”Q AveiY‡K KwY©qv e‡j| GwU †Pv‡Li †jÝ wn‡m‡e KvR K‡i|

RxeweÁvb wØZxq cÎ

2| Kwb©qv‡Rb †Kvl (Corneagen cell) : GwU Kwb©qvi wb‡P Aew¯’Z GK‡Rvov P¨vÞv †Kvl, hv cvkvcvwk Nwbôfv‡e Ae¯’vb K‡i| KwY©qv bó n‡j Kwb©qv‡Rb †Kvl wbtm„Z im bZzb Kwb©qv m„wó K‡i| 3| wμ÷vjvBb †KvY †Kvl (Crystaline cone cell) : Giv Kwb©qv‡Rb †Kv‡li wb‡P e„ËvKv‡i Aew¯’Z PviwU †Kvl| G‡`i evB‡ii cÖk¯Í cÖvšÍ Kwb©©qv‡Rb †Kv‡li mv‡_, gy³ Ges wfZ‡ii miæ cÖvšÍ i¨ve‡Wv‡gi mv‡_ hy³ _v‡K| G‡`i cÖk¯Í cÖv‡šÍ wbDwK¬qvm _v‡K| G †KvlMy‡jv wbtm„Z im n‡Z wμ÷vjvBb †KvY ˆZwi nq| 4| wμ÷vjvBb †KvY (Crystaline cone) : wμ÷vjvBb †KvY †Kvl Øviv cwi‡ewóZ ¯^”Q cÖwZmiYkxj †gvPvK…wZi A½‡K wμ÷vjvBb †KvY e‡j| GwU cÖwZmiY A½ wn‡m‡e KvR K‡i| 5| AvBwik wcM‡g›U AveiY (Iris pigment sheath) : wμ÷vjvBb †KvY& †Kvl‡K cwi‡eóbKvix AveiY‡K AvBwik wcM‡g›U AveiY e‡j| GwU †μvgv‡Uv‡dvi bvgK Kv‡jv e‡Y©i we‡kl iÄK †Kvl Øviv MwVZ| Av‡jvi ZxeªZv Abymv‡i †μvgv‡Uv‡dv‡ii we¯Ívi wbf©i K‡i| Giv g„`y Av‡jv‡Z msKzwPZ Ges D¾¡j Av‡jv‡Z cÖmvwiZ n‡q Av‡jvi cÖ‡ek wbqš¿Y K‡i|

wPÎ: 2.2.19: Nvmdwos Gi GKwU IgvwUwWqvg; (K) j¤^‡”Q` (L) wμ÷vjvBb †KvY eivei cÖ¯’‡”Q` (M) †iwUbyjvi †Kvl eivei cÖ¯’‡”Q`

6| †iwUbyjvi †Kvl (Retinular cell) : i¨ve‡Wvg‡K m¤ú~Y© cwi‡eóbKvix ci¯úi mw¾Z mvZwU `xN© †Kvl‡K †iwUbyjvi †Kvl e‡j| Gi cÖk¯Í cÖv‡šÍ wbDwK¬qvm _v‡K| Gi cÖk¯Í cÖvšÍ †KvY‡Kv‡li mv‡_

cÖvwYi cwiwPwZ (Nvmdwos)

I miæ cÖvšÍ mœvqyZš‘i mv‡_ hy³ _v‡K| G †KvlMy‡jv n‡Z wbtm„Z im Øviv i¨ve‡Wvg MwVZ nq| G QvovI Giv Av‡jvK ms‡e`x †Kvl| 7| i¨ve‡Wvg (Rhabdome) : †iwUbyjvi †KvlMy‡jvi †K›`ª¯‡’ j Aew¯’Z j¤^v `ÐvK…wZi Ask‡K i¨ve‡Wvg e‡j| GwU wμ÷vjvBb †Kv‡Yi wb‡P Ae¯’vb K‡i| †iwUbyjvi †Kvl wbtm„Z i‡m i¨ve‡Wvg MwVZ nq| Gi gva¨‡g Av‡jv M„nxZ nq Ges e¯‘i cÖwZwe¤^ m„wó nq| 8| †iwUbvj wm_ (Retinal sheath) : †iwUbyjvi †KvlMy‡jv‡K cwi‡eób K‡i iÄK †Kvl Øviv MwVZ Kv‡jv e‡Y©i GKwU AveiYx _v‡K Zv‡K †iwUbvj wm_ ev †iwUbvj AveiYx e‡j| GwU cÖwZwU IgvwUwWqvg‡K Gi cvk¦©eZ©x IgvwUwWqvg †_‡K c„_K iv‡L| GwU Av‡jvi ZxeªZv Abyhvqx cÖmvwiZ n‡Z cv‡i| 9| wfwË c`©v (Basal membrane) : IgvwUwWqvg mg~n wfZ‡ii w`‡K †h cvZjv c`©vi Dc‡i Ae¯’vb K‡i Zv‡K wfwË c`©v e‡j| G‡ÿ‡Î i¨ve‡Wvg I †iwUbyjvi †Kvl wfwË c`©vi mv‡_ hy³ _v‡K| GwU IgvwUwWqvg‡K aviY K‡i mœvqyZš‘‡K IgvwUwWqv‡gi mv‡_ hy³ K‡i| 10| mœvqyZš‘ (Nerve fibre) : †iwUbyjvi †Kv‡li AsKxq cÖvšÍ n‡Z mœvqyZš‘ †ei nq| G mœvqyZš‘My‡jv ci¯úi wgwjZ n‡q Awÿmœvqy MVb K‡i| GwU e¯‘i cÖwZwe‡¤^i Abyf~wZ gw¯Í‡®‹ †cÖiY K‡i| wkÿv_x©i KvR: IgvwUwWqv‡gi wPwýZ wPÎ AsKb Ki Ges †kÖwY‡Z Dc¯’vcb Ki| 2.13.2 `k©b †KŠkj (Mechanism of sight) : †Kv‡bv e¯‘ n‡Z cÖwZdwjZ Av‡jvK iwk¥ Kwb©qvi gva¨‡g IgvwUwWqv‡g cÖ‡ek Ki‡j wμ÷vjvBb †KvY KZ…©K D³ Av‡jvK iwk¥ cÖwZmwiZ n‡q i¨ve‡Wv‡g cÖ‡ek K‡i| d‡j †mLv‡b e¯‘i GKwU ÿz`ª cÖwZwe¤^ MwVZ nq| Gfv‡e mKj IgvwUwWqv‡gi cÖwZwe¤^ wgwjZ n‡q GKwU c~Y©v•M cÖwZwe¤^ MVb Ki‡j mœvqyi gva¨‡g D³ Abyf~wZ gw¯Í‡®‹ †cuŠ‡Q Ges Nvmdwos †`L‡Z cvq| Av‡jvi ZxeªZv Abymv‡i cyÄvwÿ‡Z `yai‡bi cÖwZwe¤^ m„wó nq| h_v: 1| †gvRvBRK cªwZwe¤^ ev G‡cvwRkb (Mozaic image or Apposition): Zxeª ev D¾¡j Av‡jv‡Z Nvmdwos‡qi †Pv‡L †Kv‡bv `k©bxq e¯‘i †h cÖwZwe¤^ MwVZ nq Zv‡K G‡cvwRkb ev †gvRvBK cÖwZwe¤^ e‡j| G‡ÿ‡Î Zxeª Av‡jv‡Z AvBwik wcM‡g›U AveiYx I †iwUbvj AveiYx Awew”Qbœfv‡e cÖmvwiZ _v‡K| G‡Z Kwb©qv‡Rb †Kvl I wμ÷vjvBb †KvY †Kvl¸‡jv m¤ú~Y©iƒ‡c Ave„Z n‡q hvq| d‡j cÖwZwU IgvwUwWqvg G‡K Aci †_‡K m¤ú~Y©iƒ‡c c„_K n‡q hvq| G Ae¯’vq †Kv‡bv e¯‘ †_‡K †Kej Dj¤^fv‡e Kwb©qvi Dc‡i cwZZ iwk¥ Kwb©qvi gva¨‡g wμ÷vjvBb †KvY n‡q wPÎ 2.2.20: G‡cvwRkb cÖwZwe¤^ i¨ve‡Wv‡g cÖ‡ek K‡i Ges cÖwZwe¤^ m„wó K‡i | wKš‘ D³ e¯‘ †_‡K Zxh©Kfv‡e cwZZ Av‡jvKiwk¥

RxeweÁvb wØZxq cÎ

cvk¦e© Zx© IgvwUwWqv‡gi Kwb©qv †f` Ki‡jI Awew”Qbœ iÄK AveiYxmg~n KZ©„K †kvwlZ nq| G Ae¯’vq cyÄvwÿi cÖwZwU IgvwUwWqv‡g `„wó‡ÿ‡Î Aew¯’Z e¯‘i ÿz`ª ÿz`ª ¯^Zš¿ As‡ki cÖwZwe¤^ MwVZ nq Ges me IgvwUwWqv‡g cÖwZdwjZ cÖwZwe¤^mg~n mw¤§wjZfv‡e `„wó‡ÿ‡Î Aew¯’Z e¯‘i m¤ú~Y© cÖwZwe¤^ m„wó K‡i| G ai‡bi cÖwZwe¤^ †gvRvB‡Ki g‡Zv nIqvq G‡K †gvRvBK cÖwZwe¤^ e‡j|

2) mycvicwRkb cÖwZwe¤^ (Superposition image): GwU iv‡Zi †ejvq ev †h‡Kv‡bv w¯ÍwgZ Av‡jv‡Z Nvmdwos‡qi cÖwZwe¤^ MVb cÖwμqv| g„`y ev w¯ÍwgZ Av‡jv‡Z IgvwUwWqv‡gi AvBwik wcM‡g›U AveiYx msKywPZ n‡q Kwb©qvi w`‡K Ges †iwUbvj AveiYx msKywPZ n‡q wfwË c`©vi w`‡K AcmvwiZ nq| d‡j cÖwZwU IgvwUwWqv‡gi AwaKvsk Ask Abve„Z n‡q c‡o| G Ae¯’vq †Kv‡bv `k©bxq e¯‘ †_‡K AvMZ Dj¤^ Av‡jvK iwk¥ GKwU IgvwUwWqv‡gi Kwb©qvi wfZi cÖ‡ek K‡i Zvi i¨ve‡Wv‡g †cuŠQv‡jI Zxh©Kfv‡e AvMZ Av‡jvK iwk¥ wμ÷vjvBb †Kv‡Yi Abve„Z As‡ki ga¨ w`‡q cvk¦©eZ©x IgvwUwWqv‡gi i¨ve‡Wv‡g †cuŠQvq A_©vr GKwU IgvwUwWqvg Zvi wbR¯^ Kwb©qv †_‡K AvMZ Av‡jvK iwk¥ QvovI cvk¦©eZx© IgvwUwWqv‡gi Kwb©qv †_‡K AvMZ Av‡jvK wPÎ 2.2.21: mycvicwRkb cÖwZwe¤^ iwk¥I †c‡q _v‡K| d‡j †Kv‡bv GKwU IgvwUwWqv‡g `k©bxq e¯‘i GKvwaK we›`y †_‡K AvMZ Av‡jvK iwk¥ cwZZ nq Ges m¤ú~Y© e¯‘wU GKwU A¯úó, mvgwMÖK I Svcmv cÖwZwe¤^ MwVZ nq| w¯ÍwgZ Av‡jv‡Z G ai‡bi `k©b †KŠkj‡K mycvicwRkb cÖwZwe¤^ e‡j| wkÿv_x©i KvR : mycvicwRkb I G‡cvwRkb cÖwZwe‡¤î g‡a¨ cv_©K¨ mg~n Q‡Ki gva¨‡g †kÖwYK‡ÿ Dc¯’vcb Ki‡e|  GB Aa¨v‡qi cÖavb kãwfwËK mvims‡ÿc  gy‡Lvcv½: Nvmdwos Gi gyL I gy‡Li Pvicv‡k †hme bobÿg, mwÜhy³ Dcv½mg~n Ae¯’vb K‡i Zv‡ì‡K mgwóMZfv‡e gy‡Lvcv½ e‡j|  jvjvMÖwš’ : Nvmdwos Gi †cŠwóKbvjxi μ‡ci `ycv‡k Aew¯’Z _wji g‡Zv jvjvavimn GK‡Rvov mv`v‡U cvZvi g‡Zv MÖwš’‡K jvjvMÖwš’ e‡j|  Db¥y³ i³ msenb : †h msenbZ‡š¿ i³ †Kvb wbw`©ó i³bvjx †hgb-agbx, wkiv, i³RvwjKv BZ¨vwì gva¨‡g cÖevwnZ bv n‡q mvaviY †`n MnŸi (wn‡gvwmj) Gi ga¨ w`‡q cÖevwnZ nq Zv‡K Db¥y³ msenbZš¿ e‡j|

cÖvwYi cwiwPwZ (Nvmdwos)

 UªvwKqvj Zš¿ : UªvwKqv I Gi kvLv-cÖkvLv¸‡jv ci¯ú‡ii mv‡_ wgwjZ n‡j Nvmdwos k¦mb Kvh©

m¤úv`b K‡i e‡j G‡`i k¦mbZš¿ †K UªvwKqvj Zš¿ e‡j|  gvjwcwRqvb bvwjKv: Nvmdwosmn Bb‡m±v †kÖwYi cÖvwY‡`i cÖavb †iPb A‡½i bvg gvjwcwRqvb

bvjxKv| †g‡m‡›Uib I †cÖv‡±vwWqv‡gi ms‡hvM¯’‡j m~² myZvi gZ njy` i‡Oi gvjwcwRqvb bvjxKv ¸”QvKv‡i Ae¯’vb K‡i|  Am¤ú~Y© iƒcvšÍi : eqm e„w×i mv‡_ mv‡_ ïay A½-cÖZ½ myMwVZ n‡q cwiYZ cÖvwY‡Z iƒcvšÍ‡ii

cÖwμqv‡K Am¤ú~Y© iƒcvšÍi e‡j|  cyÄvwÿ : Nvmdwosmn Bb‡m±v †kÖwYi cÖvwY‡`i `k©b GKK n‡jv cyÄvÿx| Nvmdwos Gi gv_vi

Dcwifv‡Mi cÖwZcv‡k GKwU K‡i `ywU cyÄvÿx Av‡Q hv cÖvq 1200-1800wU Pÿz GKK wb‡q MwVZ|  mycvicwRkb : GwU iv‡Zi †ejvq ev †h‡Kv‡bv w¯ÍwgZ Av‡jv‡Z Nvmdwos cÖwZwe¤^ MVb cÖwµqv|  G‡cvwRkb : Zxeª ev D¾¡j Av‡jv‡Z Nvmdwos Gi †Pv‡L †Kv‡bv `k©bxq e¯‘i †h cÖwZwe¤^ MwVZ nq

Zv‡K G‡cvwRkb ev †gvRvBK cÖwZwe¤^ e‡j |

Abykxjbx m„Rbkxj cÖkœ: GKRb wkÿv_x© cixÿvMv‡i GKwU cÖvYx e¨e‡”Q` K‡i †`Lj G‡`i †`‡ni g‡a¨ jvj i‡³i cwie‡Z© eY©nxb GK ai‡bi c`v_© we`¨gvb| ïay ZvB bq †m GB cÖvwYwUi we‡kl ai‡bi `k©b A‡½i `k©b Kjv‡KŠkj Rvb‡Z †c‡i Lye Avðh©vwš^Z nj| K. iƒcvšÍi Kx?

L. G‡cvwRkb‡K †Kb †gvRvBK cÖwZwe¤^ ejv nq?

M. DÏxc‡K GKRb wkÿv_x© i‡³i weKí wn‡m‡e †h c`v_©wU †`Lj Zvi Kvh©KvixZv e¨vL¨v Ki| 3 N. DÏxc‡K we‡kl cÖvwYwUi `k©b mswkøó A‡½i Kjv‡KŠkj Rvb‡Z †c‡i wkÿv_x©i Avðh©vwš^Z nIqvi KviY we‡kølY Ki| 4 eûwbe©vPwb cÖkœ 1. Nvmdwos Gi eÿ KqwU LÛ‡K wef³ _v‡K? K. 2

L. 3

M. 4

N. 5

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2| Ô wcÖ-†g›UvgÕ bvgK Ask †Kv_vq cvIqv hvq? K. g¨vwÛe‡j

L. g¨vw·jvq

M. nvB‡cvd¨vwis‡·

N. j¨vweqv‡g

3. Nvmdwos Gi g¨vw·jvqÑ i. Kv‡W©v me‡P‡q †Mvovi Ask ii. ÷vBcm Kv‡W©vi bx‡P Aew¯’Z iii. M¨vwjqv evB‡ii w`‡K †ivghy³ wb‡Pi †KvbwU mwVK? K. i I ii

L. i I iii

M. ii I iii

N. i, ii I iii

4| IgvwUwWqv‡gi wµ÷vjvBb †KvY †Kvl‡K cwi‡eóbKvix AveiY †Kvb e‡Y©i we‡kl iÄK †Kvl Øviv MwVZ? K. njy`

L. meyR

M. jvj

N. Kv‡jv

5| Nvmdwos Gi cÖavb †iPb A‡½i bvg Kx? K. d¨vUewW

L. gvjwcwRqvb bvwjKv

M. †b‡d«vmvBU

N. BDwi‡Kvm MÖwš’

iæB (Labeo) iæB gvQ ¯^v`y cvwbi Awaevmx| Giv cÖavbZ: kvKvkx (Herbiborous) we‡kl K‡i k¨vIjv RvZxq Lv`¨ MÖnY K‡i| Z‡e big cvZv, RjR cPv jZvcvZvi Ask Ges cÖvYx, cøvsUb cÖf…wZ †L‡q _v‡K| Giv cvwbi ga¨¯Í‡ii Lvevi Lvq| b`x-bvjv, Lvj-wej, nvIo-evIo cÖf…wZ G‡`i mvaviY Avevm¯’j| cÖavb kã (Key Word)  AcviKzjvg  cvk¦©‡iLv  cvLbviwk¥  †nv‡gvmvK©vj  evqy_wj  eªvw¼qvj AvP©  Iwewiqvb IwmKj  wWg‡cvbv

G Aa¨vq cvV †k‡l AvgivÑ  iæB gv‡Qi evwn¨K MVb eY©bv Ki‡Z cvi‡ev  iæB gv‡Qi i³ msenb Z‡š¿i eY©bv Ki‡Z cvi‡ev  eënvwiK : iæB/KvZjv/g„‡Mj gvQ eë‡”Q` K‡i i³ msenb Zš¿ kbv³ Ges wPÎ AsKb Ki‡Z cvi‡ev  iæB gv‡Qi k¦mb I evqy_wji MVb eY©bv Ki‡Z cvi‡ev  eënvwiK: iæB/KvZjv/g„‡Mj gv‡Qi k¦mbZš¿ eë‡”Q` K‡i dzjKv I cUKv (evqy_wj) kbv³ Ki‡Z cvi‡ev  cÖK…wZ‡Z iæB gv‡Qi cÖRbb I wb‡lK eY©bv Ki‡Z cvi‡ev  iæB gvQ msiÿ‡Yi ¸iæZ¡ we‡kølY Ki‡Z cvi‡ev| iæB gv‡Qi †kÖwYweb¨vmMZ Ae¯’vb (Classification of Rui fish) Phylum : Chordata Sub-phylum : Vertebrata Class : Actinopterygii Order : Cypriniformes Family : Cyprinidae Genus : Labeo Species : L. rohita (Hamilton-Buchanan,1822)

RxeweÁvb wØZxq cÎ

2.14 iæB gv‡Qi evwn¨K MVb (External structure of labeo) iæB gv‡Qi †`n g¯ÍK, †`nKvÐ I †j‡R wef³| †`n cv‡k Pvcv Ges mvBK¬‡qW AvuB‡k Ave„Z| gvKz AvK…wZwewkó †`n m¤§y‡L I †cQ‡b μgk miæ Ges gvSLvbUv †gvUv| †`‡ni AMÖcÖvšÍ n‡Z KvbKzqvi †kl cÖvšÍ ch©šÍ Ask‡K g¯ÍK, KvbKzqvi †kl cÖvšÍ n‡Z cvqy ch©šÍ Ask‡K †`nKvÛ Ges cvqy n‡Z Aewkó †klcÖvšÍ‡K †jR e‡j |

g¯ÍK (Head): g¯Í‡Ki c„ô‡`k DËj, gm„Y I AvuBkwenxb| g¯Í‡Ki m¤§yL cÖv‡šÍ †MvjvKvi gyLwQ`ª Aew¯’Z| _yuZwb †fuvZv I wbPz, _yuZwb‡Z cvk¦©‡jve †bB| gyLwQ`ª big †VuvU Øviv cwie„Z| †Pvqv‡j, †fvgv‡i I c¨v‡j‡U ùvZ Aew¯’Z| ùvZ wfwjdg© AvK…wZi, wRnŸv ÿz`ªvKvi Ges gm„Y| g¯Í‡Ki cv‡k cjøewenxb eo †PvL Aew¯’Z| GK‡Rvov †Pv‡Li m¤§y‡L GK‡Rvov bvmviÜ« Aew¯’Z| bvmviÜ NªvY_wji ewntwQ`ª| gy‡Li cvk¦x©q †`‡k GK‡Rvov Lv‡Uv miæ ev‡e©j Aew¯’Z| G‡ì‡K g¨vw·jvwi ev‡e©j (maxillary barbel) e‡j| gv_vi †cQb w`‡K cÖwZcv‡k GKwU K‡i `yBwU eo AcviKzjvg (KvbKzqv) dzjKv‡K Ave„Z K‡i iv‡L| KvbKzqv DVv-bvgv Ki‡Z cv‡i| AcviKzjv‡gi gy³ cÖv‡šÍ GKwU cvZjv c`©v Aew¯’Z| G‡K eªvw¼q‡÷Mvj †gg‡eªb (branchiostegal membrane) e‡j| g¯ÍK cieZx© †`‡ni AMÖfvM n‡Z †j‡Ri †klcÖvšÍ ch©šÍ †`nKv‡Ûi `yB cvk eivei cvk¦©‡iLv (lateral line) bv‡g `ywU Aby‰`N©¨ †iLv we`¨gvb| Giv ¯ú‡k©w›`ª‡qi KvR K‡i|

cy”QcvLbv

wPÎ 2.3.1: iæB gv‡Qi evwn¨K MVb

†`nKvÐ (Body): †`nKvÐ mvBK¬‡qW AvuBk Øviv Ave„Z| †`nKv‡Ði gvSvgvwS RvqMvq Aw¼q‡`‡k `ywU †kÖvwY-cvLbvi ga¨eZx© ¯’v‡b GKwU AeZj As‡k cvqy wQ`ª Aew¯’Z| cvqywQ‡`ªi cÖwZcv‡k GKwU K‡i †gvU `ywU Rbb-wQ`ª Aew¯’Z| g¯Í‡Ki cÖwZcv‡k †cQb w`‡K GKwU K‡i Aa©P›`ªvKvi wZh©K iÜ« Aew¯’Z| Gi gva¨‡g dzjKv-cÖ‡Kvô evB‡i Db¥y³ _v‡K| cÖwZ dzjKv-cÖ‡Kv‡ô PviwU K‡i wPiæwbi gZ dzjKv Aew¯’Z|

cÖvwYi cwiwPwZ (iæB)

†jR ev cy”Q cvLbv : iæB gv‡Qi †jR ev cy”Q cvLbv †nv‡gvmviKvj cÖK…wZi| cy”Q cvLbv Djø¤^Z‡j cÖmvwiZ Ges †cQbw`‡K EaŸ© I Aat `yB As‡k wef³| Ask `ywU cÖwZmg| KZK¸‡jv cvLbv iwk¥ cy”QcvLbv‡K cÖmvwiZ iv‡L| cy”Q-cvLbv gv‡Qi GKgvÎ Pjbevû| Ab¨vb¨ cvLbv †`‡ni fvimvg¨ iÿv K‡i|

cvLbv (Fins) : iæB gv‡Q big cvLbviwk¥ hy³ myMwVZ hyM¥ I AhyM¥ cvLbv †`Lv hvq| hyM¥ cvLbvi g‡a¨ i‡q‡Q eÿ I †kÖvwY cvLbv| cvqy cvLbv, c„ô cvLbv I cy”Q cvLbv n‡jv AhyM¥ cvLbv| eÿcvLbv AcviKzjv‡gi †cQ‡b m¤§yL-cvk¦©eZx© ¯’v‡b Aew¯’Z| eÿ-cvLbv AvKv‡i ÿz`ª Ges Zv‡Z 19wU cvLbv-iwk¥ Aew¯’Z| †kÖvwY-cvLbv †kÖvwY AÂ‡ji A¼xq‡`‡k Aew¯’Z| cÖwZwU †kÖvwY-cvLbvq 7-9wU cvLbv iwk¥ Aew¯’Z| c„ô cvLbv c„ô‡`‡ki ga¨‡iLv eivei Aew¯’Z| c„ôxq cvLbvq 14-16wU cvLbviwk¥ _v‡K| †kÖvwY cvLbvi †cQ‡b cvqy cvLbv Aew¯’Z| Zv‡Z 4-7wU cvLbv iwk¥ _v‡K| wkÿv_x©i KvR: wkÿv_x©iv GKwU iæBgv‡Qi evwn¨K MV‡bi wPwýZ wPÎ AsKb Ki‡e|

2.15 i³msenb Zš¿ (Circulatory system) i³, ürwcÐ, agbxZš¿, wkivZš¿ Ges ˆKwkK RvwjKv wb‡q iæB gv‡Qi i³ msenb Zš¿ MwVZ| i³ (Blood): i³ d¨vKv‡k iwÄZ Zij c`v_©| cøvRgvq Dce„ËvKvi wbDwK¬qvmhy³ BivB‡_ªvmvBU Ges A¨vwgeqW wjD‡KvmvBU fvmgvb _v‡K|

ürwcÐ (Heart): iæB gv‡Qi ürwcÐ‡K e‡j †fbvm ürwcÐ| KviY Gi wewfbœ As‡ki gva¨‡g †Kej CO 2 hy³ i³B cwievwnZ nq| ürwcÐ dzjKvmg~‡ni G‡Kev‡i †cQ‡b †cwiKvwW©qvj MnŸ‡i Aew¯’Z| Gi cÖvPxi k³ c`v© Øviv MwVZ| GB cÖvPxi‡K e‡j †cwiKvwW©qvg| mvBbvm †f‡bvmvm, Awj›` I wbjq-GB wZbwU cÖ‡Kvô wb‡q ürwcÐ MwVZ| †Kvbvm AvU¨vwiImvm Abycw¯’Z| Am‡¼vPbÿg evj¦vm AvU©vwiImvm Aew¯’Z| mvBbvm †f‡bvmvm Abycv‡Z eo I cÖvPxi cvZjv Ges Zv GK‡Rvov Dcv½ enb K‡i| †cwiKvwW©qvj MnŸ‡ii c„ô‡`‡k Awj›` Aew¯’Z| Awj›` e„nËg cÖ‡Kvô| Gi cÖvPxiI cvZjv| †cwiKvwW©qv‡gi A¼xq cðvr w`‡K wbjq Aew¯’Z Ges Gi cÖvPxi cyiæ I gvsmj| ürwc‡Ûi cÖ‡Kvô¸‡jv fvj&f Øviv c„_K _v‡K| G mKj fvjf i³ cÖevn‡K †cQb n‡Z mvg‡bi w`‡K cwiPvjbv K‡i| m¤§yL w`‡Ki cÖevn cðvrgyLx n‡Z cv‡i bv| d‡j i³ cÖevn GKgyLx| agbxZš¿ (Arterial System): iæB gv‡Qi agbxZš¿ A¨dv‡i›U I Bdv‡i›U agbx wb‡q MwVZ| A¨dv‡i›U eªvw¼qvj agbx (Afferent branchial arteries): iæB gv‡Qi A¨vdv‡i›U eªvw¼qvj agbxi msL¨v Pvi †Rvov| ürwc‡Ði evj¦vm AvU©vwiImvm †_‡K †f›Uªvj A¨vI©Uv †ei n‡q m¤§yL w`‡K AMÖmi nq| GwU Lv‡Uv Ges AMÖcÖv‡šÍ `ywU kvLvq wef³ n‡q cÖwZ cv‡ki cÖ_g dzjKvq cÖ‡ek K‡i| G‡`i cÖ_g

RxeweÁvb wØZxq cÎ

A¨dv‡i›U eªvw¼qvj agbx e‡j| cÖ_g †Rvov A¨dv‡i›U eªvw¼qvj agbxi mvgvb¨ †cQb †_‡K †f›Uªvj A¨vI©Uvi `yÕcvk n‡Z ch©vqμ‡g 2q, 3q I 4_© †Rvov A¨dv‡i›U eªvw¼qvj agbx †ei n‡q h_vμ‡g †mB cv‡ki 2q, 3q I 4_© dzjKvq cÖ‡ek K‡i| Gfv‡e †f›Uªvj A¨vI©Uv Ges 4 †Rvov A¨dv‡i›U eªvw¼qvj agbx hviv CO 2 hy³ i³ dzjKvq enb K‡i wb‡q hvq Zviv GK‡Î A¨dv‡i›U eªvw¼qvj Zš¿ MVb K‡i| Bdv‡i›U eªvw¼qvj agbx (Efferent branchila arteries): iæB gv‡Qi dzjKv †_‡K Aw·‡Rbhy³ i³ ürwc‡Ð wd‡i bv G‡m Bdv‡i›U eªvw¼qvj agbxi mvnv‡h¨ mivmwi wewfbœ A‡½ cwievwnZ n‡q Bdv‡i›U eªvw¼qvj Zš¿ MVb K‡i| iæBgv‡Q 4 †Rvov Bdv‡i›U eªvw¼qvj agbx _v‡K| 1g I 2q Bdv‡i›U eªvw¼qvj agbx h_vμ‡g 1g I 2q dzjKv n‡Z †ei n‡q H cv‡ki cvk¦©-gnvagbx‡Z (Lateral aeorta) wgwjZ nq| cvk¦©-gnvagbxi kxl© cÖvšÍ K¨v‡ivwUW gnvagbxiƒ‡c gw¯Í‡®‹ cÖ‡ek K‡i| 3q I 4_© Bdv‡i›U eªvw¼qvj agbx h_vμ‡g 3q I 4_© dzjKv †_‡K †ei n‡q GK‡Î wgwjZ n‡q c„ô gnvagbx (Dorsal aorta) †Z hy³ nq| `yB cv‡ki cvk¦©-gnvagbx I K¨v‡ivwUW agbx ci¯úi wgwjZ n‡q MVb K‡i mviwKDjvm †mdvwjKvm (Cerculus cephalicus)|

wPÎ 2.3.4: iæB Gi AšÍe©vnx (afferent) I ewne©vnx (efferent) agbxmg~n

Wimvj A¨vIU©v n‡Z A‡bK¸wj cÖavb cÖavb agbx wbM©Z nq| Zb¥‡a¨ mve‡K¬wfqvb (subclavian), wmwjqvK (coeliac) I †g‡m›UvwiK (mesenteric) D‡jøL‡hvM¨| GQvovI c¨vivBUvj (parietal), e„‡° †ibvj (renal), †kÖvwY cvLbvq BwjqvK (iliac) agbx D‡jøL‡hvM¨| Wimvj A¨vIU©v †giæ`‡Ûi bxP w`‡q wcQbw`‡K we¯Í…Z nq| †jR As‡k GwU cy”Q agbx (caudal artery) bv‡g cwiwPZ| wkÿv_x©i KvR: wkÿv_x©iv iæBgv‡Qi A¨dv‡i›U I Bdv‡i›U agbxi g‡a¨ cv_©K¨g~jK QK ˆZwi Ki‡e|

cÖvwYi cwiwPwZ (iæB)

wkivZš¿ (Venous System): wm‡÷wgK wkiv Ges †cvU©vj wkiv wb‡q iæB gv‡Qi wkivZš¿ MwVZ| G mKj wkiv c‡ivÿfv‡e A_ev cÖZ¨ÿfv‡e CO 2 hy³ i³ ürwc‡Ð wdwi‡q Av‡b| Wvb I evg WvKUvm Kzwf‡q ürwc‡Ði mvBbvm †f‡bvmv‡m CO 2 hy³ i³ enb K‡i wb‡q Av‡m| cÖwZwU WvKUvm Kzwf‡q wZbwU cÖavb wkiv Øviv MwVZ| h_v-m¤§yL KvwW©bvj mvBbvm (anterior cardinal sinus), Ry¸jvi mvBbvm (jugular sinus) Ges cðvr KvwW©bvj mvBbvm Posterior cardinal sinus)| A¨vw›Uwiqi K¨vwW©bvj mvBbvm †`‡ni m¤§yL n‡Z Ges †cv‡÷wiqvi KvwW©bvj mvBbvm †`‡ni cðvrfvM n‡Z i³ msMÖn K‡i| †ncvwUK †cvU©vj wkiv cwicvKZš¿ n‡Z i³ msMÖn K‡i hK…‡Z wb‡q Av‡m| hK…r n‡Z †mB i³ †ncvwUK wkivi gva¨‡g mvBbvm †f‡bvmv‡m †cuŠQvq| eÿ-cvLbv n‡Z mveK¬¨vwfqvb wkiv i³ msMÖn K‡i mvBbvm †fv‡bvmv‡m wb‡q hvq| m¤§yL KvwW©bvj wkiv

evg cðvr KvwW©bvj wkiv

Wvb cðvr KvwW©bvj wkiv

wPÎ 2.3.5: iæB Gi wkivZš¿

†jR AÂj n‡Z cy”Q wkiv i³ msMÖn K‡i †`nKv‡Ð †cuŠQ‡j Zv `ywU kvLvq wef³ n‡q c‡o| G‡`i GKwU‡K e‡j Wvb cðvr KvwW©bvj wkiv| Ab¨wU †ibvj †cvU©vj wkiv MVb K‡i ˆKwkK RvjK m„wó K‡i| d‡j e„‡° i³ Qwo‡q c‡o| e„° n‡Z †m i³ evg cðvr KvwW©bvj wkiv Øviv msM„nxZ nq|

2.16 e¨envwiK cixÿvi bvg: iæB/UvwK gv‡Qi i³ msenb Zš¿ ch©‡eÿY| cÖ‡qvRbxq DcKiY: wbRx©e iæB / UvwK gvQ, di‡mc, KuvwP, wbW&j, †Uª, wcb| A¨vdv‡i›U eªvw¼qvj agbx ch©‡eÿY Kvh©c×wZ: gvQ‡K wPr K‡i evg nv‡Z a‡i Wvb nv‡Z KuvwP A_ev †eøW w`‡q e‡ÿi gvSvgvwS AÂ‡ji †cwk j¤^vjw¤^fv‡e KvU‡Z n‡e| eÿ †cwki bx‡P ü`wcÛ _vKvq KvUvi mgq mZK© _vK‡Z n‡e|

RxeweÁvb wØZxq cÎ

ü`wcÛ Db¥y³ nevi ci mveav‡b †cwk¸‡jv Wv‡b Ges ev‡g a‡i †U‡b †K‡U †dj‡Z n‡e| m¤§yL A¼xq w`‡Ki †cwk ax‡i ax‡i cwi®‹vi Ki‡Z n‡e| ü`wc‡Ûi †cwiKvwW©qvg Zz‡j †dj‡j evj¦vm A¨vU©vwiImv‡mi m¤§yL n‡Z †f›Uªvj A¨vI©Uv †`Lv hv‡e| G‡K AbymiY K‡i m¤§yL w`‡K AMÖmi n‡j dzjKv AÂ‡ji Wv‡b I ev‡g †f›Uªvj A¨vI©Uv n‡Z PviwU K‡i A¨vdv‡i›U eªvw¼qvj agbx †`Lv hv‡e hviv dzjKvq cÖ‡ek K‡i‡Q| †cwk c`©v I dzjKv wSwjø cwi®‹vi Ki‡j G‡`i ¯úó †`Lv hv‡e| ch©‡eÿY: cÖ_g †Rvov A¨vdv‡i›U eªvw¼qvj agbx cÖ_g dzjKvi dzjKv m~‡Î (gill filament) †KŠwkK bvwj †cÖiY K‡i| wØZxq †Rvov A¨vdv‡i›U eªvw¼qvj agbx cÖ_g †Rvov A¨vdv‡i›U eªvw¼qvj agbxi †cQ‡b Aew¯’Z| Giv Ny‡i wØZxq †Rvov dzjKvq cÖ‡ek K‡i| Z…Zxq †Rvov A¨vdv‡i›U eªvw¼qvj agbx †cQb †_‡K †ei nq| GivI Ny‡i PZz_© dzjKvq cÖ‡ek K‡i|

A¨vdv‡i›U eªvw¼qvj †f‡mj (1) †f›Uvj A¨vIU©v dzjKv (1) dzjKv (2) dzjKv (3) dzjKv (4)

A¨v. eªv. †f‡mj (2) A¨v. eªv. †f‡mj (3) A¨v. eªv. †f‡mj (4) evjevm A¨vIU©v wbjq Awj›` mvBbvm †f‡bvmvm

wPÎ: 2.3.6: iæB Gi A¨vdv‡i›U eªvw¼qvj agwb

Bdv‡i›U eªvw¼qvj agbx ch©‡eÿY Kvh©c×wZ: gv‡Qi eÿ AÂj I KvbKzqv †K‡U ü`wcÛ I dzjKv †ei Ki‡Z n‡e| †h †Kvb GK cv‡ki dzjKv AvP©¸wj‡K AvovAvwofv‡e m¤§yL n‡Z wcQb w`‡K KvU‡Z n‡e| Gici ürwc‡Ûi wcQ‡b Mjwe‡ji bxP w`‡q †K‡U gyLMnŸi‡K Db¥y³ Ki‡Z n‡e| GLb dzjKv‡K GK cv‡k †Uªi mv‡_ wcb w`‡q AvUwK‡q w`‡Z n‡e| gyLMnŸ‡ii †kø®§v cvk¦© gnvagbx Bdv‡i›U eªvw¼qvj †f‡mj (1) wSwjø¸‡jv cvwbi mvnv‡h¨ fv‡jvfv‡e dzjKv (1) ay‡q cwi®‹vi K‡i wb‡Z n‡e| Gevi B.eªv. †f‡mj (2) mveav‡b di‡m‡ci mvnv‡h¨ gyLMnŸ‡ii B.eªv. †f‡mj (3) Qv‡`i †kø®§v wSwjø miv‡j cvkvcvwk `ywU B.eªv. †f‡mj (4) cvk¦© gnvagbx †`Lv hv‡e| G‡`i †f›Uªvj A¨vIU©v AbymiY K‡i cðv‡Z AMÖmi n‡j c„ô dzjvKv (4) wPÎ 2.3.7: iæB Gi Bdv‡iÈ eªvw¼qvj agwb gnvagbx †`Lv hv‡e| ch©‡eÿY: iæBgv‡Qi Pvi‡Rvov Bdv‡iÈ eªvw¼qvj agbx _v‡K| 1g I 2q Bdv‡iÈ eªvw¼qvj agbx h_vμ‡g 1g I 2q dzjKv n‡Z †ei n‡q H cv‡ki cvk¦© gnvagbx‡Z wgwjZ nq| cvk¦© gnvagbxi kxl© cÖvšÍ K¨v‡ivwUW gnvagbx iƒ‡c gw¯Í‡®‹ cÖ‡ek K‡i| 3q I 4_© eªvw¼qvj agbx h_vμ‡g 3q I 4_© dzjKv n‡Z †ei n‡q GK‡Î wgwjZ n‡q c„ô gnvagbx‡Z hy³|

cÖvwYi cwiwPwZ (iæB)

wkivZš¿ ch©‡eÿY: Kvh©c×wZ: A¨vdv‡i›U eªvw¼qvj agbx ch©‡eÿ‡Y †h Kvh©c×wZ AbymiY Kiv n‡q‡Q wkivZš¿ ch©‡eÿ‡Y Abyiƒc Kvh©cw×wZ AbymiY Ki‡Z n‡e| ch©‡eÿY: ü`wc‡Ûi Awj‡›ì wb‡P mvBbvm †f‡bvmvm †`Lv hv‡e| mvBbvm †f‡bvmvm †_‡K Wv±vm Kzwf‡q DrcwË jvf K‡i‡Q| jÿ Ki‡j †`Lv hv‡e Wv±vm m¤§yL KvwW©bvj wkiv Kzwf‡q wØavwef³ n‡q Wvb I evg cðvr KvwW©bvj bvg aviY K‡i‡Q| mvBbvm †f‡bvmv‡mi Wvb I evg w`K †_‡K `ywU m¤§yL KvwW©bvj DrcwË jvf K‡i‡Q| evg cðvr KvwW©bvj wkiv Dfq m¤§yL KvwW©bv‡ji gaëZ©x RvqMvq Wvb I evg Bbwdwiqi Ry¸jvi †`Lv hv‡e| cðvr KvwW©bvj `ywU cðvr AÂ‡j Av‡iv AMÖeZ©x n‡q UªvÝfvm© A¨vbv‡÷v‡gvwm‡mi gva¨‡g AvovAvwo fv‡e mshy³ Wvb cðvr KvwW©bvj wkiv i‡q‡Q| Wvb cðvr KvwW©bvj mivmwi cy”Q wkivi mv‡_ wgwjZ nIqvi Av‡M †ibvj †cvU©vj wkivq wef³ n‡q‡Q| mvBbvm †f‡bvmv‡mi gaëZ©x RvqMv †_‡K †ncvwUK wkiv DrcwË jvf K‡i‡Q| †ncvwUK †cvU©vj wkiv‡K cy”Q wkivi cðvr cÖv‡šÍ mshy³ _vK‡Z †`Lv hv‡e|

2.17 iæB gv‡Qi k¦mbZš¿ I evqy_wji MVb 2.17.1 k¦mb Zš¿ (Respiratory system) iæB gvQ RjR cÖvYx| Giv mvaviYZ dzjKvi mvnv‡h¨ k¦vmKvh© Pvjvq| Z‡e Zv‡`i †`‡n Aew¯’Z cUKv ev evqy_wj Ges eªvw¼q‡÷Mvj c`v© wKQzUv k¦m‡bi Rb¨ f‚wgKv cvjb K‡i| dzjKv: Mjwe‡ji `yBcv‡k¦© KvbKzqv Øviv XvKv dzjKv cÖ‡Kv‡ô 4wU K‡i †gvU 4 †Rvov dzjKv _v‡K| 2wU dzjKvwQ‡`ªi gv‡S Mjwe‡ji cÖvPxi Aw¯’ Øviv MwVZ, Zv‡K eªvw¼qvj AvP© ev dzjKv AvP© e‡j| Ab¨w`‡K dzjKv Av‡P©i wfZ‡ii w`‡K K‡qKwU fuvRwewkó wMj i¨vKvi _v‡K| GB wMj i¨vKvi¸‡jv dzjKv mg~n‡K KwVb e¯‘i Nl©Y †_‡K iÿv K‡i| cÖwZwU dzjKv `ymvwi j¨v‡gjv ev wdjv‡g›U enb K‡i| cÖ‡Z¨K mvwi j¨v‡gjv‡K †nwg ev †Wwg eªv¼ e‡j| `yB mvwi †nwgeªv‡¼i g‡a¨ GKwU n«vm cÖvß B›Uvi eªvw¼qvj †mÞvg _v‡K| d‡j †nwgeªv‡¼i cÖvšÍ¸‡jv gy³ _v‡K| cÖwZ dzjKv wdjv‡g›U †QvU †QvU AvovAvwofv‡e mvRv‡bv †cøU ev cvZ ev j¨vwgjv enb K‡i| GB j¨vwgjv¸‡jv cvZjv i‡³i ‰KwkK RvwjKvmn Gwc‡_wjqvg Øviv Ave„Z _v‡K| cÖwZwU j¨vwgbvi GKcvk w`‡q AšÍe©vnx Ges Aci cvk w`‡q ewn©evnx i³ bvjxKvq we¯Í…Z nq| j¨vwgbvi Gwc‡_wjqvg Øviv O 2 e¨vcb cÖwμqvq ˆKwkK RvwjKvq Aew¯’Z i‡³i mv‡_ wgwkÖZ nq|

RxeweÁvb wØZxq cÎ

k¦mb cÖwμqv:k¦mb-cÖwμqv `ywU ch©v‡q m¤úbœ nq| h_v: (1) cÖk¦vm Ges (2) wbtk¦vm| (1) cÖk¦vm : cÖk¦v‡mi mgq gv‡Qi gy‡Li †ckx cÖmvwiZ n‡q gyLweeii I Mjwe‡ji AvqZb ev‡o d‡j gy‡Li m¤§y‡Li KcvwUKv Ly‡j hvq| GB mgq KvbKzqv eÜ _v‡K d‡j cvwb gyL w`‡q gyLwee‡i cÖ‡ek K‡i| c‡i KvbKzqv I gyLwQ`ª eÜ †i‡L gvQ Zvi gyLwee‡ii Zj‡`‡ki †ckx msKzwPZ K‡i Dc‡ii w`‡K †V‡j a‡i Ges cvk¦©w`K †_‡K Pvc †`q| GB mgq gyLwee‡ii AvqZb μgk †QvU nq, gy‡Li KcvwUKv eÜ nq, wfZ‡ii cvwbi Dci Pvc c‡o Ges cvwb dzjKvi g‡a¨ P‡j Av‡m| dzjKvi i³evnx bvjxi i³ cvwb †_‡K O 2 MÖnY K‡i Ges CO 2 Z¨vM K‡i| (2) wbtk¦vm: Gevi gv‡Qi gy‡Li †ckx AwaK msKzwPZ K‡i gyLweei‡K AviI †QvU K‡i Ges cvwbi Pvc AZ¨šÍ †e‡o hvq d‡j dzjKvi Dc‡i KvbKzqvwU Ly‡j hvq Ges Kve©b WvB-A·vBW (CO2) hy³ cvwb †`n †_‡K evB‡i wb®ŒvšÍ nq|

2.17.2 evqy_wj ev cUKv: cUKv ev evqy_wj †cwiwf‡mivj bvgK cvZjv cÖvPxiwewkó M¨vmc~Y© _wj| cUKv wm‡jvg MnŸ‡i Aew¯’Z| evqy_wj †giæ`‡Ði wb‡P Ges †cŠwóK bvjxi Dc‡i kvwqZ| GwU m¤§yL I cðvr K‡ÿ wef³| G `ywU K‡ÿi ga¨eZx© ¯’v‡b GKwU Mfxi LuvR Aew¯’Z| m¤§yL cÖ‡Kvô MÖvmbvjxi mv‡_ GKwU miæ WvKUvm wbD‡gwUKvm bv‡g bvwjKv Øviv hy³ _v‡K| Af¨šÍixY kÖeY A‡½i mv‡_ Zv †f‡ewiqvb AwmK&j (Weberian ossicle) Øviv hy³ _v‡K| cÖ_g cÖ‡Kv‡ô GKwU jvj-MÖwš’ (Red gland) _v‡K|

cÖvwYi cwiwPwZ (iæB)

G MÖwš’‡K e‡j †iwU †givevBj (rete merabile) GB MÖwš’ i³ n‡Z Aw·‡Rb AYy MÖnY K‡i| cðvr cÖ†Kv‡ôi cvZjv cÖvPxi G Aw·‡Rb M¨vm cybivq †kvlY K‡i wb‡Z cv‡i| Gi mvnv‡h¨ gvQ cvwb‡Z fvm‡Z cv‡i| gv‡Qi Av‡cwÿK ¸iæZ¡ wbqš¿Y K‡i cvwbi wewfbœ MfxiZvq Zvi Ae¯’v‡b evqy_wj mvnv‡h¨ K‡i| kÖe‡YI evqy_wj mvnvh¨ K‡i| GwU kã Drcv`‡b mg_©| GwU k¦mbA½ wn‡m‡eI we‡ewPZ| eªvw¼q‡÷Mvj c`©v: gv‡Qi KvbKzqvi wb‡P ˆKwkK RvwjKv mg„× cvZjv c`©v _v‡K| dzjKv cÖ‡Kv‡ô Aew¯’Z cvwb †_‡K ev k¦m‡bi Rb¨ †h cvwb †¯ªv‡Zi m„wó nq Zv †_‡K e¨vcb cÖwμqvq O 2 D³ ˆKwkK RvwjKvq cÖ‡ek K‡i| d‡j GB c`©v wKQzUv k¦m‡b mvnv‡h¨ K‡i|

2.18 e¨envwiK cixÿvi bvg: iæB gv‡Qi dzjKv I evqy_wj ch©‡eÿY| cÖ‡qvRbxq DcKiY: wbRx©e iæB gvQ, di‡mc, KuvwP, wbW&j, †Uª, wcb| Kvh©c×wZ: - mieivnK…Z GKwU iæB gvQ wb‡q gvQwU‡K evg nv‡Z a‡i Wvb nv‡Z KuvwP ev †eøW w`‡q †h‡Kv‡bv GKcv‡k Kvb‡Kv †K‡U †dj‡jB dzjKv †`Lv hv‡e| - evqy cUKv ch©‡eÿ‡Yi Rb¨ gv‡Qi Kvb‡Kvi Dci gv_vi †cQ‡b Ges †giæ`‡Ûi GKUz wb‡Pi AvBk mwi‡q wb‡Z n‡e| AvB‡ki bx‡Pi †cwkmg~n‡K mZK©Zvi mv‡_ DVv‡Z n‡e| - †cwkmg~n †K‡U †K‡U bv DwV‡q di‡m‡ci mvnv‡h¨ Aí Aí K‡i wQ‡o wQ‡o DVv‡Z cvi‡j me‡P‡q fv‡jv nq| - †cwk mwi‡q †giæ`Û‡K Db¥y³ K‡i PZz_© K‡kiæKv I I‡ewiqvb AwmKj bvgK GKwU †QvU mv`v Aw¯’ †`Lv hv‡e| GB I‡ewiqvb AwmK‡ji A¼xq cðvr As‡ki mv‡_ evqy_wj (cUKv) mshy³ _v‡K|

ch©‡eÿY: dzjKv ch©‡eÿY: iæBgvQ dzjKvi mvnv‡h¨ k¦vmKvh© Pvjvq| Z‡e Zv‡`i †`‡n Aew¯’Z cUKv ev evqy_wj k¦m‡bi Rb¨ f‚wgKv cvjb K‡i| Mjwe‡ji `yBcv‡k¦© KvbKzqv Øviv XvKv dzjKv cÖ‡Kvô 4wU K‡i †gvU 4 †Rvov dzjKv _v‡K| 2wU dzjKvwQ‡`ªi gv‡S Mjwe‡ji cÖvPxi Aw¯’ Øviv MwVZ, Zv‡K eªvw¼qvj

RxeweÁvb wØZxq cÎ

AvP© ev dzjKv AvP© e‡j| Ab¨w`‡K dzjKv Av‡P©i wfZ‡ii w`‡K K‡qKwU fuvRwewkó wMj i¨vKvi _v‡K| cÖwZwU dzjKv `ymvwi j¨v‡gjv ev wdjv‡g›U enb K‡i| cÖwZ dzjKv wdjv‡g›U †QvU †QvU AvovAvwofv‡e mvRv‡bv †cøU ev cvZ ev j¨vwgjv enb K‡i| GB j¨vwgjv¸‡jv cvZjv i‡³i ‰KwkK RvwjKvmn Gwc‡_wjqvg Øviv Ave„Z _v‡K| j¨vwgjvi Gwc‡_wjqvg Øviv O 2 e¨vcb cÖwμqvq ˆKwkK RvwjKvq Aew¯’Z i‡³i mv‡_ wgwkÖZ nq| evqy_wj ch©‡eÿY: evqy_wj mvaviYZ evqyc~Y© _v‡K| †`L‡Z PKP‡K GKwU mv`v _‡ji g‡Zv| cUKvq AMÖ I cðvr `y‡Uv cÖ‡Kvô _v‡K| AMÖfv‡Mi cÖ‡Kvô GKwU miæ bj w`‡q Abœbvjxi mv‡_ hy³ _v‡K| G b‡ji bvg evqybvjx ev wbDg¨vwUK Wv± (Pneumatic duct) AMÖ cÖ‡Kv‡ôi mvg‡b †h MÖwš’ _v‡K gvQ Zv w`‡q i³ †_‡K Aw·‡Rb AvniY K‡i I cÖ‡Kvô `ywU‡K c~Y© iv‡L| AMÖ cÖ‡KvôwU A‡cÿvK…Z ùxZ| Avf¨šÍixY kÖæwZ-A‡½i mv‡_ GwU I‡q‡ewiqvb AwmKj (Weberian ossicle) Øviv hy³ _v‡K| evqy_wji cÖ‡Kvô `y‡Uvi GKwU Aw·‡Rb †kvlY K‡i Ab¨wU Aw·‡Rb wbtm„Z K‡i|

2.19 iæB gv‡Qi cÖRbb I wb‡lK (Reproduction and Fertilization of Rui) iæB GKwjw½K gvQ| A_©vr c„_K c„_K cÖvwY‡Z wW¤^vkq I ïμvkq Aew¯’Z| Giv eQ‡i GKevi gvÎ cÖRbb Kv‡h© AskMÖnY K‡i| el©vKvj G‡ì cÖRbb FZz| cÖRbbKv‡j Giv †¯ªvZhy³ AÂ‡j Mgb K‡i| el©vKv‡j b`xi cvwb hLb ev‡o I †¯ªvZ hy³ nq Ges Aw·‡Rb Gi cwigvY e„w× cvq ZLbB Giv cÖRb‡bi Rb¨ ˆZwi nq| m¤¢eZ: Aw·‡Rb G‡ì †hŠb MÖwš’‡K D‡ËwRZ K‡i| G mgq G‡ì AvPiYMZ cwieZ©b N‡U| †MvbvW eo nq| cyiæl gv‡Qi ïμvkq eo, gm„Y I †Mvjvcx nq hv gv‡Qi m¤ú~Y© Dì Ry‡o Ae¯’vb K‡i| Ab¨w`‡K ¯¿x gv‡Qi wW¤^vkq eo nq Ges Dì Ry‡o Ae¯’vb K‡i| iæB gv‡Qi ¯^vfvweK cÖRbb N‡U b`x‡Z| cyKz‡i mvaviYZ Giv wWg Qv‡o bv| iæB gvQ GwcÖj n‡Z RyjvB gv‡m wWg cv‡o| c~wY©gvi 2/1 w`b Av‡M ev c‡i wWg cv‡o| cÖRb‡bi mgq me cyiæl gvQ ¯¿x gvQ‡K AbymiY K‡i| GB mgq Giv †QvUvQzwU K‡i I †Rvo †Zvjcvo K‡i| ¯¿x gvQ nVvr †`n SvuKzwb w`‡q wWg cv‡o| Ges GKev‡i AmsL¨ wW¤^vYy †ei n‡q Av‡m| cys gvQ H wWg¸‡jvi Dci ïμim Qwo‡q †`q| Gici ewntwb‡l‡Ki gva¨‡g ïμvYy wW¤^vYy‡K wbwl³ K‡i RvB‡MvU MVb K‡i| 2-15 NÈvi g‡a¨ wWg dz‡U ev”Pv †ei n‡q Av‡m| m`¨RvZ ev”Pvq (Hatchlings) Kzmyg _wj A¼xq‡`‡k AvUKv‡bv _v‡K| Kzmyg _wj †`‡n cwi‡kvwlZ n‡Z 5-7 w`b mgq cÖ‡qvRb nq Kzmyg_wj wbt‡kvwlZ nIqvi ci m‡`¨vRvZ gv‡Qi ev”Pv ev n¨vPwjs‡K e‡j wWg †cvbv (Fry) | wWg‡cvbv 2-3 wg.wg. AvKvi cÖvß n‡j †Vuv‡U Sv‡jvi cÖKvk cvq Ges †j‡Ri g~‡j Dj¤^ Kv‡jv `vM †`Lv hvq| e„w×Kv‡j GmKj êwkó¨ †jvc cvq| wWg‡cvbv hLb 5-15 wg.wg. nq ZLb Zv‡ì‡K e‡j Pviv †cvbv (Finger ling) | iæB gv‡Qi †hŠbcwic°Zv jvf Ki‡Z 2 eQi mgq jv‡M|

2.20 iæB gv‡Qi msiÿY (Conservation of Rui) Ôgv‡Q fv‡ZÕ ev½vjxi iæwPi cwieZ©b wKsev gv‡Qi cÖwZ †jv‡fi NvUwZ †KvbwUB N‡Uwb| Z‡e cÖvK…wZK Drm¸‡jv †_‡K cvIqv gv‡Qi GZUvB AvKvj †h gv‡Qi weKí LyuR‡Z Avgiv Gw`K †mw`K n‡b¨ n‡q NyiwQ| cÖvPxb evsjv †_‡KB ev½vjx‡`i Kv‡Q iæB LyeB my¯^v`y Avi wcÖq GK gv‡Qi bvg| G‡`‡k †QvU-eo mK‡ji

cÖvwYi cwiwPwZ (iæB)

Kv‡Q †`kx iæB Gi †ek Kì i‡q‡Q| wKš‘ Avgv‡ì AwZ wcÖq GB gvQwU msiÿ‡Yi Afv‡e wec`mxgvq ùvwo‡q Av‡Q| cÖRbb †ÿÎ aŸsm †cvbv gvQ I wWgIqvjv gvQ wbab, gv‡Qi AwZ Av‡nviY, `~lY, we‡`kx I ivÿz‡m cÖRvwZi AbycÖ‡ek BZ¨vw` bvbvwea Kvi‡Y Avgv‡ì wcÖq GB iæB gvQ AvR ûgKxi m¤§yLxb| iæB gvQ mvaviYZ †¯ªvZhy³ ¯’v‡b †hLv‡b †¯ªvZ cvK Lvq Ggb¯’v‡b wWg Qv‡o| K…wÎgfv‡e cyKz‡i ev Ave× Rjvk‡q Ggb †¯ªvZ m„wó K‡iI iæB RvZxq gvQ‡K wWg cvo‡Z cÖ‡bvw`Z Kiv nq| Z‡e PÆMÖv‡gi †QvÆ GKwU b`x nvj`v hvi msiÿ‡Yi gva¨‡g Avgiv iæB RvZxq gvQ‡K iÿv Ki‡Z cvwi| nvj`v †QvÆ GKwU b`x hv c„w_exi GKgvÎ †Rvqvi-fvUvi b`x †hLvb †_‡K mivmwi iæB RvZxq gv‡Qi wbwl³ wWg msMÖn Kiv nq| nvj`v b`x Avgv‡ì †`‡ki GKgvÎ cÖvK…wZK grm cÖRbb †ÿÎ| ZvB iæB gv‡Qi cÖvK…wZK msiÿY ej‡Z gyjZ nvj`v b`x Ges G ai‡bi gy³Rjvkq¸‡jv‡K msiÿY Ges Gi ¯^vfvweK cÖvK…wZK cwi‡ek Aÿzbœ ivLv‡K eySvq| Gi d‡j iæB gv‡Qi cÖRbb †ÿÎ †hgb iÿv cv‡e †Zgwb iÿv cv‡e wWg I †cvbv| †`‡ki wgVv cvwbi Rjvkq¸‡jv iæB w`‡q mg„×| †`‡ki gvby‡li †cÖvwUb Z_v cywói Pvwn`v †gvKv‡ejvq GwU n‡Z cv‡i Av‡iv Ab¨Zg nvwZqvi| el©v †gŠmy‡g nvj`v b`xi cwi‡ekMZ wKQz we‡kl êwk‡óï Rb¨ iæB gvQ GLv‡b wWg Qvo‡Z Av‡m| Agvem¨v ev c~wY©gv wZw_‡Z eRªcvZ mn cÖPzi e„wócvZ, DRv‡bi cvnvox Xj, Zxeª †¯ªvZ, b`xi euv‡K euv‡K †¯ªv‡Zi cvK| †dwbj †Nvjvcvwb mn b`xi †fŠZ ivmvqwbK êwkó¨¸‡jvi mgwš^Z wμqvq nvj`v b`xi AbyK‚j cwi‡ek iæBgvQ‡K el©vKv‡j wWg Qvo‡Z DØy× K‡i| nvj`v b`xi `yÕcv‡k e¨w³ D‡`¨v‡M M‡o DVv kZ kZ †iYy †cvbv Pv‡li Lvgv‡i Lbb Kiv n‡q‡Q eûmsL¨K Kzqv, el©vi cÖ_g el©‡bi ci gv gv‡Qiv nvj`v b`x‡Z G‡m wWg cv‡o| †m wWg AvniY K‡i Kzqvq msiÿY Kiv nq| Zvici Kzqvi cvwb‡Z wbqwgZ †Rvqvi fvUvi cvwb wbq‡š¿i gva¨‡g †iYy †cvbv Dcv`vb K‡i mviv †`‡k mieivn Kiv n‡”Q| iæB gv‡Qi cÖvK…wZK msiÿ‡Y KiYxq: iæB ev iæB RvZxq gv‡Qi cÖvK…wZK msiÿ‡Yi Rb¨ wb‡¤œv³ welqvejx jÿYxqÑ K) gv‡Qi cÖvK…wZK cÖRbb †ÿÎ ˆZwi Kiv: iæB gvQ b`xi euv‡K Ges †hLv‡b †¯ªvZ cvK Lvq Gme AÂ‡j wWg Qv‡o| ZvB GmKj ¯’vb msiÿ‡Yi eë¯’v Ki‡Z n‡e| nvj`v b`x‡Z cÖvq 36wU euvK Av‡Q, Gi g‡a¨ 11wU euvK †K‡U b`xi †¯ªvZ I MwZc‡_i cwieZ©b K‡i iæB gv‡Qi e„nr cÖRbb †ÿ‡Îi ÿwZmvab K‡i‡Q| L) eªæW gvQ wkKvi wbwl×KiY: eªæW gvQ ev gv-evev gvQ¸‡jvi wkKvi eÜ Ki‡Z n‡e| Zv, bv n‡j Kv•LwLZ wWg ev †cvbv cvIqv m¤¢e bq| wKQz eªæW nvj`vq ¯’vqxfv‡e Ges wKQz gvB‡MÖU K‡i Av‡m, G‡ì msiÿ‡Yi eë¯’v Ki‡Z n‡e| nvj`vi cÖwZwU gv gvQ‡K G‡KKwU b¨vPvivj G‡MÖv †gMv BÛvwóª wn‡m‡e AewnZ Kiv nq| M) †QvU gvQ aiv wbwl×KiY: iæB ev bjv RvZxq gvQ 23 †m:wg: Gi wb‡P aiv wbwl×KiY Ki‡Z n‡e| G‡ÿ‡Î †QvU duvmhy³ Rv‡ji eënvi wbwl× Ki‡Z n‡e| evRv‡i GmKj gvQ wewμ eÜ Ki‡Z n‡e| N) cÖRbb FZz‡Z grm¨ cÖRbb †ÿÎ¸‡jv‡Z gvQ aiv wbwl×KiY: cÖRbb FZz‡Z I wWg Qvovi mgq Db¥y³ Rjvkq¸‡jv gvQ aiv wbwl×KiY Ki‡Z n‡e| cÖwZ eQi †deªæqvix gv‡P©i w`‡K nvj`vi mv‡_

RxeweÁvb wØZxq cÎ

mshy³ Ab¨vb¨ b`x †_‡K eo eo iæB RvZxq gvQ G b`x‡Z Av‡m wWg Qvovi Rb¨ Ges AbyKzj cwi‡e‡ki Rb¨ A‡cÿv Ki‡Z _v‡K| Z‡e wKQz gvQ ¯’vqxfv‡e GB b`x‡Z Ae¯’vb K‡i| GwcÖj †_‡K Ryb gv‡mi g‡a¨ Agvem¨v ev c~wY©gvi mgq AbyK‚j cwi‡e‡k nvj`v b`x‡Z iæB gvQ wWg Qv‡o| G mgq‡K ¯’vbxq fvlvq Ô†RvÕ e‡j| Ô†RvÕ Gi mgq me ai‡bi gvQ aiv †_‡K weiZ _vK‡Z n‡e| O) jeYv³Zvi AvMÖvmb †_‡K Rjvkq‡K iÿvi D‡`¨vM MÖnY Kiv: w`b w`b Avgv‡ì gy³ Rjvkq¸wj jeYv³Zv e„w×i Rb¨ grm¨K‚j we‡kl K‡i iæB RvZxq gvQ mg~n wec`vcbœ n‡q co‡Q| iæB gv‡Qi GKgvÎ cÖvK…wZK cÖRbb †ÿÎ nvj`vi kvLv b`x¸‡jv‡Z eva I myBm‡MU wbg©vb, euvK †K‡U †Ìqv, cwj R‡g fivU nIqv, DRv‡bi cvwb cÖev‡ni Pvc K‡g hvIqv Ges êwk¦K Rjevqy cwieZ©b BZ¨vw` Kvi‡Y nvj`v b`x I Ab¨vb¨ gy³ Rjvk‡qi fwel¨r AvR ûgwKi m¤§Lxb| B‡Zvg‡a¨B Gme Rjvk‡qi jeYv³Zvi cwigvY Pig ch©v‡q Ges mvgyw`ªK wKQz cÖvYxI emevm Ki‡Z †`Lv hv‡”Q| ZvB †jvbv cvwbi AvMÖvmb †_‡K nvj`v mn iæB gv‡Qi Ab¨vb¨ cÖvK…wZK Rjvk‡qi mv‡_ Ab¨vb¨ kvLv b`xi cvwb cÖev‡ni cÖwZe×KZv `yi Ki‡Z n‡e| KvßvB †j‡Ki cvwbi gRy` e„w× Ki‡j jeYv³Zvi AvMÖvmb †_‡K iæB gv‡Qi wePib I cÖRbb †ÿÎ‡K msiÿY Kiv hv‡e| P) AcwiKwíZ euva, ivevi W¨vg I ¯øyBm †MU wbg©vb eÜ Ki‡Z n‡e: AcwiKwíZfv‡e b`x‡Z euva w`‡j b`xi ¯^vfvweK cÖevn wewNœZ nq d‡j b`x‡Z cwj R‡g fivU n‡q hvq G‡Z gv‡Qi wePiY I cÖRbb Df‡qB gvivZ¥Kfv‡e ÿwZMÖ¯’ nq| ZvB AcwiKwíZfv‡e euva, ivevi W¨vg I ¯yøBm †MU wbg©vY eÜ K‡i b`xi ¯^vfvweK MwZ eRvq ivL‡Z n‡e Zvn‡j gv‡Qi cÖRbb †ÿ‡Îi ev¯‘Zvwš¿K cwi‡ek ¯^vfvweK _vK‡e| Q) `~lY †iva: wkí KviLvbvi welv³ ivmvqwbK eR©¨, Ges ivmvqwbK mvi I KxUbvkK RwbZ `~lb gv‡Qi Avevm¯’j I cÖRbb †ÿÎ¸‡jv aŸsm Ki‡Q| nvj`v b`xi DcK‚‡j BwZg‡a¨ M‡o D‡V‡Q †ek wKQz `~lYKvix wkí KviLvbv, Gi g‡a¨ me‡P‡q †ewk `~lYKvix n‡”Q GwkqvwUK †ccvi wgj I nvUnvRvix 100 †gMvIqvU wcwKs cvIqvi cøv›U| G`ywU KviLvbv †_‡K welv³ ivmvqwbK eR©¨ h_vμ‡g gv`v©kv BDwbq‡bi gv`vix Lvj I †g_j BDwbq‡bi P¨vsLvjx Lvj n‡q nvj`v b`x‡K `ywlZ Ki‡Q| `~l‡bi d‡j cøvsKUb aŸsm n‡”Q, gv‡Qi cwic°Zv I cÖRbb ÿgZv n«vm cv‡”Q, wWg cwiùzUb e¨vnZ n‡”Q Ges †ivM evjvB e„w× cv‡”Q, GK K_vq `~l‡bi d‡j gv‡Qi ¯^vfvweK RxebhvÎvi wZbwU d¨v±i A_©vr †fŠZ d¨v±i, ivmvqwbK d¨v±i I RxbMZ d¨v±‡ii wbw`©ó gvÎv webó n‡”Q| nvj`v‡K euvPv‡Z n‡j AwZmZ¡i `~lb‡iva Ki‡Z n‡e | R) grm¨ AfqvkÖg ˆZwi: gv‡Qi cÖRbb †K›`ª¸‡jv wPwýZ K‡i AfqvkÖg wn‡m‡e cÖwZôv Ki‡Z n‡e| grm¨ I cï m¤ú` gš¿Yvj‡qi 2 RyjvB 2007 mv‡ji GK cÖÁvcb Abyhvqx nvj`v b`xi m`©vi NvU weªR †_‡K †gvnbvNvU weªR ch©šÍ 20 wK. wg. GjvKv‡K grm¨ AfqvkÖg †NvlYv Kiv n‡q‡Q| The protection and conservation of fish rules, 1985 Abyhvqx G GjvKv †_‡K mviveQi gvQ aiv wbwl× Kiv n‡q‡Q| G ai‡bi AvB‡bi gva¨‡g wbwe©Pv‡i gvQ AvniY eÜ K‡i eªæW gv‡Q cwiYZ nIqvi my‡hvM K‡i w`‡Z n‡e| nvj`v b`x evsjv‡`‡ki iæB RvZxq gv‡Qi GKgvÎ weï× cÖvK…wZK wRb e¨vsK| GB cÖvK…wZK wRbcyj euvwP‡q ivLvi Rb¨ nvj`v b`xi ¸iæZ¡ Acwimxg| eZ©gv‡b K…wÎg cÖRbb †K›`ª¸wj‡Z BbweªwWs-Gi Kvi‡Y

cÖvwYi cwiwPwZ (iæB)

gv‡Qi e„w× gvivZ¥K e¨nZ n‡”Q Ges wewfbœ ai‡bi wRbMZ mgm¨v †`Lv w`‡”Q| G Ae¯’v Pj‡Z _vK‡j `ªæZ ea©bkxj eo AvKv‡ii iæB, KvZjv, g„‡Mj I KvwjMwb gvQ GK mgq iƒcK_vi M‡íi gZ g‡b n‡e| G Ae¯’v †_‡K DËi‡Yi Rb¨ Ab¨vb¨ gy³ Rjvkqmn nvj`v b`xi cÖvK…wZK ˆewkó¨ msiÿ‡Yi weKí †bB| wkÿv_x©i KvR: iæB msiÿ‡Yi Avgv‡`i AwZmZ¡i Kx KiYxq G wel‡q GKwU mycvwikgvjv ˆZwi Ki‡e|

 GB Aa¨v‡qi cÖavb kãwfwËK mvims‡ÿc  AcviKzjvg : AcviKzjvg n‡jv iæB gv‡Qi gv_vi †cQbw`‡Ki `yB cv‡k †ek eo I cvZjv cv‡Zi gZ Ask hv `yB cv‡ki dzjKv‡K †X‡K iv‡L|  cvk¦©‡iLv: g¯ÍK cieZx© †`‡ni AMÖfvM n‡Z †j‡Ri †kl ch©šÍ †`nKv‡Ûi `yB cv‡k¦© Aew¯’Z Aby‰`N©¨ †iLv‡K cvk¦©‡iLv e‡j|  cvLbviwk¥: iæB gv‡Qi ewntK¼v‡ji AšÍ©tMZ KZ¸‡jv k³ `Û cvLbv¸wj‡K enb K‡i G‡`i‡K cvLbviwk¥ e‡j|  †nv‡gvmvK©vj: cy”Q cvLbv EaŸ© I Aat `ywU cÖwZmg As‡k wef³ nIqvq G‡K †nv‡gvmvK©vj e‡j|  evqy_wj: iæB gv‡Qi †giæ`‡Ûi Dc‡i Ges †cŠwóKbvwji bx‡P Aew¯’Z M¨vmc~Y© _wj‡K evqy_wj e‡j|  eªvw¼qvj AvP©: `ywU dzjKv wQ‡`ªi gv‡S Mjwe‡ji cÖvPxi Aw¯’ Øviv MwVZ Ask‡K eªvw¼qvj AvP© ev dzjKv AvP© e‡j|  Iwewiqvb IwmKj: cÖ_g PviwU †`nKv‡Ûi K‡kiæKv ÿz`ª ÿz`ª Aw¯’‡Z cwiewZ©Z n‡q Iwewiqvb IwmKj MVb K‡i|  wWg‡cvbv: Kzmyg _wj wbt‡kvwlZ nIqvi ci m`¨RvZ iæB gv‡Qi ev”Pv ev n¨vPwjs‡K wWg †cvbv e‡j|

Abykxjbx m„Rbkxj cÖkœ: cixÿvMv‡i labeo †Mv‡Îi GKwU cÖvYx e¨e‡”Q`KiY Kivi ci Gi ürwcÛ †`‡L wkÿv_x© Lye AevK nj KviY gvby‡li ürwc‡Ûi mv‡_ †m Gi †Kvb wgj Lyu‡R †cj bv| c‡i †m cUKv m`„k GKwU e¯‘ †`L‡Z †cj wKš‘ Gi KvR Kx n‡Z cv‡i †m †f‡e †cj bv| K. I‡ewiqvb AwmKj Kx?

L. nvj`v b`x‡K cÖvK…wZK cÖRbb †ÿÎ ejv nq †Kb?

M. wkÿv_x©i †`Lv cUKv m`„k e¯‘wU D³ cÖvwYi Rxe‡b Kx ai‡bi f‚wgKv cvjb K‡i e¨vL¨v Ki| 3 N. gvby‡li ürwc‡Ûi mv‡_ †Kvb ai‡bi êmv`„‡kï Rb¨ wkÿv_x© eë‡”Q`K…Z cÖvwYwU †`‡L AevK nj Zv we‡kølY Ki|

RxeweÁvb wØZxq cÎ

eûwbe©vPwb cÖkœ 1| iæBgv‡Q †Kvb ai‡bi AvuBk †`Lv hvq? K. mvBK¬‡qW

L. cø¨vK‡qW

M. M¨vb‡qW

N. wUb‡qW

2| iæBgvQ †Kv_vq wWg Qv‡o? K. †¯ªvZ †hLv‡b †ewk

L. †¯ªvZ †hLv‡b LyeB Kg

M. †¯ªvZ †hLv‡b cvK Lvq

N. †¯ªvZ †hLv‡b †bB

wb‡Pi DÏxc‡Ki Av‡jv‡K 3 I 4 bs cÖ‡kœi DËi `vI Szgv Zv‡`i cyKzi †_‡K aiv GKwU bjvKvi gvQ KvU‡Z wM‡q Gi Kvb‡Kvqvq GKwU cvZjv c`©v †`L‡Z †cj| Kvb‡Kvqv Acmvib Ki‡j †m Pvi mvwi wPiæbx m`„k e¯‘ †`Lj| 3| Szgvi ch©‡eÿYK…Z cvZjv c`©vwUi bvg Kx? K. eªvw¼I‡÷Mvj c`©v

L. †cwiKvwW©qvj c`©v

M. †cwiwf‡mivj c`©v

N. †cwiwbDivj c`©v

4| Szgvi ch©‡eÿYK…Z cÖvwYwUi wPiæbx m`„k e¯‘ njÑ i. eªvw¼I‡÷Mvj c`©v ii. evqy_wj iii. dzjKv wb‡Pi †KvbwU mwVK? K. i I ii

L. ii I iii

M. i I iii

N. i, ii I iii

5| Wv±vm Kz¨wf‡qi kvLv njÑ i. A¨vw›Uwiqi KvwW©bvj mvBbvm ii. †cv‡÷wiqi KvwW©bvj mvBbvm iii. Ry¸jvi mvBbvm wb‡Pi †KvbwU mwVK? K. i I ii

L. ii I iii

M. i I iii

N. i, ii I iii

Z…Zxq Aa¨vq

gvbe kvixiZË¡: cwicvK I †kvlY HUMAN PHYSIOLOGY: DIGESTION & ABSORBTION RxeRM‡Zi me m`m¨‡`iB mwμq Rxeb hvc‡bi Rb¨ A_©vr †`‡ni cwic~Y© weKvk, cywó I Kg©kw³ Drcv`‡bi Rb¨ Lv‡`¨i me Dcv`vbB h_v kK©iv, Avwgl, Pwe©, cvwb, LwbR jeY I wfUvwgb cÖ‡qvRb| Gme Lv`¨ Dcv`v‡bi g‡a¨ Avwgl, kK©iv I Pwe© RwUj Ae¯’vq †`‡n M„nxZ nq| cwicvKZš¿ Gme RwUj Lv`¨ e¯‘‡K Ggbfv‡e mijxKiY K‡i hv‡Z cieZx©‡Z G¸‡jv †`‡ni e„w×, MVb Ges kw³i Drmiƒ‡c KvR Ki‡Z cv‡i| cÖavb kã (Key Word)  cwicvK  cwicvKMÖwš’  ewntÿiv MÖwš’  M¨vw÷ªK Rym  †kvlY  ¯’‚jZv

G Aa¨vq cvV †k‡l AvgivÑ  gyLMnŸ‡i Lv`¨ cwicv‡Ki hvwš¿K I ivmvqwbK cÖwμqv eY©bv Ki‡Z cvi‡ev  cvK¯’jxi wewfbœ As‡k msNwUZ hvwš¿K Ges ivmvqwbK cwicv‡Ki g‡a¨ m¤úK© ¯’vcb Ki‡Z cvi‡ev  hK…‡Zi mÂqx Ges wecvKxq f‚wgKv e¨vL¨v Ki‡Z cvi‡ev  ewntÿiv MÖwš’ wn‡m‡e AMœ¨vk‡qi Kvh©μg e¨vL¨v Ki‡Z cvi‡ev  M¨vmwUªK Rym wbtmi‡Y ¯œvqyZš¿ Ges M¨vmwUªK ni‡gv‡bi f~wgKv e¨vL¨v Ki‡Z cvi‡ev  Lv`¨`ªe¨ cwicv‡K ÿz`vª ‡š¿i wewfbœ As‡ki gyL¨ wμqvmg~n we‡kølY Ki‡Z cvi‡ev  ÿz`ªv‡š¿i jy‡gb n‡Z i³RvwjKv Ges wfjvB ch©šÍ cwicvKK…Z `ª‡e¨i †kvlY e¨vL¨v Ki‡Z cvi‡ev  e„n`v‡š¿i KvR e¨vL¨v Ki‡Z cvi‡ev  e¨envwiK : cwicvK mswkøó A‡½i †Kvlmg~n kbv³ I wPÎ AsKb Ki‡Z cvi‡ev  ¯’~jZvi aviYv, KviY I cÖwZ‡iva e¨vL¨v Ki‡Z cvi‡ev |

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3.1 gyLMnŸ‡i Lv`¨ cwicvK (Food digestion in the oral cavity) gyLwQ‡`ªi cieZx©, DaŸ©‡Pvqvj (maxilia) I wb¤œ‡Pvqvj (mandible) Øviv myiwÿZ cÖk¯’ MnŸiwU‡K gyLweei e‡j| gyLwee‡ii A¼xqZ‡j GKwU gvsmj wRnŸv _v‡K, Dfq cv‡k Mvj, EaŸ© I wb¤œ †Pvqv‡j ùvZ _v‡K Ges jvjvMÖwš’i bvwj Db¥y³ _v‡K| gyLwee‡ii Qv`‡K Zvjy (palate) e‡j| Zvjyi `ywU Ask, AMÖt¯’ k³ c¨v‡jU Ges cðvr big c¨v‡jU| big c¨v‡j‡Ui †kl cÖvšÍ †_‡K AvjwRnŸv (uvula) gyLMnŸ‡i Sz‡j _v‡K| gyLMnŸ‡i Lv‡`ï hvwš¿K I ivmvqwbK `yai‡bi cwicvK nq| Z‡e gy‡L Lye AíB cwicvK nq, KviY Lv`ë¯‘ ¯^í mg‡qi Rb¨ gyLwee‡i Ae¯’vb K‡i|

3.1.1 hvwš¿K cwicvK Lv`¨ MÖn‡Yi ciciB gy‡L cwicvK cÖwμqv ïiæ nq| ùvZ M„nxZ Lv`ë¯‘¸‡jv‡K †QvU †QvU UzK‡ivq cwiYZ K‡i †kvl‡Y AskMÖnY K‡i| cieZx©‡Z gyLMnŸ‡i wbtm„Z jvjvi‡mi cvwb I wgDwmb Lv`ë¯‘‡K wm³ I wcw”Qj K‡i Lv‡`ï `jv (Bolus) ‰Zwi K‡i Ges MjatKi‡Y mvnvh¨ K‡i|

3.1.2 ivmvqwbK cwicvK gyLMnŸ‡i ïaygvÎ kK©iv RvZxq Lv‡`¨i ivmvqwbK cwicvK nq, †cÖvwUb ev Pwe© RvZxq Lv‡`¨i cwicvK nq bv| jvjvi‡mi m¨vwjfvix A¨vgvB‡jR (Uvqvwjb) GbRvBg ivbœv Kiv ÷v‡P©i cwjm¨vKvivBW‡K `ªeYxq myMvi g¨v‡ëvR Ges †W·wUªb bvgK WvBm¨vKvivB‡W cwiYZ K‡i| Uvqvwjb ivbœv Kiv ÷v‡P©i Dci wμqv Ki‡Z mÿg KviY ivbœv cÖwμqv ÷v‡P©i AcvP¨ †mjy‡jvR AveiY‡K P~Y© K‡i †`q| M¨vw÷ªK i‡mi HCl GwmW Øviv bó bv nIqv ch©šÍ Uvqvwjb GbRvB‡gi Kvh©KvwiZv cvK¯’jx‡ZI P‡j|

3.2 cvK¯’jxi wewfbœ As‡k cwicvK (Digestion in stomach) gyLweei †_‡K Lv`¨e¯‘ Abœbvwji gva¨‡g cvK¯’jx‡Z Av‡m| cvK¯’jx GKwU _wjm`„k †cwkeûj A½ Gi 3wU Ask- KvwW©qv, dvb&Wvm, cvB‡jvivm| cvK¯’wji cÖvPx‡i cÖPzi M¨vw÷ªK MÖwš’ _v‡K| M¨vw÷ªK MÖwš’ GK ai‡bi bjvKvi MÖwš’ Ges Pvi ai‡bi †Kvl Øviv MwVZ| cÖ‡Z¨K cÖKvi †Kv‡li ÿiY Avjv`v Avjv`v| mw¤§wjZfv‡e M¨vw÷ªK MÖwš’i im‡K M¨vw÷ªK im (gastric juice) e‡j| GKRb c~Y©eq¯‹ gvbyl w`‡b cÖvq 2 wjUvi M¨vw÷ªK im ˆZwi K‡i| cvK¯’wj‡ZI Lv`¨e¯‘i hvwš¿K I ivmvqwbK cwicvK msNwUZ nq|

gvbe kvixiZË¡ : cwicvK I †kvlY

3.2.1 hvwš¿K cwicvK hLb Lv`¨ cÖ_‡g cvK¯’wj‡Z cÖ‡ek K‡i ZLb Zvi cvB‡jvwiK wùsUvi †ckx¸wj msKzwPZ nq| Zvi d‡j Lv`¨ nRg bv nIqv ch©šÍ cvK¯’wj †_‡K †ewi‡q †h‡Z cv‡i bv| Zvici gv‡S gv‡S Zv GKUz GKUz †Lj I wKQz wKQz nRg nIqv Lv`¨ †ewi‡q P‡j hvq wWI‡Wbv‡g| h_vmg‡q ax‡i ax‡i cvK¯’wj Lvwj n‡q hvq-Z‡e KZÿY c‡i Zv Lvwj n‡e, Zv wbf©i K‡i Lv`¨ MÖn‡Yi cwigv‡Yi Ici I wK RvZxq Lv`¨ MÖnY Kiv n‡q‡Q Zvi Ici| GB nRg nevi mg‡qi g‡a¨ gv‡S gv‡S †cwi÷¨vjwmm cÖwμqv Pj‡Z _v‡K, Zvi d‡j Lv`¨ m¤ú~Y© bovPov K‡i cvK¯’jxi wbtmi‡Yi m‡½ fvjfv‡e wg‡k hvq| GBfv‡e Lv`¨ GKwU KvBg& (Chyme) bvgK Aa©tZij c`v‡_© cwiYZ nq| cvK¯’jx n‡Z ÿwiZ wgDwmb GB KvBg&‡K wcw”Qj Ki‡Z mvnvh¨ K‡i|

3.2.2 ivmvqwbK cwicvK Lv`¨e¯‘ cvK¯’jx‡Z †cuŠQv‡bvi ci M¨vmwUªb (gastrin) bvgK ni‡gv‡bi cÖfv‡e M¨vw÷ªK MÖwš’ †_‡K cv‡Kim (gastric juice) ÿwiZ nq| cvPKim Zxeª A¤øxq (p H 0.9  1.5) nvjKv e‡Y©i Zij c`v_©| cvPKi‡mi cwicvKmswkøó cÖavb Dcv`vb¸‡jv n‡jvÑ nvB‡Wªv‡K¬vwiK A¨vwmW (HCl) , wgDwmb (mucin) Ges GbRvBgmg~n| - HCl cvK¯’jxi g‡a¨ AbyK‚j pH gvÎv (1.2 1.5) eRvq iv‡L| HCl wbw®Œq †ccwm‡bv‡Rb‡K mwμq †ccwm‡b iƒcvšÍwiZ K‡i| cvK¯’jxi g‡a¨ AvMZ wewfbœ ai‡bi AYyRxe aŸsm K‡i| - wgDwmb Lv`¨e¯‘‡K wcw”Qj K‡i Ges cvK¯’jxi cÖvPxi‡K GbRvB‡gi ÿwZKi wμqv †_‡K myiÿv K‡i| - cvK¯’wj‡Z wbtmwiZ GbRvBg¸‡jvi g‡a¨ i‡q‡Q †ccwmb, wR‡jwU‡bR, †iwbb I jvB‡cR| †ccwmb †cÖvwUb‡K †f‡½ †cÖvwUIR I †cc‡Uv‡b cwiYZ K‡i| wR‡jwU‡bR wR‡jwUb‡K †f‡½ †cc‡Uvb I cwj‡ccUvB‡W cwiYZ K‡i| †iwbb `y‡ai †Kwmb‡K Ca  Gi Dcw¯’wZ‡Z †f‡½ c¨viv‡Kwm‡b cwiYZ K‡i| jvB‡cR GbRvB‡gi cÖfv‡e AwZ AígvÎvq Pwe© wewkøó nq| - cvK¯’jx‡Z Lv`¨ cwicvK n‡q Aa©Zij KvBg (chyme) G cwiYZ nq| KvBg Aí Aí K‡i cvK¯’jx †_‡K wWI‡Wbv‡g cÖ‡ek K‡i|

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3.2.3 cwicvK MÖwš’i KvR (Function of digestive gland) †cŠwóKbvjxi Av‡kcv‡k Aew¯’Z †h me MÖwš’ Zv‡ì wbtm„Z im †cŠwóKbvjxi †Kvb wbw`©ó As‡k †cÖiY K‡i cÖZ¨ÿ ev c‡ivÿfv‡e cwicv‡K AskMÖnY K‡i, Zv‡ì cwicvK MÖwš’ e‡j| gvby‡li wZb ai‡bi cwicvK MÖwš’ †`Lv hvq- jvjvMÖwš’, hK…Z I AMœ¨vkq | wb‡¤œ hK…Z I AMœ¨vk‡qi f‚wgKv Av‡jvPbv Kiv nj: hK…Z (liver): GwU gvbe‡`‡ni e„nËg cywóMÖwš’ Ges Wvqvd«v‡gi wVK wb‡P D`‡ii A‡bKLvwb Ask Ry‡o AvovAvwofv‡e I wKQzUv Wvb w`‡K †Nu‡l Ae¯’vb K‡i| Gi is jvj‡P L‡qwi| gvby‡li hK…‡Zi Wvb w`‡Ki AskwU eo Ges GwU Wvbw`‡Ki cuvR‡ii Aw¯’i mv‡_ †j‡M Ae¯’vb K‡i| Acic‡ÿ evgw`‡Ki LÛvskwU †QvU I μgk miæ n‡q Dc‡ii w`‡K ga¨”Q`vi Kv‡Q mgvß nq| d‡j gvby‡li hK…Z †`L‡Z wKQzUv wÎ‡KvYvKvi| GB MÖwš’ eûmsL¨K LÛvsk ev †jvweD‡j (Lobule) wef³| cÖwZUv †jvweD‡j GKUv †K›`ªxq wkiv‡K †eób K‡i eû msL¨K hK…Z †Kvl e„ËvKv‡i Ae¯’vb K‡i| cÖwZwU †jvweD‡j eûmsL¨K wcËbvjx I i³bvjx _v‡K| wcËbvjx¸‡jv wgwjZ n‡q cÖ_‡g Wvb I evg †ncvwUK bvjx ev hK…Z bvjx MwVZ nq| c‡i Wvb I evg †ncvwUK bvjxØq wgwjZ n‡q GKwU mvaviY hK…Z bvjx (Common hepatic duct) MwVZ nq| hK…Z i³ †_‡K wbDwUª‡q›U‡K ivmvqwbKfv‡e eënvi‡hvM¨ e¯‘‡Z cwieZ©b K‡i Ges cÖ‡qvRb bv nIqv ch©šÍ Rgv iv‡L| GQvov, hK…Z wewfbœ wecvKxq, gRy`, ÿiY KvR mn †iPb KvRI m¤úv`b K‡i| hK…‡Zi KvR GZ e¨vcK †h G‡K ˆRe imvqbvMvi (organic laboratory) wn‡m‡e AvL¨vwqZ Kiv nq|

3.3 hK…‡Zi mÂqx Ges wecvKxq f‚wgKv (Role of storage and metabolic function of liver) 3.3.1 hK…‡Zi mÂq m¤ú„³ KvR (Storage function of liver): MøvB‡Kv‡Rb mÂq: hK…Z †`‡ni cÖavb mÂq †K›`ª| ÿz`ªvš¿ †_‡K †ncvwUK †cvU©vj wkivi gva¨‡g Møy‡KvR hK…‡Z Av‡m| i‡³ Møy‡Kv‡Ri cwigvY †ewk n‡j j¨v½vin¨v‡Ýi ØxccyÄ †_‡K m„ó Bbmywj‡bi mnvqZvq hK…Z AwZwi³ Møy‡KvR‡K MøvB‡Kv‡Rb wn‡m‡e Rgv iv‡L| Møy‡KvR Gi MøvB‡Kv‡R‡b iƒcvšÍi‡K MøvB‡Kv‡R‡bwmm (glycogenesis) e‡j| hK…‡Z cÖvq 100 MÖvg MøvB‡Kv‡Rb Rgv _v‡K| †`‡ni cÖ‡qvRb Abymv‡i MøvB‡Kv‡Rb Avevi Møy‡Kv‡R cwiewZ©Z n‡Z cv‡i| Pwe© I A¨vwg‡bv GwmW mÂq: †h kK©iv †`‡n e¨eüZ n‡Z cv‡i bv, wKsev MøvB‡Kv‡Rb wn‡m‡e mwÂZ _v‡K bv, hK…Z †mB AwZwi³ Møy‡KvR‡K Pwe©‡Z cwiYZ K‡i mwÂZ iv‡L| hK…Z A¨vwg‡bv GwmW‡KI gRy` iv‡L| †`‡ni cÖ‡qvR‡b Pwe© Ges A¨vwg‡bv GwmW e¨envi‡hvM¨ Møy‡Kv‡R cwiewZ©Z nq| wfUvwgb I wgbv‡ij mÂq: hK…Z Pwe©`vª e¨ wfUvwgbmg~n (A, D, E, K) mÂq K‡i| ZvQvov wKQz cwigvY wb‡KvwUwbK GwmW (B12) Ges dwjK GwmWI mÂq K‡i| †jvwnZ i³KwYKvi fv½‡b m„ó wn‡gv‡Møvweb hK…‡Zi Kvcdvi †Kv‡li (kuppffer cell) gva¨‡g wng (haem) I †Møvweb (globin) G cwiYZ nq| wng Gi †jŠn Ask †dwiwUb (ferritin) wn‡m‡e mwÂZ _v‡K| Lv`¨ †_‡K wKQz Gw›UA¨vwbwgK d¨v±iI mÂq K‡i|

gvbe kvixiZË¡ : cwicvK I †kvlY

3.3.2 hK…‡Zi wecvK m¤ú„³ KvR (Metabolic function of liver): hK…Z ˆRe †hŠM †_‡K A¨vwg‡bv GwmW AcmviY K‡i| hK…Z ÿqcÖvß wUmy¨ †Kvl (†cÖvwUb) †_‡K BDwiqv ˆZwi K‡i, Ges wWA¨vgvB‡bkb cÖwμqvi gva¨‡g AwZwi³ A¨vwg‡bv GwmW †_‡K A¨vwg‡bv MÖæc (-NH2) c„_K K‡i Ges BDwiqvq cwiYZ K‡i| Acwinvh© A¨vwg‡bv GwmWmn wKQz A¨vwg‡bv GwmW ms‡køl K‡i| M¨vjvK‡UvR Ges d«z‡±vR‡K Møy‡Kv‡R cwieZ©b K‡i| d¨vwU Gwm‡Wi Aw·‡Wmb m¤úv`b K‡i| hK…Z jvB‡cv‡cÖvwUb, †Kv‡j‡÷ij, Ges dm‡dvwjwcW (cøvRgv‡gg‡eª‡bi AZ¨vek¨Kxq Dcv`vb) Drcv`b K‡i| kK©iv Ges †cÖvwUb‡K Pwe©‡Z cwieZ©b K‡i| K¨v‡ivwUb †_‡K wfUvwgb-G ms‡køl K‡i| e¨vK‡Uwiqv Ges Ab¨vb¨ †ivMRxevYy (pathogens) hK…‡Zi mvBbym‡q‡W Kvcdvi †Kvl Øviv i³ †_‡K AcmvwiZ nq| GKB mv‡_ RxevYy Øviv m„ó Uw·b hK…‡Zi †ncv‡UvmvBU †Kvl Øviv cwiewZ©Z n‡q Kg ÿwZKviK c`v‡_© cwiYZ n‡q †`n †_‡K AcmvwiZ nq|

3.4 AMœ¨vkq (Pancreas) AMœ¨vkq j¤^v‡U AvK…wZi †Mvjvcx-a~mi e‡Y©i big gvsmj GKwU MÖwš’| GwU Dì MnŸ‡i cvK¯’jxi †cQ‡b, WzÏ‡Wbvg I cøxnvi mgvšÍiv‡j, cðvr Dìxq cÖvPxi eivei AbycÖ¯’fv‡e Aew¯’Z, Ges ˆ`‡N¨© cÖvq 12-15 †mw›UwgUvi (5-6 BwÂ)| AMœ¨vkq cÖK…Zc‡ÿ GKwU wgkÖMªwš’| KviY, G‡Z Abvj (AšÍtÿiv) I mbvj (ewntÿiv) Dfq cÖKvi †Kvl _v‡K| AMœ¨vk‡qi bvjxwewkó Askmg~n‡K A¨vmvBbvm (Acini) e‡j| Gme A¨vmvBbvm †_‡K cwicv‡K AskMªnYKvix wZb ai‡bi Dr‡mPK wbtm„Z n‡q AMœ¨vkq bvjxi gva¨‡g wWI‡Wbv‡g cÖ‡ek K‡i| wWI‡Wbv‡g Db¥y³ nevi wVK Av‡M mvaviY wcËbvjx Ges AMœ¨vkq bvjx wgwjZ nq I GKUv mvaviY wcË AMœ¨vkq bvjx MVb K‡i| c‡i GB bvjx GKUv ùxwZ ev G¤úyjvi gva¨‡g wWI‡Wbv‡g Db¥y³ nq| GB ùxZ AÂj‡K G¤úyjv Ae f¨vUvi (Ampulla of Vater) e‡j|

RxeweÁvb wØZxq cÎ

mbvj MÖwš’i im‡K AMœ¨vkq im (pancreatic juice) e‡j| AMœ¨vkq im ÿvixq (alkaline) | AMœ¨vkq im cÖvq 15wU GbRvBg aviY K‡i, hv A¨vmvBbvi †Kv‡li G‡ÛvcøvmwgK †iwUKz¨jvg mshy³ ivB‡ev‡mvg Ges MjwR e¯‘‡Z ms‡køl n‡q RvB‡gv‡Rb (zymogen) `vbv wn‡m‡e mvB‡UvcøvR‡g gRy` _v‡K| A¨vmvBbvi †Kvl cwicvK m¤ú„³ wewfbœ ai‡bi GbRvBg ˆZwi K‡i, h_v-jvB‡cR, GgvB‡jR, wUªcwm‡bv‡Rb, KvB‡gvwUªcwm‡bv‡Rb, Ges †cÖvKve©w·‡ccUvB‡WR| GbRvBg¸‡jv mwμq Ae¯’vq h_vμ‡g wjwcW, kK©iv Ges †cÖvwUb Lv`¨‡K cwicvK K‡i| wjwcW cwicv‡K AMœ¨vkq i‡mi f~wgKv: AMœ¨vkq i‡m d¨vU cwicvKKvix Dr‡mPK c¨vbwμ‡qwUK jvB‡cR _v‡K| d¨v‡Ui cwicvK cÖavbZ c¨vbwμ‡qwUK jvB‡cR ØvivB m¤ú~Y© nq| c¨vbwμ‡qwUK jvB‡cR ÿvixq gva¨‡g (pH-8 ) wμqv K‡i| GwU UªvBwMømvivBW‡K Av`ª© we‡køwlZ K‡i WvBwMømvivB‡W cwiYZ K‡i| WvB-wMømvivBW g‡bv-wMømvivB‡W cwiYZ nq Ges cybivq c¨vbwμ‡qwUK jvB‡cR Øviv Av`ª© we‡køwlZ n‡q d¨vwU GwmW I wMømvi‡j cwiYZ nq| AMœ¨vkq i‡m Aew¯’Z Dr‡mPK dm‡dvjvB‡cR †jwmw_b I †mdvwjb-†K d¨vwU GwmW I jvB‡mv‡mdvwj‡b cwiYZ K‡i| AMœ¨vkq i‡m Aew¯’Z Dr‡mPK †Kv‡j‡÷ij G÷v‡iR †Kv‡j‡÷ij G÷vi‡K d¨vwU GwmW I gy³ †Kv‡j‡÷i‡j cwiYZ K‡i| kK©iv cwicv‡K AMœ¨vkq i‡mi f‚wgKv: AMœ¨vkq i‡mi A¨gvB‡jR I Ab¨vb¨ A¨vgvB‡jwUK Dr†mPK mij †k¦Zmvi‡K WvBm¨vKvivBW †k¦Zmvi I Myø‡Kv‡R cwiYZ K‡i| Avwgl cwicv‡K AMœ¨vkq i‡mi f‚wgKv: AMœ¨vkq i‡m Avwgl cwicvKKvix GbRvBg Kve©w·‡ccUvB‡WR, wbw®Œq wUªcwm‡bv‡Rb I KvB‡gvwUªcwm‡bv‡Rb _v‡K| hv †Kwmb †cÖvwUb‡K c¨viv‡Kwm‡b, cwj‡ccUvBW Ges Bjvw÷b I †Kvjv‡Rb‡K ÿy`ªZi †ccUvB‡W cwiYZ K‡i| wkÿv_x©i KvR: †kÖwYK‡ÿ wkÿv_x©iv cwicvK mswkøó Kv‡R AMœ¨vkq n‡Z ÿwiZ GbRvBg mg~‡ni GKwU ZvwjKv cÖ¯‘Z Ki‡e|

3.5 cwicv‡K ¯œvvqyZš¿ I ni‡gv‡bi f‚wgKv cwicvK GKwU kvixie„Ëxq cÖwμqv hv hvwš¿K I ivmvqwbK wμqvKjv‡ci gva¨‡g m¤úbœ nq| cwicvKbvjxi wewfbœ As‡ki hvwš¿K wμqvKjvc Ges cwicvK bvjx I cwicvK MÖwš’ wbtm„Z wewfbœ GbRvB‡gi ÿiY wbqš¿Y g~jZ ¯œvqyZ‡š¿i n¯Í‡ÿc I ni‡gv‡bi cÖfv‡e N‡U _v‡K| cwicvK bvjx I cwicvK MÖwš’ wbtm„Z GbRvBg I ivmvqwbK c`v_©‡K GK‡Î ÔM¨vw÷ªK RymÕ ejv nq| M¨vw÷ªK Rym wbtmi‡Y ¯œvqyZš¿ I ni‡gvb Df‡qB mgwš^Z fv‡e ¸iæZ¡c~Y© f‚wgKv cvjb K‡i| 3.5.1 cwicv‡K ¯œvqyZ‡š¿i f‚wgKv Avgiv ÿzav jvM‡jB Lvevi LvB, wKš‘ Lv`¨ cwicv‡Ki Rb¨ Avgv‡ì wPšÍv Kivi ev evwn¨K †Kvb wb‡`©kbv †`qvi cÖ‡qvRb c‡o bv| Gi KviY nj Avgv‡ì ¯^qswμq ¯œvqyZš¿ wb‡Ri ZvwM‡`B cwicvKZ‡š¿i bvbvwea KvR m¤úbœ K‡i| ¯^qswμq ¯œvqyZš¿ wbqwš¿Z cwicvK Kvh©vejx¸‡jv nj jvjMÖwš’ †_‡K jvjv wbtmiY, cwicvK bvjx‡Z Lv`ë¯‘i Pjb ev c¨vwi÷¨vjwmm wbqšY, cvK¯’jx‡Z M¨vw÷ªK GwmW Drcv`b, wùsUvi Db¥y³ I eÜ Kiv, cwicvKMÖwš’i ni‡gvb wbtmiY Ges d¨vU AvKv‡i kix‡i kw³i mÂq Kiv|

gvbe kvixiZË¡ : cwicvK I †kvlY

wmgc¨v‡_wUK ¯œvqyZš¿ Ges c¨vivwmgc¨v‡_wUK ¯œvqyZš¿ ¯^qswμq ¯œvqyZ‡š¿i AšÍM©Z| c¨vivwmgc¨v‡_wUK ¯œvqyZš¿ cwicvK bvjx‡Z i³cÖevn evwo‡q cwicvK‡K Z¡ivwš^Z K‡i| GQvov cÖvšÍxq ¯œvqyZš¿ jvjvMÖwš’i wbtmiY, Lv`¨e¯‘i MwZ, cwicvK Ges cywó Dcv`vb †kvl‡Y mvnvh¨ K‡i| gw¯Í‡®‹i ewn©gyLx ¯œvqy¸‡jv †ckx ms‡KvP‡bi gva¨‡g cwicvK bvjx‡Z Lv`¨ MjatKi‡b mvnvh¨ K‡i| GQvov cvK¯’jx Ges AMœ¨vkq‡K wcËim Drcv`‡b mvnvh¨ K‡i| Mjwej, cvK¯’jx, ÿz`ªvš¿ Ges e„n`v‡š¿i †`qv‡ji/Mv‡Î Ae¯’vbKvix AšÍ©gyLx ¯œvqy¸‡jv Gme A½vYyi ga¨ w`‡q Lvevi Mg‡bi Rb¨ cÖmvi‡b mvnvh¨ K‡i| GQvov AšÍ©gyLx ¯œvqy¸‡jv Ggb GK ai‡bi c`v_© wbtmiY K‡i hv Lv`¨e¯‘i MwZ‡K e„w× ev gš’i K‡i Ges cwicvKKvix A½vYy †_‡K cvPK im wbtmi‡Y mvnvh¨ K‡i| AšÍ©gyLx ¯œvqy¸‡jv cwicvKbvjxi Af¨všÍixY Kvh©Kjvc wbqš¿Y K‡i `yB ai‡bi ¯œvqy mgwói gva¨‡g| gv‡q‡›UwiK ¯œvqy mgwó cwicvKbvjx AšÍM© v‡Îi gm„b †ckxi ms‡KvPb cÖmvib NwU‡q †cwi÷vjwmm cÖwμqv wbqš¿Y K‡i| Avevi mvewgD‡Kvmvj ¯œvqy mgwó mvewgD‡Kvmv ¯Í‡ii ÿiY wbqš¿Y K‡i| cÿvšÍ‡i ewn©tgyLx ¯œvqymgwó wmgc¨v‡_wUK I c¨vivwmgc¨v‡_wUK kvLv †_‡K m„wó nq| wmgc¨v‡_wUK ewn©tgyLx ¯œvqy ÿiY gvÎv †cwk ms‡KvPb‡K `gb K‡i Ges wùsUvi eÜ K‡i †`q| Avevi c¨vivwmgc¨v‡_wUK ewntgyLx ¯œvqy wVK Gi wecixZ KvR¸‡jv K‡i| †fMvm ¯œvqy †ewkifvM c¨vivwmgc¨v‡_wUK Kvh©Kjvc‡K wbqš¿Y K‡i|

3.6 cwicv‡K ni‡gv‡bi f‚wgKv cwicvK mswkøó ¸iæZ¡c~Y© ni‡gvb †h¸‡jv cwicvKZ‡š¿i Kvh©vejx wbqš¿Y K‡i †m¸‡jv cvK¯’jx Ges ÿz`ªv‡š¿i wgD‡Kvmv Z¡‡Ki †Kvl¸‡jv Øviv Drcvw`Z Ges wbtm„Z nq| GB ni‡gvb¸‡jv cwicvKbvjxi i‡³ gy³ ev wbtm„Z nq, ürwc‡Û cwievwnZ nq Ges agbxi gva¨‡g cybivq cwicvKZ‡š¿ wd‡i Av‡m| Gici ni‡gvb¸‡jv cvPK im‡K wbw`©ó A‡½i w`‡K cwievwnZ nIqvi Rb¨ DÏxwcZ K‡i| cwicvK wbqš¿bKvix ni‡gvb¸‡jv n‡jv M¨vw÷ªb, wm‡μwUb Ges †Kv‡jwm‡÷vKvBwbb| M¨vw÷ªb cvK¯’jx‡K Lvevi `ªexf‚Z Ges cwicvK Kivi Rb¨ GwmW ˆZwi‡Z mvnvh¨ K‡i| cvK¯’jx, ÿz`ªvš¿ Ges †Kvj‡bi bvjxMv‡Îi ¯^vfvweK e„w×i Rb¨I M¨vw÷ªb cÖ‡qvRb| evBKve©‡bU mg„× cvPK im AMœ¨vk‡q †cÖiY Kivi Rb¨ wm‡μwUb mvnvh¨ K‡i| Bnv cvK¯’jx‡K †cÖvwUb cwicvKKvix †ccwmb GbRvBg Drcv`‡b mwμq K‡i GQvovI hK…Z‡K D‡ËwRZ/DÏxwcZ K‡i wcËim ÿi‡Yi Rb¨| AMœ¨vk‡qi ¯^vfvweK e„w× Ges AMœ¨vkq i‡mi GbRvBg Drcv`‡b †Kv‡jwm‡÷vKvBwbb mvnvh¨ K‡i Ges wcË_jx‡K duvKv K‡i|

3.7 ÿz`ªv‡š¿ Lv`¨ `ª‡e¨i cwicvK I †kvlY cvK¯’wji cvB‡jvivm Ask †_‡K e„n`‡š¿i c~e© ch©šÍ we¯Í…Z bjvKvi Ask n‡jv ÿz`ªvš¿| ÿz`ªvš¿ Lv`¨ cwicvK I †kvl‡Y ¸iæZ¡c~Y© f‚wgKv cvjb K‡i|

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3.7.1 ÿz`ªv‡š¿ Lv`¨`ª‡eï cwicvK (Digetion of food in the small intestine): Lv‡`ï †ewki fvM Ask ÿz`ªv‡š¿ cwicvK nq| cvK¯’jx †_‡K KvBg wWI‡Wbv‡g cÖ‡e‡ki ci hK…‡Z m„ó Ges wcË_wj‡Z RgvK…Z wcËim (bile) Ges AMœ¨vk‡qi AMœ¨vkq im (pancratic juice) mvaviY wcËbvwji gva¨‡g wWI‡Wbv‡g G‡m Lv‡`ï mv‡_ wgwkÖZ nq| ÿz`ªv‡š¿i cÖvPx‡ii Avwš¿K MÖwš’ ev wμÞ Ae wjeviKz¨b (intestinal gland or crypts of Lieberkuhn) MÖwš’ †_‡K Avwš¿K im ev mv°vm G‡›UwiKvm (succus entericus or intestinal juice) ˆZwi nq| cÖK…Zc‡ÿ wμÞ Gi †Mvovi w`‡Ki †Kvl¸‡jv G im ˆZwi K‡i| Avwš¿K im jeY I cvwbmg„×, †Kvb GbRvBg _v‡K bv| GB im cwicv‡Ki wewfbœ ivmvqwbK wewμqv m¤úv`‡bi Rb¨ cÖ‡qvRbxq cvwb mieivn K‡i| Avwš¿K i‡m †Kvb GbRvBg bv _vK‡jI wμÞ Ae wjeviKz¨b Gi c¨v‡b_ †Kvl (paneth cell) cwicv‡Ki Rb¨ GbRvBg ˆZwi K‡i| GB †Kvl¸‡jvI ˆZwii ciciB μgvš^‡q wfjv‡mi kxl©‡`‡k m‡i hvq, Ges †Kv‡li Af¨šÍ‡iB wKsev Aš¿ cÖvPx‡ii wbKUeZx© ¯’v‡bB cwicvK wμqv m¤úbœ K‡i| Z‡e †Kvb †Kvb mgq †Kvl †d‡U wM‡q GbRvBg gy³ n‡j Zv †Kv‡li Pvicv‡k we`¨gvb Lv`ë¯‘‡K cwicvK K‡i| eZ©gv‡b A‡š¿i GbRvBg‡K †gg‡eªb GbRvBg I (membrane enzyme) ejv nq| wWI‡Wbv‡gi wKQz wUDey¨jvi MÖwš’ mvewgD‡Kvmv ¯Í‡i †cuŠ‡Q| G‡ì‡K wWI‡Wbvj mvewgD‡Kvmvj MÖwš’ ev eªæbvm© MÖwš’ (duodenal submucosal gland or Brunner’s gland) ejv nq| GB MÖwš’ †_‡K ÿvixq wgDKvm ˆZwi nq| GQvov ÿz`vª ‡š¿i me©ÎB Me‡jU †Kvl (goblet cell) we`¨gvb hviv wgDKvm ˆZwi K‡i| Dfq MÖwš’i ÿiY ÿz`ªv‡š¿i cÖvPxi‡K GbRvB‡gi Kvh©KvwiZv †_‡K iÿv K‡i|

3.7.2 ÿz`ªv‡š¿ Lv`¨ `ª‡e¨i †kvlY (Absorption of food): nR‡gi d‡j A`ªeYxq RwUj Lv`¨e¯‘ `ªeYxq Lv`¨mv‡i cwiYZ nq hv AwZ mn‡RB Lv`¨bvwji cÖvPx‡ii †Kvl Øviv †kvwlZ nq| cÖvq 90% †kvlY ÿz`vª ‡š¿ N‡U| mvgvb¨ cwigvY cvK¯’jx‡Z, Ges Aewkó e„n`v‡š¿| ÿz`vª ‡š¿i AšÍtcÖvPxi Lv`¨mvi †kvl‡Yi Rb¨ h_vh_fv‡e Awf‡hvwRZ| AšÍtcÖvPx‡ii fuv‡R bovPovq mÿg wfjvB _v‡K|

gvbe kvixiZË¡ : cwicvK I †kvlY

wfjvm MVbKvix Gwc‡_wjqvj †Kv‡li cøvRgv‡gg‡eªb Øviv gvB‡μvwfjvB (microvilli) bvgK AvYyexÿwYK Awf‡ÿc m„wó K‡i| 70 †KwR IR‡bi GKRb gvby‡li ÿz`ªv‡š¿ M‡o cÖvq 100 eM©wgUvi †kvlY AÂj _v‡K| ÿz`ªv‡š¿ Kv‡ev©nvB‡WªU, †cÖvwUb I wjwcW RvZxq Lv‡`ï †kvlY cÖwμqv wb‡¤œv³fv‡e msMwVZ nqÑ Kv‡e©vnvB‡WªU ev kK©iv Lv‡`ï †kvlY: ÿz`ªv‡š¿i †RRybvg As‡ki wfjvB cÖvPx‡ii †Kvl¯Íi kK©iv RvZxq Lv‡`ï †kvl‡Y AskMÖnY K‡i| cvuP Kve©bhy³ kK©iv (RvB‡jvR, g¨v‡bvR, A¨vivwe‡bvR cÖf„wZ) cvwb‡Z `ªexf~Z Ae¯’vq †kvwlZ nq| Møy‡KvR, M¨vjvK‡UvR cÖf„wZ Na+ I ATP mn‡hv‡M mwμq †kvlY c×wZ‡Z †kvwlZ nq| d«z‡±v‡Ri †kvl‡Y ATP eëüZ nq bv| 0-200 †mjwmqvj ZvcgvÎvq M¨vjvK‡UvR I d«z‡±vR ax‡i ax‡i †kvwlZ nq| †cÖvwUb (Avwgl) Lv‡`ï †kvlY: ÿz`ªv‡š¿i wWI‡Wbv‡g I †RRybv‡gi wfjvB-cÖvPx‡ii †Kvl¯Íi †cÖvwUb Lv‡`ï †kvl‡Y AskMÖnY K‡i| A¨vgvB‡bv A¨vwmW cÖavbZ mwμq c×wZ‡Z (GbRvBg I ATP mn‡hv‡M) †kvwlZ nq| Z‡e wfbœ wfbœ A¨vgvB‡bv GwmW †kvl‡Yi Rb¨ wfbœ wfbœ evn‡Ki cÖ‡qvRb nq| wfUvwgb B6, g¨v½vwbR I †mvwWqvg Avqb A¨vgvB‡bv A¨vwmW †kvl‡Y ¸iæZ¡c~Y© f~wgKv cvjb K‡i| Aw·‡R‡bi Afve NU‡j †kvl‡Yi nvi D‡jøL‡hvM¨ nv‡i K‡g hvq| D-A¨vgvB‡bv A¨vwmW e¨vcb cÖwμqvq †kvwlZ nq| wc‡bvmvB‡Uvwmm cÖwμqvq †Kvj÷ªv‡g (kvj`ya) Aew¯’Z A¨vjeywgb I †MøvweDwjb †kvwlZ nq| wjwcW ev †¯œn Lv‡`ï †kvlY : ÿz`ªv‡š¿i wWI‡Wbvg I Bwjqvg wjwcW Lv‡`ï †kvl‡Y AskMÖnY K‡i| wMømvij cvwb‡Z `ªve¨ e‡j mivmwi Aš¿-AveiYxi †Kvl †f` K‡i †cvU©vj wkivi i‡³ cÖ‡ek K‡i| Ab¨w`‡K d¨vwU A¨vwmW, g‡bvwMømvivBW WvB wMømvivBW cÖf„wZ wcËje‡Yi mv‡_ hy³ n‡q wg‡kj bvgK ÿz`ª †mœnKYv MV‡b Ask †bq| †Kv‡l wMømv‡ivKvB‡bR GbRvB‡gi mnvqZvq wMømv‡ivdm‡dU Ges d¨vwU A¨vwmW _v‡qvKvB‡bR GbRvB‡gi mnvqZvq mwμq d¨vwU A¨vwm‡W cwiYZ nq| Giv hy³ n‡q UªvBwMømvivBW MVb K‡i| UªvBwMømvivBW Qvov †Kv‡li g‡a¨ wKQy cwigvY dm‡dvwjwcWI ms‡køwlZ nq| Gici UªvBwMømvivB&W, dm‡dvwjwcW, †cÖvwUb I †Kv‡j‡÷ij hy³ n‡q ÿz`ª KvB‡jvgvBμb KYvi m„wó K‡i| G¸‡jv †Kvlc`©v AwZμg K‡i wfjvB‡qi jwmKvev‡n cÖ‡ek K‡i|

3.7.3 e„n`v‡š¿ Lv`¨ cwicvK (Large intestine absorption of food): ÿz`ªv‡š¿i cieZx© †gvUv bjvK…wZ Ask‡K e„n`vš¿ e‡j| GwU cÖvq 2 wgUvi j¤^v I 3wU As‡k wef³| wmKvgt e„n`v‡š¿i cÖ_g Ask Ges †`L‡Z eÜ _wji gZ| Gi ˆ`N©¨ 6 †m.wg.| Gi wb¤œcÖv‡šÍ A¨v‡cbwW· (Appendix) bvgK bjvKvi eÜ _‡j Av‡Q| c~Y©v½ gvby‡l A¨v‡cbwW· wbw®Œq A½ wn‡m‡e Ae¯’vb K‡i| †Kvjb: wmKv‡gi cieZx© Ask Ges 4 fv‡M wef³, h_v EaŸ©Mvgx †Kvjb (ascending colon), AbycÖ¯’ †Kvjb (transverse colon) wb¤œMvgx †Kvjb (descending colon), wmMg‡qW †Kvjb (Sigmoid colon). †iKUvgt e„n`v‡š¿i me©‡kl Ask, †iKUvg ev gjvk‡qi †klcÖv‡šÍ †ckx wbqwš¿Z gjØvi ev cvqywQ`ª _v‡K| e„n`v‡š¿ gj ˆZix nq, cvwb †kvwlZ nq Ges Lv`¨vs‡ki MuvRb I cPb N‡U | e„n`v‡š¿ Ae¯’vbKvix

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e¨vK‡Uwiqv dwjK GwmW, wfUvwgb †K Ges we Kg‡cø· mn wKQz msL¨vK wfUvwgb‡K ms‡køl K‡i| gjvkq cvqy wQ`ªc‡_ evB‡i Db¥y³| cvqy `ywU wùs÷v‡i Ave× GKwU ewnt¯’ I GKwU AšÍt¯’ w¯‹sUvi| AšÍt¯’wU gm„Y †ckx‡Z MwVZ Ges A‰bw”QKfv‡e msKzwPZ nq, wKš‘ ewnt¯’wU wPwýZ †ckx‡Z MwVZ Ges ÁvZmv‡i wbqwš¿Z nq| cyiæl‡`i †ÿ‡Î cvqyi Pviw`‡K †jvg _v‡K wKš‘ gwnjv‡`i †ÿ‡Î Abycw¯’Z|

3.8 e¨envwiK cixÿvi bvg: hK…Z, AMœ¨vkq, cvK¯’jx I ÿz`ªv‡š¿i Aby‡”Q` (section) Gi ¯’vqx ¯øvBW ch©‡eÿY I mbv³KiY| cÖ‡qvRbxq DcKiY: hK…Z, AMœ¨vkq, cvK¯’jx I ÿz`ªv‡š¿i ¯’vqx ¯øvBW Ges GKwU AYyexÿYhš¿| Kvh©c×wZ: hK…Z, AMœ¨vkq, cvK¯’jx I ÿz`ªv‡š¿i ¯’vqx ¯øvBW¸‡jv AYyexÿY h‡š¿ ¯’vcb Ki‡Z n‡e Ges ch©‡eÿY Ki‡Z n‡e| ch©‡eÿY: fv‡jvfv‡e ch©‡eÿY Ki‡j wb‡¤œi ˆewkó¨¸‡jv †`Lv hvqÑ

hK…‡Zi Aby‡”Q` (Microscopic section of liver) kbv³Kvix ˆewkó¨ 1. †hvRK Kjv wbwg©Z AmsL¨ ÿz`ª ÿz`ª ‡jvweD‡ji mgš^‡q MwVZ| 2. cÖwZwU †jvweDj cÖvq eûf~RvKvi Ges my¯úó wbDwK¬qvm wewkó †ncvwUK †Kvl Dcw¯’Z| 3. †jvweD‡ji †K‡›`ª †K›`ªxq wkiv (†ncvwUK wkiv) we`¨gvb| 4. ‡jvweD‡ji gv‡S i³ PjvP‡ji Rb¨ mvBbym‡qW bvgK duvKv ¯’vb Av‡Q|

wPÎ: 3.5: hK…‡Zi Aby‡”Q` (Ask we‡kl)

AMœ¨vk‡qi Aby‡”Q` (Microscopic section of vertebrate pancreas) kbv³Kvix ˆewkó¨ 1. wbtmªvex †Kv‡li mgš^‡q MwVZ I †K›`ªxq MnŸihy³ AmsL¨ †jvweDj ev A¨vwmbvm Dcw¯’Z| 2. †jvweD‡ji duv‡K duv‡K ‡hvRK Kjv †`Lv hvq| 3. ‡jvweD‡ji duv‡K duv‡K AvB‡jUm& Ae j¨v½vin¨vÝ bvgK †Kvl¸”Q Aew¯’Z| 4. ‡Kvl¸‡jvi g‡a¨ i³ bvjx AMœ¨vkq bvjx Dcw¯’Z|

gvbe kvixiZË¡ : cwicvK I †kvlY

wPÎ: 3.6: AMœ¨vk‡qi Aby‡”Q` (Ask we‡kl) cvK¯’jxi cÖ¯’‡”Q` (T.S. of vertebrate stomach) kbv³Kvix ˆewkó¨ 1. cÖvPxi †m‡ivmv, †ckx¯Íi, mvewgD‡Kvmv, gvmwKDjvwim wgD‡Kvmv Ges wgD‡Kvmv bvgK cuvPwU ¯Í‡i wef³| 2. mvewgD‡Kvmv A¨vwiIjvi †hvRK Kjvq wbwg©Z Ges i³bvjx, ¯œvvqy cÖf„wZ aviY K‡i| 3. wgD‡Kvmv ¯Íi †_‡K iƒMx bvgK KZ¸‡jv †QvU †QvU Awf‡ÿc †ei n‡q‡Q| 4. wgD‡Kvmvq M¨vw÷ªK MÖwš’ †`Lv hvq|

wPÎ: 3.7: cvK¯’jxi cÖ¯’‡”Q` (Ask we‡kl)

ÿz`ªv‡š¿i cÖ¯’‡”Q` ( T.S. of Vertebrate small intestine) kbv³Kvix ˆewkó¨ 1. cÖvPxi †m‡ivmv, †ckx¯Íi , mvewgD‡Kvmv, gvmwKDjvwim wgD‡Kvmv Ges wgD‡Kvmv bvgK cuvPwU ¯Í‡i wef³| 2. mvewgD‡Kvmv A¨vwiIjvi †hvRKKjvq wbwg©Z Ges i³bvjx, ¯œvvqy cÖf„wZ aviY K‡i| 3. wgD‡Kvmv ¯Íi wfjvB bvgK AvOy‡ji gZ KZ¸‡jv Awf‡ÿc _v‡K| 4. wgD‡Kvmv‡Z Me‡jU I †kvlYÿg †Kvl †`Lv hvq|

RxeweÁvb wØZxq cÎ

wPÎ: 3.8: ÿz`ªv‡š¿i cÖ¯’‡”Q` (Ask we‡kl)

3.9 ¯~’jZvi aviYv, KviY I cÖwZ‡iva 3.9.1 ¯’’~jZvi aviYv (Concept of obesity) kix‡ii gvÎvwZwi³ †g` ev Pwe© Rgvi Kvi‡Y IRb e„w× nIqv‡KB ¯’’~jZv ev AwZwi³ IRb ejv n‡q _v‡K| GwU kix‡ii Rb¨ GKwU gvivZ¡K SzuwKi welq| ¯~’jZv‡K GKmgq ïaygvÎ D”P Av‡qi †`k¸‡jvi mgm¨v wn‡m‡e aiv nZ| wKš‘ mf¨Zvi AMÖMwZi mv‡_ mv‡_ ga¨ Avq I wb¤œ Av‡qi †`‡ki gvby‡li gv‡S GB mgm¨v μ‡gB e„w× cv‡”Q| knivÂ‡j Gi cÖfve GKUz †ewk †`Lv hvq| IRb e„w×‡K `ywU fv‡M fvM Kiv hvq| cÖ_gZ AwZwi³ IRb Ges wØZxqZ ¯’’~jZv| Body Mass Index (BMI) wbY©‡qi gva¨‡g GKRb gvbyl‡K GB †kÖwYwefv‡M †djv hvq| BMI †¯‹‡j hv‡ì gvb 25 †_‡K 30 Gi gv‡S Zv‡ì ÒAwZwi³ IRbÓ kvLvq †djv nq Avi hv‡ì BMI 30 Gi †ekx Zv‡ì‡K Ò¯’‚jÓ wefv‡M †djv nq| BMI wbY©‡qi Dcvq nj kix‡ii IRb‡K (Kg GK‡K) D”PZvi (Meter GK‡K) eM© w`‡q fvM Kiv| hw` GB Bb‡W· 18.5 †_‡K 25 Gi gv‡S _v‡K Zvn‡j Zv‡K ¯^vfvweK IRb wn‡m‡e aiv nq| Z‡e 18.5 Gi wb‡P †b‡g †M‡j Zv ÒKg IRbÓ †kÖwY wn‡m‡e aiv nq| Avgiv Lye mn‡RB wb‡R‡ì IRb I D”PZv wbY©q K‡i Rv‡b wb‡Z cvwi Avgv‡ì IRb †Kvb †kÖwYi AšÍfz©³| wek¦¯^v¯’¨ ms¯’vi Z_¨g‡Z, eZ©gv‡b cÖwZ wZbRb cÖvß eq¯‹ gvby‡li gv‡S GKRb gvbyl ÒAwZwi³ IRbÓ mgm¨vq f‚M‡Qb| Ab¨w`‡K cÖwZ 10 Rb gvby‡li gv‡S GKRb gvbyl Ò¯’‚jZviÓ mgm¨vq f‚M‡Qb| GQvovI cuvP eQ‡ii Kg eqm Ggb wkï‡ì gv‡S hviv AwZwi³ IR‡bi AwaKvix Zv‡ì msL¨v 20 wgwjqb|

gvbe kvixiZË¡ : cwicvK I †kvlY

Avgv‡ì †R‡b ivLv ìKvi †h AwZwi³ IRb ev ¯’‚jZvi Kvi‡Y nvU© GUv±, †÷ªvK, Wvqv‡ewUK, Aw÷I Av_©ªvBwUm mn wewfbœ ai‡bi KvÝvi nIqvi I AvksKv _v‡K| A_P Avgiv GB gvivZ¥K mgm¨v wb‡q †gv‡UB wPwšÍZ bB| hLb Avgv‡ì IRb e„w× †c‡Z _v‡K ZLb Zv wbqš¿‡Yi †Póv Kwi bv| wKš‘ GK mgq hLb Zv cÖKU AvKvi aviY K‡i ZLb Zv ¯^v¯’¨ mgm¨v wn‡m‡e cÖKvk cvq| 3.9.2 ¯’~j ’ Zvi Kvi‡Y (Resume of Obesity) Awbqwš¿Z Lv`¨MÖnY: Pwe© mg„× Lv`¨ †ewk cwigv‡b MÖnb, AwZgvÎvq wPwbhy³ Lv`¨ MÖnb Kiv BZ¨vw` ¯’‚jZvi Ab¨Zg KviY| †ewk LvIqv QvovI AviI wKQz e¨vcvi Av‡Q hv Avgv‡ì mv‡_ kÎæZv K‡i IRb wbqš¿‡b Avbvi †ÿÎ| †hgbÑ

d¨vU †mj: GUv Avgv‡ì mK‡ji kix‡iB M‡o 30-40 wgwjqb _v‡K, hviv ¯’‚j Zv‡ì _v‡K ¯^vfvwe‡Ki †P‡q wZb¸b †ekx| Avi G¸‡jvi G‡KKUvi mvBRI _v‡K ¯^vfvweK gvby‡li d¨vU †m‡ji †P‡q `yB †_‡K wZb¸b eo| gRvi e¨vcvi nj d¨vU †mj aŸsm nq bv| Wv‡qwUs Ki‡j Giv mvB‡R †QvU n‡q hv‡e wKš‘ aŸsm n‡e bv| AviI Lvivc msev` nj GB †mj¸‡jv Avcwb Wv‡qwUs ïiæ Ki‡jB AbeiZ Avcbvi †eª‡b LvB LvB UvB‡ci †g‡mR cvVv‡Z _v‡K| GB Rb¨B Wv‡qwUs ïiæ Ki‡jB ïay ÿzav jv‡M| wbw`©ó IRb : Avgv‡ì kixi GKUv wcÖwWUvigvBÛ IRb wVK K‡i iv‡L| GB wbw`©ó IRbUv Kvi KZ n‡e †mUv wbf©i K‡i †h mKj wel‡qi Dci Zvi GKUv nj eskMZ, Av‡iKUv nj kix‡ii wecvKxq nvi (Body Metabolic Rate)| kvixwiK ZvcgvÎv wbqš¿‡Y ivLvi Rb¨ Avgv‡ì Avf¨šÍixb K¨v‡jvwii `yB Z…Zxqvsk LiP nq kix‡ii ZvcgvÎv 9.8 wWwMÖ Gi Av‡k cv‡k ivL‡Z| wKQz gvby‡li GB cÖwμqvq †ekx K¨v‡jvwi LiP nq Avevi KviI Kg nq| hv‡ì †ewk LiP nq A_©vr hv‡ì wecvKxq nvi †ewk Zv‡ì‡KB Avgiv †`wL wKš‘ †mB Abyhvqx †gvUv nq bv Avi hv‡ì wecvKxq nvi Kg Zviv Aí †L‡jB †gvUv n‡q hvq| 3.9.3 cÖwZ‡iva (Prevention) AwZwi³ IRb I ¯’‚ j Zv GKwU cÖ w Z‡iva‡hvM¨ ¯^v ¯’ ¨mgm¨v| Wv‡qwUs, cwigvY gZ I myl g K¨v‡jvwi MÖ n Y Ges Ab¨w`‡K †mB K¨v‡jvwi Li‡Pi gva¨‡gB GB ¯^v¯’¨mgm¨vi cÖw ZKvi m¤¢e | Wv‡qwUs: Wv‡qwUs Avi IRb Avevi Av‡Mi ev Zvi †P‡q †ekx K‡i †djv Lye Kgb GKUv e¨vcvi| Gi bvg nj ÔB‡qv B‡qv wmb‡WªvgÕ| Gi cÖavb KviY nj wewÄs ev GK mv‡_ cÖPzi Lvevi †L‡q †djv| †`Lv †M‡Q wewÄs Gi Af¨vm bb Wv‡qUvi‡ì †P‡q Wv‡qUvi‡ì †ekx| A‡bKÿb bv †L‡q †_‡K Wv‡qUviiv hLb †L‡Z e‡m GK mv‡_ A‡bK †L‡q †d‡j| GB Wv‡qU Zvici wewÄs Zvici Avevi Wv‡qU GB PμUvB me‡P‡q ÿwZKviK| Wv‡qwUs Gi mgq Av‡iKUv e¨vcvi †Lqvj Ki‡Z n‡e Zv nj Avcbvi IRb †hb Lye Kg mg‡q Lye †ekx IVv bvgv bv K‡i, KviY kix‡ii IRb Lye †ewk IVv bvgv Ki‡j Body Metabolic Rate K‡g hvq|

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Avi Body Metabolic Rate K‡g †M‡j IRb Kgv‡bv Lye KwVb GKUv e¨vcvi| Zvi gv‡b nj †h me Lvevi †L‡j ev †hfv‡e Lvevi †L‡j IRb `ªæZ K‡g hvq †mUv cwinvi K‡i IRb Kgv‡Z n‡e `xN© mgq a‡i Ges GUv‡K `xN© mgq a‡i ivL‡Z n‡e| Lv`¨ MÖn‡Y m‡PZbZv :Lvevi MÖn‡Yi †ÿ‡Î wb¤œwjwLZ mycvwik¸‡jv jÿ¨ ivLv DwPZ:  cwiwgZ I mylg Lv`¨ MÖn‡Yi gva¨‡g ¯^v¯’¨Ki IRb AR©b Kiv|  Pwe© mg„× Lvevi Kg MÖnY| Pwe© RvZxq Lv`¨ MÖn‡Yi †ÿ‡Î Saturated Fat cwinvi K‡i Unsatured Fat MÖn‡Yi †Póv Kiv|  †ewk gvÎvq dj, mewR, g~j RvZxq Lvevi, `vbv`vi km¨ Ges ev`vg MÖnY Kiv|  AwZgvÎvq wPwbhy³ Lvevi cwinvi|  Lv‡`¨ evowZ jeY bv wb‡q, wbw`©ó gvÎvq mKj ai‡bi Lv`¨ Drm †_‡K jeY MÖnY Kiv| Av‡qvwWb hy³ jeY MÖnY Kiv|

kvwiixK mwμqZvt kix‡i mwÂZ K¨v‡jvwi Li‡Pi me‡P mnR Dcvq nj kvixwiK mwμqZv ev cwikÖg| kvixwiK mwμqZv nj kix‡ii wewfbœ †ckx mÂvjb Gi gva¨‡g KvR Kiv| hvi d‡j kw³ Li‡Pi cÖ‡qvRb nq| hvwš¿K mf¨Zvi weKv‡ki mv‡_ mv‡_ Avgiv we‡kl K‡i hviv knivÂ‡j evm Kwi Zviv ax‡i ax‡i Kg kvixwiK cwikÖ‡gi w`‡K Szu‡K hvw”Q| `xN© mg‡q †Pqvi- †Uwe‡j e‡m KvR, Kw¤úDUvi ev †Uwjwfk‡bi cÖwZ Avmw³, AcÖ‡qvR‡b hvbevnb eënvi Kiv Ges Kg©‡ÿ‡Î h‡š¿i eënvi Avgv‡ì kix‡i mwÂZ K¨v‡jvwii Li‡Pi nvi Kwg‡q w`‡”Q| djkÖwZ‡Z Avgiv hv Lvw”Q Zvi AwaKvsk Ask Ae¨veüZ †_‡K hv‡”Q| hv c‡i †g` AvKv‡i mwÂZ n‡q Avgv‡ì kix‡ii IRb e„w× Ki‡Q| e¨vqvg K¨v‡jvwi LiP Kivi cvkvcvwk Av‡iKUv KvR K‡i Zv nj Body Metabolic Rate evov‡bv| Gi d‡j kix‡ii wcÖwWUvigvBÛ IR‡bi gvÎvUvI †b‡g Av‡m| kvwiixK mwμqZv n‡Z cv‡i †Ljva~jv, KvRKg©, nvuUv, M„n¯’vjx KvR, e¨vqvg ev we‡bv`bg~jK KvR †hLv‡b cwikÖg nq| Aerobix/ A¨v‡ivwe· Ges Strenthening GB `yB cÖKvi e¨vqvg IRb Kgv‡bvi Rb¨ mnvqK| nuvUv, RwMs, †`Šov‡bv, evBmvB‡Kj Pvjv‡bv, `wo jvd, wmuwo w`‡q IVv, †ivwqs †gwkb Pvj‡bv, bvP, wKsev muvZvi KvUv nj wewfbœ ai‡bi A¨v‡ivwe· e¨vqvg| wd« I‡qUm, Bjvw÷K e¨vÛ I wUDe, †gwkb, I‡qU evi w`‡q gvsk †cwki kw³ e„w×i D‡Ï‡k¨ †h e¨vqvg Kiv nq Zv nj Strenthening Exercise . G ai‡bi e¨vqvg †ckxkw³ e„w× Kivi cvkvcvwk kix‡ii Pwe© `~i Ki‡Z mvnvh¨ K‡i| me‡k‡l eje IRb wbqš¿‡Y ivL‡Z PvB‡j †Kvb mswÿß Ges Avivg`vqK c×wZ †bB| Avcbv‡K wKQzUv Nvg Siv‡Z n‡e, Lvevi `vev‡i GKUz wbqg gvb‡Z n‡e Ges g‡b ivL‡Z n‡e, cwikÖ‡gi Afv‡e ¯’‚jZv ev‡o| wkÿv_x©i KvR: wkÿv_x©iv `ywU `‡j wef³ n‡q GKwU `j ¯’’~jZvi 10wU KviY, Ab¨ `jwU ¯’~jZv cÖwZ‡iv‡ai 10wU Dcvq wj‡L †kÖwYK‡ÿ Dc¯’vcb Ki‡e|

gvbe kvixiZË¡ : cwicvK I †kvlY

 GB Aa¨v‡qi cÖavb kãwfwËK mvims‡ÿc  cwicvK : †h ‰Re ivmvqwbK (kvixi e„ Ë xq) cÖ w μqvq gvby ‡li †cŠwóKbvjxi †fZ‡i RwUj,

A`ªeYxq, A‡kvlYxq, Lv`¨ Dcv`vbmg~n wbw`©ó Dr†mPK Ges cÖ vYi‡mi Dcw¯’ wZ‡Z Av`ª© we‡køwlZ n‡q †kvlY‡hvM¨ Ges `ªeYxq, mij Lv`¨mv‡i cwiYZ nq, Zv‡K cwicvK cÖ wμqv     

(Digestion) e‡j| cwicvKMÖwš’ : †cŠwóKbvjxi Av‡kcv‡k Aew¯’Z †h me MÖwš’ Zv‡ì wbtm„Z im †cŠwóKbvjxi †Kvb wbw`©ó As‡k †cÖiY K‡i cÖZ¨ÿ ev c‡ivÿfv‡e cwicv‡K AskMÖnY K‡i, Zv‡ì cwicvK MÖwš’ e‡j| ewntÿiv MÖwš’ : †h me MÖwš’ Zv‡ì wbtm„Z ivmvqwbK im bvwjKvi gva¨v‡g DrcwË¯’‡j ev DrcwË¯’‡ji A`~‡i enb K‡i, †m me MÖwš’‡K ewntÿiv MÖwš’ e‡j| M¨vw÷ªK Rym : cwicvK bvjx I cwicvK MÖwš’ wbtm„Z GbRvBg I ivmvqwbK c`v_©‡K GK‡Î ÔM¨vw÷ªK RymÕ ejv nq| †kvlY : cwicv‡Ki ci Lv`ë¯‘ †h cÖwμqvq cwicvKbvjx †_‡K i³ cÖev‡n cÖ‡ek K‡i Zv‡K Lv‡`ï †kvlY e‡j| ¯’‚jZv : kix‡ii gvÎvwZwi³ †g` ev Pwe© Rgvi Kvi‡Y IRb e„w× nIqv‡KB ¯’’~jZv ev AwZwi³ IRb ejv n‡q _v‡K|

Abykxjbx m„Rbkxj cÖkœ: GKRb wkÿv_x© gvby‡li GKwU †cŠwóKZ‡š¿i g‡Wj wPÎ ch©‡eÿYKv‡j jÿ Kij gyLgÛ‡ji wfbœ wfbœ ¯’v‡b wZb †Rvov MÖwš’ i‡q‡Q| hviv e¨vK‡Uwiqv aŸsmKvix Dcv`vb ÿiY K‡i| AZtci †m wWI‡Wbvg AÂ‡j mshy³ cvZvm`„k GKwU MVb †`L‡Z †cj| K. wμÞ Ae wjeviKz¨b Kx? 1 L. cvKv¯’jx wb‡R nRg nq bv †Kb? 2 M. DÏxc‡K D‡jøwLZ cvZvm`„k MVbwUi †cÖvwUb cwicvK mswkøó Kg©KvÐ e¨vL¨v Ki| 3 N. †`LvI †h, wkÿv_x©i jÿ Kiv gyLgÛ‡ji DwjøwLZ MÖwš’¸‡jvi Ae¯’vb wfbœZv _vK‡jI cwicv‡K G‡`i Kvh©Kjvc Awfbœ| 4 eûwbe©vPwb cÖkœ 1| jvB‡mvRvBg ÿwiZ nq †Kv_v n‡Z? K. AMœ¨vkq M. jvjvMÖwš’

L. cvK¯’jx N. wWI‡Wbvg

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2| †KvbwU‡K wgkÖ MÖwš’ ejv nq? K. hK…Z M. wcUzBUvwi 3| AMœ¨vkq †_‡K ÿwiZ nqÑ i. Bbmywjb ii. MøyKvMb iii. A¨vwWªbvwjb wb‡Pi †KvbwU mwVK?

L. AMœ¨vkq N. c¨viv_vBi‡qW

K. i I ii

L. ii I iii

M. i I iii N. i, ii I iii wb‡Pi wPÎwU jÿ¨ Ki Ges 4 I 5 cÖkœ¸‡jvi DËi `vI: A B

4| A Ask †_‡K wbtm„Z nq? K. A¨vgvB‡jR M. wR‡jwU‡bR

L. †Kv‡j÷ij G÷v‡iR N. dm‡dvjvB‡cR

5| B As‡k †kvwlZ nqÑ i. Møy‡KvR ii. d¨vwU A¨vwmW iii. A¨vwg‡bv A¨vwmW wb‡Pi †KvbwU mwVK? K. i I ii

L. ii I iii

M. i I iii

N. i, ii I iii

PZz_© Aa¨vq

gvbe kvixiZË¡: i³ I msenb HUMAN PHYSIOLOGY: BLOOD AND CIRCULATION cÖvwY‡`‡n wewfbœ cÖKv‡ii wecvKxq Kg©KvÐ msNwUZ nq| Gme wecvKxq Kvh©vewj myôyfv‡e m¤úv`‡bi Rb¨ wewfbœ KuvPvgvj †hgb: Lv`¨, O2, Dr‡mPK, ni‡gvb BZ¨vw` †Kv‡l mieivn cÖ‡qvRb| GKBfv‡e wecvK wμqvi d‡j m„ó eR©¨ c`v_,© †hgb: CO2, A¨v‡gvwbqv BZ¨vw`i AcmviY LyeB cÖ‡qvRb| †h Z‡š¿i gva¨‡g Gme e¯Íyi cwienb m¤úbœ nq Zv‡K msenbZš¿ e‡j| gvby‡li msenbZš¿ `yfv‡M wef³, h_v: i³ msenbZš¿ I jwmKv msenbZš¿|

cÖavb kã (Key Word)  i³ KwYKv  jwmKv  i³ ZÂb  nvU©weU  i³Pvc  †cm‡gKvi

G Aa¨vq cvV †k‡l AvgivÑ  i³ KwYKv I jwmKv m¤ú‡K© eY©bv Ki‡Z cvi‡ev  i³ RgvU evavi KviY e¨vL¨v Ki‡Z cvi‡ev  e¨envwiK : i‡³i KwYKvmg~n kbv³ I wPÎ AsKb Ki‡Z cvi‡ev  ü`wc‡Ði MVb eY©bv Ki‡Z cvi‡ev  nvU©we‡Ui `kvmg~n e¨vL¨v Ki‡Z cvi‡ev  nvU©weU wbqš¿‡Y SA †bvW, AV †bvW Ges cviwKbwR Avu‡ki (Parkinji fibers) f~wgKv e¨vL¨v Ki‡Z cvi‡ev  i³Pvc wbqš¿‡Y e¨v‡ivwiwmÞvi (baro-recptors) Ges AvqZb wiwmÞv‡ii (volume recptors) f~wgKv e¨vL¨v Ki‡Z cvi‡ev  gvbe‡`‡ni i³ msenb c×wZi Zzjbv Ki‡Z cvi‡ev  ü`‡iv‡Mi wewfbœ Ae¯’v I KiYxq e¨vL¨v Ki‡Z cvi‡ev  ü`wc‡Ði ¯^vfvweK i³ mÂvj‡b †cm †gKv‡ii Kvh©μg e¨vL¨v Ki‡Z cvi‡ev  I‡cb nvU© mvR©vwi, K‡ivbvix evBcvm Ges GbwRIcøv‡÷i aviYv e¨vL¨v Ki‡Z cvi‡ev|

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4.1 i³ I jwmKv (Blood and lymph) gvby‡li msenb cÖwμqv `ywU Z‡š¿i mgš^‡qi gva¨‡g cwiPvwjZ nq, i³msenbZš¿, jwmKv msenbZš¿, i³ I jwmKv GB `yB msenb cÖwμqvi cÖavb Ask|

4.1.1 i³ (Blood) i³bvjxmg~‡ni ga¨ w`‡q cÖevngvb jvje‡Y©i Zij †hvRK Kjv‡K i³ e‡j| gvby‡li mviv‡`‡n i‡³i 1

cwigvY n‡jv †`‡ni †gvU IR‡bi evi fv‡Mi GK fvM (12 )|i‡³i Dcv`vb `ywU| h_v: i³im (Plasma) Ges i³KwYKv (Blood corpuscles)|

i³im (Plasma) : i³im Clr njy` e‡Y©i, ¯^”Q I g„`y ÿvixq GK ai‡bi Zij c`v_©| G‡Z 91% cvwb Ges fvmgvb ev `ªexf~Z 9% wewfbœ ai‡bi e¯‘ i‡q‡Q| i‡³i cÖvq 55% Ask i³im| i³KwYKv (Blood corpuscles): i³i‡mi g‡a¨ Qov‡bv wewfbœ ai‡bi †Kvl‡K i³KwYKv e‡j| i‡³i 45% Ask n‡jv i³KwYKv| i³ KwYKvmg~n g~jZ : wZb ai‡bi| h_v: K) †jvwnZ i³KwYKv (R.B.C/Red Blood Corpuscle ev Erythrocytes) L) †k¦Z i³KwYKv (W.B.C/ White Blood Corpuscle / Leucocytes) M) AbyPwμKv (Platelets or Thrombocytes) †jvwnZ i³KwYKv (Erythro = jvj, cyte = KwYKv ev †Kvl) : gvby‡li i‡³i cwiYZ †jvwnZ KwYKv †MvjvKvi, wØ-AeZj I PvK&wZi b¨vq| Mo e¨vm 7Ñ8  , cÖvšÍ‡`k 3.2  Ges †K›`ªxq AÂj 1  cyiæ c~Y© eq¯‹ cyiæ‡l cÖwZ Nb wg.wj-G 50 jÿ Ges c~Y© eq¯‹ ¯¿x‡`‡n 45 jÿ| wewfbœ kvixwiK Ae¯’vq G msL¨vi ZviZg¨ N‡U, †hgb: e¨vqvg I Mf©ve¯’vq KwYKvi msL¨v †ewk nq| cÖwZ Nb wgwj wjUvi i‡³ †jvwnZ KwYKvi msL¨v 50 j‡ÿi †P‡q 25% Kg n‡j i³¯^íZv †`Lv †`q| åƒYve¯’vq hK…Z, cøxnv Ges _vBgvm †_‡K †jvwnZ i³KwYKv Drcbœ nq| Z‡e R‡b¥i ci cÖavbZ †jvwnZ Aw¯’g¾vi wn‡gvmvB‡Uveøv÷ (Haemocytoblast) †_‡K Drcbœ nq| gvbyl mn me ¯Íb¨cvqx‡Z R.B.C wbDwK¬qvmwenxb| Z‡e hLb Aw¯’g¾vq †jvwnZ KwYKv MwVZ nq ZLb G †Kv‡l wbDwK¬qvm _v‡K| G mgq †jvwnZ KwYKv‡K BivB‡_ªveøv÷ e‡j| i³‡mªv ‡Z cÖ‡e‡ki ci BivB‡_ªveøv‡÷i wbDwK¬qvm †f‡½ cwiYZ BivB‡_ªvmvB‡U cwiYZ nq| e„‡°i †Møv‡giæjvm †_‡K Drcbœ Gwi‡_ªv‡cv‡qwUb (Erythropoitin) bvgK ni‡gvb m¤¢eZ †jvwnZ i³KwYKv ˆZwi K‡i|

gvbe kvixiZË¡: i³ I msenb

†jvwnZ i³ KwYKvq cvwb I wn‡gv‡Møvweb (Hb) QvovI wewfbœ cÖKvi ˆRe I A‰Re Dcv`vb we`¨gvb| wn‡gv‡Møvweb †jvwnZ KwYKvi mvB‡UvcøvRg¯’ GK ai‡bi †jŠnNwUZ †cÖvwUb RvZxq iÄK c`v_©| cÖwZwU wn‡gv‡Møvweb AYyi `ywU Ask i‡q‡Q GKwU wng (4%) bvgK †jŠn aviYKvix wcM‡g›U Ges Ab¨wU †Møvweb (96%) bvgK cwj‡ccUvBW †cÖvwUb| KwYKv¸‡jvi e¨vcK Dcw¯’wZi Rb¨ i‡³i is Mvp jvj nq| my¯’ †`‡n cÖwZ 100 wg.wj. i‡³ 15 MÖvg wn‡gv‡Møvweb i‡q‡Q| cyiæ‡l wn‡gv‡Møvwe‡bi cwigvY 1418 MÖvg Ges ¯¿x‡Z 12-16 MÖvg| i‡³ wn‡gv‡Møvwe‡bi NbZ¡ ¯^vfvwe‡Ki †P‡q †ewk n‡j G Ae¯’v‡K cwjmvB‡_wgqv e‡j| G‡`i †jvwnZ i³ KwYKvq Mo Avqy 120 w`b| Gici Giv hK…Z ev cøxnvi g‡a¨ aŸsmcÖvß nq| †`‡n cÖwZ N›Uvq 10 wewjqb †jvwnZ KwYKv aŸsm nq Ges mgmsL¨vq ‰Zwi nq| †mLv‡b GwU cwiewZ©Z n‡q wewjiæweb Ges wewjfviwWb bvgK wcËiÄK (Bile pigments) ˆZwi K‡i| †jvwnZ i³KwYKv dzmdzm †_‡K †`n‡Kv‡l O2 cwienb K‡i Ges wb®‹vk‡bi Rb¨ CO2 †K Kjv †_‡K dzmdz‡m enb K‡i wb‡q hvq| wn‡gv‡Møvweb evdvi wn‡m‡e A¤øÿv‡ii mgZv eRvq ivL‡Z mnvqZv K‡i| Gw›U‡Rb aviY Kiv I i‡³i MÖæc wba©viY Ki‡ZI †jvwnZ i³ KwYKv mvnvh¨ K‡i|

†k¦Z i³KwYKv (Leucocytes ; Leuco = †k¦Z / mv`v, Cyte = KwYKv / †Kvl ) : †k¦Z i³KwYKvq AwbqZvKvi Ges R.B.C A‡cÿv eo| G‡ì e¨vm 0.02 wgwjwgUvi ch©šÍ nq|†jvwnZ Aw¯’g¾v, cøxnv I jwmKvMÖwš’ BZ¨vw` n‡Z Drcbœ nq| Giv wbDwK¬qvmhy³| wbDwK¬qvm cÖ_‡g †Mvj ev wW¤^vKvi nq wKš‘ eqm evovi mv‡_ mv‡_ e„°vKvi ev Ak¦LyivKvi aviY K‡i| wbDwK¬qvm mvB‡UvcøvR‡gi Pv‡c GK cÖv‡šÍ Ae¯’vb K‡i| †k¦Z i³KwYKv wbDwK¬I‡cÖvwUb mg„× Ges MøvB‡Kv‡Rb, wjwcW, †Kv‡j‡÷ij, wjwcW, A¨vmKiweK GwmW I wewfbœ †cÖvwUIjvBwUK GbRvBg enb K‡i| Giv wn‡gv‡Møvwebwenxb| gvbe‡`‡n cÖwZ Nb wgwjwgUvi i‡³ G‡ì msL¨v 5Ñ8 nvRvi (M‡o 7500)| wkï I Amy¯’ gvbe‡`‡n G‡ì msL¨v †e‡o hvq| †jvwnZ I †k¦Z i³KwYKvi AbycvZ 700 : 1| GL‡bv mwVK Avqy®‹vj Rvbv hvqwb| Z‡e aviYv Kiv nq Giv 5-10 w`b euv‡P| mvB‡UvcøvR‡g `vbvi (granule) Dcw¯’wZi Dci wfwË K‡i †k¦Z i³KwYKv‡K cÖavbZ `yfv‡M fvM Kiv hvq| h_v:K) `vbv`vi †k¦ZKwYKv (Granulocyte) L) A`vbv`vi †k¦Z KwYKv (Agranulocyte) |

`vbv`vi †k¦ZKwYKv (Granulocyte or Polymorphonuclear Leucocyte) :G ai‡bi †k¦Z KwYKvi `yB ev AwaK †jvehy³ eo wbDwK¬qvm _v‡K Ges mvB‡UvcøvR‡g ÿz`ª ÿz`ª `vbv _v‡K| G KwYKv¸‡jv Aw¯’g¾v †_‡K ˆZwi nq| iÄK aviY ÿgZv I wbDwK¬qv‡mi AvK…wZ Abymv‡i Giv Avevi 3 cÖKvi|

B‡qvwm‡bvwdj (Eosionophil) : Giv A¤øxq iÄK avib K‡i Ges G‡`i e¨vm 10Ñ12  | G‡`i wbDwK¬qvm 2Ñ3 LÛK wewkó| mg¯Í wjD‡KvmvB‡Ui 3% nj BIwm‡bvwdj| GB †Kvl wbtm„Z wn÷vwgb †`‡ni †ivM cÖwZ‡iva ÿgZv e„w× K‡i|

RxeweÁvb wØZxq cÎ

wbD‡Uªvwdj (Neutrophil) : (Neutral = wbi‡cÿ, phil = AvKwl©Z) Giv wbi‡cÿ iÄK aviY K‡i Ges G‡ì e¨vm 10Ñ12  | G‡ì wbDwK¬qv‡m 2Ñ5 LÐK (mvaviYZ 3 ) _v‡K| AcwiYZ wbD‡Uªvwd‡j Ak¦ÿzivK…wZi ALÛvwqZ wbDwK¬qvm _v‡K| G‡ì msL¨v wjD‡KvmvB‡Ui 66%| wbD‡Uªvwdj AYyRxe, we‡kl K‡i e¨vK‡Uwiqv aŸs‡mi gva¨‡g †`n‡K †ivM RxevYy †_‡K iÿv K‡i| †e‡mvwdj (Basophil) : (Base = ÿvi, Phil = AvKwl©Z) Giv ÿvixq iÄ‡K iwÄZ nq Ges G‡ì e¨vm 8Ñ10  | wbDwK¬qvm e„° m`„k| wjD‡KvmvB‡Ui gvÎ 1% n‡jv †e‡mvwdj| GB †Kvl wbtm„Z wn÷vwgb Ges †ncvwib h_vμ‡g †`‡ni †ivM cÖwZ‡iva ÿgZv e„w×‡Z mnvqZv K‡i Ges i³ evwnKvi †fZi i³ RgvU euva‡Z euvav †`q|

A`vbv`vi †k¦ZKwYKv (Agranulocyte or Mononuclear Leucocyte) : †MvjvK…wZi, e„nr wbDwK¬qvmhy³ Ges `vbvwenxb mvB‡UvcøvRghy³ †k¦Z KwYKv¸‡jv‡K A`vbv`vi †k¦ZKwYKv e‡j| wjç‡bvW, Ubwmj, cøxnv BZ¨vw` A½ †_‡K Giv m„wó nq| mvB‡UvcøvR‡gi cwigvY I wbDwK¬qv‡mi MVb‡f‡` A¨vMÖvby‡jvmvBU `yB cÖKvi| h_v t g‡bvmvBU (Monocyte) : G‡ì e¨vm 16Ñ18  | wbDwK¬qvm e„‡°i gZ A_ev Ak¦ÿzivK…wZi| G‡ì mvB‡UvcøvR‡gi cwigvY †ewk _v‡K| cÖwZ Nb wgwjwgUvi i‡³ G‡ì msL¨v 100 Ñ 600 ( 3 Ñ 7%)| d¨vv‡MvmvB‡Uvwmm c×wZ‡Z Giv †ivM RxevYy aŸsm K‡i †`‡n †ivM cÖwZ‡iva K‡i| G‡ì mvaviYZ rubbish collecting cell’ e‡j|

wj‡çvmvBU (Lymphocyte) : G‡`i e¨vm 7.5  | wbDwK¬qvm eo I †MvjvKvi, ZvB mvB‡UvcøvR‡gi cwigvY Kg| A¨w›UewW ˆZwi K‡i Ges e¨vK‡Uwiqv I fvBivm‡K †`‡n cÖ‡e‡ki c~‡e©B AvμgY K‡i|

gvbe kvixiZË¡: i³ I msenb

AbyPwμKv (Thrombocytes ev platelets) : Giv AZ¨šÍ ÿz`ª, †MvjvKvi A_ev wW¤^vKvi, PvKwZ m`„k| G‡ì Mo e¨vm 2 Ñ4  m| Aw¯’g¾vi †gMvK¨vwiImvBU (Megakaryocytes) †Kvl †f‡½ AbyPwμKv m„wó nq| G‡ì †Kvb wbDwK¬qvm _v‡K bv ZvB Giv DNA wenxb| G‡ì mvB‡UvcøvR‡g mwμq GbRvBg I gvB‡UvKwÐªqv _v‡K| AbyPwμKvq †cÖvwUb I cÖPzi cwigv‡Y †mdvwjb bvgK dm‡dvwjwcW _v‡K| cªwZ Nb wgwjwjUvi i‡³ G‡ì msL¨v 1.5 Ñ 4 jÿ| Z‡e Amy¯’ †`‡n G‡ì msL¨v Av‡iv †ekx nq| G‡ì RxebKvj 5Ñ9 w`b| cieZ©x‡Z Giv hK…Z I cøxnvq aŸsmcÖvß nq| AbyPwμKv i³ RgvU euva‡Z, ÿwZMÖ¯’ i³RvwjKv †givgZ Ki‡Z I i³cvZ e‡Üi Rb¨ i³bvjx‡K msKzwPZ Ki‡Z mvnvh¨ K‡i| AbyPwμKvq we`¨gvb GKwU ms‡KvPbagx© †cÖvwUb _ª‡¤^vm‡_wbb (Thrombosthenin) RgvUe× i³ †_‡K wmivg c„_KxKiY cÖwμqvq Ask †bq| 4.1.2 jwmKv (Lymph) jwmKv GK cÖKvi nvjKv njy` e‡Y©i ÿvixq Zij †hvRK Kjv| GwU GK cÖKvi cwiewZ©Z Kjvim| i³‡mªvZ †_‡KB jwmKvi DrcwË nq| i³Rvj‡Ki cvZjv cÖvPxi †f` K‡i i‡³i Zij Ask †Kvl gaëZ©x ¯’v‡b mwÂZ nq Ges jwmKvq cwiYZ nq| Gi Dcv`vb A‡bKUv i‡³i gZ, Z‡e G‡Z †cÖvwU‡bi cwigvY i³i‡mi Zzjbvq Kg _v‡K| jwmKvq dvBweª‡bv‡R‡bi cwigvY Lye Kg _v‡K| jwmKvq †KejgvÎ ÿz`ª wj‡çvmvBU (7  5 ) †Kvl _v‡K|

Dcevm _vKvKvjxb mg‡q †_vivwmK Wv‡±i jwmKv ¯^”Q, Clr njy` eY© aviY K‡i| wKšÍy d¨vU hy³ Lv`¨ †L‡j jwmKv `y»er †`Lvq| jwmKv e¨vcb cÖwμqvq jwmKv bvwj‡Z cÖ‡ek K‡i| cÖvšÍxq ev cwiaxq eÜ jwmKvbvjx¸‡jv Lye my²| G¸‡jvi cÖvPxi G‡Ûv‡_wjqvg †Kvl Øviv MwVZ| Giƒc m~² jwmKvbvjx¸‡jv ci¯úi wgwjZ n‡q μgš^‡q e„n`vKvi jwmKvbvjx MVb K‡i| jwmKvbvjx¸‡jv jwmKvMÖwš’I mv‡_ mshy³ nq| jwmKvMÖwš’ AwZμg K‡i jwmKvbvjx AviI eo nq| cwi‡k‡l Wvb jwmKvbvjx I evg

RxeweÁvb wØZxq cÎ

jwmKvbvjx bv‡g `ywU e„nr jwmKvbvjx MVb K‡i| GB bvjx `ywU h_vμ‡g Wvb I evg mveK¬¨vwfqvb wkivq G‡m wgwjZ nq| jwmKvbvjxi ¯’v‡b ¯’v‡b wjç‡bvW (Lymph node) Ae¯’vb K‡i| G‡`i g‡a¨ wjç‡qW Kjv w`‡q ˆZwi KZ¸‡jv †jvweDj Ges Uªv‡eKzwj w`‡q †Niv †QvU †QvU KzVwi _v‡K| jwmKvi Dcv`vb¸‡jv‡K 2 fv‡M fvM Kiv hvq-

K) †Kvlhy³ Dcv`vb : jwmKvq cÖavbZ †k¦Z i³KwYKvi wj‡çvmvBU _v‡K| KLbI KLbI Aí cwigvY †jvwnZ i³ KwYKvI _vK‡Z cv‡i wKš‘ AYyPwμKv †Kv‡bv mgqB †`L‡Z cvIqv hvq bv| wjç †bv‡Wi ewngy©Lx jwmKvev‡n cÖwZ wKDweK wgwjwgUv‡i cÖvq 500-75,000 wj‡çvmvBU †`L‡Z cvIqv hvq| †Kvlwenxb Dcv`vb : Rjxq Ask 94% I KwVb Ask 6%| KwVb As‡ki g‡a¨ i‡q‡QÑ†cÖvwUb-(24.5%), †mœn c`v_© (5-15%), kK©iv (120-130 mg), A‡cÖvwUb bvB‡Uªv‡Rb hy³ c`v_©, A‰Re c`v_©, GbRvBg, A¨w›UewW BZ¨vw`| †`‡ni †h AÂ‡j i³ †cuŠQv‡Z cv‡i bv jwmKv †mLv‡b cywó I O 2 mieivn K‡i Gis AwZwi³ Kjvim I wecvKRvZ `ªe¨ Acmvi‡Yi gva¨‡g Kjvi‡mi Dcv`vb I cwigvY w¯’wZkxj iv‡L| GQvov jwmKv AvšÍt‡Kvlxq ¯’vb †_‡K †cÖvwUb‡K cybivq i‡³ †cÖiY K‡i| j¨vw±qvj bvjxi gva¨‡g Aš¿ †_‡K Pwe© cwi‡kvl‡Y mnvqZv K‡i| jwmKv ga¨¯’ wj‡çvmvBU Ges g‡bvmvBU †`‡ni cÖwZiÿv Z_v †ivM cÖwZ‡ivax f‚wgKv cvjb K‡i| GQvovi jwmKvbvjx¸‡jv †KvlKjv †_‡K e¨vK‡Uwiqv AcmviY K‡i|

4.2 i³ RgvU evav (Blood clotting) G cÖwμqvq `ªeYxq dvBweª‡bv‡Rb A`ªeYxq dvBweªb Rvj‡K cwiYZ nq Ges i‡³i RgvUe×Zv ˆZwi K‡i| A_©vr i³ RgvU ev i³ZÂb n‡”Q dvBweªb ˆZwiK…Z RvwjKv I i³‡Kvl (cÖavbZ AbyPwμKv) Z_v i³i‡mi mgš^‡q ˆZwi KwVb e¯‘| i³ ZÂb gvbe‡`‡ni ¸iæZ¡c~Y© ˆRewbK wbivcËvg~jK e¨e¯’v| GKwU RwUj cÖwμqv Ges 13wU d¨v±i G‡Z fywgKv iv‡L| G d¨v±‡ii g‡a¨ GK ev GKvwaK d¨v±i Abycw¯’Z _vK‡j i³ RgvU euv‡a bv| G Ae¯’v‡K wn‡gvwdwjqv (Haemophilia) e‡j| PviwU cÖavb d¨v±i : Factor-I : dvBweª‡bv‡Rb (i³i‡m _v‡K), Factor-II : †cÖv_ªw¤^b (i³i‡m _v‡K), Factor-III : _ª‡¤^vcøvw÷b (i³i‡m _v‡K) I Factor-IV : Ca ++ (i³i‡m _v‡K)|

gvbe kvixiZË¡: i³ I msenb

G cÖwμqvq ÿZ¯’v‡bi we`xY© _ª‡¤^vmvBU n‡Z _ª‡¤^vcøvw÷b bvgK GbRvBg wbM©Z nq| _ª‡¤^vcøvw÷b wbw®Œq cøvRgv †cÖvwUb †cÖv_ªw¤^b‡K (Prothrombin) Ca ++ Gi mnvqZvq mwμq _ªw¤^b (Thrombin) bvgK GbRvB‡g cwiYZ K‡i| _ªw¤^b hK…‡Z m„ó Ges cøvRgvq `ªexf~Z dvBweª‡bv‡Rb bvgK e„nr †cÖvwUb AYy‡K dvBweªb bvgK A`ªeYxq †cÖvwU‡b cwiYZ K‡i| GB dvBweªb Rvj‡Ki gZ e¯‘| dvBweªb Rvj‡K †jvwnZ I †k¦ZKwYKv Rwo‡q hvq Ges †KvlRvZ Dcv`vb¸‡jv Ges i‡³i Zij Ask AvU‡K _v‡K| d‡j i³ RgvU †eu‡a hvq| gvby‡li i³ RgvU euvavi ¯^vfvweK mgq 4Ñ5 wgwbU| Z‡e i³ cÖev‡ni mgq †`nvf¨šÍ‡i i³ RgvU euv‡a bv KviY ÿZ¯’v‡b †ei n‡q Avmv i‡³i †ncvwib (Heparin) bvgK Avwgl i‡³i RgvU euvavi cÖwμqv‡K evav †`q| wkÿv_x©i KvR: wkÿv_x©iv i³ RgvU evavi cÖwμqvwU GKwU cÖevn wP‡Îi gva¨‡g Dc¯’vcb Ki‡e|

4.3 eënvwiK cixÿvi bvg: i³ KwYKv mg~‡ni ¯’vqx ¯øvBW ch©‡eÿY| cÖ‡qvRbxq DcKiY: i³ KwYKv mg~‡ni ¯’vqx ¯øvBW Ges GKwU AYyexÿYhš¿| Kvh©c×wZ: i³ KwYKv mg~‡ni ¯’vqx ¯øvBWwU AYyexÿY h‡š¿ ¯’vcb Ki‡Z n‡e Ges ch©‡eÿY Ki‡Z n‡e| ch©‡eÿY: fv‡jvfv‡e ch©‡eÿY Ki‡j wb‡¤œi êwkó¨¸‡jv †`Lv hvqÑ kbv³Kvix êwkó¨ 1. i³i‡m wZb ai‡bi i³KwbKv †hgb †jvwnZ KwYKv, †k¦ZKwYKv I AYyPwμKv i‡q‡Q| 2. †jvwnZ KwYKv †`L‡Z ‡MvjvKvi, wØZj I wbDwK¬qvmwenxb| 3. †k¦Z KwYKv ¸‡jv A‡cÿvK…Z eo, AwbqZvKvi I LwÛZ wbDwK¬qvmhy³| 4. AYyPwμKv wbDwK¬qvmwenxb I AwZÿz`|ª

wPÎ 4.8: gvby‡li i³

4.4 ü`wc‡Ûi MVb (Structure of Heart) i‡³i Aweivg I PμvKvi mÂvj‡bi Rb¨ cÖavbZ: ü`wcÛ (Heart) bvgK GKwU †K›`ªxq A½ cvw¤ús h‡š¿i g‡Zv KvR K‡i| ü`wc‡Ûi ch©vqμwgK ms‡KvPb I cÖmviY i³ mÂvj‡bi PvwjKv kw³iƒ‡c KvR K‡i| ü`wc‡Ûi ms‡KvP‡bi d‡j agbxi gva¨‡g i³ †`‡ni wewfbœ As‡k Qwo‡q c‡o| Avevi ü`wc‡Ûi m¤cÖmvi‡Y †`‡ni wewfbœ AÂj †_‡K wkivi gva¨‡g ü`wc‡Û Rgv nq| Gfv‡eB Ae¨vnZfv‡e msenb Pj‡Z _v‡K| ü`wcÛ eÿMnŸ‡ii A¼xq ga¨‡iLv eivei `yB dzmdz‡mi ga¨¯’‡j †gwWqvw÷bvg (Mediastinum) bvgK MnŸ‡i Ae¯’vb K‡i| GKRb c~Y©eq¯‹ cyiæ‡l ü`wc‡Ûi IRb 280Ñ340 MÖvg| ¯¿x‡Z 230Ñ280 MÖvg| ü`wc‡Ûi IRb †`‡ni IR‡bi mv‡_ m¤úK©hy³| cyiæ‡li †`n IR‡bi 0.43 % Ges ¯¿x‡Z 0.4%|

RxeweÁvb wØZxq cÎ

ü`wcÛ †`L‡Z jvj‡P L‡qix e‡Y©i Ges wÎ‡KvYvKvi| Gi wcQ‡bi ev †Mvovi AskwU cÖk¯’ I D×©gyLx| GB cÖvšÍ‡K †em (Base) e‡j| ü`wc‡Ûi mvg‡bi ev wb‡Pi w`‡Ki μgkt miæ n‡q hvIqv wbgœgyLx cÖvšÍ‡K Apex e‡j| ü`wcÛ KvwW©qvK †ckx ev ü`‡ckx bvgK ms‡KvPb cÖmviYkxj A‰bw”QK †ckx (Involuntary) Øviv MwVZ| G †ckx¸‡jv †`L‡Z bjvKvi, †K›`ª¯’ wbDwK¬qvmevnx| G †ckxMy‡jvi we‡klZ¡ n‡”Q †h, GB †ckxMy‡jv G‡K Ac‡ii mv‡_ GK we‡kl cÖwμqvq hy³ n‡q wmbmvBwUqvg (Sinsitium) MVb K‡i‡Q hvi d‡j GKwU †ckxZš‘‡Z ms‡KvPb cÖmviY m„wó n‡j Zv me‡ckx †Kv‡lB Qwo‡q c‡o| ü`wcÛ GKwU cvZjv wØ¯Íix wSjøx Øviv Ave„Z _v‡K hvi bvg †cwiKvwW©qvg (Pericardium)| ü`wc‡Ûi me‡P‡q evB‡ii AveiYx‡K e‡j Zš‘gq †cwiKvwW©qvg (Fibrous pericardium) Ges ü`wcÛ‡K wN‡i Aew¯’Z AveiY‡K e‡j †mivm †cwiKvwW©qvg

(Serous Pericardium)| †mivm †cwiKvwW©qvg Avevi `y‡Uv ¯Í‡i wef³| evB‡ii w`‡K c¨vivBUvj ¯Íi (Parietal layer) wfZ‡ii w`‡K wf‡mivj ¯Íi (Visceral layer) | `yB ¯Í‡ii gvSLv‡b †cwiKvwW©qvj Zij (Pericardial Fluid) _v‡K hvi d‡j ürwc‡Ûi ms‡KvPb cÖmvi‡Yi mgq `yB ¯Í‡i †Kv‡bv Nl©Y m„wó nq bv | gvby‡li ü`wcÐ 4wU cÖ‡Kv‡ô wef³| Dc‡ii w`‡K `ywU Awj›` (Atrium) I wb‡Pi w`‡K `ywU wbjq (Ventricle)| Wvb w`‡Ki Awj›`‡K Wvb Awj›` (Right Atrium) I evg w`‡KiwU‡K evg Awj›` (Left Atrium) e‡j| Awj›` I wbjqØq h_vμ‡g AvšÍtAwj›` c`©v (Intra atrial septum) Ges AvšÍtwbjq c`©v (Intra ventricular septum) Øviv c„_K _v‡K| Awj›`Øq AvKv‡i Zzjbvg~jKfv‡e †QvU Ges G‡`i cÖvPxi cvZjv| `yB Awj›`Ø‡qi g‡a¨ Wvb Awj›` Zzjbvg~jKfv‡e eo Ges A‡cÿvK…Z cvZjv cÖvPxi Øviv MwVZ| GB cÖ‡Kv‡ôi wfZ‡ii Mv‡q mvB‡bv Awj›` †bvW (Sino-auricular node/S.A node) ev †cm‡gKvi (pace maker) bv‡g GKwU †ckxwcÛ _v‡K| GLvb †_‡K ü`¯ú›`b (Heart beat) ïiæ nq| †Kv‡bv Kvi‡Y †cm& †gKvi A‡K‡Rv n‡q †M‡j ü`h‡š¿i

gvbe kvixiZË¡: i³ I msenb

ÎæwURwbZ Amy¯’Zv †`Lv †`q| wbjqØq A‡cÿvK…Z e„nËi Ges cyiæ cÖvPxi Øviv MwVZ| wbjqØ‡qi AšÍtcÖvPx‡ii Mv‡q c¨vwcjvix †ckx _v‡K| evg wbj‡qi cÖvPxi me©v‡cÿv cyiæ I †ckx eûj Ges kw³kvjx m‡¼vP‡bi Øviv wm‡÷vwgK agbxi gva¨‡g †`‡n O2 mg„× i³ †cÖiY K‡i| Wvb Awj‡›`i cÖvPxi me‡P‡q cvZjv| Awj›` `ywU i³ msMÖnKvix cÖ‡Kvô Ges wbjq `ywU i³ †cÖiYKvix cÖ‡Kvô|

wPÎ: 4.10: ü`wc‡Ûi j¤^‡”Q`

ü`wc‡Ûi Wvb Awj›` I Wvb wbjq Gi g‡a¨ GKwU KcvwUKv ev fvj&f _v‡K hv‡K UªvBKvmwcW (Tricuspid vulve) fvj&f e‡j| evg Awj›` I evg wbj‡qi g‡a¨ _v‡K evBKvmwcW KcvwUKv (Bi-cuspid vulve)| KcvwUKv¸‡jv wbj‡qi c¨vwcjvix †ckxi (Papilary muscle) mv‡_ KW©v †UÛwbi (Corda Tendoni) gva¨‡g hy³ _v‡K| Wvb Awj‡›` DaŸ© I wbgœ gnvwkiv (Superior and Inferior Vena Cava) Db¥y³ nq, hvi gva¨‡g †`n †_‡K CO2 hy³ i³ Wvb Awj‡›` cÖ‡ek K‡i| Wvb wbjq †_‡K dzmdzmxq agbx †ei nq, hvi gva¨‡g GB i³ dzmdz‡m cÖ‡ek K‡i| Wvb wbjq I dzmdzmxq agbxi g‡a¨ GKwU Aa©P›`ªvK…wZi KcvwUKv (Semilunar Vulve) _v‡K hv i³‡K †cQbw`‡K cÖevwnZ n‡Z euvav †`q| evg Awj‡›` dzmdzm †_‡K AvMZ dzmdzmxq wkiv Db¥y³ nq, hvi gva¨‡g dzmdzm †_‡K O2 hy³ i³ evg Awj‡›` cÖ‡ek K‡i| evg wbjq †_‡K gnvagbx †ei nq hvi gva¨‡g mviv kix‡i GB i³ Qwo‡q c‡o| evgwbjq I gnvagbxi g‡a¨ Avi GKwU Aa©P›`ªvK…wZi KcvwUKv (Semilunar Vulve) _v‡K| wkÿv_x©i KvR: wkÿv_x©iv †kÖwYK‡ÿ ü`wc‡Ûi GKwU wPwýZ wPÎ †cv÷vi †ccv‡i A¼b Ki‡e|

RxeweÁvb wØZxq cÎ

4.5 nvU©weU (Heartbeat) ¯^vfvweK Ae¯’vq GKRb cÖvßeq¯‹ gvby‡li ü`wcÛ cÖwZ wgwb‡U 75 evi ¯úw›`Z nq GB ¯ú›`b‡K nvU©weU ev ü`¯ú›`b e‡j| cÖwZ ¯ú›`‡b ü`wcÛ GKevi msKzwPZ I GKevi cÖmvwiZ nq| ü`wc‡Ûi ms‡KvPb‡K wm‡÷vj Ges cÖmviY‡K Wvqv‡÷vj e‡j| GKevi ü`¯ú›`‡b ü`wc‡Ûi g‡a¨ †hme NUbv I cwieZ©b msNwUZ nq cieZ©x ¯ú›`‡b H GKB NUbv GKBfv‡e cybive„wË nq| 4.5.1 nvU©we‡Ui wewfbœ `kv cÖwZ ü`¯ú›`‡b ü`wc‡Ûi g‡a¨ msNwUZ wewfbœ PμvKvi cwieZ©b cybive„wË nIqvi GB NUbv‡K ü`Pμ (Cardiac cycle) e‡j| gvby‡li GKwU ü`Pμ m¤úbœ Ki‡Z ¯^vfvweK Ae¯’vq mgq jv‡M 0.8 †m‡KÛ| A_©vr cÖwZ 0.8 †m‡KÛ mgq AšÍi ü`wc‡Ûi NUbvejx PμvKv‡i AvewZ©Z nq| ¯^vfvweK Ae¯’vq cÖwZwgwb‡U 75 evi ü`¯ú›`b | ü`¯ú›`‡bi Rb¨ ZvB mgq jv‡M 60  75 = 0.8 †m‡KÛ| gvby‡li ü`¯ú›`b ev nvU©we‡Ui wb‡gœv³ PviwU av‡c msNwUZ nq| Awj‡›`i Wvqv‡÷vj (Atrial diastole): G mgq Awj›` `ywU cÖmvwiZ Ae¯’vq _v‡K| G `kvi mgqKvj 0.7 †m‡KÐ| G mgq UªvBKvmwcW Ges evBKvmwcW KcvwUKv eÜ Ges cvj‡gvbvix I A¨vIwU©K KcvwUKv †Lvjv _v‡K| Awj‡›`i cÖmvi‡Yi d‡j †`‡ni wewfbœ Ask †_‡K CO2 mg„× i³ mywcwiqi †fbvK¨vfv Ges Bbwdwiqi †fbvK¨vfv w`‡q Wvb Awj‡›` Ges cvj‡gvbvix wkiv w`‡q dzmdzm †_‡K O2 mg„× i³ evg Awj‡›` cÖ‡ek K‡i| †fbvK¨vfv

cvj‡gvbvix wkiv Awj›` cÖvPx‡ii ms‡KvPb

evg Awj›`

Wvb Awj›`

evg wbjq Wvbwbjq

evBKvmwcW KcvwUKv

UªvBKvmwcW KcvwUKv L

K A¨vIU©v cvj‡gvbvix agbx

†mwgjybvi KcvwUKv

wPÎ 4.12: ü`Pμ (K. Awj‡›`i Wvqv‡÷vj; L. Awj‡›`i wm‡÷vj; M. wbj‡qi wm‡÷vj; N. wbj‡qi Wvqv‡÷vj)

gvbe kvixiZË¡: i³ I msenb

Awj‡›`i wm‡÷vj (Atrial systole) : G mgq Awj›` `yÕwU msKzwPZ Ae¯’vq _v‡K| G `kvi mgqKvj 0.1 †m‡KÛ| UªvBKvmwcW I evBKvmwcW KcvwUKv Db¥³ y Ges cvj‡gvbvix I A¨vIwU©K KcvwUKv eÜ

_v‡K| Awj›` ga¨eZ©x Pvc cv_©‡K¨i R‡b¨ Wvb Awj›` †_‡K CO2 mg„× i³ Wvb wbj‡q Ges evg Awj›` †_‡K O2 mg„× i³ evg wbj‡q cÖ‡ek K‡i| wbj‡qi wm‡÷vj (Ventricular systole) : wbjq`ywU i³c~Y© Ae¯’vq msKzwPZ nq| G `kvi mgqKvj 0.3 †m‡KÛ| UªvBKvmwcW I evBKvmwcW KcvwUKv eÜ Ges cvj‡gvbvix I A¨vIwU©K

KcvwUKv †Lvjv _v‡K| wbjq ga¨eZ©x Pvc e„w× cvq d‡j Wvb wbjq †_‡K CO2 mg„× i³ cvj‡gvbvix agbxi gva¨‡g dzmdz‡m Ges evg wbjq †_‡K O2 mg„× i³ A¨vIU©vi gva¨‡g mviv †`‡n †cÖwiZ nq| wbj‡qi Wvqv‡÷vj (Ventricular diastole) : Gmgq wbjq `ywU wkw_j Ae¯’vq _v‡K| G `kvi mgqKvj 0.5 †m‡KÛ| UªvBKvmwcW I evBKvmwcW KcvwUKv Db¥y³ nq Ges cvj‡gvbvix I A¨vIwU©K KcvwUKv eÜ _v‡K| wbjq ga¨eZ©x Pvc n«vm cvq, d‡j Awj›`-wbjq wQ`ªc‡_ Wvb Awj›` †_‡K CO2 mg„× i³ Wvb wbj‡q Ges evg Awj›` †_‡K O2 mg„× i³ evg wbj‡q cÖ‡ek K‡i| Gfv‡e cÖwZ ¯ú›`‡b ü`wcÐ GKevi msKzwPZ I GKevi cÖmvwiZ n‡Z mgq jv‡M 0.8 †m‡KÛ| d‡j cÖwZ wgwb‡U cÖvß eq¯‹ gvby‡li ü`¯ú›`b nq 75 evi| wkÿv_x©i KvR: wkÿv_x©iv `ywU `‡j wef³ n‡q GKwU `j nvU©we‡Ui wewfbœ `kv¸‡jvi wPwýZ wPÎ LvZvq AvuK‡e Ges Ab¨`jwU †kÖwYK‡ÿ Zv Dc¯’vcb Ki‡e|

4.6 nvU©we‡Ui wbqš¿Y (Control of heartbeat) : ü`wc‡Ûi g‡a¨ we‡kl ai‡bi wKQy MVb †`Lv hvq| hv‡`i gva¨‡g KvwW©qvK Pμ wbqwš¿Z nq| †hgbÑ mvB‡bv Ñ A¨vwUªqvj †bvW (SinoAtrial node or S.A. node), A¨vwUªI Ñ †fw›UªKzjvi †bvW (Atrio-Ventricular node or A.V. node), evÛj Ae wnR& (Bundle of His), cviwK&bwR ZšÍy (Purkinje fibres)

4.6.1 mvB‡bvÑA¨vwUªqvj †bvW (SAN): Giv sinus †bvW bv‡gI cwiwPZ| Giv ü`wc‡Ûi cÖvK…wZK †cm‡gKvi SAN Wvb Awj‡›`i cÖvPx‡i, Wvb Awj›` Ges my‡cwiqi †fbvK¨vfvi wQ‡`ªi ms‡hvM¯’‡j Aew¯’Z Ges A‡UvbwgK ¯œvqyZš¿ †_‡K wKQz ¯œvqycÖvšÍ (neruve endings) mn Aí msL¨K ü`‡cwk dvBevi wb‡q MwVZ| SAN †_‡K m„ó GKwU A¨vKmb c‡Ubwmqvj (action potential) B‡jKwUªK¨vj wmMb¨v‡ji gva¨‡g ür¯ú›`‡bi ïiæ nq| GB A¨vKkb c‡Ubwmqvj Qwo‡q covi (spread) mv‡_ mv‡_ ¯œvqy DÏxcbvi Abyiƒc D‡ËRbvi GKwU †QvU †XD (a wave of excitation) ü`‡cwk eivei AwZμvšÍ nq| Gi d‡j ü`‡cwk Zš‘ msKzwPZ nq| cÖwZwU D‡ËRbvi †XD GLv‡bB m„wó nq Ges cieZx© D‡ËRbv †XD m„wói DÏxcK wn‡m‡e KvR K‡i| ms‡KvPb GKevi ïiæ n‡j Zv ü`‡cwki Zš‘i gva¨‡g mgMÖ Awj‡›`i cÖvPx‡i we¯Í…wZ jvf K‡i Gi d‡j Dfq Awj›` GKB mv‡_ (simultaneously) msKzwPZ nq|

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4.6.2 A¨vwUªIÑ†fw›UªKzjvi †bvW (AVN) : GwU Wvb Awj‡›`i SA. †bvW Gi wb‡Pi w`‡K Aew¯’Z| GwUI iƒcvšÍwiZ ü`‡cwkZš‘ Øviv MwVZ| AVN (Atrio Ventricular Node) Gi MVb SAN Gi Abyiƒc Ges AV bundle bvgK we‡kl †cwk Zš‘¸‡”Qi mv‡_ mshy³| AV bundle Gi gva¨‡g D‡ËRbvi †XD A¨vwUªqv †_‡K †fw›UªK‡j cÖevwnZ nq| SAN †_‡K AVN G D‡ËRbv †XD cwien‡b 0.15 †m‡KÛ †`ix nq| G‡Z eySv hvq †fw›UªKzjvi wm‡÷vj ïiæi c~‡e© A¨vwUªqvj wm‡÷vj m¤ú~Y© nq| GwU S.A. node †_‡K DÏxcbv MÖnY K‡i evÛj Ae& wnR Gi gva¨‡g wbj‡q mÂvwjZ K‡i| GwU msiwÿZ (reserve) †cm †gKvi wnmv‡e KvR K‡i Ges ü`& DÏxcbv m„wó‡ZI f~wgKv iv‡L wKš‘ A‡cÿvK…Z axi MwZ‡Z (cÖwZ wgwb‡U 40Ñ60wU)| S.A. node e¨_© n‡j A.V. node DÏxcbv m„wó K‡i|

4.6.3 cviwKb&wR Zš‘ (Purkinje fibres) : GB Zš‘¸‡jv evÛj Ae wnR (AV †bv‡Wi mv‡_ hy³ cwiewZ©Z ü`‡ckxZš‘ ¸”Q) †_‡K Drcbœ nq Ges AvšÍtwbjq c`©v †_‡K mivmwi c¨vwcjvwi †ckx‡Z we¯Ívi jvf K‡i| AZtci wbj‡qi cvk¦© cÖvPx‡i we`¨gvb mve G‡ÛvKvwW©qvj Rvj‡K G‡m mgvß nq| GB Zš‘¸‡jv wbj‡qi †ckxZš‘i cÖwZwU As‡k AwZ `ªæZ ü` DÏxcbv mÂvwiZ K‡i|GwU cÖwZ wgwb‡U 30Ñ35wU ü` DÏxcbv m„wó‡ZI mÿg|

4.7 i³Pvc I e¨v‡ivwi‡mÞi Ges AvqZb wiwmÞv‡ii f‚wgKv 4.7.1 i³Pvc (Blood pressure) i³bvjxi wfZi w`‡q cÖevngvb i³ bvjxi cÖvPx‡i cvk¦x©qfv‡e †h Pvc m„wó K‡i Zv‡K i³Pvc e‡j| ü`wc‡Ûi we‡klZt wbj‡qi ms‡KvP‡bi d‡jB i³ agbxi ga¨ w`‡q Ae¨vnZfv‡e engvb _v‡K| G mgq agbxi cÖvPx‡i cvk¦x©qfv‡e i³ †h Pvc Av‡ivc K‡i ZvB i³ Pvc| wbj‡qi ms‡KvPb (wm‡÷vj) Ae¯’vq i³Pvc me‡P‡q †ewk _v‡K| G Pvc‡K wm‡÷vwjK Pvc (Systolic pressure) e‡j| cÖvßeq¯‹ GKRb my¯’ gvby‡li Mo wm‡÷vwjK I Wvqv‡÷vwjK i³Pvc h_vμ‡g 110-120 wgwg cvi`Pvc I 70-80 wgwg cvi`Pvc| wbw`©ó eq‡m Ges kvixwiK I gvbwmK Pvcgy³ Ae¯’vq my¯’ kix‡ii gvby‡li i³Pvc GKwU wbw`©ó mxgvi g‡a¨ _v‡K|

gvbe kvixiZË¡: i³ I msenb

GB mxgvi wb‡P ev Dc‡i _vK‡j i³Pvc A¯^vfvweK e‡j MY¨ Kiv nq| i³ Pvc ¯^vfvweK mxgvi Dc‡i _vK‡j Zv‡K D”P i³Pvc ev nvBcvi‡Ukb (hypertension) e‡j| Avi ¯^vfvweK gvÎvi Kg n‡j wbgœ i³Pvc ev nvB‡cv‡Ubkb (hypotension) e‡j| wbgœ i³Pvc †Zgb gvivZ¡K bv n‡jI D”P i³ Pvc Lye ÿwZKi| G‡Z gvby‡li g„Zz¨ ch©šÍ n‡Z cv‡i| hw` wm‡÷vwjK Pvc 140 wg.wg. cvi` Gi †ewk Ges Wvqv‡÷vwjK Pvc 90 wg.wg. cvi` -Gi †ewk nq ZLb Zv‡K D”P i³Pvc e‡j| gvbe‡`‡ni GKB i³Pvc wbqš¿‡Y e¨v‡ivwiwmÞvi I AvqZb wiwmÞvi bvgK `yai‡bi msÁven ¯œvqy Øviv|

4.7.2 i³Pvc wbqš¿‡Y e¨v‡ivwi‡mÞ‡ii f‚wgKv: †giæ`Ûx cÖvYx Z_v gvby‡li i³Pvc wbqwš¿Z nq †gKv‡bvwi‡mÞi bv‡g GK ai‡bi msÁven ¯œvqyi gva¨‡g| †gKv‡bvwi‡mÞ‡ii cÖKvi‡f` n‡jve¨v‡ivwi‡mÞi Ges AvqZb wi‡mÞi| GB wi‡mÞi †giæ`Ûx cÖvwYi i³evwnKvi cÖvPx‡i †mÝi wn‡m‡e Ae¯’vb K‡i Ges KvR K‡i| †gKv‡bvwi‡mÞi msÁven wbDi‡bi Kvi‡Y i³evwnKvi cÖvPxi cÖmvwiZ nq| d‡j GB Pvce„w×i Z_¨ G¨vKkb c‡Ubwkqvj gva¨‡g gw¯Í‡®‹i †K›`ªxq ¯œvqyZ‡š¿ hvq| gw¯Í‡®‹i GB Z_¨ ü`wc‡Ûi KvwW©qvK AvDUcyU‡K ¯^qsμxq cÖwZeZx© wμqvi gva¨‡g cÖv_wgKfv‡e cÖwZ‡iva K‡i| G‡ÿ‡Î e¨v‡ivwi‡mÞi AwZ `ªæZ †b‡MwUf wdWe¨vK wm‡÷g wn‡m‡e KvR K‡i hv‡K e¨v‡ivwi‡d¬· ejv nq| GB Ae¯’vi †cÖwÿ‡Z h_v wkNªB i³Pvc GKwU ¯^vfvweK gvÎvq P‡j Av‡m| GB cÖwZeZx© wμqv GKwU ¯^í‡gqv`x i³Pvc wbqš¿Y Ki‡Z mnvqZv K‡i| e¨v‡ivwiwmÞvi i³evwnKv cÖvPxi cÖmvwiZ nIqvi cwigvY kbv³ K‡i Ges GKwU ¯œvqyweK wm‡÷‡gi gva¨‡g ms‡KZ cvVvq| gw¯Í‡®‹i †gWzjv Aejv½vUvi wbDwK¬qvm UªvKUvm mwj‡Uwiqvm (Nuclecus Tractus Solitarius-NTS) GB ms‡KZ‡K ¯^xK…wZ w`‡q e¨v‡ivwi‡mÞi †_‡K G¨vKkb c‡Ubwkqvj Gi dvqvwis †iU‡K cwieZ©b K‡i| AZ¨šÍ ¸iæZ¡c~Y© e¨v‡ivwiwmÞv‡ii K¨v‡ivwUW mvBbvm Ges A¨vIwU©K Av‡P©| GB wi‡mÞi ¸‡jv agbx cÖvPxi‡K cÖmvwiZ nIqvi Rb¨ DwØß K‡i, d‡j nVvr K‡i agbx i³Pvc e„w× cvq| Avevi agbx cÖvPx‡ii GB cÖmviY wi‡mÞi¸‡jv‡K cÖ¾wjZ K‡i| hw` nVvr agwb i³Pvc K‡g hvq Z‡e msKywPZ agbxi cÖvPxi wi‡mÞi¸‡jv dvqvwis †iU‡K Kwg‡q †`q|

wPÎ 4.14: i³Pvc wbqš¿‡Y e¨v‡ivwiwmÞvi

100

RxeweÁvb wØZxq cÎ

4.7.3 i³Pvc wbqš¿‡Y AvqZb wiwmÞ‡ii f‚wgKv: agbx AvqZb wi‡mÞi wb¤œ i³Pvc e¨v‡iv wiwmÞvi wn‡m‡e cwiwPZ| GwU‡K KvwW©I-cvj‡gvbvwiI ejv nq| GB wi‡mÞi¸‡jv ü`wc‡Ûi Awj‡›` Ae¯’vb K‡i| hLb Awj‡›` GB wi‡mÞi¸‡jv i‡³i †dvUvi Pvc‡K kbv³ K‡i ZLb Zviv i‡³i AvqZbgvÎv K‡g hvIqv wb‡`©k K‡i Ges GKwU ms‡KZ gw¯Í‡®‹i nvB‡cv_¨vjvgv‡m †cÖiY K‡i| nvB‡cv_¨vjvgvm ZLb f¨v‡m‡cÖvwmb ni‡gvb ÿiY evwo‡q †`q| GQvov wb¤œ AvqZb wmgc¨v‡_wUK ¯œvqy‡K DÏxß K‡i hv e„‡°i A¨vdv‡i›U Av‡U©wiI‡ji Rv·Uv‡gWzjvwi †mvm© †_‡K †iwbb‡K wegy³ K‡i| †iwbb GbwRI‡Ubwmb‡K mwμq K‡i hv AvqZb gvÎv e„w× K‡i|

4.8 gvbe‡`‡ni i³msenbZš¿ gvbe‡`‡ni i³ msenb cÖwμqv‡K cÖavbZ Pvi fv‡M fvM Kiv nq| h_v: wm‡÷vwgK, cvj‡gvbvix, K‡ivbvix I †cvU©vj msenb| G Aa¨v‡q wm‡÷vwgK I cvj‡gvbvix msenb wb‡q Av‡jvwPZ nj4.8.1 wm‡÷wgK msenb (Systemic or Greater circulation) : evg wbjq †_‡K ïiæ K‡i †`‡ni wewfbœ Ask n‡q Wvb wbj‡q †cuŠQv‡bv ch©šÍ i³ msenb‡K wm‡÷wgK msenb e‡j| wm‡÷wgK msen‡bi ïiæ nq A¨vIU©v †_‡K, Avi A¨vIU©vi D™¢e N‡U evg wbjq †_‡K| evg wbj‡qi ms‡KvP‡bi d‡j i³ A¨vIU©vq cÖ‡ek K‡i| AZtci agbx, agbxKvi (arteriole) gva¨‡g †`n¯’ ˆKwkK RvjK ev K¨vwcjvix‡Z (capillary) Dcw¯’Z nq| K¨vwcjvix †_‡K i³ cybivq †fwbDj (venule), wkiv Ges †fbvK¨vfvi (my‡cwiqi †fbvK¨vfv Ges Bb‡dwiqvi †fbvK¨vfv) gva¨‡g Wvb Awj‡›` Av‡m| wm‡÷wgK msen‡bi i³ †`n †Kv‡li Pvicv‡k Aew¯’Z K¨vwcjvix AwZμg Kv‡j †Kv‡l Aw·‡Rb, Lv`¨mvi mn cÖ‡qvRbxq `ªe¨vw` mieivn nq| GKB mv‡_ †Kv‡l m„ó eR©¨ †Kvl †_‡K AcmvwiZ nq|

wPÎ: 4.15: cvj‡gvbvix I wm‡÷wgK msenbZš¿

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4.8.2 cvj‡gvbvix msenb (Pulmonary circulation) t †h msen‡b i³ Wvb wbjq †_‡K dzmdz‡m Mgb K‡i Ges dzmdzm †_‡K evg Awj‡›` cybivq wd‡i Av‡m Zv‡K cvj‡gvbvix msenb e‡j| cvj‡gvbvix msen‡bi ïiæ nq cvj‡gvbvix agbx †_‡K, Avi cvj‡gvbvix agbxi D™¢e N‡U Wvb wbjq †_‡K| Wvb wbj‡qi ms‡KvP‡bi d‡j Kve©b WvB-A·vBW mg„× i³ cvj‡gvbvix agbx‡Z cÖ‡ek K‡i| AZtci i³ agbxKv n‡q dzmdz‡mi A¨vjwfIjv‡mi Pvicv‡k Aew¯’Z K¨vwcjvix‡Z Dcw¯’Z nq| K¨vwcjvix †_‡K Aw·‡Rb mg„× i³ cybivq †fwbDj, ÿy`ªZiwkiv Ges Ae‡k‡l cvj‡gvbvix wkivi gva¨‡g Wvb Awj‡›` wd‡i Av‡m| GB msen‡bi gva¨‡g Kve©b WvB-A·vBW mg„× i³ dzmdz‡m Mgb K‡i Ges A¨vjwfIjvm AwZμg Kivi mgq e¨vcb cÖwμqvq M¨v‡mi wewbgq N‡U| d‡j Aw·‡Rbmg„× i³ ü`h‡š¿ wd‡i Av‡m| wkÿv_x©i KvR: wkÿv_x©iv cvj‡gvbvix I wm‡÷vwgK msen‡bi Zzjbvg~jK QK ˆZwi Ki‡e|

4.9 ü`‡iv‡Mi wewfbœ Ae¯’vq KiYxq 4.9.1 ey‡K e¨_v (Chest pain) ey‡K e¨_v Avgv‡ì Rxe‡bi mvaviY mgm¨v ¸‡jvi GKwU, hvi mv‡_ Avgiv Kg †ewk mevB cwiwPZ, wKš‘ GB ey‡K e¨_v KL‡bv n‡q DV‡Z cv‡i mvsNvwZK Avi ZLb `ªæZ Dchy³ eë¯’v bv wb‡j Zvi cwiYwZ n‡q DV‡Z cv‡i fqven| ey‡Ki e¨_v G‡ZvUv RwUj mgm¨v hvi Rb¨ †Kv‡bv e¨w³‡K nvmcvZv‡ji Riæwi wefv‡M †h‡Z nq| mvaviYZ wewfbœ Kvi‡Y ey‡K e¨_v nq| Z‡e nv‡U©i i³ mÂvjb cÖwμqv evavMÖ¯Í nIqvi Kvi‡Y †h ey‡K e¨_v †`Lv hvq Zv‡K Bk‡KwgK KvwW©qvK e¨_v e‡j| G‡ÿ‡Î ey‡Ki evg w`‡K Zxeª e¨_v AbyfZ nq| G e¨_v ax‡i ax‡i Nvo Ges evg evûi I nv‡Zi w`‡K Qwo‡q hvq| e¨_vi aib, †P‡c aivi g‡Zv, ev A‡bK mgq GgbI g‡b nq ey‡Ki Dci †Kv‡bv eo †evSv Zz‡j †`qv n‡q‡Q| G e¨_vq †ivMx wKQzÿ‡bi Rb¨ wb‡¯ÍR Ggb wK AÁvb n‡q †h‡Z cv‡i| ü`¯ú›`b AwbqwgZ, A¯^vfvweK `ªæZ ev axi n‡q †h‡Z cv‡i| ü`¯ú›`b Ges k¦vmwμqv eÜI n‡q †h‡Z cv‡i| cÖPzi Nvg, ewg fve A_ev ewg, †VvU wKsev nvZ-cv‡qi Zvjy bxje‡Y©i n‡q †h‡Z cv‡i| G cwiw¯’wZ‡Z `ªæZ †ivMx‡K wX‡jXvjv m~Zx RvgvKvco cwi‡q N‡i ch©vß Av‡jv evZv‡mi eë¯’v Ki‡Z n‡e| m~Zx Kvco w`‡q ax‡i ax‡i gyL MnŸi cwi®‹vi K‡i w`‡Z n‡e| cvwb †L‡Z PvB‡j mivmwi bv w`‡q †VuvU wRnŸv Avj‡Zv K‡i wfwR‡q w`‡Z n‡e| m¤ú~Y© wekÖvg w`‡Z n‡e| Aa©emv Ae¯’vq gv_vi w`‡K evwjk DPzu K‡i w`‡Z n‡e| hw` AÁvb n‡q hvq Zvn‡j †ivMxi ey‡Ki gvSLv‡b GK nv‡Zi Dci Av‡iK nvZ †i‡L wgwb‡U 80 evi wbqwgZ weiwZ‡Z Pvc w`‡Z n‡e| k¦vm-cÖkv¦ m wd‡i Avm‡j gv_v GKw`‡K KvZ K‡i ïB‡q w`‡Z n‡e| hw` †evSv hvq nv‡U©i Rb¨B ey‡K e¨_v Z‡e ÔwMømvivBj UªvBbvB‡UªU †¯úª/ A¨v‡ivmjÕ wRnŸevi wb‡P `yB w`‡q w`‡Z n‡e| Avi Gw¯úwib 75 wgMÖv Gi 4wU U¨ve‡jU GKmv‡_ †ivMx‡K LvB‡q `ªæZ wbKU¯’ nvmcvZv‡j cvwV‡q w`‡Z n‡e|

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4.9.2 n¨vU A¨vU©vK (Heart Attack) gv‡qvKvwW©qvj BbdvK©mb‡K K_¨ fvlvq nvU© G¨vUvK ejv nq| nvU© A¨vUvK GKUv fq¼i †ivM| GKRb my¯’ gvbylI G †iv‡M AvμvšÍ n‡Z cv‡i| †iv‡Mi wbw`©ó †Kv‡bv KviY †bB| Z‡e mvivwe‡k¦ †ek K‡qKwU RvqMvq Rbmgxÿvq †`Lv †M‡Q, KZ¸‡jv we‡kl Kvi‡Yi Rb¨ nvU© A¨vUvK nq| bvbv Kvi‡Y ü`h‡š¿i K‡ivbvwi AvU©vwi‡Z Pwe© Rgv n‡q AvU©vwi‡Z AvswkK cÖwZäKZvi m„wó nq| Zvi m‡½ i³ RgvU euva‡j AvU©vwi eøK n‡q m¤ú~Y© eÜ n‡q hvq| G eø‡Ki mgqKvj hw` 20 †_‡K 30 wgwb‡Ui †ewk _v‡K Zvn‡jB nvU© A¨vUvK n‡q hvq| K‡Zv¸‡jv we‡kl Kvi‡Yi Rb¨ nvU© A¨vUvK nq| †hgb eq¯‹ cyiæ‡li †ÿ‡Î nvBcv‡Ubkb, nvB eøvW †Kv‡j‡÷ij, a~gcvb, Wvqv‡ewUm, gvbwmK-kvixwiK Pvc| Avevi eqm evovi m‡½ m‡½ nvU© A¨vUv‡Ki Avk¼v †ekx †e‡o hvq| gwnjv‡ì †P‡q cyiæl‡ì g‡a¨ nvU© A¨vUv‡Ki Avk¼v †ewk _v‡K| GQvov hviv a~gcvb K‡ib Zv‡ì g‡aÏ nvU© A¨vUv‡Ki gvÎv †ewk| nVvr gvbwmK I kvixwiK Pv‡cI nvU© A¨vUvK n‡Z cv‡i| Wvqv‡ewUm n‡j K‡ivbvwii AvU©vwi‡Z Pwe© Rgv n‡q eøK nq| GQvov e‡m e‡m KvR bv K‡i †gvUv nIqv G `ywU KviYI nvU© AvU©v‡Ki Avk¼v evwo‡q †`q| nvU© GUvK© n‡j †ivMx‡K ZvrÿwbK weQvbv ev †g‡S‡Z ïB‡q w`‡q wbKUeZx© Wv³vi‡K Lei w`‡Z n‡e| A_ev wbKUZg nvmcvZv‡j wb‡q †h‡Z n‡e| ey‡K e¨_v _vK‡j KL‡bvB †Rv‡i †Rv‡i ey‡K g¨v‡mm Kiv hv‡e bv| †ivMx‡K Aw·‡Rb I cÖ‡qvRbxq Ny‡gi Jaya w`‡q AvBwmD‡Z fwZ© K‡i w`‡Z n‡e| nvU© A¨vU©v‡Ki cÖ_g K‡qK N›Uvi g‡a¨ agbx‡Z RgvU evav i³ Zij K‡i †`qvi Rb¨ we‡kl wPwKrmvi cÖ‡qvRb G‡K _ª‡¤^vjvBwUK †_ivwc e‡j| _ª‡¤^vjvBwUK †_ivwc h‡Zv ZvovZvwo †`qv m¤¢e Z‡ZvB fv‡jv| nvU© A¨vUv‡Ki AšÍZ GK N›Uvi g‡a¨B wPwKrmv ïiæ Kiv DwPZ| 4.9.3 nvU© †dBwjDi (Heart Failure) ¯^vfvweK Ae¯’vq ü`wc‡Ûi Kv‡Ri cwigvY cÖ‡qvRb Abymv‡i wbqwš¿Z nq| Avgiv hLb NygvB ZLb ü`wcÛ‡K Kg i³ cw¤ú Ki‡Z nq| Avevi hLb fvix KvR Kwi, nuvwU, †`ŠovB wKsev wmuwo †e‡q Ic‡i DwV ZLb ü`wcÐ‡K AwZwi³ i³ cv¤ú Ki‡Z nq| Avgiv hZ †ekx kvixwiK cwikÖg Kwi, ü`wcÐ‡K ZZ †ekx i³ cv¤ú Ki‡Z nq| GKwU wbw`©ó mxgv ch©šÍ ü`wcÐ Gfv‡e KvR Ki‡Z cv‡i| wKš‘ A‡bK mgq ü`wcÐ wewfbœ As‡k cÖ‡qvRb g‡Zv i³ mieivn Ki‡Z cv‡i bv| Gi d‡j ü`wcÐ Ges wkivi g‡a¨ i³ Rg‡Z ïiæ K‡i| ü`wc‡Ði G iKg weKjZv ev AcviMZv‡K nvU© †dBwjDi (heart failure) e‡j| ü`wc‡Ði Wvb Ask wKsev evg Ask c„_Kfv‡e weKj n‡Z cv‡i wKsev `y‡Uv Ask GKB m‡½ weKj n‡Z cv‡i| ü`wc‡Ði evg Ask weKj n‡j dzmdz‡mi i³ RvwjKvq i³ R‡g hvq; Gi d‡j gvivZ¥K k¦vm Kó Ges Kvwk nq|

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†ivMx wPZ n‡q weQvbvq ¯^”Q‡›` ï‡Z cv‡i bv| Avi ü`wc‡Ði Wvb Ask weKj n‡j Nv‡oi wkivq i³ R‡g dz‡j I‡V, hK…‡Z i³ R‡g eo n‡q hvq Ges cv I kixi dz‡j hvq G ai‡bi nvU© †dDwjDi Kb‡RmwUf nvU© †dDwjDi ( congestive heart failure) bv‡g cwiwPZ| K‡ivbvix nvU© wWwRm, D”P i³Pvc, Wvqv‡ewUm I ¯’zjZvB g~jZ nvU© †dBwjD‡ii Rb¨ `vqx| D”P i³Pvc Ges Gi d‡j m„ó ü`‡ivM we‡kl K‡i nvU© A¨vUv‡Ki c‡i nvU †dBwjDi n‡Z cv‡i| D”P i³Pv‡ci Kvi‡Y cÖ_‡g nv‡U©i evg Ask weKj nq; Z‡e cieZx© ch©v‡q `yB AskB weKj n‡q †h‡Z cv‡i| nvU© †dBwjD‡ii aiY gvivZ¥K n‡j †ivMx cÖwZwbqZ k¦vmKó Abyfe K‡i Ges KLbB wPZ n‡q ¯^vfvweKfv‡e ï‡Z cv‡i bv| k¦vmKó I Kvwk Qvov G‡`i kvixwiK `yej © Zv, ÿzavg›` BZ¨vw` Ab¨vb¨ DcmM© _vK‡Z cv‡i| nvU© †dBwjD‡ii Rb¨ wewfbœ ai‡bi wPwKrmv e¨e¯’v Av‡Q| h_vh_ Jla †meb I wbqwš¿Z Rxebhvcb G †ivM †_‡K wbivc` ivL‡Z cv‡i|

4.10 ü`‡iv‡Mi wPwKrmvi aviYv 4.10.1 †cm‡gKvi Kvh©μg (Activity of Pacemaker) †cm‡gKvi n‡”Q GK ai‡bi wWfvBm hv Awbqwš¿Z ü`¯ú›`b‡K wbqš¿Y K‡i| A_©vr ü`hš¿‡K GKwU wbw`©ó MwZ‡K wKsev ü`¯ú›`‡bi MwZ GKwU wbw`©ó mxgvi wb‡P P‡j †M‡j ¯úw›`Z Kiv‡Z cv‡i| GwU nvZNwo mvB‡Ri wjw_qvg e¨vUvwi PvwjZ GKwU hš¿| Gi KvR ü`wc‡Û ê`y¨wZK wmMb¨vj cvwV‡q ¯ú›`b‡K wbqwgZ iv‡L| GwUi eënvi cÖ_g ïiæ Kiv n‡qwQj K…wÎgfv‡e ü`wcÛ‡K DÏxwcZ K‡i gš’i nIqv ü`¯ú›`‡bi MwZ‡K ¯^vfvweK Ae¯’vq wdwi‡q Avbvi Rb¨| GLb GwUi eënvi AviI we¯Í…Z n‡q‡Q| AvRKvj A‡bK DbœZ cÖhyw³i †cm‡gKvi eëüZ n‡”Q, †h¸‡jv †ivMxi kvixwiK cwikÖ‡gi aib wKsev gvbwmK Ae¯’vi Ici wfwË K‡i ü`¯ú›`‡bi MwZ wbR †_‡KB evov‡Z wKsev Kgv‡Z cv‡i, my¯’ ¯^vfvweK gvby‡li †ÿ‡Î †hgbUv n‡q _v‡K| g~jZ `yai‡bi †cm‡gKvi AvRKvj eëüZ nq: GK-cÖ‡Kvô †cm‡gKvi (Single chamber pacemaker) : GB †cm‡gKvi ü`wc‡Ûi GKwU cÖ‡Kvô nq Dc‡ii cÖ‡Kvô; (Awj›`) A_ev wb‡Pi cÖ‡Kvô‡K (wbjq) DÏxwcZ K‡i| wØcÖ‡Kvô †cmgvKvi (Dual- chamber pacemaker): GwU Awj›` I wbjq `yB cÖ‡Kvô‡ZB ê`y¨wZK Zi½NvZ cvVvq| `yB cÖ‡Kv‡ô Zi½NvZ cvVv‡bvi mgq`ywU Ggbfv‡e wbqwš¿Z Kiv nq hv‡Z Zviv ü`¯ú›`‡bi ¯^vfvweK Q‡›ì Q‡K wg‡j _v‡K| †cm‡gKvi mvRv©wi K‡i ey‡Ki †fZi ewm‡q w`‡Z nq| GwU †ivMxi ey‡Ki Dc‡ii w`‡K Kjvi †ev‡bi wb‡P mvaviYZ evg w`‡K Pvgovi wb‡P emv‡bv nq| GwU ü`wc‡Ûi mv‡_ wkivi g‡a¨ w`‡q mshyw³ _v‡K| mvR©vixwU Ki‡Z N›UvLvwbK Gi †ewk jv‡M bv| mvR©vwi mvaviYZ KvwW©qvK K¨v_j¨v‡e n‡q _v‡K| †cm‡gKv‡ii †Rbv‡iUiwU Bgcøv›U Kivi Rb¨ ey‡Ki wbw`©ó ¯’v‡b ¯’vbxqfv‡e Aek Kiv nq|

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GB‡ÿ‡Î †ivMx‡K AÁvb Kivi cÖ‡qvRb nq bv| cy‡iv cÖwμqvwU mvaviYZ GK †_‡K †`o N›Uv mg‡qi g‡a¨ m¤úbœ nq| `y‡qKw`‡bi g‡a¨B †ivMx evwo‡Z wd‡i †h‡Z cv‡i Ges mßvn `y‡q‡Ki g‡a¨B †gvUvgywU fv‡e Zvi ¯^vfvweK KvRKg© kyiæ Ki‡Z cv‡i| Z‡e †ewk cwikÖg myiæ Kivi Av‡M †ek K‡qK mßvn wekÖvg †bIqv cÖ‡qvRb| †cm‡gKv‡ii e¨vUvwi 5 †_‡K 15 eQi ch©šÍ KvR K‡i| Zvici †mwU‡K e`jv‡Z nq| A‡bK mg‡q Riæix cÖ‡qvR‡b A¯’vqx †cm‡gKviI emv‡bv nq| †m‡ÿ‡Î †cm‡gKvi kix‡ii evB‡i _v‡K Ges msjMœ ZviwU †Kv‡bv wkivi g‡a¨ w`‡q ü`wc‡Û wb‡q hvIqv nq|

4.10.2 I‡cb nvU© mvR©vwi (Open Heart Surgery) ü`‡iv‡Mi wPwKrmvq I‡cb nvU© mvR©vwi GKwU ¸iæZ¡c~Y© mvwR©K¨vj cÖwμqv| mvaviYZ nv‡U©i fvj&‡fi mgm¨v, Rb¥MZ ü`ÎæwU wKsev K‡ivbvwi nvU© wWwR‡Ri †ÿ‡Î G ai‡bi mvR©vwi Kiv nq| I‡cb nvU© mvR©vwi wZbwU Dcv‡q Kiv hvqÑ wewUs nvU© mvR©vwi (Beating Heart surgery) : G cÖwμqvq nvU©-jvs †gwk‡bi cÖ‡qvRb nq bv eis ü`wcÛ‡K mPj †i‡LB A¯¿cvPvi Kiv nq| Z‡e ü`¯ú‡›ì nvi‡K w¯’wgZ K‡i ivLvi Rb¨ wKQz Jlya I wWfvBm eënvi Kiv nq| Ib-cv¤ú mvR©vwi (On pump surgery) : G‡ÿ‡Î ¯^vfvweK ü`¯ú›`b‡K eÜ ivLv nq Ges nvU©-jvs †gwk‡bi gva¨‡g ü`h‡š¿i KvR Kiv nq| A_©vr GB †gwkbwU Aw·‡Rbhy³ i³ †`‡ni wewfbœ As‡k cÖ‡qvM K‡i| G cÖwμqvq ey‡Ki LvPvi nvo¸‡jv‡K †K‡U nv‡U©i Kv‡Q hvIqvi iv¯Ív K‡i †bqv nq| G‡ÿ‡Î ey‡Ki gvSLv‡b 2-5 mvwR©K¨vj KvU †`qv nq| G A¯¿cvPv‡i evB‡i †_‡K †ewk i³ †Ìqvi cÖ‡qvRb nq bv|

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†iveU© A¨vwm‡÷U mvR©vwi (Robot assistat surgery): G‡ÿ‡Î we‡kl GK ai‡bi Kw¤úDUvi wbqwš¿Z †iveU Øviv mvR©vwi Kiv nq| GB cÖwμqvq ey‡Ki gvSLv‡b `yB †_‡K PviwU ÿz`ª mvwR©K¨vj KvU 1

(2  Ñ 4  ) †`qv nq| GB mvR©vwiwU GKwU wÎgvwÎK Qwe Kw¤úDUv‡i †`Lv hvq| †iv‡ev‡Ui gva¨‡g Kiv nq e‡j mvR©b GK‡`‡k e‡m Ab¨‡`‡ki †ivMxi mvR©vwi Ki‡Z cv‡ib| G mvR©vwi‡Z †ivMx Lye `ªæZ evwo †h‡Z cv‡i|

4.10.3 K‡ivbvwi evBcvm mvR©vwi (Coronary Bipass Surgery) eZ©gvb mg‡q cÖvß eq¯‹‡ì g„Zzï Rb¨ nvU© G¨vUvK ev gv‡qvKvwW©qvj BbdvK©kb‡K GK b¤î KviY e‡j we‡ePbv Kiv nq| GB nvU© G¨vUv‡Ki KviY n‡jv nv‡U©i i³ mieivnKvix GK ev GKvwaK K‡ivbvix agbx AvswkKfv‡e wKsev cy‡ivcywifv‡e eøK n‡q hvq Gi d‡j ü`wcÛ ch©vß cwigv‡Y i³ cvq bv| K‡ivbvwi AvU©vwi wWwRR ev eø‡Ki mvwR©K¨vj wUªU‡g›U ev evBcvm mvR©vwi GKwU cÖwZwôZ wPwKrmv c×wZ| evBcvm mvR©vwi K‡i nv‡U©i wbR¯^ i³ mÂvjb weKí c‡_ cybt¯’vcb Kiv nq| G Rb¨ weKí i³bvjx ev KbWzBU wn‡m‡e cv‡qi wkiv ev m¨v‡dbvm †fBb, eÿwcÄ‡ii agbx ev B›Uvbv©j g¨vgvwi AvU©vwi, nv‡Zi agbx ev †iwWqvj AvU©vwi Ges cvK¯’jxi agbx ev Wvb M¨v‡÷ªvGwccøwqK AvU©vwi †ivMxi wbR kixi †_‡K msMÖn Kiv nq| GB weKí i³bvjx¸‡jv w`‡q nv‡U©i i³bvjxi ev Kibvix AvU©vwi eø‡Ki evBcvm ev weKí c_ ˆZwi Kiv nq| mvR©vwii AvMgyn~‡Z© †ivMx‡K mvaviYZ G¨v‡b‡¯’wmqv (†PZbvbvkK) †`qv nq| d‡j †ivMx Mfxi Ny‡g A‡PZb n‡q _v‡Kb Ges Acv‡ik‡bi mgq †Kvb cÖKvi e¨_vB eyS‡Z cv‡ib bv| Acv‡ik‡bi Rb¨ mvR©b †ivMxi ey‡Ki gvSLv‡b 10 BwÂ cwigvY RvqMv wP‡i ey‡Ki cvR‡ii nvo‡K `yfvM K‡i RvqMvwU‡K Db¥y³ K‡ib|

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Acv‡ikb m¤úbœ n‡Z 4 †_‡K 6 NÈv mgq jv‡M| Acv‡ik‡bi ci †ivMx‡K 5 †_‡K 7 w`b nvmcvZv‡j Ae¯’vb Ki‡Z nq hvi g‡a¨ cÖ_g `yB-wZb w`b AvB wm BD- †Z _v‡Kb| Gici Zv‡K wbqwgZ cwiPh©v †K‡›`ª †bqv nq| ü`h‡š¿i PZz©w`K w`‡q †h Zij c`v_© wbM©Z nq Zv wbM©g‡bi Rb¨ ey‡Ki g‡a¨ 2/3wU wUDe jvMv‡bv _v‡K| Aek¨ G¸‡jv Acv‡ik‡bi 1 †_‡K 3 w`‡bi g‡a¨ AcmviY Kiv nq| wbqwgZ g~Î wbM©g‡bi Rb¨ eøvWv‡ii mvv‡_ bgbxq K¨v‡_Uvi jvMv‡bviI `iKvi n‡Z cv‡i, †ivMx‡K Ggb GKwU †gwk‡bi mv‡_ mshy³ K‡i ivLv nq, hv †ivMxi cvj&m, kix‡ii ZvcgvÎv I k¦vm-cÖk¦vm BZ¨vw` gwbUi K‡i| nvmcvZv‡j Ae¯’vb Kv‡j bvm©Mb mve©ÿwbKfv‡e GB gwbU‡ii w`‡K jÿ iv‡Lb, wKQzw`‡bi g‡a¨B †ivMx‡K Aí ¯^í KvR Ki‡Z DrmvwnZ Kiv nq| GB mg‡qi g‡a¨B †ivMxi KvwW©qvK cybtev©m‡bi KvR ïiæ n‡q _v‡K| mvR©vwii ci cy‡iv`‡g KvR ïiæ Ki‡Z 4 †_‡K 6 mßvn mgq jv‡M| 4.11.4 GbwRIcøvw÷ (Angioplasty) GbwRIcøvw÷ n‡”Q agbxi †h As‡k †Kv‡j‡÷ij R‡g eø‡KR I i³ PjvPj cÖwZeÜKZvi m„wó n‡q‡Q, †m RvqMvwU‡K cÖmvwiZ Kivi GKwU c×wZ| cÖv_wgKfv‡e GbwRIMÖvg K‡i agbx‡Z eø‡K‡Ri cwigvY wba©viY Kiv nq| Zvici †ivMxi kvixwiK Ae¯’v I eø‡K‡Ri cwigvY Abymv‡i GbwRIcøvw÷ Kivi wm×všÍ †bqv nq| G cÖwμqvq cv‡qi KzPwK, nv‡Zi KwR¡ ev evûi agbx‡Z GKwU †QvU wQ`ª K‡i Zvi †fZi w`‡q c_ c`k©K Zv‡ii gva¨‡g GKwU Lvwj I msKzwPZ †ejyb cÖ‡ek Kwi‡q †`qv nq| cieZx©‡Z G·-†i w¯Œ‡bi ch©‡eÿ‡Yi gva¨‡g Zvimn †ejybwU‡K nvU© eø‡Ki wbw`©ó ¯’v‡b wb‡q wM‡q mvR©vwi cÖwμqv m¤úbœ Kiv nq| GB cÖwμqv agbx‡Z we‡kl ai‡bi iÄK Bb‡RKk‡bi gva¨‡g cÖ‡ek Kiv‡bv nq hv‡Z ü`wc‡Ûi eø‡KR¸‡jv G·-†i w¯Œ‡b mn‡R †`Lv hvq|

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GbwRIcøvw÷ g~jZ `yai‡bi| GKwU n‡”Q †ejywbs A_©vr agbxi †h RvqMvq eø‡KR i‡q‡Q †mLvbUvq K¨v‡_Uv‡ii (j¤^v miæ Zvi we‡kl) mvnv‡h¨ GKwU †ejyb cÖ‡ek Kiv‡bv nq, Zvici †m †ejybwU‡K dzwj‡q w`‡q †mB RvqMvwU‡K cÖmvwiZ Kiv nq| Aek¨ B`vbxs GwU Lye KgB Kiv n‡q _v‡K| wØZxqwU Ges eZ©gv‡b me‡P‡q †ewk e¨eüZ nq †h c×wZwU, †mwU n‡”Q †÷w›Us ev wis civ‡bv| G c×wZ‡Z Av‡Mi g‡ZvB K¨v‡_Uv‡ii mvnv‡h¨ †ejyb XzwK‡q agbxi msKzwPZ AskwU‡K cÖmvwiZ Kiv nq| Zvici †mLv‡b GKwU †÷›U ev avZe wis (we‡kl cÖwμqvq wbwg©Z) cÖ‡ek Kwi‡q †mwU ILv‡b ¯’vcb Kiv nq, hv‡Z Zv agbx‡K cÖmvwiZ K‡i ivLvi gva¨‡g ¯^vfvweK i³cÖev‡n mnvqZv K‡i| G cÖwμqvwU m¤úbœ Ki‡Z 1-3 N›Uv mgq jv‡M KL‡bv ev Zvi †ewk| cÖwμqvwU m¤úbœ nIqvi ci AšÍZ 1 ivZ †ivMx‡K nvmcvZv‡j ch©‡eÿ‡bi Rb¨ ivLv nq| hw` †Zgb †Kvb mgm¨v bv _v‡K Z‡e 2q w`bB †ivMx evwo †h‡Z cv‡i|

 GB Aa¨v‡qi cÖavb kãwfwËK mvims‡ÿc  i³ KwYKv: i³i‡mi g‡a¨ Qov‡bv wewfbœ ai‡bi †Kvl‡K i³KwYKv e‡j|  jwmKv: jwmKv GK cÖKvi nvjKv njy` e‡Y©i cwiewZ©Z Kjvim|  i³ ZÂb: `ªeYxq dvBweª‡bv‡Rb A`ªeYxq dvBweªb Rvj‡K cwiYZ n‡q i‡³i RgvUe×Zv ˆZwi

Kiv‡KB i³ZÂb ev i³ RgvU e‡j|  nvU©weU: cÖwZ 0.8 †m‡K‡Û ü`wc‡Ûi GKevi ¯úw›`Z nIqv‡KB nvU©weU e‡j|  i³Pvc: i³bvjxi wfZi w`‡q cÖevngvb i³ bvjxi cÖvPx‡i cvk¦x©qfv‡e †h Pvc m„wó K‡i Zv‡K i³Pvc e‡j|  †cm‡gKvi: †cm‡gKvi n‡”Q GK ai‡bi wWfvBm hv Awbqwš¿Z ü`¯ú›`b‡K wbqš¿Y K‡i|

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Abykxjbx m„Rbkxj cÖkœ: X BDwbq‡bi †Pqvig¨vb mv‡ne GKRb wbqwgZ I AwZwi³ agycvqx| Avevi Lvwmi gvsm Zvi wcÖq Lvevi e‡j cÖvZ¨wnK Lvevi †Uwe‡j Zvi gvsm PvB-B PvB| A_P K‡qK gvm Av‡MB Zvi ü`wc‡Ûi ¯^vfvweK MZxi Rb¨ GKwU K…wÎg wWfvBm ¯’vcb Kiv nq| K. SA †bvW Kx? 1 L. ü`‡iv‡Mi wPwKrmvq K‡ivbvix evBcvm Kiv nq †Kb? 2 M. DÏxc‡K DwjøwLZ †Pqvig¨vb mv‡n‡ei ü`wc‡Ûi MwZ eZ©gv‡b †Kvb wμqv †KŠk‡ji gva¨‡g ¯^vfvweK Av‡Q e¨vL¨v Ki| 3 N. DÏxc‡K DwjøwLZ †Pqvig¨vb mv‡n‡ei AvMvgx w`b¸‡jv my¯’ I ¯^vfvweK fv‡e hvc‡bi Rb¨ Zvi Rxeb hvcb c×wZi g‡a¨ Kx ai‡bi cwieZ©b Avbv DwPZ e‡j Zzwg g‡b Ki| 4 eûwbe©vPwb cÖkœ: 1| ü`wc‡Û i³ mieivnKvix agbxi bvg Kx? K. †ibvj L. K‡ivbvix M. cvj‡gvbvix N. mve-K¬vwfqvb 2| ü`wc‡Ûi cÖvPx‡ii me© evB‡ii ¯Í‡ii bvg wK? K. wmbmvBwUqvg L. GwcKvwW©qvg M. gv‡qvKvwW©qvg N. G‡ÛvKvwW©qvg 3| ü`wc‡Ûi KcvwUKv njÑ i. A¨vIwU©K ii. w_‡ewmqvb iii. BD‡÷wmqvb wb‡Pi †KvbwU mwVK? K. i I ii L. ii I iii M. ii I iii N. i, ii I iii wb‡Pi DÏxcKwUi Av‡jv‡K 4 I 5 bs cÖ‡kœi DËi `vI: †Lj‡Z wM‡q iwn‡gi nvZ I Kwi‡gi cv GKUz †K‡U wM‡q‡Q| iwn‡gi ÿZ¯’v‡b i³ RgvU eva‡jI Kwi‡gi †ÿ‡Î ÿZ¯’vb w`‡q AbeiZ i³ Si‡Q| 4| Kwig †Kvb †iv‡M AvμvšÍ? K. A¨vwbwgqv L. _¨vjv‡mwgqv M. wn‡gvwdwjqv N. wjD‡Kvwgqv 5| iwn‡gi ÿZ¯’v‡b NUbvwUi Rb¨ `vqxÑ i. _ª‡¤^vcøvw÷b ii. dvBweª‡bv‡Rb iii. †_ªvw¤^b wb‡Pi †KvbwU mwVK? K. i I ii L. ii I iii M. ii I iii N. i, ii I iii

cÂg Aa¨vq

gvbe kvixiZË¡ : k¦mb I k¦vmwµqv HUMAN PHYSIOLOGY: RESPIRATION AND BREATHING wewfbœ wecvKxq Kvh© m¤úv`‡bi Rb¨ mve©ÿwYKfv‡e Rx‡ei kw³ (energy) cÖ‡qvRb| kw³i cÖavb Drm Lv`¨| Z‡e Lv‡`¨ kw³ _v‡K w¯’wZ wn‡m‡e| †Kv‡li Af¨šÍ‡i O2 Gi mnvqZvq Lv`¨ RvwiZ n‡q w¯’wZkw³ Zvckw³‡Z iƒcvšÍwiZ nq| Avi Zvckw³‡KB Rxe e¨envi K‡i| k¦m‡bi gva¨‡g Lv`¨ †_‡K kw³ Drcbœ nq| k¦mb kãwUi DrcwË j¨vwUb respirare †_‡K hvi A_© k¦vm MÖnY Kiv| cÖ_g w`‡K k¦mb kãwU Øviv cÖk¦vm-wbk¦vm cÖwμqvq gvby‡li dzmdz‡m evqyi cÖ‡ek Ges wbM©gb‡K eySv‡bv nZ| eZ©gv‡b k¦mb kãwU m¤ú~Y© wfbœ A‡_© e¨eüZ nq| cÖavb kã (Key Word)  k¦mb  k¦vmiÄK  mvBbymvBwUm  IwUwUm wgwWqv  K…wÎg k¦vm-cÖk¦vm

G Aa¨vq cvV †k‡l AvgivÑ  gvby‡li k¦mb Z‡š¿i wewfbœ As‡ki MV‡bi mv‡_ Kv‡Ri m¤úK© wbY©q Ki‡Z cvi‡ev  e¨envwiK: dzmdz‡mi Aby‡”Q` kbv³ I wPÎ AsKb Ki‡Z cvi‡ev  gvby‡li cÖk¦vm-wbk¦vm Kvh©μg I wbqš¿Y cÖwμqv eY©bv Ki‡Z cvi‡ev  i‡³i gva¨‡g Aw·‡Rb I Kve©b WvB-A·vBW cwienb e¨vL¨v Ki‡Z cvi‡ev  k¦m‡b iÄ‡Ki f~wgKv e¨vL¨v Ki‡Z cvi‡ev  k¦vmbvjxi †ivM msμg‡Yi KviY, jÿY Ges cÖwZKvi e¨vL¨v Ki‡Z cvi‡ev  GKRb a~gcvqx I GKRb Aa~gcvqx gvby‡li dzmdz‡mi G·-†i wP‡Îi Zzjbv Ki‡Z cvi‡ev  cÖv_wgK ¯^v¯’¨‡mev wnmv‡e gyL n‡Z gy‡Li mvnv‡h¨ K…wÎg k¦vm cÖk¦v‡mi D‡Ïk¨ eY©bv Ki‡Z cvi‡ev|

5.1 k¦mbZ‡š¿i wewfbœ Ask I KvR †`‡ni †h A½¸‡jv k¦mbwμqvq mwμqfv‡e AskMªnY K‡i, Zv‡`i mgwó‡K k¦mbZš¿ e‡j| dzmdzmB gvby‡li cÖavb k¦mb A½| GQvov i‡q‡Q k¦mb c_| A_©vr †h c_ w`‡q dzmdz‡m evqy cÖ‡ek K‡i Ges dzmdzm †_‡K evqy wbM©Z nq Zv‡K k¦mb c_ (Respiratory tract or passage) e‡j| gvby‡li k¦mb c_ wb¤œewY©Z Ask¸‡jv wb‡q MwVZÑ

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m¤§yL bvmviÜ« (Anterior Nostrils) : bv‡Ki mvg‡b Aew¯’Z cvkvcvwk `ywU wQ`ª‡K m¤§yL bvmviÜ« e‡j| Ô†bmvj †mÞvgÕ bvgK c`©v Øviv wQ`ª `ywU c„_K _v‡K| m¤§yL bvmviÜ« me©`v Db¥y³ _v‡K| m¤§yL bvmviÜ« w`‡q evqy cÖ‡ek K‡i| †fw÷weDj (Vestibule) : bvmvi‡Ü«i c‡i bv‡Ki wfZ‡ii As‡ki bvg †fw÷weDj| Gi cÖvPx‡i A‡bK †jvg _v‡K| †jvgMy‡jv QuvKwbi g‡Zv KvR K‡i| bvmvMnŸi (Nasal Cavity) : †fw÷weD‡ji c‡ii AskwU bvmvMnŸi| bvmvMnŸ‡ii cÖvPx‡i wmwjqvhy³ wgDKvm wbtmªvex I Ajd¨v±wi †Kvl _v‡K| wmwjqvhy³ I wgDKvm wbt¯ªvex †Kvl¸‡jv ay‡jvevwj Ges †ivMRxevYy AvU‡K †`q| Ajd¨v±wi †Kvl NÖvY DÏxcbv MÖn‡Y mnvqZv K‡i Ges AvMZ cÖk¦vm evqy‡K wKQyUv wkw_j K‡i| cðvr bvmviÜ« (Posterior Nostrils) : bvmv MnŸiØq †h `ywU wQ‡`ªi gva¨‡g bvmv Mjwe‡j Db¥y³ nq| †m`ywU wQ`ª‡K cðvr bvmviÜ« e‡j| G wQ`ª c‡_ evZvm bvmv Mjwe‡j cÖ‡ek K‡i| bvmvMjwej (Nasopharynx) : cðvr bvmvi‡Ü«i c‡i bvmv Mjwej Aew¯’Z| Gi c‡iB gyL Mjwej (Oropharynx) hv ¯îhš¿ ch©šÍ we¯Í…Z| ¯îhš¿ (Larynx) : Mjwe‡ji wb‡Pi As‡ki wVK mvg‡bi w`‡K _v‡K ¯îhš¿| ¯îh‡š¿i Dcwifv‡M GwcMøwUm bvgK XvKbv _v‡K| ¯îhš¿ UzK‡iv UzK‡iv †Kvgjvw¯’ ev KvwU©‡jR w`‡q ˆZwi| G¸‡jvi g‡a¨ _vBi‡qW KvwU©‡jR me‡P‡q eo Ges Mjvi mvg‡b DuPz n‡q D‡V| G‡K Adam’s Apple e‡j| ¯îh‡š¿ A‡bK †cwk hy³ _v‡K| GQvov Gi Af¨šÍ‡i wgDKvm AveiYx I ¯îi¾y (vocal cord) _v‡K| ¯îi¾y †cwki mv‡_ mshy³| ¯îi¾y evqy Øviv Kw¤úZ n‡q kã Drcbœ K‡i| ¯îh‡š¿ ¯î Drcbœ nq| GwcMøwUm Lv`¨ MjatKi‡Yi mgq ¯îh‡š¿i gyLwU eÜ K‡i †`q| d‡j Lv`¨ ¯îh‡š¿ cÖ‡ek Ki‡Z cv‡i bv| k¦vmbvwj ev UªvwKqv (Trachea) : ¯î_wji ci †_‡K cÂg eÿ‡`kxq K‡kiæKv ch©šÍ we¯Í…Z cÖvq 12 †m.wg `xN© I 2 †m.wg. e¨vmwewkó duvcv bjvKvi AskwU‡K UªvwKqv e‡j| GwU Dc‡ii w`‡K ¯îh‡š¿i mv‡_ Ges wb‡Pi w`‡K Wvb I evg eª¼vB-G wef³ nq| GwU 16-20wU †Kvgjvw¯’ wbwg©Z Aa© ejq (C -AvK…wZi) w`‡q MwVZ| Zš‘gq Kjv w`‡q Aa© ejq¸‡jv AvUKv‡bv _v‡K| UªvwKqvi AšÍtcÖvPx‡i wmwjqvhy³ wgDKvm AveiYx _v‡K|

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UªvwKqv Pzc‡m hvq bv e‡j AwZ mn‡R Gi ga¨ w`‡q evqy PjvPj Ki‡Z cv‡i| Gi AšÍtcÖvPx‡ii wmwjqv AevwÂZ e¯‘i cÖ‡ek †iva K‡i| eª¼vm (Bronchus) : eÿMnŸ‡i UªvwKqvi †kl cÖvšÍ `yÕwU (Wvb I evg) kvLvq wef³ nq; G‡`i bvg eª¼vB (Bronchi-eûePb)| Wvb eª¼vmwU A‡cÿvK…Z †QvU wKš‘ cÖk¯Í| Wvb w`‡Ki eª¼vmwU wZbfv‡M fvM n‡q Wvb dzmdz‡mi wZbwU L‡Ð (lobe) cÖ‡ek K‡i| Ab¨w`‡K evg eª¼vmwU `ywU fv‡M fvM n‡q evg dzmdz‡mi `ywU †jv‡e cÖ‡ek K‡i| dzmdz‡mi Af¨šÍ‡i cÖwZwU eª¼vm cybtcybt wef³ n‡q AmsL¨ ÿz`ªvKvi eªw¼Ij (Bronchiole) MVb K‡i| Gi gva¨‡g evqy dzmdz‡m cÖ‡ek K‡i| dzmdzm (Lungs) : eÿMnŸ‡ii g‡a¨ Wvqvd«vg ev ga¨”Q`vi Dc‡i `yw`‡K `ywU dzmdzm Aew¯’Z| cøyiv (Plura) bvgK wØ¯Íix GKwU cvZjv Avei‡Y dzmdzm `ywU Ave„Z _v‡K| Gi evB‡ii ¯ÍiwU‡K c¨vivBUvj ¯Íi Ges wfZ‡ii ¯ÍiwU‡K wf‡mivj ¯Íi e‡j| ¯Íi `ywUi gv‡S †mivm d¬zBW (Serous fluid) bvgK Zij c`v_© _v‡K| G Zij c`v_© dzmdzm‡K Nl©YRwbZ AvNvZ †_‡K iÿv K‡i|

Wvb dzmdzmwU evg dzmdz‡mi †P‡q wKQyUv eo _v‡K| Wvb w`‡Ki dzmdzmwU wZbwU †jve ev L‡Û wef³| wKš‘ evg dzmdz‡m `ywU †jve Av‡Q| cÖwZwU †jve Avevi †jvweDj (lovules) bvgK ÿz`ª ÿz`ª As‡k wef³| Wvb dzmdz‡m 10wU Ges evg dzmdz‡m 8wU †jvweDj _v‡K| dzmdz‡mi wfZ‡i cÖwZ †jv‡e GKwU K‡i eª¼vm _v‡K| eª¼vm †h As‡k dzmdz‡m cÖ‡ek K‡i †m Ask‡K nvBjvg (Hilum) e‡j| nvBjv‡gi gva¨‡g eª¼vm QvovI i³ I jwmKv bvjx dzmdz‡m cÖ‡ek K‡i| eª¼vm ÿz„`ª ÿz`ª AmsL¨ eªw¼Ij Drcbœ K‡i| cÖvšÍxq eªw¼Ij¸‡jv (cÖwZ †jvweDj 50Ñ80wU) P~ovšÍ ch©v‡q A¨vjwfIjvB (alveoli) bvgK †QvU †QvU evqy_wj‡Z mgvß nq| A¨vjwfIjvB Gi cÖvPxi GK¯Íi P¨vÞv AveiYx †Kvl w`‡q ˆZwi| Gi Pvicv‡k _v‡K cvj‡gvbvwi agbx I wkivi ˆKwkK RvwjKv (capillaries)|

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A¨vjwfIjvm Gi cÖvPxi AZ¨šÍ cvZjv nIqvq i³ I dzmdzm ga¨¯’ M¨vmxq c`v‡_©i g‡a¨ AwZ mn‡R e¨vcb N‡U| eªswKIj¸‡jv ÿz`ª ÿz`ª kvLvq wef³ n‡q cÖwZwUi †kl cÖv‡šÍ †QvU †ejy‡bi g‡Zv †h evqy_wj MVb K‡i Zv‡K A¨vjwfIjvm e‡j| gvby‡li dzmdz‡m cÖvq 70-90 eM©wgUvi AvqZ‡bi Zj Ry‡o 700 wgwjqb (70 †KvwU) GiI †ewk msL¨K A¨vjwfIjvB i‡q‡Q| cÖwZwU A¨vjwfIjv‡mi cÖvPxi AZ¨šÍ cvZjv (gvÎ 0.1 m cyiæ)| A¨vjwfIjv‡mi cÖvPxi P¨vÞvK…wZi †¯‹vqvgvm (AuvBkvKvi) Gwc‡_wjqvj †Kvl Øviv MwVZ| GQvov G‡`i cÖvPx‡i †Kvjv‡Rb I w¯’wZ¯’vcK m~ÎK ZšÍy _v‡K| G Kvi‡Y wbk¦vm I cÖk¦vmKv‡j A¨vjwfIjvm mn‡R cÖmvwiZ n‡Z cv‡i Ges c~e©ve¯’vq wd‡i Avm‡Z cv‡i| A¨vjwfIjv‡mi cÖvPx‡ii we‡kl wKQy †Kvl _v‡K hviv cÖvPx‡ii wfZ‡ii w`‡K wWUvi‡R›U Gi g‡Zv mvi‡dKU¨v›U (Surfactunt) bvgK ivmvqwbK c`v_© wbtmiY K‡i| G c`v‡_©i d‡j dzmdzm Lye mn‡RB msKzwPZ I cÖmvwiZ n‡Z cv‡i| GQvov GwU A¨vjwfIjv‡m AvMZ RxevYyI aŸsm K‡i| mvi‡dKU¨v›Uwenxb A¨vjwfIjvm Z_v dzmdzm h_vh_ KvR Ki‡Z cv‡i bv| 6 gvm eq¯‹ gvbe åƒ‡Y me©cÖ_g mvi‡dKU¨v›U ÿiY kyiæ nq| ZvB 6 gv‡mi Av‡M gvbe åæY‡K ¯^vaxb Aw¯Í‡Z¡i AwaKvix MY¨ Kiv nq bv| G Rb¨ G mg‡qi ci Mf©cv‡Zi AbygwZ †`qv nq bv| A¨vjwfIjv‡mi evB‡ii w`‡K cvj‡gvbvwi agbx †_‡K m„ó cÖPzi ˆKwkKRvjK wbweofv‡e Ae¯’vb K‡i| c‡i ˆKwkKbvjxKv¸‡jv cybivq wg‡j cvj‡gvbvwi wkiv MVb K‡i| A¨vjwfIjvm¸‡jv M¨vm wewbg‡qi Zj MVb K‡i| wkÿv_x©i KvR: wkÿv_x©iv A¨vjwfIjv‡mi wPÎ AsKb K‡i Gi gva¨‡g M¨vmxq wewbgq cÖwμqv †kÖwYK‡ÿ Dc¯’vcb Ki‡e|

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5.2 eënvwiK cixÿvi bvg: dzmdz‡mi Aby‡”Q‡ì ¯’vqx ¯øvBW ch©‡eÿY| cÖ‡qvRbxq DcKiY: dzmdz‡mi Aby‡”Q‡ì ¯’vqx ¯øvBW Ges GKwU AYyexÿYhš¿| Kvh©c×wZ: dzmdz‡mi Aby‡”Q‡ì ¯’vqx ¯øvBWwU AYyexÿY h‡š¿ ¯’vcb Ki‡Z n‡e Ges ch©‡eÿY Ki‡Z n‡e| ch©‡eÿY: fv‡jvfv‡e ch©‡eÿY Ki‡j wb‡¤œi êwkó¨¸‡jv †`Lv hvqÑ

kbv³Kvix ˆewkó¨ 1. A¨vjwfIjvm bvgK AmsL¨ evqycÖ‡Kvô we`¨gvb| 2. A¨vjwfIjv‡mi Pvicv‡k Uªv‡eKzjx bvgK e¨eavqK c`©v Av‡Q| 3. wmwjqvhy³ eªw¼Ij Dcw¯’Z| 4. A¨vjwfIjvB I eªw¼I‡ji duv‡K duv‡K i³bvjx Dcw¯’Z| wPÎ 5.4: dzmdz‡mi Aby‡”Q` (Ask we‡kl)

5.3 cÖk¦vm-wbk¦vm Kvh©μg I wbqš¿Y  cÖkv¦ m-wbk¦vm Kvh©μg cÖk¦vm-wbk¦v‡mi nvi cwieZ©bkxj| gvby‡l wekÖvgiZ Ae¯’vq wgwb‡U 15-20 evi cÖk¦vm-wbk¦vm N‡U| cÖk¦vm-wbk¦v‡mi nvi‡K UvBWvj fwjDg (tidal volume) Øviv ¸Y K‡i cvj‡gvbvix †fw›U‡jk‡bi nvi cvIqv hvq| cvj‡gvbvix †fw›U‡jk‡bi nvi cÖwZ wgwb‡U cÖvq 6 wjUvi| k¦vm MÖnY ev cÖk¦vm Inspiration or Inhalation): cvj‡gvbvix †fw›U‡jkb ev k¦vmKvh© ev cÖk¦vmwbk¦v‡mi Rb¨ cÖ‡qvRb nq Aweivg †cwk wμqvi, hv eÿMnŸi AvqZb e„w× NUvq Ges dzmdzm‡K cÖmvwiZ K‡i| k¦vm MÖnY ev cÖkv¦ ‡mi mgq ewa©Z eÿMnŸ‡ii Kvi‡Y m„ó n«vmK…Z evqyPvc‡K mgvb Kivi Rb¨ dzmdz‡m evZvm AvwbZ nq| - B›Uvi‡Kv÷vj †cwk cïK©v †_‡K cï©Kv ch©šÍ we¯Í…Z, Ges Giv msKzwPZ n‡q cï©Kv¸‡jv‡K KvQvKvwQ †U‡b Av‡b| cï©Kv¸‡jvi ïaygvÎ AMÖcÖvšÍ ÷vb©v‡gi mwbœK‡U wX‡jXvjvfv‡e hy³ _v‡K e‡j Dc‡ii w`‡K Ges evB‡ii w`‡K DwÌZ nq| G‡Z eÿwcÄ‡ii e¨vm I AvqZb †e‡o hvq| - Wvqvd«vg Ges B›Uvi‡Kv÷vj †cwki hyMcr ms‡KvP‡b eÿ MnŸ‡ii cÖmviY N‡U, d‡j cÖk¦vm msNwUZ nq| cÖk¦v‡mi c~‡e© Wvqvd«vg †cwk kø_b (relaxation) Ae¯’vq aby‡Ki gZ _v‡K| cÖk¦vmKv‡j Wvqvd«vg †cwk msKzwPZ n‡q mgZj AvKvi aviY K‡i| d‡j Wvqvd«vg wb‡P †b‡g Av‡m Ges eÿMnŸ‡ii AvqZb Aby‰`N©¨fv‡e Av‡iv e„w× cvq| B›Uvi‡Kv÷vj †cwk Ges D`ixq †cwk k¦vmKv‡h© ¸iæZ¡c~Y© n‡jI Wvqvd«vg k¦vmKv‡h©i cÖavb A½|

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wbPzK…Z Wvqvd«vg Øviv D`ixq A½mg~n‡K GK‡Î †V‡m ivLv‡Z Kg‡cb‡÷ ( compensate) Kivi Rb¨ D`ixq †cwki kø_b N‡U| eÿ MnŸ‡ii ewa©Z mvBR MnŸ‡ii evqyPvc‡K evqygÛjxq Pvc, cÖvq 756 wgwjwgUvi cvi` †_‡K 4 wgwjwgUvi cvi` n«vm K‡i, Ges wfZ‡ii Pvc cwi‡e‡ki Pv‡ci Zzjbvq Kg nIqvi Kvi‡Y Pv‡ci mgZv iÿvi Rb¨ bvK I UªvwKqv Z_v k¦mb bvwji gva¨‡g evqy dzmdz‡mi w`‡K cÖevwnZ nq|

wPÎ: 5.5: cÖk¦vm-wbk¦vm Kvh©μg

k¦vmZ¨vM ev wbk¦vm (Expiration of exhalation) : cÖk¦v‡mi ciciB k¦vmZ¨vM ev wbk¦vm wb¤œiƒcfv‡e msNwUZ nq| G mgq ewnt¯’ B›Uvi‡Kv÷vj †cwk Ges Wvqvd«vg kø_b nq| G‡Z eÿwcÄi c~‡e©i Ae¯’vq wd‡i Av‡m| Dìxq †cwk msKzwPZ n‡q Dìxq A½mg~n‡K Wvqvd«v‡gi w`‡K av°v †`q| G‡Z eÿwcÄ‡ii AvqZb K‡g hvq Ges Gi wfZ‡ii PvcI e„w× cvq| d‡j dzmdzm †_‡K evZvm †ei n‡q hvq Ges dzmdzm msKzwPZ nq| kw³ wbf©i kvwiwiK Kg©Kv‡Ði mgq, †dvm©W wbk¦vmKv‡j Ab¨vb¨ †cwkI msKzwPZ nq| ewnt¯’ B›Uvi‡Kv÷vj †cwki mv‡_ mg‡Kv‡Y Ae¯’vbKvix AšÍt¯’ B›Uvi‡Kv÷vj †cwkI ms‡KvP‡bi gva¨‡g dzmdz‡mi †¯úm n«vm K†i| Dìxq †cwkI †Rvi K‡i msKzwPZ n‡Z mÿg Ges wf‡miv‡K mwμq Wvqvd«v‡gi w`‡K Pvc †`q hvi d‡j dzmdz‡mi †¯úm Av‡iv n«vm cvq| k¦mb †cwkmg~n †dvm©W wbk¦v‡mi mgq KvR Ki‡jI, cÖavb †cwk n‡jv Dìxq †cwk, hviv dzmdzm †_‡K AwZwi³ evqy †ei K‡i w`‡Z †dvm© K‡i|

5.3.1 k¦vm-cÖk¦vm wbqš¿Y †imwc‡iUix †m›Uvi bvgK GK ¸”Q ¯œvqy k¦vm-cÖk¦vm (breathing) wbqš¿Y K‡i| GwU gw¯Í‡®‹i †gWzjv AejsMvUvq (medulla oblongata) Aew¯’Z| †imwc‡iUix †m›Uvi †_‡K Bdv‡i›U ¯œvqyi gva¨‡g wbqwgZfv‡e ¯œvqy DwÏcbv (nerve impulse) ewnt¯’ B›Uvi †Kv÷vj †cwk Ges Wvqvd«v‡g †cÖwiZ nq| G‡Z †cwkØq msKzwPZ nq Ges cÖk¦vm ïiæ nq| dzmdz‡m evqyi cÖ‡ek ïiæ n‡j k¦vmbvwj‡Z Aew¯’Z †÷ªP wi‡mÞi (stretch receptor) ¸‡jv eÿMnŸi cÖmvi‡Yi AMÖMwZ m¤ú‡K© gw¯Í‡®‹ Z_¨ †cÖiY K‡i| eÿMnŸi hZB cÖmvwiZ nq ZZB `ªæZ †÷ªP wi‡mÞi¸‡jv DÏxcbv wdWe¨vK (feedback) K‡i|

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eÿMnŸi Z_v dzmdzm h‡_ôfv‡e cÖmvwiZ n‡j †imwc‡iUix †m›Uvi †_‡K †cwkØ‡q ms‡KZ †cÖiY ¯^í mg‡qi Rb¨ eÜ n‡q hvq hvi d‡j ¯^qswμqfv‡e wbtk¦vm ïiæ nq| wKQz †K‡gvwi‡mÞi (chemoreceptor) i‡³i Dcv`vb Gi cÖwZ AZ¨šÍ ms‡e`bkxj hviv pH Gi †h †Kvb m~² cwieZ©b kbv³ Ki‡Z mÿg| wZb ai‡bi †K‡gvwi‡mÞi †`Lv hvq, h_v: 1. †gWzjvq Aew¯’Z †m›Uªvj wi‡mÞi (central receptor) hv CO 2 Gi Nb‡Z¡i cÖwZ ms‡e`bkxj 2. K¨v‡ivwUW agbxi cÖvPx‡i Aew¯’Z K¨v‡ivwUW ewWR (carotid bodies) Ges 3. A¨vIwU©K Av‡P© Aew¯’Z A¨vIwU©K ewWR (aortic bodies) | K¨v‡ivwUW ewWR Ges A¨vIwU©K ewWR‡K †cwi‡divj †K‡gvwi‡mÞi (peripheral chemoreceptor) ejv nq| Giv i‡³ CO 2 Gi cwigvY Ges pH gvÎvi cÖwZ ms‡e`bkxj O 2 gvÎvi cwieZ©‡bi cÖwZI Giv wKQzUv ms‡e`bkxj|

5.4 M¨vmxq cwienY 5.4.1 Aw·‡Rb cwienY c×wZ cÖkv¦ m wμqvi gva¨‡g AvMZ evZvm dzmdz‡m †cuŠQv‡j dzmdz‡mi A¨vjwfIjvB‡q O2 Gi Pvc _v‡K 107 wg.wg. cvi` | Ab¨w`‡K dzmdz‡mi ˆKwkKRvwjKvq †`n †_‡K AvMZ i‡³ O2 Pvc _v‡K 40 wg.wg. cvi`| myZivs dzmdzm †_‡K O2 e¨vcb cÖwμqvq dzmdzmxq wSwjø †f` K‡i i‡³ cÖ‡ek K‡i| GB e¨vcb hZÿY bv i‡³ O2 Gi Pvc 100 wg.wg. cvi‡` DcbxZ nq ZZÿY Pj‡Z _v‡K| i³KZ©„K GB Aw·‡Rb `yfv‡e cwievwnZ nq| h_v (1) †fŠZ `ªeYiƒ‡c I (2) ivmvqwbK †hŠMiƒ‡c| †fŠZ `ªeYiƒ‡c: cÖwZ 100 wg.wg. i‡³ 0.2 wg.wj. Aw·‡Rb †fŠZ `ªeYiƒ‡c cwievwnZ nq| `ªexf‚Z GB AskB i‡³ 100 wg.wg. cvi` (100 wg.wg. cvi`) Pvc m„wói Rb¨ `vqx| GB As‡ki cwigvY AwZ mvgvb¨ e‡j GwU Kjv †Kv‡l Aw·‡Rb mieivn Kv‡h© we‡kl f~wg‡K cvjb K‡i bv| hw`I Aw·‡Rb I wn‡gv‡Møvwe‡bi ms‡hvRb Kv‡h© Gi we‡kl f‚wgKv i‡q‡Q| ivmvqwbK †hŠMiƒ‡c: O2 i‡³ cÖ‡e‡ki ci †jvwnZ KwYKvw¯’Z wn‡gv‡Møvwe‡bi mv‡_ hy³ n‡q Aw·wn‡gv‡Møvweb MVb K‡i| GwU GKcÖKvi wkw_j ivmvqwbK †hŠM, hv Aw·‡R‡bi Pvc n«vm †c‡j cybivq wehy³ nq| GB ms‡hvRb i‡³ Aw·‡R‡bi `ªexf‚Z As‡ki Pv‡ci Dci wbf©ikxj| GB Pvc hZB e„w× †c‡Z _v‡K wn‡gv‡Møvweb Aw·‡R‡bi mv‡_ ZZ †ewk mshy³ nq| Hb + O2

HbO2

5.4.2 Kve©bWvB-A·vBW cwienY c×wZ CO 2 wkivZ‡š¿i gva¨‡g dzmdz‡m †cuŠ‡Q| Kjv‡Kvl †_‡K dzmdz‡m CO2 cwienb‡K Pvifv‡M fvM Kiv hvq|

K) Kjv‡Kvl †_‡K CO2 Gi wkivZ‡š¿ cÖ‡ek: †Kvlxq Lv`¨e¯‘ Rvi‡Yi d‡j m„ó CO 2 Gi Rb¨ Kjv‡Kvl I Kjv i‡mi CO 2 Gi Pv‡ci cv_©K¨ nq Ges CO 2 †_‡K Kjvi‡m cÖ‡ek K‡i Ges GKB Kvi‡Y wkivq cÖ‡ek K‡i|

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L) wkiv i‡³ CO 2 cwienb: wkiv i‡³ i³im I †jvwnZ KwYKvi gva¨‡g CO 2 evwnZ nq| i³i‡m CO2 cwienb‡K `yB fv‡M fvM Kiv hvq| h_v †fŠZ `ªeYiƒ‡c CO 2 i³i‡mi cvwbi mv‡_ wewμqv

K‡i Kve©wbK GwmW ˆZwi K‡i Ges evBKve©‡bU (HCO 3 ) Avqb iƒ‡c evwnZ nq| H   HCO3

CO 2  H 2O  H 2CO 3

Kve©vwg‡bv †hŠMiƒ‡c, †hgb CO 2 cøvRgv †cÖvwUb Gi mv‡_ hy³ n‡q Kve©vwg‡bv †cÖvwUb MVb K‡i cwievwnZ nq| CO 2  Pr  NH 2

Pr NHCOOH

GQvov HCO 3 i³i‡m Na  Gi mv‡_ hy³ n‡q †mvwWqvg evBKve©‡bU Drcv`b K‡i| †jvwnZ KwYKvq CO2 cwienb: †jvwnZ KwYKvq `yfv‡e CO 2 cwievwnZ nq| h_v: †fŠZ `ªeYiƒ‡c CO2 †jvwnZ KwYKvi ga¨w¯’Z cvwbi mv‡_ wewμqv K‡i Kve©wbK GwmW ˆZwi K‡i cwievwnZ nq| CO 2  H 2O

Kve©wbK GbnvB‡WªR

H 2CO 3

GQvov †jvwnZ KwYKvi wn‡gvMøvwe‡bi mv‡_ CO 2 hy³ n‡q ivmvqwbK †hŠM Kve©vwg‡bv wn‡gv‡Møvweb MVb K‡i| CO2 + Hb NH2

Hb- NH COOH

†jvwnZ KwYKvq Drcbœ Kve©wbK Gwm‡Wi wKQz Ask wn‡gv‡Møvweb cUvwkqvg †hŠ‡Mi mv‡_ hy³ n‡q cUvwkqvg evBKve©‡bU †hŠM (KHCO3 ) MVb K‡i| †jvwnZ KwYKvq †K¬vivBW wkd‡Ui gva¨‡g Cl  gy³ n‡q i³i‡m P‡j Av‡m| M) gy³ CO2 Drcv`b Ges CO2 Gi dzmdz‡m cÖ‡ek: CO 2 hy³ i³ dzmdz‡mi A¨vjwfIjvB‡qi ms¯ú‡k© G‡m wecixZ wμqv¸‡jv Avi¤¢ nq| Ges CO2 e¨vcb cÖwμqvq A¨vjwfIjvB‡Z cÖ‡ek K‡i Ges bvmvc‡_ †ewi‡q Av‡m|

5.5 k¦vmiÄK (Respiratory pigment) †jvwnZ i³ KwYKvi mvB‡UvcøvR‡g Aw·‡Rb-evnK †MøvweDjvi †cÖvwUb wn‡gv‡Møvweb Gi Ae¯’vb| cÖwZwU wn‡gv‡Møvweb AYy 4% wng (heme) bvgK †jŠn aviYKvix wcM‡g›U Ges 96% †Møvweb (globin) bvgK cwj‡ccUvBc †cÖvwUb mgš^‡q MwVZ| wn‡gv‡Møvweb GKwU jvje‡Y©i k¦vmiÄK (respiratory pigment)| wn‡gv‡Møvweb k¦m‡bi Rb¨ dzmdym †_‡K †`‡ni cÖwZwU †Kv‡l Aw·‡Rb Ges k¦m‡b m„ó Kve©b WvB-A·vBW eR¨© †Kvl †_‡K dzmdz‡m cwienb K‡i| wn‡gv‡Møvwe‡bi KvR wbf©i K‡i cÖk¦v‡mi (k¦vm MÖnY) mgq dzmdzm KZ©„K M„wnZ evqy †_‡K Gi Aw·‡Rb MÖnY Kivmn i³bvwji gva¨‡g †`n‡Kvl ch©šÍ

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cwienb Ges †Kv‡li cÖ‡qvR‡bi mgq Aw·‡Rb‡K gy³ K‡i †`qvi ÿgZvi Dci| cÖk¦v‡mi mgq Aw·‡Rb e¨vcb cÖwμqvq dzmdz‡mi A¨vjwfIjvm †_‡K Gi Pvicv‡k Aew¯’Z K¨vwcjvixi i‡³i cøvRgvq Av‡m| cøvRgv †_‡K cÖvq 98% Aw·‡Rb jvj i³ KwYKv ev Gwi‡_ªvmvB‡U Aew¯’Z wn‡gv‡Møvwe‡bi

mv‡_ ivmvqwbK eÜ‡b Ave× n‡q A¯’vqx ivmvqwbK †hŠMiƒ‡c Aw·wn‡gv‡Møvweb

(oxyhaemoglobin)

wn‡m‡e †`n‡Kvl ch©šÍ cwievwnZ nq| †`n‡Kv‡li Pvicv‡k †h‡nZz

Aw·‡R‡bi cwigvY Kg ZvB Aw·wn‡gv‡Møvweb †f‡½ Aw·‡Rb gy³ n‡q e¨vcb cÖwμqvq †Kv‡l cÖ‡ek K‡i| Aw·‡Rbc~Y© cwi‡ek †_‡K Aw·‡Rb msMÖn K‡i Aw·‡Rbwi³ cwi‡e‡k mieivn Kivi Rb¨ wn‡gv‡Møvweb‡K iweb ûW AYy ejv nq| k¦m‡b m„ó Kve©b WvB-A·vB‡Wi GKwU Ask †Kvl †_‡K dzmdzm ch©šÍ cwienb K‡i wn‡gv‡Møvweb k¦m‡b ¸iæZ¡c~Y© f‚wgKv iv‡L| wn‡gv‡Møvweb AYyi cÖwZwU cwj‡ccUvBW †PBb Gi †kl cÖv‡šÍ Aew¯’Z A¨vwg‡bv MÖæc (  NH 2 ) Gi mv‡_ Kve©b WvB-A·vB‡Wi wewμqvi d‡j wbDUªvj Kve©vwg‡bvwn‡gv‡Møvweb †hŠM carbaminohaemoglobin) MwVZ nq Ges msenb Z‡š¿i gva¨‡g dzmdz‡m Avmvi ci wecixZgyLx cwieZ©b Øviv Kve©b WvB-A·vBW gy³ nq|

5.6 k¦mbbvjxi mgm¨v, jÿY I cÖwZKvi 5.6.1 mvBbymvBwUm (Sinusitis) mvBbymvBwUm †ivMwUi mv‡_ Avgiv A‡b‡KB Kg‡ekx cwiwPZ| GwU GKwU mvaviY †ivM| kZKiv cuwPk fvM gvbyl GB †iv‡M fz‡M _v‡Kb| Z‡e mvaviY †ivM n‡jI hv‡ì GB †ivM n‡q‡Q ZvivB †ev‡Sb Gi †h wK Amn¨ hš¿bv| Avgv‡ì gyLgÛ‡j I gw¯Í‡®‹i nvo¸‡jv‡K nvjKv ivLvi myweav‡_© bv‡Ki Pvicv‡k evZvmc~Y© GK ai‡bi evqyKzVzwi Av‡Q †gwW‡Kj mvB‡Ý hv‡ì e‡j mvBbvm| mvBbymvBwUm n‡jv D³ mvBbvm mg~‡ni e¨vK‡UwiqvRwbZ Bb‡dKkb| Avgv‡ì bvmvi‡Ü jÿ jÿ e¨vK‡Uwiqv i‡q‡Q| hZÿb ch©šÍ mvBbv‡mi †Wª‡bR¸‡jv †Lvjv _v‡K †ewkifvM mg‡qB ZLb e¨vK‡Uwiqv¸‡jv Lye GKUv ÿwZ Ki‡Z cv‡ibv| wKš‘ hLbB mvBbv‡mi †Wª‡bR¸‡jv eÜ n‡q hvq e¨vK‡Uwiqv¸‡jv ZLb mwμq n‡q D‡V Ges Bb‡dKkb m„wó K‡i| e¨vK‡Uwiqv GLv‡b wbqš¿Ynxbfv‡e †e‡o D‡V Ges gv_v I Kv‡bi Pvicv‡k gy‡L cÖ`vn m„wó K‡i| g~jZ GB †ivMwUi bvgB mvBbymvBwUm| mvaviY e¨v‡±wiqvRwbZ Kvi‡Y mvBbymvBwUm n‡jI A‡bK mgq bv‡K AvNvZ cvIqv, GjvwR©, VvÛv jvMv, a~‡jvevwj, bv‡Ki nvo evKv n‡q hvIqv, bv‡K wUDgvi nIqv BZ¨vw` bvbvwea Kvi‡Y G †ivM †`Lv w`‡Z cv‡i|

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mvBbymvBwU‡mi jÿY: bv‡Ki Av‡kcv‡k AbeiZ e¨_v nIqv, mKv‡j Nyg †_‡K DVvi ci gv_v e¨_v KivI memgq bvK eÜ _vKv Gi cÖavb jÿb| GQvov bvK w`‡q AbeiZ cvwb cov, me©ÿY gv_v fvi fvi g‡b nIqv, Lvev‡ii ¯^v` I NªvY eyS‡Z bv cviv, wegl©Zv, Aw¯’iZv Ges Abxnv RvMv, gv‡S gv‡S R¡i Avmv I kixi g¨vR g¨vR Kiv G meB mvBbymvBwU‡mi jÿY| cÖwZKvi: mvBbv‡mi mgm¨v †`Lv w`‡j cÖv_wgK Ae¯’vqB wPwKrm‡Ki civgk© Abyhvqx Ilya †L‡Z n‡e| Zv‡Z Lye mn‡RB G †ivMwU‡K wbqš¿‡Y ivLv hv‡e| †Kvb Ae¯’v‡ZB †ivMwU‡K `xN©‡gqv`x n‡Z †`qv hv‡e bv| †mRb¨ Nb Nb VvÛv jvMv‡bv †_‡K weiZ _vKvi cvkvcvwk a~‡jvevwj †_‡K `y‡i _vK‡Z n‡e, †mB mv‡_ bv‡K ev‡®úi fve ‡bqv cywóKi I wfUvwgbhy³ Lvevi MÖnY Kiv Ges Aek¨B cwiwgZ wekÖvg wb‡Z n‡e| e¨_vi Rb¨ g„`y e¨_vbvkK Ilya LvIqv hvq| μwbK mvBbymvBwUm n‡j Wv³v‡ii civgk© Abyhvqx A¨vw›Uev‡qvwUK †L‡Z n‡e| Ily‡ai gva¨‡g fv‡jv bv n‡j, Iqv‡ki gva¨‡g mvBbvm cwi®‹vi Ki‡Z n‡e| GwU GKwU DËg wPwKrmv hw`I A‡b‡K g‡b K‡ib GKevi mvBbvm Iqvk Ki‡j wbqg K‡i wKQzw`b ci ci GUv Pvwj‡q †h‡Z nq, wKš‘ G aviYvwU †gv‡UI mwVK bq| eis Iqv‡ki gva¨‡g e¨vK‡UwiqvRwbZ Bb‡dKkb cwi®‹vi K‡i mwVK wbq‡g| GZ wKQzi ciI hw` G †ivM bv mv‡i ev Nb Nb nq Zvn‡j G‡Ûvm‡KvwcK mvBbvm mvR©vwi K‡i wb‡Z cv‡ib| AvRKvj mvBbymvBwU‡mi AvaywbK wPwKrmv wn‡m‡e G‡Ûvm‡Kvc I gwbUi †`‡L mvBbv‡mi LywUbvwU me ai‡bi mvR©vwi Kiv n‡q _v‡K| G‡Z Lye †ekx KvUv-†Quov Ki‡Z nq bv weavq f‡qi †Kvb KviY †bB| Avi †ivMwUI GKev‡i †m‡i hvq| DbœZ we‡k¦i cvkvcvwk Avgv‡`i †`‡kI AvRKvj wbqwgZ G mvR©vwi n‡”Q|

5.6.2 IwUwUm wgwWqv (Otitis media) IwUwUm wgwWqv ga¨ K‡Y©i msμvgYRwbZ cÖ`vn| mvaviYfv‡e wkïiv GB mgm¨vq †ewk AvμvšÍ n‡q _v‡K| evi evi EaŸ©k¦vmbvjxi cÖ`vnB n‡”Q GB Bb‡dKk‡bi Ab¨Zg KviY| AwaKvsk †ÿ‡Î EaŸ©kv¦ mbvjxi GB Bb‡dKkb fvBivmRwbZ msμg‡Yi Rb¨B n‡q _v‡K| †hme wkïiv NbNb mw`©Kvwk‡Z †fv‡M Ges Ubwmj Ges GwWb‡qW (bvmv Mjwej ev b¨v‡mvd¨vwism Gi Ubwmj) Gi mgm¨v

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i‡q‡Q Zv‡ì g‡a¨B G cÖ‡Kvc †ewk| GB mgm¨vq ga¨K‡Y©i m‡½ EaŸ©k¦vmbvjxi †hvMv‡hvM iÿvKvix GKwU bvjx (BD‡÷bwkqvb wUDe) n‡q Bb‡dKkb Kv‡b †cuŠ‡Q hvq wKsev bvwjwU eÜ n‡q ch©vqμ‡g ga¨K‡Y© cÖ`v‡ni m„wó nq| wkï‡ì †ÿ‡Î ga¨K‡Y©i m‡½ EaŸ©k¦vmbvwji †hvMv‡hvM iÿvKvix BD‡÷wkqvb bvwjwU ˆ`‡N©¨ wKQzUv †QvU I †gvUv _v‡K Ges Gi Ae¯’vb wKQzUv mgvšÍivj| d‡j EaŸ©k¦vmbvwji †h †Kv‡bv Bb‡dKkb mn‡RB cÖ‡ek Ki‡Z cv‡i ga¨K‡Y©| Z‡e wkï‡ì ga¨K‡Y©i GB Bb‡dKkb, †QvÆ wkï‡K GK`g wPZ K‡i ïB‡q `ya wKsev Ab¨ †Kv‡bv Zij LvIqv‡bvi Kvi‡YI n‡Z cv‡i| wPZ K‡i LvIqv‡bvi Kvi‡Y Zij Lvevi wKsev `ya wkïi gyL w`‡q mn‡RB GB bvwj n‡q ga¨K‡Y© Xz‡K co‡Z cv‡i| ga¨K‡Y©i Bb‡dKkb Zxeª nIqvi KviY n‡jv cÖvq kZKiv 80 fvM †ÿ‡ÎB Gi RxevYy ev e¨vK‡Uwiqvi GKUv m¤ú„³Zv _v‡K| e¨vK‡UwiqvRwbZ Bb‡dKkb n‡q Kv‡bi g‡a¨ cuy‡Ri m„wó nq| ga¨K‡Y©i GB Bb‡dKkb nVvr K‡iB †`Lv †`q| Zxeª Kvbe¨_v w`‡qI ïiæ n‡Z cv‡i| Avevi nvjKv Kvbe¨_v w`‡qI ïiæ n‡Z cv‡i| AwaKvsk †ÿ‡ÎB Kvb w`‡q †Kv‡bv wKQz †ei nq bv| A_©vr Kvb w`‡q cyuR, cvwb wKsev gqjv †Kv‡bv wKQzB †ei nq bv| GB ai‡bi mgm¨vq mvivivZ e¨_vq wkï GK`g Nygv‡Z cv‡i bv| wKš‘ iv‡Zi ci mKvj †ejv e¨_v K‡g hvq bv| ga¨K‡Y©i Zxeª cÖ`v‡ni DcmM© I jÿY¸‡jv wbf©i K‡i †ivMwU †Kvb ch©v‡q Av‡Q Zvi Ici| GK`g cÖ_g Ae¯’vq hLb BD‡÷wkqvb wUDewU eÜ n‡q hvq ZLbKv‡b Kg †kvbv Ges Kvbe¨_v GB `ywU DcmM©B Abyfe Kiv hvq| hw` BD‡÷wmqvb wUDewU †ewk mgq a‡i eÜ _v‡K ZLb ga¨K‡Y© e¨vK‡Uwiqvi AbycÖ‡ek N‡U| d‡j †e‡o hvq Kvbe¨_v| Kvb UbUb K‡i e¨_v K‡i, R¡i _vK‡Z cv‡i| Kv‡bi g‡a¨ cyuR nIqvi Kvi‡Y Kv‡bi c`©vwU dz‡Uv n‡q †h‡Z cv‡i| c`©v dz‡Uv n‡q †M‡j Kvb w`‡q cyuR wKsev cvwbi g‡Zv wKQz Mwo‡q †ewi‡q Av‡m| A‡bK mgq Kvb w`‡q †ewi‡q Avmv cyuR-cvwb i³wgwkÖZ _vK‡Z cv‡i| Kvb w`‡q cyuR-cvwb †ewi‡q Avmvi ci Kv‡bi e¨_v `ªæZ K‡g qvq| †mBm‡½ K‡g hvq R¡iI| wkïi g‡a¨ GKai‡bi ¯^w¯Í wd‡i Av‡m| ga¨K‡Y©i GB Bb‡dKkb avivevwnK GB cwibwZ‡Z bv †h‡q gvivZ¥K AvKvi avib K‡i RwUjZvi

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DcmM© wb‡q Avwef‚©Z n‡Z cv‡i| RwUjZvi Kvi‡Y ga¨K‡Y©i evB‡ii nv‡o Bb‡dKkb Qwo‡q †h‡Z cv‡i| nv‡oi g‡a¨ cyuR Rg‡Z cv‡i| GB cyu‡Ri Kvi‡Y Kv‡bi †cQ‡bi Ask e¨_vhy³ n‡q dz‡j DV‡Z cv‡i| ga¨K‡Y©i nv‡oi ga¨ w`‡q e‡q hvIqv †dwmqvj bvf©wU Ici cyu‡Ri Pv‡ci Kvi‡Y bvf©wUi Kvh©ÿgZv wKQzUv `ye©j n‡q †h‡Z cv‡i, ZLb bvf© `ye©jZvi DcmM© wn‡m‡e gyL †eu‡K †h‡Z cv‡i, †Pv‡Li cvZv wKQzUv Amvo n‡q †Pv‡Li Ici Ava‡evRv Ae¯’vq c‡o _vK‡Z cv‡i| GQvov A‡bK gvivZ¥K ai‡bi DcmM© †`Lv w`‡Z cv‡i| e¨_vi ïiæ‡Z A‡b‡KB wkï‡K c¨vivwmUvgj wKsev Ab¨vb¨ e¨_vbvkK Ilya w`‡q _v‡Kb| G‡Z e¨_v nq‡Zv wKQzUv K‡g hvq ZvB mKvj‡ejv e¨_v GKUz Kg Abyf‚Z nq| Z‡e Kv‡b G ai‡bi †Kv‡bv e¨_v n‡j hZ ZvovZvwo m¤¢e GKRb bvK Kvb Mjv we‡kl‡Ái civgk© †bqv DwPZ| KviY Kvb ch©‡eÿY bv K‡i GB †ivMwU wbY©q Kiv m¤¢e bq Ges civgk© MÖn‡Y †`wi n‡j ZZÿ‡b ga¨K‡Y©i Bb‡dKkb ZxeªZi n‡q Kv‡bi c`©v‡K wQ`ª K‡i w`‡Z cv‡i| G‡ÿ‡Î SzuwK †bqvi cwiYv‡g Kv‡bi c`uvwU wQ`ª n‡q †h‡Z cv‡i| hw`I mwVK mg‡qi wPwKrmvq Kv‡bi c`©vi †mB wQ`ª †m‡i I‡V ev †Rvov †j‡M hvq wKš‘ A‡bK †ÿ‡Î c`©vi wQ`ªwU ¯’vqxfv‡e i‡q †h‡Z cv‡i Ges GK ch©v‡q wkïwU `xN©‡gqvw` KvbcvKv †ivMx‡Z cwiYZ nq| myZivs hveZxq RwUjZv Gov‡Z hZ ZvovZvwo m¤¢e wPwKrmv ïiæ Ki‡Z n‡e Ges Gi KviY Lyu‡R †ei K‡i †mwUiI ¯’vqx wPwKrmv Ki‡Z n‡e|

5.7 dzmdz‡mi G·-†i wP‡Îi Zzjbv 5.7.1 Aa~gcvqx gvby‡li dymdz‡mi G·-‡i wPÎ Avgv‡ì mgv‡R aygcvqx‡ì msL¨v GZ‡ekx †h G‡Z Aa~gcvqxivI a~gcvqx‡ì gZ mgvb ÿwZMÖ¯|’ a~gcvqx Øviv Aa~gcvqx‡ì G Ae¯’v‡K ejv nq †mKÛ n¨vÛ †¯§vKvi| ZvB †mKÛ n¨vÛ †¯§vKvi wn‡m‡e bq G‡ÿ‡Î GKRb mvaviY Aa~gcvqxi dzmdz‡mi G·‡i wPÎ †Kgb n‡e Zv D‡jøL Kiv njÑ Aa~gcvqx‡ì dzmdz‡mi is _vK‡e nvjKv †Mvjvcx| †h‡nZz wewo wmMv‡i‡Ui †avqvi ÔUviÕ G‡ì dzmdzm‡K Avμgb K‡i bv ZvB G‡Z †Kvb AevwÂZ `vM, ÿZ, BZ¨vwì wPý cvIqv hvq bv| dzmdz‡m wUDgv‡ii Dcw¯’wZ ev K¨vÝv‡ii ÿ‡Zi wPý †`L‡Z cvIqv hvq bv| Aek¨ A‡bK †ÿ‡Î wewfbœ evqy `~l‡Ki Kvi‡Y G ai‡bi mgm¨v †`Lv w`‡Z cv‡i| a~gcvqx‡ì dzmdzm Aa~gcvqx‡ì †_‡K AvKv‡i eo nq ZvB Aa~gcvqx‡ì †ÿ‡Î ¯^vfvweK Avi SKS‡K G·‡i wPÎ †`L‡Z cvIqv hvq|

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wPÎ 5.8 : dzmdz‡mi G·-‡i wPÎ (K) Aa~gcvqx; (L) a~gcvqx

5.7.2 a~gcvqx gvby‡li dymdz‡mi G·-‡i wPÎ aygcvqxiv wewo, wmMv‡iU BZ¨vwì †avqvi mv‡_ wewfbœ `ylK Dcv`vb MÖnY K‡i| GmKj ÿwZKi Dcv`vb mivmwi dzmdz‡m cÖ‡ek K‡i Ges dymdz‡mi ÿwZmvab K‡i| mvaviYZ aygcvqx‡ì †ÿ‡Î cÖv_wgK Ae¯’vq Zv‡ì dzmdz‡mi G·‡i wPÎ †`‡L †evSvi Dcvq _v‡K bv| †h GwU aygcvqxi dzmdzm wKbv| wKš‘ mg‡qi mv‡_ aygcvqxi dzmdz‡mi g‡a¨ bvbv A¯^vfvweKZv I mgm¨v m„wó nq| hv dzmdz‡mi G·‡i wP‡Îi gva¨‡g mn‡RB dz‡U D‡V| G·‡i wP‡Î dz‡U DVv wKQz jÿY †`‡L GKRb we‡klÁ Lye mn‡RB aygcvqx I Aaygcvqx‡ì G·-‡i djvd‡ji Zzjbv Ki‡Z cvi‡e| aygcvqx‡ì †ÿ‡Î dzmdzm nvjKv †Mvjvcx †_‡K ax‡i ax‡i aymi Kv‡jv n‡q _v‡K| fv‡jv K‡i jÿ Ki‡j dymdz‡mi G·-‡i wP‡Î GB e‡Y©i MvpZ¡ ¯úó †evSv hvq| a~gcv‡bi d‡j dzmdz‡mi wcøDiv ÿwZMÖ¯’ nq hvi cÖfve G·-†i †Z dz‡U D‡V| dzmdz‡m ÔUviÕ bvgK Dcv`vb R‡g wcøDiv eªw¼Dj I A¨vjwfIjv‡mi ÿwZ mvab K‡i _v‡K| A¨vjwfIjvm mg~n axi ax‡i w¯’wZ¯’vcKZv nvi‡Z _v‡K d‡j aygcvqxi dzmdzm wKQzUv eo nq hv G·-†i wP‡Î dz‡U D‡V| a~gcvqx‡ì dzmdz‡mi A¨vjwfIjv‡mi duvKv ¯’v‡b emevmKvix g¨v‡μv‡dR †avqvi mv‡_ AvMZ `~lK c`v_©¸‡jv fÿb K‡i Ges D³ ¯’v‡bB Rgv nq| d‡j mgMÖ dzmdz‡m †QvU †QvU Kv‡jv ¯’vb †`Lv hvq| wbqwgZ I AwZwi³ a~gcvqx‡ì †ÿ‡Î dzmdzm gvivZ¥Kfv‡e ÿwZMÖ¯’ nq| A¨vjwfIjvm †d‡U hvq, A¨vjwfIjv‡mi cÖvPxi †d‡U wM‡q K‡qKwU A¨vjwfIjvm GKmv‡_ n‡q eo duvKv ¯’vb ˆZwi K‡i| dzmdz‡m wUDgv‡ii Dcw¯’wZ Ges dzmdzm K¨vÝv‡ii d‡j m„ó ÿZ a~gcvqxi dzmdz‡mi G·-†i wP‡Î Lye mn‡R aiv c‡o| wkÿv_x©i KvR: a~gcv‡bi 10wU ÿwZKi w`K wjL‡e Ges ¯^vfvweK dzmdzm †`L‡Z †Kgb Zv wjL‡Z n‡e|

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5.8 K…wÎg k¦vm-cÖk¦v‡mi D‡Ïk¨ †Kv‡bv `~N©Ubvq †hgb cvwb‡Z Wz‡e hvIqv, B‡jKwUªK kK& , AwZwi³ †avqv, welwμqv BZ¨vw`‡Z hLb †Kvb e¨w³i ¯^vfvweK k¦vm-cÖk¦vm cÖwμqv wewNœZ ZLb ZvrÿwYK Rxeb iÿvi Rb¨ K…wÎg k¦vm-cÖk¦vm cÖwμqvi cÖ‡qvRb nq| GUv wewfbœ ai‡bi n‡Z cv‡i †hb-gyL n‡Z gy‡Li mvnv‡h¨, gyL n‡Z bv‡Ki mvnv‡h¨ BZ¨vw`|

5.8.1 gyL n‡Z gy‡Li mvn‡h¨: GB cÖwμqvq `yN©Ubv KewjZ e¨w³i gy‡Li wfZi mvnvh¨Kvix e¨w³i gyL w`‡q evZvm cÖ‡ek Kiv‡bv nq| G cÖwμqvqÑ - `~N©Ubv KewjZ e¨w³‡K wPr K‡i ïB‡q w`‡Z n‡e Ges nv‡Zi Av½yj w`‡q Zvi gy‡Li wfZi _vKv mKj ewnivMZ e¯‘ †ei K‡i Avb‡Z n‡e| Gici mvnvh¨Kvix e¨w³i GK nvZ Zvi Nv‡oi wb‡P w`‡q NvowU‡K DPz Ki‡Z n‡e Ges gv_vwU‡K AvswkK KvZ K‡i w`‡Z n‡e| - _yZwbwU‡K Dc‡ii w`‡K Zz‡j ai‡Z n‡e Ges mvnvh¨Kvix e¨w³i gyL AvμvšÍ e¨w³i gyL eivei ¯’vcb Ki‡Z n‡e, Zvi bv‡Ki wQ`ª †P‡c ai‡Z n‡e Ges ch©vß cwigv‡Y evZvm w`‡Z n‡e| †QvU ev”Pv‡ì †ÿ‡Î mvnvh¨Kvix e¨w³i gyL Ggbfv‡e ¯’vcb Ki‡Z n‡e hv‡Z †ivMxi bvK I gyL‡K Zv †X‡K †d‡j| - ch©vß cwigvY evZvm †Ìqvi ci gyL mwi‡q wb‡Z n‡e Ges †ivMxi cÖk¦v‡mi kã ïb‡Z n‡e| evZvm †Ìqvi cÖwμqvwU cybivq Ki‡Z n‡e| hw` †Kvb evZvm Av`vb cÖ`vb-cÖ`vb bv N‡U, Zvn‡j †ivMxi gv_v I †Pvqv‡ji Ae¯’vb cybivq jÿ Ki‡Z n‡e †hb Zvi wRnŸv ev Ab¨wKQz evZvm cÖev‡ni c_‡K evavMÖ¯’ bv K‡i| cybivq Avevi evZvm w`‡Z n‡e| wPÎ: 5.9: gyL n‡Z gy‡Li mvnv‡h¨ K…wÎg k¦vm-cÖk¦vm - hw` GiciI evZv‡mi †Kvb Av`vb-cÖ`vb bv nq, Zvn‡j †ivMx‡K Dcyo K‡i †Rv‡i †Rv‡i K‡qK evi Zvi Kv‡ai gvSLv‡b AvNvZ Ki‡Z n‡e| hv‡Z ewnivMZ Zvi Mjv †_‡K †ei n‡q hvq| †QvU ev”Pv‡ì †ÿ‡Î mvgqwKfv‡e Zvi gv_vwU‡K evû ev †Kv‡ji Dci K‡i ivL‡Z n‡e Ges `yB Kuv‡ai gvSLv‡b m‡Rv‡i AvNvZ Ki‡Z n‡e| - gyL †_‡K gy‡L evZvm †Ìqvi cy‡iv cÖwμqvwU cybivq Ki‡Z n‡e| cÖvß eq¯‹‡ì †ÿ‡Î cÖwZ cuvP wgwbU ci ci Mfxi evZvm w`‡Z n‡e| †QvU ev”Pv‡ì †ÿ‡Î cÖwZ wZb wgwbU ci ci AMfxi evZvm w`‡Z n‡e| - †ivMxi k¦vm-cÖk¦vmwU ïiæ bv nIqv ch©šÍ cy‡iv cÖwμqvwU evi evi Ki‡Z n‡e|

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- DòZvi Rb¨ †ivMxi kixi‡K K¤^j w`‡q †X‡K w`‡Z n‡e| hLb †ivMxi Ávb wdi‡e ZLb Zv‡K Avk¦¯Í Ges Avivg`vqK cwi‡e‡k AšÍZ GK NÈv wekÖv‡g ivL‡Z n‡e| wkÿv_x©i KvR: wkÿv_x©iv `jxq Awfb‡qi gva¨‡g †kÖwYK‡ÿ K…wÎg k¦vm-cÖk¦vm Dc¯’vcb Ki‡e|  GB Aa¨v‡qi cÖavb kãwfwËK mvims‡ÿc  k¦mb : †h ˆRe ivmvqwbK cÖwμqvq Rxe cwi‡ek †_‡K M„nxZ Aw·‡Rb (O 2 ) Øviv †Kvl ga¨¯’

Lv`¨e¯‘‡K RvwiZ K‡i Lv‡`¨i w¯’wZkw³‡K Zvc ev MwZkw³iƒ‡c gy³ K‡i Ges cwi‡k‡l DcRvZ c`v_© wn‡m‡e Kve©b-WvB-A·vBW (CO2 ) I cvwb (H 2O) Z¨vM K‡i Zv‡K k¦mb e‡j|  k¦vmiÄK: †jvwnZ i³ KwYKvi mvB‡UvcøvR‡g Aw·‡Rb-evnK †MøvweDjvi †cÖvwUb‡K wn‡gv‡Møvweb ev

k¦vmiÄK e‡j|  mvBbymvBwUm: mvBbymvBwUm n‡jv gy‡LvgÛj gw¯Í‡®‹i mvBbvm mg~‡ni e¨vK‡UwiqvRwbZ Bb‡dKkb|  IwUwUm wgwWqv : DaŸ©k¦vmbvwji fvBivmRwbZ Bb‡dKk‡bi Kvi‡Y m„ó ga¨ K‡Y©i msμgbRwbZ cÖ`vn|  K…wÎg k¦vm-cÖk¦vm: ¯^vfvweK k¦vm-cÖk¦vm cÖwμqv wewNœZ n‡j ZvrÿwbK Rxeb iÿvi Rb¨ gyL n‡Z gy‡Li mvnv‡h¨ A_ev gyL n‡Z bv‡Ki mvnv‡h¨ K…wÎgfv‡e k¦vm-cÖk¦vm cÖwμqvB K…wÎg k¦vm-cÖkv¦ m|

Abykxjbx m„Rbkxj cÖkœ: gvbe‡`‡ni wb‡¤œv³ we‡kl cÖwμqvwU jÿ Ki Ges cÖkœ¸‡jvi DËi `vI: Hb X

A Y

X Y

†Kvl

K. mvi‡dKU¨v›U Kx? L. k¦m‡b A¨vjwfIjvm Kx ai‡bi f‚wgKv cvjb K‡i? M. DÏxcK cÖwμqvwU‡Z Hb Gi f‚wgKv e¨L¨v Ki| N. ‘X’ hw` `~wlZ nq Z‡e mgMÖ cÖwμqvwU Z_v gvbe‡`‡n Kx Ae¯’v n‡e e‡j Zzwg g‡b Ki| eûwbe©vPwb cÖkœ 1| dzmdz‡m †KvbwU Dcw¯’Z? K. A¨vjwfIwj M. GwcMøwUm

L. UªvwKqv N. j¨vwism

1 2 3 4

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2| MøvB‡KvjvBwmm †Kv_vq N‡U? K.gvB‡UvKwÛªqvq L. mvB‡UvcøvR‡g M. †μv‡gv‡Rv‡g N. ivB‡ev‡Rv‡g wb‡Pi wPÎwU jÿ¨ Ki Ges 3 I 4 bs cÖ‡kœi DËi `vI: A

3| wP‡Îi cÖwμqvwU †Kv_vq msNwUZ nq? K. e„‡° L. hK…‡Z M. AMœ¨vk‡q N. dzmdz‡m 4| DÏxcK cÖwμqvq mnvqZv K‡i †KvbwU? K. mvB‡bvwfqv L. mvi‡dKU¨v›U M. Uvqvwjb N. wgDKvm H 2CO3 GB wewμqvq wb‡Pi †KvbwU cÖfveK wn‡m‡e KvR K‡i? 5| H 2O  CO 2 K. A¨vgvB‡jR L. jvB‡cR M. dmdv‡UR N. A¨vbnvB‡WªR

lô Aa¨vq

gvbe kvixiZË¡: eR©¨ I wb®‹vkb HUMAN PHYSIOLOGY: WASTE AND EXCRETION cÖwZwbqZ cÖvwY‡`‡n bvbvwea wecvKxq Kvh©vewj msNwUZ n‡”Q| Gme wecvKxq wμqvq GKw`‡K †hgb †`‡ni cÖ‡qvRbxq Dcv`vbmg~n ms‡køwlZ nq †Zgwb bvbv e¯‘i fv½‡b wKQy AcÖ‡qvRbxq I ÿwZKi welv³ c`v_© ˆZwi nq| †hgb- †cÖvwUb RvZxq Lv`¨ cwicv‡Ki ci A¨vgvB‡bv GwmW Drcbœ nq| cieZx© cÖ‡qvRbvwZwi³ A¨vgvB‡bv GwmW †f‡½ BDwiqvq iƒcvšÍwiZ nq| BDwiqv bvB‡Uªv‡Rb NwUZ eR©¨ hv †`‡ni Rb¨ ÿwZKi| G ai‡bi bvB‡Uªv‡Rb NwUZ eR©¨ c`v_© ev †iPb c`v_© †`n †_‡K wb®‹vkb Kivi Rb¨ gvbe †`‡n †iPbZš¿ bvgK GKwU Kvh©Kwi Zš¿ i‡q‡Q|

cÖavb kã (Key Word)  e„°  †bd«b  †iPb  Avëªvwd‡ëªkb  Am‡gv‡i¸‡jkb

G Aa¨vq cvV †k‡l AvgivÑ  e„‡°i MVb I Kv‡Ri g‡a¨ m¤úK© ¯’vcb Ki‡Z cvi‡ev  †iP‡bi kvixie„Ë e¨L¨v Ki‡Z cvi‡ev  gvbe kix‡i †iPb I Im‡gv‡i¸‡jk‡b e„‡°i Kvh©μ‡gi h_v_©Zv g~j¨vqb Ki‡Z cvi‡ev  e„‡°i ZvrÿwYK weK‡ji jÿY I H gyn~‡Z© KiYxq e¨L¨v Ki‡Z cvi‡ev  i³ I g~‡Î ni‡gv‡bi wμqv we‡kølY Ki‡Z cvi‡ev  e¨envwiK: e„‡°i Aby‡”Q` kbv³ I wPÎ AsKb Ki‡Z cvi‡ev|

6.1 e„° (Kidney) Z¡‡Ki gva¨‡g mvgvb¨ wKQy BDwiqv wb®‹vwlZ n‡jI e„°B gvby‡li cÖavb †iPb A½| KviY Gi gva¨‡gB †`‡ni AwaKvsk bvB‡Uªv‡RbNwUZ eR©¨ c`v_© (BDwiqv, BDwiK A¨vwmW, wμ‡qwUwbb) wb®‹vwkZ n‡q _v‡K|

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6.1.1 MVb (Structure) gvby‡li D`iMnŸ‡ii †kl As‡k, eÿwcÄ‡ii wb‡P I †giæ`‡Ði Dfqcv‡k GKwU K‡i †gvU `ywU e„° Ae¯’vb K‡i| †giæ`‡Ði Øv`k eÿxq K‡kiæKv †_‡K Z…Zxq jv¤^vi K‡kiæKv ch©šÍ Giv we¯Z…Z _v‡K| mvaviYZ evg e„°wU Wvb e„‡°i †P‡q mvgvb¨ Dc‡i _v‡K| cÖwZwU e„‡°i IRb 120-170 MÖvg| cÖwZwU e„° wb‡iU, Pvcv, †`L‡Z A‡bKUv wkg ex‡Ri g‡Zv Ges jvj‡P is‡qi GKRb c~Y©eq¯‹ gvby‡li cÖwZwU e„‡°i ˆ`N¨ 10-12 †mwg, cÖ¯’ 5-6 †mwg Ges ¯’~jZ¡ 3 †mwg n‡q _v‡K| e„‡°i evB‡ii w`K DËj I †fZ‡ii w`K AeZj| AeZj As‡ki fuvR‡K nvBjvm ev nvBjvg e‡j| Gi †fZi w`‡q BD‡iUvi I †ibvj wkiv ewnM©Z nq Ges †ibvj agbx I mœvqy e„‡° cÖ‡ek K‡i| mgMÖ e„° Zš‘gq †hvRKKjv Øviv MwVZ †cwi‡Uvwbqvg c`©v Øviv Ave„Z _v‡K| cÖwZwU e„‡°i gv_vq `ywU Uzwc AvK…wZi MÖwš’ ev Suprarenal MÖwš’ _v‡K|

e„‡°i GKwU j¤^‡”Q` Lvwj‡Pv‡L †`L‡j `ywU my¯úó AÂj †`Lv hvq| evB‡ii w`‡Ki K‡U©· Ges †fZ‡i †gWyjv| K‡U©· Ask nq Nb, Mvp †e¸wb is Gi Ges GwU Zš‘gq Kjv Øviv MwVZ| K‡U©· AÂ‡j †bd«‡bi AMÖcÖvšÍ ev †ibvj Kicvmj, cÖw·gvj I wW÷vj cu¨vPv‡bv bvwjKv Ae¯’vb K‡i| e„‡°i MVbg~jK I Kvh©Kix GKK n‡jv †bd«b (Nephron)| AmsL¨ i³bvwj Ges wKQy †hvRK Kjvmn cÖwZwU e„‡° cÖvq 10 †_‡K 12 jÿ †bd«b _v‡K| cÖwZwU †bd«‡bi ˆ`N©¨ cÖvq 3 †m.wg. Ges GK GKwU e„‡°i †bd«bmg~‡ni mw¤§wjZ ˆ`N©¨ n‡e cÖvq 36 wK.wg.| e„‡°i †bd«‡bi g‡a¨B g~Î ˆZwi nq| cÖwZ wgwb‡U e„‡° 1 Nb †m.wg. g~Î ˆZwi nq| cÖwZwU †bd«b `ywU cÖavb Ask wb‡q MwVZ, h_v: †ibvj Kicvmj ev gvjwcwRqvb ewW Ges †ibvj bvwj|

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†ibvj Kicvmj (Renal corpuscle) ev gvjwcwRqvb ewW (Malpighian body) : e„‡°i K‡U©· AÂ‡j Aew¯’Z †bd«‡bi AMÖcÖvšÍ‡K †ibvj Kicvmj (Renal corpuscle) e‡j| Avwe®‹vi‡Ki bvgvbymv‡i G‡K gvjwcwRqvb ewW (Malpighian body) bv‡gI AwfwnZ Kiv nq| gvjwcwRqvb ewW †giæ`Ðx cÖvYx‡`i e„‡°i i³ QuvKb cÖwμqvi Kvh©Kix GKK | GwU `ywU Ask wb‡q MwVZ, h_v: †ibvj K¨vcmyj (Renal capsule) ev †evg¨vb&m K¨vcmyj (bowman’s capsule) Ges †Møv‡giæjvm (Glomerulus)| †ibvj K¨vcmyj (Renal capsule) ev †evg¨vb&m K¨vcmyj (Bowman’s capsule) : †bd«‡bi e×, ùxZ I †MvjvKvi Kv‡ci gZ A½‡K †evg¨vb&m K¨vcmyj e‡j| GwU †Møv‡giæjvm‡K wN‡i Ae¯’vb K‡i Ges `y¯Íiwewkó Kjv Øviv MwVZ| †evg¨vb&m K¨vcmy‡ji †Møv‡giæjvm msjMœ ¯Íi‡K wf‡mivj ¯Íi Ges evB‡ii ¯Íi‡K c¨vivBUvj ¯Íi e‡j| ¯Íi `ywUi ga¨eZ©x duvKv ¯’vb‡K K¨vcmyjvi †¯úm e‡j| wf‡mivj Ges c¨vivBUvj ¯Íi `ywU h_vμ‡g †cv‡WvmvBU (Podocyte) Ges AvBkvKvi Gwc‡_wjqvj †Kvl (Squamous epithelial cell) Øviv ˆZwi|

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†Møv‡giæjvm (Glomerulus) : †evg¨vb&m K¨vcmy‡ji Af¨šÍ‡i ˆKwkK bvwji RvwjKvKvi My”Q‡K †Møv‡giæjvm e‡j| cÖwZwU †Møv‡giæjv‡m 40wU ˆKwkK RvjK _v‡K| RvwjKv¸‡jvi Gwc‡_wjqvg AZ¨šÍ cvZjv I AmsL¨ wQ`ªhy³| e„°xq agbxi GKwU A¨vdv‡i›U A¨vU©vwiIj †evg¨vb&m K¨vcmy‡j cÖ‡e‡ki ci A‡bKMy‡jv jyc (Loop) ˆZwii gva¨‡g †Møv‡giæjvm MVb K‡i Ges kvLv¸‡jv cybivq wgwjZ n‡q Bdv‡i›U AvU©vwiIj m„wói ci †Møv‡giæjvm Z¨vM K‡i| Bdv‡i›U AvU©vwiIj Gi e¨vmva© A¨vdv‡i›U AvU©vwiI‡ji †P‡q memgq Kg nq| †Møv‡giæjv‡mi ˆKwkK RvwjKvi cvZjv cÖvPximg~n GKwU wfwËwSwjøi Dci Aew¯’Z| †ibvj bvwj (Renal tubule) : †evg¨vb&m K¨vcmy‡ji cieZ©x bvwjKvKvi Ask‡K †ibvj bvwj e‡j| cÖwZwU †ibvj bvwj 4wU As‡k wef³| h_v: i) wbKUeZx© ev cÖw·gvj cu¨vPv‡bv bvwjKv (Proximal convulated tubule) : GwU †ibvj bvwji cÖ_g I `xN©Zg (14 wg.wg.) Ask| G bvwjKv e„‡°i K‡U©‡·i wbK‡U Ges †Møv‡giæjv‡mi wb‡P Aew¯’Z| G bvwjKvi cÖvPxi GK ¯Íiwewkó NbZjxq †Kv‡l MwVZ| bvwjKvi †klcÖvšÍ †gWyjv‡Z cÖ‡ek K‡i Bs‡iwR U AvK…wZi †nbwji jyc MVb K‡i| ii) †nbwji jyc (Loop of Henle) : †ibvj bvwji U AvK…wZwewkó AskwU †nbwji jyc bv‡g cwiwPZ| Bnv wbgœ evû Ges EaŸ© evnyi mgš^‡q MwVZ| iii) `~ieZ©x ev wW÷vj cu¨vPv‡bv bvwjKv (Distal convulated tubule) t GwU †nbwji jyc n‡Z msMÖvnx bvwj ch©šÍ we¯Í…Z| Gi ˆ`N©¨ 5 wg.wg. I Mo e¨vm 45  (gvBμb)| iv) msMÖvnx bvwj (Collecting tubules) : cÖwZ e„‡° †ek wKQy msL¨K msMÖvnx bvwj _v‡K †h¸‡jv wW÷vj cu¨vPv‡bv bvwjKv †_‡K †iPb`ªe¨ msMÖn K‡i| bvwjwUi wKQy Ask K‡U©·, wKQy Ask †gWyjv‡Z _v‡K| bvwjwU †mvRv I GK‡Kvlxq NbZjvKvi †Kv‡l MwVZ| msMÖvnx KwU©K¨vj †bd«b bvwj¸‡jv cieZ©x‡Z wgwjZ n‡q BD‡iUvi MVb K‡i Ges e„‡°i Rv·Uv‡gWzjvwi †bd«b MnŸi †_‡K †ei n‡q g~Î_wj‡Z Db¥y³ nq| cÖKvi‡f` : e„‡° Ae¯’v‡bi Dci wfwË‡Z †bd«b `yiK‡gi h_v: i) KwU©K¨vj †bd«b (Cortical nephron) : G ai‡bi †bd«b e„‡°i K‡U©· AÂ‡j cvIqv hvq Ges G‡`i †nbwji jyc Zzjbvg~jKfv‡e Lv‡Uv| gvby‡li e„‡°i 90% †bd«b G ai‡bi| KwU©K¨vj †bd«b †mvwWqvg cybt†kvlY K‡i|

K‡U©·

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ii) Rv·Uv‡gWyjvwi †bd«b (Juntamedulary nephron) : G ai‡bi †bd«‡bi †ibvj Kicvmj e„‡°i K‡U©· I †gWyjvi ms‡hvM¯’‡j Ae¯’vb K‡i Ges G‡`i †nbwji jyc †gWyjvi Mfxi ch©šÍ we¯Í…Z| gvby‡li e„‡°i 10% †bd«b G ai‡bi| Rv·Uv‡gWyjvwi †bd«b Øviv cvwb cybt†kvwlZ nq| 6.1.2 e„‡°i KvR (Function of kidney) cwicv‡Ki ci kix‡ii Rb¨ AcÖ‡qvRbxq c`v_© †hgb BDwiqv, wμ‡qwUwbb cÖf…wZ †iPb c`v_© g~‡Îi gva¨‡g †ei K‡i i‡³ G‡`i cwigvY mvaviY gvÎv ivLv e„‡°i GKwU Ab¨Zg ¸iæZ¡c~Y© KvR| kixi †_‡K AwZwi³ jeY, cvwb Ges GwmW †ei K‡i †`q Ges Gi gva¨‡g kix‡ii AwZ cÖ‡qvRbxq B‡jK‡UªvjvBU ( †hgb †mvwWqvg, †K¬vivBW) Gi cwigvY wbqwš¿Z gvÎvq iv‡L| GQvov B‡i‡_ªv‡cv‡qwUb bvgK we‡kl GKwU ni‡gvb hv i‡³i wn‡gv‡Møvweb ˆZwi‡Z we‡kl cÖ‡qvRbxq Zv e„° †_‡K Drcvw`Z nq| wfUvwgb-wW kix‡ii †h Ae¯’vq wμqv K‡i Zv iƒcvšÍ‡iI e„‡°i we‡kl f‚wgKv i‡q‡Q| wkÿv_x©i KvR: wkÿv_x©iv †cv÷v‡i †bd«‡bi wPwýZ wPÎ AsKb Ki‡e|

6.2 †iP‡bi kvixie„Ë (Physiology of excretion) Avwgl RvZxq Lv‡`¨i cwicv‡Ki d‡j m„ó AvgvB‡bv GwmWmg~n †kvwlZ n‡q i‡³i gva¨‡g †`n‡Kv‡l hvq| †`n‡Kv‡l AvgvB‡bv GwmWmg~n †_‡K †`‡ni cÖ‡qvRb Abyhvqx Avwgl ms‡køwlZ nevi ci hK…‡Z Ae¨eüZ AwZwi³ A¨vgvB‡bv GwmW †_‡K wW-A¨vgvB‡bR GbRvB‡gi Dcw¯’wZ‡Z A¨vgvB‡bv MÖæc (NH2-) AcmvwiZ nq| G c„_KxK…Z A¨vgvB‡bv MÖyc Gici wewfbœ wewμqvi gva¨‡g A¨v‡gvwbqv, BDwiqv, BDwiK GwmW BZ¨vw`‡Z cwiYZ nq| Gme c`v_© i‡³i mv‡_ evwnZ n‡q e„‡° †cuŠ‡Q| i) AwZwi³ A¨vgvB‡bv GwmW

wW-A¨vgvB‡bR

(-NH2)

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ii) NH3 +CO2 Aiwbw_bPµ CO(NH2)2+H2O, BDwiqv bvB‡Uªv‡RbNwUZ eR©¨ c`v_© i‡³i gva¨‡g e„‡° Avmvi ci wZbwU c„_K c„_K c×wZi gva¨‡g g~Î ˆZwii cÖwμqv m¤úbœ nq| AvjUªvwdj‡Uªkb (Ultra-filtration) : g~Î ˆZwii cÖ_g avc nj i‡³i AvjUªvwdj‡Ukb ev AwZm~² cwimªveb| †bd«‡bi †ibvj Kicvm‡j G c×wZ msNwUZ nq| G c×wZ‡Z ü`wcÐ †_‡K c„ôxq agbx, †ibvj agbx Ges A¨vdv‡i›U A¨vU©vwiI‡ji gva¨‡g i³ D”P Pv‡c †Møv‡giæjv‡m cÖ‡ek K‡i| G nvB‡Wªv÷¨vwUK Pv‡c i‡³i †cÖvwUb I i³ KwYKv Qvov mg¯Í cvwb, jeY, kK©iv, BDwiqv, BDwiK GwmW cÖf„wZ ˆKwkKRvwjKv Ges †ibvj K¨vcmy‡ji cÖvPxi †f` K‡i K¨vcmyjvi †¯ú‡m Rgv nq| G cwimªyZ Zij‡K †Møv‡giæjvi (glomerular filtrate) ev cÖv_wgK g~Î e‡j| Aciw`‡K cwimªyZ i³ c‡i Bdv‡i›U agbx‡Z cÖ‡ek K‡i|

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wbe©vPbg~jK cybt‡kvlY (Selective reabsorption) : †Møv‡giæjvi wd‡ëªU †bd«‡bi ga¨ w`‡q ˆKwkK RvjK cÖw·gvj cu¨vPv‡bv bvwjKvi cÖvPxi cÖw·gvj cu¨vPv‡bv bvwjKvi cÖevwnZ nIqvi mgq wewfbœ `ªe¨ †bd«b cÖvPx‡ii jy‡gb †Møv‡giæjvi wdj‡UªU AšÍt‡Kvlxq †¯úm UvBU jsmb †Kvl Øviv †kvwlZ n‡q †bd«b msjMœ ˆKwkKRvwjKvq Møy‡KvR Ges gvB‡μvwfjvm A¨vwg‡bv cÖ‡e‡ki cÖwμqv‡K wbe©vPbg~jK cybt‡kvlY Møy‡KvR Ges GwmW A¨vwg‡bv GwmW e‡j| cÖw·gvj cu¨vPv‡bv bvwjKvi †Kv‡lB AwaKvsk cybt†kvlY msNwUZ nq| G cÖwμqvq †mvwWqvg †mvwWqvg Avqb Avqb wdj‡UªU †_‡K cÖPzi cwigvY †mvwWqvg, mg¯Í cvwb cvwb Møy‡KvR, 65%-70% cvwb, 40%-50% BDwiqv BDwiqv, A¨vgvB‡bv GwmW, wfUvwgb Ges wKQz BDwiqv wc‡bvmvB‡Uvwm‡mi †K¬vivBW Avqb GLv‡b †kvwlZ nq| gvbe‡`‡n gva¨‡g wKQz †cÖvwUb wecv‡Ki d‡j cÖwZ wgwb‡U 125 Nb †m.wg. †Møv‡giæjvi wd‡ëªU welv³ `ªe¨ Ges Ab¨vb¨ m„ó welv³ `ªe¨ bvB‡Uªv‡RbRvZ †hŠM, Drcbœ nq| Gi g‡a¨ 80% cÖw·gvj cu¨vPv‡bv h_v-wμ‡qwUwbb mwμq cwienb ev Awf¯ªeb bvwjKvq Ges evwK 20% †bd«‡bi Ab¨vb¨ As‡k Am‡gvwmm cÖw·gvj cu¨vPv‡bv wWwdDkb ev e¨vcb bvwjKv cÖvPx‡ii †Kvl †kvwlZ nq| wPÎ 6.5: cÖw·gvj cu¨vPv‡bv bvwjKvq cybt‡kvlY mwμq ÿiY (Active tubuler secretion) : cÖw·gvj cu¨vPv‡bv bvwjKvq ˆKwkK RvwjKv †_‡K Av‡iv wKQy AcÖ‡qvRbxq e¯‘i, †hgb- wμ‡qwUwbb I BDwiqvi mwμq ÿiY msNwUZ nq| Gme c`v_© †Møv‡giæjvi wd‡ëª‡Ui mv‡_ evwnZ n‡q †bd«‡bi cieZx© Askmg~‡n cÖ‡ek K‡i| G mgq †nbwji jyc, wW÷vj cu¨vPv‡bv bvwjKv I msMÖvnK bvwjKvi cÖvPx‡ii †kvlYÿg †Kvlmg~n KZ©„K wdj‡UªU †_‡K cÖ‡qvRbxq LwbR jeY, cvwb, A¨vgvB‡bv GwmW, wfUvwgb BZ¨vw` cybt‡kvwlZ nq| GKB mg‡q wW÷vj cu¨vPv‡bv bvwjKvq ˆKwkK RvwjKv †_‡K nvB‡Wªv‡Rb, cUvwmqvg I A¨v‡gvwbqvg Avqb ÿwiZ n‡q wdj‡Uª‡Ui mv‡_ wgwkªZ n‡q g~‡Î cwiYZ nq| Drcbœ g~Î Gici msMÖvnx bvwjKv, BD‡iUvi n‡q g~Î_wj Ges g~Î_wj †_‡K g~Îbvwji gva¨‡g evB‡i wb®‹vwkZ nq| wkÿv_x©i KvR: wkÿv_x©iv †iPb cÖwμqvwU cÖevn wP‡Îi gva¨‡g Dc¯’vcb Ki‡e|

6.3 e„‡°i f‚wgKv 6.3.1 †iP‡b e„‡°i f~wgKv †`‡ni ¯^vfvweK ˆRweK Kvh©vewj cwiPvjbvi Rb¨ †Kv‡l bvbv cÖKvi ivmvqwbK wewμqv msNwUZ nq| Gme ivmvqwbK wewμqvq †`‡ni Rb¨ welv³ I ÿwZKi wewfbœ bvB‡Uªv‡RbRvZ ˆRe †hŠM †hgbÑ BDwiqv, BDwiK GwmW, A¨v‡gvwbqv, wμwqwUwbb BZ¨vw` ˆZwi nq| Gme †iPb c`v_© Z_v bvB‡Uªv‡RbRvZ c`v_© †`n †_‡K `ªæZ wb®‹vwkZ nIqv cÖ‡qvRb| †iPb `ª‡e¨i g‡a¨ bvB‡Uªv‡RbNwUZ eR©¨ c`v_© ev g~Î (Urine) i³ Øviv evwnZ n‡q e„‡°i MnŸ‡i †cuŠQvq I †Møv‡giæjv‡mi MnŸi †_‡K QuvKb (Filtration) c×wZ‡Z †evg¨vÝ K¨vcmy‡ji MnŸ‡i cÖ‡ek K‡i| d‡j i³ cwi‡kvwaZ nq|

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Drcbœ g~Î msMÖvnK bvwji gva¨‡g e„‡°i †cjwf‡m †cuuŠ‡Q| †cjwfm †_‡K BD‡iUv‡ii dv‡bj AvK…wZi cÖk¯Í Ask †e‡q BD‡iUv‡i cÖ‡ek K‡i| G mgq e„°xq bvwjKvi AšÍtcÖvPxi g~Î †_‡K cÖ‡qvRbxq cvwb Ges Ab¨vb¨ cÖ‡qvRbxq `ªe¨vw` cybt‡kvlY K‡i|

6.3.2 Im‡gv‡i¸‡jk‡b e„‡°i f~wgKv Awf¯ªeY wbqš¿Y (Osmoregulation) n‡”Q †`‡ni wewfbœ As‡ki Zi‡ji g‡a¨ bvbvwea Dcv`v‡bi Av`vb-cÖ`v‡bi Rb¨ w¯’wZkxj I Dc‡hvMx gvÎvi Awf¯ªewYK Pvc eRvq ivLvi †KŠkj| gvby‡li e„‡° cÖwZw`b cÖvq 170 wjUvi cvwb cwi¯ªyZ nq| Gi g‡a¨ 168.5 wjUvi cvwb e„°xq bvwjKvq cybt‡kvwlZ nq| Aewkó 1.5 wjUvi g~Î wnmv‡e cwiZ¨³ nq| †bd«‡bi cÖw·gvj (wbKUeZx©) bvwjKvq 2/3 †_‡K 7/8 fvM cvwb cybt†kvwlZ n‡q hvq| wbw®Œq (passive)-fv‡e GB cybt‡kvlY N‡U|

Aewkóvs‡ki cybt‡kvlY N‡U `~ieZx© KzÛwjZ bvjx‡Z| GLv‡b cðvr wcUzBUvix wbtm„Z A¨vw›UWvBBD‡iwUK ni‡gv‡bi (Anti Diuretic Hormone ev ADH ) cÖfv‡e cvwb cybt‡kvl‡Yi gvÎv wbqwš¿Z nq| ADH D³ bvjxi Gwc‡_wjqv‡gi †f`¨Zv e„w× K‡i| †`‡n cvwbi cwigvY K‡g †M‡j †ewk gvÎvq ADH wbtm„Z nq| d‡j ch©vß cvwb cybt †kvwlZ nq| Avevi †`‡n cvwbi cwigvY †e‡o †M‡j ADH-Gi ÿiY K‡g hvq| G‡Z `~ieZx© KzÛwjZ bvjxi cvwb †kvlY ÿgZvI K‡g hvq| djkÖæwZ‡Z evowZ cvwb g~‡Îi m‡½ †ewi‡q hvq| cvwb QvovI e„°bvwjKvi g‡a¨ †mvwWqvg †K¬vivBW, cUvwkqvg evBKv‡e©v‡bU, dm‡dU BZ¨vw` jeY cybt‡kvwlZ n‡q i‡³ †cŠuQvq| GB Dcv`vb¸‡jvI Awf¯ªewYK Pvc wbqš¿‡Y cÖZ¨ÿ f‚wgKv iv‡L| wKQz cwigvY jeY Avevi g~‡Îi mv‡_ wb®‹vwkZ nq| A¨vwWªbvj K‡U©· wbtm„Z A¨vj‡Wv‡÷iY bvgK wgbv‡i‡jvKwU©K‡qW ni‡gv‡bi cÖfv‡e e„°bvwjKvi †mvwWqvg cybt†kvlY ÿgZv e„w× cvq|

6.4 e„‡°i ZvrÿwYK weKj (Instanteneous kidney failure) †Kvb my¯’ gvby‡li we‡kl KZK¸‡jv Kvi‡Y nVvr K‡i e„‡°i Kvh©KvwiZv †jvc cvIqv‡K AvKw¯§K wKWwb weKj ejv nq| GUv mvaviYZ K‡qK NÈvi g‡a¨B ev Aí mg‡qi eëav‡b N‡U _v‡K| A‡bK mgq cÖv_wgK Ae¯’vq †Kvb jÿY cwijwÿZ nq bv| cÖwZ cuvPRb wKWwb †ivMxi g‡a¨ GKRb G †iv‡M AvμvšÍ| mvaviYZ wkï I eqte„×iv G †iv‡M †ewk AvμvšÍ nq| Z‡e hv‡ì c~‡e© wKWwb †ivM Av‡Q, hviv Wvq‡ewUm I D”P i³Pv‡c AvμvšÍ A_ev hviv wjfv‡ii †iv‡M AvμvšÍ Zv‡ì †ÿ‡Î e„‡°i ZvrÿwbK weKj nIqvi m¤¢vebv †ewk| e„‡°i ZvrÿwYK weKj †iv‡Mi DcmM©¸‡jv n‡”Q- cÖ¯ªve K‡g hvIqv, kixi dz‡j hvIqv| GQvov LvIqv `vIqvi AiæwP, ewg fve wKsev ewg n‡Z cv‡i, A‡bK mgq †ivMxi k¦vmKó nq, †ivMx wSwg‡q co‡Z cv‡i Ges AÁvb fve ev wLuPzwb n‡Z cv‡i|

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e„‡°i ZvrÿwbK weKj †iv‡M Lye `ªæZ wPwKrmv ïiæ Ki‡Z cvi‡j †ewkifvM †ÿ‡ÎB Jl‡a †ivMx m¤ú~Y© my¯’ n‡q I‡V| GRb¨ †ivMx‡K `ªæZ wbKU¯’ wKWwb †iv‡Mi wPwKrmv †K‡›`ª wb‡Z n‡e| Z‡e wKQz wKQz †ÿ‡Î mvgwqK WvqvjvBwmm Gi gZ wPwKrmv jvM‡Z cv‡i| G ai‡bi †ivMx mvaviYZ `yB-wZb †mkb WvqvjvBwm‡m fv‡jv n‡q hvq| Z‡e AÁZv I Ae‡njvi Kvi‡Y †`ix‡Z Avm‡j †ivMx m¤ú~Y©iƒ‡c Zvi e„‡°i Kvh©ÿgZv nviv‡Z cv‡i|

6.5 ni‡gvbvj wμqv 6.5.1 g~‡Îi NbZ¡ wbqš¿Y i‡³ cvwbi cwigvY ¯^vfvwe‡Ki †P‡q K‡g †M‡j cðvr wcUzBUvwi MÖwš’ wbtm„Z ADH (Antidiuretic Hormone) ni‡gvb i³ †mªv‡Z ÿwiZ nq| ÿwiZ ni‡gvb e„°mn †`‡ni me As‡k evwnZ nq| e„‡° †bd«bMy‡jvi msMÖvnx bvwjKvi †KvlwSjøx KZ…©K ADH M„nxZ nq| d‡j wSjøxi cvwbi †f`¨Zv †e‡o hvq| †Møv‡giæjvi wdj‡UªU †_‡K ZLb cvwb AwfmªeY cÖwμqvq e„‡°i msMÖvnx bvwj‡Z cybt‡kvwlZ nq| msMÖvnx bvwj‡Z Zij †ek Nb n‡q hvq Ges †`‡n Aí cwigvY Nbg~Î Drcbœ nq| Aciw`‡K, i‡³ cvwbi cwigvY ¯^vfvwe‡Ki †P‡q †e‡o †M‡j AwZ Aí cwigvY A¨vw›UWvBDi¨vwUK ni‡gvb ÿwiZ nq| ZLb msMÖvnx bvwji †KvlMy‡jv cÖvq cvwb A‡f`¨ n‡q hvq| d‡j †Møv‡giæjvi wdj‡UªU †_‡K cvwb cybt‡kvlY eÜ _v‡K| msMÖvnK bvwj‡Z ZLb wd‡ëªU AwZ Zij n‡q hvq Ges †`‡n AwZ Zij g~Î Drcbœ nq | †`‡n cvwbmvg¨ wd‡i bv Avmv ch©šÍ G Ae¯’v Pj‡Z _v‡K|

6.5.2 i‡³i †mvwWqv‡gi gvÎv wbqš¿Y A¨vwWªbvj MÖwš’i K‡U©· AÂj †_‡K wbtm„Z A¨vj‡Wv‡÷ib (aldosterone) ni‡gvb Øviv †`n Zi‡j (body fluid) †mvwWqvg Avq‡bi cwigvY wbqwš¿Z nq| †mvwWqvg Avq‡bi cwigv‡Yi mv‡_ †K¬vivBW Avq‡bi cwigvY m¤ú„³| kix‡i †mvwWqvg Avq‡bi cwigvY K‡g †M‡j cvwbi cwigvYI K‡g hvq| G‡Z i‡³i NbZ¡ (volume) K‡g hvq, d‡j i³PvcI K‡g hvq| i³Pvc K‡g hvIqvi welqwU Rv·Uv‡gWzjvix (juxtamedullary) †bd«‡bi we‡kl wKQz †Kvl Øviv mbv³ nq| djkÖæwZ‡Z, D³ †Kvl †_‡K †iwbb (renin) GbRvBg ˆZwi nq (GB †iwbb GbRvBg cwicv‡Ki mv‡_ mswkøó †ibxb /renin GbRvBg †_‡K wfbœ)| †iwbb (renin) GbwRI‡Ubwm‡bv‡Rb (angiotensinogen) †K mwμq GbwRI‡Ubwmb (angiotensin) G cwiYZ K‡i hv A¨vj‡Wv‡÷ib ÿiY cÖfvweZ K‡i| Gj‡Wv‡÷ib e„° I A‡š¿ †mvwWqvg Avq‡bi cwi‡kvlY evovq| i‡³ †mvwWqvg Avq‡bi cwigvY evovi mv‡_ mv‡_ mwμqfv‡e †K¬vivBW Avq‡bi cwigvY mgfv‡e †e‡o hvq| G‡Z cvwbi cwigvY †e‡o wM‡q i‡³i NbZ¡ I i‡³i Pvc c~e©ve¯’vq †diZ hvq| Lv‡`ï mv‡_ AwZwi³ jeY MÖnY Ki‡j i‡³i †mvwWqvg Avq‡bi cwigvY †e‡o hvq| G‡Z cvwbi cwigvY †e‡o hvq| d‡j i³Pvc ev‡o| ZvB hv‡ì D”P i³Pvc Av‡Q Zv‡ì AwZwi³ jeY ( †mvwWqvg †KvivBW) MÖnY †_‡K weiZ _vKv DwPZ|

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6.5.3 i‡³ wcGBP (pH) wbqš¿Y i³ Ges B›Uviw÷wmqvj d¬zwqW (interstitial fluid) Gi cøvRgvi ¯^vfvweK pH n‡jv 7.357.45| GB pH gvb wbqš¿Y †`‡ni ¯^vfvweK Kg©Kv‡Ði Rb¨ AZ¨vek¨K| KviY, GbRvBg¸‡jv pH gv‡bi †h †Kvb cwieZ©‡bi cÖwZ AZ¨šÍ ms‡e`bkxj| pH Gi mvgvb¨ cwieZ©b GbRvB‡gi Kvh©KvwiZv‡K bó K‡i w`‡Z cv‡i hvi d‡j Rxe‡K gvivZ¥K cwiYwZi m¤§yLxb n‡Z nq| pH Gi eo iK‡gi cwieZ©‡b †`‡ni Ab¨vb¨ A‡bK ivmvqwbK Kg©KvÐ ÿwZMÖ¯’ nq| GKRb gvbyl 6.8 Ges 8.0 Gi wb¤œZi ev D”PZi pH wjwg‡U gvÎ K‡qK N›Uv †eu‡P _vK‡Z cv‡i| nvB‡Wªv‡Rb Avq‡bi D”P Nb‡Z¡ A_©vr A¨vwm‡Wvwmm (acidosis) Ae¯’vq gvbyl A‰PZb¨ n‡q c‡o Ges g„ZzëiY K‡i| Ab¨ w`‡K nvB‡Wªv‡Rb Avq‡bi NbZ¡ n«vm †c‡j A_©vr A¨vjK¨v‡jvwmm (alkalosis) Ae¯’vq cÖPÐ wLPzbx‡Z gvbyl gviv hvq| mvaviYZfv‡e evdvi Øviv Ges g~‡Î GwmW wbtmi‡Yi gva¨‡g i‡³i cøvRgvi Ges wUmy¨ d¬zwq‡Wi pH 7.3-7.45 Gi g‡a¨ wbqš¿Y Ki‡Z †`n mÿg| evdvi (buffer) n‡jv ivmvqwbK `ªe¨ ev ivmvqwbK `ª‡eï mgvnvi hviv `ªe‡bi †h †Kvb AwZwi³ GwmW ev †em (base) †K eënvi K‡i (by mopping up) pH Gi cwieZ©b cÖwZnZ Ki‡Z cv‡i| mKj †`n Zij A¤ø-ÿvi evdvi mg„×| A¤ø-ÿvi evdvi n‡jv `yB ev Z‡ZvwaK ivmvqwbK †hŠ‡Mi Ggb GK `ªeY hvi g‡a¨ A¤ø ev ÿvi ms‡hvRb Ki‡jI `ªe‡Yi pH gv‡bi †Zgb †Kvb cwieZ©b nq bv| †`n Zi‡j wZb ai‡bi cÖavb evdvi c×wZ Av‡Q| h_vÑ K) evBKv‡e©v‡bU evdvi c×wZ, L) dm‡dU evdvi c×wZ I M) †cÖvwUb evdvi c×wZ| (K) evBKv‡e©v‡bU evdvi c×wZ: Kv‡e©vwbK GwmW (H 2CO3 ) Ges †mvwWqvg evBKv‡e©v‡bU ( NaHCO3 ) wgwkÖZ †Kvb `ªeY Av`k© evBKv‡e©v‡bU evdvi Zš¿ MVb K‡i|

(L) dm‡dU evdvi c×wZ: dm‡dU evdvi Z‡š¿ `ywU gyjK H 2 PO 4  Ges HPO  _v‡K| G `ywU g~jK evBKv‡e©v‡bU evdvi Z‡š¿i g‡Zv wewμqv K‡i| (M) †cÖvwUb evdvi c×wZ: i³im Ges †Kvlxq †cÖvwUb †`‡ni g‡a¨ m‡e©v”P evdvi| †cÖvwUb AYy‡Z we`¨gvb A¨vgvB‡bv Gwm‡Wi gy³ A¤øxq g~jK COOH wewkó n‡q  COO Ges H  Drcbœ K‡i| GQvov wKQz gy³ ÿviKxq g~jK NH 4 OH wewkó n‡q  NH 3  Ges OH  MVb K‡i| g~jK OH  g~jK H  Gi mv‡_ wewμqv K‡i cvwb ˆZix K‡i Ges Gfv‡e H  Gi NbZ¡ Kgvq| †cÖvwUb AYy Gfv‡e Dfq A¤øxq I ÿviKxq evdvi c×wZ f‚wgKv cvjb K‡i| †`nZi‡j evBKv‡e©v‡bU Avq‡bi (HCO3  ) Nb‡Z¡i n«vm-e„w× NwU‡q e„° nvB‡Wªv‡Rb Avq‡bi NbZ¡ Z_v A¤ø-ÿvi fvivmvg¨ iÿv K‡i| ¯^vfvweK Ae¯’vq e„°bvwjKvi Gwc‡_wjqvj †Kvl cÖwZ wgwb‡U cÖvq 3.5 milimols nvB‡Wªv‡Rb Avqb (H  )

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bvwjKv ga¨¯’ cwi¯ªy‡Zi g‡a¨ ÿiY K‡i| Ab¨w`‡K e„°bvwjKvi g‡a¨ cÖwZ wgwb‡U cÖvq 3.49 milimols evBKv‡e©v‡bU Avq‡bi cwi¯ªveY N‡U| cwi¯ª‡Zi g‡a¨ Avqb `ywU ci¯úi hy³ n‡q cÖ_‡g H 2CO3 I c‡i wewkøó n‡q CO 2 I H 2 O Drcbœ K‡i| Z‡e ÿwiZ H  Gi cwigvY mvgvb¨ †ekx nIqvi

cwi¯ª‡Zi g‡a¨ Gi AvwaK¨ _v‡K hv g~‡Îi mv‡_ wbtmwiZ nq| G Ae¯’vq g~‡Îi pH gvb 6.0 nq|

6.6 eënvwiK cixÿvi bvg: e„‡°i Aby‡”Q‡ì ¯’vqx ¯øvBW ch©‡eÿY| cÖ‡qvRbxq DcKiY: e„‡°i Aby‡”Q‡ì ¯’vqx ¯øvBW Ges GKwU AYyexÿYhš¿| Kvh©c×wZ: e„‡°i Aby‡”Q‡ì ¯’vqx ¯øvBWwU AYyexÿY h‡š¿ ¯’vcb Ki‡Z n‡e Ges ch©‡eÿY Ki‡Z n‡e| ch©‡eÿY: fv‡jvfv‡e ch©‡eÿY Ki‡j wb‡¤œi êwkó¨¸‡jv †`Lv hvqÑ

wPÎ 6.6: e„‡°i Aby‡”Q` (Ask we‡kl)

mbv³Kvix ˆewkó¨ 1. ‡bd«b bvgK AmsL¨ MvVwbK I Kvwh©K GKK we`¨gvb| 2. †cqvjv AvK…wZi †evg¨vbm K¨vcmyj †`Lv hvq| 3. †Møv‡giæjvm bvgK i³bvjx¸”Q Av‡Q| 4. e„°bvjxi duv‡K duv‡K †gWyjvix iwk¥ Dcw¯’Z|

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 GB Aa¨v‡qi cÖavb kãwfwËK mvims‡ÿc  e„°: gvby‡li D`i MnŸ‡ii †kl As‡k, e„° wcÄ‡ii wb‡P I †giæ`‡Ûi Dfq cv‡k¦© GKwU K‡i `ywU †iPb A½ e„° Aew¯’Z|  †bd«b: e„‡°i MVb I Kv‡Ri GKK‡K †bd«b e‡j|  †iPb: †h cÖwμqvq †`n †_‡K bvB‡Uªv‡RbNwUZ eR©¨ c`v_© wb®‹vwlZ nq Zv‡K †iPb e‡j|  Avëªvwd‡ëªkb: †bd«‡bi †ibvj Kicvm‡j msNwUZ g~Î ˆZwii cÖ_g avc|  Am‡gv‡i¸‡jkb: †`‡ni Af¨šÍ‡i i³ †_‡K AwZwi³ cvwb wb®‹vlY Kivi gva¨‡g †`‡ni cvwb mgZv iÿv Kivi we‡kl c×wZ‡K Am‡gv‡i¸‡jkb e‡j|

Abykxjbx m„Rbkxj cÖkœ: GKRb c¨v‡_vjwR÷ gvbe‡`n msM„nxZ `y ai‡bi bg~bv cixÿv †`L‡jvbgybv-1: G‡Z 95% cvwb, 2% BDwiqv Ges 0.05% BDwiK GwmW i‡q‡Q| bgybv-2: G‡Z 55% cøvRgv Ges 45% KwYKv i‡q‡Q Ges cøvRgvq cvwbi cwigvY (90-92)%| K. gvjwcwRqvb ewW Kx? 1 L. †bd«b I wbDi‡bi g‡a¨ `ywU cv_©K¨ wjL| 2 M. bgybv-2 gvbe‡`‡n Kx ai‡bi Kvh©Kjvc m¤úbœ K‡i Zv D‡jøL Ki| 3 N. gvbe‡`‡n bgybv-1 ˆZwi bv n‡j gvbyl Kx ai‡bi Ae¯’vi m¤§ywLb n‡Zv?Ñ we‡kølY Ki| 4

eûwbe©vPbx cÖkœ 1| g~Î ˆZwi nq †Kv_vq? K. cvK¯’jx M. Mwebx 2| i‡³i ¯^vfvweK pH gvb KZ? K. 8.3-8.4 M. 6.3-6.4 3| †ibvj Kicvmj MV‡b Ask MÖnY K‡iÑ i. †ibvj K¨vcmyj ii. †nbwji jyc iii. †Møv‡giæjvm wb‡Pi †KvbwU mwVK? K. i I ii M. i I iii

L. g~Î_wj N. wKWbx L. 7.3-7.4 N. 5.3-5.4

L. ii I iii N. i, ii I iii

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wb‡Pi wPÎwU jÿ Ki Ges 4 I 5 bs cÖ‡kœi DËi `vI:

4| A wPwýZ As‡ki bvg Kx? K. †cjwfm M. †ibvj c¨vwcjv 5| wPÎwUi †ÿ‡Î cÖ‡hvR¨Ñ i. GKwU mnvqK †iPb A½ ii. G‡Z BDwiK GwmW ˆZwi nq iii. GwU AmsL¨ †bd«b wb‡q MwVZ wb‡Pi †KvbwU mwVK? K. i I ii M. i I iii

L. BD‡iUvi N. BD‡iUvi

L. ii I iii N. i, ii I iii

mßg Aa¨vq

gvbe kvixiZË¡ : Pjb I A½Pvjbv HUMAN PHYSIOLOGY: LOCOMOTION & MOVEMENT gvby‡li K¼vjZš¿ we‡kl ai‡bi †hvRK Kjv wbwg©Z Aw¯’ (Bone) I ZiæYvw¯’ (Cartilage) mgš^‡q MwVZ| gvby‡li K¼vj g~jZ AšÍtK¼vj hv evB‡i †_‡K †`Lv hvq bv| GQvovI ewntK¼vjZš¿ (bL, Pzj, `uvZ BZ¨vw`) I ¯úø¨vsKwbK K¼vjZš¿ (j¨vwism, UªvwKqv, eªsKvB BZ¨vw`) bv‡g Av‡iv `yB ai‡bi K¼vjZš¿ †`Lv hvq| K¼vjZš¿ †`‡ni KvVv‡gv wbg©vY K‡i, big A½¸‡jv‡K msiÿY K‡i, †`‡ni fvi enb K‡i Ges PjvP‡j mnvqZv K‡i| gvby‡li K¼vjZš¿‡K cÖavbZ `yB fv‡M fvM Kiv hvq- Aÿxq K¼vjZš¿ I Dcv½xq K¼vjZš¿| cÖavb kã (Key Word)  Aÿxq K¼vj  Dcvw½K K¼vj  Aw¯’  ZiæYvw¯’  gm„Y‡cwk  ü`‡cwk  K¼vj‡cwk  Aw¯’mwÜ

G Aa¨vq cvV‡k‡l AvgivÑ  gvby‡li K¼vjZ‡š¿i cÖavb Askmg~n wPwýZ Ki‡Z cvi‡ev  Aw¯’ I ZiæYvw¯’i MV‡bi Zzjbv Ki‡Z cvi‡ev  eënvwiK : gvby‡li K¼vjZ‡š¿i Aw¯’mg~n kbv³ I wPÎ AsKb Ki‡Z cvi‡ev  wewfbœ cÖKvi †cwki MVb I Kv‡Ri Zzjbv Ki‡Z cvi‡ev  †cwk‡Z Uvb c‡o wKš‘ av°v †`q bv e¨L¨v Ki‡Z cvi‡ev  eënvwiK : cÖ¯‘ZK…Z ¯øvB‡Wi mvnv‡h¨ gm„Y I ü` †cwki KvVv‡gvi Zzjbv Ki‡Z cvi‡ev  K¼v‡ji cÖavb Kvh©μg ÔiWm I wjfv‡iiÕ GKwU Zš¿ wn‡m‡e KvR K‡i we‡kølY Ki‡Z cvi‡ev  wewfbœ ai‡bi Aw¯’f½ Ges G‡ì cÖv_wgK wPwKrmv e¨L¨v Ki‡Z cvi‡ev  wewfbœ ai‡bi Aw¯’mwÜ‡Z AvNvZ Ges G‡ì cÖv_wgK wPwKrmv e¨L¨v Ki‡Z cvi‡ev|

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7.1 gvby‡li KsKvjZš¿ 7.1.1 Aÿxq KsKvjZš¿ (The Axial skeletal system) KsKvjZ‡š¿i †h Aw¯’¸‡jv †`‡ni j¤^ Aÿ eivei Ae¯’vb K‡i †Kvgj A½mg~n‡K wN‡i iv‡L †m¸‡jv‡K GK‡Î Aÿxq KsKvjZš¿ e‡j| G Zš¿ (K) K‡ivwU (L) †giæ`Û (M) eÿwcÄi wb‡q MwVZ| (K) K‡ivwU (Skull) : †giæ`‡Ði cÖ_g K‡kiæKvi Dci Aew¯’Z 22 wU k³ Aw¯’ wb‡q K‡ivwU MwVZ| K‡ivwUi g‡a¨ †`‡ni cÖavb ¸iæZ¡c~Y© A½ gw¯Í®‹ (Brain) _v‡K| G gw¯Í®‹‡K wbivc‡` ivLvi Rb¨ Gme k³ Aw¯’ Øviv gw¯Í®‹ Ave„Z I myiwÿZ _v‡K| R‡b¥i c~‡e© ev c‡i K‡ivwUi G Aw¯’¸‡jv big I bgbxq ZiæYvw¯’ wn‡m‡e _v‡K| eqm e„w×i mv‡_ mv‡_ ax‡i ax‡i G ZiæYvw¯’ Aw¯’ wn‡m‡e cwiYZ nq| K‡ivwUi †cQ‡b I wb‡gœ Aew¯’Z Ò†dviv‡gb g¨vMbvgÓ (Foramen magnum) wQ`ªc‡_ gw¯Í®‹ †_‡K mylgœv KvÛ †ei n‡q hvq| K‡ivwU‡Z wbgœwjwLZ Aw¯’¸‡jv _v‡K| 1|K‡ivwUKv (Cranium) : K‡ivwUKv gw¯Í®‹‡K Ave„Z I myiwÿZ iv‡L| K‡ivwUKv 8wU k³, Nbfv‡e mwbœ‡ewkZ Aw¯’ wb‡q MwVZ| h_v: i) d«›Uvj Aw¯’ (Frontal bone) : Kcvj wbgv©YKvix Aw¯’ Ges msL¨vq 1wU| ii) c¨vivBUvj Aw¯’ (Parietal bone) : d«›Uv‡ji †cQ‡b Aew¯’Z GKwU †Rvov Aw¯’| 2wU c¨vivBUvj Aw¯’ gv_vi Qv‡`i `ycvk MVb K‡i| iii) †U‡¤úvivj Aw¯’ (Temporal bone) : d«›Uvj I c¨vivBUvj Aw¯’i wb‡Pi w`‡K Aew¯’Z †Rvov Aw¯’| cÖwZwU †U‡¤úvivj Aw¯’i gv‡S wb‡Pi As‡k GKwU wQ`ª _v‡K| hvi bvg ÔG·Uvibvj AwWUwi wgUvmÕ| Gi g‡a¨ Kv‡bi me kªeY A½ _v‡K| iv) Aw·‡cUvj Aw¯’ (Occipital bone) : †Ug‡cvivj Ges c¨vivBUvj Aw¯’i wb‡P Aew¯’Z Ges msL¨vq 1wU| G Aw¯’wU wb‡Pi w`‡K `ywU mwÜ¯’j _v‡K| hvi mv‡_ cÖ_g MÖxev‡`kxq K‡kiæKv hy³ _v‡K|

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v) †ùb‡qW Aw¯’ (Sphenoid bone) : †Ug‡cvivj Aw¯’i mvg‡b Aew¯’Z Ges msL¨vq 1wU| G Aw¯’wUi Mv‡Î GKwU MZ© _v‡K hvi †fZ‡i wcUzBUvix MÖwš’ _v‡K| vi) G_g‡qW Aw¯’ (Ethmoid bone) : †ùb‡q‡Wi mvg‡b Aew¯’Z Ges msL¨vq 1wU| GwU GKwU nvjKv ¯úwÄ Aw¯’|

2| gyLgÛ‡ji Aw¯’ (Facial bone) : K‡ivwUKvi mvg‡b I wb‡Pi w`‡Ki Ask‡K gyLgÐj e‡j| gyLgÐj 14wU Aw¯’ wb‡q MwVZ, h_v: i) g¨vw·jv (Maxilla) ev EaŸ© †Pvqvj : Wvb I evg g¨vw·jv bvgK `ywU mg As‡ki mgš^‡q MwVZ A_©vr Giv msL¨vq `ywU| g¨vw·jv `ywU †Pvqv‡ji Dc‡ii Ask ˆZwi K‡i hvi g‡a¨ ùvZ¸‡jv AvU‡K _v‡K| ii) g¨vwÛej (Mandible) ev wbgœ‡Pvqvj : `ywU Aw¯’i cÖvq m¤ú~Y© mshyw³i d‡j m„ó wbgœ‡Pvqvj †`L‡Z wKQyUv U- AvK…wZi Ges msL¨vq 1wU| gyLgÐ‡ji me¸‡jv Aw¯’i g‡a¨ GKgvÎ G Aw¯’wU bovPov Ki‡Z cv‡i Ges Gi mv‡_ wb‡Pi †Pvqv‡ji ùvZ¸‡jv hy³ _v‡K| iii) RvB‡Mv‡gwUK Aw¯’ (Zygomatic bone) : gyLgÐ‡ji cvk¦‡© `‡k Aew¯’Z Ges msL¨vq 2wU| G Aw¯’wU Awÿ‡KvU‡ii cvk¦©‡`qvj I †g‡S ˆZwi K‡i| iv) b¨vmvj Aw¯’ (Nasal bone) : bv‡Ki wcV wbg©v‡Y AskMÖnYKvix GKwU AvqZvKvi Aw¯’ Ges msL¨vq 2wU| v) j¨vwμgvj Aw¯’ (Lacrimal bone) : j¨vwμgvj _wj MVbKvix GKwU ÿz`ª Aw¯’ Ges msL¨vq 2wU| vi) Bbwdwiqi b¨vmvj K•Kv (Infirior nasal concha) : bvmv MnŸ‡ii `ycv‡k Aew¯’Z GK‡Rvov cvZjv Aw¯’| vii) †fvgvi (Vomar) : bvmv eëavq‡Ki Ask we‡kl MVbKvix GKwU PZz‡®‹vbv Aw¯’| viii) c¨v‡jUvBb Aw¯’ (Palatine bone) : Zvjy I bvmv MnŸ‡ii cvk¦© cÖvPxi wbg©vYKvix Aw¯’ Ges msL¨vq 2wU|

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gyLgÐjxq Aw¯’i KvR t gyLgÐ‡ji Aw¯’¸‡jv mymw¾Z n‡q †PvL, Kvb, bvK I gyL MnŸi m„wó K‡i| hv‡Z †PvL, Kvb, bvK I ùvZ myweb¨¯Í †_‡K cÖ‡qvRbxq A•M MVb I msiÿ‡Y mwμq Ask MÖnY K‡i| 3| KY©vw¯’ (Ear bone) : cÖ‡Z¨K K‡Y© 3wU K‡i †gvU 6wU KY©vw¯’ _v‡K| KY©vw¯’¸‡jv n‡jv: †gwjqvm, BbKvm I †÷wcm| 4| nvBI‡qW hš¿ (The Hyoid apparatus) : GwU GKwU ‘U’ AvK…wZi Aw¯’ hv wb‡Pi †Pvqvj I ¯îh‡š¿i gvSLv‡b Aew¯’Z| ˆkk‡e nvBI‡qW hš¿wU ZiæYvw¯’ w`‡q MwVZ _v‡K| ax‡i ax‡i cÖvq 40 eQi eq‡m ZiæYvw¯’wU Aw¯’‡Z cwiYZ nq| L) †giæ`Ð (Vertebral column) : †`‡ni c„ô‡`‡ki ga¨‡iLv eivei mylygœv KvÐ‡K cwi‡ewóZ K‡i 33wU K‡kiæKv wb‡q †giæ`Ð MwVZ| cyiæl‡ì †ÿ‡Î †giæ`‡Ði ˆ`N©¨ 70 †m.wg. Ges gwnjv‡ì †ÿ‡Î 60 †m. wg.| †giæ`‡Ði MvVwbK GKK cÖwZwU Aw¯’‡K K‡kiæKv e‡j| ci ci Aew¯’Z `ywU K‡kiæKvi †m›Uªv‡gi g‡a¨ AvšÍtK‡kiæKxq PvKwZ _v‡K Ges GKwU wQ`ª _v‡K hvi gva¨‡g mylygœv mœvqymg~n wbDivj AvP© †_‡K evB‡i Avm‡Z cv‡i| M) eÿwcÄi (Thoracic cage) : †`‡ni cïK©v¸‡jv GKw`‡K †_vivwmK K‡kiæKv I Ab¨w`‡K ÷vb©v‡gi m‡½ hy³ n‡q †h, LuvPvi g‡Zv AvK…wZ `vb K‡i Zv‡K eÿwcÄi (Thoracic cage) e‡j| gvby‡li eÿ wcÄi GKwU eÿdjK (Sternum), 12 †Rvov cï©Kv (Ribs) Ges eÿ †`kxq K‡kiæKv (Thoracic vertebrae) wb‡q MwVZ|

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eÿdjK (Sternum) : eÿdjK ey‡Ki mvg‡bi w`‡K wVK gvSLv‡b Aew¯’Z _v‡K| GwU GKwU †hŠwMK Aw¯’ Ges wZbwU As‡k wef³| g¨vbyweªqvg (Manubrium) : GwU eÿdj‡Ki GKev‡i cyiæ I gReyZ Dc‡ii Ask| †`n (Body of sternum ) : eÿdj‡Ki GB AskwU g¨vbyweªqvg †_‡K j¤^v, miæ Ges cvZjv| Gi wb‡Pi As‡k wRd‡qW cÖ‡mm hy³ _v‡K| wRd‡qW cÖ‡mm (Xiphoid process) : GwU eÿdj‡Ki me‡P‡q wb‡Pi Ask| mvaviYfv‡e wRd‡qW cÖ‡mm Kov bv‡g cwiwPZ| AcÖvß eq‡m GUv ZiæYvw¯’ MwVZ _v‡K Ges cÖvß eq‡m Aw¯’‡Z cwiYZ nq| cï©Kv (Ribs) : gvby‡li †giæ`‡Ði cÖwZwU eÿ‡`kxq K‡kiæKvi `ycv‡k GKwU K‡i †gvU 12 †Rvov cï©Kv msjMœ _v‡K| cï©Kv¸‡jv wcQ‡bi w`‡K †giæ`‡Ði mv‡_ Ges mvg‡bi w`‡K ÷vb©v‡gi mv‡_ mshy³ _v‡K| GKwU Av`k© cï©Kv cðvrcÖv‡šÍ d¨v‡mUevnx g¯ÍK (K¨vwcPzjvg), †μ÷evnx MÖxev, ms‡hvMx Zjmn wUDev‡K©j Ges †KvY m„wó K‡i euvKv‡bv †`n wb‡q MwVZ| cÖ_g 7 †Rvov cï©Kv ZiæYvw¯’ w`‡q ÷vb©v‡gi mv‡_ hy³ _v‡K, G‡ì‡K cÖK…Z ck©yKv e‡j| Aóg †_‡K Øv`k cï©Kv ÷vb©v‡gi mv‡_ hy³ bq e‡j G‡ì‡K AcÖK…Z cï©Kv e‡j| GKv`k I Øv`k cï©Kv mvg‡b gvsm‡cwk‡Z Db¥y³ _v‡K, G‡ì‡K fvmgvb cï©Kv e‡j| eÿ‡`kxq K‡kiæKv (Thoracic vertebrate) : cÖwZwU cï©Kv g¯ÍK w`‡q †_vivwmK K‡kiæKvi †`‡ni mv‡_ Ges wUDevK©j w`‡q GKB K‡kiæKvi UªvÝfvm© cÖ‡m‡mi mv‡_ hy³ _v‡K| †_vivwmK K‡kiæKv gvSvwi I ü`wcÐ AvK…wZi| cï©Kvi AšÍ©Z‡ji wb‡Pi wKbvivq †Kv÷vj Lv‡` mœvqy I i³evwnKv Ae¯’vb K‡i| cÖ_g cï©Kv †Rvovi DcwiZ‡j †ckxÑms‡hvRbxi Rb¨ `ywU Ges mveK¬¨vwfqvb agbx I wkiv avi‡Yi Rb¨ `ywU Lv` _v‡K| ewnt I AšÍt B›Uvi‡Kv÷vj †cwk cÖwZ `yB K‡kiæKvi g‡a¨ wZh©Kfv‡e web¨¯Í| Dc‡i I wb‡P `yB †Kv÷vj ZiæYvw¯’i gaëZ©x duvKv ¯’vb‡K B›Uvi‡Kv÷vj †¯úm e‡j| 7.1.2 Dcvw½K K¼vjZš¿ (Appendicular skeletal system) : AMÖc` (Forelimb) I eÿ Aw¯’ Pμ (Pectoral girdle) Ges cðvr c` (Hind limb) I †kªvYx Pμ (Pelvic girdle) wb‡q gvby‡li Dcvw½K K¼vjZš¿ MwVZ| K) AMÖc` (Forelimb) : AMÖc` msL¨vq `ywU| cÖwZwU AMÖc` 5 ai‡bi Aw¯’ enb K‡i| h_v: wnD‡givm, †iwWqvm Avjbv, Kvicvj, †gUvKvicvj, d¨vjv‡Äm ev A½ywj ev bjK|

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wnD‡givm (Humerus) : EaŸ©evûi cÖ_g Aw¯’‡K wnD‡givm e‡j hv GKwU j¤^v, bjvKvi I `„p Aw¯’| Gi EaŸ©cÖv‡šÍ i‡q‡Q gm„Y, †Mvj g¯ÍK hv ¯‹¨vcyjvi wMøb‡qW MnŸ‡i cÖweó _v‡K| g¯ÍKwU nvqvwjb KvwU©‡jR Øviv Ave„Z _v‡K| GQvov G‡Z †QvU I eo wUDevK©j Ges Gi gvSLv‡b A¨vbvUwgK MÖxev bv‡g GKwU LuvR _v‡K| wUDevK©‡ji wb‡P †h miæ Ask †_‡K wnD‡giv‡mi g~j †`n MwVZ nq Zv‡K mvwR©K¨vj MÖxev e‡j| g~j †`n ev k¨vd&‡Ui ga¨fv‡M †cwk mshyw³i Rb¨ LmL‡m †WjU‡qW wiR i‡q‡Q| †`‡ni wKbviv wbgœcÖv‡šÍ G‡m GwcKÛvBj MVb K‡i| GwcKÛvB‡ji gv‡S KÛvBj Aew¯’Z hv DËj K¨vwcPzjvg I KwcK‡ji g‡Zv UªKwjqv wb‡q MwVZ| ms‡hvMx Zj wn‡m‡e G cÖv‡šÍ K‡ivb‡qW I I‡j‡μbb dmv _v‡K|

wnD‡givm

†iwWqvm Avjbv Kvc©vm Aw¯’mg~n †gUvKvc©vj Aw¯’mg~n d¨v‡j‡Äm wPÎ 7.6: AMÖc‡`i Aw¯’mg~n

†iwWqvm Avjbv (Radius-ulna) : wnD‡giv‡mi cieZx© AskwU `ywU j¤^v, bjvKvi Aw¯’ wb‡q MwVZ, h_v Avj&bv I †iwWqvm| Giv E×© I wb¤œ cÖv‡šÍ msjMœ n‡q Ae¯’vb K‡i| wfZ‡ii Aw¯’‡K Avj&bv I evB‡ii Aw¯’‡K †iwWqvm e‡j| Avjbvi Gi EaŸ©cÖv‡šÍ Kib‡qW cÖ‡mm I I‡j‡μbb cÖ‡mm, GKwU UªKwjqvi bP& I GKwU wUDev‡ivwmwU Aew¯’Z| wbgœcÖvšÍ gv_v I ÷vBj‡qW cÖ‡mm-G wef³| †iwWqv‡mi EaŸ©cÖv‡šÍ i‡q‡Q GKwU LuvRmn gv_v, MÖxev I Aey©` Ges wbgœcÖv‡šÍ Kvc©vj Aw¯’i ms‡hvMx Zj I GKwU ÷vBj‡qW cÖ‡mm| EaŸ©cvÖ ‡šÍ †iwWqvm I Avj&bv A¨vbyjvi †cwk‡Z Ges evwK Ask A¨vw›UeªvwKqvj wSwjø w`‡q hy³ _v‡K| Kvc©vj ( Carpal) : `ymvwi‡Z 4wU K‡i †gvU 8wU †QvU †QvU Kvc©vj Aw¯’ w`‡q Kwâ MVb K‡i| G¸‡jvi Dc‡ii w`‡K †iwWqvm I Avjbv Ges wb‡Pi w`‡K †gUvKvc©vj Aw¯’ mshy³ _v‡K| †gUvKvc©vj (Metacarpal) : nv‡Zi Zvjy ev KiZj MVbKvix Aw¯’‡K †gUvKvc©vj e‡j| †gUvKvc©vj Aw¯’i msL¨v 5wU| G¸‡jv j¤^v I bjvKvi| d¨vjv‡Äm ((Phalanges) : Av½y‡ji Aw¯’¸‡jv‡K d¨vjv‡Äm e‡j| G¸‡jv Lv‡Uv I bjvKvi| e„×v½y‡j 2wU Ges Ab¨ Av½yj¸‡jv‡Z 3wU K‡i †gvU 14wU d¨vjv‡Äm _v‡K| L) eÿ Aw¯’Pμ (Pectoral girdle) : wewfbœ Aw¯’ mgš^‡q MwVZ †h Pμ (girdle) AMÖc`‡K Aÿxq K¼v‡ji mv‡_ ms‡hvM cÖ`vb K‡i Zv‡K eÿ Aw¯’Pμ e‡j| gvby‡li eÿ-Aw¯’Pμ 2 †Rvov Aw¯’ wb‡q MwVZ| GK‡Rvov ¯‹¨vcyjv (Scapula), GK‡Rvov K¬¨vwfK&j (Clavicle) |

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¯‹¨vcyjv (Scapula) : eÿvw¯’P‡μi e„nr, P¨vÞv I wÎ‡KvbvKvi Aw¯’wUi bvg ¯‹¨vcyjv| GwU †cwk Øviv †giæ`‡Ði mv‡_ hy³ _v‡K| Gi miæ cÖv‡šÍ wMøb‡qW MnŸi bvgK MZ© _v‡K| G MnŸi AMÖc‡`i wnD‡giv‡mi g¯ÍK aviY K‡i I ¯‹Ü mwÜ ˆZwi K‡i| ¯‹¨vcyjvi †`‡ni c„ôxq w`‡K GKwU Aw¯’ MwVZ KuvUv ev ¯úvBb Av‡Q| ¯úvBb ¯‹¨vcyjvi mv‡_ cÖvq mg‡Kv‡Y Ae¯’vb K‡i| ¯‹¨vcyjvi evB‡ii w`‡Ki miæcÖv‡šÍ I wMøb‡qW MnŸ‡ii cv‡k †KvivK‡qW cÖ‡mm bv‡g cÖewa©Z Aw¯’LÐ Av‡Q| ¯úvB‡bi gy³ cÖv‡šÍ A¨v‡μvwgqb cÖ‡mm I †gUv‡μvwgqb cÖ‡mm bvgK Aw¯’ Av‡Q| ¯‹¨vcyjvi c„ôxq w`‡K, ¯úvB‡bi Dc‡ii w`‡K I wb‡Pi w`‡Ki Pvcv M‡Z©i g‡Zv AskØq‡K h_vμ‡g mycÖv¯úvBbvm †dvmv I Bbd«v¯úvBbvm †dvmv e‡j| 1) K¬¨vwfKj& (Clavicle) t eÿvw¯’P‡μi Aci Aw¯’wUi bvg K¬¨vwfKj| GwU miæ I euvKv‡bv Aw¯’| GwU wb‡iU Aw¯’ Gi wfZ‡i †Kv‡bv g¾v MnŸi †bB| Gi GKcÖvšÍ ÷vb©v‡gi g¨vbyweªqv‡gi mv‡_ Ges Ab¨cÖvšÍ A¨v‡μvwgq‡bi mv‡_ hy³ _v‡K| `ywU K¬¨vwfKj B›Uvi K¬¨vwfKzjvi wjMv‡g›U Øviv ci¯úi mshy³ _v‡K| M) cðvrc‡`i Aw¯’mg~n : cðvrc` msL¨vq `ywU| cÖwZwU cðvrc` 5 ai‡bi Aw¯’ enb K‡iÑ wdgvi, wUweqvwdeyjv, Uvm©vj, †gUvUvm©vj, d¨vjv‡Äm| wdgvi (Femur) t GwU †`‡ni me‡P‡q j¤^v Aw¯’, gvby‡li †kªvYx AÂj †_‡K nuvUz ch©šÍ we¯Í…Z j¤^v, GKK I bjvK…wZi Aw¯’Uv‡K wdgvi e‡j| Gi EaŸ©cÖv‡šÍ GKwU †Mvj g¯ÍK, MÖxev Ges †QvU I eo †UªvK¨v›Uvi Aew¯’Z| Gi cðvrZj GKwU Ag„mY Avj&hy³ Ges wbgœcvÖ šÍ `ywU KÛvBjwewkó| `yB KÛvB‡ji gvSLv‡b _v‡K AvšÍtKÛvBjvi wQ`ª, c¨v‡Ujvi ms‡hvMx Zj Ges `ycv‡k GKwU K‡i GwcKÛvBj bv‡g mvgvb¨ DuPz RvqMv| wdgv‡ii wb¤œ cÖv‡šÍ c¨v‡Ujv bv‡g GKwU †Mvj †KvYmn cÖvq wÎ‡KvYvKvi Aw¯’ Aew¯’Z| c¨v‡Ujvi cðvrfv‡Mi DaŸ©vsk wdgv‡ii mv‡_ Ges wbgœvsk wUweqvi mv‡_ mshy³| wUweqv-wdeyjv (Tibia-fibula) : GwU GKwU hyM¥ Ges gvbe‡`‡ni wØZxq e„nËg Aw¯’| G Aw¯’ †fZ‡ii w`‡K †gvUv I e„n`vKvi wUweqv Ges evB‡ii w`‡K cvZjv I miæ wdeyjv bvgK Aw¯’ wb‡q MwVZ| wUweqvi †`n j¤^v Ges mvg‡bi Ask wKQyUv wÎ‡KvYvK…wZ wewkó| Gi EaŸ©cÖvšÍ `ywU KÛvBj, GKwU AvšÍtKÛvBjvi ùxwZ, wdgv‡ii mv‡_ mshy³ nIqvi Rb¨ `ywU ms‡hvMx Zj Ges †cwk ms‡hvR‡bi Rb¨ GKwU wUDev‡ivwmwU enb K‡i| wdeyjv †`L‡Z GKwU `xN© lwói g‡Zv| Gi g¯ÍK †PvLv ai‡bi| EaŸ©cÖv‡šÍ wUweqvi ms‡hv‡Mi Rb¨ GKwU ms‡hvMx Zj _v‡K|

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Uvm©vj (Tarsal) : †Mvovwj I c`Z‡ji c„ôfvM MwVZ nq 7wU wewfbœ AvK…wZi Uvm©vj Aw¯’ w`‡q, h_v- GKwU K‡i K¨vj‡Kwbqvm, U¨vjvm, wKDe‡qW, †bwfKzjvi I 3wU wKDwbdg©| †gUvUvm©vj (Metatarsal) : cÖwZwU cv‡q †gUvUvm©v‡ji msL¨v 5wU| G¸‡jv bjvKvi I mvgvb¨ j¤^v Ges c`Zj MVb K‡i| d¨vjv‡Äm (Phalanges) : cv‡qi Av½y‡ji Aw¯’¸‡jv d¨vjv‡Äm, G‡`i msL¨v 14wU| e„×v½yj 2wU Ges evwK Av½yj¸‡jv 3wU K‡i d¨vjv‡Ä‡m MwVZ| N) †kªvYxPμ (Pevic girdle) : wewfbœ Aw¯’ mgš^‡q MwVZ †h Pμ cðvrc`‡K Aÿxq K¼v‡ji mv‡_ ms‡hvM `vb K‡i Zv‡K †kªvYx Pμ e‡j| gvby‡li †kªvYx AÂ‡j `ycv‡k Aew¯’Z GK‡Rvov mgAvK…wZi B‡bvwg‡bU (Innominate) Aw¯’ Ges m¨vμvg Øviv †kªvYxPμ MwVZ| B‡bvwg‡bU Aw¯’‡K hipbone e‡j| cÖwZwU B‡bvwg‡bU Aw¯’ wZbwU Ask aviY K‡i| h_v:

Bwjqvg (Ilium) : †Kvgi I Zj‡c‡Ui `ycv‡k Aew¯’Z| BwjqvgØq m¨vμvg Aw¯’i mv‡_ hy³ nq| Bwðqvg (Ischium) : †kªvYxP‡μi wb‡Pi w`‡K Aew¯’Z Aw¯’‡K Bwðqvg e‡j| Gi cvk¦©‡`k †_‡K KuvUvi g‡Zv GKwU Aw¯’ †ei nq| wcDwem (Pubis) : GwU Bwjqv‡gi mvg‡b wb‡Pi w`‡K Aew¯’Z GKwU ÿz`ªvKvi Aw¯’| `yw`‡Ki wcDwemØq A¼xqw`‡K ci¯ú‡ii mv‡_ wgwjZ n‡q GKwU MnŸi m„wó K‡i hv‡Z †Kvj‡bi †kl Ask, gjvkq, cvqy, gyÎbvjx, g~Î_wj, BD‡iUvi, Rivqy Ges eo eo mœvqy I i³bvwj iwÿZ _v‡K| Bwjqvg, Bwðqvg I wcDwe‡mi ms‡hvM¯’‡j A¨vwmUveyjvg (Acetabulum) bv‡g GKwU eo MZ© i‡q‡Q| G‡Z wdgv‡ii g¯ÍK AvUKv‡bv _v‡K| hvi d‡j Avgiv B”Qvg‡Zv cv †Nviv‡Z cvwi| GQvov Bwðqvg I wcDwe‡mi ga¨eZ©x ¯’v‡b AeUy‡iUi †dviv‡gb (Obturator foramen) bvgK GKwU eo wQ`ªI _v‡K hv AeUz‡iUi c`©v Øviv Ave„Z _v‡K| cÖwZwU B‡bvwg‡bU Aw¯’i A¼xq Ask wcDwem Aw¯’ Øviv MwVZ| `yB cv‡ki `ywU wcDwem A¼xq ga¨‡iLvq wcDwem wmgdvBwmm Øviv mshy³ nq Ges Aciw`‡K Bwjqvg †kªvYxq K‡kiæKvi mv‡_ mshy³ n‡q †cjwfK Mv‡W©j ev †kªvYxPμ ˆZwi K‡i| wkÿv_x©i KvR: 1| wkÿv_x©iv GKwU gvbe KsKv‡ji g‡Wj ch©‡eÿY K‡i Gi wewfbœ Ask wPwýZ Ki‡e| 2| cÖ‡Z¨K wZbRb K‡i wkÿv_x©i GKwU `j †kÖwYwkÿK KZ©„K wb‡`©wkZ Aw¯’ ev Aw¯’ P‡μi wPÎ AsKb Ki‡e| G‡ÿ‡Î GKRb wPwýZ wPÎ AsKb Ki‡e, Av‡iKRb ˆewkó¨ wjL‡e Ges Ab¨Rb †kÖwYK‡ÿ Zv Dc¯’vcb Ki‡e|

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7.2 Aw¯’ I ZiæYvw¯’i MVb (Structure of bone and cartilage) 7.2.1 Aw¯’: Aw¯’Kjvq wbwg©Z GK RwUj Mo‡bi A½‡K Aw¯’ e‡j| G Kjv i³ I ¯úÄRvZxq c`v‡_© MwVZ| Aw¯’i †fZ‡i Awe‡”Q`¨ Ask wn‡m‡e hy³ _v‡K Aw¯’g¾v, Avi evB‡i _v‡K Aw¯’-AveiYx| Ab¨vb¨ A‡½i g‡Zv cÖwZwU Aw¯’‡ZI i³, jwmKv I mœvqy mieivn _v‡K| GKwU mvaviY j¤^v Aw¯’i j¤^‡”Q‡` wb‡gœv³ Ask¸‡jv †`Lv hvq: 1| ZiæYvw¯’ : GwU ZiæYvw¯’ Kjvq wbwg©Z Ges Aw¯’i cÖvšÍfvM bxjvf Avei‡Yi g‡Zv Aew¯’Z| Gi DcwifvM gm„Y nIqvq nvo bovPov Ges Aw¯’mwÜ MV‡b mnvqK n‡q‡Q| 2| ¯úwÄ Aw¯’ : nv‡oi `ycÖvšÍ ¯úwÄ Aw¯’‡Z MwVZ| G AskUzKz ¯ú‡Äi g‡Zv wQ`ªvj Ges cwiwa‡Z wb‡iU Aw¯’i msKxY© ¯Í‡i Ave„Z| cwiYZ gvbe‡`‡n G AvšÍt †hvMv‡hvM iÿvKvix duvK¸‡jv cÖZ¨ÿfv‡e Aw¯’g¾v MnŸ‡ii mv‡_ Awew”Qbœ _v‡K| 3| wb‡iU Aw¯’ : nv‡oi cÖv‡šÍ ¯úwÄ Aw¯’ I ZiæYvw¯’i gvSLv‡bi †QvU AskwU Ges nv‡oi g~j‡`n cyiæ cÖvPxi wewkó bjvKvi duvcv wb‡iU Aw¯’‡Z wbwg©Z| Gi †fZ‡ii duvcv As‡k Aw¯’g¾v _v‡K| 4| Aw¯’g¾v : nv‡oi †K›`ªxq bjvKvi MnŸi †h †Kvgj wcÛm`„k Kjvq c~Y© _v‡K Zv‡K Aw¯’g¾v e‡j| Aw¯’g¾v `yai‡bi, h_v: jvj I njy`| jvj Aw¯’g¾v A‡bK ai‡bi †Kvl mg„× RvwjKvKvi †hvRK Kjvq MwVZ| jvj Aw¯’g¾v †jvwnZ KwYKv I `vbvgq †k¦Z i³KwYKv Drcbœ K‡i| njy` g¾v cÖavbZt †hvRK Kjv I †g`‡Kvl ˆZwi| 5| Aw¯’ AveiYx : nv‡oi PZzw`©‡K †eóbKvix Ges Aw¯’ m„wóKvix GK we‡kl ai‡bi k³ I cvZjv †hvRK Kjvi ¯Íi‡K Aw¯’ AveiYx e‡j| nv‡oi †hLv‡b ZiæYvw¯’ _v‡K †mLv‡b G AveiYx _v‡K bv| G‡Z gvsm‡cwk, †cwki eÜbx I wjMv‡g›U hy³ †_‡K Aw¯’ mÂvjb m¤¢eci K‡i †Zv‡j| Aw¯’ AveiYxi †fZi w`‡q i³ evwnKv I mœvqy nv‡o cÖ‡ek K‡i| Aw¯’‡Kvl mg~n : Aw¯’i g¨vwUª‡· wZb ai‡bi Aw¯’‡Kvl _v‡K, †hgb: Aw÷Ieøv÷, Aw÷IK¬v÷ Ges Aw÷ImvBU| i) Aw÷Ieøv÷ (Osteoblast) : G †Kvl¸‡jv NbZjvKvi| G‡`i mvB‡UvcøvRg ÿviagx©, wbDwK¬qvm †ek eo, MjwM e¯‘ I gvB‡UvKwÛªqv _v‡K| ii) Aw÷IK¬v÷ (Osteoclast): G †Kvl¸‡jv †ek eo AvK…wZi| mvB‡UvcøvRg `vbv`vi ÿviagx©| mvB‡UvcøvR‡gi g‡a¨ GKvwaK wbDwK¬qvm _v‡K| G‡`i cÖavb KvR Aw¯’ †_‡K K¨vjwmqvg MwVZ jeY †kvlY Kiv|

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iii) Aw÷ImvBU (Osteocyte) : G †Kvl¸‡jv †MvjvKvi ev wW¤^vKvi| mvB‡UvcøvR‡g Pwe© KYv, MøvB‡Kv‡Rb| Giv j¨vKzbvi g‡a¨ Ave× _v‡K| ivmvqwbK MVb : Aw¯’i ivmvqwbK Dcv`vb¸‡jvi g‡a¨ _v‡K ˆRe I A‰Re c`v_©| ˆRe c`v_©¸‡jvi Dci wbf©i K‡i Aw¯’i w¯’wZ¯’vcKZv Avi A‰Re RwUj c`v‡_©i Dci wbf©i K‡i Aw¯’i KvwVb¨| Aw¯’i ˆRe c`v_©¸‡jv n‡”Q Am‡mBb I AmwmIwgIK‡qW| eqm evo‡j ˆRe c`v‡_©i cwigvY K‡g hvq, wKš‘ avZe je‡Yi cwigvY ev‡o| ey‡ov‡`i nvo wkï‡`i Zzjbvq Kg w¯’wZ¯’vcK| Aw¯’i A‰Re c`v_© n‡”Q K¨vjwmqvg, cUvwmqvg, dmdivm, †mvwWqvg, g¨vM‡bwmqvg cÖf„wZi jeY| Gme jeY Aw¯’‡Kvl †_‡K wbtm„Z nq| Aw¯’i ï®‹ IR‡bi cÖvq 68% LwbR c`v_©| LwbR c`v‡_©i g‡a¨ i‡q‡QÑ K¨vjwmqvg dm‡dU 85.62%, K¨vjwmqvg Kv‡e©v‡bU 9.06%, K¨vjwmqvg †K¬vivBW 3.57% Ges g¨vM‡bwmqvg dm‡dU 1.75%|

7.2.2 ZiæYvw¯’ (Cartilage) KbwWªb bvgK g¨vwUª· Ges Kb‡WªvmvBU bvgK †Kvlmg~n wb‡q †Kvgjvw¯’ ev ZiæYvw¯’ MwVZ| KbwWªb ev g¨vwUª· Aa© KwVb, bgbxq I w¯’wZ¯’vcK| KbwWªb Kb‡WªvwgDK‡qW (Chondromucoid) I Kb‡WªvA¨vjeyb‡qW (Chondroalbunoid) bvgK `yai‡bi †cÖvwUb w`‡q MwVZ| G‡Z †Kvjv‡Rb I Bjvw÷b bvgK wewfbœ Zš‘ Ges Kb‡WªvmvBU _v‡K| Kb‡WªvmvBU¸‡jv GKKfv‡e ev ¸”QvKv‡i Ae¯’vb K‡i| g¨vwUª‡· Kb‡WªvmvB‡Ui ¸”Q‡K j¨vKzbv (lacuna) e‡j| j¨vKzbv¸‡jv Zi‡j c~Y© _v‡K| †Kvgjvw¯’ †cwiKwÛªqvg bvgK AveiYx Øviv Ave„Z _v‡K| GMy‡jv Uvb I Pvc mnbxq| gvby‡li bvK I Kvb, wnD‡givm I wdgv‡ii g¯ÍK, wewfbœ Aw¯’mwÜ, k¦vmbvwj, cï©Kvi cÖvšÍfvM, BwcMøwUm BZ¨vw`‡Z †Kvgjvw¯’ _v‡K| ZiæYvwš’iw¯’i cÖKvi‡f` : å~Y Ae¯’vq †`‡ni me †hvRK KjvB ZiæYvw¯’ wn‡m‡e _v‡K| μ‡g μ‡g †mB ZiæYvw¯’i wKQy Ask Aw¯’‡Z cwiYZ nq| G cÖKvi ZiæYvw¯’‡K A¯’vqx ZiæYvw¯’ e‡j| Acic‡ÿ, †hme ZiæYvw¯’ cwiYZ eq‡mI Aw¯’‡Z iƒcvšÍwiZ nq bv Zv‡`i ¯’vqx ZiæYvw¯’ e‡j| g¨vwUª‡·i MVb cÖK…wZ Abyhvqx †Kvgjvw¯’ Pvi ai‡bi, h_vt (i) ¯^”Q †Kvgjvw¯’ (Hyaline Cartilage) : Clr ¯^”Q, bxjvf, `„p, w¯’wZ¯’vcK, bgbxq Ges mgmË¡ g¨vwUª· mg„× †Kvgjvw¯’‡K nvqvwjb ev ¯^”Q †Kvgjvw¯’ e‡j| g¨vwUª· j¨vKzbv Giv cÖavbZ: †Kvl I g¨vwUª· wb‡q MwVZ| G‡Z †Kv‡bv Zš‘ _v‡K bv| †Kvl¸‡jv wÎfyRvKvi, mvB‡UvcøvR‡g ÿz`ª ÿz`ª `vbv, †¯œn e¯‘, K‡ÛªvmvBU MøvB‡Kv‡Rb I gvB‡UvKwÛªqv _v‡K| GwU †cwiKwÛªqvg bvgK Zš‘gq Avei‡Y Ave„Z _v‡K| gvby‡l G ai‡Y ZiæYvw¯’ _v‡K| bvK, k¦vmbvwj, ¯^ihš¿ cÖf„wZ ¯’v‡b Ges e¨vO I nv½‡ii å~‡Y ev cwiYZ wPÎ 7.11: ¯^”Q ZiæYvw¯’ †`‡n cÖPzi cwigv‡Y Ae¯’vb K‡i|

147

gvbe kvixiZË¡: Pjb I A½Pvjbv

(ii) cxZZš‘gq ev w¯’wZ¯’vcK †Kvgjvw¯’ (Yellow fibrous cartilage) : A¯^”Q I nvjKv njy` ev cxZ e‡Y©i, `„p, w¯’wZ¯’vcK, bgbxq Ges mgmË¡ g¨vwUª· mg„× †Kvgjvw¯’‡K cxZ Zš‘gq †Kvgjvw¯’ e‡j| G ZiæYvw¯’‡Z cxZ ev w¯’wZ¯’vcK Zš‘B AwaK cwigv‡Y _v‡K| Zš‘¸‡jv ci¯úi wgwjZ n‡q RvwjKvi m„wó K‡i| KY©QÎ, ¯^ihš¿, BwcMøwUm, bvwmKvi AMÖfvM BZ¨vw`‡Z cxZ Zš‘gq †Kvgjvw¯’ _v‡K| (iii) †k¦ZZš‘gq †Kvgjvw¯’ (White fibrous cartilage) : Gi g¨vwUª‡· cÖPzi cwigv‡Y †k¦ZZš‘ _v‡K| GLv‡b Zš‘¸‡jv mgvšÍivjfv‡e Ae¯’vb K‡i| GQvov g¨vwUª‡·i g‡a¨ wW¤^vK…wZ †Kvl¸‡jv `je×fv‡e Ae¯’vb K‡i| wcDwem wmgdvBwmm, Aw¯’ I †UbW‡bi ms‡hvM¯’‡j, AvšÍtK‡kiæKv PvKwZ BZ¨vw`‡Z †k¦ZZš‘gq †Kvgjvw¯’ _v‡K| K¨vjwmqvg Kv‡e©v‡bU †k¦ZZš‘

K‡ÛªvmvBU

g¨vwUª· K‡ÛªvmvBU wPÎ 7.13: †k¦Z-Zš‘gq ZiæYvw¯’

wPÎ 7.14: K¨vjwmdvBW ZiæYvwš’

(iv) K¨vjwmdv‡qW ev Pzbgq †Kvgjvw¯’ (Calcified cartilage) : G †Kvgjvw¯’i g¨vwUª‡· K¨vjwmqvg Kv‡e©v‡bU Rgv n‡q we‡kl ai‡bi k³ Ae¯’v MVb K‡i| wnD‡givm I wdgv‡ii g¯Í‡K G ai‡bi †Kvgjvw¯’ cvIqv hvq| wkÿv_x©i KvR: wkÿv_x©iv Aw¯’ I ZiæYvw¯’i MVbMZ cv_©‡K¨i GKwU QK ˆZwi Ki‡e|

7.3 e¨envwiK cixÿvi bvg: gvby‡li wewfbœ Aw¯’ (g‡Wj) ch©‡eÿY| cÖ‡qvRbxq DcKiY: gvby‡li wewfbœ Aw¯’i g‡Wj| ch©‡eÿY: Aw¯’¸‡jv fv‡jvfv‡e ch©‡eÿY Ki‡j wb‡¤œi ˆewkó¨¸‡jv †`Lv hvqÑ

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148

 K‡ivwUi Aw¯’: kbv³Kvix ˆewkó¨ 1| K‡ivwU 29wU k³ Aw¯’ wb‡q MwVZ|

2| G‡`i g‡a¨ i‡q‡Q K‡ivwUKvi 8wU, gy‡LvgÛ‡ji 14wU ga¨KY© I KÉvi 6wU I 1wU nvBI‡qW Aw¯’| 3| K‡ivwUKvi Aw¯’¸‡jv m~Pvi mwÜi gva¨‡g `„pfv‡e msjMœ _v‡K| 4| K‡ivwUi †cQ‡b I wb‡¤œ Aew¯’Z †dvivg¨vb g¨vMbvg wQ`ªc‡_ gw¯Í®‹ †_‡K myly¤œv KvÛ †ei nq|  †giæ`Û: kbv³Kvix ˆewkó¨

1| †giæ`Û 26wU Aw¯’ ev 33wU K‡kiæKv wb‡q MwVZ| 2| G‡`i g‡a¨ 7wU mvifvBK¨vj, 12wU †_vivwmK, 5wU jv¤^vi, 5wU mvμvj I 4wU Kw°wRqvj Aw¯’ _v‡K| 3| cici `ywU K‡kiæKvi †m›Uªv‡gi g‡a¨ AvšÍtK‡kiæKxq PvKwZ _v‡K Ges GKwU wQ`ª _v‡K|

 Av`k© MÖxev‡`kxq K‡kiæKv kbv³Kvix ˆewkó¨

1| †m›Uªvg †QvU wKš‘ PIov| 2| wbDivj wQ`ª eo I wÎ‡KvYvKvi| 3| UªvÝfvm© cÖ‡m‡m AMÖ I cðvr wUDeviKj _v‡K| 4| wbDivj ¯úvBU Lv‡Uv I wØavwef³| 5| cÖwZcv‡k¦©i wcÖ I †cv÷ RvBMv‡cvdvBwmm wg‡j ¯Í‡¤¢i g‡Zv MVb m„wó K‡i|

wPÎ: 7.17: Av`k© MÖxev‡`kxq K‡kiæKv

149

gvbe kvixiZË¡: Pjb I A½Pvjbv

 A¨vUjvm kbv³Kvix ˆewkó¨

1| †m›Uªvg ev †`n †`L‡Z wis AvK…wZi| 2| †Kej AMÖ I cðvr AvP©hy³| 3| AvwU©Kzjvi cÖ‡mm †bB, cvk¦©xq L‡Ð mywcwiqi I Bbwdwiqi AvwU©Kzjvi d¨v‡mU i‡q‡Q| 4| ¯úvBbvm cÖ‡mm ÿz`ª n‡q cðvr wUDevK©j Ges m¤§yL Av‡P©i mvg‡bi w`K ÿz`ª n‡q m¤§yL wUDevK©j MVb K‡i| 5| UªvÝfvm© cÖ‡mm eo AvK…wZi Ges UªvÝfvm© †dviv‡gbhy³|  A¨vw·m

wPÎ: 7.18: G¨vUjvm

kbv³Kvix ˆewkó¨

1| †m›Uªv‡gi mvg‡bi Ask ewa©Z n‡q IWbU‡qW cÖ‡mm (Odontoid process) bv‡g GKwU miæ As‡k cwiYZ nq| Gi ˆ`N©¨ 0.5 BwÂ| 2| UªvÝfvm© cÖ‡mm ÿz`ª, G‡KKwU wUDevK©‡j mgvß Ges UªvÝfvm© †dviv‡gbhy³| 3| fvwU©eªvj †dviv‡gb eo (wKš‘ A¨vUjvm A‡cÿv †QvU )| 4| EaŸ©cÖv‡šÍi PIov As‡k EaŸ©gyLx mywcwiqi AvwU©Kzjvi cÖ‡mm _v‡K| 5| ¯úvBbvm cÖ‡mm (wbDivj KuvUv) wØwef³|

wPÎ: 7.19: A¨vw·m

 fvwU©evª j cÖwg‡bÝ (7g K‡kiæKv) : kbv³Kvix ˆewkó¨ :

1| Ab¨vb¨ K‡kiæKvi ¯úvBbvm cÖ‡mm †_‡K GwU j¤^v I my¯úó ev Prominent ZvB G K‡kiæKvi bvg n‡q‡Q fvwU©eªv cÖwg‡bÝ| 2| UªvÝfvm© †dviv‡gb eo Ges cðvr As‡k e„nr I my¯úó wUDeviKj hy³| 3| wbDivj ¯úvB‡bi cÖvšÍ I ALwÐZ| 4| UªvÝfvm© cÖ‡mm e„nr I Lv‡Uv| wPÎ: 7.20: fvwUeªvcÖwg‡bÝ

150

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 †_vivwmK K‡kiæKv kbv³Kvix ˆewkó¨ : 1| †m›Uªvg gvSvwi I ü`wcÐ AvK…wZi| 2| fvwU©evª j †dviv‡gb †QvU I †MvjvKvi| 3| †m›Uªv‡gi Dfq cv‡k †m›Uªvg I Av‡P©i ms‡hvM¯’‡j cï©Kvi g¯ÍK ms‡hv‡Mi Rb¨ †Kv÷vj d¨v‡mU Dcw¯’Z| 4| cï©Kvi wUDevK©j ms‡hv‡Mi Rb¨ UªvÝfvm© cÖ‡m‡m I †Kv÷vj d¨v‡mU _v‡K| 5| ¯úvBbvm cÖ‡mm (wbDivj KuvUv) j¤^v I miæ| 6| UªvÝfvm© cÖ‡mm Lv‡Uv I `„p|

wPÎ: 7.21: †_vivwmK K‡kiæKv

wPÎ: 7.22: jv¤^vi K‡kiæKv

3| gvby‡li †giæ`‡Ði †kl PviwU K‡kiæKv Awe‡”Q`¨fv‡e wgwjZ n‡q GKwU e„n`vKvi wÎfyRvK…wZi Kw°m Aw¯’LÐ MVb K‡i| 4| Kw°‡·i m¤§yLZj AeZj Ges cðvrZj DËj| wPÎ: 7.23: †kÖvwY‡`kxq I cy”Q‡`kxq K‡kiæKv

151

gvbe kvixiZË¡: Pjb I A½Pvjbv

 wnD‡givm kbv³vKvix ˆewkó¨: 1| †MvjvKvi cÖvšÍwewkó¨ †ek †gvUv I j¤^v Aw¯’, ga¨fvM mvgvb¨ euvKv|

g¯ÍK

A¨vbvUwgK¨vj MÖxev

MÖxev

2| †Kvgjvw¯’ wewkó AMÖfvM g¯ÍK-G cwiYZ n‡q‡Q|

†iwWqvj LuvR

3| cðvr Ask UªK&wjqv- †Z cwiYZ n‡q‡Q| 4| Aw¯’i gvSvgvwS AÂ‡j GKwU DPz Ask Av‡Q G‡K †iwWqvj LuvR e‡j| UªKwjqv

I‡j‡μbb dmv

wPÎ: 7.25: wnD‡givm

 †iwWqvm I Avjbv kbv³Kvix ˆewkó¨:

1| wnD‡giv‡mi cieZx© `ywU j¤^v I bjvKvi Aw¯’| 2| wfZ‡ii Aw¯’wU Avjbv I evB‡ii Aw¯’wU †iwWqvm | 3| Avjbvi DaŸ©cÖv‡šÍ K‡ivb‡qW cÖ‡mm I I‡j‡μbb cÖ‡mm, GKwU UªKwjqvi bP& I GKwU wUDeviwmwU Aew¯’Z| 4| †iwWqv‡mi DaŸ©cÖv‡šÍ GKwU LuvRmn gv_v, MÖxev Ges wb¤œ cÖv‡šÍ Kvc©vj Aw¯’i ms‡hvMxZj I GKwU ÷vBj‡qW cÖ‡mm Av‡Q|

Iwj‡μbb †iwWqvj bP& g¯ÍK MÖxev wUDeviwmwU

UªKwjqvi bP& K‡ivb‡qW cÖ‡mm wUDeviwmwU

m¤§yL AewjK †iLv †iwWqvm

Avjbv

Avjbvi bP& g¯ÍK ÷vBj‡qW cÖ‡mm wPÎ: 7.26: †iwWqvm I Avjbv

152

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 Kvc©vj, †gUvKvc©vj I d¨vjv‡Äm

d¨vjv‡Äm

kbv³Kvix ˆewkó¨:

†gUvKvc©vj

Kvc©vj

3| e„×v½y‡j 2wU Ges Ab¨ Av½yj¸‡jv‡Z 3wU K‡i †gvU 14wU d¨vjv‡Äm _v‡K| G¸‡jv Lv‡Uv I bjvKvi|  wdgvi

wPÎ: 7.27 Kvc©vj, †gUvKc©vj I d¨vjv‡Äm Aw¯’ g¯ÍK

e„nr UªKv›Uvi

kbv³Kvix ˆewkó¨

MÖxev †QvU UªKv›Uvi

1| j¤^v, GKK I bjvK…wZi Aw¯’| 2| EaŸ©cÖv‡šÍ GKwU †Mvj g¯ÍK, MÖxev Ges †QvU I eo †UªvK¨v›Uvi Aew¯’Z| 3| cðvrZj Ag„mY Ges `ywU KÛvBjwewkó| 4| wdgv‡ii wb¤œ cÖv‡šÍ c¨v‡Ujv bv‡g GKwU †Mvj †KvYmn cÖvq wÎ‡KvYvKvi Aw¯’ Aew¯’Z|

m¨vd&U j¨vUvivj GwcKÛvBj

KÛvBj&m wgwWqvj GwcKÛvBj c¨v‡Ujvi mv‡d©m wPÎ: 7.28: wdgvi

 wUweqv I wdeyjv

KÛvBj g¯ÍK

kbv³Kvix ˆewkó:

MÖxev

1| GwU GKwU hyM¥ Ges gvbe‡`‡ni wØZxq e„nËg Aw¯’| 2| wUweqvi †`n j¤^v Ges mvg‡bi Ask wKQzUv wÎ‡KvbvK…wZ wewkó|

B‡›UwiImvm jvBb

3| wUweqvi EaŸ©cÖvšÍ `ywU KÛvBj, GKwU AvšÍtKÛvBjvi ùxwZ, wdgv‡ii mv‡_ mshy³ nIqvi Rb¨ `ywU ms‡hvMx Zj Ges †cwk ms‡hvR‡bi Rb¨ GKwU wUDev‡ivwmwU enb K‡i| 4| wdeyjv †`L‡Z GKwU `xN© lwói g‡Zv| Gi g¯ÍK †PvLv ai‡bi| EaŸ©cÖv‡šÍ wUweqvi ms‡hv‡Mi Rb¨ GKwU ms‡hvMx Zj _v‡K|

A¨ve&Wv±i wUDeviKj

wUDeviwmwU wdeyjv wgwWqvj mv‡d©m

wdeyjv wgwWqvj g¨vwjIjvm j¨vUvivj g¨vwjIjvm wPÎ: 7.29: wUweqv I wdeyjv

 Uvm©vj, †gUvUvm©vj I d¨vjv‡Äm:

d¨vjv‡Äm

kbv³Kvix ˆewkó¨: 1| Uvm©vj MwVZ nq 7wU wewfbœ AvK…wZi Uvm©vj Aw¯’ w`‡q, 1wU K‡i K¨vj‡Kwbqvm, U¨vjvm, wKDe‡qW, †bwfKzjvi I 3wU wKDwbdg©| 2| cÖwZwU cv‡q †gUvUvm©v‡ji msL¨v 5wU| G¸‡jv bjvKvi I mvgvb¨ j¤^v Ges c`Zj MVb K‡i|

†gUvUvm©vj Uvm©vj K¨vj‡Kwbqvg

wPÎ: 7.30: Uvm©vj, †gUvUvm©vj I d¨vjv‡Äm Aw¯’

3| d¨vjv‡Ä‡mi msL¨v 14wU, e„×v½yj 2wU Ges evwK Av½yj¸‡jv 3wU K‡i d¨vjv‡Ä‡m MwVZ|

153

gvbe kvixiZË¡: Pjb I A½Pvjbv

7.4 †cwki MVb I KvR (Structure and function of Tissue) åƒYxq †g‡mvWvg© †_‡K D™¢~Z †h Kjv ms‡KvPb cÖmviYÿg Ges AmsL¨ Zš‘i mgš^‡q MwVZ Zv‡K †cwk e‡j| †cwk GKK‡K †cwkZš¿ (Muscle fibre) ev †cwk‡Kvl (Muscle cell) e‡j| Ae¯’vb, MVb I Kv‡Ri wfwË‡Z †cwk Kjv‡K wZb fv‡M fvM Kiv nq| h_v:

7.4.1 gm„Y †cwk (Smooth muscle) †hme †cwkKjvi ms‡KvPb cÖmviY cÖvwYi B”Qvkw³ Øviv wbqwš¿Z bv n‡q ¯^qswμqfv‡e mœvqy Øviv wbqwš¿Z nq Zv‡ì A‰bw”QK †cwk e‡j| G‡ì gv‡qvdvBweª‡j †WvivKvUv _v‡K bv e‡j G‡ì gm„Y ev A‰iwLK †cwk e‡j| Avevi †`nvf¨šÍ‡ii A½mg~‡n G †cwki Avwa‡Kï Kvi‡Y G‡ì‡K wf‡mivj †cwkI ejv nq| †cŠwóKbvwj, i³bvwj, k¦vmbvwj, g~Î_wj, Rivqy cÖf„wZ A‡½i cÖvPx‡i G †cwk cvIqv hvq| G †cwki †Kvl¸‡jv gvKz AvK…wZi Ges 15 Ñ 200 μm ch©šÍ `xN©| †Kv‡li PIov As‡ki e¨vm 8 Ñ 10 μm | †Kvl¸‡jvi ga¨fvM PIov Ges `yBcÖvšÍ μgk: miæ| mvi‡Kv‡jgv G‡ì †KvlwSjøx ev mvi‡Kv‡jgv A¯úó| †Kv‡li PIov As‡k GKwU wW¤^vKvi wbDwK¬qvm _v‡K| cvkvcvwk Aew¯’Z †Kvl¸‡jvi gv‡qvdvBweªj cøvRgv c`©v GKwU ¯’v‡b ci¯úi hy³ _v‡K| †Kvl¸‡jvi web¨v‡m wbDwK¬qvm †`Lv hvq GKwU †Kv‡li PIov Ask Ab¨ †Kv‡li miæ As‡ki mv‡_ ci¯úi hy³ _v‡K| †Kv‡li mvB‡UvcøvRg ev mvi‡KvcøvR‡g AmsL¨ AwZ m~² gv‡qvdvBweªj †cwk Zš‘i ˆ`N©¨ eivei we¯Í…Z| gv‡qvdvBweª‡j †Kv‡bv AvovAvwo †iLv †`Lv hvq bv| G †cwki wPÎ 7.31: gm„Y †ckx ms‡KvPb cÖvwYi B”Qvwbf©i bq e‡j G‡K A‰bw”QK †cwk ejv n‡q _v‡K| G †cwki ms‡KvPb Ñ cÖmviY ÿgZv gš’i I `xN©¯’vqx| Giv ¯^qswμq mœvqy Øviv wbqwš¿Z n‡q mswkøó A‡½i wμqvKjvc wbqš¿Y K‡i| †cŠwóKbvjxi †cwi÷¨vjwmm, i³bvwji Aweivg ms‡KvPb cÖmviY, k¦vmbvwj I †iPbbvwji wbqggvwdK ms‡KvPb cÖmviY BZ¨vw` me wKQyB gm„Y †cwk Øviv wbqwš¿Z nq|

7.4.2 ü`‡cwk (Cardiac muscle) †hme †cwk Kjv ü`wc‡Ði cÖvPxi MV‡b Ask †bq Zv‡`i ü`‡cwk e‡j| G¸‡jv A‰bw”QK ai‡bi †cwk Kjv| ü`wc‡Ði cÖvPx‡i G ai‡bi †cwkKjv cvIqv hvq| ü`‡cwk Kjv‡K gv‡qvKvwW©qvg (myocardium) e‡j| evB‡ii w`‡K GwU GwcKvwW©qvg Ges wfZ‡ii w`‡K gm„Y G‡ÛvKvwW©qvg Øviv Ave„Z _v‡K| MV‡bi w`K †_‡K ü`‡cwk A‡bKUv ˆiwLK †cwki g‡Zv| AwbqZvKvi, j¤^v I kvLv-cÖkvLvhy³ KZK¸‡jv †Kvl ev †cwkZš‘ wb‡q ü`‡cwk MwVZ|

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†Kvl ev Zš‘¸‡jv ci¯úi hy³ n‡q RvwjKv MVb m„wó K‡i| mvi‡Kv‡jgv †ek m~² ev cvZjv Ges wbDwK¬qvmwU †Kv‡li †K›`ª¯‡’ j Ae¯’vb K‡i| †Kv‡li Af¨šÍ‡i mgvšÍivj I j¤^vjw¤^fv‡e mw¾Z AmsL¨ gv‡qvdvBweªj AYym~Î _v‡K| gv‡qvdvBweª‡ji Mv‡q †WvivKvUv `vM _v‡K| cvkvcvwk Aew¯’Z `ywU †Kv‡li mvi‡Kv‡jgv wgwjZ n‡q PvKwZi g‡Zv GKwU wW¯‹ MVb K‡i| G‡K B›UviK¨v‡j‡UW wW¯‹ (intercalated disc) e‡j| GwU ü`‡cwki Ab¨Zg kbv³Kvix ˆewkó¨| åƒYve¯’v †_‡K cÖvwYi Rxe‡bi †klch©vq ch©šÍ ü`wc‡Ði ms‡KvPb cÖmviY NwU‡q cÖvwY‡`‡n i³ mÂvjb cÖwμqv wbqš¿Y KivB ü`‡cwki KvR| G †cwk ms‡KvPb cÖmviY ÿgZv cwiwgZfv‡e `ªæZ| DÏxcbv cÖ‡qv‡M ü`‡cwk ms‡KvwPZ I cÖmvwiZ nq|

7.4.3 K¼vj †cwk (Skeletal muscle) : cÖvwY‡`‡ni †hme Kjv cÖvwYi B‡”QgZ m¼zwPZ ev cÖmvwiZ n‡Z cv‡i Zv‡`i Hw”QK †cwk e‡j| Agm„Y MV‡bi Rb¨ G‡K Agm„Y †cwk Ges †giæ`Ðx cÖvwYi K¼v‡ji mv‡_ AvU‡K _vKvi Kvi‡Y G ai‡bi †cwk‡K K¼vj †cwk I ejv nq| K¼v‡ji Mv‡q, eo eo Aw¯’i ms‡hvM¯’‡j, †Pv‡L, wRnŸvq, Mjwej BZ¨vw`‡Z Gme †cwk _v‡K| cÖwZwU †cwk‡Kvl j¤^v dv‡bjvK…wZ MVb we‡kl| G‡ÛvgvBwmqvg (endomycium) bvgK GKwU cvZjv AveiY Øviv GwU Ave„Z _v‡K| †cwk‡Kvl ˆ`‡N©¨ 1Ñ4 ‡m.wg. ch©šÍ Ges 10Ñ40 μm e¨vmwewkó nq, ZvB †Kvl¸‡jv‡K m~² Zš‘i g‡Zv †`Lvq| KZK¸‡jv †cwkZš‘ GKwÎZ n‡q d¨vwmKzjvm (Fasciculus; eûeP‡b Fasiculi) bvgK ev‡Ûj MVb K‡i| Gme ev‡Ûj †hvRK Kjv wbwg©Z †cwigvBwmqvg wPÎ 7.33: K¼vj †cwk (Perimycium) AveiY Øviv Ave„Z _v‡K| †cwkZš‘¸‡jv Avjv`v ev wewÿßfv‡e bv †_‡K ¸”Qe× _v‡K| †cwkZš‘ mvi‡Kv‡jgv bvgK my¯úó GK Avei‡Y Ave„Z _v‡K| Gi wVK wb‡P K‡qKk †MvjvKvi ev wW¤^vKvi wbDwK¬qvB (wbDwK¬qv‡mi eûePb) †`Lv hvq| †cwkZš‘i mvB‡UvcøvRg‡K mvi‡KvcøvRg e‡j Ges G‡`i mvi‡KvcøvR‡g mgvšÍivjfv‡e mw¾Z AmsL¨ gv‡qvdvBweªj (myofibril) ev Abym~ÎK _v‡K| gv‡qvdvBweª‡j AbycÖ¯’ Ges GKvšÍifv‡e mw¾Z KZK¸‡jv ¯^”Q I A¯^”Q `vM †`Lv hvq| Gme `v‡Mi Kvi‡YB K¼vj †cwk‡Z †WvivKvUv †`Lv hvq| K¼vj †cwk †K›`ªxq ¯œvqyZš¿ KZ©„K wbqwš¿Z

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nq| G †ckx‡Z i³ cÖevn A‡bK †ewk Ges G †ckxi ms‡KvPb AZ¨šÍ kw³kvjx I `ªæZ| cÖvwY‡`i Pjb g~jZ: K¼vj †cwki gva¨‡gB msNwUZ nq| Aw¯’Z‡š¿i Mv‡q msjMœ †_‡K cÖvwYi B”Qvbyhvqx msKzwPZ I cÖmvwiZ n‡q mswkøó A½‡K cwiPvjbv K‡i|

7.5 †cwk‡Z Uvb c‡o wKš‘ av°v †`q bv †ckx Kjvi ms‡KvPb I cÖmvi‡bi d‡jB A½-cÖZ‡½i mÂvjb, KsKv‡ji ¯’vbvšÍi Ges Avgv‡`i Pjb N‡U| wKš‘ †cwki GB ms‡KvPb cÖmvib G‡jv‡g‡jv fv‡e N‡U bv | GKwU wbw`©ó wbq‡g N‡U _v‡K| G‡ÿ‡Î †ckx †Kv‡li A¨vKwUb I gv‡qvwmb wdjv‡g›U Gi cvi¯úvwiK wμqvKjv‡ci d‡j †ckxi ms‡KvPb N‡U| GB ms‡KvPb cÖmvi‡b †ckx‡Z Uvb c‡o wKš‘ av°v †`q bv| †ckxi ms‡KvPb-cÖmvi‡bi NUbvwU Ggb bq †h Avgiv hLb GKwU ivevi‡K †U‡b Avevi †Q‡o †`B G‡Z iveviwUi cÖmvib I ms‡KvPb N‡U wKš‘ msKzwPZ nIqvi mgq iveviwU m‡Rv‡i av°v †`q| wKš‘ †ckxi †ÿ‡Î GgbwU N‡U bv| Huxley- Gi B›UviwWwR‡Ukb ev gv‡qvwdjv‡g‡›Ui ¯øvBwWs gZev`wU we‡kølY Ki‡j welqwU AviI my¯úó nq| GB gZev` Abymv‡i wekÖvg Ae¯’vq †ckx‡Kvl hLb wkw_j _v‡K, ZLb Gi A¨vKwUb wdjv‡g‡›Ui cÖvšÍ¸‡jv G‡K Aci‡K Lye mvg¨b¨B Awaμg K‡i| Z‡e GB mg‡q A¨vKwUb wdjv‡g›U¸‡jv m¤ú~Y©iæ‡c gv‡qvwmb wdjv‡g‡›Ui Dci AwaμwgZ _v‡K| Ab¨w`‡K msKzwPZ Ae¯’vq †ckxZš‘i A¨vKwUb wdjv‡g›U¸‡jv gv‡qvwmb wdjv‡g‡›Ui ga¨eZx© ¯’v‡b Ggbfv‡e cÖweó nq hv‡Z A¨vKwUb wdjv‡g›U †ewki fvMB ci¯úi‡K Awaμgb K‡i| G mgq A¨vKwUb wdjv‡g›U¸‡jv ‘z’ c`v‡K© gv‡qvwmm wdjv‡g‡›Ui cÖvšÍ ch©šÍ †U‡b wb‡q hvq| Zxeª ms‡KvPbKv‡j A¨vKwUb wdjv‡g›U¸‡jv‡Z GZ †Rv‡i Uvb c‡o †h gv‡qvwmb wdjv‡g‡›Ui cÖvšÍ¸‡jv ci¯úi msjMœ n‡q c‡o|

A¨vKwUb I gv‡qvwmm wdjv‡g‡›Ui gaëZx© ¯’v‡b AvKl©b ej m„wó n‡q Gfv‡eB ¯øvBwWs cÖwμqvq †ckx ms‡KvPb N‡U| G‡Z †cwk‡Z Uvb c‡o wKš‘ av°v †`q bv| wkÿv_x©i KvR: `ywU `‡j wef³ nIqv wkÿv_x©‡ì GKwU `j wewfbœ †cwki MvVwbK êwk‡óï g‡a¨ Ges Ab¨`jwU wewfbœ †cwki Kv‡Ri g‡a¨ Zzjbvg~jK QK ˆZwi K‡i †kÖwYK‡ÿ Dc¯’vcb Ki‡e|

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7.6 eënvwiK cixÿvi bvg: cÖ¯Z ‘ K…Z ¯øvB‡Wi mvnv‡h¨ gm„Y I ü`‡cwki KvVv‡gvi Zzjbv| cÖ‡qvRbxq DcKiY: gm„Y I ü`‡cwki KvVv‡gvi cÖ¯‘ZK…Z ¯øvBW| ch©‡eÿY: ¯øvBW fv‡jvfv‡e ch©‡eÿY Ki‡j wb‡¤œi êwkó¨¸‡jv †`Lv hvqÑ Zzjbvg~jK êwkó¨: kvLvZš‘ 1| gm„Y †cwk gvKz AvK…wZi I kvLvwenxb, wbDwK¬qvm B›UviK¨v‡j‡UW wW¯‹ ü`‡cwk bjvKvi I kvLvwš^Z| mvi‡Kv‡jgv 2| gm„Y †cwk‡Z B›UviK¨v‡j‡UW wW¯‹ †bB, Abyc¯ Ö ’ †iLv gv‡qvdvBweªj ü`‡ckx‡Z Av‡Q| wbDwK¬qvm mvi‡Kv‡jgv 3| gm„Y‡cwki Ae¯’vb cwicvKbvwj, †iPb-Rbb bvjx, eªw¼Dj BZ¨vw`‡Z| Ab¨w`‡K ü`‡cwk wPÎ 7.36: gm„Y †ckx I ü`‡ckx Ae¯’vb ü`wc‡Û|

7.7 K¼Kv‡ji Kvh©μg I ÔiWm I wjfviÕ Zš¿ cÖvwYi Ab¨Zg êwkó¨ nj Giv DÏxcbvq mvov cÖ`vb K‡i Ges wb‡Ri wewfbœ ˆRewbK cÖwμqv m¤úv`‡bi Rb¨ Zv‡ì Pjb ev Mgb wKsev ¯’vbvšÍ‡ii cÖ‡qvRb c‡o| ZvB nvUv, †`Šov‡bv, Av‡ivnb, BZ¨vw` cÖvwYi ¯^vfvweK Kvh©μg| †giæ`Ûx cÖvwY‡ì †ÿ‡Î GmKj Kvh©vejx m¤úbœ Kivi Rb¨ GKwU myMwVZ I myk„sLj KsKvj †cwkZš¿ i‡q‡Q| KsKvj I †cwki MvVwbK m¤^ÜciZvi d‡j †giæ`Ûx‡ì †ÿ‡Î Ggb RwUj Kvh©vejx mym¤úbœ n‡q _v‡K| wewfbœ cÖKvi Aw¯’ mwÜi gva¨‡g GKwU Aw¯’ AciwUi mv‡_ mxwgZ fv‡e bovPov Kivi Rb¨ hy³ _v‡K| wKš‘ GB mwÜhy³ Aw¯’ mgy‡ni MwZ mÂvib, wewfbœ w`‡K mÂvjb BZ¨vw` wbqš¿Y K‡i Hw”QK †cwk| Avgv‡ì KsKvj †cwkZš¿ Aw¯’, Aw¯’mwÜ, KsKvj †cwk, †UÛb I wjMv‡g›U wb‡q MwVZ| KsKvj †cwk ¯œvqyweK ZrciZvq MwZ mÂvi K‡i Ges GwU †UÛ‡bi gva¨‡g Aw¯’‡Z ¯’vbvšÍwiZ nq Ges hw` h‡_ó MwZ Aw¯’‡Z hvq Z‡e Aw¯’ ¯’vbvšÍwiZ nq| A_©vr cÖvwYi Pjb ev wbw`ó A‡½i mÂvjb N‡U| KsKvj †cwk‡K Ggb cwigvY MwZ w`‡Z nq †hb Aw¯’ Zvi fvi, AwfKl© I Ab¨vb¨ evwn¨K evav‡K mwi‡q mÂvwjZ n‡Z cv‡i| †UÛb Aw¯’ AveiYx A_©vr †cwiAw÷qv‡gi mv‡_ hy³ Ae¯’vq _v‡K| ev‡qv‡gKvwb· c`v_© weÁv‡bi bxwZ cÖ‡qvM K‡i Avgiv †giæ`Ûx cÖvwYiv PjvPj K‡i _vwK| Gi g‡a¨ Avgv‡ì †`‡ni wKQz Aw¯’ mwÜ wjfv‡ii gZ KvR K‡i| Avgv‡ì Aw¯’ mÂvj‡bi †ewki fvM wbqwš¿Z nq iWm I wjfvi bxwZi Dci wbf©i K‡i| GKwU wjfvi n‡”Q GKwU k³ `Û (nvo ev Aw¯’) wb‡q MwVZ hv GKwU mwÜhy³ d¨vjμv‡gi (Aw¯’ mwÜ) mv‡_ wis AvK…wZi MV‡bi gva¨‡g Ggb fv‡e hy³ †hb GwU mn‡R wbw`©ó w`‡K mÂvwjZ n‡Z cv‡i| Avgv‡ì †`‡n ÔiWm I wjfviÕ Zš¿ g~jZ wZbwU wel‡qi Dci cÖwZwôZ| G¸‡jv n‡jvÑ

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†iwm÷¨vÝ (Resistance) : GwU wjfv‡ii MwZ‡K cÖwZnZ K‡i ev Ki‡Z Pvq| †hgbÑ wjfv‡ii iW ev `‡Ûi fvi, AwfKl© ej wKsev Ab¨ †Kvb evav| Avgv‡ì †`‡ni iW n‡”Q Aw¯’ hvi wb‡Ri fvi Av‡Q Ges Avgiv †Kvb e¯‘‡K AwfK‡l©i weiæ‡× DVv‡Z ev bvgv‡Z PvB‡j Zv †iwm÷¨vÝ wn‡m‡e KvR K‡i| G‡K ‘R’ Øviv wPwýZ Kiv nq| B‡dvU© ((Effort) : KsKvj †cwki ms‡KvPb I cÖmviY hv †UÛ‡bi gva¨‡g iW ev wjfv‡ii `Û‡K A_©vr †iwm÷¨vÝ (R) †K mÂvwjZ Ki‡Z cv‡i| G‡K ‘M’ Øviv wPwýZ Kiv nq| d¨vjμvg (Falcrum) : GwU n‡”Q Aw¯’mwÜ¯’j| hvi gva¨‡g †`‡ni wbw`©ó A½ ev Ask mÂvwjZ ev bovPovi my‡hvM cvq| G‡K ‘F’ Øviv wPwý Kiv nq| D`vniY wn‡m‡e Avgv‡ì AMÖevûi K_vB ejv hvK, GLv‡b †iwWI-Avjbv n‡”Q †iwm÷¨vÝ (R), evB‡mc †cwk n‡”Q B‡dvU© (M) Ges KbyB Gi Aw¯’mw× n‡”Q d¨vjμvg (F) | Avgv‡ì †`‡ni Aw¯’ mwÜ ¸‡jvi MVb êwPÎZvi Kvi‡Y G‡ì Kvh©Kjvc GK bq| †hgb- nvZ w`‡q aiv, †Kvb wKQz Dc‡i DVv‡bv ev bvgv‡bv, cv w`‡q nvUv BZ¨vw` Kvh©Kjv‡c ÔiWm I wjfviÕ Zš¿ ¸iæZ¡c~Y© f‚wgKv cvjb K‡i wKš‘ mKj wjfvi Kvh©μg GK bq| d¨vjμvg I †iwm÷¨v‡Ýi Ae¯’v‡bi Dci wfwË K‡i ÔiWm I wjfviÕ-Zš¿‡K wZbwU fv‡M fvM Kiv hvqÑ cÖ_g †kÖwYi wjfvi: G‡ÿ‡Î d¨vjμvgwU B‡dvU© Ges †iwm÷¨vÝ Gi gvSLv‡b _v‡K| G ai‡bi wjfv‡i D`vniY nj- Avgv‡ì K‡ivwUi mv‡_ †giæ`‡Ûi ms‡hvM| Avgv‡ì K‡ivwUKvi Aw·wcUvj KÛvBj A¨vUjv‡mi AvwU©Kzjvi d¨v‡m‡Ui mv‡_ hy³ _v‡K| GLv‡b K‡ivwUi IRb nj †iwm÷¨vÝ, A¨vUjv‡mi mwÜ nj d¨vjμvg Ges Lywji mv‡_ Mjvi †cQ‡bi †cwk nj B‡dvU©|

wØZxq †kÖwYi wjfvi: GLv‡b †iwm÷¨vÝ me©`v d¨vjμvg I B‡dvU© Gi gvSLv‡b _v‡K| †Mvovwji A¨vwKwjm †UbW‡bi gva¨‡g cv‡qi †Mvovwji DVvbvgv wbqš¿Y wØZxq †kÖwYi wjfv‡ii D`vniY

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Z…Zxq †kÖwYi wjfvi: GB †kÖwYi wjfv‡i B‡dvU© me©`vB d¨vjμvg I †iwm÷¨vÝ Gi gvSLv‡b _v‡K| nv‡Zi KbyB Gi mwÜi Kvh©μ‡g nvZ w`‡q †Kvb wKQz DVv-bvgv Kiv‡bv Z…Zxq †kÖwYi wjfv‡ii D`vniY|

Avgv‡ì †`‡ni †ewki fvM A‡½i ev As‡ki mÂvj‡b Z…Zxq †kÖwYi wjfvi eëüZ nq| Z…Zxq †kÖwYi wjfv‡ii Ab¨Zg myweav nj Aí ej cÖ‡qvM K‡i A‡bK †ewk mÂvjb MwZ cvIqv hvq| wØZxq †kÖwYi wjfvi †ewk eëüZ nq Avgiv hLb A‡bK †ewk kw³i KvR Kwi| cÖ_g †kÖwYi wjfv‡i ej I MwZ wbf©i K‡i d¨vjμv‡gi Ae¯’v‡bi Dci| †h‡nZz Avgv‡ì Pjb, Mgb ev A½mÂvj‡bi †ewki fvMB Z…Zxq †kÖwYi wjfvi wbf©i ZvB GB wjfvi Aí cwikÖ‡g A‡bK †ewk KvR Kivi Rb¨ Awf‡hvRxZ| wkÿv_x©i KvR: wkÿv_x©iv Zv‡ì †`‡ni wewfbœ Aw¯’ mwÜ‡Z †Kvb ai‡bi wjfviZš¿ Av‡Q Zv wPwýZ Ki‡e Ges †kÖwYK‡ÿ Gme wjfv‡ii Kvh©μg e¨vL¨v Ki‡e|

7.8 nvUzi mÂvj‡b Aw¯’ I †cwki mgš^q †giæ`Ûx cÖvwYi Pjb I Mgb Hw”QK †cwk I Aw¯’i ci¯úi web¨v‡mi Dci wbf©ikxj| Aw¯’i `ywU †giækxl© Ziæbvw¯’ Øviv MwVZ| `ywU Aw¯’i mwÜ Aw¯’ eÜbx Øviv Ave„Z _v‡K| mwÜi Nl©b wbeviY Kivi Rb¨ Aw¯’ eÜbxi †fZ‡i mvB‡bvwfqvj Zij bvgK GK cÖKvi wcw”Qj ˆZjv³ c`v_© _v‡K|

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Aw¯’ mwÜi cÖK…wZi Ges Gi mv‡_ mshy³ †cwki Kvh©KvixZvi Dci A½ mÂvjb wbfi K‡i| Avgv‡ì nvUz‡Z KR¡v mwÜ bvgK Aw¯’mwÜ _vKvi Kvi‡Y nvUz ïaygvÎ GKw`‡KB ms‡KvwPZ I cÖmvwiZ n‡Z cv‡i| nvUzi gvSLv‡b _v‡K c¨v‡Ujv bvgK GKwU wÎ‡KvbvKvi Aw¯’| c¨v‡Ujv †`‡ni e„nËg wmmg‡qW Aw¯’| GB Aw¯’wU †KvqvwWª‡mcm wd‡gvwim bvgK †UbW‡bi Af¨šÍ‡i _v‡K| wdgv‡ii wb¤œcÖvšÍ c¨v‡Ujvi m¤§y‡Lfv‡Mi mv‡_ Ges c¨v‡Ujvi m¤§yL fv‡Mi EaŸ©vsk wdgv‡ii mv‡_ Ges wb¤œvsk wUweqvi mv‡_ hy³ Ae¯’vq _v‡K| Avgv‡ì Diæi m¤§yL fv‡M _v‡K †KvqvwWª‡mcm wd‡gvwim hv c¨v‡Ujvi mv‡_ †KvqvwWª‡mcm †UbW‡bi Øviv hy³| Avevi Diæi cðvr cÖv‡šÍ _v‡K n¨vgw÷ªs †cwk| n¨vgw÷ªs †cwk msKzwPZ n‡j G †cwki †UbW‡bi mv‡_ wdeyjv hy³ _v‡K hv nvUzi wb‡Pi Ask‡K fuvR K‡i †d‡j| G Ae¯’vq G›UviMwbw÷K Kv‡Ri d‡j †KvqvwWª‡mcm wd‡gvwim cÖmvwiZ nq| Avevi nvUzi GB fuvR Lyj‡Z PvB‡j n¨vgw÷ªs †cwk cÖmvwiZ nq Ges †KvqvwWª‡mcm msKzwPZ nq| GB `ywU †cwki ci¯úi we‡ivax Kv‡Ri d‡j nvUz mÂvwjZ nq| Aek¨ cv‡qi †MvovwjK †U‡b Zz‡j nvUz fvR Ki‡Z n‡j M¨v‡÷ªvK‡bwgqvm †cwk KvR K‡i| GwU Avgv‡ì Pj‡bi mgq N‡U _v‡K|

7.9 Aw¯’f½ Ges cÖv_wgK wPwKrmv Aw¯’f½ (Bone fracture) gvby‡li Rxe‡bi †Kv‡bv bv †Kv‡bv mgq GKwU Aw¯’ ev nvo fv½vi cÖeYZv †`Lv hvq| `yN©UbvRwbZ Kvi‡YB g~jZ nvo fv½vi cÖeYZv †`Lv hvq| Z‡e AvNvZ QvovI wewfbœ Kvi‡Y Aw¯’ fv½‡Z (Fracture) cv‡i| †QvU‡ì I wK‡kvi eq‡m Kwâi †Rvovi Kv‡Q, wb¤œ evûi nvo, KbyB Kv‡Q, Diæi nvo I †kÖvwYP‡μi Aw¯’ fv½‡Z cv‡i| 30 eQi eq‡mi ci †_‡K gvbe kix‡ii Aw¯’i NbZ¡ I cwigvb Kg‡Z _v‡K, d‡j Aw¯’ `ye©j n‡q f½yi n‡q hvq| Aw¯’i wUDgvi I K¨vÝvi, Bb‡dKkb, ImwUI‡cv‡ivwmm, ImwUIgvjvwmqv, AšÍtÿiv MÖwš’i mgm¨v wKsev Av_ªvBwUm †ivMxivI Aw¯’ f½vq AvμvšÍ nq| Aw¯’f½ wewfbœ ai‡Yi n‡Z cv‡i, wkï‡ì Zzjbvq eq¯‹‡ì †ÿ‡Î Aw¯’f‡½i mgm¨v †ekx ¸iæZi nq| wZb ai‡bi Aw¯’f½ †ekx †`Lv hvq mvaviY (Simple Fracture.) Aw¯’f½, †hŠwMK (Compound Fracture) Aw¯’f½ I RwUj Aw¯’f½ ( Complex Fracture).

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7.9.1 mvaviY (Simple fracture) G ai‡bi Aw¯’f‡½i †ÿ‡Î fv½v nvo Pvgovi evB‡i Av‡m bv wKsev nv‡oi Pvicv‡ki Kjv‡K ÿwZMÖ¯’ K‡i bv ZvB Pvgovi evB‡i AvNv‡Zi wPý †`Lv hvq bv| G ai‡bi Aw¯’f½ G·-‡i Qvov wPwýZ Kiv hvq bv| G †ÿ‡Î Aw¯’wU AvovAvwo, j¤^vjw¤^ wKsev cvk¦x©qfv‡e fv½‡Z cv‡i| wKš‘ Aw¯’‡f‡½ LwÛZ nq bv| G ai‡bi Aw¯’f‡½ AvNvZcÖvß ¯’vbwUi Pvicv‡k dz‡j D‡V, Kvjwkiv c‡o hvq I cÖPÐ e¨v_v Abyf~Z nq| cÖv_wgK wPwKrmv: mvaviY Aw¯’f‡½i †ÿ‡Î †h‡nZz evwn‡i †_‡K AvNvZ †`Lv hvq bv ZvB hZ `ªæZ m¤¢e AvNvZcÖvß ¯’vbwU wPwýZ Ki‡Z n‡e| AvμvšÍ e¨w³‡K bvovPvov Ki‡Z †Ìqv hv‡e bv †Kbbv G‡Z AvμvšÍ ¯’vbwU Av‡iv †ewk ÿwZMÖ¯’ nIqvi m¤¢vebv _v‡K| AvNvZcÖvß ¯’vbwU fv‡jvfv‡e cwi®‹vi Ki‡Z n‡e Ges ei‡di UzK‡iv Kvc‡o wb‡q ev wd«‡Ri VvÛv cvwb e¨v‡M wb‡q AvNvZcÖvß ¯’v‡b jvMv‡Z n‡e| G‡Z e¨v_v Ges †dvjv wKQzUv K‡g Avm‡Z cv‡i| Gici †ivMx‡K hZ `ªæZ m¤¢e wPwKrm‡Ki Kv‡Q wb‡q G·-‡i Gi gva¨‡g AvNv‡Zi Ae¯’v wbiæcb K‡i h_vh_ wPwKrmv MÖnY Ki‡Z n‡e| Z‡e Gai‡bi Aw¯’f‡½ Lye †ewk wPwKrmv eë¯’vi cÖ‡qvRb nq bv| e¨v_v wbivgqKvix Jla Ges wekÖv‡gi gva¨‡g 6-8 mßv‡ni g‡a¨B †ivMx my¯’ n‡q hvq| Z‡e cÖ‡qvRb‡ev‡a KL‡bv KL‡bv AvNvZcÖvß ¯’v‡b cøv÷vi Kivi cÖ‡qvRb nq| 7.9.2 †hŠwMK Aw¯’f½ (Compound fracture) G‡ÿ‡Î Aw¯’‡f‡½ Pvgov †f` K‡i evwn‡i P‡j Av‡m| G ai‡bi Aw¯’f‡½ Aw¯’ LwÛZ nIqv QvovI Pvicv‡ki †ckx, †UÛb I wjMv‡g›UI `viæbfv‡e ÿwZMÖ¯’ nq| fv½v Aw¯’wU cÖvšÍfvM wZÿèfv‡e Pvgovi evwn‡i †ewi‡q _v‡K| G ai‡bi Aw¯’f½ Lye †ewk wec`RbK †Kbbv ÿwZMÖ¯’ ¯’vbwU †_‡K i³ÿiY nq Ges ¯’vbwU Db¥y³ _vKvq `ªæZ Bb‡dKmb nIqvi m¤¢vebv _v‡K| ZvB G‡ÿ‡Î hZ`ªæZ m¤¢e wPwKrmv eë¯’v ïiæ Ki‡Z nq| cÖv_wgK wPwKrmv: AvNvZcÖvß ¯’vbwU‡Z ei‡di e¨vM A_ev Kvc‡o †gvov‡bv ei‡di UzK‡iv w`‡q g¨v‡mR Ki‡Z n‡e hv‡Z e¨v_v I †dvjv wKQzUv Dckg nq| Z‡e 15-20 wgwb‡Ui †ewk g¨v‡mR Kiv hv‡e bv Zv‡Z ÿwZi m¤¢vebv †e‡o hv‡e| †h‡nZz G ai‡bi Aw¯’f‡½ ÿwZMÖ¯’ ¯’vbwU Db¥y³ _v‡K ZvB ¯’vbwU cwi®‹vi K‡i RxevYygy³ Kvco ev e¨v‡ÛR A_ev †Kvb mv‡c©vU (†dv‡gi c¨vW ev cwi®‹vi euv‡ki KvwV) w`‡q †eu‡a w`‡Z n‡e| Z‡e jÿ¨ ivL‡Z n‡e †hb AvNvZcÖvß ¯’vbwU‡Z mivmwi Pvc bv c‡o| Z‡e wPwKrmK Qvov m‡i hvIqv ev †ei n‡q _vKv nvowU‡K h_v¯’v‡b †bIqv †Póv Kiv hv‡e bv| Gici †ivMx‡K hZ`ªæZ m¤¢e mveav‡b wPwKrm‡Ki Kv‡Q wb‡q †h‡Z n‡e †Kbbv, AwZwi³ i³ ÿib I Db¥y³ ¯’v‡bi Bb‡dKk‡bi Kvi‡Y †ivMxi Rxeb wecbœ nIqvi m¤¢vebv _v‡K|

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7.9.3 RwUj Aw¯’f½ (Complex fracture) G ai‡bi Aw¯’ f‡½ AvNvZcÖvß ¯’v‡bi nvo †f‡½ A‡bK¸‡jv Amgvb L‡Û wef³ n‡q hvq| ZvQvovI Pvicv‡ki †cwk ÿwZMÖ¯Í n‡q ¯’vbwU‡Z ÿ‡Zi m„wó nq| cÖv_wgK wPwKrmv: G ai‡bi AvNv‡Zi †ÿ‡Î AvμvšÍ e¨w³i AvNvZcÖvß ¯’vbwU fv‡jvfv‡e cwi®‹vi K‡i Kvco ev e¨v‡ÛR w`‡q †eu‡a hZ `ªæZ m¤¢e Wv³v‡ii Kv‡Q wb‡q †h‡Z n‡e| G‡ÿ‡Î †ivMx‡K mveavbZvi mv‡_ bvov‡Z n‡e hv‡Z AvNvZcÖvß ¯’vbwU Av‡iv †ewk ÿwZMÖ¯Í bv nq| wkÿv_x©i KvR: †kÖwYwkÿ‡Ki mnvqZvq wkÿv_x©iv wewfbœ cÖKvi Aw¯’i f‡½i cÖv_wgK wPwKrmvi Abykxjb Awfb‡qi gva¨‡g K‡i †`Lv‡e|

7.10 mwÜi AvNvZ I cÖv_wgK wPwKrmv Avgv‡`i †`‡ni Aw¯’¸‡jv h_vh_fv‡e mÂvwjZ nIqvi Rb¨ ci¯ú‡ii mv‡_ †hvRK Kjv w`‡q mshy³ _v‡K| GB mwÜ¸‡jvi AvNvZ ev Pvc mn¨ Kivi ÿgZvi †P‡q †ewk gvÎvi AvNvZ †c‡j bvbv ai‡bi mgm¨vi m„wó n‡Z cv‡i, †hgb-nv‡oi ¯’vb Pz¨wZ I gPKv‡bv|

7.10.1 ¯’vbPy¨wZ (Dislocation) mivmwi AvNvZ, `yN©Ubv I †Ljva~jvi mgq c‡o wM‡q Aw¯’mwÜi AveiY I wjMv‡g›U AvNvZcÖvß n‡j mwÜi ¯’vbPz¨wZ n‡q _v‡K| nvZ I cv‡qi Av½y‡ji mwÜ, †kÖvwYP‡μi mwÜ, KbyB Gi mwÜ I Kuv‡ai mwÜi ¯’vb Pz¨wZi NUbv me‡P‡q †ewk N‡U _v‡K| Z‡e Kuv‡ai mwÜ MVbMZ fv‡e Kg `„p Ae¯’vq _vKvq Ges kix‡ii Ab¨vb¨ mwÜi †P‡q †ewk mÂvwjZ nIqvq Aí AvNv‡ZB Kuv‡ai mwÜi ¯’vbP¨ywZi NUbv †ewk n‡q _v‡K| Aw¯’mwÜi ¯’vbPz¨wZ n‡j Zxeª e¨v_v nq, †Rvov bovPov Kiv hvq bv Ges bov‡bvi †Póv Ki‡j e¨v_v †e‡o hvq, ¯’vbPz¨wZi RvqMv dz‡j D‡V Ges †Rvovi RvqMvq duvKv †`Lv hvq| A‡bKmgq mwÜi ¯’vbPz¨wZi mv‡_ H ¯’v‡bi i³bvjx I ¯œvqyI ÿwZMÖ¯’ n‡Z cv‡i| cÖv_wgK wPwKrmv: e¨v_v I wUmy¨ BbRywi Kgv‡bvi Rb¨ †Rvov bovPov Kiv eÜ ivL‡Z n‡e| ¯’vbPz¨wZ †Rvovq wmwjs ev w¯ú›U (mv‡cvU©) e¨envi Ki‡j e¨_v I wUmy¨ BbRywi Kg n‡e| ei‡di UzKiv UvIqv‡j ev wd«‡Ri VvÐv cvwb cøvw÷‡Ki e¨v‡M wb‡q jvMv‡j e¨_v K‡g Avm‡e| Gici †ivMx‡K wPwKrm‡Ki Kv‡Q wb‡q †h‡Z n‡e Ges cieZx©‡Z G·-‡i K‡i ¯’vbPz¨wZi mwVK Ae¯’vb wbwðZ Ki‡Z n‡e| wmwjs ev w¯ú›U ev

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cøv÷vi e¨envi K‡i `yB †_‡K wZb mßvn †Rvovi bovPov eÜ ivL‡Z n‡e | Gici †Rvovi ¯^vfvweK bovPov I †cwk kw³kvjx nIqvi e¨qvg ïiæ K‡i wZb gv‡mi g‡a¨ †Rvov‡K ¯^vfvweK Ae¯’vq Avbv m¤¢e Zv bvn‡j †Rvov R‡g hv‡e|

7.10.2 gPKv‡bv (Sprain) DuPzwbPz, AmgZj iv¯Ívq nvU‡Z ev AmveavbZvekZ wmuwo‡Z cv wcQ‡j †QvU eo †h †Kvb eq‡mB cv gP‡K †h‡Z cv‡i| ïay cv bq, gPKv‡Z cv‡i nvZ †_‡K ïiæ K‡i kix‡ii †h‡Kv‡bv ¯’v‡bi R‡q›UB| Z‡e cv †h‡nZz cy‡iv kix‡ii IRb enb K‡i, ZvB GKUz Gw`K-Iw`K nvU‡j ev †nuvPU †L‡j mvaviYZ gP‡K hvq cv‡qi A¨vs‡Kj ev †Mvovwj| R‡q‡›Ui Pvicv‡k _v‡K wjMv‡g›U| G¸‡jv R‡q›U‡K k³ K‡i a‡i iv‡L| GKUv wbw`©ó †KvY ch©šÍ bovPov Kiv hvq mn‡RB wKš‘ Gi †ewk Ki‡Z †M‡j e¨v_v jv‡M| †Kv‡bv Kvi‡Y mxgvi evB‡i bovPov n‡j wjMv‡g‡›U Uvb c‡o ev wKQz Ask wQu‡o hvq| GUvB gP‡K hvIqv| wKQz gPKv‡bv AvNvZ Aí w`b ci fv‡jv n‡q hvq| G‡K ZrÿYvr (A¨vKzU) gPKv‡bv e‡j| hLb gPKv‡bv BbRywi `yB mßv‡ni †ewk mgq †ivMx‡K AvμvšÍ K‡i iv‡L, ZLb G‡K μwbK ev `xN©‡gqvw` gPKv‡bv e‡j| cÖv_wgK wPwKrmv: gP‡K hvIqv ¯’vbwU‡Z ei‡di e¨vM ev Kvc‡o †gvov‡bv ei‡di UzK‡iv w`‡q g¨v‡mR K‡i w`‡Z n‡e| cÖwZ N›Uvq 10 wgwbU ev `yB N›Uv ci ci wek wgwbU AbeiZ g¨v‡mR Ki‡Z n‡e| Z‡e GUv mnbxq gvÎvq ivL‡Z n‡e| Z‡e G c×wZ AvNv‡Z 48 NÈv ch©šÍ Ki‡Z n‡e| †hLv‡b gP‡K †M‡Q †mLv‡b GKwU Bjvw÷K e¨v‡ÛR ev †μc e¨v‡ÛR w`‡q †cwP‡q w`‡Z n‡e| AvμvšÍ ¯’vbwU wekÖv‡g ivL‡Z n‡e| G mgq AvμvšÍ ¯’v‡b mvgvb¨ Mig †muKI †`Iqv hvq hv‡Z AvμvšÍ ¯’v‡b i³ PjvPj wVK _v‡K| nvZ gPKv‡j H nvZ m¤úbœ wVK bv nIqv ch©šÍ KvR Kiv ev fvix wRwbm DVv‡bv hv‡e bv, cv gPKv‡j nvUv-Pjv Kwg‡q w`‡Z n‡e| cÖ‡qvRb †ev‡a μ¨vP ev jvwVi mvnv‡h¨ wb‡Z n‡e| hw` gP‡K hvIqv ¯’vb †ewk dy‡j hvq Ges Zxeª e¨v_v nq wKsev `xN©w`b e¨v_v fv‡jv bv nq Z‡e wPKrm‡Ki mvnv‡h¨ wb‡Z n‡e| wkÿv_x©i KvR: †kÖwYwkÿ‡Ki mnvqZvq wkÿv_x©iv Aw¯’mwÜi ¯’vbPz¨wZ I gPKv‡bvi cÖv_wgK wPwKrmvi Abykxjb Awfb‡qi gva¨‡g †kÖwYK‡ÿ Dc¯’vcb Ki‡e|

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 GB Aa¨v‡qi cÖavb kãwfwËK mvims‡ÿc  Aÿxq K¼vj: K¼vjZ‡š¿i †h Aw¯’¸‡jv †`‡ni j¤^ Aÿ eivei Ae¯’vb K‡i †Kvgj A½mg~n‡K wN‡i iv‡L †m¸‡jv‡K GK‡Î Aÿxq K¼vj e‡j|

 Dcvw½K K¼vj: AMÖc` I eÿ Aw¯’ Pμ Ges cðvr c` I †kªvwYP‡μi Aw¯’¸‡jv‡K GK‡Î Dcvw½K K¼vj e‡j|

 Aw¯’ : g¨vwUª‡·i ˆRe Dcv`v‡bi mv‡_ K¨vjwmqvg Kve©‡bU I K¨vjwmqvg dm‡dU RvZxq A‰Re jeY Rgv n‡q †h my`„p I KwVb fvievnx Kjv m„wó nq Zv‡K Aw¯’ e‡j|  ZiæYvw¯’ : KbwWªb bvgK g¨vwUª· Ges Kb‡WªvmvBU bvgK †Kvlmg~n wb‡q †Kvgjvw¯’ ev ZiæYvw¯’ MwVZ|  gm„Y‡cwk: †hme †cwkKjvi gv‡qvdvBweª‡j †WvivKvUv _v‡K bv Ges †hme †cwki ms‡KvPb cÖmviY cÖvwYi B”Qvkw³ Øviv wbqwš¿Z bv n‡q ¯^qswμqfv‡e mœvqy Øviv wbqwš¿Z nq Zv‡ì gm„Y ev A‰iwLK †cwk e‡j|  ü`‡cwk: A‰bw”QK ai‡bi †hme †cwk Kjv ü`wc‡Ði cÖvPxi MV‡b Ask †bq Zv‡ì ü`‡cwk e‡j|  K¼vj‡cwk: cÖvwY‡`‡ni †hme Kjv cÖvwYi B‡”QgZ m¼zwPZ ev cÖmvwiZ n‡Z cv‡i Ges †giæ`Ðx cÖvwYi K¼v‡ji mv‡_ AvU‡K _v‡K Zv‡ì K¼vj †cwk ejv nq|  Aw¯’mwÜ: `yB ev Z‡ZvwaK Aw¯’i ms‡hvM¯’j‡K Aw¯’mwÜ e‡j|

Abykxjbx m„Rbkxj cÖkœ: DÏxcKwU co Ges cÖkœ¸‡jvi DËi `vI: evsjv‡`k †iWwμ‡m‡›Ui m`m¨iv GKwU N~wb©So KewjZ ¯’v‡b D×vi KvR Pvjv‡bvi mgq 2Rb AvnZ e¨w³‡K D×vi Ki‡jb| AvnZ cÖ_g e¨w³i wUweqv †f‡½ wM‡qwQj Ges wØZxq e¨w³i Wvb wnD‡giv‡mi mv‡_ ¯‹¨vcyjvi Aw¯’ mwÜ ¯’vbPz¨Z n‡q‡Q| Dfq e¨vw³‡K Zviv wfbœ wfbœ cÖv_wgK wPwKrmv w`‡jb Ges cieZx©‡Z ¯’vbxq nvmcvZv‡j fwZ© Ki‡jb| K. n¨vfviwmqvbZš¿ Kx? 1 L. Aw¯’ I ZiæYvw¯’i g‡a¨ Kvh©MZ m¤úK© Zz‡j ai| 2 M. DÏxc‡K AvnZ cÖ_g e¨w³‡K Kx ai‡bi cÖv_wgK wPwKrmv †`qv n‡qwQj? 3 N. Aw¯’ msμvšÍ mgm¨v n‡jI wØZxq e¨w³i †ÿ‡Î †Kb wfbœ cÖv_wgK wPwKrmv c×wZ MÖnY Kiv n‡qwQj Zv e¨vL¨v Ki| 4

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eûwbe©vPwb cÖkœ 1| gvby‡li †μwbqvj Aw¯’i msL¨v KZwU? K. 4 L. 8 M. 12 N. 16 2| g¨vbyweªqvg †Kv_vq †`Lv hvq? K. ÷vb©vg L. ¯‹¨vcyjv M. †÷wcm N. †ùb‡qW 3| gvby‡li †dwmqvj Aw¯’ njÑ i. RvB‡Mvg¨vwUK ii. j¨vwμgvj iii. G_g‡qW wb‡Pi †KvbwU mwVK? K. i I ii L. ii I iii M. i I iii N. i, ii I iii wb‡Pi wP‡Îi Av‡jv‡K 4 I 5 bs cÖ‡kœi DËi `vI:

4| gvbe‡`‡n GB Aw¯’i msL¨v KZwU? K. 4 M. 12 5| GB Aw¯’i mv‡_ mshy³ _v‡K †KvbwU? K. ÷vY©vg M. K¬¨vwfKj

L. 8 N. 16 L. cï©Kv N. nvBI‡qW

164

Aóg Aa¨vq

gvbe kvixiZË¡ : mgš^q I wbqš¿b HUMAN PHYSIOLOGY: CO-ORDINATION AND CONTROLL DÏxcbv kw³ Rx‡ei GKwU we‡kl ˆewkó¨| ewnt¯’ ev Af¨šÍixY DÏxc‡K mvov w`‡q †`‡ni AšÍt¯’ mKj Kg©KvÛ‡K mgš^q Kivi mvg_©I Rx‡ei Av‡iKwU Abb¨ ˆewkó¨| †h cÖwμqvq Rx‡ei mKj Kg©KvÛ‡K mymsnZ K‡i wbe©vn Kiv nq Zv‡K mgš^q e‡j| mgš^q cÖavb `ywU Z‡š¿i gva¨‡g mym¤úbœ nq, h_v-¯œvqyZš¿ (wbDivj) Ges G‡Ûvwμb Zš¿ (ni‡gvbvj)|

cÖavb kã (Key Word)  mgš^q  gw¯Í®‹

   

K‡ivwUK ¯œvqy ms‡e`x A½ AšÍtÿiv MÖwš’ ni‡gvb

G Aa¨vq cvV †k‡l AvgivÑ  ¯œvqyweK mgš^‡qi aviYv e¨vL¨v Ki‡Z cvi‡ev  gw¯Í‡®‹i cÖavb As‡ki KvR e¨vL¨v Ki‡Z cvi‡ev  gvby‡li wewfbœ ˆRweK Kvh©μ‡g K‡ivwUK ¯œvqyi f~wgKv we‡kølY Ki‡Z cvi‡ev  gvbe ms‡e`x A½mg~‡ni MV‡bi mv‡_ Kv‡Ri m¤úK© Zzjbv Ki‡Z cvi‡ev  ivmvqwbK mgš^q e¨vL¨v Ki‡Z cvi‡ev  gvbe‡`‡ni wewfbœ AšÍtÿiv Mªwš’mg~‡ni Ae¯’vb, wbtmiY I wμqv e¨vL¨v Ki‡Z cvi‡ev  †`‡ni e„w× I AvPiY cwieZ©‡b ni‡gv‡bi cÖfve I Gi Awbqwš¿Z e¨env‡ii djvdj we‡kølY Ki‡Z cvi‡ev|

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RxeweÁvb wØZxq cÎ

8.1 ¯œvqyweK mgš^q (Nervous co-ordination) 8.1.1 aviYv: mgš^q (Co-ordination) eû‡Kvlx Rx‡ei GK Abb¨ ˆewkó¨| Rxe‡`‡ni mKj ˆRweK Kvh©vejx myôzfv‡e m¤úv`‡bi Rb¨, Z`ycwi wb‡Ri Aw¯ÍZ¡ wUwK‡q ivLvi Rb¨ Rxe‡K ewnt¯’ ev Avf¨šÍixY DÏxcbvq mvov w`‡q †`‡ni Avf¨šÍixY mKj Kg©KvÛ‡K mgš^q Ki‡Z nq| eû‡Kvlx cÖvwY‡`i †`‡ni Avf¨šÍixY †Kvl¸‡jv cwi‡ek †_‡K mivmwi DÏxcbv MÖnY Ki‡Z cv‡i bv| G‡ÿ‡Î ewntZ¡‡Ki ms‡e`x †Kvl G DÏxcbv MÖnY K‡i †`‡ni Af¨šÍ‡i mÂvwjZ K‡i| d‡j †`‡ni wewfbœ A½ ev Zš¿ mymgwš^Z wμqvi gva¨‡g GB DÏxcbvi Dchy³ mvov cÖ`vb I cÖwZ‡e`b ˆZwi K‡i| G‡ÿ‡Î ¯œvqyZš¿ ms‡e`x †Kvl I A½ ev Z‡š¿i g‡a¨ mgš^qKvix wn‡m‡e f‚wgKv cvjb K‡i| ¯œvqyZš¿ evwn¨K I Avf¨šÍixY DÏxcbv MÖnY QvovI kvixie„Ëxq Kvh©vejxi mgš^qI mvab K‡i| ¯œvqyZš¿ QvovI ni‡gvb bvgK ivmvqwbK c`v_©I Rxe‡`‡ni kvixie„Ëxq Kv‡h©i mgš^q mvab K‡i| ZvB mvwe©Kfv‡e eû‡Kvlx Rx‡e mgš^q `ywU ch©v‡q m¤úbœ nqÑ 1. ¯œvqyNwUZ mgš^q (Nervous- Co-ordination)- ¯œvqyZš¿ Øviv wbqwš¿Z| 2. ivmvqwbK mgš^q (Chemical Co-ordination)-G‡ÛvμvBb Zš¿ Øviv wbqwš¿Z|

8.1.2 gw¯Í®‹ (Brain) †K›`ªxq ¯œvqyZš¿ ¯œvqyZ‡š¿i mgš^qKvix wn‡m‡e KvR K‡i| †K›`ªxq mœvqyZ‡š¿i †h ùxZ, e„nr I RwUj Ask gvby‡li K‡ivwUi (skull) K‡ivwUKvi (cranium) g‡a¨ Ae¯’vb K‡i Ges †`‡ni mKj Kvh©vewj wbqš¿Y K‡i Zv‡K gw¯Í®‹ (brain or encephalon) e‡j| gw¯Í®‹ †K›`ªxq mœvqyZ‡š¿i GKwU ¸iæZ¡c~Y© Ask| cÖvwYRM‡Zi g‡a¨ gvbe gw¯Í®‹B me‡P‡q RwUj| GKRb cÖvß eq¯‹ gvby‡li gw¯Í‡®‹i AvqZb cÖvq 1500 Nb †mw›UwgUvi, Mo IRb cÖvq 1.36 †KwR| G‡Z cÖvq 10 wewjqb (GK nvRvi †KvwU) wbDib Ges 1 wewjqb (GKkZ ‡KvwU) wbD‡ivwMøqv †Kvl _v‡K| gw¯Í®‹ cÖK…Zc‡ÿ mylygvœ Kv‡Ði m¤cÖmvwiZ I ùxZKvi AMÖcÖvšÍ| åƒ‡Yi ea©bKv‡j wbDivj wUD‡ei AMÖcÖvšÍ cÖvBgvwi gw¯Í®‹ †fwmKj (Primary brain vesicle) G cwiYZ nq| G †fwmK‡ji wefvR‡bi gva¨‡gB AZtci wZbwU Amg AvK…wZi †fwmKj, †hgb- AMÖgw¯Í®‹, ga¨gw¯Í®‹ I cðvrgw¯Í‡®‹i m„wó nq| Av‡iv c‡i †U‡jb‡mdvjb, Wv‡qb‡mdvjb, †g‡mb‡mdvjb, †g‡Ub‡mdvjb I gv‡qb‡mdvjb bv‡g cuvPwU c„_K AÂj m„wói gva¨‡g c~Y©gw¯Í®‹ MwVZ nq | gw¯Í‡®‹i weKv‡ki mv‡_ mv‡_ gw¯Í‡®‹i †K›`ªxq bvwj Zij c`v_© c~Y© PviwU MnŸ‡i cwiYZ| G‡ì †fw›UªKj (Ventricle) ejv nq| †fw›UªKjmg~n ci¯úi mylygœv Kv‡Ði m‡½ ÿz`ª bvwj Øviv mshy³ _v‡K| gw¯Í‡®‹i AveiYx: mgMÖ †K›`ªxq mœvqyZš¿ K‡ivwU I †giæ`‡Ði Af¨šÍ‡i GKwU `„p I gReyZ AveiY Øviv Ave„Z _v‡K| G‡K †gwbb‡Rm (Meninges) e‡j| †gwbb‡Rm wZbwU wSwjø ev c`©v Øviv MwVZ| G¸‡jv n‡jv : 1| Wyïv g¨vUvi (Dura mater) : GwU †gwbb‡R‡mi me© ewnt¯’ wSwjø| gw¯Í‡®‹i †ÿ‡Î Wyïv g¨vUvi wØ-¯Íix Ges K‡ivwUKvi (Cranium) mv‡_ Nwbôfv‡e †j‡M _v‡K| Wyïv g¨vUv‡ii g‡a¨ wkiv I mvBbvm cÖmvwiZ _v‡K|

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2| A¨vivKb‡qW g¨vUvi (Arachnoid mater) : GUv †gwbb‡R‡mi ga¨ ev wØZxq c`©v| G c`©v ¯^”Q Ges cvZjv| Wy¨iv g¨vUvi I A¨vivKb‡qW g¨vUvi c`©vi g‡a¨ mveWyivj †¯úm (sub dural space) bvgK duvKv ¯’vb _v‡K| G duvKv ¯’vb Zijc~Y© _v‡K|

3| cvqv g¨vUvi (Pia mater) : GUv me‡P‡q †fZ‡ii Ges Z…Zxq c`©v| G c`©v AZ¨šÍ big, cvZjv, ¯^”Q Ges i³bvwj Øviv Aay¨wlZ| cvqvg¨vUvi gw¯Í®‹ I mylygœvKv‡Ði ewn©Z‡ji mv‡_ Nwbôfv‡e †j‡M _v‡K| A¨viKb‡qW g¨vUvi Ges cvqvg¨vUvi c`©vi gaëZ©x duvKv ¯’vb‡K mve A¨vivKb‡qW †¯úm (sub-arachnoid space) e‡j| G duvKv ¯’v‡b †mwi‡eªv¯úvBbvj im (cerebrospinal fluid) bvgK Zij _v‡K| †gwbb‡Rm †K›`ªxq mœvqyZš¿‡K wewfbœ hvwš¿K AvNvZ †_‡K iÿv K‡i I †m‡i‡eªv¯úvBbvj d¬zBW ÿiY K‡i| GwU †K›`ªxq mœvqyZ‡š¿ cywó c`v_© mieivn K‡i I †K›`ªxq mœvqyZš¿‡K RxevYyi msμgY †_‡K iÿv K‡i| gw¯Í‡®‹i †giæim (Cerebrospinal fluid or C.S.F): gw¯Í‡®‹i MnŸi, mylygœvKv‡Ði †K›`ªxq bvwj I mve A¨vivKb‡qW †¯úm †h Zij Øviv c~Y© _v‡K Zv‡K †mwi‡eªv¯úvBbvj d¬zBW (Cerebrospinal fluid) e‡j| GwU GK cÖKvi eY©nxb I ÿvixq Zij cwiewZ©Z Kjvim| GwU gw¯Í‡®‹i j¨vUvivj ev cvk¦© cÖ‡Kvô `ywU‡Z Ki‡qW †cø·vm (Choroid Plexus) Øviv ÿwiZ nq| c~Y©eq‡®‹i †ÿ‡Î gw¯Í‡®‹ †giæi‡mi cwigvY 150 wgwjwjUvi| GwU †K›`ªxq mœvqyZ‡š¿i †fZ‡i I evB‡i †_‡K G‡K wewfbœ hvwš¿K AvNvZ †_‡K iÿv K‡i| †giæim mœvqyZš¿‡K RxevYyi msμgY †_‡K iÿv K‡i I gw¯Í®‹‡K fvwm‡q †i‡L Gi IRb n«vm K‡i| GwU †K›`ªxq mœvqyZ‡š¿ cywó mieivn, M¨vm wewbgq, eR©¨ wb®‹vkb cÖf„wZ kvixie„Ëxq Kvh©vewj m¤úv`b K‡i| gw¯Í‡®‹i wewfbœ As‡ki MVb (Different parts of brain): gvby‡li gw¯Í®‹ 3wU cªavb fv‡M wef³Ñ AMÖgw¯Í®‹ (Forebrain or Prosencephalon),ga¨gw¯Í®‹ (Midbrain or Mesencephalon I cðvrgw¯Í®‹ (Hindbrain or Rhombencephalon)| AMÖgw¯Í®‹ ev †cÖv‡mb‡mdvj‡bi †nvqvBU g¨vUvi As‡k KZK¸‡jv †MÖ-g¨vUvi wewÿßfv‡e Øx‡ci g‡Zv Qov‡bv _v‡K| G‡ì e¨vmvj M¨vswMøqv e‡j| Kc©vm ÷ªvqvUvg G‡ì Ab¨Zg| (K) AMÖgw¯Í®‹ (Fore brain) : AMÖgw¯Í®‹ gw¯Í‡®‹i cÖavb Ask MVb K‡i| GwU wZb As‡k wef³| †m‡ieªvg (Cerebrum or Telencephalon) : †m‡ieªvg gw¯Í‡®‹i me‡P‡q Dc‡ii Ask| GwU mg¯Í gw¯Í‡®‹i g‡a¨ e„nËg Ask| GwU gw¯Í‡®‹i cÖvq 80% MVb K‡i Ges Ab¨vb¨ Ask‡K Ave„Z iv‡L|

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†m‡ieªvg Wvb I evg †mwieªvj †nwgwùqvi (Cerebral hemisphere) bvgK `ywU Am¤ú~Yf © v‡e wef³ †jv‡ei mgš^‡q MwVZ| Dcwifv‡M GKwU Mfxi mœvqyLuvR Øviv †nwgwùqvi `ywU c„_K _vK‡jI GKwU cÖk¯Í mœvqyZš‘¸”Q Øviv ci¯úi hy³ _v‡K| G mœvqy¸”Q‡K Kcv©m K¨v‡jvmvg e‡j| gvbe gw¯Í‡®‹i †m‡ieªvj †nwgwùqvi †h †Kv‡bv cÖvwYi †P‡q AwaK myMwVZ I DbœZ| GwU e¨vcK KzÐjxK…Z I LuvRwewkó| Gi Dcwi¯Í‡ii 2Ñ4 wg.wg. Ask‡K †m‡ieªvj K‡U©· (cerebral cortex) e‡j| G Ask jÿ jÿ eû †giæwewkó wbDi‡bi †Kvl †`n m¤^wjZ †MÖ g¨vUvi (Gray matter) Øviv MwVZ| †m‡ieªvj K‡U©‡·i wfZ‡ii A‡cÿvK…Z cvZjv I mœvqyZš‘ mg„× †nvqvBU g¨vUvi (White matter) wbwg©Z ¯Íi‡K †m‡ieªvj †gWyjv (Cerebral medula) e‡j| †m‡ieªvj K‡U©‡·i ewntZj KzÐwjZ n‡q AmsL¨ fuvR m„wó K‡i| Gme fuv‡Ri DuPz ¯’vb mg~n‡K RvBivm (gyrus) Ges wbPz RvqMv‡K mvKjvB (Sulci) e‡j| †m‡ieªvj K‡U©‡· 4wU e„nr mvjwK †`Lv hvq| G¸‡jv n‡jv: j¨vUvivj, †m›Uªvj, K¨vjKvivBb Ges c¨vivB‡Uv Aw·wcUvj| Gi d‡j †m‡ieªvg 6wU L‡Ð ev †jv‡e wef³ nq, h_v- dª›Uvj †jve (frontal lobe)-1wU, c¨vivBUvj †jve (Parietal lobe)-2wU, †U‡¤úvivj †jve (temporal lobe)-2wU I Aw·wcUvj †jve (Occipital lobe)-1wU| KvR: †m‡ieªvg ms‡e`x A½ †_‡K Avmv Abyf~wZ MÖnY I we‡kølY K‡i Ges wPšÍv, eyw×, B”Qvkw³, D™¢vebx kw³ cÖf„wZ DbœZ gvbwmK‡ev‡ai wbqš¿Y K‡i| wewfbœ †m‡ieªvg mnRvZ cÖe„wËi wbqš¿K wn‡m‡e KvR K‡i GQvov evKkw³‡K wbqš¿Y K‡i GwU †`‡ni me Hw”QK †cwki Kvh©μg‡K wbqš¿Y K‡i| GwU †mwieªvg †_‡K D™¢~Z †Póxq wμqvi Ges †mwieªv‡g MgbKvix ms‡e`x mœvqy cÖev‡ni cwieZ©b ms‡kvab I evav `vb K‡i|

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_¨vjvgvm (Thalamus) : †m‡ieªv‡gi wb‡Pi w`‡K †gWyjv msjMœ `ywU ÿz`ª I wW¤^vK…wZi _¨vjvgvm _v‡K| G¸‡jv †MÖ g¨vUvi w`‡q MwVZ| cÖwZwU _¨vjvgv‡mi ˆ`N©¨ cÖvq 4 †m.wg| GKwU mœvqyi¾yi †hvRK Øviv Giv ci¯úi mshy³ _v‡K| cÖwZwU _¨vjvgv‡mi mv‡_ †MÖ g¨vUv‡i MwVZ GKwU wcÐvKvi †emvj M¨vswMøqv (basal ganglia) hy³ _v‡K| gw¯Í‡®‹i wewfbœ As‡ki m‡½ _¨vjvgvm AmsL¨ mœvqyZš‘ Øviv mshy³ _v‡K| KvR: _¨vjvgvm ms‡e`x mœvqy DÏxcbvi wi‡j †÷kb wn‡m‡e KvR K‡i, GwU gvby‡li e¨w³‡Z¡i weKvk NUvq Ges mvgvwRK AvPi‡Yi cÖKvk NUvq| GwU ¯úk©, e¨_v, †e`bv I `k©b DÏxcbv‡K mgw¤^Z K‡i Ges e¨_v, cxob cÖf„wZ Av‡e‡Mi cÖwZwμqv NUvq| nvB‡cv_¨vjvgvm (hypothalamus) : GwU _¨vjvgv‡mi wVK wb‡P Aew¯’Z, †MÖg¨vUv‡i wbwg©Z Ges A‡bK¸‡jv c„_K AÂ‡j wef³ Ask| Ask¸‡jv mywbw`©ó Kv‡R wb‡qvwRZ _v‡K| GwU gw¯Í‡®‹i Z…Zxq cÖ‡Kv‡ôi †g‡S Ges cvk¦©cÖvPxi MVb K‡i| nvB‡cv_¨vjvgvm GKwU m~² As‡ki mvnv‡h¨ wcUzBUvwi MÖwš’i mv‡_ mshy³| f¨v‡mv‡cÖwmb I Aw·‡Uvwmb bv‡g `yiKg wbD‡ivni‡gvb mivmwi ÿwiZ nq Ges Zv cðvr wcUzBUvwii g‡a¨ Rgv _v‡K GQvov wbD‡ivni‡gvb Drcbœ K‡i UªwcK ni‡gv‡bi ÿiY wbqš¿Y K‡i| KvR: nvB‡cv_¨vjvgv‡mi ¯^qswμq mœvqyZ‡š¿i †K›`ª wn‡m‡e KvR K‡i| GwU AšÍtÿiv MÖwš’i ÿiY I †`nZvc wbqš¿Y K‡i, Z…òv, ÿzav, †hŠb AvKv•ÿv RvMÖZ K‡i Ges †μva, fq I Av‡eM wbqš¿Y K‡i| (L) ga¨ gw¯Í®‹ (Mid brain) : nvB‡cv_¨vjvgv‡mi wb‡P Ges †m‡i‡ejv‡gi m¤§y‡L Aew¯’Z †QvU I m¼zwPZ Ask‡K ga¨gw¯Í®‹ ev †g‡mb‡mdvjb e‡j| GwU AMÖ I cðvr gw¯Í‡®‹i g‡a¨ ms‡hvM iÿv K‡i Ges †m‡ieªvj †nwgwùqv‡i m¤ú~Y© Ave× _v‡K| ga¨gw¯Í®‹ 3wU Ask wb‡q MwVZ, h_v: †m‡ieªvj †cWv¼j (Cerebral peduncle) : GwU ga¨gw¯Í‡¯‹i †g‡S Aew¯’Z Ges Aby‰`N©¨ mœvqyZš‘ wbwg©Z GK‡Rvov cyiæ, bjvKvi e¨vÛ| KvR: AMÖ I cðvrgw¯Í‡®‹i mgš^q †K›`ª wn‡m‡e KvR K‡i| K‡c©viv †KvqvwWª‡Rwgbv (Corpora quadrigemina) : ga¨gw¯Í‡®‹i c„ô‡`k wbg©vYKvix 4wU †Mvj Ask‡K K‡c©viv †KvqvwWª‡Rwgbv e‡j| cÖK…Zc‡ÿ GwU GK‡Rvov eo AvK…wZi †jve| Gi cÖ‡Z¨KwU †jve AvovAvwo wØLwÛZ n‡q †gvU 4wU †jv‡ei m„wó nq| KvR: GwU Awÿ‡ckxi cÖwZeZ©x mÂvjb wbqš¿Y K‡i Ges †Pv‡Li wcDwcj I †j‡Ýi cÖ‡qvRbxq cwieZ©b NUvq| `„wó I kÖæwZRwbZ DÏxcbvq mvov w`‡q gv_v, Nvo I †`nLÐ‡K cÖwZeZ©x mÂvj‡b mvnvh¨ K‡i †m‡ieªvj A¨vKzBWv± (Cerebral aqueduct) : GwU ga¨gw¯Í‡®‹i 15 wg.wg. j¤^v I msKxY© bvwj hvi cÖvPxi K‡c©viv †KvqvwWª‡Rwgbv I †m‡ieªvj †cWv¼‡j wbwg©Z nq| KvR: GwU 3q I 4_© †fw›UK&j (gw¯Í®‹ MnŸi) Gi g‡a¨ †hvMm~Î iPbv K‡i| (M) cðvrgw¯Í®‹ (Hind brain) : GwU gw¯Í‡®‹i cðvr Ask Ges 3wU cÖavb Ask wb‡q MwVZ|

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†m‡i‡ejvg (Cerebellum) : GwU cðvr gw¯Í‡®‹i me‡P‡q eo Ask hv †m‡ieªvj †nwgwùqv‡ii wb‡P Aew¯’Z KzÐwjK…Z I `ywU mg‡Mvjv‡a© MwVZ| †Mvjva©`ywU fvwg©m (Vermis) bv‡g GKwU ÿz`ª †hvR‡Ki mvnv‡h¨ hy³| †m‡i‡ejv‡g evB‡ii Ask †MÖ g¨vUvi I wfZ‡ii Ask †nvqvBU g¨vUvi Øviv MwVZ| c~Y© eq¯‹ gvby‡li †m‡i‡ejv‡gi Mo IRb cÖvq 150 MÖvg| KvR: †m‡i‡ejvg †`‡ni fvimvg¨ iÿv I †`nfw½ wbqš¿Y K‡i, gv_v I †Pv‡Li mÂvjb wbqš¿Y K‡i, PjvP‡ji w`K wba©viY K‡i Ges †`‡ni me ai‡bi ¯^qswμq Kvh©Kjvc wbqš¿Y K‡i| †gWyjv Aej½vUv (Medulla oblongata) : †gWzjv Aej½vUv mylygvœ KvÐ I gw¯Í‡®‹i g‡a¨ †hvMm~Î iPbv K‡i| gw¯Í‡®‹i me‡P‡q wcQ‡bi Ask Ges Gi mv‡_ myly¤œv KvÐ hy³ _v‡K| GwU A‡bKUv wÎ‡KvYvKvi MVb we‡kl| GwU j¤^vq cÖvq 3 †m.wg., cÖ‡¯’ 2 †m.wg. Ges cyiæ‡Z¡ 1.2 †m.wg.| GwU cðvr K‡ivwUK †dvmv (Posterior Cranial Fossa) Gi m¤§yL As‡k _v‡K Ges wb‡Pi w`‡K †dvig¨vb g¨vMbvg (Foramen Magnum) ch©šÍ _v‡K| Gi c„ô‡`‡ki ga¨‡iLv eivei GKwU Lv` we`¨gvb| †gWyjv Aej½vUv‡Z K‡U©· †bB| GwU †Kej †nvqvBU g¨vUviwewkó †gWyjv w`‡q MwVZ| †gWyjv Aej½vUvi Af¨šÍ‡ii Zijc~Y© MnŸi‡K 4_© †fw›UªKj e‡j| KvR: ü`¯ú›`b, k¦mb, MjatKiY, i³evwnKvi ms‡KvPb, jvjvÿiY, †cŠwóKbvwji †cwi÷¨vjwmm, dzmdz‡mi ms‡KvPb-cÖmviY, gjg~Î Z¨vM BZ¨vw` kvixie„Ëxq Kvh©vewj wbqš¿Y K‡i| GwU ix, x, xi Zg K‡ivwUK mœvqyi DrcwË¯’j wn‡m‡e KvR K‡i I mswkøó mœvqyi KvR wbqš¿Y K‡i| cb&m (Pons) : GUv †m‡i‡ejv‡gi A¼xqfv‡M †gWyjvi mvg‡bi w`‡K AvovAvwofv‡e Aew¯’Z GKwU ùxZ wcÐvKvi MVb| cb&m MwVZ nq ¯œvqyZš‘ Øviv hv †mwi‡ejv‡g `ywU †nwgwùqv‡ii g‡a¨ GKwU †mZz m„wó K‡i| KvR: GwU †m‡i‡ejvg I †gWyjv‡K gw¯Í‡®‹i Ab¨vb¨ As‡ki mv‡_ mshy³ K‡i Ges wi‡j †÷kb ev †cÖiK hš¿ wnmv‡e KvR K‡i GwU †`‡ni `ycv‡ki †cwki Kg©KvÐ mgš^q K‡i I ¯^vfvweK k¦vmwμqvi nvi‡K wbqš¿Y K‡i| GLvb †_‡K m„ó 5g-8g K‡ivwUK mœvqy †`‡ni bvbvwea KvR m¤úbœ K‡i| gw¯Í‡®‹i MnŸi (Ventricle of brain): gw¯Í®‹ wb‡iU bq, Gi Af¨šÍifvM Zijc~Y© MnŸi mg„×| G MnŸi K‡qKwU cÖ‡Kv‡ô wef³| gw¯Í‡®‹i Af¨šÍ‡ii Gme cÖ‡Kvô‡K †fw›UªKj (ventricles) e‡j| gvby‡li gw¯Í‡®‹i 4wU †fw›UªKj Av‡Q| G‡`i 1g, 2q, 3q I 4_© †fw›UªKj e‡j| 1g I 2q †fw›UªKj‡K GK‡Î cvk¦©xq ev j¨vUvivj †fw›UªKj e‡j| gw¯Í‡®‹i MnŸ‡ii Zij c`v_©‡K †m‡i‡eªv¯úvBbvj d¬zBW (cerebrospinal fluid) e‡j| cvk¦©xq †fw›UªKj (Lateral ventricle) : AMÖgw¯Í‡®‹i `ywU †m‡ieªvj †nwgwùqv‡ii Af¨šÍ‡ii cÖ‡KvôØq‡K (1g I 2q †fw›UªKj) j¨vUvivj ev cvk¦©xq †fw›UªKj e‡j| `ywU B›Uvi‡fw›UªKzjvi ev †dviv‡gb Ae gb‡iv Øviv Giv c„_Kfv‡e ga¨gw¯Í‡®‹i 3q †fw›UªK‡ji mv‡_ hy³ _v‡K|

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2| Z…Zxq †fw›UªKj (Third ventricle) : AMÖgw¯Í‡®‹i nvB‡cv_¨vjvgv‡mi MnŸi‡K 3q †fw›UªKj e‡j| GKwU †m‡ieªvj A¨vKyBWv‡±i gva¨‡g GwU 4_© †fw›UªK‡ji mv‡_ hy³ _v‡K| 3| PZz_© †fw›UªKj (Fourth ventricle) : GwU cðvr gw¯Í‡®‹i †gWyjv Aej½vUvi MnŸi| GwU cðvrw`‡K mylygœvKv‡Ði †K›`ªxq bvwji mv‡_ hy³ _v‡K| j¨vUvivj †fw›UªKj ev cvk¦©cÖ‡Kvô cÖ_g I wØZxq cÖ‡Kvô _vW© †fw›UªKj ev 3q cÖ‡Kvô

wmjwfqv‡mi ¯œvqybvjx

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wPÎ 8.3: gw¯Í‡®‹i wewfbœ cÖ‡Kvô ev †fw›UªKj

wkÿv_x©i KvR: wkÿv_x©iv gw¯Í‡®‹i wPwýZ wPÎ AsKb Ki‡e|

K‡ivwUK ¯œvqy (Cranial nerves) Drm, cÖK…wZ I KvR: gw¯Í®‹ †_‡K m„ó mœvqy‡K K‡ivwUK mœvqy ejv nq| gw¯Í®‹ K‡ivwUKvi g‡a¨ Aew¯’Z e‡j gw¯Í®‹ D™¢~Z mœvqy¸‡jv K‡ivwUK mœvqy bv‡gB cwiwPZ| GwcwbDivj †hvRK Kjvi Avei‡Y Ave„Z me mœvqy gw¯Í®‹ †_‡K †Rvovq †Rvovq Drcbœ n‡q cÖavbZt g¯ÍK AÂ‡ji wewfbœ A½, †cwk BZ¨vw`‡Z Mgb K‡i I wewfbœ A½ †_‡K gw¯Í‡®‹ DÏxcbv wb‡q Av‡m, gvby‡li K‡ivwUK mœvqyi msL¨v 12 †Rvov| mœvqy¸‡jvi g‡a¨ KZK¸‡jv †mbmwi, KZK¸‡jv †gvUi Ges wKQy wgkª ai‡bi| Gme K‡ivwUK mœvqy cÖv_wgKfv‡e Áv‡bw›`ªq, MÖwš’, Pÿz I gyLgÐ‡ji †cwkmg~‡ni mv‡_ m¤úwK©Z|

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i. Ajd¨v±ix (Olfactory) ¯œvqy: Ajd¨v±ix ¯œvqy Ajd¨v±ix †jv‡ei kxl©‡`k n‡Z Drcbœ n‡q bvmvwee‡ii wgDKvm c`©vq we¯Í…Z nq| Giv ms‡e`x ¯œvqy| G‡ì KvR n‡jv gw¯Í‡®‹ NªvY DÏxcbv enb K‡i Avbv| ii. AcwUK (Optic) ¯œvqy: AcwUK ¯œvqy AcwUK †jve n‡Z Drcbœ nevi ci ¯œvqy‡Rvov AcwUK KvqvRgv MVb K‡i| AZtci Pÿz‡Z cÖ‡ek K‡i †iwUbvq we¯Ívi jvf K‡i| Giv ms‡e`x ¯œvqy| Giv Pÿz n‡Z `k©‡bi Abyf‚wZ gw¯Í‡®‹ enb K‡i Av‡b| iii. AKz‡jv‡gvUi (Oculomotor) ¯œvqy: G ¯œvqy‡Rvov ga¨gw¯Í‡®‹i A¼xq‡`k n‡Z Drcbœ n‡q †Pv‡L cÖ‡ek K‡i Ges Pÿzi Bbwdwiqi AewjK I wZbwU †iKUvm †ckx‡Z (mywcwiqi, Bbwdwiqi I B›Uvibvj) we¯Í…Z nq| Giv †gvUi ¯œvqy| G‡ì KvR nj- Awÿ‡Mvj‡Ki mÂvjb wbqš¿Y Kiv| iv. UªKwjqvi (Trochlear) ¯œvqy: ga¨gw¯Í‡®‹i c„ôcvk¦©‡`k n‡Z Drcbœ n‡q mywcwiqi AewjK bvgK Pÿz †ckx‡Z we¯Ívi jvf K‡i| GivI †gvUi ¯œvqy| Awÿ †Mvj‡Ki mÂvjb wbqš¿Y K‡i| v. UªvB‡Rwgbvj (Trigeminal) ¯œvqy: UªvB‡Rwgbvj GKwU wgkÖ cÖK…wZi ¯œvqy| †gWzjv AejsMvUvi AMÖcvk¦©‡`k n‡Z Drcbœ n‡q wZbwU kvLvq wef³ nq| h_vAc_¨vjwgK (Opthalmic) : GwU me‡P‡q †QvU kvLv| EaŸ©Awÿcjøe, g¯Í‡Ki AMÖfv‡Mi Z¡K Ges bvwmKvi wgDKvm c`©vq we¯Í…Z nq Ges D‡jøwLZ Ask †_‡K gw¯Í‡®‹ Abyf‚wZ enb K‡i Av‡b|GB kvLv ms‡e`x cÖK…wZi| g¨vw·jvix (Maxillary) : GB kvLv wb¤œ Awÿcjøe, DaŸ©Iô I DaŸ© †Pvqv‡ji wgDKvm c`©vq we¯Í…Z nq| mswkøó A½ n‡Z gw¯Í‡®‹ Abyf‚wZ enb K‡i Av‡b| GwUI ms‡e`x ¯œvqy| g¨vwÛeyjvi ( Mandibular) : GwU GKwU wgkÖ¯œvqy| G kvLv wb¤œ‡Pvqvj, gyLwee‡ii Zj‡`‡ki †ckx I Z¡‡K we¯Í…Z nq Ges wb‡Pi †Pvqv‡ji †ckx I Pvgovi msÁv enb K‡i wKš‘ gyLwee‡ii †ckx‡Z †gvUi ¯œvqyiƒ‡c KvR K‡i| vi. A¨veWz‡mÝ (Abducens ) ¯œvqy : G ¯œvqy‡Rvov †gWzjv AejsMvUvi A¼xq cvk¦‡© `k n‡Z Drcbœ n‡q Awÿ‡Mvj‡Ki G·Uvibvj †iKUvm †ckx‡Z we¯Í…Z nq Ges Giv Awÿ‡Mvj‡Ki mÂvjb wbqš¿Y K‡i| Giv †gvUi ¯œvqy| vii. d¨vwmqvj (Facial) ¯œvqy: UªvB‡Rwgbvj ¯œvqyi wVK wcQ‡b †gWzjv AejsMvUvi cvk¦©‡`k †_‡K GB ¯œvqy‡Rvov Drcbœ nq| GwU wgkÖ cÖK…wZi ¯œvqy| DrcwËi ci GB ¯œvqy `ywU kvLvq fvM nq| h_vÑ c¨vjvUvBb (Palatine) : G kvLv gyLwee‡ii Qv‡ì we¯Ívi jvf K‡i| GwU GKwU ms‡e`x ¯œvqy| n¨v‡qvg¨vwÛeyjvi (Hyomandibular): GB kvLv gyLwee‡ii Zj‡`k eivei AMÖmi n‡q KY©cUn, wb¤œ‡Pvqv‡ji ms‡hvM¯’j, gyLwee‡ii Zj‡`‡ki wgDKvm c`©v I †ckx‡Z ¯œvqy mieivn K‡i| GwU GKwU wgkÖ ¯œvqy| G ¯œvqy Av¯^v`b, gy‡Li Awfe¨w³ Ges MÖxev‡ckxi mÂvjb wbqš¿Y K‡i| viii. AwWUwi (Auditory) ¯œvqy: Giv d¨vwmqvj ¯œvqyi cðvr fv‡M †gWzjv AejsMvUv n‡Z Drcbœ n‡q AšÍtK‡Y© cÖ‡ek K‡i| AwWUix ¯œvqy ms‡e`x cÖK…wZi| Giv kÖeY I fvimvg¨ iÿvi Abyf‚wZ gw¯Í‡®‹ enb K‡i Av‡m|

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gvbe kvixiZË¡ : mgš^q I wbqš¿b

ix. Mø‡mvd¨vwiwÄqvj (Glossopharyngeal) ¯œvqy: AwWUix ¯œvqyi †cQ‡b †gWzjv AejsMUvi cvk¦© n‡Z GB ¯œvqy‡Rvov Drcbœ nq| GB ¯œvqy wRnŸv I Mjwe‡ji wgDKvm c`v©mn Mjwe‡ji †ckx‡Z we¯Ívi jvf K‡i| GwU wgkÖ ¯œvqy| Giv ¯^v`MÖnY, wRnŸv I Mjwe‡ji mÂvj‡b mnvqZv K‡i| x. †fMvm (Vagus) ¯œvqy: †fMvm GKwU wgkÖ ¯œvqy| kvLv¸‡jv mswkøó A½mg~‡ni wμqvKjvc wbqš¿Y K‡i|†gWzjv AejsMvUvi cvk¦‡© `k n‡Z Drcbœ n‡q cÖwZwU ¯œvqy PviwU kvLvq wef³ nq| kvLv¸‡jv nj: (1) j¨vwiwÄqvj (Laryngeal) : ¯îh‡š¿ we¯Í…Z nq| (2) KvwW©qvK (Cardiac) : ürwc‡Û ¯œvqy mieivn K‡i| (3) M¨vw÷ªK (Gastric) : cvK¯’jx‡Z ¯œvqy cÖ`vb K‡i| (4) cvj‡gvbvix (Pulmonary) : dzmdz‡m we¯Ívi jvf K‡i| xi. ¯úvBbvj A¨v‡·mix (Spinal accessory) ¯œvqy: G ¯œvqy †gWzjv AejsMvUvi †g‡S (floor) †_‡K Drcbœ n‡q Mjwej, ¯îhš¿ Ges MÖxevi †ckx‡Z ¯œvqy mieivn K‡i| Ges Mjwej, ¯îhš¿ BZ¨vw` A‡½i †ckx mÂvjb wbqš¿Y K‡i| GwU †gvUi ¯œvqy| xii. nvB‡cv‡Møvmvj (Hypoglossal) ¯œvqy: me©‡kl GB ¯œvqy‡Rvov †gWzjv AejsMvUvi †g‡S †_‡K Drcbœ n‡q wRnŸv Ges MÖxevi †ckx‡Z ¯œvqy cÖ`vb K‡i| Ges G‡ì mÂvjb wbqš¿Y K‡i| GwUI †gvUi cÖK…wZi ¯œvqy| wkÿv_x©i KvR: wkÿv_x©iv wZbwU `‡j wef³ n‡q, GKwU `j ms‡e`x, GKwU `j †gvUi Ges Ab¨ `jwU wgkÖ K‡ivwUK ¯œvqy¸‡jvi bvg, DrcwË, cÖK…wZ I KvR Q‡Ki gva¨‡g Dc¯’vcb Ki‡e|

8.2 gvbe ms‡e`x A½ (Human sensory organ) Rxe RM‡Zi cÖwZwU Rxe wbR wbR cwi‡ek m¤^‡Ü m‡PZb _v‡K| cwi‡ek †_‡K Avgiv cÖwZwbqZ AmsL¨ DÏxcbv †c‡q _vwK| Avgv‡ì Bw›`ªqmg~n Øviv †hme DÏxcbv‡K Avgiv †`‡n Abyfe Kwi Ges cÖ‡qvRb g‡Zv cÖwZwμqv e¨³ Kwi| d‡j cwi‡e‡ki mv‡_ Avgv‡ì †`‡ni mvgÄm¨ iÿv nq| †m‡ÿ‡Î †hme A‡½i gva¨‡g Avgiv evn¨ RMZ Abyfe Ki‡Z cvwi, Zv‡ì ms‡e`x A½ e‡j| †PvL, Kvb, bvK, wRnŸv I Z¡KÑG cuvPwU n‡”Q gvby‡li ms‡e`x A½|

8.2.1 †PvL (Eye) †h Áv‡bw›`ªq Av‡jv‡Ki gva¨‡g `„wó mÂvi K‡i Zv‡K †PvL e‡j| wewfbœ `~i‡Z¡ Aew¯’Z `k©b †ÿÎ †_‡K Avmv e¯‘i wfbœ wfbœ Zi½ ˆ`‡N©ï cÖwZdwjZ Av‡jv †PvL MÖnY K‡i| G Av‡jvi Zi½ ê`y¨wZK DÏxcbvq cwiYZ nq Ges AcwUK mœvqyi gva¨‡g gw¯Í‡®‹ cwievwnZ n‡q e¯‘i wbw`©ó cÖwZwe¤^ m„wó K‡i| d‡j Avgiv †`L‡Z cvB| gvby‡li †PvL `ywU gv_vi `ycv‡k ewntKY© I bvmvi‡Ü«i cÖvq gaëZ©x As‡k 1

Aew¯’Z| †PvL †MvjvKvi Awÿ †MvjK (eye ball) ÑG MwVZ| †Pv‡Li gvÎ 6 Ask evB‡i D‡b¥vwPZ,

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RxeweÁvb wØZxq cÎ 5

evwK 6 AskB †KvU‡ii †fZ‡i Ae¯’vb K‡i| †Pv‡Li c`©vq Aew¯’Z ÿz`ª ÿz`ª MÖwš’ †_‡K wbtm„Z i‡m †PvL wm³ _v‡K | gvby‡li †Pv‡Li wewfbœ AskMy‡jv‡K `ywU cÖavb fv‡M fvM Kiv hvq| †hgb- Awÿ †MvjK (eye ball) I Avbylvw½K Ask (accessory parts) | wb‡Pi gvby‡li †Pv‡Li wewfbœ As‡ki mswÿß eY©bv †`qv n‡jv: Awÿ †MvjK (Eye ball): gvby‡li †PvL †`L‡Z †Mvj e‡ji g‡Zv nIqvq Giv Awÿ‡MvjK bv‡g cwiwPZ| cÖ‡Z¨K †MvjK wZbwU cÖavb Ask wb‡q MwVZ- (K) Awÿ‡Mvj‡Ki ¯Íi (L) †jÝ (M) cÖ‡Kvô|

(K) Awÿ‡Mvj‡Ki ¯Íi : †¯‹¬iv (Sclera) ev †¯‹¬‡ivwUK ¯Íi (Sclerotic layer) : Awÿ †Mvj‡Ki cÖvPx‡ii me© evB‡ii mv`v e‡Y©i cyiæ ¯Íi| GwU A¯^”Q, k³, w¯’wZ¯’vcK, ZiæYvw¯’ I †hvRKKjvi mgš^‡q MwVZ| GwU A¯^”Q n‡jI †Pv‡Li mvg‡bi w`‡K Lye cvZjv I ¯^”Q c`©vq cwiYZ n‡q‡Q| ¯^”Q c`©vwUi bvg KwY©qv (Cornea)| Kwb©qvwU cybivq AviI GKwU cvZjv ¯^”Q c`©v ev KbRvswUfv (Conjuntiva)-q Ave„Z| †¯‹¬iv †Pv‡Li AvK…wZ wVK iv‡L, †PvL‡K ewnt AvNvZ †_‡K iÿv K‡i, †fZ‡ii Askmg~n‡K iÿv K‡i I aviY K‡i, evB‡i †_‡K Av‡jv cÖ‡e‡k evav cÖ`vb K‡i Ges KbRvswUfv †PvL‡K ay‡jvevwj I RxevYy †_‡K iÿv K‡i| mywcwiIi †i±vm †cwk

wfwUªqvm ewW Iivwm‡iUv wmwjqvwi ewW

†iwUbv

cðvr cÖ‡Kvô

†dvweqv †m›Uªvwjm

AMÖcÖ‡Kvô KwY©qv wcDwcj AvBwik wmwjqvwi †cwk †¯‹iv

AcwUK ¯œvqy i³evwnKv AÜwe›`y

†jÝ BbwdwiIi †i±vm †cwk

wPÎ 8.5: †Pv‡Li j¤^‡”Q`

†Kvi‡qW (Choroid) : Pÿz †Mvj‡Ki wØZxq ev ga¨ ¯Íi‡K †Kvi‡qW e‡j| GUv †hvRK Kjv I †cwk¯Íi Øviv MwVZ Ges i³bvwj mg„×| †gjvwbb iÄK _vKvq GwU K…òe‡Y©i nq| †Kvi‡qW AwZwi³ Av‡jvK †kvlY K‡i| †Kvi‡q‡Wi i³ RvjKMy‡jv †iwUbvq cywó mieivn K‡i Ges eR©¨ AcmviY K‡i| wmwjqvwi ewW (Ciliary body) : AvBwik I †Kvi‡q‡Wi ms‡hvM ¯’‡j Aew¯’Z ¯’~j ejqvK„wZ Ask‡K wmwjqvix ewW ev wmjxq A½ e‡j| wmwjqvwi A½ KZKMy‡jv i³bvwj Aay¨wlZ fuvR MVb K‡i|

gvbe kvixiZË¡ : mgš^q I wbqš¿b

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GwU wmjxq ejq (Ciliary ring), wmjxq cÖea©K (ciliary processes) I wmjxq †cwk (Ciliary muscles) w`‡q MwVZ| wmjxq †cwk¸‡jv †j‡Ýi AvK…wZ cwieZ©b K‡i Dc‡hvRb wμqvq Ask †bq| wmwjqvix ewW A¨vKzqvm wnDgviI Drcbœ K‡i| mvm‡cÝwi wjMv‡g›U (Suspensory ligament) : †j‡Ýi PZzw`©K †eóbKvix wjMv‡g›U‡K mvm‡cÝwi wjMv‡g›U e‡j| wmwjqvwi †cwk¸‡jv mvm‡cÝwi wjMv‡g‡›Ui mvnv‡h¨ wcDwcj eivei I Gi †cQ‡b GKwU wØ-DËj †jÝ‡K Szwj‡q iv‡L| mvm‡cÝwi wjMv‡g‡›Ui ms‡KvPb I cÖmviY Øviv †j‡Ýi eμZvi cwieZ©b N‡U| AvBwik (Iris) : Kwb©qvi wVK wcQ‡b †Pv‡Li Db¥y³ w`‡K †Kvi‡qW ¯ÍiwU †¯‹¬iv †_‡K wew”Qbœ _v‡K Ges GKwU e„ËvKvi _vjvi g‡Zv A½ MVb K‡i| G A½‡K AvBwik (Iris) e‡j| AvBwik KZK¸‡jv e„ËvKvi I KZK¸‡jv Aixq †ckxi mgš^‡q MwVZ| Gi ga¨¯’‡j wcDwcj bv‡g GKwU †MvjvKvi wQ`ª _v‡K| AvBwik †cwki ms‡KvPb cÖmviY wcDwcj‡K eo I †QvU K‡i, d‡j †j‡Ý cwiwgZ Av‡jv cÖ‡ek K‡i| wcDwcj (Pupil) : AvBwi‡ki ga¨¯’‡j wcDwcj bv‡g GKwU †MvjvKvi wQ`ª _v‡K| G wQ`ª‡K wN‡i e„ËvKvi I Aixq †cwk _v‡K| Av‡jv‡Ki ZxeªZv Abyhvqx Aixq I e„ËvKvi †cwki ms‡KvPb I cÖmvi‡Yi mvnv‡h¨ wcDwcjwU cÖ‡qvRbgvZ †QvU ev eo Kiv hvq| Aixq †cwk cÖmvwiZ n‡j Ges e„ËvKvi †cwk msKzwPZ n‡j wcDwcj †QvU nq| Aixq †cwk msKzwPZ n‡j Ges e„ËvKvi †cwk cÖmvwiZ n‡j wcDwcj eo n‡q Pÿz †Mvj‡Ki wfZ‡i Av‡jvi cÖ‡ek wbqš¿Y K‡i| g„`y Av‡jv‡Z wcDwcj eo Ges D¾¡j Av‡jv‡Z wcDwcj †QvU nq| AvBwi‡ki wcDwcj Pÿz †Mvj‡Ki †fZ‡i Av‡jv‡Ki cÖ‡ek wbqš¿Y K‡i| †iwUbv (Retina) : †Kvi‡q‡Wi wb‡P Pÿz †Mvj‡Ki me‡P‡q †fZ‡ii ¯Íi †iwUbv| GwU GKgvÎ Av‡jvK ms‡e`x †Kvl| †iwUbv‡Z `yai‡bi Av‡jvK ms‡e`x †Kvl Av‡Q Zv n‡jv iW †Kvl Ges †KvY †Kvl| iW †Kvl¸‡jv j¤^v‡U I †ivWcwmb bvgK †cÖvwUbhy³| †KvY †Kvl¸‡jv †KvYvK…wZ I Av‡qvWcwmb bvgK †cÖvwUb hy³| †Kvl¸‡jvi cÖ‡Z¨KwUi 2wU Ask _v‡K| evB‡ii Ask Ges wfZ‡ii Ask| evB‡ii As‡k P¨vÞvKvi †gg‡eªb Ave„Z †fwmKj (Membranous vesicle) _v‡K hvi g‡a¨ Av‡jvK ms‡e`x iÄK c`v_© _v‡K| †fZ‡ii As‡k ATP ˆZwii Rb¨ cÖPzi gvB‡UvKwÛªqv _v‡K| gvbe †iwUbv‡Z 120 wgwjqb iW †Kvl Ges 6 wgwjqb †KvY †Kvl †`Lv hvq| iW †Kvl Gi wePiY †iwUbvi me©Î cwijwÿZ nq| wKš‘ †KvY †Kvl GKwU wbw`©ó GjvKvi †fZ‡i Ges Pviw`‡K †`Lv hvq| G GjvKvwU‡K †dvwfqv †m›Uªvwjm ev cxZwe›`y (Fovea centralis) e‡j| wZb cÖKv‡ii †KvY& †Kvl Av‡Q e‡j g‡b Kiv nq| cÖ_g ai‡bi †KvY †Kvl jvj is, wØZxq aiY meyR is Ges Z…Zxq aib bxj i‡Oi Rb¨| wZb ai‡bi †Kv‡li mevB mgfv‡e DÏxwcZ n‡j mv`v is `„ó nq| †iwUbv e¯‘i cÖwZwe¤^ m„wó K‡i|

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AÜwe›`y (Blind spot) : †iwUbvi †h we›`y‡Z mœvqyZš‘¸‡jv wgwjZ n‡q mœvqy MVb K‡i, Zv‡K AÜwe›`y (Blind spot) e‡j| GLv‡b iÄK †Kvl bv _vKvq GLv‡b †Kv‡bv cÖwZwe¤^ MwVZ nq bv| AÜ we›`y AcwUK wW¯‹ (Optic disc) bvgK e„ËvKvi AÂ‡j Aew¯’Z| †dvweqv †m›Uªvwjm (Fovea centralis) : AÜwe›`yi Aí Dc‡i †iwUbvi Mv‡q g¨vKzjv jywUqv (Macula lutea) bv‡g GKwU AÂj i‡q‡Q| Gi ga¨¯’‡j me‡P‡q ¯úó cÖwZwe¤^ MwVZ nq| G we›`y‡K cxZ we›`y (yellow spot) ev †dvweqv †m›Uªvwjm (Fovea centralis) e‡j| GwU AwZwi³ Av‡jv ms‡e`x, ZvB GLv‡b me‡P‡q fv‡jv cÖwZwe¤^ ˆZwi nq| AcwUK mœvqy (Optic nerve) : M¨vswMøIwbK wbDi‡bi A¨v·b¸‡jv GKwÎZ n‡q AcwUK mœvqy ˆZwi K‡i| †iwUbvq m„ó cÖwZwe¤^ AcwUK mœvqyi gva¨‡g gw¯Í‡®‹ †cuŠ‡Q| (L) †jÝ (Lens) : AvBwi‡ki wVK wcQ‡b, wcDwc‡ji eivei GKwU ¯^”Q, bgbxq, wØDËj (Biconvex), w¯’wZ¯’vcK, mvm‡cÝwi wjMv‡g›U hy³ Sz‡j _vKv we‡kl AskwU‡K †jÝ (Lens) e‡j| †jÝ Zš‘ wbDwK¬qvmwenxb miy j¤^v †Kvl wewkó| †j‡Ýi †cQ‡bi †P‡q mvg‡bi w`K †ewk Pvcv, big I wKQyUv njy`| eqm evovi mv‡_ mv‡_ GwU Av‡iv Pvcv, nj‡` I `„p nq, d‡j Gi w¯’wZ¯’vcKZv K‡g hvq| GwU evB‡i †_‡K †MvjvKvi Ges 1 †m.wg. e¨vmva©wewkó| †j‡Ýi mvg‡bi Ges wcQ‡bi c„‡ôi †K›`ªØq‡K h_vμ‡g m¤§yL †giæ Ges cðvr †giæ e‡j| G `yB †giæi ms‡hvM¯’j‡K †j‡Ýi Aÿ ejv nq| †j‡Ýi cðvr c„ô m¤§yL c„ô A‡cÿv †ewk DËj| mvm‡cÝwi wjMv‡g‡›Ui ms‡KvP‡bi Rb¨ m¤§yL c„ô P¨vÞv _v‡K| wKš‘ hLb mvm‡cÝwi wjMv‡g›U cÖmvwiZ nq wmwjqvwi †cwki ms‡KvP‡bi d‡j ZLb †j‡Ýi w¯’wZ¯’vcKZvi ìæb m¤§yLc„ô Avevi DËj n‡q hvq| †j‡Ýi mvnv‡h¨ Av‡jvK iwk¥ eμZv cÖvß n‡q †iwUbvq wbwÿß nq| †j‡Ý i³ mieivn †bB| MVbMZ w`K w`‡q †jÝ 3 As‡k wef³ (evB‡i †_‡K wfZ‡i)ÑK¨vcmyj (Capsule), K‡U©· (Cortex), wbDwK¬qvm (Nucleus) | †j‡Ýi ÿgZv 20 WvqvÞvi| †j‡Ýi gva¨‡g e¯‘ †_‡K AvMZ Av‡jvK iwk¥ †iwUbvi wbw`©ó As‡k cÖwZdwjZ nq| (M) Awÿ‡Mvj‡Ki MnŸi ev cÖ‡Kvô : Awÿ‡Mvj‡K Zij c`v_© c~Y© wZbwU MnŸi i‡q‡Q| cÖ_g MnŸi Kwb©qv I AvBwik, wØZxq MnŸi AvBwik I †jÝ Ges Z…Zxq MnŸi †jÝ I †iwUbvi gaëZ©x ¯’v‡b Aew¯’Z| A¨vKzqvm cÖ‡Kvô (Aqueous chamber) : Kwb©qv I †j‡Ýi gaëZ©x cÖ‡Kvô‡K A¨vKzqvm cÖ‡Kvô e‡j| cÖ‡KvôwU A¨vKzqvm wnDgvi bvgK Zi‡j c~Y© _v‡K| AvBwik G cÖ‡Kvô‡K AMÖ cÖ‡Kvô (Anterior chamber) I cðvr cÖ‡Kvô (Posterior chamber) bvgK `ywU Dc-cÖ‡Kv‡ô wef³ K‡i‡Q| G DccÖ‡Kvô `ywU wcDwc‡ji gva¨‡g ci¯ú‡ii mv‡_ mshy³| A¨vKzqvm wnDgvi (Aqueous humour) : GwU cvwbi g‡Zv ¯^”Q Zij c`v_©| GwU cðvr cÖ‡Kv‡ô wmwjqvwi cÖ‡m‡mi ˆKwkK RvwjKvq ˆZwi nq| Zvici wcDwc‡ji ga¨ w`‡q AMÖ cÖ‡Kv‡ô hvq| GLvb †_‡K A¨vKzqvm wnDgvi m¤§yL wmwjqvix wkiv‡Z (Anterior ciliary vein) cÖ‡ek K‡i| A¨vKzqvm wnDgv‡i cÖPzi cwigvY A¨vmKiweK GwmW, Møy‡KvR I A¨vgvB‡bv GwmW _v‡K| GwU Kwb©qv I †j‡Ýi cywó mvab K‡i|

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wfwUªqvm cÖ‡Kvô (Vitreous chamber) : †jÝ I †iwUbvi ga¨eZx© e„nr cÖ‡Kvô‡K wfwUªqvm cÖ‡Kvô e‡j| GwU wfwUªqvm wnDgvi bvgK c`v‡_© c~Y© _v‡K| wfwUªqvm wnDgvi (Vitreous humour) : GwU eY©nxb, †Rjxi b¨vq ¯^”Q PUP‡U c`v_©| GwU nvqvj‡qW bvgK GKwU mgmË¡ c`©v Øviv Ave„Z _v‡K| G c`©vwU †cQ‡b AcwUK wW‡¯‹i (Optic disc) mv‡_ Ges mvg‡b Iiv wm‡iUvi mv‡_ mshy³ _v‡K| GwU gvSLv‡b gy³ Ges †iwUbvi ms¯ú‡k© _v‡K| Iiv wm‡iUv (Ora serrata) : †iwUbvi m¤§yL cÖvšÍ GKwU Zi½gq ¯’vb ˆZwi K‡i, G‡K Iiv wm‡iUv e‡j| A¨vKzqvm wnDgvi, †jÝ Ges wfwUªqvm wnDgvi †Pv‡Li cÖwZmiY gva¨g wn‡m‡e KvR K‡i| A¨vKzqvm wnDgvi Av‡jvi cÖwZmi‡Y mvnvh¨ K‡i, †Pv‡Li m¤§yL As‡ki AvK…wZ wVK iv‡L Ges †jÝ I Kwb©qvq cywó †hvMvq| wfwUªqvm wnDgvi †iwUbvi w`‡K Av‡jvi cÖwZmi‡Y mvnvh¨ K‡i Ges Awÿ †Mvj‡Ki AvK…wZ eRvq iv‡L| †Pv‡Li Avbylw½K Ask (Accessory parts of eye) Awÿ‡KvUi (Orbit) : g¯ÍK I gyL-gÐ‡ji Aw¯’ †h ÿxY cÖvPxi wbg©vY K‡i †mwU cwi‡ewóZ duvcv MZ©wU‡K Awÿ‡KvUi e‡j| G‡Z Awÿ †MvjK myiwÿZ _v‡K| Awÿ †cwk (Eye muscles) : gvby‡li cÖwZwU Awÿ‡MvjK 6wU K‡i Pÿy †cwki mvnv‡h¨ Awÿ †KvU‡i Ae¯’vb K‡i| †cwk¸‡jv Awÿ †KvU‡ii g‡a¨ Awÿ †MvjK‡K a‡i iv‡L Ges Zvi bovPov wbqš¿Y K‡i| G‡`i g‡a¨ PviUv †iKUvm †cwk Ges `yBwU AewjK †cwk| †iK&Uvm gv‡b †mvRv, AewjK gv‡b wZh©K| †cwkMy‡jv n‡jvÑ mywcwiqi †i±vm, Bbwdwiqi †i±vm, B›Uvb©vj †i±vm, G·Uvb©vj †i±vm, B›Uvb©vj AewjK Ges G·Uvb©vj AewjK| G †cwk¸‡jv †PvL‡K Awÿ‡KvU‡ii ¯^-¯’v‡b AvU‡K iv‡L Ges Awÿ‡MvjK‡K †Nviv‡Z mvnvh¨ K‡i| †bÎ cjøe (Eye lids) : cÖ‡Z¨K †Pv‡Li Dci I wb‡P †ivghy³ †ckj cvZvi g‡Zv `ywU c`©v _v‡K| Dc‡iiwU EaŸ© †bÎ cjøe I wb‡PiwU wbgœ †bÎ cjøe| GQvovI AviI GKwU Pÿz cÎ i‡q‡Q hv Z…Zxq PÿzcÎ ev wbK‡UwUs c`©v bv‡g cwiwPZ| GwU gvby‡li GKUv jyßcÖvq wbw®Œq A½ wn‡m‡e Dfq †Pv‡Li wfZ‡ii †KvYvq Aew¯’Z| G c`©v‡K jvj‡P i‡Oi gvsmwc‡Ûi g‡Zv †`Lvq| Gi ga¨ w`‡q AkÖæMÖwš’i bvwj Db¥y³ nq| G¸‡jv ayjvevwj, Zxeª Av‡jv, evZvm †_‡K †PvL‡K iÿv K‡i| Awÿcÿ (Eye lash) : †Pv‡Li cvZvi †jvg‡K Awÿcÿ e‡j| G¸‡jv DošÍ KxU cZ½ I ay‡jvevwj‡K †Pv‡L cÖ‡e‡k evav †`q| AvB †eªv (Eye brow) : †Pv‡Li cvZvi Dc‡ii As‡ki †jvg‡K AvB‡eªv e‡j, Giv Kcvj †_‡K Mwo‡q Avmv Nvg cÖwZnZ K‡i| KbRvsKwUfv (Conjunctiva) : †bÎcjø‡ei †fZ‡ii Ask, †¯‹¬ivi AMÖvsk Ges Kwb©qvi m¤§yL Ask †h ¯^”Q cvZjv wgDKvm ¯Í‡i Ave„Z _v‡K Zv KbRvsKwUfv| GwU ay‡jvevwj †_‡K †PvL‡K iÿv K‡i Ges †Pv‡L e¨vK‡Uwiqv cÖ‡e‡k evav †`q|

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PÿzMÖwš’ (Eye gland) : cÖ‡Z¨K †Pv‡L 3 ai‡bi MÖwš’ _v‡K, AkÖæMÖwš’ (lacrimal glands), nv‡W©wiqvb MÖwš’ (harderian glands) Ges †g‡evwgqvb MÖwš’ (meibomian glands)| nv‡W©wiqvb I †g‡evwgqvb MÖwš’i ˆZjv³ ÿiY †bÎcjøe I Kwb©qv‡K wcw”Qj iv‡L| AkÖæMÖwš’ wbtm„Z AkÖæ bv‡g GK ai‡bi jeYv³ I RxevYy‡ivaK Zij (jvB‡mv‡mvg GbRvBg) ÿiY K‡i KbRvsKwUfv‡K big, wm³, cwi”Qbœ I RxevYy gy³ iv‡L| cÖwZwe¤^ MVb I `k©b cÖwμqv : gvby‡li `„wó‡K wØ‡bÎ `„wó e‡j| KviY gvby‡li †PvL gv_vi mvg‡b 6.3 †mw›UwgUvi `~i‡Z¡ Aew¯’Z| d‡j †Kv‡bv e¯‘ †`Lvi mgq cÖwZwU †PvL e¯‘wUi GKwU K‡i cÖwZwe¤^ ˆZwi K‡i| cÖwZwe¤^ `ywUi GKwU †_‡K Ab¨wU wKQyUv Avjv`v| Dfq DÏxcbv gw¯Í‡®‹ †cÖwiZ nq| gw¯Í®‹ `ywU DÏxcbv‡K mgš^q mvab K‡i| d‡j e¯‘wUi GKwU ˆÎgvwÎK wPÎ †`Lv hvq| `yB †PvL Øviv GKB e¯‘‡K †`Lvi c×wZ‡K evB‡bvKzjvi `„wó ev †÷wiI‡¯‹vwcK `„wó e‡j| gvbe Pÿzi Kwb©qv DËj nIqvq gvby‡li `k©‡b Kwb©qv Ges †j‡Ýi f~wgKv i‡q‡Q| AwÿcÎ¸‡jv †Lvjv _vKv Ae¯’vq e¯‘ †_‡K AvMZ Av‡jvKiwk¥ Kwb©qv, AMÖcÖ‡Kvô, wcDwcj I cðvr cÖ‡Kv‡ôi gva¨‡g †j‡Ýi Dci cwZZ nq| c‡i Zv wfwUªqvm wnDgv‡ii ga¨ w`‡q cÖwZmwiZ n‡q †iwUbvq e¯‘i †QvU I D‡ëv cÖwZwe¤^ MVb K‡i| cxZ we›`y‡Z Av‡jvK iwk¥ cwZZ n‡j me‡P‡q ¯úó cÖwZwe¤^ MwVZ nq| AcwUK mœvqyi gva¨‡g G Av‡jvK ms‡e`b ev `k©‡bi Abyf~wZ gw¯Í‡®‹i `„wó‡K‡›`ª †cuŠQvq I †mvRv cÖwZwe¤^iƒ‡c cÖZxqgvb nq|

AcwUK mœvqyi mœvqy‡Kvl¸‡jv iW Ges †KvY& †Kv‡l m„ó `k©bvbyf~wZ gw¯Í‡®‹i `„wó‡K‡›`ª †cÖiY K‡i| cÖ‡Z¨K †Pv‡Li `k©b †ÿÎ Wvb Ges evg As‡k wef³| gw¯Í®‹ G Wvb I evg †ÿÎ †_‡K c„_K c„_K fv‡e Abyf~wZ MÖnY K‡i| wKš‘ gw¯Í‡®‹i `k©b †K‡›`ª c„_K Abyf~wZ¸‡jv‡K mgwš^Z K‡i GKwU GKK cÖwZwe‡¤^i m„wó K‡i| `k©bxq e¯‘ I †j‡Ýi ga¨Kvi `~i‡Z¡i cwieZ©b mvab bv K‡iB wmwjqvwi †cwk Ges mvm‡cÝvwi wjMv‡g‡›Ui ms‡KvPb ev cÖmviY NwU‡q †j‡Ýi eμZvi Z_v †dvKvm `~i‡Z¡i cwieZ©b NUv‡bvi gva¨‡g gvbe Pÿzi Dc‡hvRb N‡U| my¯’ I ¯^vfvweK †Pv‡L mnRvZ Dc‡hvRb N‡U| wkÿv_x©i KvR: 1. wkÿv_x©iv †cv÷vi †ccv‡i †Pv‡Li wPwýZ wPÎ AsKb Ki‡e| 2. †kÖwYK‡ÿ wkÿv_x©iv †Pv‡Li `k©b †KŠkj cÖevn wP‡Îi gva¨‡g Dc¯’vcb Ki‡e|

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8.2.2 Kvb (Ear) Kvb Ggb GKwU we‡kl Bw›`ªq hv GKvav‡i kªeY I †`‡ni fvimvg¨ wbqš¿‡Y Ask MÖnY K‡i| gvby‡li gv_vi `ycv‡k I †Pv‡Li †cQ‡b K‡ivwUi kÖæwZ †KvU‡i `ywU Kvb Ae¯’vb K‡i| Kv‡bi m~² A½mg~n gv_vi Lywji †Ug‡cvivj nv‡oi †fZ‡i †KvU‡ii g‡a¨ myiwÿZ Ae¯’vq _v‡K| gvby‡li cÖwZwU Kvb 3wU As‡k wef³, h_v : (K) ewntKY© (L) ga¨KY© I (M) AšÍtKY© | (K) ewntKY© (External Ear) : ewntKY© Kv‡bi cÖ_g Ask| ewntKY© Avevi 3wU As‡k wef³| KY©QÎ ev wcbv, KY©K~ni I wUg‡cwbK c`©v ev KY©cUn| wcbv ev KY©QÎ (Pinna) : wcbv ev KY©QÎ Pvgov Øviv XvKv wKQyUv dv‡bj AvK…wZi, P¨vÞv Ges bgbxq ZiæYvw¯’ Øviv MwVZ| wcbv gv_vi evB‡ii w`‡K `ycv‡k msjMœ _v‡K| KY©Q‡Îi me©wbgœ AskwU big Ges ïaygvÎ †hvRK Kjv w`‡q MwVZ, Pvgov Øviv Ave„Z| G‡K Kv‡bi jwZ ejv nq| wcbvi cÖvq ga¨¯’‡j GKUv †MvjvKvi I †QvU wQ`ªc_ ev Kv‡bi wQ`ª Aew¯’Z| wcbv Ggbfv‡e MwVZ †h, Gi gva¨‡g cwi‡ek †_‡K AvMZ kã Zi½ mg~n M„nxZ Ges Nbxf~Z n‡q Kv‡bi wQ`ªc‡_ ga¨K‡Y©i w`‡K cÖevwnZ nq| gvby‡li cÖwZcv‡ki wcbvi mv‡_ K‡qKwU KY©‡cwk (Ear muscles) msjMœ _v‡K| gvby‡li †ÿ‡Î G¸‡jv ms‡KvPb cÖmviYkxj bq e‡j gvby‡li wcbv mvaviYfv‡e bvov‡bv hvq bv| evB‡i †_‡K †Kej wcbvB `„wó‡MvPi nq| Kv‡bi evwK Ask Aw¯’i wfZ‡i Ae¯’vb K‡i e‡j evB‡i †_‡K †`Lv hvq bv| wcbv ¯Íb¨cvqx‡`i GKwU kbv³Kvix ˆewkó¨| kã Zi½ msMÖn I †K›`ªxf~Z K‡i ewn:AwWUwi wgUv‡m cÖ‡ek Kiv‡bv wcbvi KvR|

KY©Kn‚ i ev ewn:AwWUwi wgUvm (External auditory meatus) : wcbvi †K›`ª †_‡K KY©cUn ch©šÍ GKwU j¤^v‡U myo½ we`¨gvb| GwU KY©K~ni ev ewntAwWUwi wgUvm bv‡g cwiwPZ| GwU GKwU S Aÿ‡ii b¨vq c_ we‡kl| Gi `ywU Ask, h_v: Aw¯’gq Ask I ZiæYvw¯’gq Ask| KY©K~ni j¤^vq 24 wg.wg| Gi gv‡S Aw¯’gq Ask 16 wg.wg. Ges evwK 8 wg.wg. ZiæYvw¯’gq Ask| KY©K~ni Z¡K Øviv Av”Qvw`Z Ges AmsL¨ †gvgMÖwš’ I †ivg‡Kvl mg„×| Gi gva¨‡g kã Zi½ wUg&‡cwbK c`©vq †cuŠ‡Q|

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G‡Z Aew¯’Z †gvg I †jvg Kv‡bi wfZi a~wjKYv cÖ‡e‡k evav †`q| GQvovI wUg‡cwbK c`©vi Av`ª©Zv I DòZv eRvq iv‡L| KY©cUn ev wUg&‡cwbK c`©v (Tympanic membrane) : KY©K~n‡ii †kl cÖv‡šÍ AvovAvwo Aew¯’Z w¯’wZ¯’vcK c`©v we‡kl| c`©vwU evB‡ii w`‡K AeZj, †fZ‡ii w`‡K DËj| DËj AskwU‡K Av‡¤^v (Umbo) ejv nq| Gi wfZ‡ii w`‡K ga¨K‡Y©i g¨vwjqvm Aw¯’h³ y _v‡K| kã Zi½ KY©cUn‡K AvNvZ Ki‡j G‡Z K¤ú‡bi m„wó nq| KY©K~n‡ii Z¡‡Ki MÖwš’ †_‡K ˆZjv³ im G‡m G c`©v‡K me©`v big I Av`ª© iv‡L| KY©cUn ewntKY© I ga¨K‡Y©i mxgvbv wb‡`©k K‡i| KY©K~n‡ii ga¨ w`‡q Avmv kã Zi½ KY©cUn‡K ¯úw›`Z K‡i †Zv‡j Ges K¤ú‡bi m„wó K‡i| d‡j kã Zi½ ga¨K‡Y© cÖ‡ek K‡i| (L) ga¨KY© (Middle Ear) : Gi Aci bvg wUg&‡cwbK MnŸi ev wUg&‡cbvg| GwU ewntKY© I AšÍtK‡Y©i g‡a¨ wUg‡cwbK eyjvi †fZ‡i Aew¯’Z GKwU ÿz`ª evqyc~Y© Amg AvK…wZi cÖ‡Kvô| cÖ‡KvôwU †Ug&‡cvivj nv‡oi †cUªvm As‡ki wfZ‡i _v‡K| ga¨K‡Y© wbgœwjwLZ Askmg~n †`Lv hvq : KY©vw¯’ , BD‡÷wkqvb bvwj, wQ`ªc_ KY©vw¯’ (Ear ossicles) : ga¨K‡Y© wZbwU Aw¯’ †`Lv hvq| g¨vwjqvm, BbKvm I †÷wcm Aw¯’¸‡jv wUg‡cwbK c`©v †_‡K kã Zi½ AšÍtK‡Y©i †cwiwj‡ç enb K‡i| g¨vwjqvm (Malleus) : g¨vwjqvm †`L‡Z A‡bKUv nvZzwoi g‡Zv| wZbwU Aw¯’i g‡a¨ GwU me‡P‡q eo| Gi evB‡ii cÖvšÍ ewntK‡Y©i c`©v‡Z I Aci cÖvšÍ BbKv‡mi mv‡_ AvUKv‡bv _v‡K| BbKvm (Incus) : GwU g¨vwjqv‡mi c‡ii Aw¯’| GUv †`L‡Z A‡bKUv Ô†bnvBÕ Gi g‡Zv| GwU g¨vwjqvm‡K †÷wcm Gi mv‡_ hy³ K‡i| †÷wcm (Stapes) : GwU wfZ‡ii w`‡K Aew¯’Z me‡P‡q †QvU Aw¯’| †÷wcm (Stapes) †`L‡Z A‡bKUv †Nvovi wR‡bi cv`vwbi g‡Zv| GwU AšÍtKY© I ga¨K‡Y©i ga¨eZ©x cÖvPx‡i †d‡b÷ªv Ifvwjm (Fenestra ovalis) c`©vi mv‡_ hy³ _v‡K| BD‡÷wkqvb bvwj (Eustachian tube) : wU‡¤úbvg ev ga¨K‡Y©i MnŸiwU wb‡Pi w`‡K BD‡÷wkqvb bvwj ev kÖæwZ bvwj wnmv‡e cÖewa©Z| ga¨K‡Y©i MnŸiwU G bvjxi gva¨‡g Mjwe‡ji m‡½ hy³ _v‡K| BZvjxq e¨e‡”Q`we`¨vwe` Ôev‡U©‡jv‡g‡qv BD‡÷wkqvÕi bvgvbymv‡i bvwjwUi bvgKiY Kiv n‡q‡Q| GwU wUg‡cwbK c`©vi Dfq cv‡k evqyi Pv‡ci mgZv iÿv K‡i| 3) wQ`ªc_ : ga¨KY© I AšÍtK‡Y©i gvSLv‡b `ywU wQ`ª _v‡K| Dc‡ii w`‡K †d‡b÷ªv Ifvwjm I wb‡Pi w`‡K †d‡b÷ªv †ivUvÛv| Dfq wQ‡`ªi DciB GKwU K‡i cvZjv c`©v UvbUvb K‡i we¯Í…Z _v‡K|

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G‡`i h_vμ‡g wW¤^vK…wZ c`©v (Oval membrane) Ges †MvjvKvi c`©v (Round membrane) e‡j| †d‡b÷ªv Ifvwj‡mi gva¨‡g kã ga¨KY© n‡Z AšÍtK‡Y© cÖ‡ek K‡i| †d‡b÷ªv †ivUvÛvi gva¨‡g kã †ei n‡q Av‡m| AšÍtKY© : K‡Y©i me‡P‡q wfZ‡ii AskwU‡K AšÍtKY© e‡j| AšÍtKY© K‡ivwUi †U‡¤úvivj Aw¯’i †cUªvm As‡k (kÖæwZ‡KvUi) Aew¯’Z| AšÍtK‡Y©i cÖavb Ask †gg‡eªbvm j¨vwewiš’ (membranous labyrinth) hv Aw¯’gq j¨vwewiš’ (bony labyrinth) Øviv Ave„Z| †gg‡eªbvm j¨vwewi‡š’ G‡Ûvwjç (Endolymph) Ges Aw¯’gq j¨vwewiš’ G †cwiwjç (Perilymph) _v‡K| cÖ‡Z¨K AšÍtKY© `ywU cÖ‡Kvô wb‡q MwVZ| BDwUªKzjvm (Utriculus) Ges m¨vKzjvm (Sacculus)|

BDwUªKzjvm (Utriculus) : GwU AšÍtK‡Y©i Dc‡ii w`‡Ki Ask| BDwUªKzjv‡mi Dc‡ii w`K †_‡K 3wU Aa©e„ËvKvi bvwj †ei n‡q Avevi BDwUªKzjv‡mB Db¥y³ nq| G‡`i g‡a¨ `ywU bvwj Dj¤^fv‡e Ges GKwU bvjx Avbyf~wgKfv‡e Ae¯’vb K‡i| bvwj wZbwU ci¯ú‡ii mv‡_ mg‡Kv‡Y Ae¯’vb K‡i| bvwj¸‡jvi wfZ‡ii cÖvPx‡i GK ai‡bi ¯úk© ms‡e`x †ivg (hair) _v‡K| Aa©e„ËvKvi bvjx¸‡jv BDwUªKzjv‡m Db¥y³ nIqvi cÖv‡šÍ ùxZ n‡q A¨v¤úyjv MVb K‡i| I‡Uvwj_ (Otolith) : BDwUªKzjv‡mi G‡Ûvwj‡çi g‡a¨ I‡Uvwj_ bvgK GK ai‡bi `vbv _v‡K| Gme `vbv K¨vjwmqvg Kve©‡bU (CaCO3) Øviv ˆZwi| BDwUªKzjvm †`‡ni fvimvg¨ iÿv K‡i| m¨vKzjvm t BDwUªKzjv‡mi wb‡Pi cÖ‡KvôwU‡K m¨vKzjvm e‡j|

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KK&wjqv (Cochlea) : m¨vKzjv‡mi A¼xq w`K †_‡K GKwU bvwj †ei nq Ges Zv we‡klfv‡e †cuwP‡q I iƒcvšÍwiZ n‡q kvgy‡Ki †Lv‡ji g‡Zv AvK…wZ wewkó GKwU †cuPv‡bv A‡½ cwiYZ nq| G A½wU‡K KK&wjqv e‡j| KK&wjqv ¯Íb¨cvqx cÖvwYi GKwU kbv³Kvix ˆewkó¨| KK&wjqvi Af¨šÍi¯’ MnŸiwU †imbvm© c`©v (Reissner’s membrane) I †ewmjvi c`©v (Basilar membrane) bvgK `ywU c`©v Øviv wZbwU cÖ‡Kv‡ô wef³| cÖ‡Kvô¸‡jv n‡jv : ¯‹¨vjv †fw÷eywj (Scala vestibuli) : GwU Dc‡ii cÖ‡Kvô, G‡Z †cwiwjç bvgK Zij we`¨gvb| ¯‹¨vjv wgwWqv (Scala Media) : GwU gv‡Si cÖ‡Kvô| GwU G‡Ûvwjç Øviv c~Y© _v‡K| m¨vKzjv‡mi wcQ‡bi bjvKvi AskwU cÖewa©Z n‡q GB cÖ‡KvôwU MwVZ nq| ¯‹¨vjv wU¤ú¨vwb (Scala Tympani) : GwU me‡P‡q wb‡Pi cÖ‡Kvô| GwU †cwiwjç Øviv c~Y© _v‡K| †nwj‡KvwUªgv bvgK wQ‡`ªi gva¨‡g ¯‹¨vjv wU¤ú¨vwb I ¯‹¨vjv †fwóeywj ci¯úi hy³ _v‡K | AM©vb Ae KwU© (Organ of corti) : ¯‹¨vjv wgwWqv MnŸ‡ii †ewmjvm© c`©vi wfZ‡ii w`‡Ki †Kvl¸‡jv we‡klfv‡e i~cvšÍwiZ n‡q KwU©i A½ (Organ of corti) bvgK kã Zi½ ms‡e`x A‡½ cwiYZ nq| GB A½ kã Zi½ Øviv DÏxwcZ n‡q k‡ãi Abyf~wZ m„wó K‡i|  kªeY I fvimvg¨ iÿvq Kv‡bi f~wgKv gvby‡li Kv‡bi me‡P‡q ¸iæZ¡c~Y© KvR `ywU n‡jv kªeY I fvimvg¨ iÿv| Z‡e G `ywU KvR Kv‡bi `ywU c„_K ¯’v‡b msNwUZ nq ZvB G `ywU Kv‡Ri GKwUi mv‡_ Ab¨wUi †Kv‡bv m¤úK© †bB| kÖeY: ewntK‡Y©i wcbvq msM„nxZ kã Zi½ ewntAwWUwi wgUv‡m cÖ‡ek K‡i wUgc¨vwbK c`v©‡K AvNvZ Ki‡j Zv †Ku‡c D‡V| wUgc¨vwbK c`©vi Kuvcywb‡Z ga¨K‡Y©i g¨vwjqvm, BbKvm I †÷wcm bvgK Aw¯’ wZbwU Ggbfv‡e Av‡›`vwjZ nq, hvi d‡j cÖ_‡g ga¨K‡Y©i †d‡b÷ªv Ifvwj‡mi c`©v I c‡i AšÍtK‡Y©i KK&wjqvi †cwiwj‡ç Kuvcb m„wó nq|

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¯‹¨vjv †fw÷eywji †cwiwj‡çi Kuvcb †imbvi wSwjø AwZμg K‡i ¯‹¨vjv wgwWqvi G‡Ûvwj‡ç cÖ‡ek K‡i| d‡j KK&wjqvi AM©vb Ae KwU©i ms‡e`x †ivghy³ †Kvl¸‡jv DÏxß n‡q mœvqy Av‡e‡Mi m„wó K‡i| hv AwWUwi mœvqyi gva¨‡g gw¯Í‡®‹i kªeY †K‡›`ª evwnZ n‡j gvbyl ïb‡Z cvq| Gici evwK kã Zi½ ¯‹¨vjv wUgc¨vwbi †cwiwjç n‡q †d‡b÷ªv †ivUvÛvi gva¨‡g ga¨K‡Y© P‡j Av‡m Ges BD‡÷wkqvb bvwj KZ…©K cÖkwgZ nq| kã D”P, ga¨g I wbgœ gvÎvi n‡q _v‡K| AM©vb Ae KwU©i †d‡b÷ªv †ivUvÛv msjMœ cÖvšÍ D”P gvÎv MÖn‡Y, gvSvgvwS Ask ga¨g gvÎv MÖn‡Y Ges cÖv‡šÍi KvQvKvwQ Ask wbgœgvÎv kã MÖn‡Y mnvqZv K‡i| Gfv‡e wewfbœ gvÎv kã Zi½‡K wewfbœfv‡e wbqš¿Y K‡i kªe‡Yi Abyf~wZ †hvMvq, A_©vr DÏxcbv gw¯Í®‹ Øviv we‡køl‡Yi c‡i kã I k‡ãi cÖK…wZ †evSv hvq| Kv‡bi fvimvg¨ iÿv:

fvimvg¨ iÿvq gyjZt f~wgKv iv‡L AšÍtK‡Y©i BDwUªKzjvm| gvby‡li

AšÍtK‡Y©i BDwUªKzjvm I m¨vKzjv‡mi bvbv RvqMvq KZK¸‡jv ms‡e`x †Kvl¸”Q _v‡K| †Kvl¸”Q †_‡K ms‡e`x †ivg †ei nq| †ivg¸‡jvi Pviw`‡K G‡Ûvwj‡ç fvmgvb A‡Uvwj_ bv‡g A‡bK¸‡jv Pzbgq c`v_© (CaCO3) m¤^wjZ †Rwji g‡Zv †KvYvKvi Kz¨cyjvq Ave„Z _v‡K| gvby‡li gv_v †Kv‡bv G w`‡K †n‡j †M‡j H cv‡ki A‡Uvwj_¸‡jv Kz¨cyjvi ms‡e`x †iv‡gi ms¯ú‡k© Av‡m, d‡j ms‡e`x †Kvl¸‡jv DÏxß nq| GB DÏxcbv mœvqyi gva¨‡g gw¯Í‡®‹ †cŠuQv‡j gvby‡li †`‡ni Av‡cwÿK Ae¯’vb eyS‡Z cv‡i| ZLb gw¯Í‡®‹i wb‡`©‡k cÖ‡qvRbxq †cwki ms‡KvP‡b gv_v Avevi ¯^vfvweK Ae¯’v‡b wd‡i Av‡m| m‡½ m‡½ †`‡ni fvimvg¨ iwÿZ nq| Gfv‡e Kvb †`‡ni fvimvg¨ iÿvq f~wgKv iv‡L|

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wkÿv_x©i KvR: wkÿv_x©iv kÖeY †KŠk‡ji cÖevn wPÎ AsKb K‡i †kÖwYwkÿK‡K †`Lv‡e|

8.3 ivmvqwbK mgš^q (Chemical Co-ordination) G‡Ûvwμb ev AšÍtÿiv MÖwš’ wbtm„Z ni‡gvb ivmvqwbK mgš^qKvixi f‚wgKv cvjb K‡i| G‡Ûvwμb MÖwš’mg~n wg‡j MVb K‡i G‡Ûvwμb Zš¿| AšÍtÿiv MÖwš’mg~‡ni wbR¯^ †Kvb bvjx _v‡K bv| Giƒc MÖwš’ wbtm„Z im i³ ev jwmKv Øviv evwnZ n‡q mywbw`©ó A‡½ wμqvkxj nq| AšÍtÿiv MÖwš’i wbw`©ó wKQz †Kvl Avevi wbw`©ó ni‡gvb ÿiY K‡i| ni‡gvb †`‡ni wewfbœ As‡ki g‡a¨ Kv‡Ri mgš^q NUvq| ni‡gvb (Hormone) Rxe‡KvlRvZ Ggb GK ˆRe ivmvqwbK c`v_© hv DrcwË¯’j n‡Z †Kvb bvjxc‡_ evwnZ bv n‡q i³ ev Ab¨ †Kvb †`nim (†hgb, jwmKv)- Gi gva¨‡g `yieZx© †Kvb we‡kl ¯’v‡bi †Kv‡li Dci wμqvkxj nq Ges H †Kvl¸‡jvi wecvKxq Kg©KvÛ wbqš¿Yc~e©K cÖ‡qvRbxq mgš^q mvab K‡i| ivmvqwbKfv‡e ni‡gvb¸‡jv †cÖvwUb, †÷i‡qW wKsev wd‡bvjRvZ n‡Z cv‡i| ¯œvqyZ‡š¿i Zzjbvq G‡ÛvwμbZ‡š¿i wμqv axiMwZ m¤úbœ| †Kbbv, wbw`©ó Kjvq ni‡gvb †cuŠQv‡Z mgq cÖ‡qvRb nq| ni‡gv‡bi wμqv `xN© †gqv`x (K‡qK wgwbU †_‡K w`‡bi ci w`b), wKš‘ ¯œvqyi wbqš¿Y ÿY¯’vqx (wgwj‡m‡KÛ †_‡K K‡qK wgwbU)| e„w×, wecvK, cÖRbb BZ¨vw` †ÿ‡Î ni‡gv‡bi cÖfve Ae¨vnZfv‡e ¯’vqx nq| GZ`m‡Ë¡I ¯œvqyZš¿ Ges G‡ÛvwμbZš¿ ci¯úi wbf©ikxj ÒGKKZš¿Ó iƒ‡c KvR K‡i| ¯œvqyZš¿ Ges G‡Ûvwμb Zš¿ DfqB †`‡ni wewfbœ As‡ki Kg©KvÛ wbqš¿Y I mgš^q K‡i Ges GUvi Rb¨ DfqB ivmvqwbK evn‡Ki Dci wbf©ikxj| Z‡e GB ivmvqwbK evnKiv ci¯úi †_‡K wfbœ| G‡Ûvwμb MÖwš’¸‡jv mvaviYZ gw¯Í®‹ †_‡K wb‡`©k MÖnY K‡i| Avevi A‡bK ni‡gvb ¯œvqyZ‡š¿i Dci wμqvkxj nq| i‡³ AwZ AígvÎvq Dcw¯’Z †_‡KI ni‡gvb wμqvkxj nq| nvB‡cv_¨vjvgv‡m wbD‡ivwm‡μUix †Kvl (neurosecretory cell ) we`¨vgvb| GB wbD‡ivwm‡μUix †Kvl¸‡jv ÿi‡Yi ÿgZv m¤úbœ| GB †Kv‡l ivmvqwbK `ªe¨ (wbD‡ivni‡gvb) cÖ¯‘Z n‡q †QvU Wªc‡j‡U msiwÿZ nq| †Kvl¸‡jv (wbD‡ivb¸‡jv) i³Rvj‡Ki mv‡_ wmbvcm MVb K‡i| AZci ¯œvqy DÏxcbvq mivmwi i‡³ Gme wegy³ K‡i| gw¯Í‡Ki (¯œvqyZš¿) nvB‡cv_¨vjvgvm Ges G‡Ûvwμb Z‡š¿i wcUzBUvix MÖwš’i g‡a¨ ev¯Íe †hvMv‡hv‡Mi gva¨‡g Dfq Zš¿ m¤úK© iÿv K‡i|

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8.4 AšÍtÿiv MÖwš’i Ae¯’vb, wbtmiY I wμqv 8.4.1 wcUzBUvwi MÖwš’ (Pituitary gland) gw¯Í‡®‹i A¼xq fv‡M AcwUK KvqvRgvi cðv‡Z Wv‡qb‡mdvj‡bi wb‡P wcUzBUvwi MÖwš’ Aew¯’Z| G MÖwš’wU ivRvMÖwš’ (Master gland) bv‡g cwiwPZ| GKRb c~Y©eq¯‹ gvby‡l G MÖwš’i IRb 0.5 MÖvg Ges †`L‡Z gUi `vbvi b¨vq (10613 wgwjwgUvi)| mgMÖ MÖwš’wU wZbwU As‡k wef³ mvg‡bi Ask‡K A¨vwW‡bvnvB‡cvdvBwmm (Adenohypophysis), gv‡Si Ask‡K cvim& B›UviwgwWqv (Pars intermedia) Ges wcQ‡bi Ask‡K wbD‡ivnvB‡cvdvBwmm (Neurohypophysis) e‡j| K) AMÖ wcUzBUvwi (A¨vwW‡bvnvB‡cvdvBwmm) †_‡K wbtm„Z ni‡gvbmg~n : wbqš¿K ni‡gvb ev †mvgv‡UvUªwcK ni‡gvb (Somatotropic hormone or STH) : †`‡ni mvwe©K ea©b G ni‡gvb Øviv wbqwš¿Z nq| ˆkk‡e G ni‡gvb AwZ gvÎvq ÿwiZ n‡j gvbyl wekvjvKvi nq| Avi ÿiY Kg n‡j †`n †eu‡U nq| †Mvbv‡WvUªwcK ni‡gvb (Gonadotropic hormone or GTH) : G ni‡gvb Øviv †Mvbv‡Wi (cyiæ‡li ïμvkq, ¯¿xi wW¤^vkq) e„w× I Kvh©Kjvc wbqwš¿Z nq| G ni‡gvb `yai‡biÑ dwjKj DÏxcK ni‡gvb (Follicle Stimulating hormone or FSH) : G ni‡gvb ¯¿xi wW¤^vk‡q wW¤^vYy Drcv`‡b DØy× K‡i Ges cyiæ‡li ïμvk‡q ïμvYy ˆZwi‡Z DÏxcbv †hvMvq| wjDwUbvBwRs ni‡gvb (Leutinizing hormone or LH) : G ni‡gvb ¯¿x cÖvwY‡Z dwjKj †_‡K cwic° wW¤^vYy Aegyw³‡Z, Kvc©vm wjDwUqvg ˆZwi‡Z Ges B‡÷ªv‡Rb I †cÖv‡R‡÷ib Drcv`‡b mvnvh¨ K‡i| _vBi‡qW D‡ËRK ni‡gvb (Thyrotropic or Thyroid stimulating hormone or TSH) : G ni‡gvb KZ…©K _vBi‡qW MÖwš’i e„w×, _vBiw·‡bi Drcv`b wbqwš¿Z nq| A¨vwWª‡bvKwU©‡KvUªwcK ni‡gvb (Adrenocorticotropic hormone or ACTH) : G ni‡gvb A¨vwWªbvj MÖwš’i K‡U©‡·i ea©b I ÿiY wbqš¿Y K‡i| j¨vK‡Uv‡RwbK ni‡gvb (Lactogenic hormone) : G ni‡gvb ¯Í‡bi e„w× I `y» wbtmi‡Y mnvqZv K‡i| AMœ¨vkq DÏxcK ni‡gvb (Pancreas stimulating hormone) : AMœ¨vk‡qi AvB‡jUm Ae j¨v½vin¨v‡Ýi e„w× wbqš¿Y K‡i| wK‡Uv‡RwbK ni‡gvb (Ketogenic hormone) : Pwe© n‡Z wK‡Uvb ewW MVb K‡i|

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†gjv‡bvmvBU DÏxcK ni‡gvb (Melanocyte stimulating hormone) : †gjv‡bvmvBU †Kvl‡K DÏxß K‡i| L) ga¨wcUzBUvix (cvim& B›UviwgwWqv) wbtm„Z ni‡gvb : B›Uvi‡gwWb (Intermedin) : cÖvwYi iÄK c`v_© cÖKv‡k mnvqZv K‡i| cðvr wcUzBUvix (A_©vr wbD‡ivnvB‡cvdvBwmm) †_‡K wb:m„Z ni‡gvbmg~n : Aw·‡Uvwmb ev cvB‡Uvwmb ni‡gvb (Oxytocin/pitocin) : mšÍvb cÖmeKv‡j Rivqyi gm„Y †cwki ms‡KvPb Z¡ivwš^Z c~e©K cÖme mnRZi K‡i Ges ¯ÍbMÖwš’ †_‡K `y» wbM©g‡bI mvnvh¨ K‡i| †f‡mv‡cÖwmb ev cvB‡Uªwmb (Vasopressin/pitressin) : e„° bvwjKv KZ…©K cvwb cybt‡kvlY wμqv e„w×‡Z mvnvh¨ K‡i Ges agwbKvi (arteriole) gm„Y †cwki ms‡KvPb NUv‡Z D™¢~× K‡i|

8.4.2 _vBi‡qW MÖwš’ (Thyroid gland) ¯^ih‡š¿i wb‡P k¦vmbvwji Dfq cv‡k `ywU †jve ev LÐwewkó G‡Ûvwμb MÖwš’wUi bvg _vBi‡qW MÖwš’| †jveØq GKwU †hvRK (isthmus) Øviv mshy³ _v‡K| GKRb c~Y©eq¯‹ gvby‡li _vBi‡qW MÖwš’i IRb cÖvq 40 MÖvg| wewfbœ AvKv‡ii _vBi‡qW dwjK‡ji mgš^‡q MÖwš’wU MwVZ Ges †hvRK Kjv Øviv D³ dwjKj¸‡jv ci¯úi †_‡K c„_K _v‡K| dwjK‡ji jy‡g‡b _vBiw·b (thyroxine) bvgK Av‡qvwWbmg„× ni‡gvb _v‡K|†`‡ni wecvK I e„w×‡Z _vBiw·b h‡_ó f~wgKv iv‡L| G ni‡gv‡bi Afv‡e MjMÛ ev MqUvi (goiter) bvgK †iv‡Mi m„wó nq| ˆkk‡e _vBiw·‡bi NvUwZ n‡j wkky wμwUwbRg (cretinism) bvgK †iv‡M AvμvšÍ nq| d‡j wkkyi ea©b e¨vnZ nq, Z¡K †gvUv nq, gvbwmK e„w× `viæYfv‡e n«vm cvq, gyLgÛj †gvUv nq Ges †`L‡Z nvev ev wb‡e©va jv‡M|

8.4.3 c¨viv_vBi‡qW MÖwš’ (Parathyroid gland) _vBi‡qW MÖwš’i mvgvb¨ cðv‡Z Ges wKQyUv G MÖwš’i mv‡_ mswkøó Ae¯’vq wW¤^vKvi I njy` e‡Y©i PviwU c¨viv_vBi‡qW MÖwš’ mshy³ _v‡K| G MÖwš’wbtm„Z ni‡gv‡bi bvg c¨viv_i‡gvb (parathormone)| i³i‡m K¨vjwmqvg I dm‡d‡Ui NbZ¡ wbqš¿‡Y Ges †`‡n G A‰Re c`v‡_©i wecv‡K cÖfve LvUv‡Z c¨viv_i‡gv‡bi we‡kl f~wgKv Av‡Q|

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8.4.4 A¨vwWªbvj MÖwš’ (Adrenal gland) cÖwZwU e„‡°i m¤§yL cÖv‡šÍ njy` e‡Y©i GKwU K‡i ÿz`ª A¨vwWªbvj MÖwš’ _v‡K| Gi ewnivs‡k K‡U©· I Af¨šÍ‡i †gWyjv Aew¯’Z| K) A¨vwWªbvj K‡U©· †_‡K wbtm„Z ni‡gvb : Møy‡KvKwU©K‡qW (Glucocorticoid) : kK©iv RvZxq Lv‡`¨i wecvK wbqš¿Y K‡i| wgbv‡i‡jvKwU©K‡qW (Mineralocorticoid) : LwbR je‡Yi wecvK wbqš¿Y K‡i| †hŠbni‡gvb (Sex hormone) : A¨v‡Ûªv‡Rb, B‡÷ªv‡Rb I cÖ‡R‡÷ib bvgK †hŠb ni‡gvb¸‡jv †hŠbv‡½i ea©b I †hŠb jÿY cÖKv‡k mvnvh¨ K‡i|

A¨vwWªbvj †gWyjv †_‡K wbtm„Z ni‡gvb : A¨vwWªbvwjb (Adrenalin) : Gi Aci bvg Gwc‡bwd«b| hK…‡Z mwÂZ MøvB‡Kv‡Rb n‡Z Møy‡KvR Aegy³ K‡i wecv‡Ki nvi evwo‡q †`q, ü`wcÛ I agbxi A‰bw”QK †cwki ms‡KvPb wbqš¿Y K‡i Ges fq, Avb›` I †kvK cÖKv‡k we‡kl f~wgKv cvjb K‡i|

biÑGwc‡bwd«b (Nor-Epinephrine) : †`‡ni AwZwi³ Møy‡KvR MøvB‡Kv‡R‡b iƒcvšÍwiZ K‡i| 8.4.5 †MvbvW (gonad) : ïμvkq I wW¤^vkq Rbb †Kvl m„wó QvovI KZK ni‡gvb wbtmiY K‡i| ïμvk‡qi †mwgwb‡divm bvwjKvi AšÍeZ©x AÂ‡j B›Uviw÷wkqvj †Kvl †_‡K †U‡÷v‡÷ib ni‡gvb ÿwiZ nq| wW¤^vk‡qi dwjKzjvi †Kvl I Kicvm wjDwUqvg †_‡K K‡qKwU ni‡gvb wbtm„Z nq| dwjKzjvi †Kvl †_‡K B‡÷ªv‡Rb (estrogen) Ges Kicvm wjDwUqvg †_‡K †cÖv‡R‡÷iY (progesterone) bvgK ni‡gvb wbtm„Z nq| †U‡÷v‡÷iY (testosterone) ni‡gvb cyiæ‡li †MŠb †hŠb ˆewkó¨ cÖKv‡k mnvqK| B‡÷ªv‡Rb ¯¿xi †MŠY †hŠb ˆewkó¨ weKv‡k mnvqZv `vb K‡i| iRtPμ m¤ú~Y© Kivi Rb¨ †cÖv‡R‡÷ib LyeB Kvh©Ki f~wgKv iv‡L Ges Rivqyi Mv‡Îi cwieZ©b NwU‡q RvB‡MvU‡K Rivqyi mv‡_ mseÜ‡b mvnvh¨ K‡i|

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8.4.6 AMœ¨vkq (Pancreas): AMœ¨vk‡qi g‡a¨ ÿz`ª Øx‡ci b¨vq KZK †KvlMy”Q AšÍtÿiv MÖwš’i KvR K‡i| G †Kvl¸”Q AvB‡jUm& Ae j¨v½vin¨vÝ bv‡g cwiwPZ| AvB‡jUm& Ae j¨v½vin¨vÝ wZb cÖKvi †Kvl wb‡q MwVZ| Avjdv2 †Kvl †_‡K MøyKvMY, weUv †Kvl †_‡K Bbmywjb Ges Avjdv1 †Kvl †_‡K M¨vw÷ªb wbtm„Z nq|

Bbmywjb i‡³ kK©ivi cwigvY n«vm K‡i| cÿvšÍ‡i MøyKvMY hK…Z †_‡K Møy‡KvR wegyw³ Z¡ivwš^Z K‡i Ges MøvB‡Kv‡Rb ˆZwi‡Z evav †`q| M¨vw÷ªb cvK¯’jx †_‡K Dr‡mPK wbtmiY DÏxß K‡i|

8.5 ni‡gv‡bi cÖfve I Awbqwš¿Z ni‡gvb e¨env‡ii djvdj AšÍtÿiv MÖwš’ †_‡K wbtm„Z n‡q †h ˆRe ivmvqwbK c`v_© i³ ev jwmKvi gva¨‡g `~ieZ©x ¯’v‡b evwnZ n‡q wbw`©ó kvixie„Ëxq Kvh© m¤úbœ K‡i Ges wμqv †k‡l wbt‡kl n‡q hvq, Zv‡K ni‡gvb ev cÖvYim e‡j| gvbe‡`‡ni e„w× I kvixie„Ëxq Kv‡R ni‡gv‡bi f~wgKv Acwimxg| wb‡P †`‡ni e„w× I kvixie„Ëxq Kv‡R ni‡gv‡bi f~wgKv Av‡jvPbv Kiv n‡jv|

8.5.1 †`‡ni e„w×‡Z ni‡gv‡bi f~wgKv : wcUzBUvwi MÖwš’: †`‡ni e„w×‡Z wcUzBUvwi MÖwš’ wbtm„Z Somatotropin Hormone ev Growth Hormone cÖavb f~wgKv cvjb K‡i| G ni‡gvb ZiæYvw¯’ †Kv‡li mRxeZv AÿzYœ †i‡L Ges msL¨ve„w× NwU‡q ZiæYvw¯’i ˆ`N©¨ evovq, d‡j G‡Z K¨vjwmqv‡gi AbycÖ‡ek N‡U| GQvov †`‡ni †Kvl wefvRb NwU‡q gvsm‡cwk I Ab¨vb¨ Avf¨šÍixY A‡½i ¯^vfvweK e„w×‡Z mvnvh¨ K‡i| G ni‡gvb †cwkKjvi Dci mivmwi KvR K‡i e‡j, ˆkk‡e Gi ÿiY Kg n‡j evgb`kv (dwarfism) Ges †ewk n‡j `vbe`kv (gigantism) †`Lv hvq| cÖvßeq‡m Gi ÿiY †ewk n‡j gvbyl Mwijv (acromegaly) `kvq DcbxZ nq| _vBi‡qW MÖwš’: _vBi‡qW MÖwš’ wbtm„Z ni‡gvb _vBiw·b I UªvBAv‡qv‡Wv_vB‡ivwbb †`‡ni e„w×‡K cÖfvweZ K‡i| G ni‡gvbØq Avwgl ms‡køl‡Yi gva¨‡g DÏxcbv m„wó K‡i Ges e„w× ni‡gv‡bi gZ Ks¼v‡ji e„w×‡K cÖfvweZ K‡i|

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A¨vwWªbvj: A¨vwWªbvj MÖwš’i K‡U©· AÂj †_‡K ¯¿x I cyiæ‡l mvgvb¨ cyiæl †m· ni‡gvb-G‡Ûªv‡Rb I ¯¿x †m· ni‡gvb-B‡÷ªv‡Rb wbtm„Z nq| GivI †`‡ni e„w×‡Z mnvqK f~wgKv cvjb K‡i| †MvbvW: †MvbvW Rbb †Kvl Drcv`bKvix MÖwš’ n‡jI Giv ni‡gvb ˆZwii gva¨‡g †`‡ni e„w×‡Z ¸iæZ¡c~Y© f~wgKv cvjb K‡i| ïμvk‡qi †mwgwb‡divm bvwjKvq †U‡÷v‡÷ib ni‡gvb ˆZwi nq| GwU †m‡KÛvwi †hŠb êwkó¨ A_©vr gy‡L ùvwomn kix‡ii wewfbœ As‡k †jv‡gi weKvk wbqš¿Y K‡i| wW¤^vkq †_‡K wbtm„Z B‡÷ªv‡Rb ni‡gvb Rivqy, wW¤^vkq, wW¤^_wj, †hvbxc_ BZ¨vw` A‡½i e„w× I †m‡KÛvwi †hŠb êwk‡óï weKvk wbqš¿Y K‡i| 8.5.2 AvPiY cwieZ©‡b ni‡gv‡bi cÖfve: GKwU beRvZK f~wgó nIqvi ci Zvi gyL †`‡LB Avgiv ej‡Z cvwi bv GwU †Q‡j bvwK †g‡q| Avgiv cÖv_wgK cÖvBbvix Rbbv½ Øviv Zv‡ì wj½ kbv³ K‡i _vwK| GB mšÍvbwUB ax‡i ax‡i eo n‡Z _v‡K Avi Zvi †`‡n cÖKU n‡q †`Lv w`‡Z _v‡K wj½‡f`| eqtmwÜÿb †_‡K †m‡KÛvix †hŠb PwiÎ¸‡jv dz‡U D‡V| Gme wKQzB ni‡gv‡bi cÖfv‡e n‡q _v‡K| GQvov gvby‡li Av‡eM e¨w³Z¡ BZ¨vw`‡Z ni‡gv‡bi n¯Í‡ÿc jÿ Kiv hvq| cyiæ‡li AvPiYMZ cwieZ©b: cyiæl †`‡n wjDwUbvBwRs ni‡gv‡bi cÖfv‡e cÖvq 95% †U‡÷v‡÷ib †mwgwb‡divm bvwjKvq Drcbœ nq Ges 5% Drcbœ nq A¨v‡Wªbvj MÖwš’ †_‡K| †U‡÷v‡÷ib Gi Kvi‡Y gvby‡li †ÿ‡Î †m‡KÛvix †hŠb êwk‡óï weKvk, KÉ¯î fvwi I M¤¢xi nq, †`n †ckxeûj nq| ùvwo I †`‡ni wewfbœ As‡ki †jv‡gi weKvk N‡U| eyK PIov nq Ges †Pvqv‡ji MVb k³ nq| m‡e©vcwi †`‡n m¤ú~Y©iƒ‡c cyiælvjx fve P‡j Av‡m| Gmgq †Q‡jiv Lvg †Lqvjx g‡bvfvevcbœ n‡q _v‡K| PÂjZv K‡g Av‡m| †ewki fvM mgq welbœZvq †fv‡M| Gmgq wecixZ wj‡½i cÖwZ AvKl©Y e„w× cvq| †ewk Av‡eM cÖeYZv †`Lv hvq| wKš‘ †U‡÷‡÷ib ni‡gvb †Kvb Kvi‡Y AKv‡j ÿwiZ n‡q Aí eq‡m †hŠe‡bv`Mg nq Ges AKvj eva©K¨ †`Lv hvq| bvix‡ì AvPiYMZ cwieZ©b: †g‡q‡ì †ÿ‡Î A¨v‡Wªbvj MÖwš’ †_‡K mvgvb¨ †U‡÷‡÷ib wbtm„Z nq hv Zvi Pwi‡Îi cwieZ©‡b cÖfve †d‡j| bvixi †hŠb wccvmv e„w× Ges GKB mv‡_ jveY¨Zv a‡i ivLvi Kv‡R GwU eëüZ nq| Gi †ewk ÿi‡b bvix myjf PwiÎ n«vm cvq| †hgb bvix‡`‡n †jv‡gi AvwaK¨| eqtmwÜÿ‡b bvixi wW¤^vkq †_‡K B‡÷ªv‡Rb ni‡gvb ÿwiZ n‡j bvixi †m‡KÛvix †hŠb Pwi‡Îi weKvk N‡U; KÉ¯î my‡ijv nq, ¯Í‡b cÖPzi †g` mwÂZ n‡q DbœZ nq Ges wbZ‡¤^ AwaK gvsm I †g` Rgv n‡q Av‡e`bgqx kvwiixK MVb ˆZwi K‡i| PUc‡U I PÂj ¯^fv‡ei n‡q _v‡K| cyiæ‡li cÖwZ AvKl©Y ev‡o Ges AvPi‡Y bvixmyjf gvbwmKZvi cÖKvk N‡U| GQvov †mvgv‡UvUªwcK ni‡gvb, _vBiw·b ni‡gvb, Bbmywjb BZ¨vwì ÿi‡b ZviZ‡gï Kvi‡Y †`‡n bvbv iKg mgm¨v †`Lv hvq hv gvby‡li AvPiY, e¨w³Z¡ I gvbwmKZvi Dci cÖfve †d‡j| †U‡÷v‡÷ib ni‡gv‡bi cÖfv‡e gvby‡li KK©k AvPiY, ivMvwš^Z I AvMÖvmx g‡bvfve ˆZwi nq|

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8.5.3 ni‡gv‡bi Awbqwš¿Z eënv‡ii djvdj: Avgv‡ì †`‡ni ¯^vfvweK e„w×, weKvk I mKj kvixie„Ëxq Kvh©vejx cwiPvjbvi Rb¨ ni‡gvb bvgK ivmvqwbK Dcv`vbwUi f~wgKv LyeB Zvrch©c~Y©| A‡bK mgq wewfbœ Kvi‡Y Avgv‡ì †`‡n ni‡gv‡bi NvUwZ ev ÿibRwbZ mgm¨v †`Lv w`‡Z cv‡i| wKš‘ AvaywbK wPwKrmv weÁv‡bi Kj¨v‡Y I ˆRe cÖhyw³i mnvqZvq G mKj ni‡gvb K…wÎg Dcv‡q ˆZwi K‡i ni‡gvb †_ivwci gva¨‡g †`‡n cÖ‡qvM K‡i G msμvšÍ mgm¨vi mgvavb Kiv n‡q _v‡K| wKš‘ me©`vB ni‡gvb †_ivwc Kj¨vYKi bq| †Kbbv Gi Awbqwš¿Z I Aceënvi †`‡n bvbv iKg RwUjZv ev mgm¨v m„wó K‡i _v‡K| ZvQvov GmKj ni‡gvb eënv‡ii cvk¦© cÖwZwμqvI gvivZ¥K| w`b w`b G mKj ni‡gv‡bi Awbqwš¿Z eënvi †e‡oB Pj‡Q| wcUzBUvwi MÖwš’ †_‡K wbtm„Z †mvgv‡UvUªwcb n‡”Q gvby‡li e„w× ni‡gvb| KviI †ÿ‡Î GB ni‡gv‡bi ÿib Kg n‡j evgbZ¡ †`Lv hvq| Dchy³ cwigv‡Y K…wÎg e„w× ni‡gvb cÖ‡qvM K‡i evgbZ¡ KvUv‡bv m¤¢e| 6-10 wgwjMÖvg †mvgv‡UvUªwcb cÖwZ mßv‡n B‡ÄKk‡bi gva¨‡g cÖ‡qvM Ki‡j cÖ_g eQ‡iB gvbyl 6 †mw›UwgUv‡ii gZ j¤^v nq| evwYwR¨K D‡Ï‡k¨ K…wÎg fv‡e Drcvw`Z GB ni‡gvb K‡qKwU bv‡g cwiwPZ| mvaviYZ †h wkïwUi e„w× Zvi mgeqwm wkï‡ì †_‡K A‡bK Kg, GBWm †ivMxi †ckx nviv‡bv, Uvb©vi wm‡Ûªvg BZ¨vw` Ae¯’vq ïaygvÎ G wel‡q AwfÁ Wv³v‡ii civg‡k© I eë¯’vcÎ Abyhvqx e„w× ni‡gvb †_ivcx †`qv nq| wKš‘ GB ni‡gv‡bi Awbqwš¿Z eënv‡ii djvdj LyeB Lvivc| GB ni‡gv‡bi Awbqwš¿Z eënv‡ii d‡j gvsm‡ckx I Aw¯’ mwÜ‡Z Amn¨ hš¿`vq e¨v_v m„wó n‡Z cv‡i| GQvov Aw¯’ mwÜ‡Z Zij R‡g Aw¯’ mwÜi ùxwZ NU‡Z cv‡i| `xN© mgq a‡i GB ni‡gvb eënvi Ki‡j ü`‡ivM †`Lv w`‡Z cv‡i| e„w× ni‡gv‡bi Awbqwš¿Z eënv‡ii d‡j gw¯Í‡®‹i gvivZ¥K †iv‡Mi m„wó nq hv‡K creutzfeldt-jakob †ivM ejv nq| GwU Mad cow †iv‡Mi Abyiƒc| A¨vbvewjK †÷i‡qW ivmvqwbKfv‡e †U‡÷‡÷i‡bi Abyiƒc| A¨vbvewjK †÷i‡qW †ckx ea©K wn‡m‡e cwiwPZ| Wv³vi GwU‡K GBWm †ivMxi IRb e„w×i Rb¨ Ges A¨vwbwgqv †ivMxi †ÿ‡Î Jla wn‡m‡e eënv‡ii civgk© †`b| wμovweìv Zv‡ì cvi`wk©Zv e„w×i j‡ÿ¨ GB ni‡gvb MÖnY K‡ib| A‡bK †Q‡j‡ì †ÿ‡Î †`Lv hvq ïaygvÎ †ckx ea©‡bi Rb¨ ev †ckxeûj kixi cÖ`k©‡bi Rb¨ GB ni‡gvb eënvi K‡i| †imwjs †L‡jvqviiv Zv‡ì †`‡ni †ckx ea©‡bi Rb¨ GB ni‡gvb eënvi K‡ib| †g‡qiv IRb Kgv‡bvi Rb¨, AvZ¥iÿvi †KŠkj †kLvi †ÿ‡Î kixi MV‡bi Rb¨ Ges μxovwe`‡ì g‡Zv †`n MV‡bi Rb¨ GB ni‡gvb eënvi K‡i| †U‡‡÷v‡÷ib mvBwcI‡bU (Testosterone Cypionate), †U‡÷v‡÷ib Bbvb‡_U (Testosterone enanthate), A¨vbvWªj (Anadrol), Wvqvbvej (Dianubol), DBb‡÷ªvj (Winstrol), A·vwWªb (Oxadrin) BZ¨vw` evwYwR¨K bv‡g †U‡÷v‡÷ib ev A¨vbvewjK †÷i‡qW cvIqv hvq| GB ni‡gvb Awbqwš¿Z eënv‡ii d‡j †Q‡j‡ì †ÿ‡Î Awbqwš¿Z AvMÖvmxg~jK AvPiY ˆZwi nq| ¯’vqxfv‡e Zv‡ì- Pzj c‡o hvq Ges ¯Íb †g‡q‡ì g‡Zv e„w× cvq| †Q‡j‡ì †ÿ‡Î AÛ‡Kvl msKzwPZ n‡q hvq Ges ïμvby Drcv`b n«vm †c‡q eÜ¨vZ¡ †`Lv hvq| †g‡q‡ì †ÿ‡Î ¯’vqxfv‡e KÉ¯î fvix I KK©k nq, †hŠbv‡½i K¬vB‡Uvwim cÖewa©Z nq, gyLgÛ‡j †jvg MRvq, Pzj c‡o hvq, AwbqwgZ FZzPμ †`Lv hvq, ¯Íb †QvU n‡q Av‡m|

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GQvov GB ni‡gvb eënviKvixiv welbœ _v‡K, mvgvb¨ wKQz‡ZB weiw³ cÖKvk K‡i Ges wePvi eyw×, we‡eK †jvc cvq, gvbwmK Aemv`MÖ¯ÍZvq †fv‡M| Awb`ªv I gvbwmK AkvwšÍ‡Z †fv‡M i³Pvc e„w× cvq, hK…‡Zi Kv‡R A¯^vfvweKZv †`Lv hvq; †`‡ni Af¨šÍ‡i i³RgvU †eu‡a †h‡Z cv‡i Ges i‡³ †Kv‡j‡÷i‡ji cwigvY e„w× cvq| GQvov cÖvßeq®‹‡ì †ÿ‡Î _vBiw·b ni‡gvb ÿib Kg n‡j wgw·wWgv †ivM †`Lv hvq d‡j Pg© cyiæ, LmL‡m I †jvgnxb nq, Mjvi ¯î AwaK †gvUv nq, †PvL †dvjv ‡dvjv †`Lv hvq| G Kvi‡Y †`‡n _vBw·b ni‡gvb †_ivwc †`qv nq| wKš‘ GwUi Awbqwš¿Z eënv‡ii d‡j MqUvi †ivM m„wó nq| G‡Z MjMÐ e„w× cvq, Pÿz we‡ùvwiZ nq| RxebiÿvKvix GmKj Dcv`v‡bi Awbqwš¿Z eënvi Avevi Rxeb webvk Ki‡Z cv‡i ZvB G wel‡q mK‡ji m‡PZbZv e„w× LyeB Riæix|

 GB Aa¨v‡qi cÖavb kãwfwËK mvims‡ÿc  mgš^q: †h cÖwμqvq Rx‡ei mKj evwn¨K I Af¨šÍwiY Kvh©vewj mymsnZ K‡i m¤úv`b Kiv nq

Zv‡K mgš^q e‡j|  gw¯Í®‹: †K›`ªxq mœvqyZ‡š¿i †h ùxZ, e„nr I RwUj Ask gvby‡li K‡ivwUi K‡ivwUKvi g‡a¨ Ae¯’vb K‡i Ges †`‡ni mKj Kvh©vewj wbqš¿Y K‡i Zv‡K gw¯Í®‹ e‡j|  K‡ivwUK ¯œvqy: gw¯Í®‹ K‡ivwUKvi g‡a¨ Aew¯’Z e‡j gw¯Í®‹ D™¢~Z mœvqy¸‡jv K‡ivwUK mœvqy bv‡gB cwiwPZ|  ms‡e`x A½: †hme A‡½i gva¨‡g Avgiv evn¨ RMZ Abyfe Ki‡Z cvwi, Zv‡`i ms‡e`x A½ e‡j| †PvL, Kvb, bvK, wRnŸv I Z¡KÑG cuvPwU n‡”Q gvby‡li ms‡e`x A½|  AšÍtÿiv MÖwš’: †h me MÖwš’ bvjxwenxb I hv‡`i ÿiY i³ ev jwmKvi gva¨‡g evwnZ n‡q `~ieZx© mywbw`©ó A‡½ wμqvkxj nq †mme MÖwš’‡K AšÍÿiv MÖwš’ e‡j|  ni‡gvb: AšÍÿiv MÖwš’ wbtm„Z ivmvqwbK Dcv`vb‡K ni‡gvb e‡j|

Abykxjbx m„Rbkxj cÖkœ: wg. WweøD Gi cyÎ eq‡mi Zzjbvq A‡bK Le©vK…wZi nIqvq GKw`b Zv‡K wb‡q Wv³v‡ii Kv‡Q †M‡jb| Wv³vi GKwU wbw`©ó ni‡gv‡bi ÿiY RwbZ mgm¨vi K_v ej‡jb Ges Zv‡K G mgm¨vi mgvav‡biI Dcvq e‡j w`‡jb| Z‡e Wv³vi Jla wn‡m‡e e¨veüZ Dcv`vbwUi Awbqwš¿Z eënvi m¤ú‡K© mZK© K‡i w`‡jb| K. †gwb‡Äm Kx? 1 L. Dc‡hvRb Gi mv‡_ †j‡Ýi m¤úK© e¨vL¨v Ki| 2 M. DÏxc‡Ki mgm¨vi mv‡_ mswkøó MÖwš’wU Avgv‡ì Ab¨vb¨ ˆRewbK Kvh©Kjv‡c Kx ai‡bi f‚wgKv cvjb K‡i D‡jøL Ki| 3 N. DÏxc‡K Wv³vi Jla wn‡m‡e eëüZ Dcv`vbwUi Awbqwš¿Z eënvi m¤ú‡K© mZK© _vK‡Z ejvi KviY we‡kølY Ki| 4

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eûwbe©vPwb cÖkœ 1| Kv‡bi fvimvg¨iÿvKvix Ask †KvbwU? K. BDwUªKzjvm L. m¨vKzjvm M. g¨vwjqvm N. BbKvm 2| †ivgvb msL¨vi mv‡_ Awgj i‡q‡Q †KvbwUi? K. Optic-II L. Fascial-IX M. Trochlear-IV N. Hypoglossal-XII 3| K‡Y© cvIqv hvqÑ i. †÷wcm ii. BbKvm iii. g¨vwjqvm wb‡Pi †KvbwU mwVK? K. i I ii L. ii I iii M. i I iii N. i, ii I iii wb‡Pi wP‡Îi Av‡jv‡K 4 I 5 bs cÖ‡kœi DËi `vI:

4| DÏxcK MÖwš’wU ÿiY K‡i †KvbwU? K. _vBiw·b M. †gjv‡Uvwbb 5| MÖwš’wUi mv‡_ mswkøó †ivMi. MjMÛ ii. evgbZ¡ iii. eyw× weKvk e¨vnZ wb‡Pi †KvbwU mwVK? K. i I ii M. i I iii

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gvbe Rxe‡b avivevwnKZv CONSEQUENCE OF HUMAN LIFE cÖRb‡bi mv‡_ cÖZÿ¨fv‡e RwoZ A½¸‡jvi mgš^‡q †h Zš¿ MwVZ nq Zv‡K cÖRbbZš¿ (Reproductive System) e‡j| weeZ©‡bi avivq cÖvwYi Rxeb c×wZ, wb‡l‡Ki ¯’vb I åƒYweKv‡ki aiY Abyhvqx D”PZi wewfbœ cÖvwY‡Mvôx‡Z bvbv ai‡bi cÖRbbZ‡š¿i weKvk N‡U‡Q| cÖRbb Zš¿ `y&ai‡bi cysRbbZš¿ Ges ¯¿xRbbZš¿| GKwjw½K (dioecious) cÖvwY‡Z †Kej GK ai‡bi RbbZš¿ _v‡K| cyiæl m`‡mï g‡a¨ cysRbbZš¿ Ges ¯¿x m`‡mï g‡a¨ ¯¿xRbbZš¿ _v‡K| Avi Dfwjw½K (monoecious) cÖvwY‡Z GKB m`‡mï g‡a¨ cys Ges ¯¿x RbbZš¿ GK‡Î Dcw¯’Z _v‡K|

cÖavb kã (Key Word)  iRtPμ  eqmwÜKvj  M¨v‡gU  wb‡lK  Bgcøv‡›Ukb  åƒY  Mf©wb‡ivaK c×wZ  AvBwfGd  cÖRbb AÿgZv  †hŠbevwnZ †ivM

G Aa¨vq cvV‡k‡l AvgivÑ  cyiæl I ¯¿x cÖRbbZš¿ I Gi ni‡gvbvj wμqv e¨vL¨v Ki‡Z cvi‡ev  cÖRb‡bi wewfbœ ch©vq I `kv eY©bv Ki‡Z cvi‡ev  Mf©ve¯’vq KiYxq w`Kmg~n wPwýZ Ki‡Z cvi‡ev  cÖRbbRwbZ mgm¨vmg~‡ni cÖwZKvi we‡kølY Ki‡Z cvi‡ev  †hŠbevwnZ †ivMmg~‡ni jÿY I cÖwZKvi eY©bv Ki‡Z cvi‡ev  cÖRbbRwbZ mgm¨v m¤ú‡K© m‡PZb n‡Z cvi‡ev Ges Gi my¯’Zv iÿvq m‡Pó n‡ev|

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9.1 cyiæl cÖRbbZš¿ I Gi ni‡gvbvj wμqv 9.1.1 cys cÖRbbZš¿ (Male reproductive system) G Z‡š¿i gva¨‡g cyiæ‡li †`‡n ïμvYy Drcv`b, mÂq, cwienY Ges ewntöjb N‡U| ïμvYy Drcv`‡bi Kv‡R mswkøó A½‡K gyL¨ Rbbv½ Ges ïμvYy mÂq, cwienY I öj‡bi mv‡_ mswkøó A½‡K Avbylw½K Rbbv½ e‡j| cyiæ‡li gyL¨ Rbbv‡½i bvg ïμvkq (Testis) | Ab¨vb¨¸‡jv Avbylvw½K Rbbv½| cyscÖRbb Zš¿ wb‡Pi A½¸‡jvi mgš^‡q MwVZ| h_v : ïμvkq : cyiæ‡li †`nMne‡ii evB‡i `yB Diæi gv‡S AÐ‡Kv‡li (scrotum) g‡a¨ GK‡Rvov ïμvkq _v‡K| AÐ‡KvlwU Wv‡U©vm (dartos) †cwk¯Íi w`‡q AvswkKfv‡e wef³ nIqvq ïμvkq `ywU ci¯úi c„_K _v‡K| AÛ‡Kv‡li g‡a¨ ïμi¾y (spermatic cord) w`‡q ïμvkqØq SzjšÍ Ae¯’vq _v‡K| †g‡mviwKqvg (mesorchium) bvgK †cwi‡Uvwbqvj c`©v Øviv ïμvkqØq Ave„Z _v‡K| cÖwZwU kyμvkq 3wU AveiYx w`‡q Ave„Z _v‡K| evB‡iiwU wUDwbKv f¨vwRbvwjm (Tunica vaginalis), gv‡S wUDwbKv A¨vjyeywRwbqv (Tunica albugenea) bv‡g GKwU ¯’~j Zš‘gq K¨vcmyj Ges Gi wb‡P i³ evwnKv mg„× wUDwbKv fv¯‹z‡jvmv †UmwUm (tunica vasculosa testis) ¯Íi Aew¯’Z| cÖwZwU ïμvkq Af¨šÍixY w`K w`‡q wcivwgW m`„k cÖvq 250wU L‡Ð wef³| G LÐ¸‡jvi bvg †jvweDwj ïμvkq| cÖwZwU L‡Û 2/3wU K‡i m~ÿè cu¨vPv‡bv m~Zvi b¨vq †mwgwb‡divm bvwjKv (seminiferous tubules) Ges B›Uviw÷wkqvj †Kvl _v‡K| ïμvk‡qi †mwgwb‡divm bvwjKv¸‡jv fvmvBdv‡ibwmqv (Vasaefferentia) bvgK msMÖvnK bvwjKvq D¤§y³ nq Ges ïμvk‡qi kxl©‡`k †_‡K †ewi‡q GwcwWWvBwg‡m cÖ‡ek K‡i|

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AÛ_wj (Scrotal sac) : D`ixq MnŸ‡ii evB‡i †h _wji Af¨šÍ‡i ïμvkq Ae¯’vb K‡i Zv‡K AÛ_wj e‡j| ¯úvgv©‡Uv‡R‡bwmm cÖwμqvi Rb¨ Av`k© ZvcgvÎv 350 †mjwmqvm wKš‘ †`n Af¨šÍ‡i ZvcgvÎv 370 †mjwmqvm| AÛ_wj 350 †mjwmqvm ZvcgvÎv eRvq iv‡L Ges ïμvYy Drcv`‡b mnvqZv K‡i| GwcwWWvBwgm (Epididymis) : ïμvk‡qi GwcwWWvBwgm (Dc‡ii Ask) kxl©fv‡M Aew¯’Z cu¨vPv‡bv we‡kl ai‡bi ewn©gyLx ïμbvwjKv bvwjKvi mgš^‡q GwcwWWvBwgm MwVZ nq| fvm wWdv‡iÝ KzÐjxK…Z Ae¯’vq Uzwci b¨vq GwU ïμvk‡qi †iwU‡UmwUm Dcivs‡k Ae¯’vb K‡i| Gi cÖk¯Í gv_vwU GwcwWWvBwgm (bx‡Pi Ask) ïμvk‡qi mv‡_ fvm Bdv‡ibwmqvi gva¨‡g hy³ Ges msKxY© †jRwU fvmv wWdv‡i‡Ý Db¥y³ Wv±vm wWdv‡iÝ nq| ïμvYy wewfbœ bvwjKv Ny‡i GwcwWWvBwg‡m †mÞv †jvweIj wUDwbKv A¨vjeywRwbqv Av‡m| GwU ïμvYyi †fZi †_‡K Zij I wPÎ 9.2: ïμbvwj KwVb Amvi c`v_© Avjv`v K‡i Zv‡`i wb‡lK ÿgZv evovq| cÖwZwU GwcwWWvBwg‡m ïμvYy cÖvq GKgvm mwÂZ _vK‡Z cv‡i| ïμbvwj (Vas deferens) : GwcwWWvBwg‡mi †jR cÖvšÍwU MnŸihy³ †h bvwj‡Z Db¥y³ nq Zv‡K ïμbvwj e‡j| G bvwji ˆ`N©¨ 40-50 †mw›UwgUvi Ges Gi cÖvPxi wgD‡Kvmv, gvmKzjvwim I dvB‡eªvmv ¯Í‡ii mgš^‡q MwVZ| cÖwZwU ïμbvwj Bs¸Bbvj bvwji ga¨ w`‡q †kªvYxMnŸ‡i cÖ‡ek K‡i Ges g~Î_wji Dci †eu‡K Ae¯’vb K‡i| †cÖv‡÷U MÖwš’‡Z cÖ‡ek Kivi c~‡e©B ïμbvjxi Ask we‡kl ùxZ n‡q A¨v¤úyjv (ampulla) MVb K‡i| A¨v¤úyjv †mwgbvj †fwmK‡j hy³ nq| ïμbvwji cÖavb KvR n‡”Q m½‡gi mgq `ªæZ ïμvYy cwienY I wKQy mg‡qi Rb¨ ïμvYy Rgv ivLv| †mwgbvj †fwmK&j (Seminal vesicle) : g~Î_wj I gjvk‡qi ga¨¯’‡j ùxZ _wjKver bvjxØq †mwgbvj †fwmKj bv‡g cwiwPZ| †mwgbvj †fwmKj wb‡Pi w`‡K miæ n‡q ïμbvwji mv‡_ wgwjZ n‡q †ÿcYbvwj ˆZwi K‡i| †mwgbvj †fwmK&j wm‡gb (Semen) ‰Zwii Rb¨ wecyj cwigvY wcw”Qj _K_‡K c`v_© ÿiY K‡i| †ÿcY bvwj (Ejaculatory duct) : †mwgbvj †fwmKj Ges ïμbvwji A¨v¤úyjv GKxf~Z n‡q 0.3 wgwjwgUvi e¨vmwewkó cÖvq 19 wgwjwgUvi `xN© GKwU Awfbœ †ÿcYbvwj MVb K‡i| G bvwjwU †cÖv‡÷U MÖwš’i wfZi w`‡q g~Îbvwj‡Z G‡m wg‡j hvq| g~Îbvwj (Urethra) : g~Î_wj †_‡K wk‡kœi gv_v ch©šÍ `xN© bvwjwU‡K g~Îbvwj e‡j| GwU cÖvq 20 †m.wg. j¤^v| wk‡kœi gv_vq GKwU wQ‡`ªi gva¨‡g G bvwjwU evB‡i D¤§y³ nq| G bvwji gva¨‡g g~Î I exh© †`‡ni evB‡i wb®ŒvšÍ nq|

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wkkœ (Penis) : GwU cyiæ‡li bjvKvi †cwkeûj A½| mgMÖ wkkœ 3wU As‡k wef³, h_v: wkkœg~j , wkkœ †`n, Ges wkkœ gyÐ| †h Ask †_‡K wkkœ DwÌZ nq Zv‡K wkkœg~j e‡j| DÌvbkxj Kjvi mgš^‡q G AskwU MwVZ| wk‡kœi †h Ask Szjvqgvb Ges bjvKvi Zv‡K wkkœ‡`n e‡j| wk‡kœi WMvq jvj ùxZ AskwUi bvg wkkœ gyÐ| GLv‡b cÖPzi ¯œvqy we`¨gvb| wkkœ gyÐ †h Pvgov w`‡q Ave„Z _v‡K Zv‡K wcÖwcDm (prepuce) e‡j| wkkœ cÖRbb wμqvq `„p I cÖmvwiZ n‡q g~Îbvwji gva¨‡g exh© ¯¿x RbbZ‡š¿i Af¨šÍ‡i cÖ‡ek Ki‡Z mvnvh¨ K‡i| RbbMÖwš’ : cyiæ‡li Rbb bvwj‡Z wb‡gœv³ `ywU MÖwš’ cvIqv hvqcÖ‡÷Um MÖwš’ (Prostate gland) : GwU †kªvYxMnŸi gyÎbvwji wb‡P Aew¯’Z bvkcvwZ AvK…wZi MÖwš’ Ges †cwk I MÖwš’gq Kjvq MwVZ| MÖwš’gq Kjv KZK¸‡jv LÐhy³| LÐ¸‡jvi bvwjKv BD‡i_ªvq Db¥y³ nq| G MÖwš’ †_‡K `y‡ai b¨vq ÿvixq c`v_© wbtm„Z nq, hv exh©i‡mi cwigvY e„w× K‡i ïμvYy öj‡b mnvqZv K‡i| G im PH wbqš¿Y K‡i ïμvYyi Pj‡b mvnvh¨ K‡i| ev‡j¦vBD‡i_ªvj ev KvIcvi-Gi MÖwš’ (Cowper’s glands) : Giv BD‡i_ªvi `ycv‡k Aew¯’Z `ywU gUi `vbvi g‡Zv MÖwš’ hv †_‡K bvwjKv †ewi‡q BD‡i_ªvq wgwjZ nq| G MÖwš’i im wm‡gb ev exh©im cÖ¯‘Z K‡i| G MÖwš’i ÿiY g~‡Îi A¤øZv webvk K‡i|

9.1.2 cyiæl cÖRbbZ‡š¿i ni‡gvbvj wµqv cyiæl cÖRbbZš¿ wewfbœ ai‡bi ni‡gv‡bi wμqv Øviv wbqwš¿Z nq G ni‡gvb¸‡jv‡K GK‡Î G‡Ûªv‡Rb (Androgens) e‡j| wbtm„Z G ni‡gvb¸‡jvi g‡a¨ wKQz ni‡gvb‡K UªwdK ni‡gvb e‡j hviv Ab¨vb¨ ni‡gvb wbtmi‡b mvnvh¨ K‡i| UªwdK ni‡gv‡bi cÖfv‡e wbtm„Z G ni‡gvb¸‡jv cysRbbZ‡š¿i weKvk, ïμvYy Drcv`b I cyiæ‡li †hŠb ˆewkó¨ cÖKv‡k mvnvh¨ K‡i| cys RbbZ‡š¿i ni‡gvb¸‡jvi ÿiY gvÎv mviv ermi GKB _v‡K, ¯¿xRbbZ‡š¿i ni‡gv‡bi g‡Zv PvwμK cwieZ©b nq bv| cyiæl RbbZ‡š¿i Kvh©KvwiZvq wb‡¤œv³ ni‡gvb¸‡jv ¸iæZ¡c~Y|© †Mvbv‡WvUªwdb wiwjwRs ni‡gvb (Gonadotropin-Releasing Hormone /GnRH): Gi ni‡gvbwU AMÖ gw¯Í‡®‹i nvB‡cv_¨vjvgvm n‡Z ÿwiZ nq Ges AMÖ wcUzBUvix n‡Z FSH (Follicle Stimulating Hormone) I LH (Leutenizing Hormone) ÿiY DÏxwcZ K‡i| G ni‡gvbwU mivmwi cyiæ‡li †hŠb ˆewkó¨ wbqš¿Y K‡i bv Z‡e c‡ivÿfv‡e ïμvYy Drcv`b I †U‡÷v‡÷ib ni‡gvb ÿiYgvÎv‡K wbqš¿Y K‡i| dwjK&j DÏxcK ni‡gvb (Follicle Stimulating Hormone): GB ni‡gvbwU cðvr wcUzBUvwi n‡Z ÿwiZ n‡q ïμvk‡qi mvU©jx †Kvl KZ…©K ïμvYy cwiùzUb‡K DÏxß K‡i| wjD‡UbvBwRs ni‡gvb (Leutenizing Hormone) : GB ni‡gvbwUI cðvr wcUzBUvwi n‡Z ÿwiZ nq| GB ni‡gvb B›Uviw÷wkqvj †Kvl KZ©„K †U‡÷v‡÷ib ÿiY DÏxß K‡i| ZvB GB ni‡gvb‡K ICSH (Interstitial cell stimulating hormone) e‡j|

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†U‡÷v‡÷ib ni‡gvb (Testosterone Hormone) : G ni‡gvbwU ïμvkq ˆZwi nq| G ÿiY eqtmwÜi gyn~‡Z© μgk evo‡Z ïiæ K‡i Ges eqtmwÜKv‡j me‡P‡q †ewk ÿwiZ nq| †U‡÷v‡÷ib cÖvBgvwi Rbbv‡½i e„w×, Avbylvw½K Rbbv‡½i e„w× I weKvk Ges wewfbœ †m‡KÛvwi †hŠb ˆewk‡ó¨i cÖKvk NUvq| Bbwnweb ni‡gvb (Inhibin Hormone): †`‡n ïμvYyi Drcv`b gvÎv e„w× †c‡j GB ni‡gvbwU ïμvk‡qi mvU©jx †Kvl †_‡K ÿwiZ nq| GB ni‡gvbwU cieZx©‡Z i‡³i gva¨‡g gw¯Í‡®‹ †cuŠ‡Q †Mvbv‡WvUªwcb ni‡gvb ÿiY‡K evav †`q hvi djkÖæwZ‡Z FSH I LH ni‡gvb ÿiYI K‡g hvq Ges †`‡n ïμvYyi Drcv`b K‡g hvq| g~jZt cysRbb ni‡gv‡bi ÿiY gvÎv wbqš¿‡Y GwU GKwU ¸iæZ¡c~Y© †KŠkj|

9.2 ¯¿x cÖRbbZš¿ I ni‡gvbvj wµqv 9.2.1 ¯¿x cÖRbbZš¿ (Female reproductive system) G Z‡š¿i gva‡g ¯¿xi †`‡n wW¤^vYy Drcv`b, ïμvYy Øviv wW¤^vYyi wb‡lK, RvB‡MvU MVb I åæY weKvk m¤úbœ nq Zv‡K ¯¿x cÖRbbZš¿ e‡j| ¯¿x cÖRbbZ‡š¿i Ask¸‡jv n‡jvÑwW¤^vkq (ovary), wW¤^bvwj (oviduct), Rivqy (uterus) Ges †hvbx (vagina) | ¯¿xi gyL¨ Rbbv‡½i bvg wW¤^vkq, Ab¨vb¨¸‡jv Avbylvw½K Rbbv½| wW¤^vkq (Ovary) : †kªvYxMnŸ‡i Rivqyi Dfq cv‡k KvV ev`vg (almond) AvK…wZi GK †Rvov wW¤^vkq Ae¯’vb K‡i| †g‡mv‡fwiqvg (mesovarium) bvgK †cwi‡Uvwbqvg c`©v Øviv wW¤^vkqØq Ave„Z _v‡K| cÖwZwU wW¤^vkq cÖvq 3 †mw›UwgUvi `xN© Ges 1.5 †mw›UwgUvi cÖk¯Í| wW¤^vk‡qi Ae¯’v cwieZ©bkxj| AcÖvß eq¯‹ †g‡q‡`i wW¤^vk‡qi c„ô‡`k gm„Y Ges eY© a~mi †Mvjvwc| †hŠe‡b c`vc©‡bi gyn~‡Z© wW¤^vYy m„wó ïiæ nIqvi mv‡_ mv‡_ wW¤^vk‡qi c„ó‡`k μgk Agm„Y Ges eY© ax‡i ax‡i a~mi n‡Z _v‡K| eqtmwÜKv‡j wW¤^vk‡qi Rvwg©bvj AveiYx Kjvi A‡cÿvK…Z e„nËi †Kvl¸‡jv wW¤^vYy gvZ…‡Kvl ev cÖv_wgK Rbb‡Kv‡l (Primordial germ cell) cwiYZ nq| wW¤^bvwj (Oviduct) : Rivqyi Dfq cvk †_‡K †h `ywU bvwj Drcbœ n‡q wW¤^vkq ch©šÍ we¯Z…Z nq Zv‡K wW¤^bvwj e‡j| GB bvwj 10/12 †mw›UwgUvi `xN©| G‡`i GK cÖvšÍ Rivqyi MnŸ‡i Ges Ab¨cÖvšÍ wW¤^vk‡qi Kv‡Q †cwi‡Uvwbqvj MnŸ‡i Db¥y³| wW¤^bvwji wW¤^vkq msjMœ cÖvšÍwU Av½y‡ji b¨vq Awf‡ÿc hy³ n‡q Svji ev wdgweª (fimbriae) †Z cwiYZ nq| G cÖv‡šÍi dv‡b‡ji b¨vq Ask‡K BbdvwÛeyjvg (infundibulum) e‡j| wW¤^bvwji me©vwaK cÖmvwiZ As‡ki bvg A¨v¤úyjv (Ampulla)|

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Rivqy (Uterus) †kªvYxMnŸ‡i g~Îvkq I gjvk‡qi ga¨eZx© ¯’v‡b Rivqyi Ae¯’vb| GwU cyiæ cÖvPxi wewkó duvcv GKwU _wj| Rivqyi cÖvPxi 3wU ¯Íihy³| evB‡ii ¯Íi‡K †cwi‡gwUªqvg (perimetrium), gv‡Si ¯Íi‡K gv‡qv‡gwUªqvg (myometrium) Ges AšÍt¯’ ¯Íi‡K G‡Ûv‡gwUªqvg (endometrium) e‡j| G‡Ûv‡gwUªqv‡g RvB‡Mv‡Ui ms¯’vcb NU‡j Mf©aviY nq| Rivqyi Dc‡ii cÖk¯Í Ask‡K Rivqy‡`n (Body of uterus) Ges wb‡Pi msKxY© fvM‡K Rivqy MÖxev ev mviwf· (cervix) e‡j| `ycv‡k `ywU wW¤^bvwji mv‡_ Ges wcQ‡b †hvbxi mv‡_ Rivqy mshy³ _v‡K| f~wgó nIqvi c~e© ch©šÍ å~Y‡K Rivqy iÿv K‡i Ges åæ‡Yi cwiùzUb m¤¢eci K‡i †Zv‡j| †hvwb (Vagina) : g~Îvk‡qi wbP w`‡q Rivqy Awfg~‡L 8-10 †mw›UwgUvi bjvKvi cÖ‡Kvô‡K †hvbx e‡j| Gi Dc‡ii cÖvšÍ Rivqyi mviwf‡· Db¥y³| †hvbxi cÖvPxi iƒwM (rugae) bvgK A‡bK¸‡jv fuvRhy³| Kygvix bvixi †hvbxc‡_ nvB‡gb (hymen) bvgK c`©v _v‡K| †hvbxgy‡L `yB †Rvov gvsmj fuvR †hvbxc_‡K Kcv‡Ui g‡Zv †X‡K iv‡L| evB‡ii eo fuvR‡K j¨vweqv †g‡Rviv (Labia majora) Ges wfZ‡ii †QvU fuvR‡K j¨vweqv gvB‡bviv (Labia minora) e‡j| j¨vweqv gvB‡bvivi Dc‡ii w`‡K Aew¯’Z DuPz gvsmwcÐ fMvsKzi ev K¬vB‡Uvwim (clitoris) bv‡g cwiwPZ

9.2.2 ¯¿x cÖRbbZ‡š¿i ni‡gvbvj wμqv ¯¿x RbbZ‡š¿i Kvh©vejx wbqš¿K ni‡gvb¸‡jv ÿwiZ nq gw¯Í®‹ I wW¤^vkq †_‡K| wb‡¤œ ¯¿x †hŠb cÖRbbZ‡š¿i mv‡_ mswkøó ni‡gvb¸‡jvi f‚wgKv Av‡jvwPZ n‡jv: wcUzBUvwi MÖwš’wbtm„Z ni‡gv‡bi f~wgKv : wW¤^vk‡qi PμvKvi NUbvmgyn ¯^qswμqfv‡e N‡U bv, eis AMÖwcUzBUvix wbtm„Z `ywU †Mvbv‡Wv‡UªvwcK ni‡gvb Øviv wbqwš¿Z nq| ni‡gvb `ywU nj: Follicle Stimulating Hormone (FSH) : G ni‡gv‡bi cÖfv‡e wW¤^vk‡qi dwjKj e„w× cvq Ges cwic°Zv jvf K‡i| ea©bkxj dwjK‡ji w_Kv B›Uvibvi †Kvl¸‡jv †h ch©vß gvÎvq B‡÷ªv‡Rb ÿiY K‡i Zv FSH Gi wμqviB Awbevh© dj| GQvov dwjK‡ji cwic°Zv AR©b I wW¤^vYy wbtmi‡Y I mvnvh¨ K‡i| Luteinizing Hormone (LH) : G ni‡gv‡bi cÖfv‡e wW¤^vk‡qi dwjK‡ji P~ovšÍ e„w× Ges cwic° MÖvwdqvb dwjKj †_‡K wW¤^vYy wbtmwiZ nq| GQvov LH ni‡gvb dwjK‡ji w_Kv I MÖvYy‡jvmv †Kvl‡K wjDwUb †Kv‡l cwiYZ K‡i| wjDwUb †Kvl †_‡K †cÖv‡R‡÷ib ni‡gvb ÿwiZ nq| LH Gi wμqvi avivevwnKZvq †cÖv‡R‡÷ib ÿiY nq| wW¤^vkq wbtm„Z ni‡gv‡bi f~wgKv : wewfbœ ch©v‡q wW¤^vkq †_‡K `ywU ni‡gvb ÿwiZ nq| h_v: i) B‡÷ªv‡Rb (Estrogen) : wW¤^vkq dwjK‡ji ea©b I cwic°Zv AR©bKv‡j dwjK‡ji w_Kv I MÖvYy‡jvmv †Kvl¸‡jv cÖPzi gvÎvq B‡÷ªv‡Rb ni‡gvb ÿiY K‡i| wW¤^vk‡qi i³ msen‡bi gva¨‡g B‡÷ªv‡Rb Rivqy Ges Ab¨vb¨ ¯¿x †hŠbv½mn mviv‡`‡n Qwo‡q c‡o| Gi cÖfv‡e Rivqy cÖvPx‡ii G‡Ûv‡gwUªqv‡g bvbv ai‡bi KjvZvwË¡K cwieZ©b (†cÖvwjdv‡iwUf `kv) m¤úbœ nq| B‡÷ªv‡Rb Ab¨vb¨ Avbylw½K cwieZ©bmn †hŠb Kvgbv‡KI DÏxß K‡i| wW¤^vYy wbtmi‡Yi mgq dwjKj †f‡½ wM‡q m‡ev©”P gvÎvq B‡÷ªv‡Rb gy³ K‡i|

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ii) †cÖv‡R‡÷iY (Progesterone) : wW¤^vYy wbtmi‡Yi ci Pzc‡m hvIqv dwjKj Z_v Kc©vm jywUqvg †_‡K †cÖv‡R‡÷ib ÿwiZ nq| Gi cÖfv‡e Rivqyi G‡Ûv‡gwUªqvg å~Y avi‡Yi Rb¨ cÖ¯‘wZ MÖnY K‡i| G mgq Rivqy cÖvPxi wjDwUqvj ev wbtmªvex `kv AwZμg K‡i| wW¤^vYy wbwl³ bv n‡j Kc©vm jywUqvg Pzc‡m hvq Ges wbtmiY ÿgZv nvwi‡q †d‡j| †h Kvi‡Y †cÖv‡R‡÷ib mieivn AcwiewZ©Z _v‡K| GwU G‡Ûv‡gwUªqv‡g we`¨gvb Ae¯’v‡KI wUwK‡q iv‡L| Mf©avi‡Yi cÖ_g ch©v‡q Kgc‡ÿ GKwU Kc©vm jywUqv‡gi Dcw¯’wZ AZ¨vek¨K| †hŠbPμ wbqš¿‡Y ni‡gv‡bi wdWe¨vK †KŠkj: (1) wW¤^vkq P‡μi dwjK¸‡jvi (cÖvq 20wU) e„w× ch©v‡qi †klfv‡M †Kvb GKwU dwjKj AwZgvÎvq e„w× cvq| GB mgq dwjKj KZ©„K B‡÷ªv‡Rb ÿi‡Yi cwigvYI †e‡o hvq| GQvov wjDwUqvj ch©v‡qI Kc©vm jywUqvg †_‡K cÖPzi B‡÷ªv‡Rb ÿwiZ nq| i‡³ B‡÷ªv‡R‡bi evowZgvÎv AMÖwcUzBUvix †_‡K FSH Gi ÿiY evavMÖ¯’ K‡i| d‡j ea©Ykxj Ab¨vb¨ dwjKj¸‡jvi e„w× †_‡g hvq Ges μgvš^‡q Pzc‡m hvq| G‡K †b‡MwUf wdWe¨vK e‡j| †b‡MwUf wdWe¨K †KŠk‡ji gva¨‡g cÖwZgv‡m GKwU wW¤^vkq GwU wW¤^vYy wegy³ K‡i| (2) wjDwUqvj ch©v‡qi cÖ_gfv‡M Kc©vm jywUqvg †_‡K ch©vß gvÎvi †cÖv‡R‡÷iY Drcbœ nq| wW¤^vk‡q †Kvb cwic° dwjKj †_‡K †M‡jI GB ni‡gv‡bi cÖfv‡e AwZwi³ †Kvb wW¤^vYy wbtmwi‡Z n‡Z cv‡i bv| GwUI †b‡MwUf wdWe¨vK †KŠk‡ji gva¨‡g wbqš¿Z nq| †hŠbP‡μi 26Zg w`‡bi ci †b‡MwUf wdWe¨vK †KŠkj Avi Kvh©Ki _v‡K bv| KviY GB mgq Kc©vm jywUqvg webó n‡q hvq| Gi d‡j AMÖwcUzBUvix cybivq FSH Ges LH ÿi‡Yi my‡hvM cvq hv cieZx© †hŠbP‡μi m~Pbv NUvq| wkÿv_x©i KvR: gvbe‡`‡ni AšÍtÿivZš¿ †_‡K wbtm„Z ni‡gvb ïaygvÎ †h¸‡jv cÖRbb Kv‡R AskMÖnY K‡i †m¸‡jvi bv‡gi wecix‡Z mswkøó KvR wj‡L †kÖwYwkÿ‡Ki Kv‡Q Dc¯’vcb Ki‡e|

9.3 cÖRb‡bi wewfbœ ch©vq I `kv gvbe wkï Rb¥MÖnY Kivi mgq Zv‡`i cÖRbbZš¿ AcwiYZ Ae¯’vq _v‡K| eqm e„w×i mv‡_ mv‡_ GB cÖRbbZ‡š¿i weKvk N‡U| eqtmwÜKvj I iRtP‡μi g‡Zv ¸iæZ¡c~Y© ˆ`wnK cwieZ©‡bi gva¨‡g cÖvYx cÖRbbÿg nq| cieZx©‡Z M¨v‡gU m„wó, wb‡lK, Bgcøv‡›Ukb, åæY MVb I åæY ¯Í‡ii cwiYwZi gva¨‡g Rx‡ei cÖRbwbK ch©vq¸‡jv m¤úbœ nq|

9.3.1 iRtPµ (Menstrual cycle) e‡qvtmwÜKv‡ji ci †_‡K A_©vr †hŠbZv cÖvwßi ci †_‡K ¯¿x‡`i Rbb A½mg~‡n †hme wbqwgZ ch©vqμwgK cwieZ©b N‡U Zv‡K ¯¿x †hŠbPμ e‡j| GB Pμ cÖRb‡bi mv‡_ mwμqfv‡e RwoZ| Mf©aviYKvjxb mg‡q GB Pμ mvgwqKfv‡e eÜ _v‡K| nvB‡cv_¨vjvgvm-wcUzBUvix MÖwš’ †_‡K ÿwiZ

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iRtwbe„wZ (Menopose) : cyiæ‡l mviv Rxeb ïμvYy Drcv`b nq| wKš‘ ¯¿xi wW¤^vk‡q wW¤^vYy Drcv`b 42-45 erm‡ii g‡a¨ eÜ n‡q hvq| G Ae¯’v‡K iRtwbe„wZ (Menopose) e‡j| nVvr K‡i wKsev ax‡i ax‡i iRtwbe„wZ NU‡Z cv‡i| 9.3.2 eqtmwÜKvj I G mg‡qi cwieZ©b mg~n ˆK‡kvi AwZevwnZ nevi ci ciB bvix I cyiæ‡li †`‡n kvixwiK Ges gvbwmK cwieZ©‡bi mv‡_ mv‡_ kvixie„Ëxq A‡bK cwieZ©b ïiæ nq| d‡j †MŠY †hŠb êwk‡óï D™¢emn Rbbv‡½i cybe©ab N‡U| Rxe‡bi †h ch©v‡q bvix I cyiæ‡li †MŠY êwk‡óï D™¢emn cÖRbbZ‡š¿i A½¸‡jv mwμqZv jv‡f mg_© nq Zv‡K eq:mwÜKvj (Adolescense) e‡j| G mgq cyiæ‡li †Muvd ùvwo MRvq, KÚ¯^‡ii cwieZ©b N‡U Ges ¯¿xi ¯Íb ùxZ nq, †`n I g‡b bvixm~jf êwkó¨ cÖKvk cvq Ges †Pnvivq jveY¨ dz‡U I‡V| AvenvIqv, Rjevqy Ges eskMZ Kvi‡Y wewfbœ AÂ‡j bvix-cyiæ‡li eqtmwÜKvj GK iKg bq| Avgv‡ì †`‡k †Q‡jiv 13-15 eQ‡ii g‡a¨ Ges †g‡qiv 11-14 eQ‡ii g‡a¨ eqtmwÜKv‡j †cŠu‡Q hvq| eqtmwÜKv‡j †cuŠQv‡bi 1/2 eQ‡ii g‡a¨ †g‡qiv Ges 3/4 eQ‡ii g‡a¨ †Q‡jiv cÖRbb ÿgZv AR©b K‡i| eqtmwÜKvj cÖvwß‡Z ni‡gv‡bi we‡kl f~wgKv i‡q‡Q| eqtmwÜKv‡j †cuŠQv‡j cyiæl Ges ¯¿x‡jv‡Ki bvbv ai‡bi †hŠb ni‡gvb wbtm„Z nIqv ïiæ nq| Gme ni‡gvb cyiæl I ¯¿x‡jv‡Ki gvbwmK, kvixwiK I kvixie„Ëxq êwkó¨vewji MVb I weKvk wbqš¿Y K‡i| cyiæl I ¯¿x Df‡qiB wcUzBUvwi MÖwš’i m¤§yL Ask †_‡K jywUbvBwRsni‡gvb (LH) Ges dwjKj& w÷gy‡jwUs ni‡gvb (FSH) wb:m„Z nq| Gme ni‡gvb Ab¨vb¨ ni‡gv‡bi wbtmiY I Kvh©KvwiZv wbqš¿Y K‡i| †Q‡j‡ì e‡qvtmwÜKvjxb cwieZ©bˆ`wnK cwieZ©b: gyL, eMj I †kªvYx‡`‡k †jvg MRvq, †ckx ewjô I myMwVZ nq, KÉ¯î fvwi I Mfxi nq| kvixie„wËK cwieZ©b: ü`wc‡Ûi MwZ I i³Pvc e„w× cvq, k¦vm-cÖk¦vm Mfxi nq, wecvKxq nvi e„w× cvq, †jvwnZ i³KwYKv A‡bK e„w× cvq, Rbbv‡½i ni‡gvb Drcbœ I ÿwiZ n‡Z _v‡K, ïμvYymn exh© Drcbœ I öwjZ nq Ges Avbylvw½K Rbb A½ myMwVZ I Kvh©ÿg n‡q D‡V| gvbwmK cwieZ©b: wecixZ wj‡½i cÖwZ AvKl©Y Abyf~Z nq Ges wewPÎ †Lqvj I fve g‡b †R‡M D‡V| †g‡q‡ì e‡qvtmwÜKvjxb cwieZ©bˆ`wnK cwieZ©b: ïaygvÎ eMj I †kªvYx‡`‡k †jvg MRvq, †Kvgi I wbZ‡¤^ †g` mwÂZ nq, ¯Í‡b cÖPzi †g` mwÂZ n‡q DbœZ nq Ges †g‡qjx ¯î cÖKvk cvq| kvixie„wËK cwieZ©b: ü`wc‡Ûi MwZ I i³Pvc e„w× cvq, k¦vm-cÖk¦vm Mfxi nq, wecvKxq nvi n«vm cvq, †jvwnZ i³KwYKv n«vm cvq, Rbbv‡½i ni‡gvb Drcbœ I ÿwiZ n‡Z _v‡K, iRtPμ Avi¤¢ nq Ges Avbylvw½K Rbb A½ myMwVZ I Kvh©ÿg n‡q D‡V| gvbwmK cwieZ©b: wecixZ wj‡½i cÖwZ AvKl©Y Abyf~Z nq Ges bvixmyjf gvbwmKZvi cÖKvk N‡U| wkÿv_x©i KvR: wkÿv_x©iv `ywU `‡j wef³ n‡q cyiæl I ¯¿x‡ì eqtmwÜKvjxb cwieZ©b¸‡jv Q‡Ki gva¨‡g Dc¯’vcb Ki‡e|

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9.3.3 M¨v‡gU m„wó (Gamate formation) †hŠb Rb‡b AskMÖnYKvix cÖvwY‡`i †`‡n M¨vwg‡Uv‡R‡bwmm cÖwμqvq (Gametogenesis, Gr. gamos-marriage ; genesis – origin) Rbb †Kvl ev M¨vwgU m„wó nq| †MvbvW Gi Rvwg©bvj †Kvl †_‡K ch©vqμwgK gvB‡Uvwmm I gv‡qvwmm wefvR‡bi gva¨‡g M¨vwgU Drcbœ nq| Gi d‡j wWcø‡qW (2n) Rvwg©bvj †Kvl †_‡K n¨vcø‡qW (n) Rbb †Kvl Drcbœ nq Ges cÖRvwZi †Kªv‡gv‡mvg msL¨vi wbw`©óZv eRvq iv‡L| †hŠbRbbÿg cwiYZ cyiæl cÖvYx ïμvk‡q Ges ¯¿x cÖvwYi wW¤^vk‡q we`¨gvb Rvwg©bvj Gwc‡_wjqvg †Kvl †_‡K ïμvYy I wW¤^vYyi m„wó nq| ïμvYyi DrcwË : kyμvYy Drcv`‡bi c×wZ‡K ¯úvg©v‡Uv‡R‡bwmm e‡j| kyμvk‡qi wKQy B›Uviw÷wkqvj †Kvl iƒcvšÍwiZ n‡q kyμvYy gvZ…‡Kvl MVb K‡i| G †KvlMy‡jv wefvwRZ n‡q ¯úvg©v‡Uv‡Mvwbqv MVb K‡i| ¯úvg©v‡Uv‡Mvwbqv gvB‡Uvwmm c×wZ‡Z wefvwRZ n‡q ¯úvg©v‡UvmvBU MVb K‡i| hv wg‡qvwmm c×wZ‡Z 4wU n¨vcø‡qW (n) ¯úvg©vwUW MVb K‡i| ¯úvg©vwUW¸‡jv wbw®Œq _v‡K| ¯úvwgI‡R‡bwmm cÖwμqvi gva¨‡g ¯úvg©vwUW¸‡jv iƒcvšÍwiZ n‡q ÿz`ª g¯ÍK, MÖxev I †jR wewkó mPj kyμvYy MVb K‡i| wW¤^vYyi m„wó : wW¤^vYyi Drcv`b c×wZ‡K DI‡R‡bwmm e‡j| GB‡¶‡Î wW¤^vk‡qi wKQy B›Uviw÷wkqvj †Kvl wW¤^vYy gvZ…‡Kv‡l cwiYZ nq| hv gvB‡Uvwmm cÖwμqvq wefvwRZ n‡q DI‡Mvwbqv MVb K‡i| wW¤^vk‡qi †K‡›`ª Aew¯’Z DI‡MvwbqvgwU e„w× †c‡q DImvB‡U cwiYZ nq| DImvB‡U Amg wg‡qvwmm NUvi d‡j 1wU DIwUW I 3wU †cvjvi ewW Drcbœ nq| DIwUW iƒcvšÍwiZ n‡q wW¤^vYy‡Z cwiYZ nq| †cvjviewW¸‡jv cieZx©‡Z bó n‡q hvq|

9.3.4 wb‡lK (Fertilization) cÖvwYi wb‡lK GKwU RwUj cÖwμqv| c~Y©Zv cÖvß Rbb‡Kv‡lB †Kej wb‡lK N‡U| wb‡lK cÖwμqv `ywU ci ci msNwUZ ch©v‡qi gva¨‡g m¤úbœ nq| wW¤^vYy mwμqKiY (Activation of the egg): wW¤^vYyi mwμqKiY cÖwμqv wb¤œwjwLZ K‡qKwU avivevwnK NUbvi g‡a¨ w`‡q mgvß nq: M¨vwg‡Ui mvÿvZ I mshyw³: wW¤^vYyi AvKvi eo nIqvq Ges ïμvYy AmsL¨ cwigv‡Y _vKvq ïμvYy¸‡jvi c‡ÿ wW¤^vYyi ms¯ú‡k© Avmv mnRmva¨ nq| wW¤^vYy I ïμvYy wbtm„Z dvwU©jvBwRb (fertilizin) Ges A¨vw›UdvwU©jvBwRb (antifertilzin) bvgK ivmvqwbK c`v_© G‡`i‡K mshy³ Ki‡Z mvnvh¨ K‡i| A¨v‡μv‡mv‡gi cÖwZwμqv Ges ïμvYyi cÖ‡ek (Reaction of acrosome and sperm penetration) : wW¤^vYyi Mv‡Î ïμvYyi ms¯úk© nIqvi cÖwμqvwU wb‡l‡Ki cÖv_wgK ch©vq| Gi c‡iB ïμvYywU wW¤^vYyi Z¡K †f` K‡i †fZ‡i cÖ‡ek K‡i| wW¤^vYyi Pvicv‡k dwjK&j †Kvl mgwš^Z †Rvbv †cjywmWv Ges K‡ivbv †iwW‡qUv bvgK AveiYx _v‡K| GB AveiY †f` Ki‡Z ïμvYyi A¨v‡μv‡mvg †_‡K jvBwmb (Lysin)

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bvgK GK cÖKvi ivmvqwbK c`v_© wbtm„Z nq| G Dr‡mPK AveiYx¸‡jv‡K G‡Ki ci GK `ªexf~Z K‡i ïμvYyi c_ cwi®‹vi K‡i †`q| AveiYx‡Z we‡klfv‡e m„ó GK ev GKvwaK bvjxc‡_ ïμvYy cÖ‡ek K‡i| G bvjxc_‡K gvB‡μvcvBj (micropyle) e‡j| ïμvYy wW¤^vYyi AveiYxi ms¯ú‡k© Avmvi c‡i Gi g¯Í‡Ki A¨v‡μv‡mv‡gi AvK…wZMZ cwieZ©b †`Lv hvq| A¨v‡μv‡mv‡gi ¯^”Q †K›`ªxq Ask μgkt j¤^v Zš‘ ev m~² bvjxKv aviY K‡i| G‡K A¨v‡μv‡mvgvj ZšÍy (Acrosomal filament) e‡j| wW¤^vYyi ewnt¯Íixq cwieZ©b (Cortical change of egg) : A¨v‡μv‡mvg Zš‘ wW¤^vYyi Mv‡Î ¯úk© Kiv gvÎ wW¤^vYy †`‡n bvbv cwieZ©b mvwaZ nq| GKwU ïμvYy wW¤^vYy cÖvPxi we`xY© Kivi m‡½ m‡½ Gi fvB‡UjvBb AveiYx cøvRgv †gg‡eªb †_‡K mvgvb¨ Dc‡i D‡V hvq, d‡j `ywU AveiYxi gvSLv‡b †h duvKv ¯’vb m„wó nq Zv‡K †cwifvB‡UjvBb ¯’vb e‡j| cieZx©‡Z G duvKv ¯’vb Ry‡o fvB‡UjvBb I †cwifvB‡UjvBb AveiYx GK‡Î wg‡j wb‡lK wSjøx (fertilization membrane) bv‡g Av‡iKwU AveiYx m„wó K‡i| Gi d‡j cieZx©‡Z Avi †Kv‡bv ïμvYy wbwl³ wW¤^vYy‡Z cÖ‡ek Ki‡Z cv‡i bv | A¨vwçwgw·m (Amphimixis) : mvB‡UvcøvR‡g ïμvYy cÖ‡e‡ki ci wW¤^vYy mwμq n‡q D‡V| Gi ciB wW¤^vYy I ïμvYy †cÖvwbDwK¬qv‡mi (Pronucleus) ci¯úi wgjb nq| wW¤^vYy I ïμvYy †cÖvwbDwK¬qv‡mi wgjb‡K A¨vwçwgw·m (Amphimixis) e‡j| G‡ÿ‡Î †Kej wbDwK¬qvm `ywUi AveiYx †f‡½ hvq Ges G‡ì †μv‡gv‡mvg¸‡jv DIcøvR‡g gy³ nq| Dfq‡ÿ‡Î gvZv-wcZvi †μv‡gv‡mvg¸‡jv Zv‡ì ¯^KxqZv eRvq iv‡L| RvB‡MvU MV‡bi ga¨w`‡q wb‡lK cÖwμqv †kl nq| 9.3.5 Mf©aviY (Implantation) wW¤^vYy wb‡l‡Ki ciciB m„ó RvB‡Mv‡U †Kvl wefvRb ïiæ nq| †Kvl wefvRb‡K wK¬‡fR (cleavage) e‡j| wK¬‡f‡Ri d‡j cÖ_‡g giæjv (morula), AZtci eøv÷zjv (blastula) m„wó nq| eøv÷zjv MVbKvix †Kvl‡K eøv‡÷vwgqvi (blastomere), wfZ‡ii Uª‡dveøv÷ MnŸi‡K eøv‡÷vwmj (blastocoel), evB‡ii AveiY eøv‡÷vwmj m„wóKvix eøv‡÷vwgqvi‡K †Uªv‡dveøv÷ (trophoblast), Ges wfZ‡ii mg‡eZ †Kvl ¸”Q‡K AšÍt¯’ †Kvl¸”Q (inner Ggeªv‡qveøv÷ cell mass) e‡j| G Ae¯’vq MVbwU eøv‡÷vwm÷ (blastocyst) bv‡g cwiwPZ| †d‡jvwcqvb bvwj wPÎ 9.6: GKwU eøv‡÷vwm÷ AwZμgKv‡j eøv‡÷vwm÷ MwVZ nq| eøv‡÷vwm÷ Rivqy‡Z †cuŠQvi ci †Rvbv c¨vjywmWv Aejyß nq Ges wb‡l‡Ki 6-9 w`‡bi g‡a¨ eøv‡÷vwm÷wU G‡Ûv‡gwUªqv‡g †cÖvw_Z nq| eøv‡÷vwm÷ G‡Ûv‡gwUªqv‡g †cÖvw_Z ev †ivwcZ nIqvi c×wZ‡KB Bgcøv‡›Ukb e‡j| Mf©avi‡Yi ci †Uªv‡dveøv÷ `ywU ¯Í‡i wef³ nq| evB‡ii ¯Íi‡K †KvwiIb (chorion) e‡j| †KvwiIb †_‡K G‡Ûv‡gwUªqv‡gi Af¨šÍi fv‡M Av½y‡ji b¨vq Awf‡ÿc m„wó nq| Awf‡ÿç‡jv‡K †KvwiIwbK wfjvB (chorionic villi) e‡j| †KvwiIwbK wfjvB Gi gva¨‡gB Rivqy I †Uªv‡dveøv‡÷i g‡a¨ cywó, Aw·‡Rb I eR©¨ c`v‡_©i Av`vb cÖ`vb N‡U| cieZx©‡Z cøv‡m›Uv Øviv G KvRwU m¤úvw`Z nq|

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9.3.6 åƒY MVb (Formation of embryo) Ggeªv‡qv‡R‡bwmm (Embryogenesis) cÖwμqv †hŠb cÖRbbÿg cÖvwYi RvB‡MvU åæ‡Y cwiYZ nq| cªvwYi åƒY MVb cÖwμqv wK¬‡fR, M¨v÷ªy‡jkb I AM©v‡bv‡R‡bwm‡mi gva¨‡g m¤úbœ nq| wK¬‡fR (Cleavage): wK¬‡fR n‡jv åæY MV‡bi cÖv_wgK ch©vq| G ch©v‡q m„ó RvB‡MvUwU μg gvB‡Uvwmm wefvR‡bi gva¨‡g cÖ_‡g giæjv I c‡i eøv÷zjvq cwiYZ nq| åƒY eøv÷zjvq cwiYZ nIqvi mv‡_ mv‡_ wK¬‡fR `kvi cwimgvwß N‡U| M¨v÷ªy‡jkb (Gastrulation) : M¨v÷ªy‡jkb GKwU ¸iæZ¡c~Y© cÖwµqv| G cÖwµqvq eøv÷zjvi GKwU wbw`©ó AÂj µgvš^‡q eøv‡÷vwm‡ji wfZ‡ii w`‡K cÖ‡ek K‡i| d‡j eøv‡÷vwmj Aejyß nq Ges `yB ¯Íi †Kvlwewkó GKwU Kv‡ci b¨vq MVb m„wó nq| G‡K M¨v÷ªyjv (gastrula) Ges M¨v÷ªyjvi wfZ‡i bZzb m„ó MnŸi‡K Av‡K©b‡Uib (archenteron) e‡j| Av‡K©b‡Uib eøv‡÷v‡cvi (blastopore) bvgK GKwU wQ‡`ªi gva¨‡g evB‡ii mv‡_ mshy³| M¨v÷ªyjv ˆZwii cÖwμqv‡KB M¨v÷ªy‡jkb e‡j| AM©v‡bv‡R‡bwmm (Organogenesis) : M¨v÷zª‡jk‡b m„ó wewfbœ å~Y¯Íi †_‡K wewfbœ A½ ev Zš¿ MVb Kivi cÖwμqv‡K AM©v‡bv‡R‡bwmm e‡j| wZbwU åƒYxq ¯Í‡iiB Awfbœ †KvlwcÛ †QvU †QvU †Kvl My‡”Q wew”Qbœ nq| cÖ‡Z¨K ¸”Q cÖvwY‡`‡ni wbw`©ó A½ ev Ask wbg©vY K‡i| Gme †Kvl¸”Q‡K G‡KKwU A‡½i Kzuwo e‡j| giæjv `kv AvU †Kvlwewkó `kv Pvi †Kvlwewkó `kv `yB †Kvlwewkó `kv RvB‡MvU `kv G‡±vWvg© †hme Kzuwo‡Z åƒYxq ¯Íi¸‡jvi Dcwefw³ eøv‡÷vwgqvi G‡ÛvWvg© N‡U Zv‡`i cÖvBgvwi A½Kzuwo e‡j| G‡`i eøv‡÷vwmj †g‡mvWvg© Av‡K©‡›Uib K‡qKwU †ek RwUj Ges Ggb KZ¸‡jv eøv‡÷v‡cvi cÖvK M¨v÷ªyjv `kv †Kvl wb‡q MwVZ hviv GKwU m¤ú~Y© A½Zš¿ eøv÷ªyjv `kv M¨v÷ªyjv `kv ˆZwi‡ZI mÿg| cÖvBgvwi A½Kzuwo AviI wPÎ 9.7: wK¬‡fR I åƒYxq †Kvl¯Íi MVb wef³ n‡q †m‡KÛvwi A½Kzuwo‡Z cwiYZ nq| Gme Kzuwo †_‡K Drcbœ nq †m‡KÛvwi A½| G Ae¯’vq åƒY c~Y©v½ cÖvYx ev jvf©vi †`nvK…wZ jvf K‡i| e„w× (Growth) : mKj A½ m„wó nIqvi ci m¤ú~Y© åæYwUi μgea©gvb Ae¯’v Av‡m| A_©vr †`‡ni Aeqe I AvqZb e„w× cvq| we‡f`b (Differentiation): RvB‡MvU μ‡g wef³ n‡q eû‡Kv‡l cwiYZ nq| G †Kvl¸‡jv cÖ_g Ae¯’vq me ¸Ym¤úbœ n‡jI cieZx© wefvRb `kvq Giv c„_K n‡q hvq| d‡j wKQy wKQy †Kvl¸”Q †Kv‡bv †Kv‡bv we‡kl A½ m„wó Ki‡Z cv‡i| Giƒc c„_KxKiY cÖwμqv‡K we‡f`b (Differentiation) e‡j| wkÿv_x©i KvR: wkÿv_x©iv cÖvwYi åæY MV‡bi avcmg~n †iLwP‡Îi gva¨‡g †kÖwY K‡ÿ Dc¯’vcb Ki‡e|

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9.3.7 wZbwU å~Yxq ¯Í‡ii cwiYwZ (Fate of germ layers) cÖvwY‡`‡ni wewfbœ Kjvi DrmB n‡”Q wZbwU åƒYxq †Kvl¯Íi A_©vr G‡±vWvg©, †g‡mvWvg© I G‡ÛvWvg©| wb‡gœ cÖvwY‡Z wewfbœ Kjvi Drm I Zv †_‡K m„ó wewfbœ A‡½i mswÿß eY©bv †`qv n‡jv : G‡±vWvg© ev ewntZ¡‡Ki cwiYwZ : cÖv_wgK ch©v‡q åƒ‡Yi mgMÖ‡`‡ni evB‡ii AveiYx MwVZ nq G‡±vWv‡g©i †Kvl w`‡q| G‡±vWv‡g©i GB †Kvl¯Íi †g‡mvWv‡g©i †g‡mbKvBg †Kvlmg~‡ni mv‡_ mw¤§wjZfv‡e †`‡ni Z¡K MVb K‡i| Z¡‡Ki GwcWvwg©m MwVZ nq G‡±vWvg©vj †Kvl¯Íi †_‡K| Z¡‡Kv™¢yZ wewfbœ MÖwš’, Pzj, bL Ges †Pv‡Li †jÝ BZ¨vw` m„wó nq GwcWvwg©m †_‡K| ZvQvov AšÍtK‡Y©i Ask, cvqyi AveiY, `uv‡Zi Gbv‡gjmn gyL MnŸi, mgMÖ mœvqyZš¿ I wKQy †cwk G‡±vWvg© †_‡K m„wó nq| †g‡mvWvg© ev ga¨Z¡‡Ki cwiYwZ : åƒY weKv‡ki mgq G‡ÛvWvg© †_‡K †g‡mWv‡g©i m„wó nq Ges G‡±vWvg© I G‡ÛvWv‡g©i gv‡S Ae¯’vb K‡i| †g‡mvWvg© n‡Z Drcbœ nq AwaKvsk †cwk, †g`Kjv, Z¡‡Ki wfZ‡ii Ask, me ai‡bi †hvRKKjv, Ges `uv‡Zi †Ww›Ub (dentine)| K¼vjZš¿, i³msenbZš¿ Ges †iPb RbbZ‡š¿i AwaKvskI †g‡mvWvg© †_‡K m„wó nq| wm‡jvwgK Gwc‡_wjqvg (Coelomic epithelium), †g‡m›Uvwi (mesentary), †cŠw÷K bvjxi evB‡ii ¯Íi, BD‡÷wkqvb bvjx (eustasian canal) Ges KLbI KLbI ga¨K‡Y©i wKbvivI G ¯Íi †_‡K m„wó nq| G‡ÛvWvg© ev AšÍtZ¡‡Ki cwiYwZ : åƒYxq Av‡K©‡›Ui‡bi AšÍ:AveiYx e¨wZZ Gi m¤úbœ AskB MwVZ nq G‡ÛvWvg© †_‡K| GB Av‡K©‡›Uib †_‡K m„wó nq G‡ÛvWvg© D™¢Z †`‡ni Ab¨vb¨ A½vw`| G‡ÛvWvg© cÖvwY‡`‡ni me‡P‡q wfZ‡ii ¯Íi| G ¯Íi †_‡K †cŠw÷Kbvjxi wfZ‡ii AveiY, me A‡½i Gwc‡_wjqvg Ask hv ewnte„w×iƒ‡c m„wó nq A_©vr k¦mbZš¿, _vBi‡qW I _vBgvmMÖwš’, hK…Z I AMœ¨vkq m„wó n‡q _v‡K| †Kv‡bv †Kv‡bv †ÿ‡Î G‡ÛvWvg© ga¨K‡Y©i AveiY Ges †iPb RbbZ‡š¿i mvgvb¨ Ask MV‡bI Ae`vb iv‡L|

9.4 Mf©ve¯’v I cwiPh©v wbqgvbyhvqx Mf©eZx bvix‡K cixÿv Kiv I wewfbœ wel‡q wb‡`©k †`qv‡K Mf©ve¯’vq cwiPh©v e‡j| wbivc` gvZ…‡Z¡i Rb¨ GwU GKvšÍ cÖ‡qvRb| GKRb gwnjv hLb cÖ_g ev‡ii Rb¨ Mf©aviY K‡ib Zvi Kv‡Q A‡bK wKQzB ARvbv _v‡K, GB mvgvb¨ wKQz ARvbv Z‡_¨i Rb¨ A‡bK ai‡bi Kzms¯‹vi gv‡qi ci Pvwc‡q †`q A‡b‡KB| evsjv‡`‡ki g‡Zv DbœqbKvgx †`‡k Mf©RwbZ Kvi‡Y gv‡qi g„Zz¨nvi DbœZ we‡k¦i Zzjbvq A‡bK †ewk| †Kv‡bv †Kv‡bv †ÿ‡Î `y-wZbÕk ¸Y †ewk| GRb¨ Mf©avi‡bi ciciB GKRb ¯¿x‡ivM wPwKrm‡Ki kiYvcbœ nIqv DwPZ| G‡Z †h ïay gv my¯’¨ _vK‡e Zv bq, M‡f©i wkïwUi wbivcËvI Gi mv‡_ RwoZ| mvaviYfv‡e G mgqUv‡K gv‡K Aí wKQz wb‡`©k †g‡b Pj‡Z nq| Mf©ve¯’vq cwiPh©vi gyL¨ D‡Ïk¨ n‡”QÑ Mf©RwbZ Kvi‡Y gv I wkïi g„Zz¨ cÖwZ‡iva Kiv, wbivc` gvZ…‡Z¡i Rb¨ gv‡qi ¯^v‡¯’¨i DbœwZ Kiv, Mf©RwbZ wKQy †ivM ev RwUj mgm¨v wbY©q, cÖwZ‡iva ev wPwKrmv Kiv, wb‡Ri Dci cwic~Y© Av¯’v ivLvi Rb¨ gvbwmK Ae¯’vi DbœwZ Kiv, Mf©eZx bvix‡K Lv`¨-cywó, mvaviY ¯^v¯’¨wewa I wkïi hZœ wel‡q wkÿv`vb Kiv|

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wPwKrm‡Ki civgk© MÖnY : AšÍtmË¡v Ae¯’vi ïiæ‡ZB wPwKrmK‡K w`‡q cixÿv Kiv‡bv I Zuvi Dc‡`k †bqv DwPZ| cÖ_g cixÿvi ci 28 mßvn ch©šÍ gv‡m GKevi, 29-36 mßvn ch©šÍ gv‡m `yevi I 37 mßvn †_‡K cÖme bv nIqv ch©šÍ mßv‡n GKevi cixÿv Kiv‡bv DwPZ| G QvovI KL‡bv †Kv‡bv mgm¨v †`Lv w`‡j wba©vwiZ w`‡bi Av‡MB wPwKrm‡Ki civgk© wb‡Z n‡e| cÖ_g cixÿvi mgq i³ I cÖmvª e cixÿv Kwi‡q wb‡Z nq| i‡³i MÖæc, †hŠb‡ivM, i³ kK©iv I wn‡gv‡Møvwe‡bi cwigvY Rvbvi Rb¨ i³ cixÿv Kiv nq|

Mfve¯’vq cvjbxq welq: Lv`¨ I cywó : Mf©eZx gv‡qi cywói DciB wbf©i K‡i Mf©¯’ wkïi e„w×, weKvk I fwel¨r Rxe‡b fv‡jv _vKv| ZvB mylg mnRcvP¨ I mwVK cwigvY Avnvi cÖ‡qvRb| Mf©ve¯’vq mylg Avnvi ej‡Z †evSvq †ewk cwigvY †cÖvwUb, mwVK cwigvY kK©iv I Kg cwigvY Pwe© RvZxq Lv‡`ï m‡½ Dchy³ cwigvY †jŠn, K¨vjwmqvg, wfUvwgb I Ab¨vb¨ c`v_©, h_v: wR¼, dwjK GwmW, cUvwmqvg cÖf„wZ| gv‡qi Lv`¨ †_‡K †h cwigvY †jŠn Av‡m Zv‡Z Mf©Kvjxb †jŠ‡ni cÖ‡qvRb †g‡U bv, ZvB cÖwZw`b 200 wgwjMÖvg †divm mvj‡dU ewo †meb Ki‡Z nq| GKRb 50 †KwR IR‡bi Mf©eZx bvixi ˆ`wbK 2500 K¨vjwi ìKvi| cÖwZw`b 6-8 Møvm †dvUv‡bv cvwb LvIqv cÖ‡qvRb| Mf©ve¯’vq †KvôKvwV‡bï cÖeYZv _v‡K| Gi mgvavbK‡í †ewk cwigvY kvKmwâ LvIqv ìKvi| ZvQvov ïK‡bv †LRyi I exR Lvevi ZvwjKvq ivLv DwPZ| cv‡Z evowZ jeY, iv¯ÍvNv‡Ui Acwi®‹vi Lvevi, UK-Svj-gkjv`vi Lvevi, fvRv, PvUwb BZ¨vw` LvIqv Mf©ve¯’vq Gwo‡q Pjv DwPZ| ùvZ : Mf©ve¯’vq ùv‡Zi gvwo †_‡K i³ÿi‡Yi m¤¢vebv _v‡K| ZvB G iKg ùvZ Zzj‡Z †M‡j wec` n‡Z cv‡i| Gme e¨vcvi cwinvi Ki‡Z n‡e| ¯Íb : ¯Íbe„šÍ ¯Í‡bi g‡a¨ Xy‡K _vK‡j Zv Dc‡i DVv‡bvi †Póv Ki‡Z n‡e hv‡Z cÖm‡ei ci wkï‡K ¯Íb¨`v‡b †Kv‡bv mgm¨v bv nq| G Rb¨ †Kv‡bv wμg eënvi Kiv DwPZ| Zv bv n‡j `ya R‡g wM‡q ¯Í‡bI bvbv K‡ói m¤¢vebv evwo‡q †Zv‡j| wekªvg I wb`ªv : Mf©ve¯’vq cwiwgZ wekªvg ìKvi| `ycy‡i `yN›Uv, iv‡Z AvU N›Uv wekªvg †bqv DwPZ| me mgq euv cv‡k KvZ n‡q †kvqv DwPZ| G‡Z wkïi weKvk ¯^vfvweK nq| ¯^vfvweK KvRK‡g© evav †bB, Z‡e fvwi KvRKg© Kiv G‡Kev‡iB DwPZ bq| Z¡K : Mf©ve¯’vq Zj‡c‡Ui Pvgovq Uvb covi Rb¨ †hvRK Kjvi Zš‘¸‡jv wQu‡o hvq| d‡j Zj‡c‡U mv`v `vM c‡o| G Ae¯’v Gov‡Z n‡j Mf©ve¯’vq cÖ_g gvm †_‡K cÖm‡ei c‡iI K‡qK gvm ey‡K I †c‡U †ivR †Zj gvwjk Ki‡Z n‡e| KL‡bv †m RvqMv bL w`‡q AuvPov‡bv DwPZ bq| †Mvmj I †cvlvK-cwi”Q` : †ivR †Mvmj K‡i kixi cwi®‹vi cwi”Qbœ ivL‡Z n‡e| †Mvmj Kivi mgq †hb wcQ‡j c‡o bv hvq †mw`‡K we‡kl mZK© _vK‡Z n‡e| Mf©RwbZ Kvi‡Y M‡f©i †kl gvm¸‡jv‡Z wcQ‡j covi m¤¢vebv †ewk _v‡K| Mf©ve¯’vq wX‡jXvjv Kvco civ DwPZ| evsjv‡`‡ki g‡Zv MÖx®§cÖavb †`‡k AvenvIqvi m‡½ Lvc LvB‡q myZxi Kvco-†Pvco civ ¯^v¯’¨m¤§Z| Lye Av‡Uvmv‡Uv †cvkvK I DuPz wn‡ji RyZv cwinvi Kiv ìKvi|

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ågY : SuvKzwbhy³ K¬vwšÍKi ågY Mf©ve¯’vq cÖ_g wZb gvm I †kl `ygvm bv KivB fv‡jv| ev‡mi †P‡q †ij I wegv‡bi ågY-SzuwK A‡bK Kg| Jlya, a~gcvb I g`¨cvb : Mf©ve¯’vq we‡kl K‡i cÖ_g wZb gvm AZ¨šÍ mZK©Zvi m‡½ Ges wbivc` mywbwðZ †R‡b Z‡eB Jla †meb Kiv DwPZ| KviY A‡bK Jla Mf©¯’ wkïi gvivZ¥K ÿwZ K‡i _v‡K| Mf©ve¯’vq a~gcvb I g`¨cvb AbywPZ| Zv bv n‡j Kg IR‡bi wkï wKsev weKjv½ wkïi Rb¥ n‡Z cv‡i| †hŠb mnevm : M‡f©i cÖ_g wZb gvm I †kl †ò gvm †hŠb wgjb †_‡K weiZ _vKv DwPZ| G‡Z Mf©cvZ, AKvj cÖme I msμg‡Yi m¤¢vebv _v‡K| UxKv : Mf©ve¯’vq cÂg I lô gv‡m wU‡Ubvm U·vB‡Wi GKwU gvÎv †bqv DwPZ| G‡Z ïay gv-B bq beRvZ wkï †ò gvm eqm ch©šÍ fqsKi abyósKvi (wU‡Ubvm) †ivM †_‡K iÿv cvq| wkÿv_x©i KvR: wkÿv_x©iv K‡qKwU `‡j fvM n‡q Mf©ve¯’vq gv‡q‡ì cwiPh©vi wel‡q GKwU mycvwikgvjv wjL‡e|

9.5 Mf©wb‡ivaK c×wZ I cwievi cwiKíbv 9.5.1 Mf©wb‡ivaK c×wZ †h me DcKi‡Yi mvnv‡h¨ A_ev hvi gva¨‡g Mf©aviY †iva Kiv hvq †m me DcKiY ev gva¨g‡K Mf©wb‡ivaK c×wZ ejv nq| GK K_vq ejv hvq †h, gwnjv‡ì AbvKvswLZ Mf©aviY Gov‡Z mnvqZvKvix c×wZB n‡”Q Mf©wb‡ivaK c×wZ| †hme `¤úwZiv KvswLZ cwievi MV‡bi A_©vr Mf©wb‡iva‡b B”QzK Zv‡ì Rb¥wbqš¿‡Yi g~jbxwZ Ges Mf©wb‡ivaK c×wZ m¤ú‡K© my¯úó aviYv _vK‡Z n‡e, Zvn‡j Mf©wb‡ivaK c×wZ h_vh_ eënvi m¤¢e n‡e| Mf©wb‡ivaK c×wZmg~n: gwnjv I cyiæ‡li eënv‡ii Rb¨ wewfbœ cÖKvi Rb¥wbqš¿Y c×wZ i‡q‡Q| G c×wZ¸‡jv‡K cÖavbZ wZbfv‡M fvM Kiv hvq| h_vmbvZb ev kvixwiK c×wZ: Mf©vavb †iv‡ai me‡P‡q mnR Dcvq nj †hŠbmsmM© bv Kiv, A_©vZ cyiælv½ ev †hŠbv‡½i msmM© bv NUv‡bv A_ev Avi GKUz ms‡kvwaZ Dcvq nj gwnjv‡ì cÖRbb e„‡Ëi w`b¸wj‡Z cyiælv½-ev †hŠbv‡½i mskÖe bv Kiv| G‡ÿ‡Î `¤úwZ‡K LyeB `vwqZ¡evb Ges mshgx n‡Z n‡e| ivmvqwbK c×wZ: GB c×wZ‡Z Mf©aviY †iv‡a wewfbœ cÖKvi ivmvqwbK c`v_© eënvi Kiv nq| G c×wZ‡Z μxg, †Rjx, †dvg U¨ve‡jU, †dvg A¨v‡ivmj BZ¨vw` c`v_© mnev‡mi Av‡M bvixi †hvwbc‡_ eënvi Kiv nq| Bnv cyiæ‡li ïμKxU¸‡jv‡K Rivqy‡Z cÖ‡e‡k evav †`q| cÖ‡Rm‡Uv‡Rb U¨ve‡jU cÖwZw`b bvixi †hvwbc‡_ eënvi Ki‡j ïμKxU mšÍi‡Y mvnvh¨Kvix wgDKvm †Rjxi gZ c`v‡_© cwiYZ n‡q ïμKxU¸‡jv Rivqy‡Z cÖ‡e‡k evavMÖ¯’ K‡i| hvwš¿K c×wZ: GB c×wZ‡Z Mf©aviY †iv‡a wewfbœ cÖKvi hvwš¿K Dcv`vb ev cÖwZ‡ivaK eënvi Kiv nq| Gi g‡a¨ D‡jøL‡hvM¨ n‡jvÑ KbWg, Wvqvd«vg, AvBBDwW/Kcvi-wU, wUD‡eKUgx I f¨v‡m±gx Ges Mf©wb‡ivaK Bb‡RKkb |

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9.5.2 cwievi cwiKíbv RbmsL¨v c„w_exi mKj †`‡ki Rb¨B m¤ú`¯îƒc| wKš‘ RbmsL¨vi gvÎvwZwi³Zv mgm¨vi m„wó K‡i| ZvB eZ©gvb we‡k¦i cÖwZwU †`‡kB RbmsL¨v wbqš¿‡Yi Dci †Rvi †`qv n‡q‡Q| evsjv‡`‡kI RbmsL¨v e„w× Ggb nv‡i Pj‡Q hv †`‡ki Dbœq‡bi Rb¨ ûgwK¯îƒc| ZvB we‡k¦i Ab¨vb¨ Dbœqbkxj †`‡ki gZ evsjv‡`‡ki Dbœq‡bi Rb¨ RbmsL¨v cwiKwíZ Dcv‡q wbqš¿Y Kiv GKvšÍ cÖ‡qvRb| cwievi cwiKíbv ej‡Z Ggb GKwU c×wZ‡K eySvq hvi Øviv cwiev‡i `¤úwZi AvKvsLv Abyhvqx mšÍv‡bi Rb¥msL¨v wbqš¿Y Kiv hvq Ges †ÿÎ we‡k‡l wPwKrmv mv‡c‡ÿ wbtmšÍvb `¤úwZ‡ì‡K mšÍvb jv‡f mnvqZv Kiv nq| mvaviY A‡_© cwievi cwiKíbv n‡jv cwiev‡ii Av‡qi mv‡_ m½wZ †i‡L Lv`¨, wkÿv, ¯^v¯’¨, evm¯’v‡bi cwi‡ek I my¯’ RxebhvÎvi gvb wba©vi‡Yi wbðqZv weavbKvix cwievi MVb Kiv| A_©vr cvwievwiK Rxe‡bi wewfbœ mgm¨v Ges †m¸‡jv mgvav‡bi cwiKwíZ eë¯’vB n‡”Q cwievi cwiKíbv| eZ©gv‡b AwaK RbmsL¨vi fv‡i RR©wiZ A‡bK Dbœqbkxj †`‡ki RvZxq cwiKíbvi Kg©m~wP‡Z cwievi cwiKíbv‡K AMÖvwaKv‡ii wfwË‡Z AšÍf‚©³ Kiv n‡”Q Ges Bnv‡K GKwU mvgvwRK Av‡›`vjb wn‡m‡e cwiPvjbv Kivi cÖ‡Póv cwijwÿZ n‡”Q| RbmsL¨v †iv‡a cÂvk `k‡Ki †k‡li w`‡K GB Kvh©μ‡gi †MvovcËb N‡U| g~jZt †hme jÿ¨ I D‡Ïk¨‡K mvg‡b †i‡L cwievi cwiKíbv Kg©m~Px cwiPvwjZ nq †m¸‡jv n‡jv- m¤ú` I mvg_©¨ Abyhvqx m`‡mï †QvU cwievi MVb Kiv - gv I wkïi ¯^v¯’¨ iÿv Kiv; - cvwievwiK Avq e„w×i gva¨‡g DbœZ Rxebhvc‡b mnvqZv Kiv; - RbmsL¨v e„w× †iv‡a mnvqZv Kiv; - e¨w³MZ, `jxq, mvgvwRK I RvZxq Rxe‡b RbmsL¨v e„w×i gvivZ¥K cÖfve m¤ú‡K© RbMY‡K m‡PZb Kiv Ges - myLx I mg„×kvjx RvwZ MV‡b mnvqZv Kiv| wkÿv_x©i KvR: Avgv‡ì †`‡ki †cÖÿvc‡U cwievi cwiKíbvi Zvrch© wkÿv_x©iv †kÖwYK‡ÿ Dc¯’vcb Ki‡e|

9.6 AvBwfGd c×wZ-K…wÎg Mf©aviY gvbeRvwZi ¯^vfvweK cÖRb‡bi nvi Ab¨vb¨ cÖRvwZi †P‡q A‡bK Kg| RbmsL¨v we‡ùi‡Yi †`‡k evm K‡i G K_v Awek¦vm¨ g‡b n‡jI mwZ¨ GwUB †h 100 Rb `¤úwZ hv‡ì †Kv_vI †Kv‡bv mgm¨v †bB Zviv Zv‡ì cÖRbb mgq GK‡Î emevm Ki‡jI gv‡m Mf©mÂvi n‡e gvÎ 20 R‡bi| ¯¿xi eqm evovi mv‡_ mv‡_ G nvi Av‡iv Kg‡Z _v‡K| mšÍvb avi‡Y e¨_© n‡j ¯^vgx-¯¿xi †Kv_vI bv †Kv_vI mgm¨v we`¨gvb _vKv ¯^vfvweK| eÜv‡Z¡i Kó jvN‡e eZ©gv‡b wewfbœ K…wÎg Mf©aviY c×wZ cÖPwjZ Av‡Q| eZ©gv‡b AvBwfGd (IVF/ Invitro fertilization) GKwU eûj cÖPwjZ I cÖwZwôZ K…wÎg Mf©aviY cÖwμqv| BwZg‡a¨ mvivwe‡k¦ Pvi wgwjqb `¤úwZ G c×wZi gva¨‡g mšÍvb Drcv`‡b mÿg n‡q‡Q| AvBwfGd c×wZ ZLbB eënvi

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Kivi cÖ‡qvRb nq hLb mvaviY Ae¯’vq wW¤^vYyi mv‡_ ïμvYyi wgjb N‡U bv| GB Ae¯’vi bvbv KviY _vK‡Z cv‡i, †hgb wW¤^vYyi cwigvY Kg, ïμvYyi Drcv`‡b mgm¨v A_ev Rivqybvjx‡Z †Kv‡bv ai‡bi MVbMZ mgm¨v| GKwU c~Y©v½ IVF P‡μi Rb¨ cÖ‡qvRb 4-6 mßvn| cÖ_‡g GKRb gwnjvi ¯^vfvweK gvwmK Pμ‡K Bb‡RKkb I bv‡Ki gva¨‡g cÖ‡Z¨Kw`b ni‡gvb RvZxq Jla cÖ`v‡bi gva¨‡g wW¤^vYy‡K wbw¯Œq (Down regulate) Kiv nq| P‡μi G As‡k K‡qKw`b †_‡K K‡qK mßvn ch©šÍ ZviZg¨ n‡Z cv‡i| Avëªvm‡bvMÖvg I wewfbœ cixÿvi gva¨‡g hLb †`Lv hvq †h wW¤^vkq wbw¯Œq n‡q c‡o‡Q ZLb †ckx‡Z I Pvgovi bx‡P ni‡gvb Bb‡RKk‡bi gva¨‡g Avevi wW¤^vkq evwn¨Kfv‡e mwμq Kiv nq| G‡Z mgq jv‡M cÖvq 12 w`b, Z‡e Zv wW¤^vk‡qi Kvh©ÿgZvi Dci wbf©ikxj| Gi 2 w`b ci wW¤^vkq †_‡K wW¤^vYy msMÖn Kiv nq| cwic° wW¤^vYy‡K j¨vcv‡iv‡¯‹vwcK c×wZ‡Z AZ¨šÍ mšÍc‡Y© †ei K‡i Avbv nq| Zvici GB wW¤^vYy‡K cÖwμqvRvZ Ki‡Yi ci j¨v‡e msiÿY Kiv nq| GKB mg‡q ¯^vgxi AmsL¨ ïμvYy msMÖn K‡i Zv †_‡K j¨v‡e we‡kl cÖwμqvRvZ Ki‡Yi gva¨‡g †e‡Q †bqv nq me‡P‡q DbœZ Rv‡Zi GKSuvK ïμvYy| Zvici AmsL¨ mRxe I AwZ wμqvkxj ïμvYy‡K wbwl³Ki‡Yi j‡ÿ¨ †Q‡o †`Iqv nq wW¤^vYyi †cwUªwW‡k| wW¤^vYy I ïμvYyi GB †cwUªwWkwU‡K msiÿY Kiv nq gvZ…M‡f©i Abyiƒc cwi‡e‡ki GKwU BbwKDweU‡i| BbwKDweU‡ii g‡a¨ 24-48 NÈv ch©‡eÿ‡Yi ciB †evSv hvq wbwl³Ki‡Yi ci åƒY m„wó mdjZv m¤ú‡K©| 2 †_‡K 3 w`b mg‡qi g‡a¨ 4 †_‡K 8 †Kvl wewkó åæY ˆZwi Kiv nq| GB åƒY m~² b‡ji mvnv‡h¨ gv‡qi Rivqy‡Z ¯’vcb Kiv nq| Gici †`qv nq wKQz Jla hv Rivqy‡K m`¨ cÖwZ¯’vwcZ åƒYwU aviY Ki‡Z mvnvh¨ K‡i| cÖvq 15 w`b ci Pregnancy test K‡i IVF Gi mdjZv Rvbv hvq| Rivqy‡Z åY ms¯’vcb m¤úbœ nIqvi ciB Zv P~ovšÍfv‡e weKvk jv‡fi Rb¨ GwM‡q †h‡Z _v‡K| hvi d‡j Rb¥ †bq †U÷wUDe †ewe| GB †U÷wUDe †ewe gvZ…M‡f©B †e‡o I‡V Ges †mLvb †_‡KB Rb¥ †bq| †Kv‡bv †U÷wUD‡e GB wkï †e‡o I‡V bv| ¯^vfvweKfv‡e Rb¥ †bIqv wkïi m‡½ †U÷wUDe †ewei Rb¥`v‡bi cÖwμqvq cv_©K¨ GUzKzB †h ¯^vfvweK cÖwμqvq Rb¥ †bIqv wkïi cy‡ivUvB m¤úbœ nq gv‡qi wW¤^bvwj Ges Rivqy‡Z| Avi †U÷wUDe †ewei †ÿ‡Î ¯¿xi wW¤^vYy Ges ¯^vgxi ïμvYy msMÖn K‡i †mwU‡K GKwU we‡kl cv‡Î †i‡L we‡kl h‡š¿i g‡a¨ msiÿY Kiv nq wbwl³Ki‡Yi Rb¨|

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9.7 cÖRbbZ‡š¿i mgm¨v cÖRbbZ‡š¿i mgm¨v cÖRbbÿg Rx‡ei †hŠbRxe‡b gvivZ¥K cÖwZeÜKZv m„wó K‡i| cÖRbbÿg Rx‡e G mgm¨v wewfbœ ai‡bi n‡q _v‡K †hgb-cyiæl I bvix cÖRbb AÿgZv, cyiæl I bvixi cÖRbb ni‡gv‡bi fvimvg¨nxbZv A_ev åæ‡Yi e„w×i mgq mgm¨v BZ¨vw`|

9.7.1 cyiæl I bvixi cÖRbb AÿgZv †Kv‡bv `¤úwZ GK eQi Rb¥wbqš¿‡Yi eë¯’v Qvov GKB mv‡_ emevm I wgj‡bi ciI hw` mšÍvb avi‡Yi Aÿg nb ZLb Zv‡K BbdvwU©wjwU ev eÜ¨vZ¡ e‡j| mvaviYZ 80 kZvsk `¤úwZi †Póvi cÖ_g eQ‡ii g‡a¨B mšÍvb n‡q _v‡K| 10 kZvsk `¤úwZi wØZxq eQ‡ii g‡a¨ n‡q _v‡K| evwK 10 kZvs‡ki †Kv‡bv bv †Kv‡bv Kvi‡Y mšÍvb avi‡Y Amyweav n‡q _v‡K Ges Zv‡ì Rb¨B we‡kl wPwKrmv ìKvi| GB bv nIqvi †cQ‡b ¯^vgx-¯¿x `yR‡bi †h- †KDB KviY n‡Z cv‡ib| Avevi mw¤§wjwZ Amyweavi Kvi‡YI n‡Z cv‡i| mgxÿvq †`Lv †M‡Q, 40 kZvsk †ÿ‡Î ïay ¯¿x `vqx Ges 20 kZvsk †ÿ‡Î ¯^vgx-¯¿x Df‡qB `vqx| cyiæ‡li cÖRbb AÿgZv: †hme Kvi‡Y cyiæ‡li cÖRbb AÿgZv †`Lv †`qv †m¸‡jv n‡jvÑ ïμevnx bvwj eÜ/Abycw¯’Z _vKv: Rb¥MZ, †ivM msμgb, †÷vb ev AviI bvbvwea Kvi‡Y ïμevnxbvjx eÜ _vK‡Z cv‡i| GQvov Rb¥MZ Kvi‡YI A‡bKmgq ïμevnx bvwj Abycw¯’Z _vK‡Z cv‡i| Gi d‡j cÖRbb AÿgZv ˆZwi nq| †mwgbvj d¬zB‡W mgm¨v: †mwgbvj †fwm‡Kj, †cÖv‡÷U I Ab¨ wKQz MÖwš’ †_‡K wbtmiY wb‡q MwVZ nq †mwgbvj d¬zBW| Gi 30% Av‡m †mwgbvj †fwm‡Kj _v‡K| †mwgbvj †fwm‡K‡ji wbtmiY ïμvYy‡K kw³ †RvMvq Ges ex‡h©i ÿviZ¡ iÿv K‡i| Avevi †cÖv‡÷U I Ab¨vb¨ MÖwš’i msμgY n‡jI ex‡h©i gvb cwiewZ©Z nq Ges ïμ¸‡jvi †eu‡P _vK‡Z cv‡i bv ev wbwl³ Kivi ÿgZv nvivq| Avevi †cÖv‡÷U I Ab¨vb¨ MÖwš’i msμgY n‡jI ex‡h©i gvb cwiewZ©Z nq Ges ïμ¸‡jvi †eu‡P _vKv ev wW¤^ wbwl³ Kivi ÿgZv K‡g hvq ev cy‡ivcywi bó n‡q †h‡Z cv‡i| Avevi †mwgbvj d¬zBW Lye Nb n‡j ïμvYy¸‡jvi Rb¨ ¯¿x RbbZ‡š¿ mÂvwiZ nIqv KóKi nq| AÛ‡Kv‡li AKvh©KvwiZv: G Ae¯’vq AÛ‡Kv‡l ïμvYy ˆZwi nq bv| G ai‡bi mgm¨v †R‡bwUK A_ev ni‡gvbRwbZ Kvi‡Y n‡q _v‡K| BwgD‡bvjwRK BbdvwU©wjwU: AÛ‡Kv‡l AvNvZ †c‡j, Bb‡dKkb n‡j, †Kv‡bv Acv‡ikb n‡j GgbwK eo †fwi‡Kvwmj n‡j ïμvYyi weiæ‡× kix‡i A¨vw›UewW ˆZwi n‡Z cv‡i| GB A¨vw›UewW wbwl³KiY cÖwμqvi wewfbœ av‡c cÖwZeÜKZvi m„wó K‡i _v‡K|

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f¨vwi‡Kvwmj: f¨vwi‡Kvwmj n‡”Q ùxZ n‡q hvIqv i³bvwj| GB bvwj AÛ‡Kv‡l †_‡K evowZ i³ wb‡q hvIqvq, i³ R‡g ïμvYy Drcv`b e¨vnZ Ki‡Z cv‡i| wμÞAiwKwWRg: hLb GKwU ev”Pvi AÛ‡Kvl AÐ_wj‡Z bv †_‡K †c‡Ui †fZ‡i †Kv_vI _v‡K, Zv‡K wμÞAiwKwWRg e‡j| AÛ‡Kvl n‡”Q Lye Zvc ms‡e`bkxj| ZvB GUv †c‡U _vK‡j Gi ïμvYy Drcv`b ÿgZv wPiZ‡i bó n‡q hvq| R‡b¥i GK eQ‡ii g‡a¨ Acv‡ikb K‡i AÛ_wj‡Z bv ¯’vcb Ki‡j cÖRbb ÿgZv bó n‡q hvq| ni‡gvbRwbZ mgm¨v: wcUzBUvwi MÖwš’ wbqwš¿Z I ïμvkq †_‡K wbtm„Z ni‡gvb bv _vK‡j ev Ach©vß cwigv‡Y wbtm„Z n‡j ïμvYy Drcv`b e¨vnZ nq| †ivM msμgY: A‡b‡KiB cyiæl RbbZ‡š¿ wewfbœ RxevYy msμgY nq| G msμgY †cÖv‡÷U, GwcwWWvBwgm-G n‡Z cv‡i, GgbwK AÛ‡Kv‡lI n‡Z cv‡i| mvevjK‡Z¡i ci hw` AvÛ‡Kv‡l gv¤úm fvBiv‡mi msμgY N‡U, †m †ÿ‡Î AÛ‡Kvl wPiZ‡i Zvi ïμvYy Drcbœ Kivi ÿgZv nviv‡Z cv‡i| e¨vK‡Uwiqv w`‡q msμgY A_ev †hŠb‡iv‡Mi Rb¨ ïμevnx bvwj eÜ n‡q †h‡Z cv‡i| ZvQvovI Bb‡dKkb n‡j mv`v i³ KwYKv ˆZwi nq hv ïμvYyi Kg©ÿgZv e¨nZ K‡i| bvixi cÖRbb AÿgZv: GKRb cÖvß eq¯‹ igbxi wW¤^vkq †_‡K cÖwZ gv‡m GKwU K‡i wW¤^vYy wbM©Z nq| 45 eQi eqm ch©šÍ cÖRbb eqm aiv n‡jI 35 eQ‡ii ci †_‡K cÖRbb ÿgZv Kg‡Z _v‡K| Z‡e bvbvwea Kvi‡Y A‡bK igbxi cÖvBgvix BbdvwU©wjwU †`Lv hvq| bvixi cÖRbb AÿgZvi wewfbœ KviY wb‡¤œ Zz‡j aiv njwW¤^vkq I wW¤^bvwji mgm¨v: Rb¥MZ fv‡eB wKsev kvixixK †Kvb mgm¨vi Kvi‡Y hw` †Kvb igbxi wW¤^vk‡qi MV‡b I wW¤^vYy Drcv`‡b e¨vNvZ N‡U Z‡e cÖRbb AÿgZv †`Lv †`q| wW¤^evnx bvjx †Kvb Kvi‡Y m„wó bv n‡j ev wW¤^bvjx‡Z †Kvb cÖwZeÜKZv m„wó n‡j wW¤^vYy Drcvw`Z n‡jI wW¤^vYy ÿwiZ n‡Z cv‡i bv d‡j bvixi cÖRbb AÿgZv †`Lv †`q| Rbb A‡½i mgm¨v: †hvwbi Rb¥MZ AcwibwZ, †hvwb wμqvkxj bv _vKv, Rivqy Dc‡i _vKvi Kvi‡Y †hŠb wμqv wVKgZ bv NUv, Rivqy wVKgZ MwVZ bv nIqv Ges mg¯Í †hŠbv‡½i g‡a¨ mgš^q bv _vKv BZ¨vw` mgm¨vi Kvi‡Y cÖRbb AÿgZv †`Lv †`q| †hŠb †ivM I Ab¨vb¨: †hŠbv‡½ cwjev ev wm÷, Rivqy‡Z wUDgvi M‡bvwiqv wmwdwjm, †hŠbv‡½ hÿv wW¤^vk‡q wUDgvi, Wvqv‡ewUm, D”P i³Pvc I Zj‡cU cÖ`vn n‡j bvixi cÖRbb AÿgZv †`Lv w`‡Z cv‡i| ni‡gv‡bi mgm¨v: wcUzBUvix I _vBi‡qW Aw¯’i ni‡gvb ÿi‡Y mgm¨v n‡j cÖRbb AÿZv †`Lv †`q| B‡÷ªv‡Rb, †cÖv‡R‡÷ib, wjDwUbvBwRs, `wjKj w÷gy‡jwUs BZ¨vw` ni‡gv‡bi ZviZ‡g¨i Kvi‡Y cÖRbb AÿgZv †`Lv w`‡Z cv‡i| IR‡bi mgm¨v: †h mKj gwnjv ¯’~jKvq A_ev Kg IR‡bi, Zviv cÖvqB Mf©avi‡b mgm¨vq †fv‡Mb| Lye †ewk A_ev Lye Kg Pwe© ni‡gvb gvÎv‡K cÖfvweZ K‡i Ges wW¤^ÿi‡Y mgm¨vi m„wó K‡i|

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9.7.2 cyiæl I bvixi cÖRbb ni‡gv‡bi fvimvg¨nxbZv cÖRbb wμqvi mvnvh¨Kvix †hŠb PwiÎ wba©vibKvix Ges †hŠb êwk‡óï weKv‡ki Rb¨ †h mKj ni‡gvb AskMÖnb K‡i Zv‡ì cÖRbb ni‡gvb e‡j| eqm‡f‡` kix‡ii wewfbœ ch©v‡q cÖ‡qvRb Abyhvqx G mKj ni‡gv‡bi wbtmib I mgš^q N‡U _v‡K| wKš‘ †Kvb Kvi‡b hw` Gi †Kvb GKwU ni‡gv‡bi g‡a¨ ÎæwU †`Lv †`q Z‡e Zv Ab¨ ni‡gvb¸‡jvi ¯^vfvweK Kvh©μg cwiPvjbvi †ÿ‡Î Q›`cZb NUvq| Avevi G mKj ni‡gv‡bi ÿib gvÎvi cv_©‡Kï d‡jI cÖRbb wμqvq Ges kvixixK bvbvwea mgm¨v †`Lv †`q| cyiæl I ¯¿x‡`‡n GB ni‡gvb mg~‡ni cv_©K¨ _vKvi Kvi‡Y †`‡n G‡ì fvimvg¨nxbZvi wfbœZi cÖfve jÿ¨ Kiv hvq| cyiæ‡l cÖRbb ni‡gv‡bi fvimvg¨nxbZv: wcUzBUvix MÖwš’ hv cyiæ‡li †ejvq ïμvkq Gi ni‡gvb wμqv‡K wbqš¿Y K‡i| wcUzBUvwi †_‡K Ach©vß cwigv‡b ni‡gvb wbtm„Z n‡j ïμvYy Drcv`b e¨nZ nq| cyiæ‡li cÖavb †hŠb ni‡gvb n‡”Q †U‡÷‡÷ib Gi d‡j cÖvBgvix Rbbv‡½i e„w×, Avbylvw½K Rbbv‡½i e„w× I weKvk Ges wewfbœ †m‡KÛvix †hŠb PwiÎ cÖKv‡k mgm¨v nq| ïμvk‡qi GB ni‡gvbwUi ÿib‡K Avevi wbqš¿Y K‡i †Mvbv‡WvUªwdK ni‡gvb| †U‡÷‡÷i‡bi Afv‡e cyiælvjx êwkó¨ n«vm cvq| ¯úvgv‡Uv‡R‡bwmm cÖwμqv e¨nZ nq| †U‡÷‡÷ib dwjKj w÷gy‡jwUs Gi mv‡_ wgwjZfv‡e ïμvYy Drcv`b K‡i| wKš‘ eqme„w×i mv‡_ mv‡_ ÿiY K‡g †M‡j ïμvYy Drcv`bI K‡g hvq| Bbwnweb ni‡gvb ïμvbyi ˆ`wnK MVb Ges cwiYwZi avc ch©‡eÿY K‡i| hw` †Uw÷m †_‡K Bbwnweb wbtmiY K‡g hvq Zvn‡j AcwiYZ ïμvYyi msL¨v †e‡o hvq| A¨vwWªbvj MÖwš’i wbtmib Kg n‡j †hŠb ÿgZv AR©‡bi c‡_ bvbv evav m„wó n‡Z cv‡i| bvix‡Z cÖRbb ni‡gv‡bi fvimvg¨nxbZv: B‡÷ªv‡Rb gwnjv‡ì cÖavb †hŠb ni‡gvb Ges cÖ‡Rm‡Uib FZzPμ wbqš¿Y I cÖRb‡b mnvqK nIqvq G `ywU ni‡gv‡bi ¸iæZ¡ A‡bK †ewk| ¯^vfvweK Ae¯’vq FZzeZx© gwnjv‡ì FZzP‡μi cÖ_g 10-12 w`b cÖ‡qvRbxq gvÎvq B‡÷ªv‡R‡bi wbtmiY N‡U| Avi cÖwZgv‡m Rivqy †_‡K wW¤^vYyi wbM©g‡bi mg‡q B‡÷ªv‡Rb QvovI cÖ‡Rm‡Uib bvgK ni‡gvbwUI wbM©Z nq| eqm e„w×i m‡½ m‡½ bvix‡ì mšÍvb avi‡Yi ÿgZv K‡g hvq Ges wW¤^vYyi wbM©gb K‡g Avm‡Z _v‡K| ZvB G mgq B‡÷ªv‡Rb Drcvw`Z n‡j wW¤^vYyi wbM©gb nq bv e‡j cÖ‡Rm‡Uib wbtmiY eÜ n‡q hvq Ges ni‡gv‡bi gvÎvq ZviZg¨ NU‡Z _v‡K| Avi iRtwbe„wË‡Z †cuŠ‡Q hvIqv gwnjv‡ì †ÿ‡Î B‡÷ªv‡Rb Drcv`‡bi cÖv_wgK A½ Mf©dzj Ges wW¤^vkq †_‡K Drcv`b m¤¢e nq bv e‡j wØZxq ch©v‡qi Drm¸‡jv ¸iæZ¡c~Y© n‡q I‡V| _vBi‡qW, wcUzBUvix, nvB‡cv_¨vjvgvm MÖwš’i mgm¨v n‡j cÖRbb ni‡gvb †hgb-FSH Ges LH Drcv`‡b mgm¨v nq| Avi GKwU cÖRbb ni‡gvb wVKg‡Zv wbtmiY bv n‡j cy‡iv wW¤^vYy ˆZwii cÖwμqv wewNœZ nq| †cÖvj¨vKwUb ni‡gv‡bi AwZwi³ wbtmibI Ab¨vb¨ ni‡gv‡bi gvÎv‡K webó K‡i| iRtwbe„wËi ci A_ev †Kvb ai‡bi Amy¯’Zvi Kvi‡Y wW¤^vkq AcmviY Kiv n‡j B‡÷ªv‡Rb I cÖ‡R‡÷ib GB `yB ai‡bi ni‡gvb wbtmiYB eÜ n‡q hvIqvq kvixwiK wewfbœ mgm¨v †`Lv †`qvi m¤¢vebv ev‡o| Z‡e AvaywbK we‡k¦ A‡bK gwnjv‡ì g‡a¨B †g‡bvcR nIqvi †ek Av‡MB ni‡gv‡bi AmgZvRwbZ wewfbœ mgm¨v cÖKU n‡q DV‡Z †`Lv hvq|

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9.8 åæ‡Yi e„w×i mgq mgm¨v Mf©avib cÖ‡Z¨K bvixi Rb¨ AZ¨šÍ Avb‡›ì| my¯’ I ¯^vfvweK mšÍvb mK‡ji Kvg¨| wKš‘ Mf©avi‡bi ci cÖmeKvj ch©šÍ 280 w`‡bi j¤^v hvÎvq AYyi mgvb åY †_‡K Av‡¯Í Av‡¯Í GKwU c~Yv© ½ wkïi Aeqe avib Kiv ch©šÍ Mf©¯’ mšÍvb cwiewZ©Z nq bvbvb fv‡e, ax‡i ax‡i cwiYZ nq GKRb m¤ú~Y© gvby‡l| wKš‘ GB åæY e„w×i mgq N‡U †h‡Z cv‡i bvbvb AbvKvswLZ mgm¨v| GgbwK A‡bK mgq wgmK¨v‡iR ev Mf©cvZ n‡q _v‡K| åæY †h‡nZz gv‡qi †`‡nB e„w× jvf K‡i ZvB Mf©ve¯’vq gv‡qi kix‡ii Ae¯’v Ges cwi‡e‡ki cÖfve åæ‡Yi MVb I my¯’Zv‡K cÖfvweZ K‡i me‡P‡q †ewk| Avevi evev-gv‡qi †R‡bwUK wW‡dKU, †μv‡gvR‡gi A¨vebigvwjwU BZ¨vw` Kvi‡b åæb MV‡b bvbvwea ÎæwU †`Lv hvq| †h‡nZz AšÍtmË¡v gv‡q‡ì cøv‡m›Uv ev Agivi gva¨‡g å‡Yi mv‡_ m¤úK© ¯’vwcZ nq Ges åæ‡bi †iPb, k¦mb, msenb †ivM cÖwZ‡iva BZ¨vw` AZ¨vek¨Kxq kvixie„wËq cÖwμqv mivmwi gv‡qi †`n †_‡KB wbqwš¿Z nq| ZvB gv‡qi †`‡ni †Kvb kvixixK ÎæwU å‡bi e„w× I weKv‡k gvivZ¡K cÖfv‡e †d‡j| 17 eQ‡ii bx‡P 35 eQ‡ii †ekx eq‡mi gv‡q‡ì †ÿ‡Î åæ‡bi MV‡b wewfbœ mgm¨v †`Lv hvq| gv‡qi †`‡n fvBivm I e¨vK‡Uwiqvi Avμg‡bi d‡j åæ‡bI Avμgb N‡U _v‡K| cywó Dcv`vb dwjK Gwm‡Wi Afve n‡j e„w×iZ åæ‡bi wbDivj wUDe weK…Z n‡q hvq d‡j ¯úvBbvj wdwiqv †ivM nq| AšÍtmË¡v gv‡q‡ì †ÿ‡Î hw` D”Pi³Pvc I Wvqv‡ewUm _v‡K Z‡e åæ‡bi †ÿ‡Î Zv RwUjZv m„wó K‡i Ges G‡ÿ‡Î Mf©cvZ N‡U †h‡Z cv‡i| åæ‡bi e„w× Kv‡j gv‡qi M‡f© †h _wj ˆZwi nq Zv‡Z hw` h‡_ó cwigv‡b cvwb bv _v‡K Z‡e åæb gviv hvq| Rivqyi G‡Ûv‡gw›Uªqv‡gi MVb fv‡jvfv‡e bv n‡j, Rivqy‡Z wUDgvi ev wm÷ ˆZwi n‡j åæ‡Yi e„w× e¨vnZ nq d‡j Mf©cvZ N‡U| A‡bK mgq åæ‡bi e„w×Kv‡j †`Lv hvq gv_v eo nq Ges kix‡ii †Kvb Ask wVKgZ MwVZ nq bv| å‡bi e„w×i mgq cÖRbb ni‡gvb¸‡jvi fvimvg¨ _vK‡j å‡Yi MVb I e„w× e¨nZ nq| †cÖvj¨vKwUb ni‡gv‡bi AvwaK¨Zvi Kvi‡Y Mf©cvZ NUvi A‡bK cÖgvY Av‡Q| wmwdwjm, †Uvc¯œvR‡gvwmm ai‡bi msμvgK e¨vwai Kvi‡Y åæ‡bi MVb e¨nZ nq d‡j gv‡qi evi evi Mf©cvZ N‡U| †Uvc¯œvRg bv‡g GKwU †cÖv‡Uv‡Rvqvb cÖwZKzj cwi‡e‡kI Qq †_‡K mvZ gvm ch©šÍ †eu‡P _vK‡Z cv‡i| GB RxevYy Øviv AvμvšÍ cÖm~wZ‡ì Mf©cvZ nevi m¤¢vebv A‡bK †ewk| GQvov AÜ ev cÖwZeÜx I g„Z mšÍvb-cÖme Ki‡Z †`Lv hvq| ÎæwUc~Y© I `~e©j ïμvYy ev wW¤^vYy wgj‡bi d‡j Drcbœ åæY ÎæwUc~Y© nq Ges A¯^vfvweK åæY m„wó n‡Z cv‡i| GgbwU NU‡j åæ‡Yi Mf©Pz¨wZ NU‡e| cÖm~wZ gv`K‡mex n‡j åæ‡bi weKv‡k bvbvwea RwUjZv weKjv½Zv, åæ‡Yi g„Z¨ I Mf©cvZ NU‡Z cv‡i| GKwU my¯’ wkïi Rb¥ w`‡Z n‡e| wcZv-gvZv Dfq‡KB †bkvgy³ Rxebhvcb Ki‡Z n‡e|

9.9 †hŠbevwnZ †ivM kvixwiK m¤ú‡K©i gva¨‡g †hŠbevwnZ †ivM nq| †hŠbevwnZ †ivM msμwgZ e¨w³i mv‡_ Awbivc` kvixwiK m¤úK© ¯’vc‡bi gva¨‡g †hŠbevwnZ †ivM Qovq| A_©vr †h mKj †ivM-e¨vwa †hŠb wgj‡bi

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gva¨‡g †hvwbc‡_ GKR‡bi KvQ †_‡K Ab¨R‡bi g‡a¨ msμwgZ nq| GQvov i³, exl© Ges †hŠwbc‡_i wbM©Z Zi‡ji gva¨‡gI GB †ivM Qovq| †hŠbevwnZ †ivM (Sexuallly Transmitted Disease) ms‡ÿ‡c GmwUwW (STD) ejv nq| evsjv‡`‡k Avk¼vRbKfv‡e †hŠb evwnZ †ivM we¯Ívi jvf K‡i‡Q Gi cwiYwZ fqsKifv‡e cÖfve †dj‡Q Avgv‡ì mgv‡R| Avgv‡ì †`‡k †hmKj †hŠbevwnZ †ivM we¯Ívi jvf K‡i‡Q Zv‡ì g‡a¨ wmwdwjm (Syphilis), M‡bvwiqv (Gonorrhoea) I GBWm (AIDS) we‡klfv‡e D‡jøL‡hvM¨|

9.9.1 wmwdwjm (Syphilis) wmwdwjm nj GKai‡bi †hŠb-evwnZ msμgb| Gi g~‡j Av‡Q GKai‡bi e¨v‡±wiqv hvi bvg nj Treponema pallidum| wmwdwjm AvμvšÍ Kv‡iv mv‡_ †hŠb wgj‡b GB †ivM n‡q _v‡K, Z‡e †ivMxi i³ MÖn‡bi gva¨‡gI GB †ivM nq| Avevi Mf©ve¯’vq gv‡qi wmwdwjm †_‡K _vK‡j mšÍvb †mLvb †_‡K GB †iv‡M AvμvšÍ n‡q fzwgó n‡q _v‡K| mvaviYZ AvμvšÍ Kv‡iv mv‡_ †hŠb wgj‡bi 2-4 mßvn c‡i GB †iv‡Mi jÿb¸‡jv †`Lv †`q| Dchy³ I `xN©‡gqv`x wPwKrmvi d‡j †ivMwU fv‡jv n‡jI Zv kix‡i eû cÖKvi RwUjZvi m„wó K‡i Ges mvgvwRK gh©v`v Avi †jvK j¾vi f‡q GB †iv‡M AvμvšÍ †ivMxi wPwKrmvI evavMÖ¯Í nq| A‰ea I Awbivc` †hŠb wgjb, AcixwÿZ i³ MÖnY, eëüZ Bb‡RKk‡bi myP ev wmwi‡Äi eënvi GB †iv‡Mi we¯Í…wZ NUvq| GQvov wmwdwjm AvμvšÍ gv n‡Z Mf©v¯’ mšÍvbI AvμvšÍ n‡Z cv‡i| Pvgovi ÿZ †_‡KI wmwdwjm Qov‡Z cv‡i| mvaviYZ 20-35 eQi eq‡mi gvbyl GB †hŠb †iv‡M †ewk AvμvšÍ nq| cyiæl I gwnjv Df‡qi †ÿ‡Î wmwdwjm Gi jÿb GKB| Z‡e G¸‡jv‡K †Pbv KwVb| wmwdwjm wZb av‡c weKwkZ nqcÖ_g av‡ci wmwdwjm- wmwdwj‡m AvμvšÍ nevi 2/3 mßvn c‡i G †iv‡Mi jÿY¸‡jv aiv c‡o| †g‡q‡ì †hŠbv‡½i Av‡kcv‡k Ges Mjv‡Z, †Q‡j‡ì †hŠbv‡½i Av‡kcv‡k Ges †hŠbv‡½| Kg †ewk Gi cÖfve cvIqv hvq gyL, †VvU, UwÝj, A¨v½yj, cðvr‡`‡k| ÿZ¸‡jv Lye msμvgK Ges 6 mßvn jvM‡Z cv‡i wVK n‡Z| GB mg‡qi wfZ‡i e¨‡±vwiqv kix‡ii Ab¨vb¨ As‡k Qwo‡q c‡o AviI ¸iæZi n‡Z cv‡i| wØZxq av‡ci wmwdwjmÑ e¨_v I Pyévwb wenxb, LyeB msμvgK Ges mg¯Í kixi Ry‡o nq| †ewkifvM mgq nv‡Zi Zvjy‡Z Ges cv‡qi Zjv‡Z nq| ÿZ ¯¿x †hŠwbgy‡L A_ev †Q‡j †g‡q‡ì gj`v‡i †`Lv hvq| ÿzavg›`v, K¬vwšÍ, duvcv MÖwš’, m¤¢ve¨ Pzjcov gy‡L mv`v `vM GB jÿY¸‡jvI †`Lv hvq| Z…Zxq av‡ci wmwdwjm- K‡qK mßvn ch©šÍ GB †ivM myß Ae¯’vq _v‡K| myßve¯’vq GwU msμwgZ nq bv| ïay gvZ…RV‡i gv †_‡K åæ‡Y RxevYy mÂvwiZ nq| GB mgq GB †ivM‡K Kb‡Rwbqvj wmwdwjm ejv nq|

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wØZxq ch©v‡q †iv‡Mi wPwKrmv bv n‡j 10-12 eQi ci 40% †ivMxi †`‡n wmwdwjm cÖKvk cvq| GB Ae¯’vq †hme ˆewkó¨ cwijwÿZ nq †m¸‡jv Pvgovq ïK‡bv ÿZ Ges ¯œvqyZ‡š¿i I KvwW©Ifv¯‹zjvi wUmy¨i APjve¯’vi m„wó| G mgq †ivMRxevYyi msL¨vI A‡bK n«vm cvq| †ivMx gvbwmK fvimvg¨ nvwi‡q †d‡j, AÜZ¡ †`Lv †`q, †ivMx cv †U‡b †U‡b nv‡U Ges cwi‡k‡l Aek n‡q hvq| wmwdwjm Gi wPwKrmv: cÖv_wgK I ga¨g av‡ci wmwdwjm Gi wPwKrmv n‡Z cv‡i gvÎ GKUv Gw›Uev‡qvwUK B‡ÄKkvb| A_ev avivevwnKfv‡e B‡ÄKkvb †bIqv, Gw›Uev‡qvwUK U¨ve‡jU A_ev K¨vcmyj LvIqv| †c‡bwmwjb †bIqv nj ¯^vfvweK wPwKrmv| Z‡e †ivM m¤ú‡K© RbMY‡K m‡PZb K‡i G †ivM `gb Kiv m¤¢e|

9.9.2 M‡bvwiqv (Gonorrhoea) M‡bvwiqv GKwU gvivZ¥K †hŠb e¨vwa| †hŠb ms¯ú‡k©i gva¨‡g e¨vK‡Uwiqv msμwgZ n‡q GB †ivM m„wó K‡i|Gi ciRxwei bvg Neisseria gonorrhoeae| †hŠb ms‡hv‡Mi gva¨‡g GB RxevYy cÖ_‡g †Rwb‡Uv-BDwibvix c‡_i wgDKvm †gg‡eª‡b mÂvwiZ nq, c‡i gjØv‡i, MÖxevq I cwi‡k‡l †Pv‡L †cuŠ‡Q hvq| †hŠb wgj‡bi mgq RxevYy Rbbv‡½ ¯’vbvšÍwiZ nq Ges k³fv‡e wgDKvm †gg‡eª‡b AvU‡K _v‡K| gwnjv †ivMxi †ÿ‡Î g~Îbvjx I Rivqy Gwc‡_wjqvj †Kvl AvμvšÍ nq Ges 7-21 w`‡bi g‡a¨ †iv‡Mi jÿY cÖKvk cvq| Zxeª Avμg‡Y †d‡jvwcqvb wUDe eÜ n‡q hvq Ges eÜvZ¡ m„wó nq| †iv‡Mi jÿY (Symptoms of the disease): gwnjv †ivMx cÖ¯ªv‡e cÖPÛ R¡vjv Abyfe K‡i| ¯^vfvweK iRtPμ e¨vnZ nq Ges AwbqwgZfv‡e Pj‡Z _v‡K| cyiæl I gwnjv Dfq †ivMxi †ÿ‡Î M‡bvwiqvj Av‡_ª©vBwUm, M‡bvwiqvj G‡ÛvKvW©vBwUm ev M‡bvwiqvj d¨vwisRvBwUm †`Lv w`‡Z cv‡i| R‡b¥i mgq beRvZ‡Ki †PvLI RxevYy Øviv AvμvšÍ nq Ges Pÿz †ivM m„wó nq| cyiæ‡li †ÿ‡Î e¨vK‡Uwiqvi myßKvj 2 †_‡K 8 w`b| cÖ_‡g g~Îbvjx AvμvšÍ nq Ges cvZjv cvwbi b¨vq im †ei n‡Z _v‡K| Zxeª Avμg‡Y Mvp mv`v ev μxge‡Y©i cyuR wj½ w`‡q wbM©Z n‡Z _v‡K| †ivMx cÖ¯ªveKv‡j e¨_v I R¡vjv Abyfe K‡i| GwcwWWvBwgm AvμvšÍ n‡j exh©cvZ eÜ n‡q hvq Ges †ivMxi eÜ¨vZ¡ †`Lv †`q| gwnjv‡`i Zzjbvq cyiæ‡li †ivMjÿY gvivZ¥K AvKvi aviY K‡i| nv‡Zi Av½yj I Kvco- †Pvc‡oi gva¨‡g e¨vK‡Uwiqv †Pv‡L †cuŠ‡Q †M‡j †PvLI AvμvšÍ nq Ges †Pv‡Li †KivUvBwUm (Keratitis) †ivM †`Lv †`q| cÖwZKvi: †iv‡Mi fqvenZv m¤ú‡K© RbmvaviY‡K m‡PZb K‡i †ivM cÖwZ‡iva Kiv †h‡Z cv‡i| `ªæZ wPwKrmv wb‡j †iv‡Mi msμgY Kg nq| GQvov m½‡gi mgq Kb‡Wvg e¨env‡i RxevYy msμg‡Yi m¤¢vebv n«vm cvq| GB †iv‡Mi wPwKrmvq wewfbœ A¨vw›Uev‡qvwUK cÖ‡qvM Kiv nq| Gme A¨vw›Uev‡qvwU‡Ki g‡a¨ †cwbwmwjb-wR, A¨vw¤úwmwjb, †÷ª‡ÞvgvBwmb D‡jøL‡hvM¨| beRvZ‡Ki †Pv‡Li

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KbRvswUfvBwU‡m †UUªvmvBwK¬b, Gwi‡_ªvgvBwmb A_ev wmjfvi bvB‡Uª‡Ui cvZjv `ªeY e¨envi K‡i †Pv‡Li wPwKrmv Kiv nq|

9.9.3 GBWm (AIDS-Acquired immune deficiency syndrome or acquired immunodeficiency syndrome) wesk kZvãxi wØZxqv‡a©i me‡P‡q gvivZ¥K NvZK e¨vwa GB GBWm| GB †ivM Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) Øviv m„wó nq| GwU GKwU †i‡›Uªv fvBivm hvi †MvÎ Retroviridae | GBWm gvivZ¥K msμvgK e¨vwa| Gi †Kvb wPwKrmv †bB, g„Zz¨B Gi cwiYwZ| Avm‡j GBWm †Kv‡bv †iv‡Mi bvg bq, eis GwU n‡”Q kix‡i m„ó GK we‡kl Ae¯’v ev wm‡Ûªvg Syndrome | GB Ae¯’vq kix‡ii me cÖwZiÿv eë¯’v †f‡½ Pzigvi n‡q hvq Ges †ivMxi g„Zz¨ N‡U| HIV †hŠb ms¯ú‡k©i gva¨‡g †`‡n cÖ‡ek K‡i I esk e„w× K‡i Ges μgvš^‡q mviv †`‡n Qwo‡q c‡o| i‡³i mv‡_ wg‡k i‡³i †k¦ZKwYKv‡K MÖvm K‡i †d‡j| d‡j, †ivMxi †`‡ni cÖwZiÿv eë¯’v †f‡½ hvq Ges †ivMxi g„Zz¨ Awbevh© n‡q I‡V| †hŠb e¨vwfPvi, mgKvwgZv I gv`Kvmw³ Gi Ab¨Zg cÖavb KviY wn‡m‡e wPwýZ| GQvov ¯Íb `v‡bi gva¨‡g, AvμvšÍ e¨w³i i³ `v‡bi gva¨‡g, †ivMxi gy‡Li jvjv I †Pv‡Li AkÖæi gva¨‡gI A‡bï kix‡i GB fvBivm KYv msμwgZ n‡Z cv‡i| AviI msμwgZ n‡Z cv‡i gv`Kvm³ e¨w³i eëüZ m~u‡Pi gva¨‡g| †iv‡Mi jÿY: kix‡ii IRb AwZ `ªæZ n«vm cvIqv, `xN©w`b (`ygv‡miI †ewk mg‡q) a‡i cvZjv cvqLvbv, cybtcybt R¡i nIqv ev iv‡Z kix‡i AwZwi³ Nvg nIqv, AwZwi³ Aemv` Abyfe nIqv, ïKbv Kvwk nIqv BZ¨vw`| D‡jøL¨ †h Kv‡iv DcwiD³ GKvwaK jÿY †`Lv w`‡jB Zvi GBWm n‡q‡Q e‡j wbwðZ nIqv hv‡e bv| Z‡e, †Kvb e¨w³i Gme jÿY †`Lv w`‡j wej¤^ bv K‡i AwfÁ Wv³v‡ii kiYvcbœ nIqv DwPZ| †iv‡Mi cÖwZKvi: G †iv‡Mi Kvh©Kix wPwKrmv GLbI †Rvi`vi nqwb| Avwe®‹…Z Jl‡ai g~j¨ A‡bK †ewk Ges mvaviY †jv‡Ki μq ÿgZvi evB‡i| GBWm cÖwZ‡iva I wbqš¿Y wb¤œewY©Z Dcv‡q Kiv †h‡Z cv‡i- eøvW w¯Œwbs Ges i³ Zvc cÖ‡qv‡Mi gva¨‡g fvBivm gy³ Kiv| - GBWm-Gi fqvenZv m¤ú‡K© gvbyl‡K m‡PZb K‡i †Zvjv| - †hŠb AvPiY m¤ú‡K© AewnZ Kiv Ges †iv‡Mi cwiYwZ m¤ú‡K© aviYv †Ìqv| - m½gKv‡j cyiæl‡ì Kb‡Wvg eënv‡i DrmvwnZ Kiv| - gv`Kvk³ e¨w³‡ì G m¤ú‡K© wkÿv †Ìqv Ges GKR‡bi wmwiÄ I bxWj Ab¨R‡b eënvi bv Kiv| - wbqwgZ HIV cixÿv Kiv| - wPwKrm‡Ki civgk© I mvnvh¨ MÖnY Kiv Ges ¯^v¯’¨Kgx©‡ì mv‡_ wbqwgZ †hvMv‡hvM iÿv Kiv| wkÿv_x©i KvR: wkÿv_x©iv K‡qKwU `‡j fvM n‡q cÖwZwU `j GKwU K‡i †hŠbevwnZ †iv‡Mi cÖwZKv‡ii Dcvqmg~n wjwce× Ki‡e Ges †kÖwYK‡ÿ Dc¯’vcb Ki‡e|

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 GB Aa¨v‡qi cÖavb kãwfwËK mvims‡ÿc  iRtPμ: wW¤^vkq P‡μi wewfbœ NUbvi mv‡_ m½wZ iÿv K‡i Rivqy cÖvPx‡i †h avivevwnK I PμvKvi cwieZ©b N‡U Zv‡K Rivqy Pμ ev iRtPμ ejv nq|  eqmwÜKvj: Rxe‡bi †h ch©v‡q bvix I cyiæ‡li †hŠb êwk‡óï D™¢emn cÖRbbZ‡š¿i A½¸‡jv mwμqZv jv‡f mg_© nq Zv‡K eq:mwÜKvj (Adolescense) e‡j|  M¨vwgU: †hŠb Rb‡b AskMÖnYKvix cÖvwY‡ì †`‡n M¨vwg‡Uv‡R‡bwmm cÖwμqvq m„ó Rbb‡Kvl‡K M¨vwgU e‡j|  wb‡lK : Rx‡ei n¨vcø‡qW ïμvYyi (n) Ges n¨vcø‡qW wW¤^vYyi (n) wgj‡bi gva¨‡g wWcø‡qW RvB‡MvU MwVZ nIqvi cÖwμqv‡KB wb‡lK e‡j|  Bgcøv‡›Ukb: Rivqyi G‡Ûv‡gwUªqv‡g eøv‡÷vwm÷ Ave× nIqvi cÖwμqv‡K Bgcøvb‡Ukb e‡j|  åƒY: Ggeªv‡qv‡R‡bwmm (Embryogenesis) cÖwμqvq †hŠb cÖRbbÿg cÖvwYi RvB‡MvU wK¬‡fR, M¨v÷ªy‡jkb I AM©v‡bv‡R‡bwm‡mi gva¨‡g åƒ‡Y cwiYZ nq|  Mf©wb‡ivaK c×wZ: †h me DcKi‡Yi mvnv‡h¨ A_ev hvi gva¨‡g Mf©aviY †iva Kiv hvq †m me DcKiY ev gva¨g †K Mf©wb‡ivaK c×wZ ejv nq|  AvBwfGd: AvBwfG‡d ¯^vgx ïμvYy I ¯¿xi wW¤^vYy‡K cÖK…wZMZ c×wZ‡K ev` w`‡q GKwU Møv‡mi cv‡Î wgwjZ nIqvi eë¯’v Kiv nq| G cvÎwU GKwU we‡kl BbwKD‡eU‡i ivLv nq Ges †mLv‡bB wb‡lK n‡q åƒ‡Yi m„wó nq|  cÖRbb AÿgZv: Rb¥wbqš¿‡Yi eë¯’v Qvov GKB mv‡_ emevm I wgj‡bi ciI hw` †Kvb `¤úwZ mšÍvb avi‡Yi Aÿg nb ZLb Zv‡K cÖRbb AÿgZv e‡j|  †hŠbevwnZ †ivM: †h mKj †ivM-e¨vwa †hŠb wgj‡bi gva¨‡g GKR‡bi KvQ †_‡K Ab¨R‡bi g‡a¨ msμwgZ nq Zv‡K †hŠbevwnZ †ivM e‡j|

Abykxjbx m„Rbkxj cÖkœ: GMv‡iv eQ‡ii mywg AvRB eyS‡Z cvij Zvi †`‡n GKwU we‡kl cwieZ©b †`Lv w`‡q‡Q| ZvB †m A‡bKUv fq †c‡q gv‡qi Kv‡Q welqwU Dc¯’vcb Kij| gv Zv‡K Afq w`‡q ejj- GB eq‡m †g‡q‡ì A‡bK ˆ`wnK cwieZ©‡bi mv‡_ G ai‡bi mgm¨v ïiæ nq hv cÖ‡Z¨K gv‡m PμvKv‡i Pj‡Z _v‡K| c‡i gv Zv‡K G Ae¯’vq h_vh_ eë¯’vcbv wkwL‡q w`‡jb| K. Bgcøv‡›Ukb Kx? 1 L. åƒYxq †g‡mvW©v‡gi cwiYwZ Zz‡j ai| 2 M. DÏxc‡K mywgi †`‡n GB we‡kl cwieZ©‡bi KviY e¨vL¨v Ki| 3 N. DÏxc‡K gv KZ©„K mywg‡K h_vh_ eë¯’vcbv wkwL‡q †`qvi welqwU Avgv‡ì mgv‡Ri †cÖÿvc‡U KZUzKz Riæix e‡j Zzwg g‡b Ki| 4

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eûwbe©vPwb cÖkœ: 1| KvIcvim MÖwš’ †Kv_vq cvIqv hvq? K. cysRbb bvjx‡Z L. †d‡jvwcqvj bvjx‡Z M. Rivqyi G‡Ûv‡gwUªqvg N. ïμ_wj‡Z 2| wW¤^vkq †_‡K wbtm„Z ni‡gvb †KvbwU? K. †cÖv‡R÷ib L. †Mvbv‡WvUªwcK M. †U‡÷v‡÷ib N. wjD‡UbvBwRs 3| wcUzBUvwi †_‡K ÿwiZ n‡q †hŠb Kv‡R AskMÖnY K‡iÑ i. dwjKj w÷gy‡jwUs ii. wjDwUbvBwRs iii. †gjv‡Uvwbb wb‡Pi †KvbwU mwVK? K. i I ii L. ii I iii M. i I iii N. i, ii I iii wb‡Pi DÏxc‡Ki Av‡jv‡K 4 I 5 bs cÖ‡kœi DËi `vI: †mjyb †_‡K msμwgZ GK RxevYyi msμg‡b P›`ªv MÖv‡gi gvZeŸ‡ii wbqwš¿Z I my¯’ Rxeb AvR msKUvcbœ| Wv³vi e‡j‡Qb GB RxevYyi Avμg‡b Zvi †`‡ni mKj cÖwZiÿv eë¯’v bó n‡q wM‡q‡Q | 4| gvZeŸi mv‡n‡ei †`‡n †Kvb ai‡bi RxevYy msμwgZ n‡q‡Q? K. fvBivm NwUZ L. e¨vK‡Uwiqv NwUZ M. †cÖv‡Uv‡Rvqvb NwUZ N. QÎvK NwUZ 5| gvZeŸi mv‡n‡ei †`n †_‡K GB †ivM Ab¨ †`‡n msμwgZ n‡Z cv‡iÑ i. GKB cyKz‡i †Mvmj ii. Zvi eëüZ wmwiÄ eënvi iii. Zvi †`‡ni i³ Ab¨ †`‡n mÂvjb wb‡Pi †KvbwU mwVK? K. i I ii L. ii I iii M. i I iii N. i, ii I iii

`kg Aa¨vq

gvbe‡`‡ni cÖwZiÿv DEFENCE OF HUMAN BODY cÖwZwU cÖvwY‡`‡ni AšÍwb©wnZ kw³e‡j Giv †ivM RxevYy kbv³ K‡i Zv‡ì weiæ‡× cÖwZ‡iva eë¯’v MÖnY K‡i| cÖvwYi G ÿgZv‡K Zvi Abvμg¨Zv ev immunity e‡j| msμgYRwbZ †ivMRxevYy evwn¨K cwi‡ek n‡Z †`‡n AbycÖ‡ek Ki‡j †`‡ni Abvμg¨Zš¿ Z_v BwgDb wm‡÷g we‡kl ÿgZve‡j ZvrÿwbKfv‡e ¯^qswμq Dcv‡q bvbv ai‡bi †Kvl I ivmvqwbK †hŠM Drcv`b Ki‡Z cv‡i hvi Øviv †`‡n AbycÖweó ewnivMZ ÿwZKi e¯‘, AbyRxe, Kjv, A½ cÖf…wZi kbv³KiYmn Zv‡ì weiæ‡× h_vh_ eë¯’v MÖn‡Yi gva¨‡g †`n‡K mg~n ÿwZi nvZ †_‡K iÿv Ki‡Z cv‡i| cÖavb kã (Key Word)  gv‡μvdvR  wbD‡Uªvwdjm  mnRvZ cÖwZiÿv eë¯’v  AwR©Z cÖwZiÿv eë¯’v  A¨w›UewW  f¨vKwmb  †g‡gvwi †Kvl

G Aa¨vq cvV‡k‡l AvgivÑ  gvbe‡`‡ni cÖwZiÿv eë¯’vi aviYv e¨vL¨v Ki‡Z cvi‡ev  gvbe‡`‡ni cÖ_g cÖwZiÿv ¯Íi wn‡m‡e Z¡‡Ki KvR we‡kølY Ki‡Z cvi‡ev  Lv`¨`ª‡eï e¨v‡±wiqv aŸsm Kivi †ÿ‡Î cwicvK bvjxi GwmW I GbRvB‡gi f~wgKv e¨vL¨v Ki‡Z cvi‡ev  e¨v‡±wiqv aŸs‡m g¨v‡μv‡dR I wbD‡Uªvwdjm Gi f~wgKv e¨vL¨v Ki‡Z cvi‡ev  gvbe‡`‡ni mnRvZ I AwR©Z cÖwZiÿv eë¯’v e¨vL¨v Ki‡Z cvi‡ev  gvbe‡`‡ni cÖwZiÿvq A¨vw›UewW Gi f~wgKv e¨vL¨v Ki‡Z cvi‡ev  gvbe‡`‡n cÖwZiÿv eë¯’v ˆZwii †ÿ‡Î wUKvi f~wgKv eY©bv Ki‡Z cvi‡ev  `xN©‡gqvw` cÖwZiÿv ˆZwi‡Z †g‡gvwi †Kv‡li f~wgKv e¨vL¨v Ki‡Z cvi‡ev|

10.1 gvbe‡`‡ni †ivM cÖwZ‡iva eë¯’v: (Immune system of human body) Avgiv cÖvqB wewfbœ AbyRxe Z_v e¨vK‡Uwiqv, fvBivm, QÎvK Ges Ab¨vb¨ Rxe Øviv AvμvšÍ nB| G‡ì ejv nq c¨v‡_v‡Rb ev †ivM RxevYy| Avgv‡ì †`n GB ewnivMZ e¯‘ mg~‡ni †eu‡P _vKvi Rb¨

220 `kg Aa¨vq cÖ‡qvRbxq cywó Ges R‡ji GKwU mg„× Drm| Avðvh© RbKfv‡e Avgiv †ewki fvM mgq my¯’ _vwK| Avgv‡ì wb‡R‡ì‡K iÿvi Rb¨ †`‡ni g‡a¨ Lye fvj GKwU cÖwZiÿv eë¯’v Av‡Q| GB cÖwZiÿv eë¯’v K‡qKwU ¯Í‡i Avgv‡ì †`‡n cÖwZiÿv eë¯’v M‡o Zz‡j‡Q| †Kv‡bv ivR`~‡M©i `Lj wb‡Z †hgb ewnivMZ AvμgbKvix‡K K‡qK ¯Í‡ii ˆm‡bï mv‡_ hy× †gvKvwejv Ki‡Z nq| †Zgwb Avgv‡ì †`‡nI Z¡K †_‡K ïiæ K‡i i³ I jwmKv ch©šÍ ewnivMZ RxevYy kÎæi Rb¨ GK we‡kl cÖwZiÿvi eë¯’v Av‡Q| G ch©v‡q avivevwnKfv‡e cÖwZiÿv ¯Íi mg~n Av‡jvPbv Kiv n‡jv|

10.2 cÖ_g cÖwZiÿv ¯Íi gvbe‡`‡ni wZb¯Íi wewkó cÖwZiÿv e¨e¯’vi cÖ_g ¯Í‡i Z¡K, k¦mbZ‡š¿i †kø®§vwSwjø, cvK¯’wji GwmW Ges wewfbœ cwicvK GbRvBg †ivM RxevYy cÖwZ‡iv‡a AZ›`ª cÖnixi gZ KvR K‡i P‡j‡Q|

10.2.1 cÖwZiÿvq Z¡‡Ki f‚wgKv: (Role of skin in defence) B‡›U¸‡g›Uvix wm‡÷g ev Z¡KZš¿ Avgv‡ì †`‡ni mgMÖ Z‡j iÿv Ke‡Pi gZ GKwU kw³kvjx cÖwZiÿv eë¯’v M‡o Zz‡j‡Q| Z¡K †ivM RxevYy‡K †`‡ni Af¨šÍ‡i cÖ‡e‡k evav †`q| ZvB Z¡K‡K †ivM RxevYy cÖ‡e‡ki cÖv_wgK kvixwiK evav wn‡m‡e AvL¨vwqZ Kiv nq| Z¡‡Ki †Kvb ¯’vb †Ku‡U †M‡j ev ÿwZMÖ¯’ n‡j †mLv‡b i³ZÂb N‡U d‡j GB ZÂb cÖwμqvi Kvi‡YI RxevYy †`‡ni wfZ‡i cÖ‡ek Ki‡Z cv‡i bv| Z¡Kxq wm‡emvm MÖwš’ †_‡K wbtm„Z nq wmeve hv ˆZj RvZxq GK ai‡bi ivmvqwbK Dcv`vb| GB wmevg e¨vK‡Uwiqv aŸsm K‡i Ges Ab¨vb¨ RxevYy Z¡‡Ki †jvg Kz‡ci wfZi w`‡q cÖ‡e‡k evav †`q| Z¡Kxq cÖwZiÿv eë¯’vq e¨vK‡Uwiqv aŸs‡m ¸iæZ¡c~Y© f‚wgKv cvjb K‡i NvgMÖwš’ wbtm„Z Nvg| GQvov Nv‡gi ivmvqwbK Dcv`vb Ab¨vb¨ RxevYy †_‡KI Z¡K‡K iÿv K‡i Ges RxevYy †`‡ni wfZ‡i cÖ‡e‡k evav `vb K‡i| Z¡‡Ki GwcWvwg©‡mi †divwU‡bvmvBU Z¡‡Ki ÿwZMÖ¯’ ¯’vb †givg‡Z mvnvh¨ K‡i Ges G †Kvl †_‡K wbtm„Z †Kw_‡jwmwWb I wW‡dbwmb MÖvg †b‡MwUf e¨v‡±wiqv aŸs‡m KvR K‡i| Z¡‡Ki iÄK †Kvl †gjvwbb, ÿiY Kivi gva¨‡g m~‡h©i ÿwZKi AwZ †e¸wb iwk¥ †_‡K Z¡K‡K iÿv K‡i| Z¡‡Ki wnw÷ImvBU †Kvl, RxevYy aŸs‡m Kvh©Kix| †bÎcjø‡ei †g‡evwgqvb MÖwš’, AkÖæi Dcv`vb jvB‡mvRvBg RxevYybvkK wn‡m‡e KvR K‡i| Kv‡bi wfZ‡i †giæwgbvm MÖwš’ wbtm„Z †giæwgb Kv‡b RxevYy cÖ‡e‡k Ges QÎvK Rb¥v‡šÍ evav †`q| k¦vmbvjxi †kø®§v I wmwjqv RxevYy‡K jvjvi mv‡_ wgwkÖZ K‡i RxevYy aŸs‡m mvnvh¨ K‡i|

10.2.2 Lv`¨`ª‡eï e¨vK‡Uwiqv aŸs‡m cwicvK bvjxi GwmW I Dr‡mP‡Ki f‚wgKv: (Role of acid and enzyme of digestive canal to kill bacteria of food) Lv`¨ `ª‡eï e¨vK‡Uwiqv wba‡bi KvR ïiæ nq g~jZ: gyL MnŸi †_‡KB| c¨v‡ivwUW, mve-wj½yqvj I mve†gwÛeyjvix GB wZb ai‡bi jvjvMÖwš’ †_‡K wbtm„Z jvjvi‡m GK ai‡bi e¨vK‡Uwiqv NvZK Dcv`vb _v‡K G‡K jvB‡mvRvBg ejv nq| GB jvB‡mvRvBg Lv`¨ `ªe¨ cwicv‡Ki hvwš¿K wμqvq Lv‡`ï mv‡_ wgwkÖZ n‡q Lv‡`ï mv‡_ AvMZ e¨vK‡Uwiqv aŸsm K‡i| cvK¯’jxi M¨vw÷ªK jy‡g‡bi Pviw`‡K wewfbœ MÖwš’ I †Kvl _v‡K| Gi g‡a¨ c¨vivBUvj †Kvlmg~n HCl ÿiY K‡i hv cvPK i‡mi mv‡_ wgwkÖZ n‡q e¨vK‡Uwiqv aŸsm K‡i| Zxeª A¤øagx© GB Zij e¨vK‡Uwiqv wba‡bi mv‡_ mv‡_ Ab¨vb¨ RxevYyI aŸsm K‡i| cwicvKbvjxi wewfbœ †cÖvwUIjvBwUK GbRvBg RxevYyi †cÖvwUb AveiYx‡K weMwjZ Ki‡Z cv‡i| hK…‡Zi †iwUKz‡jv A¨v‡Ûv‡_wjqvj

gvbe‡`‡ni cÖwZiÿv

221

†Kvl A¨vw›UewW Drcv`‡bi gva¨‡g †ivM-RxevYyi weiæ‡× cÖwZ‡iva e¨e¯’v M‡o Zzj‡Z cv‡i| wcËjeY e¨vK‡Uwiqv aŸsm Ki‡Z mnvqZv K‡i| A‡š¿ emevmKvix AYyRxe ÿwZKi e¨vK‡Uwiqv Rb¥v‡Z evav `vb K‡i| e„n`v‡š¿ emevmKvix e¨vK‡UwiqvI RxevYy aŸs‡m DcKvix f‚wgKv cvjb K‡i|

10.3 wØZxq cÖwZiÿv ¯Íi 10.3.1 e¨vK‡Uwiqv aŸs‡m g¨v‡μv‡dR I wbD‡Uªvwd‡ji f‚wgKv: (Role of Macrophages and neutrophils to kill bacteria)

e¨vK‡Uwiqv aŸs‡m g¨v‡μv‡dR: me©v‡cÿv e„nr AvK…wZi wjD‡KvmvBU mg~n cÖv_wgK Ae¯’vq †MvjvKvi ev wW¤^vKvi _v‡K| Giv cwiYZ Ae¯’v cÖvwßi mv‡_ mv‡_ e„‡°i b¨vq ev Ak¦ÿzivK…wZ AvKvi avib K‡i K¨vwcjvwi cÖvPxi †f` K‡i †hvRK wUmy¨‡Z cÖ‡e‡ki ci Giv g¨v‡μv‡dR G cwiYZ nq| Giv Pjgvb d¨v‡MvmvBU| Aw¯’g¾vq g‡bveøv÷ †_‡K e„w× jvf K‡i Giv i³‡¯ªv‡Z cÖ‡ek K‡i| g¨v‡μv‡dR mg~n e¨vK‡UwimvBWvj G‡R›U avib K‡i hv †ewki fvM e¨vK‡Uwiqv‡K aŸsm Kivi Kv‡R eënvi Kiv nq| †hLv‡b jvB‡mv‡Rvgvj GbRvBg mgyn e¨vK‡Uwiqv‡K cwicvK Ki‡Z e¨_© nq †mLv‡b GB g¨v‡μv‡dR mgyn LyeB mwμq fv‡e KvR K‡i| wKQz e¨vK‡Uwiqv Av‡Q hviv Zv‡ì †`‡ni evB‡i LyeB kw³kvjx cÖwZiÿv AveiYx enb K‡i _v‡K d‡j cwicvKxq GbRvBg mgyn cwicvK Ki‡Z cv‡i bv| g¨v‡μv‡dR d¨v‡MvmvB‡Uvwmm cÖwμqvi gva¨‡g e¨vK‡Uwiqv aŸsm K‡i| GB cÖwμqvq ewnivMZ †Kvb e¯‘ †hgb- e¨vK‡Uwiqv †`nvf¨šÍ‡ii i³ †¯ªv‡Z cÖ‡ek Ki‡j g¨v‡μv‡dR Zv‡ì Pviw`‡K A¨vwgevi gZ Lv`¨MÖnY cÖwμqvi Øviv dzW Kvc MVb K‡i Ges †Kvlxq fÿY cÖwμqvi gva¨‡g G‡ì `gb K‡i|

d¨v‡MvmvBUm †h mKj ewnive¯‘‡K fÿY Ki‡e Zv‡`i c~e© †_‡KB wbe©vPb K‡i †bq| Zv bv n‡j †`‡ni Ab¨vb¨ ¯^vfvweK †Kvl ev MVb GB g¨v‡μv‡dR Øviv fwÿZ nZ| ¯^vfvweK †Kvl¸‡jvi gm„b

222 `kg Aa¨vq Zj Ges cÖwZiÿvKvix †cÖvwUb AveiY‡K g¨v‡μv‡dR fÿY Ki‡Z cv‡i bv| G Kvi‡b †`‡ni ¯^vfvweK †Kvl¸‡jv‡K g¨v‡μv‡dR AvμgY Ki‡Z cv‡i bv| g¨v‡μv‡dR e¨vK‡Uwiqv aŸs‡mi cvkvcvwk AwR©Z cÖwZiÿv eë¯’vi wUªMvwis wn‡m‡e KvR K‡i| hLb GKwU d¨v‡MvmvBU GKwU e¨vK‡Uwiqv aŸsm K‡i ZLb Zviv GKwU ivmvqwbK evZ©v cvVv‡Z _v‡K hv ÿwZMÖ¯’ ¯’v‡b i³ cÖev‡ni gvÎv evwo‡q †`q Ges ÿwZMÖ¯’ ¯’v‡b msμgb‡K evav`vb K‡i| mwμq Ae¯’vq g¨v‡μv‡dR wbD‡Uªvwd‡ji †P‡qI †ewk kw³kvjx| cÖwZwU g¨v‡μv‡dR cÖwZevi GKmv‡_ 100wU K‡i e¨vK‡Uwiqv aŸsm Ki‡Z cv‡i| e¨vK‡Uwiqv aŸs‡m wbD‡Uªvwdjm: i‡³i wjD‡KvmvB‡Ui g‡a¨ hv‡ì wbDwK¬qvm 2-3 †jve hy³ Ges e¨vm 12-15 gvB‡μvwgUv‡ii wb‡P Zviv wbD‡Uªvwdj bv‡g cwiwPZ| Giv A¤ø I ÿvi wbi‡cÿ ZvB Ggb bvgKiY Kiv n‡q‡Q| wbD‡Uªvwdj wmD‡Wv‡cvW m„wó Ki‡Z mÿg Ges WvqvcwÄ bv‡g †KŠkj Øviv K¨vwcjvix cÖvPx‡ii wQ`ª †f` K‡i evB‡i †ewi‡Z Avm‡Z cv‡i| wbD‡Uªvwdj d¨v‡MvmvB‡Uvwmm cÖwμqvi gva¨‡g RxevYy aŸsm aŸsm K‡i †`n‡K †ivMgy³ iv‡L| Giv me‡P‡q ÿz`ª d¨v‡MvmvBU hvi Rb¨ Giv gvB‡μvdvR bv‡g cwiwPZ| wbD‡Uªvwd‡ji mv‡_ mv‡_ A¨w›UgvB‡μvweqvj `vbv hv d¨v‡Mv‡mv‡gi mv‡_ GKxf‚Z n‡q e¨vK‡Uwiqv fÿY I wba‡bi KvR K‡i| wbD‡Uªvwdj `vbv`vi †cÖvwUb Ges †μvgvwUb Aegy³ K‡i hv GK‡Î ewnt‡Kvlxq Zš‘ ˆZwi K‡i †h¸‡jv MÖvg c‡RwUf I MÖvg- †b‡MwUf e¨vK‡Uwiqv‡K Ave× K‡i| GUv‡K wbD‡Uªvwdj G·Uªv‡mjyjvi Uªvcm (NETs) ejv nq| G mKj NETs e¨vK‡Uwiqvi weaŸsmx cÖfve‡K `gb K‡i Ges e¨vK‡Uwiqv †g‡i †d‡j| NETs GKwU mnRvZ cÖwZwμqv ˆZwi K‡i hv AYyRxe‡K AvUwK‡q G‡ì Qwo‡q cov †_‡K cÖwZnZ K‡i Ges ¯’vbxq A¨w›UgvB‡μvweqvj cÖwZwbax‡ì NbZ¡ wbwðZ Kivi gva¨‡g ev¨K‡Uwiqvi ÿwZKi cÖfve‡K `gb K‡i Ges e¨vK‡Uwiqv aŸsm K‡i|

gvbe‡`‡ni cÖwZiÿv

223

10.4 Z…Zxq cÖwZiÿv ¯Íi 10.4.1 gvbe‡`‡ni mnRvZ I Aw©R©Z cÖwZiÿv eë¯’v: (Innate and aquired immune system of human body) gvbe‡`n cÖwZiÿv eë¯’vi gva¨‡g †`n‡K AbyRxe ev Rxevbyi nvZ †_‡K iÿv K‡i| GB cÖwZiÿv eë¯’v GKK †Kvb ˆRe KvVv‡gv wb‡q MwVZ bq| wewfbœ ivmvqwbK Dcv`vb wb‡q GB cÖwZiÿv eë¯’v ˆZwi| GB cÖwZiÿv eë¯’vi gva¨‡g †`‡n cÖ‡ewkZ RxevYy †hgb fvBivm, e¨vK‡Uwiqv G‡ì wPwýZ Kiv nq Ges aŸsm Kiv nq| RxevYy Lye `ªæZ eskwe¯Ívi Ki‡Z cv‡i Ges Lye mn‡RB Awf‡hvRxZ n‡Z cv‡i| GgbwK Zviv †Kvb GKwU cÖwZiÿv eë¯’vi Kvh©μg‡K duvwKI w`‡Z cv‡i| ZvB Avgv‡ì †`‡n GKB mv‡_ GKvwaK cÖwZiÿv eë¯’v KvR K‡i _v‡K| cÖwZiÿv eë¯’v‡K `ywU cÖavbfv‡M fvM Kiv nq| h_v-mnRvZ ev Awbw`©ó cÖwZiÿv eë¯’v Ges AwR©Z ev wbw`©ó cÖwZiÿv eë¯’v| 10.4.2 mnRvZ ev Awbw`©ó cÖwZiÿv eë¯’v: (Innate or non-specific immune system) Avgiv †h cÖwZiÿv eë¯’v Rb¥MZ fv‡e †c‡q _vwK Zv‡K mnRvZ ev Awbw`©ó cÖwZiÿv eë¯’v ejv nq| GB cÖwZiÿv eë¯’v wRbMZ Ges GwU eskMwZ‡Z ¯’vbvšÍwiZ nq| G‡ì cÖwZwμqv A¨w›U‡Rb ¯^vaxb ZvB me A¨w›U‡R‡bi Rb¨ mgvbfv‡e Giv cÖwZwμqv cÖ`k©b K‡i _v‡K| mnRvZ cÖwZiÿv eë¯’vi Dcv`vb ¸‡jv nj- kvixwiK evav, wbtm„Z e¯‘ Ges †Kvlxq Dcv`vbmg~n|

kvixwiK evav: (Physical barriers) mnRvZ cÖwZiÿv eë¯’vi cÖ_g Ask nj kvixwiK evav| cÖK…Zc‡ÿ GB kvixwiK evavi Kvi‡Y †ewki fvM RxevYy †`‡ni wfZ‡i cÖ‡ek Ki‡Z cv‡i bv| mnRvZ ev Awbw`©ó GB cÖwZiÿv eë¯’vq kvixwiK evav wn‡m‡e wb‡¤œv³ welq¸wj KvR K‡i| Z¡K (Skin): Z¡‡Ki †¯‹vqvgvm †Kvl †`‡ni wfZ‡i †Kvb RxevYy cÖ‡ek Ki‡Z evav †`q| wm‡ewmqvm MÖwš’ (Sebaceous gland): wm‡ewmqvm MÖwš’i ÿiY wmevg bv‡g cwiwPZ hvi j¨vKwUK GwmW I d¨vwW GwmW Z¡‡K e¨vK‡iUwiqv Rb¥v‡Z evav `vb I e¨vK‡Uwiqv wba‡b mvnh¨ K‡i| M¨v‡÷ªvB‡›Um÷vBbvj bvjx (Gastro-intestinal canal): GB bvjxi †cwi÷¨vjwmm cÖwμqv, d¬vwks cÖwμqv, wb¤œ pH gvb, wcË GwmW Ges _v‡qvmvqv‡bU BZ¨vw` Rxevbyi weiæ‡× GK kw³kvjx cÖwZiÿv eë¯’v M‡o †Zv‡j| UªvwKqvi wmwjqv (Cilia of trachea): UªvwKqvi wmwjqvi mv‡_ wgD‡Kvwmwjqvix Av‡›`vj‡bi gva¨‡g RxevYy cÖwZnZ K‡i| i³ZÂb (Blood clotting): †Kvb ¯’vb †K‡U †M‡j †mLv‡b RxevYy msμg‡Yi DrK…ó ¯’vb| wKš‘ i³ RgvU euvav cÖwμqvi gva¨‡g †m ¯’vb w`‡q RxevYy cÖ‡ek Ki‡Z cv‡i bv|

224 `kg Aa¨vq jvB‡mvRvBg: (Lysozyme) jvjv Ges AkÖæ‡Z jvB‡mvRvBg cvIqv hvq| Giv MÖvg c‡RwUf e¨vK‡Uwiqvi †Kvl cÖvPx‡ii weMjb NwU‡q G‡`i aŸsm K‡i| Rbb A½: (Genital organ) †hvbx c‡_i GK ai‡bi ÿiY wKQz RxevYy‡K aŸsm Ki‡Z mnvqZv K‡i| GQvov wm‡g‡bi ¯ú©vw©gb Ges wRsK RxevYy aŸs‡m Kvh©Kix| gvZ…`y»: (Mother’s milk) gv‡qi `y‡a j¨v‡±v cvi- Aw·‡WR _v‡K hv RxevYy aŸs‡m GKwU kw³kvjx Dcv`vb wn‡m‡e KvR K‡i| nvB‡Wªv‡K¬vwiK GwmW: (Hydrocloric acid) cvK¯’jxi c¨vivBUvj †Kvl nvB‡Wªv‡K¬vwiK GwmW ÿi‡Yi gva¨‡g cvK¯’jx‡Z AvMZ RxevYy aŸs‡m mnvqZv K‡i| GQvov †cªvwUb cwicvKKvix GbRvBg RxevYy aŸs‡m mvnvh¨ K‡i|

†Kvlxq evav (Cellular barriers) wjD‡KvmvBU ¯^vaxbfv‡e mnRvZ cÖwZiÿv eë¯’vi Wvb nvZ wn‡m‡e KvR K‡i| mnRvZ cÖwZiÿv eë¯’vi †Kvl mg~n nj d¨v‡MvmvBU (g¨v‡μv‡dR, wbD‡Uªvwdj Ges †WbWªvBwUK †Kvl), gv÷‡Kvl, BDwm‡bvwdj, †e‡mvwdj Ges cÖvK…wZK NvZK †Kvl (NK cell) | GB †Kvl¸‡jv RxevYy wPwýZ K‡i Ges AcmviY K‡i| d¨v‡MvmvBUm mgyn RxevYy‡K fÿY Kivi gva¨‡g †g‡i †d‡j| GB mnRvZ †Kvl¸‡jv AwR©Z cÖwZiÿv eë¯’vi mwμqKi‡Yi ga¨¯’ZvKvix wn‡m‡e KvR K‡i| †Kvlxq mnRvZ eë¯’v ¸iZ¡c~Y© welqn‡jv d¨v‡MvmvB‡Uvwmm cÖwμqv| GB cÖwμqvwU m¤úbœ nq d¨v‡MvmvBU †Kvl Øviv, hviv fÿY ev MjvatKiY cÖwμqvi gva¨‡g wn‡m‡e Rxevby ev ewnivMZ e¯‘KYv aŸsm K‡i| d¨v‡MvmvBU¸‡jv cwiμgYKvix cÖnix RxevYy Ly‡R †ei Kivi KvR K‡i| GKwU d¨v‡MvmvBU Øviv RxevYy fÿY Kiv n‡j D³ RxevYy AšÍt‡Kvlxq †fwmK‡ji d¨v‡Mv‡mvg Øviv Ave× nq| c‡i GB d¨v‡Mv‡mvg jvB‡mv‡Rv‡gi ¯’v‡b hy³ n‡q d¨v‡MvjvB‡mv‡Rvg MVb K‡i| wKQz gy³ †iwW‡Kj GB d¨v‡MvjvB‡mv‡Rvg Gi Kvh©KvixZv‡K Z¡ivwbZ K‡i| wbD‡Uªvwdj Ges g¨v‡μv‡dR nj d¨v‡MvmvBU †h¸‡jv †`‡n AvμgYKvix RxevYy‡K AbymiY K‡i mgMÖ †`‡n cwiågb K‡i| wbD‡Uªvwdj mvaviYZ i³‡¯ªv‡Z †`Lv hvq Ges GwU me‡P‡q †ewk cwigv‡Yi wjD‡KvmvBU| mvaviYZ mg¯Í wjD‡KvmvB‡Ui g‡a¨ 50%-60% nj wbD‡Uªvwdj| e¨vK‡Uwiqv msμg‡Yi cÖ`vnRwbZ Pig ch©v‡q msμg‡Yi ¯’v‡b wbD‡Uªvwdj †K‡gvU¨vw·m cÖwμqvq AwfcÖvqb NUvq| Ab¨w`‡K g¨v‡μv‡dR nj eûgyLx Kg© kw³ m¤úbœ d¨v‡MvmvBU| wUmyï †WbWªvBU †Kvl¸‡jv evwn¨K cwi‡e‡ki mv‡_ mshy³ †_‡K d¨v‡MvmvBU wn‡m‡e KvR K‡i| cÖavbZ †WbWªvBU †Kvl¸‡jv Z¡K, bvK, dzmdzm, cvK¯’jx I A‡š¿ cvIqv hvq| wbD‡iv‡WbWªvB‡Ui mv‡_ mv`„k¨c~Y©Zvi Kvi‡Y G‡ì Ggb bvgKiY Kiv n‡q‡Q| Dfq †Kv‡liB KÈK m`„k Awf‡ÿc Av‡Q| wKš‘ †WbWªvBU †Kvl‡K †Kvb fv‡eB wbD‡iv‡WbWªvB‡Ui mv‡_ wgwj‡q †dj‡j Pj‡e bv| †WbWªvBwUK †Kvl¸‡jv †`nKjvi mv‡_ mnRvZ I AwR©Z cÖwZiÿv eë¯’vi mv‡_ mgš^q ˆZwi K‡i| gv÷ †Kvl mg~n †hvRK Kjv Ges wgDKvm AveiYxi g‡a¨ ¯’vqxfv‡e Ae¯’vb K‡i

gvbe‡`‡ni cÖwZiÿv

225

cÖ`vnRbxZ DÏxcbvq mvov w`‡q cÖwZiÿv eë¯’vq mnvqZv K‡i _v‡K| Zviv cÖvqkB A¨vjvwR© I g¨vbvWvBj¨vw·m Gi weiæ‡× KvR K‡i| †e‡mvwdj I BDwm‡bvwdj Df‡qB wbD‡Uªvwd‡ji mv‡_ m¤ú„³| Zviv †h ivmvqwbK ÿiY K‡i Zv ciRxex‡K cÖwZnZ Ki‡Z mnvqZv K‡i Ges A¨vRgvi gZ A¨vjvwR© RwbZ wμqvq ¸iæZ¡c~Y© f‚wgKv cvjb K‡i| mnRvZ cÖwZiÿv eë¯’vi Avi GKwU Dcv`vb n‡”Q wjD‡KvmvB‡Ui cÖvK…wZK NvZK †Kvl; hviv mivmwi AvμgYKvix AbyRxe‡K AvμgY K‡i bv| Giv AvμvšÍ †cvlK †Kvl‡K aŸsm K‡i, †hgbÑ wUDgvi †Kvl, fvBivm AvμvšÍ †Kvl| Major Histo Compatibility Complex (MHC) bv‡g GKwU Ae¯’v hv AvμvšÍ †Kv‡li ewnivei‡b wPwýZ nq Ges cÖvK…wZK NvZK †Kvl¸‡jv AvμvšÍ †Kvl¸‡jv‡K wPb‡Z cv‡i Ges Zv‡ì aŸsm K‡i| GKvi‡bB †`‡ni ¯^vfvweK †Kvl¸‡jv NK †Kvl Øviv AvμvšÍ nq bv| B›Uvi‡dib mnRvZ cÖwZiÿv eë¯’vi GKwU Ab¨Zg Dcv`vb| GwU †cÖvwUb agx© ivmvqwbK| wewfbœ fvBivm, e¨vK‡Uwiqv, ciRxex, RxevYy I wUDgvi †Kvl BZ¨vw` AvμvšÍ †Kv‡li cÖwZwμqvq B›Uvi‡dib ÿwiZ nq| B›Uvi‡dib mvB‡UvKvB‡bR wn‡m‡e cwiwPZ e„nr †kÖwYi MøvB‡Kv‡cÖvwUb| B›Uvi‡dib bvgKib Kiv n‡q‡Q †cvlK †Kv‡l fvBiv‡mi e„w× n¯Í‡ÿc Kivi Rb¨| B›Uvi‡dib Zvi ¯^xq cÖwZiÿv eë¯’vi KvR Kiv QvovI mnRvZ cÖwZiÿv eë¯’v‡K mwμqKiY Ki‡Z NK †Kvl Ges g¨v‡μv‡dR †Kvl‡K mwμq K‡i| GQvov B›Uvi‡dib AvμvšÍ †Kvl mg~‡ni fvBivm msμg‡Yi weiæ‡× cÖwZ‡ivax ÿgZv ˆZwi K‡i| mvB‡UvjvBwUK fvBiv‡mi Avμg‡Yi d‡j †Kv‡li g„Zz¨ nq| Gici g„Z †Kvl †_‡K fvBivm †ewi‡q cvk¦eZx© †Kvl‡K AvμgY Ki‡Z cv‡i| †Kv‡li g„Zzï Av‡MB g„ZcÖvq †KvlwU Zvi cÖwZ‡ekx †Kvl mg~n‡K fvBiv‡mi Dcw¯’wZ g~jK mZK© ms‡KZ †`q, d‡j †mB †Kvl¸‡jv IFNs ÿiY K‡i| IFNs Gi cÖwZwμqvq GB cÖwZ‡ekx †Kvl¸‡jv †_‡K cÖPyi cwigvY †cÖvwUb KvB‡bR GbRvBg ÿwiZ nq| hv fvBivm I AvμvšÍ †Kv‡li †cÖvwUb ms‡kølY eÜ K‡i †`q| †cÖvwUb ms‡kølY eÜ n‡j fvBivm I AvμvšÍ †Kvl Df‡qB aŸsm n‡q hvq| KLbI KLbI msμwgZ †Kvl †_‡K B›Uvi‡dib wbtm„Z nIqvi Rb¨ jÿY wn‡m‡e R¡i n‡q _v‡K| ¯Íb¨cvqx cÖvwY‡Z `k cÖKv‡ii IFNs (Interferon) wPwýZ Kiv n‡q‡Q| AbyRxe Øviv AvμvšÍ †Kvl †_‡K wn÷vwgb bv‡g ivmvqwbK Dcv`vb ÿwiZ nq| GB ivmvqwbK i‡³i ˆKwkK RvwjKv‡K we¯Í…Z Ges wQ`ªhy³ K‡i| d‡j msμwgZ ¯’vbwU dz‡j D‡V| jvjeY© avib K‡i, DËß nq Ges e¨_v ïiæ nq| djkÖæwZ‡Z †ewk cwigv‡b wjD‡KvmvBU AvμvšÍ ¯’v‡b G‡m Rgv nq msμg‡Yi weiæ‡× hy× Ki‡Z| GB cÖ`v‡ni Kvi‡Y †`‡n R¡i Av‡m| R¡i n‡”Q †`‡ni Ggb GKUv eë¯’v hv fvBivm I e¨vK‡Uwiqv‡K D”P ZvcgvÎvq eske„w×‡Z evav †`q| wkÿv_x©i KvR: mnRvZ I AwR©Z cÖwZiÿv eë¯’vi g‡a¨ †KŠkjMZ Zzjbvg~jK QK ˆZwi Ki‡e|

226

`kg Aa¨vq

10.4.3 AwR©Z cÖwZiÿv eë¯’v ev Awbw`©ó cÖwZiÿv eë¯’v Aquired Immune system or specific immune system eûw`b c~‡e© kvixiex`MY eyS‡Z †c‡iwQ‡jb †h †cøM †ivM †_‡K †m‡i DVv e¨w³‡ì Avi †cøM nq bv| Avevi em‡šÍ AvμvšÍ‡ì cieZx©‡Z Avi G †ivM nq bv| Gi KviY n‡”Q Zv‡ì i‡q‡Q AwR©Z cÖwZiÿv eë¯’v| AwR©Z cÖwZiÿv eë¯’v Ggb GK ai‡bi cÖwZiÿv hv Avgv‡ì †`n‡K AR©b Ki‡Z nq| GwU mnRvZ cÖwZiÿvi gZ eskMZx‡Z Abytm„Z nq bv| Avgiv †hfv‡e †Kvb GKK wel‡q Ávb AR©b K‡i _vwK †Zgwb Avgv‡ì †`n wkÿv AR©b K‡i Kxfv‡e †`‡n msμwgZ wbw`©ó c¨v‡_v‡Rb‡K wbkvbv K‡i Zv‡K aŸsm Ki‡Z nq| GB AwR©Z Ávb Ges Kg©cÖwμqv wbqwš¿Z nq AwR©Z cÖwZiÿv eë¯’vi gva¨‡g| GB cÖwZiÿv eë¯’v‡K wbw`©ó cÖwZiÿv eë¯’vI ejv nq KviY GB eë¯’vq msμgYKvix mywbw`©ó RxevYy‡K AvμgY Kiv nq| GUv N‡U A¨w›UewW Drcv`‡bi gva¨‡g Ges wjD‡KvmvB‡Ui mywbw`©ó c¨v‡_v‡Rb fÿY cÖwμqvq| GKwU Abvμg¨ cÖwZwμqv †h ïay msμg‡Yi Kvi‡YB DÏxß n‡e GgbwU bq; f¨vKwm‡bi gva¨‡g K…wÎg Abvμg¨Zv I m„wó nq| wKQz f¨vKwmb AbyRxe ev Gi Askwe‡kl enb K‡i d‡j Giv Abvμg¨ cÖwZwμqv‡K DÏxß K‡i wKš‘ wb‡Riv †ivM m„wó K‡i bv| Bb‡RKk‡bi †miv‡gi gva¨‡g mywbw`©ó AbyRx‡ei weiæ‡× A¨w›UewW ˆZwi K‡i GK e¨vw³ †_‡K Ab¨ e¨vw³‡Z Abvμg¨Zv ¯’vbvšÍi Kiv hvq| D`vniY ¯îƒcÑ †ncvUvBwUm G eûwe¯Í…Z Ggb GKwU †`‡k †KD ågb Ki‡j ågbKvix‡K Gi A¨w›U‡mivg †`qv nq GwU †_‡K cÖwZiÿvi Rb¨| A¨w›U‡mivg †ncvUvBwUm-G Gi weiæ‡× GKwU c¨vwmf Avbvμg¨Zv m„wó K‡i| beRvZKiv gv‡qi KvQ †_‡K Agivi gva¨‡g cvIqv A¨w›UewWi gva¨‡g cÖ_g K‡qK gvm Abvμg¨ cÖwZwμqv ˆZwi Ki‡Z cv‡i| AwR©Z cÖwZiÿv eë¯’vq AskMÖnYKvix Dcv`vb ¸‡jv wb‡¤œ D‡jøL Kiv n‡jvwj‡çvmvBU: Aw¯’g¾v †_‡K Drcbœ n‡q GwU cøxnv, _vBgvm MÖwš’, wjç‡f‡mj I wjç †bv‡W Ae¯’vb K‡i| wKQz wj‡çvmvBU mywbw`©ó A¨w›U‡Rbhy³ †`n †Kvl¸‡jv‡K AvμgY K‡i| G¸‡jv A¨w›UewW Drcv`b K‡i| g‡bvmvBU: g‡bvmvBU †Kvl¸‡jv cieZx©‡Z g¨v‡μvdv‡R cwiYZ nq| g¨v‡μv‡dR RxevYy fÿY Ki‡j g¨v‡μvdv‡Ri †`nvf¨všÍ‡i A¨w›U‡Rb cÖ‡ek K‡i| cÖ‡ewkZ GB A¨w›U‡R‡bi Ask we‡kl Zv‡ì †`nZ‡ji †cÖvwU‡bi mv‡_ wg‡k GKwÎZ nq| cieZx©‡Z T- †Kvl mg~n GB A¨w›U‡Rb wPb‡Z †c‡i G‡ì weiæ‡× Abvμg¨Zv ˆZwi Ki‡Z cv‡i| T- cell: GB iÿvKZ©viv Aw¯’g¾vq ˆZwi n‡jI _vBgvm MÖwš’‡Z G‡m mwμq nq| T †mj A¨w›UewW ˆZwi Ki‡Z cv‡i bv| wKš‘ AwR©Z cÖwZiÿv eë¯’vq wewfbœ ai‡bi T- †mj ¸iæZ¡c~Y© f‚wgKv cvjb K‡i| Helper T-cell: Giv g¨v‡μvdv‡Ri †`nZj †_‡K A¨w›U‡Rb wPwýZ Ki‡Z cv‡i| Giv MÖæ‡c †_‡K B›Uvi‡dib mn GK ai‡bi ivmvqwbK Dcv`vb (lymphokines) ˆZwi K‡i hv B-cell ‰Zwi‡Z DÏxcbv †hvMvq| Giv killer T-cell Drcv`‡bI DÏxcbv †hvMvq| GQvov lymphokines g¨v‡μv‡dR‡K AYyRxe fÿY I aŸs‡mi ÿgZv ewa©Z K‡i|

gvbe‡`‡ni cÖwZiÿv

227

Killer T-cells: G‡ì cytotoxic I ejv nq| Giv K¨vÝvi I fvBivm AvμvšÍ A¯^vfvweK †Kvl mg~n aŸsm K‡i| Giv lymphotoxins wbtmiY K‡i hv perforin bv‡g GK ai‡bi †cÖvwUb enb K‡i| GB ivmvqwbK Dcv`vb AvμvšÍ †Kv‡li weMjb NUvq| Suppresor T cell: Giv Killer T cell ˆZwi‡Z evav cÖ`vb K‡i hw` wKbv Abvμg¨Zvq killer T cell Gi cÖ‡qvRb bv c‡o| Memory T cell: Giv RxevYy wPwýZ Ki‡Yi Rb¨ GKwU †cÖvMÖv‡gi gZ KvR K‡i Ges †`‡n cÖ‡ewkZ RxevYy‡K cÖwZnZ K‡i| B-cell: B-cell ¸‡jv Aw¯’g¾vq Drcbœ I cwiYZ n‡q i³ †¯ªv‡Z cÖ‡ek K‡i| GKwU wbw`©ó A¨w›U‡R‡bi Rb¨ GKwU wbw`©ó B-cell KvR K‡i Ges mywbw`©ó A¨w›UewW ˆZwi K‡i| Memory B-cell: †ewki fvM B-cell ÿY¯’vqx ev ¯^í Avqywewkó| wKš‘ Memory B-cell ¸‡jv `xN©w`b †`‡n Ae¯’vb K‡i| B-cell hLb A¨w›U‡R‡bi ms¯ú‡k© Av‡m ZLb Giv `ªæZ msL¨v e„w× K‡i| msL¨v e„w×iZ GB †Kvl¸‡jv‡K cøvRgv †Kvl e‡j| cøvRgv †Kvl¸‡jv cÖ‡qvRbgZ A¨w›UewW ˆZwi K‡i| B-cell mywbw`©ó A¨w›U‡Rb‡K wPwýZ KiY Kivi welqwU ¯§„wZ †_‡K N‡U _v‡K| ZvB G‡K Memory B-cell e‡j| AwR©Z cÖwZiÿv eë¯’vi †KŠkj (Machanism of aquired immune system): A¨w›U‡R‡bi cÖwZcÿ Abymv‡i wj‡ùvmvBU A¨w›UewW Drcv`b K‡i| cÖ‡Z¨KwU A¨w›U‡Rb mywbw`©ó A¨w›UewW MÖvnK As‡k G‡m mshy³ nq| GUv‡K ejv nq cÖvK…wZK mwμq cÖ‡Yvw`Z Abvμg¨Zv (Nutural active induced immunity)| RxevYyi A¨w›U‡Rb wPwýZKiY ev wbw`óKiY n‡j mywbw`©ó A¨w›UewW ˆZwi nq Ges A¨w›UewW †mB RxevYy †_‡K †`n‡K iÿv K‡i| AwR©Z cÖwZiÿv eë¯’vi 2wU †gŠwjK cÖwZiÿv †KŠk‡ji w`K i‡q‡Q wb‡¤œ Zv e¨vL¨v Kiv n‡jv| c¨vwmf †g‡gvwi (Passive memory): G ai‡bi NUbv gv Ges Zvi beRvZ‡Ki g‡a¨ †`Lv hvq| be RvZK‡ì †`‡n †Kvb †g‡gvwi †Kvl I A¨w›UewW _v‡K bv| cøv‡m›Uvi gva¨‡g gv‡qi †`n †_‡K beRvZK‡K IgG P‡j Av‡m Ges beRvZK D”Pgv‡bi A¨w›UewW cvq| GQvov gvZ…`y‡»i Kj÷ªv‡gi A¨w›UewW wkïi †`‡n †ivM cÖwZ‡iva ÿgZv ˆZwi K‡i| GUv‡K ejv nq c¨vwmf †g‡gvwi KviY beRvZK Zvi †`‡n GwU ˆZwi Ki‡Z cv‡i bv, gv‡qi †`n †_‡K cÖvßUzKzB enb K‡i| A¨vKwUf †g‡gvwi (Active memory): f¨vKwmb ev wUKvi gva¨‡g †`‡n mwμq mnRvZ cÖwZiÿvi †KŠkj A¨vKwUf †g‡gvwii gva¨‡g ˆZwi nq| G‡Z mywbw`©ó A¨w›U‡R‡bi Rb¨ †g‡gvwi †Kvl ˆZwi nq hv †`‡n kw³kvjx cÖwZiÿv eë¯’v ˆZwi Ki‡Z cv‡i|

10.5 gvbe‡`‡ni cÖwZiÿvq Gw›UewWi f‚wgKv: (Role of antibodies in human body defcnce system)

A¨w›UewW BwgD‡bv‡MøvweDwjb (Igs) bv‡g cwiwPZ| GwU e„nr ‘Y’ AvK…wZi †cÖvwUb hv B-cell †_‡K Drcbœ n‡q e¨vK‡Uwiqv ev fvBiv‡mi gZ ewnivMZ AYyRxe wPwýZKib I webvkKi‡b cÖwZiÿv e¨e¯’vq AZ¨šÍ ¸iæZ¡c~Y© f‚wgKv cvjb K‡i| A¨w›UewW `ywU †fŠZ Ae¯’vq _vK‡Z cv‡i GKwU `ªebxq

228

`kg Aa¨vq

Ae¯’vq hv †Kvl †_‡K wbtm„Z nq; Ab¨wU AveiYx c`©vi gZ Ae¯’v hv B-cell Gi †`nZ‡j mshy³ _v‡K| cÖvwY‡`‡n Z_v gvbe‡`‡n cuvPai‡bi BwgD‡bv‡MøvweDwjb (lg) cvIqv hvq, h_v:- IgA, IgD, IgE, IgG Ges IgM A¨›UewWi †fŠZ MVb I †ivM cÖwZ‡iv‡ai ÿgZvi Dci G‡`i GB †kÖwYwefvM Kiv nq| wj‡çvmvBU †Kvl DNA wmKz‡q‡Ýi Dci wbf©i K‡i wewfbœ ai‡bi †Kvl n‡Z G cuvP ai‡bi A¨w›UewW Z_v BwgD‡bv‡MøvweDwjb ˆZix nq| BwgD‡bv‡MøvweDwj‡bi MVb †UUªv‡gwiK A_©vr PviwU cwj‡ccUvBW wkKj wewkó cÖ‡Z¨K AYy‡Z GKB ai‡bi `ywU fvix cwj‡ccUvBW wkKj (Heavy chain-H) I `ywU nvjKv wkKj (light chain –L) _v‡K| fvix wkK‡j cÖvq 500 A¨vgvB‡bv GwmW GKK I nvjKv wkK‡j cÖvq 250 wU A¨v‡gvB‡bv GwmW GKK _vK‡Z †`Lv hvq Ges wkKj¸‡jv WvB mvjdvBW eÜbx‡Z hy³ _v‡K| Ig AYyi wfZ‡ii w`‡K fvix wkKj I evB‡ii w`‡K nvjKv wkKj Ae¯’vb K‡i| Dc‡i w`‡K fvix wkK‡ji mv‡_ nvjKv wkKj hy³ nq Ges G cÖv‡šÍi Øviv evB‡i †_‡K Avmv RxevYy ev A¨w›U‡R‡bi mv‡_ mse× nq, 5 ai‡bi fvix wkKj (i) Y (Mvgv), (ii)  (Avjdv), (iii)  (†WjUv), (iv)  (gvBμb), I (v)  (BcmvBjb) h_vμ‡g IgG, IgA, IgD, IgN, IgE MVb K‡i| nvjKv-cwj‡ccUvBW wkKj `yB cÖKvi h_v (i)  (j¨vgWv), I (ii) K (Kvàv) GKwU Ig AYy‡Z _vK‡Z cv‡i|

BwgD‡bv‡MøvweDwjb mvaviYZ i³ wmivg, jwmKv ev kix‡ii wewfbœ wbtmiY, †hgb-AkÖæ, jvjv, †mwgbvj im, g~Î I Kj÷ªv‡g Dcw¯’Z _v‡K Ges †ivMRxevYy cÖwZ‡iv‡a gyL¨ f‚wgKv cvjb K‡i, i³ i‡mi 10% IgA hv BwgDbZ‡š¿i gyL¨ Dcv`vb| wewfbœ ai‡bi BwgD‡bv‡MøvweDwjb A¨w›UewW wn‡m‡e Kx ai‡bi f~wgKv iv‡L wb‡¤œ Zv D‡jøL Kiv njÑ IgA : A¤øbvjx, k¦vmbvjx I †iPb-Rbbbvjx‡Z cvIqv hvq| Giv G mKj AÂ‡j RxevYyi K‡jvbxMVb I eskwe¯Ívi‡K cÖwZnZ K‡i| GQvov jvjv; AkÖæ I `y‡aI IgA cvIqv hvq| IgD: †miv‡g Lye Aí cwigv‡b cvIqv hvq| Giv gyjZ A¨w›U‡Rb wi‡mÞi wn‡m‡e KvR K‡i| Giv A¨w›UgvB‡μvweqvj Dcv`vb ˆZwi‡Z †e‡mvwdj I gv÷ †Kvl‡K mwμq K‡i| IgE: Giv A¨vjvwR©i weiæ‡× Ave×KiY cÖwμqvq cÖwZ‡iva e¨e¯’v M‡o †Zv‡j Ges gv÷ I †e‡mvwdj †K wn÷vwgb ÿi‡Yi Rb¨ DÏxß K‡i| GQvov K…wg RvZxq ciRxex‡K cÖwZnZ K‡i|

gvbe‡`‡ni cÖwZiÿv

229

IgG: Giv Pvi cÖK…wZi n‡q _v‡K| AvμgbKvix AYyRx‡ei weiæ‡× cÖwZiÿv eë¯’vi †ewki fvMB wbqš¿b K‡i _v‡K BwgD‡bv‡MøvweDwjb| Agiv †f` K‡i gv‡qi †`n †_‡K åƒ‡bi †`‡n cÖwZiÿv eë¯’v M‡o †Zv‡j| IgM: cÖv_wgK cÖwZwμqvi ïiæi w`‡K Drcbœ n‡q _v‡K| GwU B-cell Gi mvi‡d‡m g‡bvgvi wn‡m‡e Dcw¯’Z _v‡K †hLv‡b †m A¨w›U‡Rb Ave× Ki‡bi wi‡mÞi wn‡m‡e KvR K‡i| cÖ‡Z¨KwU A¨w›UewW mywbw`©ó A¨w›U‡Rb‡K mshy³ K‡i Zv‡K wbw¯Œq K‡i| GB mshy³KiY cÖwμqv Zvjv-Pvwe mseÜ‡bi gZ | cÖ‡Z¨K gvby‡li †`‡nB A¨w›UewW Av‡Q| A¨w›UewW Rxe‡bi Rb¨ LyeB ¸iæZ¡c~Y© Ges cÖwZiÿv eë¯’vq ¸iæZ¡c~Y© f‚wgKv cvjb K‡i| cÖ‡Z¨K gvby‡li i³‡¯ªv‡Z me©`v cÖvq GK †_‡K `yB wgwjqb A¨w›UewW cÖevwnZ nq| hv w`b-iv‡Z me©`v Avgv‡ì †`‡n msμgb I †iv‡Mi weiæ‡× hy× K‡i hv‡”Q AZ›`ª cÖnixi gZ|

A¨w›UewW wb‡¤œv³ Dcv‡q cÖwZiÿv e¨e¯’v cwiPvjbv K‡iÑ i) Kw¤úø‡g›U wd‡·kb (Complement fixation): wKQz A¨w›UewW Kw¤úø‡g›U wm‡÷g (cÖwZiÿv e¨e¯’vi KZ¸‡jv Dcv`vb) mwμq Ki‡Yi gva¨‡g †ivM msμgYKvix RxevYy‡K aŸsm K‡i| ii) wbDUªvjvB‡Rkb (Nutralization): A¨w›UewW Zvi A¨w›U‡Rb Ave×KiY As‡ki gva¨‡g c¨v‡_v‡Rb‡K AvUwK‡q †cvlK †Kv‡l cÖ‡e‡k evav †`q Ges G¸‡jv †`n †_‡K AcmviY K‡i| iii) A¨vMøywU‡bkb (Agglutination): wKQz A¨w›UewW c¨v‡_v‡Rb †K RgvU evwa‡q †d‡j, hv †`L‡Z A‡bKUv Svo„i MV‡bi gZ g‡b nq| c‡i GB RgvU evav c¨v‡_v‡Rb mgyn d¨v‡MvmvBU Øviv fÿxZ nq| GKB †ivM ev msμg‡Yi Rb¨ GK ai‡bi A¨w›U‡Rb `vqx n‡jI Gi e¨wZμg †`Lv hvq| †hgbÑ gvby‡li mw`© wewfbœ A¨w›U‡Rb Øviv N‡U _v‡K| ZvB †`‡n evievi bZzb bZzb A¨w›UewW ˆZwi nq| wkÿv_x©i KvR: A¨w›UewW Kxfv‡e cÖwZ‡iva M‡o Zz‡j Zv wP‡Îi gva¨‡g †kÖwYK‡ÿ Dc¯’vcb Ki‡e|

10.6 †`‡ni cÖwZiÿv e¨e¯’vq wUKvi f‚wgKv: (Role of vaceine in human body defence system)

wUKv GKwU ˆRe cÖ¯‘Z Dcv`vb hv mywbw`©ó †ivM-RxevYyi weiæ‡× †`‡n GKwU DbœZ cÖwZiÿvg~jK e¨e¯’v ˆZwi Ki‡Z cv‡i| GKwU wUKv cÖK…Zc‡ÿ Ggb GK cÖwZwbwa enb K‡i hv †ivM m„wóKvix AbyRx‡ei Abyiƒc|

230 `kg Aa¨vq GKwU †ivM m„wóKvix AYyRxe ev c¨v‡_v‡R‡bi wbw¯Œq †`n A_ev g„Z †`n wKsev Gi LyeB `~ej © cÖwZwμqv n‡”Q wUKvi Dcv`vb| GB Dcv`vb †ivM m„wó K‡i bv wKš‘ mywbw`©ó †iv‡Mi Rb¨ `vqx A¨w›U‡Rb‡K enb K‡i| Avi †Kvb cÖvwY‡Z A¨w›U‡Rb cÖ‡ek Ki‡j ¯^qswμqfv‡e †`‡ni cÖwZiÿv eë¯’vq A¨w›UewW ˆZwi nq| Avi GB A¨w›UewW mywbw`©ó A¨w›U‡Rb‡K wbw¯Œq ev aŸsm K‡i †`q| †Kvb †ivM RxevYy †`‡n cÖ‡e‡ki ci cÖwZiÿv eë¯’v ˆZwi n‡Z n‡ZB Giv aŸsmhÁ Pvjvq| ZvB wUKvi gva¨‡g †g‡gvwi †Kv‡li Øviv mywbw`©ó †iv‡Mi Rb¨ m`v me©`v cÖnix ev †hv×v wn‡m‡e A¨w›UewW Avgv‡ì †`‡ni mnRvZ ev Awbw`©ó cÖwZiÿv eë¯’v me †ivM RxevYyi weiæ‡× Kvh©Kix eë¯’v MÖnY Ki‡Z cv‡i bv| ZLb †`‡ni AwR©Z ev wbw`©ó cÖwZiÿv eë¯’vi gva¨‡g RxevYyi weiæ‡× Kvh©Ki c`‡ÿc MÖnY K‡i| GB AwR©Z cÖwZiÿv eë¯’vi Ab¨Zg GKwU Dcv`vb wUKv (Vaccine) | f¨vKwmb Avwe®‹vi K‡ib GWIqvW© †Rbvim, (Edward Jenner’s) wZwb 1796 mv‡j ÔKvD c‡·iÕ (Cow pox) RxevYy w`‡q wUKv ˆZwi K‡i gvbe‡`‡n cÖ‡qvM K‡ib hv gvbe †`‡n Ô¯§j c‡·iÕ (smallpox) Rb¨ A¨w›UewW ˆZwii gva¨‡g †ivM cÖwZ‡iva K‡i| wUKv ˆZwi‡Z Rxe‡K wewfbœ Ae¯’vq eënvi Kiv nq| †hgb- 1. g„Z c¨v‡_v‡Rb w`‡q wUKv cÖ¯‘Z Kiv nq, 2. cÖRb‡b Aÿg Ggb RxweZ c¨v‡_v‡Rb eënvi Kiv nq, 3. Lye KvQvKvwQ mgÜciZvi c¨v‡_v‡Rb eënvi Kiv nq hv †cvlK †`‡ni †Kvb ÿwZ K‡i bv wKš‘ wbw`©ó A¨w›UewW ˆZwi Ki‡Z cv‡i| 4. wUKv cÖ¯‘wZ‡Z KLbI KLbI c¨v‡_v‡R‡bi Ask we‡kl eënvi Kiv nq hv A¨w›U‡Rb enb K‡i| f¨vKwmb †`‡n GKwU bKj ev mnbxq msμgY ˆZwi K‡i cÖwZiÿv eë¯’v‡K †kLvq Kxfv‡e cieZx©‡Z GB msμg‡Yi weiæ‡× cÖwZ‡iva eë¯’v M‡o Zzj‡Z n‡e| D`vniY ¯îƒc, cxZR¡‡ii f¨vKwm‡bi e¨vcK eënvi nq 1938 mv‡j| GB f¨vKwmb ˆZwi‡Z Ggb `~e©j fvBivm eënvi Kiv nZ hv †Kvb †ivM m„wó Ki‡Z Ges eske„w× Ki‡Z cv‡i bv| wKš‘ gvbe‡`‡ni g¨v‡μv‡dR Zvi GB `~e©j Ae¯’vi K_v Lybvÿ‡iI †Ui cvq bv| ZvB Zviv GUv‡K wec¾bKB g‡b K‡i fÿY K‡i| wjç‡bv‡W g¨v‡μv‡dR T- †mj I B- †mj Gi mvg‡b cxZR¡‡ii A¨w›U‡Rb‡K Dc¯’vcb K‡i| cxZR¡‡ii GKwU cÖwZwμqv wbw`©ó T †mj‡K mwμq K‡i| Avi GB mwμq T- †mj B- †mj‡K DÏxß K‡i A¨w›UewW ÿiY Kivq wUKvi `~e©j fvBivmwU AcmvwiZ nq e‡j GB bKj ev mvRv‡bv msμg‡Yi mgvwß N‡U| wKš‘ gvbe‡`‡n †g‡gvwi T I B- †m‡ji cÖPzi mieivn N‡U hv fwel¨r GB cxZR¡i †_‡K gvbyl‡K iÿv K‡i| cÖwZiÿv eë¯’vq f¨vKwmb Kxfv‡e KvR K‡i wb‡¤œ Zv avivevwnKfv‡e D‡jøL Kiv njcÖvBgvix cÖwZwμqv: f¨vKwmb MÖn‡Yi ci †`‡ni cÖwZiÿv eë¯’vq wb‡qvwRZ wKQz †Kvl †ivM-RxevYyi weiæ‡× cÖwZ‡iva g~jK eë¯’v M‡o †Zv‡j| we-wj‡çvmvBU f¨vKwm‡bi A¨w›U‡Rb‡K kbv³ K‡i| wewj‡çvmvBU GB A¨w›U‡R‡bi weiæ‡× Ggb fv‡e KvR K‡i †hfv‡e †m cÖK…Z msμgY‡K cÖwZnZ K‡i| we-wj‡çvmvBU¸‡jv G ch©v‡q ˆmb¨ msLve„w× Ki‡Z _v‡K Ges msL¨v e„w×i mgq Giv `yB& ai‡bi ˆmb¨ ˆZwi K‡i| Giv nj-cøvRgv †Kvl I we-†g‡gvwi †Kvl| cøvRgv †Kvl mg~n A¨w›UewW ˆZwi Ki‡Z _v‡K hv †`‡n f¨vKwm‡bi gva¨‡g cÖ‡ewkZ A¨w›U‡Rb‡K wbw¯Œq K‡i †`q| we-wj‡çvmvB‡Ui cwiPvjbvq f¨vKwm‡bk‡bi d‡j †`‡ni cÖwZiÿv eë¯’vq GB cÖwZwμqv‡K ejv nq cÖvBgvix cÖwZwμqv| GB cÖwZwμqvi m‡e©v”P ms‡e`bkxjZvi Rb¨ K‡qKw`b mgq jv‡M| i‡³ A¨w›UewWmg~n 14 w`‡bi g‡a¨ mg‡eZ n‡q _v‡K|

gvbe‡`‡ni cÖwZiÿv

231

f¨vKwmb MÖn‡bi K‡qK mßvn ch©šÍ A¨w›UewW I we-†g‡gvwi †Kvl Drcv`b cÖwμqv Pj‡Z _v‡K wbw`©ó mgq c‡i A¨w›UewW mg~n ax‡i ax‡i wejxb n‡q hvq wKš‘ we-†g‡gvwi †Kvl mgyn A‡bK eQi ch©šÍ f¨vKwm‡bi A¨w›U‡R‡bi iƒc‡K ¯§„wZ wn‡m‡e msiÿY K‡i|

†m‡KÛvix cÖwZwμqv: we-wj‡çvmvBU †_‡K Drcbœ we- †g‡gvwi †Kvl mgyn f¨vKwmb M„nxZ †`‡n mywbw`©ó c¨v‡_v‡R‡bi A¨w›U‡R‡bi ¯§„wZ msiÿb K‡i hv f¨vKwmb AvKv‡i †cvlK †`‡n cÖ‡ek Kiv‡bv n‡qwQj| cieZx©‡Z hw` †cvlK †`n GB A¨w›U‡Rb enbKvix RxevYy Øviv AvμvšÍ nq Z‡e we-wg‡gvix †Kvl Zv‡`i Lye mn‡RB wPb‡Z cv‡i Ges Giv Lye `ªæZ cøvRgv †Kv‡li msL¨v e„w× K‡i _v‡K| KviY cøvRgv †Kvl B‡Zvg‡a¨B GB Rxevbyi weiæ‡× A¨w›UewW ˆZwii Rb¨ cÖwkÿY wb‡q‡Q| Zviv cÖvq N›Uv Lv‡bK mg‡q g‡a¨ cÖPzi A¨w›UewW ˆZwi Ki‡Z cv‡i| GB A¨w›UewW Lye `ªæZ msμwgZ c¨v‡bv‡Rb‡K AvUwK‡q †d‡j †hb Zviv my¯’ †Kvl‡K AvμgY Ki‡Z bv cv‡i| d‡j Avgiv Amy¯’ n‡q cwo bv| †g‡gvwi we-‡Kvl Øviv cwiPvwjZ GB kw³kvjx cÖwZiÿv e¨e¯’vi cÖwZwμqv‡K ejv nq †m‡KÛvix cÖwZwμqv| GwU LyeB `ªæZ Ges Kvh©Kix GB Rb¨ †h RxevYy Avμg‡Yi me aib‡i cÖ¯w‘ Z Av‡MB †bqv n‡qwQj hLb †`‡n f¨vKwmb cÖ‡ek Kiv‡bv nq| wkÿv_x©i KvR: f¨vKwm‡bi Kg© †KŠkj AsKb K‡i Zv †kÖwYK‡ÿ Dc¯’vcb Ki‡e|

10.7 †`‡ni cÖwZiÿv e¨e¯’vq ¯§„wZ †Kv‡li f‚wgKv: (Role of memory cell in human body defence system)

†g‡gvwi †Kvl we‡kl K‡i wU-‡Kvl I we- †Kvl ewnivMZ A¨w›U‡R‡bi wec‡ÿ cÖv_wgK cÖwZiÿv cÖwZwμqv cwiPvjbv K‡i Ges cieZx©‡Z bZzb K‡i cÖ‡ewkZ GKB RxevYyi A¨w›U‡R‡bi MVbMZ mv`„k¨ i‡q‡Q Ggb A¨w›U‡R‡bi weiæ‡× Lye `ªæZ GKwU kw³kvjx cÖwZiÿv eë¯’v ˆZwi K‡i| wbw`©ó ev mnRvZcÖwZiÿv eë¯’v ¸iæZ¡c~Y© f‚wgKv cvjb K‡i †g‡gvwi †Kvl Giv †`‡n AvμgYKvix †h †Kvb ai‡bi RxevYyi A¨w›U‡Rb‡K ¯§„wZ‡Z msiÿY K‡i Ges cieZx©‡Z †cvlK †`‡n cybivq †mB A¨w›U‡R‡bi AbycÖ‡ek NU‡j h_vh_ A¨w›UewW Drcv`‡bi gva¨‡g G‡ì wb¯Œq K‡i| †g‡gvwi †Kvl mg~n ¯’vqx msμgY wbqš¿‡bi †ÿ‡Î g~j PvweKvwV wn‡m‡e KvR K‡i| GQvov gvZ…‡`‡ni A¨w›UewWi gva¨‡g AcwiYZ åƒY Ges beRvZ‡Ki †`‡n c¨v‡_v‡Rb msμgY †_‡K iÿv K‡i|

232 `kg Aa¨vq †g‡gvwi we-‡Kvl `xN©vqy m¤úbœ †Kvl hviv AwZ `ªæZ msμwgZ A¨w›U‡R‡bi Rb¨ cÖwZwμqv ˆZwi Ki‡Z cv‡i †hwU †m Av‡M †_‡K wP‡b| GB cÖwZwμqvi d‡j cøvRgv †Kvl Gw›UewW ÿiY K‡i Ges AvMZ †mB cwiwPZ RxevYy aŸsm K‡i|

†g‡gvwi we-‡Kvl mg~n A‡bK A‡bK eQi wb‡R msiwÿZ †_‡K mybw`©ó A¨w›U‡Rb ev Gi mgcÖK…wZi MV‡bi A¨w›U‡R‡bi Rb¨ ¯§„wZ msiÿY K‡i| GB cÖK…wZi A¨w›U‡Rb Øviv †cvlK msμwgZ nIqvi mv‡_ mv‡_B Zviv AwZ cwiwPZ Ges kw³kvjx GK cÖwZiÿv eë¯’vi gva¨‡g Rxeb weaŸsmx c¨v‡_v‡Rb †_‡K Avgv‡ì iÿv K‡i| †`‡ni cÖwZiÿv eë¯’vq †g‡gvwi wU- †KvlI ¸iæZ¡c~Y© f‚wgKv cvjb K‡i| †g‡gvwi wU †Kvl mg~‡ni mve- †mU mgy‡ni wfbœZvi Kvi‡Y G‡ì cÖavb `ywU K¨vUvMwi‡Z fvM Kiv nq| †K›`ªxq †g‡gvwi wU-‡Kvl Giv wjç‡qW A‡½ Ave¯’vb K‡i Ges `ªæZ wμqvkxj n‡Z cv‡i bv| B‡d±i †g‡gvwi wU- †Kvl Giv †cwi‡dwiqvj wUmy¨‡Z Ae¯’vb K‡i| wU- †Kvl mg~n msμwgZ c¨v‡_v‡Rb‡K kbv³ Ki‡Z cv‡i Ges Giv GK ai‡bi ms‡KZ †cÖiY K‡i hv mswkøó A¨w›UewW Drcv`b †K Z¡ivwš^Z K‡i| Gi d‡j AwZ`ªæZ GKwU kw³kvjx cÖwZiÿv eë¯’v M‡o D‡V|  GB Aa¨v‡qi cÖavb kãwfwËK mvims‡ÿc  gvB‡μvdvR: me©v‡cÿv e„nr AvK…wZi wjD‡KvmvBU mg~n cÖv_wgK Ae¯’vq †MvjvKvi ev wW¤^vKvi

_v‡K| Giv cwiYZ Ae¯’v cÖvwßi mv‡_ mv‡_ e„‡°i b¨vq ev Ak¦ÿzivK…wZ aviY K‡i K¨vwcjvwi cÖvPxi‡f` K‡i †hvRK wUmy¨‡Z cÖ‡e‡ki ci Giv g¨v‡μv‡dR G cwiYZ nq| g¨v‡μv‡dR mg~n e¨vK‡UwimvBWvj G‡R›U aviY K‡i hv †ewki fvM e¨vK‡Uwiqv‡K aŸsm Kivi Kv‡R e¨envi Kiv nq  wbD‡Uªvwdjm: i‡³i wbD‡KvmvB‡Ui g‡a¨ hv‡`i wbDwK¬qvm 2-3 †jve hy³ Ges e¨vm 12-15

gvB‡μvwgUv‡ii wb‡P Zviv wbD‡Uªvwdj bv‡g cwiwPZ| Giv A¤ø I ÿvi wbi‡cÿ ZvB Ggb bvgKiY Kiv n‡q‡Q|

gvbe‡`‡ni cÖwZiÿv

233

cÖwZiÿv eë¯’v ejv nq| GB cÖwZiÿv eë¯’v wRbMZ Ges GwU eskMwZ‡Z ¯’vbvšÍwiZ nq| G‡ì cÖwZwμqv A¨w›U‡Rb ¯^vaxb ZvB me A¨w›U‡R‡bi Rb¨ mgvbfv‡e Giv cÖwZwμqv cÖ`k©b K‡i _v‡K| mnRvZ cÖwZiÿv eë¯’vi Dcv`vb ¸‡jv nj- kvixixK evav, wbtm„Z e¯‘ Ges †Kvlxq Dcv`vbmg~n|  AwR©Z cÖwZiÿv eë¯’v : AwR©Z cÖwZiÿv eë¯’v Ggb GK ai‡bi cÖwZiÿv hv Avgv‡ì †`n‡K

AR©b Ki‡Z nq| GwU mnRvZ cÖwZiÿvi gZ eskMZx‡Z Abytm„Z nq bv| Avgiv †hfv‡e †Kvb GKK wel‡q Ávb AR©b K‡i _vwK †Zgbwb Avgv‡`i †`n wkÿv AR©b K‡i Kxfv‡e †`‡n msμwgZ wbw`©ó c¨v‡_v‡Rb‡K wbkvbv K‡i Zv‡K aŸsm Ki‡Z nq| GB AwR©Z Ávb Ges Kg©cÖwμqv wbqwš¿Z nq AwR©Z cÖwZiÿv e¨e¯’vi gva¨‡g|  A¨vw›UewW : A¨w›UewW BwgD‡bv‡MøvweDwjb (Igs) bv‡g cwiwPZ| GwU e„nr ‘Y’ AvK…wZi †cÖvwUb hv

B-cell †_‡K Drcbœ n‡q e¨vK‡Uwiqv ev fvBiv‡mi gZ ewnivMZ AYyRxe wPwýZKiY I webvkKi‡Y cÖwZiÿv e¨e¯’vq AZ¨šÍ ¸iæZ¡c~Y© f‚wgKv cvjb K‡i|  f¨vKwmb : wUKv GKwU ˆRe cÖ¯‘Z Dcv`vb hv mywbw`©ó †ivM-RxevYyi weiæ‡× †`‡n GKwU DbœZ

cÖwZiÿvg~jK e¨e¯’v ˆZwi Ki‡Z cv‡i| GKwU wUKv cÖK…Zc‡ÿ Ggb GK cÖwZwbwa enb K‡i hv †ivM m„wóKvix AbyRx‡ei Abyiƒc| GKwU †ivM m„wóKvix AYyRxe ev c¨v‡_‡R‡bi wbw¯Œq †`n A_ev g„Z †`n wKsev Gi LyeB `~e©j cÖwZwμqv n‡”Q wUKvi Dcv`vb|  †g‡gvwi †Kvl : we-wj‡çvmvBU †_‡K Drcbœ AwR©Z cÖwZiÿv e¨e¯’vi ¯§„wZ msiÿYKvix †Kvl n‡”Q

†g‡gvwi †Kvl| †g‡gvwi †Kvl we‡kl K‡i wU-‡Kvl I we- †Kvl ewnivMZ A¨w›U‡R‡bi wec‡ÿ cÖv_wgK cÖwZiÿv cÖwZwμqv cwiPvjbv K‡i Ges cieZx©‡Z bZzb K‡i cÖ‡ewkZ GKB RxevYyi A¨w›U‡R‡bi MVbMZ mv`„k¨ i‡q‡Q Ggb A¨w›U‡R‡bi weiæ‡× Lye `ªæZ GKwU kw³kvjx cÖwZiÿv e¨e¯’v ˆZwi K‡i|

Abykxjbx m„Rbkxj cÖkœ: wg. ‘X’ wKQzw`b c~‡e© †ncvUvBwUm we Gi wUKv MÖnb K‡i‡Q| wKš‘ nVvr †m wP‡Kb c‡· AvμvšÍ| evev ejj, `ywðšÍvi wKQz †bB G †ivM K‡qK w`‡bi g‡a¨ †m‡i hv‡e Ges †Zvgvi Avi KLbB G †ivM n‡e bv| K. g¨v‡μv‡dR Kx? 1 L. Z¡K Kxfv‡e cÖwZiÿvq mvnvh¨ K‡i e¨vL¨v Ki| 2 M. wg. ‘X’ wKQzw`b c~‡e© †h Dcv`vbwU MÖnY K‡i‡Q Zvi KviY e¨vL¨v Ki| 3 N. wg. ‘X’ Gi evev †Kb ejj Zvi Avi G †ivM †Kvb w`bB n‡e bv|Ñ we‡kølY Ki| 4

234 1| 2| 3|

4| 5|

`kg Aa¨vq

eûwbe©vPwb cÖkœ: †g‡gvwi †Kvl †Kvb i³ KwYKv †_‡K Drcbœ nq? K. GivB‡_ªvmvBU L. _ª‡¤^vmvBU M. wj‡çvmvBU N. g‡bvmvBU BwgD‡bv‡MøvweDwjb cvIqv hvq †Kv_vq? K. AMœ¨vkq L. wcËvkq M. cvK¯’jx N. AkÖæMÖwš’ wUKv ˆZwi‡Z e¨envi Kiv nq? i. g„Z c¨v‡_v‡Rb ii. cÖRb‡b Aÿg c¨v‡_v‡Rb iii. c¨v‡_v‡R‡bi Ask we‡kl wb‡Pi †KvbwU mwVK? K. i I ii L. ii I iii M. i I iii N. i, ii I iii wb‡Pi DÏxc‡Ki Av‡jv‡K 4 I 5 bs cÖ‡kœi DËi `vI: GK MÖv‡g `yB e¨vw³‡K GKB cvMjv KzKzi Kvgov‡jv wKš‘ GKR‡bi RjvZ¼ n‡jI Ab¨R‡bi nj bv| DÏxc‡K DwjøwLZ †iv‡Mi RxevYyi weiæ‡× Kvh©Kix c`‡ÿc MÖnY Ki‡Z cv‡i †KvbwU? K. jvB‡mv‡Rvg L. g¨v‡μv‡dR M. BwgD‡bv‡MøvweDwjb N. cÖvK…wZK wKjvi †Kvl DÏxc‡K ewY©Z †iv‡M AvμvšÍ e¨w³i †`‡n Abycw¯’ZÑ i. wUKv ii. A¨w›U‡Rb iii. A¨w›UewW wb‡Pi †KvbwU mwVK? K. i I ii L. ii I iii M. i I iii N. i, ii I iii

GKv`k Aa¨vq

wRbZË¡ I weeZ©b GENETICS AND EVOLUATION RxeweÁv‡bi GKwU ¸iæZ¡c~Y© kvLv n‡jv wRbZË¡ (Genetics) | Ebwesk kZvwã‡Z †R‡bwU‡·i cÖwμqv m¤^‡Ü wKQy Z_¨ Rvbv †M‡jI wesk kZvwã‡ZB g~jZ eskaviv I cÖKiY m¤^Üxq g~j Z_¨¸‡jv Avwe®K…Z n‡q‡Q| eskavivi GKK n‡jv wRb| Kxfv‡e esk ci¤úivq wewfbœ PwiÎ DËivwaKvi m~‡Î mÂvwiZ nq †mB m¤^‡ÜB G weÁvb †_‡K Avgiv Rvb‡Z cvwi| Avevi c„w_ex‡Z Kxfv‡e Rxe‡bi m~ÎcvZ n‡jv? Kxfv‡e ˆewPÎ¨gq RxeRMr ˆZwi n‡jv? eûKvj c~‡e©i RxeKy‡ji mv‡_ eZ©gvb mg‡qi RxeKz‡ji g‡a¨ mv`„k¨ I ˆemv`„k¨ BZ¨vw` weeZ©bZ‡Ë¡i gva¨‡g Rvbv hvq| cÖavb kã (Key Word)  †g‡Ûwjqvb Bb‡nwiU¨vÝ  Bb‡nwiU¨vÝ Gi †μv‡gvRg ZË¡  Am¤ú~Y© cÖKUZv  gvib wRb  cwic~iK wRb  †m· wj¼W wWmAW©vi  WviDBwbRg  j¨vgvwK©Rg  be¨WviDBwbRg  weeZ©‡bi cÖgvY

G Aa¨vq cvV‡k‡l AvgivÑ ● †g‡Ûwjqvb Bb‡nwiU¨vÝ m~Îvewj e¨vL¨v Ki‡Z cvi‡ev ● Bb‡nwiU¨vÝ Gi †μv‡gv‡Rvg ZË¡ e¨vL¨v Ki‡Z cvi‡ev ● †g‡Û‡ji m~‡Îi e¨wZμgmg~n e¨vL¨v Ki‡Z cvi‡ev ● cwj‡RwbK Bb‡nwiU¨vÝ e¨vL¨v Ki‡Z cvi‡ev ● wj½ wba©viY bxwZ we‡kølY Ki‡Z cvi‡ev ● †m·wj¼W wWmAW©vi Gi KviY e¨vL¨v Ki‡Z cvi‡ev ● i‡³i eskMwZRwbZ mgm¨vi KviY we‡kølY Ki‡Z cvi‡ev ● weeZ©bZ‡Ë¡i aviYv e¨vL¨v Ki‡Z cvi‡ev ● weeZ©©‡bi gZev`mg~n we‡kølY Ki‡Z cvi‡ev ● weeZ©‡bi c‡ÿ cÖgvY e¨vL¨v Ki‡Z cvi‡ev ● cÖRvwZi avivevwnKZv iÿvq weeZ©‡bi Ae`vb Dcjwä Ki‡Z cvi‡ev|

236

GKv`k Aa¨vq

11.1 †g‡Û‡ji cÖ_g m~Î (The law of segregation) m~Î : msKi Rx‡e wecixZ êwk‡óï d¨vK&UiMy‡jv (wRbMy‡jv) wgwkªZ ev cwiewZ©Z bv n‡q cvkvcvwk Ae¯’vb K‡i Ges Rbb †Kvl (Gamete) m„wói mgq ci¯úi n‡Z c„_K n‡q wfbœ wfbœ Rbb †Kv‡l cÖ‡ek K‡i| GK‡Rvov wecixZ êwkóävix `ywU Rx‡ei g‡a¨ msKivqb Kiv nq e‡j G m~Î‡K GK msKi μ‡mi m~ÎI ejv nq| wb‡P Kv‡jv I ev`vwg is‡qi wMwbwc‡Mi g‡a¨ msKivqb NwU‡q †g‡Û‡ji cÖ_g m~ÎwU e¨vL¨v Kiv n‡jvÑ

wRbZvwË¡K e¨vL¨v : g‡b Kwi, Kv‡jv i‡Oi Rb¨ `vqx wRb Ñ B Ges, ev`vwg i‡Oi Rb¨ `vqx wRbÑ b †h‡nZz cÖwZwU wd‡bvUvBwcK ˆewkó¨ GK‡Rvov K‡i A¨vwjwjK wRb Øviv wbqwš¿Z nq, †m‡nZz weky× Kv‡jv wMwbwc‡Mi wR‡bvUvBc n‡e BB Ges weky× ev`vwg wMwbwc‡Mi wR‡bvUvBc n‡e bb | wcZvgvZvÑ

F1 Rby :

wd‡bvUvBc wR‡bvUvBc Rbb †Kvl

: : :

wR‡bvUvBc wd‡bvUvBc

: :

F1 Rbyi wMwbwc‡Mi µmÑ wd‡bvUvBc wR‡bvUvBc Rbb‡Kvl

F2 Rby :

♀

♂ B b

♂ weky× Kv‡jv BB B B

 ♀ weky× ev`vwg bb b b

Bb Bb Bb Bb mKj wMwbwcM Kv‡jv (msKi)

: ♂ msKi Kv‡jv : Bb : B b



♀ msKi Kv‡jv Bb B b

BB Kv‡jv Bb Kv‡jv

Bb Kv‡jv bb ev`vwg

F2 Rby‡Z cÖvß djvd‡j †`Lv hvqÑ wd‡bvUvBwcK AbycvZ - Kv‡jv : ev`vwg Ñ 3:1 wR‡bvUvBwcK AbycvZ Ñ BB : Bb : bb = 1 : 2 : 1

237

11.1.1 †g‡Û‡ji wØZxq m~Î (The Law of Independent Assortment) †g‡Û‡ji wØZxq m~Î‡K ¯^vaxb mÂvi‡Yi m~Î (Law of Independent Assortment) ev WvBnvBweªW μm m~Î (Law of Dihybrid Cross) ejv nq| m~Î : `yB ev Z‡ZvwaK †Rvov wecixZ êwkó¨m¤úbœ Rx‡ei g‡a¨ msKivqb NUv‡j cÖ_g msKi cyiæ‡l (F1) ïay cÖKU êwkó¨¸‡jv cÖKvwkZ n‡e Ges Rbb‡Kvl Drcv`bKv‡j êwkó¨My‡jv †Rvov †f‡½ ¯^Zš¿ ev ¯^vaxbfv‡e web¨¯Í n‡q wfbœ wfbœ Rbb‡Kv‡l cÖ‡ek Ki‡e|

wRbZvwË¡K e¨vL¨v : GKwU †nv‡gvRvBMvm Kv‡jveY© I †QvU‡jvgavix wMwbwc‡Mi mv‡_ GKwU †nv‡gvRvBMvm ev`vwgeY© I j¤^v‡jvghy³ wMwbwc‡Mi μm NUv‡j F1 Rby‡Z me wMwbwcM Kv‡jveY© I †QvU †jvgavix nq| KviY, Kv‡jveY© I †QvU †jvg ˆewkó¨ `ywU cÖKU Ges ev`vwgeY© I j¤^v‡jvg ˆewkó¨ `ywU cÖ”Qbœ| g‡b Kwi, Kv‡jve‡Y©i Rb¨ `vqx wRb- B, ev`vwge‡Y©i Rb¨ `vqx wRb- b, †QvU †jv‡gi Rb¨ `vqx wRb-S, j¤^v‡jv‡gi Rb¨ `vqx wRb- s, AZGe, weky× Kv‡jveY© †QvU †jvgavix wMwbwc‡Mi ,wR‡bvUvBc- BBSS weky× ev`vwg eY© j¤^v †jvgavix wMwbwc‡Mi wR‡bvUvBc- bbss wcZvgvZv- wd‡bvUvBc: ♂ Kv‡jveY© I †QvU‡jvg  ♀ ev`vwgeY© I j¤^v‡jvg (†nv‡gvRvBMvm) (†nv‡gvRvBMvm) wR‡bvUvBc: BBSS bbss BS

Rbb‡Kvl :

F1 Rby :

BbSs

bs 

238

GKv`k Aa¨vq

♂ F2 Rby :

BS Bs bS bs

BBSS Kv‡jv †QvU‡jvg BBSs Kv‡jv †QvU‡jvg BbSS Kv‡jv †QvU‡jvg BbSs Kv‡jv †QvU‡jvg

BBSs Kv‡jv †QvU‡jvg BBss Kv‡jv BbSs Kv‡jv †QvU‡jvg Bbss Kv‡jv

BbSS Kv‡jv †QvU‡jvg BbSs Kv‡jv †QvU‡jvg bbSS †QvU‡jvg bbSs †QvU‡jvg

BbSs Kv‡jv †QvU‡jvg Bbss Kv‡jv bbSs †QvU‡jvg bbss

wR‡bvUvBc : 1wU BBSS,2wU BBSs,2wU BbSS, 4wU BbSs,1wU BBss,2wU Bbss, 1wU bbSS,2wU bbSs, 1wU bbss wR‡bvUvBwcK : 1 t 2 t 2 t 4 t 1 t 2 t 1 t 2 t 1 wd‡bvUvBc : Kv‡jv-†QvU‡jvg Kv‡jv-j¤^v‡jvg ev`vwg †QvU‡jvg ev`vwg j¤^v‡jvg| wd‡bvUvBwcK AbycvZ : 9 t 3 t 3 t 1 wkÿv_x©i KvR: wkÿv_x©iv wewfbœ D`vni‡Yi gva¨‡g †g‡Û‡ji wØZxq m~‡Îi wRbZvwË¡K e¨vL¨v †kÖwY K‡ÿ Dc¯’vcb Ki‡e|

11.2 Bb‡nwiU¨vÝ Gi †μv‡gv‡Rvg ZË¡ (Chromosomal theory of inheritance) 1900 wLª÷vã ch©šÍ mvB‡UvjwR ev †KvlZ‡Ë¡i bvbv Avwe®‹vi eskavivq †μv‡gv‡mv‡gi ¸iæZ¡ Bw½Z K‡iwQj| Gi ci 1902 wLª÷v‡ã Av‡gwiKvq William Sutton (1876-1916) Ges Rvg©vbx‡Z Theodor Boveri †g‡Û‡ji d¨v±‡ii mv‡_ †μv‡gv‡mv‡gi h_vh_ m¤úK© wbY©q Ki‡Z mÿg n‡qwQ‡jb| Sutton cÖ_‡g g‡b K‡iwQ‡jb †h, gv‡qvwmm hLb †nv‡gv‡jvMvm †μv‡gv‡mvg¸‡jv Avjv`v n‡q wecixZ †giæ‡Z Ae¯’vb †bq ZLb GKwU †giæ‡Z me gvZ… †μv‡gv‡mvg¸‡jv I Ab¨ †giæ‡Z me wcZ… †μv‡gv‡mv¸‡jv hvq| wKš‘ c‡i wZwb †`L‡jb †h, GB aviYvi mvnv‡h¨ A‡bK Z_¨ e¨vL¨v Kiv hvq bv| A¨vbv‡d‡R Gfv‡e †μv‡gv‡mvg¸‡jv ewÈZ n‡j †h †Kv‡bv Rx‡e †Kej `yB iK‡gi M¨v‡gU ˆZwi n‡e Ges †Kej Pvi iK‡gi RvB‡MvU Drcbœ n‡e| Sutton c‡i bvbv cixÿv †_‡K wm×všÍ Ki‡jb †h gv‡qvwmm wefvR‡bi mgq BKz‡qUvi (equator) ev welye‡iLv AÂ‡j evBf¨v‡j›U¸‡jvi Ae¯’vb †hgb Lywkfv‡e nq| A_©vr †h †Kv‡bv evBf¨v‡j‡›Ui gvZ… I wcZ… †μv‡gv‡mvgwU †h †Kv‡bv †giæi w`‡K _v‡K| †Kv‡bv evBf¨v‡j‡›Ui web¨vm Ab¨ evBf¨v‡j‡›U Kxfv‡e i‡q‡Q Zvi Dci wbf©i K‡i bv| A¨vbv‡d‡R †μv‡gv‡mvg¸‡jvi c„_KxKi‡Yi ci wewfbœ msL¨K gvZ… I wcZ… †μv‡gv‡mvgwewkó

239

bvbv iK‡gi M¨v‡gU ˆZwi nq| †hgb- hw` wZb †Rvov †μv‡gv‡mvg _v‡K Zvn‡j AvU iK‡gi M¨v‡gU Ges Pvi †Rvov †μv‡gv‡mvg _vK‡j †lvj iK‡gi M¨v‡gU ˆZwi n‡Z cv‡i| Gme M¨v‡g‡Ui h`„”Q (random) wgj‡bi d‡j cÖ_g †ÿ‡Î †lvj iK‡gi Ges wØZxq †ÿ‡Î †PŠlwÆ iK‡gi RvB‡MvU m„wó n‡Z cv‡i| Gme dj †g‡Û‡ji cixÿvjä d‡ji mv‡_ mvgÄm¨c~Y©| myZivs Sutton I Boveri-i g‡Z †Kv‡bv Pwi‡Îi wbqš¿K wRb¸‡jv †μv‡gv‡mv‡g Aew¯’Z Ges †Kvl wefvR‡bi mgq †μv‡gv‡mvg¸‡jv hLb wef³ n‡q wecixZ †giæ‡Z hvq ZLb d¨v±i ev wRb¸‡jvi c„_KxKiY nq| GB gZ eskavivi †μv‡gv‡mvgxq gZev` ev chromosomal theory of inheritance bv‡g cwiwPZ| †μv‡gv‡mvg¸‡jv‡K eskavivi evnK n‡Z n‡j Zvi KZK¸‡jv we‡kl PwiÎ _vKv ìKvi| G¸‡jv n‡jv: K. †Kv‡li me Ae¯’vq †μv‡gv‡mvg¸wji eZ©gvb _vKv ìKvi| L. †nv‡gv‡jvMvm ev mgms¯’ †μv‡gv‡mv‡gi g‡a¨ hyM¥Zv nIqv cÖ‡qvRb| M. wewfbœ †μv‡gv‡mvg †Rvovi ¯^vaxb eÈb nIqv ìKvi| N. wewfbœ †μv‡gv‡mvg †Rvovi g‡a¨ ¯^vZš¿¨ ev ¸YMZ cv_©K¨ _vKv cÖ‡qvRb| †μv‡gv‡mv‡gi Gme ¸YB Av‡Q| Sutton I Boveri-i gZev` †_‡K †evSv hvq †h, DËivwaKv‡ii †ÿ‡Î wRb I †μv‡gv‡mv‡gi g‡a¨ wbweo ms‡hvM i‡q‡Q| GQvov cÖ‡Z¨K †μv‡gv‡mv‡giI GKwU wbw`©ó f~wgKv i‡q‡Q| GLb Rvbv wM‡q‡Q †h, †μv‡gv‡mv‡gi AvYweK MVb I Rx‡ei Kvh©avivi (action) g‡a¨ h‡_ó m¤úK© i‡q‡Q| †μv‡gv‡mv‡gi DNA AYyMy‡jv n‡”Q evskaviv wbqš¿‡Yi PvweKvwV ev g~j Dcv`vb Ges GUv †Kv‡li me Ae¯’vqB Dcw¯’Z _v‡K|

11.3 †g‡Û‡ji m~Îmg~‡ni e¨wZμg (Anomalies of mendelian laws) †g‡Û‡ji m~Î cybivwe®K…Z nIqvi ci †_‡K weÁvbxiv wewfbœ Dw™¢` I cÖvwY‡Z A‡bK msKiY cixÿv K‡iwQ‡jb| †Kv‡bv †Kv‡bv †ÿ‡Î Zuviv Ggb KZK¸‡jv AbycvZ †c‡qwQ‡jb hv †g‡Û‡ji AbycvZ †_‡K Avjv`v| GiKg KZK¸‡jv AbycvZ n‡jv 1 : 2 : 1, 13 : 3, 9 : 7 BZ¨vw`| †g‡Û‡ji cixÿvq †mŠfvM¨μ‡g DËivwaKv‡ii aviv mij wQj| wKš‘ cieZx© cixÿv¸‡jv †_‡K †`Lv hv‡”Q †h, †Kv‡bv †Kv‡bv †ÿ‡Î †g‡Ûj †hgb †c‡qwQ‡jb †miKg mij DËivwaKvi cvIqv hvq bv Ges Gme †ÿ‡Î †Kej GKwU ¯^vaxb d¨v±i w`‡q GKwU Pwi‡Îi DËivwaKvi e¨vL¨v Kiv hvq bv| Bateson -Gi g‡Z, KL‡bv KL‡bv `y‡Rvov ev Gi †ewk msL¨K d¨v±i GKB PwiÎ wbqš¿Y K‡i| A_©vr wewfbœ wR‡bi wgwjZ cÖfv‡ei d‡j †Kv‡bv GKwU PwiÎ wba©vwiZ nq| wR‡bi GiKg cÖfve‡K wRb B›UviG¨vKkb ev wR‡bi wgwjZ cÖfve e‡j | wR‡bi G ai‡bi AvPi‡Yi d‡j †g‡Ûjxq Abycv‡Zi e¨wZμg †`Lv hvq| 11.3.1 Am¤ú~Y© cÖKUZv (Incomplete dominance) †ewkifvM Dw™¢` Ges cÖvwY‡Z wecixZagx© ˆewk‡ó¨i g‡a¨ cÖKU wR‡bi ewntcÖKvk NU‡jI A‡bK‡ÿ‡Î GB cÖKUZv cÖKvk cvq bv, A_©vr cÖKUZvi Am¤ú~Y©fv‡e cÖKvk N‡U| Kv‡jv I mv`v Av›`vbywmqvb (Andalusian) †gviM I gyiwMi g‡a¨ cÖRbb NwU‡q Am¤ú~Y© cÖKU wR‡bi Aw¯ÍZ¡ wbiƒcY Kiv hvq|

240

GKv`k Aa¨vq

G‡ÿ‡Î F1 cÖR‡b¥ meKwU †gviM I gyiwM Kv‡jv ev mv`v i‡Oi bv n‡q bxj e‡Y©i nq| mv`v ev Kv‡jv †Kv‡bv iOB cÖKU n‡q †`Lv †`q bv eis Zv‡ì mswgkÖ‡Y meKwU bxj eY© aviY K‡i| F1 cÖR‡b¥i †gviM-gyiwMi g‡a¨ μm NUv‡j F2 cÖR‡b¥ †`Lv hvq Kv‡jv, mv`v I bxj e‡Y©i †gviM-gyiwM| cÖwZ PviwU †gviM-gyiwMi g‡a¨ 1wU Kv‡jv, 2wU bxj I 1wU mv`v| A_©vr G‡ì AbycvZ ùvovq 1 t 2 t 1| g‡b Kwi: Kv‡jv i‡Oi Rb¨ wRb = A mv`v i‡Oi Rb¨ wRb = a Kv‡jv †gviM mv`v gyiwM wR‡bvUvBc AA × aa wd‡bvUvBc Kv‡jv mv`v M¨v‡gU a A

Aa bxj F1 Rbyi †gviM-gyiwMi g‡a¨ msKivqb NUv‡j F2 Rbyi djvdj| F1 Rby

wcZv-gvZv :

♂ bxj †gviM A a

wd‡bvUvBc: wR‡bvUvBc :

M¨v‡gU :

♀ Rby

♂ A a

♀ bxj gyiwM A a

 

A A Kv‡jv A a bxj

A a bxj aa mv`v

11.3.2 mgcÖKUZv (Co-dominance) - AbycvZ 9 t 3 t 4 †nv‡gv‡jvMvm †μv‡gv‡Rv‡gi GKB †jvKv‡m Aew¯’Z wecixZ ˆewk‡ó¨i `ywU A¨vwjj †nUv‡ivRvBMvm Ae¯’vq hLb cÖKU-cÖ”Qbœ m¤ú‡K©i cwie‡Z© Df‡qi mgfv‡e cÖKvwkZ nq, ZLb wR‡bi G ai‡bi ¯^fve‡K mncÖKUZv e‡j|

241

†Mv-gwnlvwì g‡a¨ mncÖKUZvi NUbv †`Lv hvq| mv`v e‡Y©i luv‡oi mv‡_ jvj e‡Y©i Mvwfi μm NUv‡bv n‡j F1 Rby‡Z †ivqvb (roan) e‡Y©i evQzi Drcbœ nq| †ivqvb e‡Y©i g‡a¨ mv`v I jvj e‡Y©i gaëZx© †Kvb Ae¯’v cwijwÿZ nq bv, eis jvj I mv`v †jv‡gi wgkÖY †`Lv hvq| F1 Rbyi †ivqvb e‡Y©i lvo I Mvwfi g‡a¨ μm NUv‡j F2 Rby‡Z 1 t 2 t 1 Abycv‡Z h_vμ‡g mv`v, †ivqvb Ges jvj e‡Y©i evQz‡ii Rb¥ nq| wRbZvwË¡K e¨vL¨v: awi, Miæi mv`v e‡Y©i †jvg m„wói Rb¨ `vqx wRb Cw Ges jvj e‡Y©i Rb¨ `vqx wRb CR | †h‡nZz cÖwZwU êwkó¨ cÖKv‡ki Rb¨ GK‡Rvov wRb `vqx ZvB mv`v e‡Y©i luv‡oi wR‡bvUvBc I jvj e‡Y©i Mvwfi wR‡bvUvBc n‡e h_vμ‡g C w C w Ges CR CR | mv`v e‡Y©i luvo Ges jvj e‡Y©i Mvwf h_vμ‡g Cw I CR wRbevnx M¨vwgU Drcbœ K‡i| Dfq M¨vwg‡Ui wgj‡b m„ó F1 Rbyi evQz‡ii wR‡bvUvBc nq CW CR (†nUv‡ivRvBMvm) Ges eY© nq †ivqvb| †ivqvb e‡Y©i luvo Ges Mvwf DfqB mgvb msL¨vq C W Ges CR wRbevnx `yB ai‡bi Rbb‡Kvl Drcbœ K‡i| G †_‡K wbwe©Pvi wb‡l‡Ki d‡j F2 Rby‡Z 1 (C W C W ) t 2 (C W C R ) t 1 (C R C R ) Abycv‡Z h_vμ‡g mv`v, †ivqvb Ges jvj Miæi Rb¥ nq| ¯úóZ †nUv‡ivRvBMvm Ae¯’vq (C W C R ) mncÖKUZvi Kvi‡Y F2 Rby‡Z wd‡bvUvB‡ci AbycvZ 3 t 1 bv n‡q 1 t 2 t 1 nq| wcZvgvZv : wR‡bvUvBc ♂ C W C W × ♀ CR CR mv` luvo jvj Mvwf W C CR M¨vwgU

CW CR me¸‡jv †ivqvb

F1 Rby: wR‡bvUvBc

F1 Rbyi †ivqv‡bi g‡a¨ μm NUv‡jwR‡bvUvBc ♂ C W CR †ivqvb luvo M¨vwgU CW C R F2 Rby:

♀ ♂

♀ C W CR †ivqvi Mvwf CW C R

CWCW

mv`v

†ivqvb

C C

†ivqvb

CR CR jvj

242

GKv`k Aa¨vq

11.3.3 wj_vj wRb (Lethal gene)- AbycvZ 2t1 wj_vj wRb : wewfbœ cixÿv †_‡K Rvbv hvq †h, †Kv‡bv †Kv‡bv wR‡bi Dcw¯’wZ Rx‡ei Rxebxkw³ Kwg‡q †`q wKsev H wRbwewkó RxewU †eu‡P _vK‡Z cv‡i bv| GiKg wRb‡K wj_vj (Lethal) ev cÖvYbvkK wRb e‡j| wj_vj wRb †Kv‡bv we‡kl ai‡bi wRb bq, Giv Ab¨ wR‡bi g‡ZvB| wKš‘ GiKg wR‡bi cÖfv‡e g„Zz¨ NU‡Z cv‡i| wewfbœ wj_vj wRb Rxe‡bi wfbœ wfbœ ch©v‡q cÖfve we¯Ívi K‡i| †Kv‡bv †Kv‡bvwUi Dcw¯’wZ‡Z RvB‡MvU ev åƒY Ae¯’vq g„Zz¨ N‡U| Avevi KZK¸‡jvi cÖfve Rxe‡bi †Kv‡bv cieZx© ch©v‡q †`Lv hvq| †Kvb mgq wj_vj wRb cÖfve we¯Ívi Ki‡e Zv wbf©i K‡i H wRb †h A‡½i A¯^vfvweKZv m„wó K‡i g„Zz¨ NUv‡”Q †mB A½ KLb weKvk jvf Ki‡Q Zvi Dci| †hgb- wj_vj wRbwU hw` ü`wcÐ‡K cÖfvweZ K‡i Zvn‡j åƒY Ae¯’vq g„Zz¨ n‡Z cv‡i, wKš‘ G wRb hw` dzmdzm, e„° BZ¨vw`‡K cÖfvweZ K‡i Zvn‡j R‡b¥i ci g„Zz¨ n‡Z cv‡i| divwm wRbZË¡we`& Kz¨‡bv (Cune’not) 1905 mv‡j Bu`y‡ii Mv‡qi is wb‡q cixÿv Kivi mgq GiKg wgDU¨v›U f¨vivBwUi Bu`yi cvb hv‡ì Mv‡qi is njy`| wZwb jÿ¨ K‡iwQ‡jb †h, njy` Bu`yi †_‡K †Kej njy` Bu`yi m„wó nq bv| myZivs †nv‡gvRvBMvm Ae¯’vq njy` êwk‡óï wbqš¿K cÖKU wRb cÖvYbvkK nq Ges †h njy` Bu`yi Rb¥ †bq Zviv nq †nUv‡ivRvBMvm| GiKg `ywU njy` Bu`y‡ii msKivq‡bi d‡j 2:1 Abycv‡Z h_vμ‡g njy` I †g‡U is‡qi Bu`yi cvIqv hvq| G‡ÿ‡Î wj_vj wR‡bi cÖfv‡e 25% Bu`yiB åƒYxq Ae¯’vq gviv hvq|

wRbZvwË¡K e¨vL¨v : Bu`y‡ii Mv‡Îi njy` eY©- †g‡U, Kv‡jv I Ab¨vb¨ me is‡qi Dci cÖKU| g‡b Kwi, njy` i‡Oi Rb¨ `vqx cÖKU wRb- A y Ges †g‡U i‡Oi Rb¨ `vqx cÖ”Qbœ wRb- a myZivs, msKi njy` Bu`y‡ii wR‡bvUvBc n‡e A y a GLb `ywU msKi njy` Bu`y‡ii g‡a¨ μm NwU‡q cvBwcZv-gvZv :

wd‡bvUvBc: wR‡bvUvBc :

♂ nj‡` Bu`yi Ay a

Rbb †Kvl :

♀

♂

Ay a

mšÍvb-mšÍwZi :wR‡bvUvBc: A yA y wd‡bvUvBc: g„Z wd‡bvUvB‡ci AbycvZ : 1



♀ nj‡` Bu`yi Ay a



Ay Ay g„Z Ay a nj‡`

Ay a nj‡` aa †g‡U

Ay a

nj&‡` 2

aa †g‡U t 1

243

cixÿv †_‡K †`Lv hv‡”Q †h, nj‡` i‡Oi Rb¨ `vqx wRb A y †nv‡gvRvBMvm Ae¯’vq _vKvi Kvi‡Y A y A y wR‡bvUvBcwewkó kveK R‡b¥i c~‡e©B Rivqy‡Z åƒYxq cwiùzU‡bi M¨v÷ªy‡jkb av‡c gviv hvq| G‡ÿ‡Î A y wRb| G wj_vj wR‡bi d‡j †g‡Û‡ji 3 : 1 wd‡bvUvBwcK AbycvZ cwiewZ©Z n‡q 2 : 1 nq | wj_vj wR‡bi cÖfv‡e gvbyl I Ab¨vb¨ cÖvwY‡Z wewfbœ cÖKv‡ii kvixwiK mgm¨v Ges Am¤ú~Y©Zv †`Lv hvq| gvby‡li †ÿ‡ÎI wj_vj wR‡bi cÖfve jÿ Kiv hvq, †nUv‡ivRvBMvm Ae¯’vq Gme wRb bvbv iKg A¯^vfvweKZv m„wó K‡i Ges †nv‡gvRvBMvm wj_vj wRbwewkó cÖvwYwU mvaviYZ euv‡P bv| †hgb- GK ai‡bi wj_vj wRb †nUv‡ivRvBMvm Ae¯’vq _vK‡j gvby‡li nv‡Zi Av½yj¸‡jv †QvU †QvU nq| Gme †ÿ‡Î Av½y‡j `ywU ms‡hvM¯’j ev MvuU _v‡K| wKš‘ ¯^vfvweK †jvK‡ì Av½y‡j wZbwU ms‡hvM¯’j _v‡K| G A¯^vfvweKZv‡K Brachyphalangy e‡j| weÁvbx Mohr cixÿv K‡i †`‡Lb †h, GB iKg A¯^vfvweKZvwewkó `yB Rb gvby‡li g‡a¨ weev‡ni d‡j Zv‡ì mšÍvb‡ì GKRb Av½yjwenxb, `yRb Brachyphalangy wewkó Ges GKRb ¯^vfvweK ( 1 : 2 : 1) n‡qwQj| Av½yjwenxb mšÍv‡bi wj_vj wRbwU †nv‡gvRvBMvm Ae¯’vq _vKvq G mšÍvbwU †ewkw`b euv‡Pwb| GQvovÑ gvby‡li wn‡gvwdwjqv (Haemophilia), _¨vjv‡mwgqv (Thalassemia), Mevw`cï‡Z cv-wenxb (Amputed) evQyi BZ¨vwÌ wj_vj wR‡bi D`vniY| wkÿv_x©i KvR: wkÿv_x©iv gvby‡li †ÿ‡Î wewfbœ ai‡bi wj_vj wR‡bi cÖfve I Gi eskMwZi wRbZvwË¡K e¨vL¨v †kÖwYK‡ÿ Dc¯’vcb Ki‡e|

11.3.4 cwic~iK wRb (Complementary gene)- AbycvZ 9 t 7 †h êwkó¨ `ywU wR‡bi cvi¯úwiK wμqvq cÖKvk cvq ZLb wRb `ywU‡K cwic~iK wRb e‡j| `ywU wR‡bi Kvh©KvwiZvi d‡jB êwkó¨wU AvZ¥cÖKvk K‡i| GKwU wRb Ab¨ GKwU wR‡bi KvR m¤ú~Y© K‡i| GRb¨ G‡ì‡K cwic~iK wRb e‡j| 9 t 7 AbycvZ cwic~iK wR‡bi Kvh©KvwiZvq Drcbœ nq| cwic~iK Rx‡bi †Rvov GKwU wba©vwiK wn‡m‡e KvR K‡i Ges Aci †Rvov A¨vwjj cÖeZ©K wn‡m‡e KvR K‡i|

wRbZvwË¡K e¨vL¨v : evKkw³ I kªeYkw³i cÖKU wRb‡K h_vμ‡g M I D Øviv wPwýZ Ki‡j DdMm, DDMM, DdMM, DDMm BZ¨vw` wR‡bvUvBc avix gvbyl ¯^vfvweK evK I kÖeYÿg n‡e| †hLv‡b †`Lv hv‡”Q D I M Df‡qB Dcw¯’Z, Avevi `yai‡bi wR‡bvUvBcwewkó gvbyl gyK-ewai n‡e| Giv n‡jv: (i) ddMM I (ii) DDmm | gyK I ewaiZvi GB wR‡bvUvBc Ø‡q †`Lv hv‡”Q D I M GKmv‡_ Dcw¯’Z †bB| Dc‡iv³ wR‡bvUvBcavix GKRb gyK-ewai cyiæ‡li mv‡_ GKRb gyK-ewai gwnjvi we‡q n‡j Zv‡ì me mšÍvb (F1) ¯^vfvweK evK-kªeYÿg n‡e| D³ mšÍvb‡ì wR‡bvUvB‡ci Abyiƒc wR‡bvUvBcavix cyiæl I gwnjvi we‡q n‡j Zv‡ì m„ó cieZ©x eska‡i (F2) ¯^vfvweK evK-kªeYÿg I gyK-ewai mšÍvb 9 : 7 Abycv‡Z cÖKvk cv‡e| wb‡gœi Q‡Ki gva¨‡g djvdj e¨vL¨v Kiv n‡jv:

244

GKv`k Aa¨vq

wcZvgvZv :

wd‡bvUvBc :

gyK-ewai ♂

wR‡bvUvBc : Rbb‡Kvl :

ddMM dM

F1 Rbyi wR‡bvUvBc : wd‡bvUvBc:

gyK-ewai ♀



DDmm Dm

DdMm me mšÍvb ¯^vfvweK evK-kªeYÿg

F1 Rbyi g‡a¨ μm : wd‡bvUvBc : ♂ ¯^vfvweK evK& -kªeYÿg  ♀ ¯^vfvweK evK& -kªeYÿg DdMm DdMm wR‡bvUvBc : Rbb‡Kvl : DM Dm dM

Dm dM dm

DM DDMM evKÑkªeY¶g DDMm evKÑkªeY¶g DdMM evKÑkªeY¶g DdMm evKÑkªeY¶g

DDMm evKÑkªeY¶g DDmm gyK-ewai DdMm evKÑkªeY¶g Ddmm gyK-ewai

DdMM evKÑkªeY¶g DdMm evKÑkªeY¶g ddMM gyK-ewai ddMm gyK-ewai

DdMm evKÑkªeY¶g Ddmm gyK-ewai ddMm gyK-ewai ddmm gyK-ewai

F2 Rby‡Z wd‡bvUvBc AbycvZ, evKÑkªeYÿg t gyK-ewai = 9 : 7 Dc‡iv³ †PKvi †ev‡W©i wR‡bvUvBc we‡køl‡Y †`Lv hvq †h, †Kv‡bv wR‡bvUvB‡c wRb D I M Gi GKmv‡_ Dcw¯’wZ‡Z gvby‡li ¯^vfvweK evK I kÖe‡Yi ˆewkó¨ cÖKvk cvq| G‡ÿ‡Î D I M ‰ewkó¨ cÖKv‡k G‡K Ac‡ii cwic~iK|

11.3.5 Gwc÷¨vwmm (Epistasis) ci¯úi A¨vwjj bq Ggb GKwU wR‡bi Øviv hLb Ab¨ wR‡bi ˆewkó¨ cÖKvk evavcÖvß nq ZLb G NUbv‡K Gwc÷¨vwmm e‡j| †h wRbwU Ab¨ wR‡bi ˆewkó¨ cÖKvk‡K evav`vb K‡i Zv‡K Gwc÷¨vwUK wRb (Epistatic gene) Ges †h wRbwU evavMÖ¯Í nq Zv‡K nvB‡cv÷¨vwUK wRb (Hypostatic gene) e‡j| Gwc÷¨vwUK NUbvi Kvi‡Y †g‡Ûwjqvb wØ-msKi μ‡mi wd‡bvUvBwcK AbycvZ 9 : 3 : 3 : 1

245

cwiewZ©Z n‡q 13 : 3 iƒ‡c cÖKvk cvq| Bateson I Punnett bvgK `yRb wRbZË¡we` 1908 wLª÷v‡ã Avwe®‹vi K‡ib †h, †jMnb© (Leghorne) Rv‡Zi †gviM-gyiwM‡Z iwOb cvj‡Ki Rb¨ `vqx cÖKU wRb _v‡K| wKšÍy G‡`i †μv‡gv‡mv‡gi Ab¨ GKwU †jvKv‡m GKwU ev `ywU Gwc÷¨vwUK wRb _vKvi Kvi‡Y iwOb cvj‡Ki cÖKU wRb evavMÖ¯Í nq, djkÖæwZ‡Z cvj‡Ki eY© cÖKvk evavcÖvß nq| mv`v †jMnb© I mv`v IqvBbWU †gviM-gyiwMi g‡a¨ msKivqb NwU‡q G cÖwμqv e¨vL¨v Kiv hvq: wRbZvwË¡K e¨vL¨v : g‡b Kwi, mv`v †jMn‡b©i iwOb cvj‡Ki Rb¨ `vqx cÖKU wRb C Ges iwOb cvj‡Ki evav`vbKvix cÖKU wRb I | AZGe mv`v †jMnb© †gvi‡Mi wR‡bvUvBc n‡e CCII Ges mv`v IqvBbWU gyiwMi wR‡bvUvBc n‡e ccii (GLv‡b c I i cvj‡Ki mv`v is‡qi Rb¨ `vqx cÖ”Qbœ wRb) GKwU mv`v cvjKhy³ †jMnb Gi mv‡_ mv`v cvjKhy³ IqvBbWU-Gi μm NUv‡j cÖ_‡g msKi cyiy‡l (F1 Rby) meMy‡jv kveKB mv`v cvjKhy³ cvIqv hv‡e| F1 Rbyi †gviM-gyiwMi g‡a¨ μm NwU‡q †`Lv †M‡Q F2 Rby‡Z mv`v I iwOb cvjKhy³ †gviM-gyiwM 13 : 3 Abycv‡Z cÖKvk cvq | wcZvgvZv : wd‡bvUvBc : ♂ mv`v †jMnb©  ♀ mv`v IqvBbWU wR‡bvUvBc : CCII ccii :

Rbb‡Kvl

F1 Rby : CcIi (mv`v) F1 Rbyi g‡a¨ µm t ♂ CcIi (mv`v)  ♀ CcIi (mv`v) ♂ Ci

CcII mv`v CcIi mv`v ccII mv`v ccIi mv`v

CcIi mv`v Ccii iwOb ccIi mv`v ccii mv`v

♀ CI Ci cI ci

CCII mv`v CCIi mv`v CcII mv`v CcIi mv`v

CCIi mv`v CCii iwOb CcIi mv`v Ccii iwOb

F2 Rbyi wd‡bvUvB‡ci AbycvZ = 13 (mv`v) : 3 (iwOb)

11.4 cwj‡RwbK Bb‡nwiU¨vÝm (Polygenic Inheritance) †hmKj wRb ¯^Zš¿ †jvKv‡m Ae¯’vb K‡i A_P GKB PwiÎ ev wd‡bvUvB‡ci ewntcÖKvk (expression) wbqš¿Y K‡i, Zv‡`i‡K e‡j ¸wYZK ev gvjwUc&j (multiplle) wRb| G‡`i cÖfve msL¨vMZ ev cwigvYvZ¥K (quantitative) | A_©vr, G RvZxq wR‡bi msL¨v e„w×i m‡½ m‡½ wd‡bvUvB‡ci ewntcÖKv‡ki ZxeªZv e„w× cvq| g¨v_vi (Mather, 1954) G RvZxq wRb‡K cwjwRb (polygene) bv‡g AwfwnZ K‡ib|

246

GKv`k Aa¨vq

gvby‡li Mv‡qi 3wU cÖavb iO n‡”Q Kv‡jv ev wb‡MÖv, mv`v ev K‡Kkxq Ges ev`vwg| g~jZ Gi Dci wfwË K‡i gvby‡li D³ wZbwU RvZ (race) i‡q‡Q| wbjmb-G‡jb D³ cixÿvi AíKv‡ji g‡a¨ wR.wm. wW‡fb‡cvU© Ges wR.we. †W‡fb‡cvU© wb‡MÖv K‡Kkxq weev‡n †h wgD‡j‡Uªv (mulatto) mšÍvbmšÍwZ Rb¥vq Zv‡`i eskvbym„wZ ch©‡eÿY K‡ib| G †_‡K Zuv‡`i aviYv nq †h, gvby‡li MvÎ eY© AšÍZtc‡ÿ `yB †Rvov cwjwRb ev gvjwUc&j wRb Øviv wbqwš¿Z| Zuviv G `y‡Uv wRb †Rvovi bv‡g w`‡qwQ‡jb S-s Ges T-t | G‡ÿ‡Î Dfq cÖKU wRbB Drcv`b K‡i Kvj iO Ges cÖKU wR‡bi msL¨vi Dci wbf©i K‡i Gi MvpZ¡| mv`v †_‡K wb‡MÖv MvÎ eY©‡K h_vμ‡g 0, 1, 2, 3, 4 cÖf…wZ msL¨v Øviv cÖKvk Kiv hvq| G‡K eY© gvÎv (colour grade) e‡j| `yB †RvovB (4wU) cÖKU wRb ev gvÎv 4 _vK‡j Mv‡qi iO nq wbKl Kv‡jv ev wb‡MÖv| Avi hw` 3wU cÖKU wRb ev gvÎv 3 _v‡K, Z‡e iO Zvi †P‡q Kg Kv‡jv ev wgD‡j‡Uªv| Gfv‡e 2wU cÖKU wRb ev gvÎv 2, 1wU cÖKU wRb ev gvÎv 1 _vK‡j wgD‡j‡Uªv Aates‡ki Mv‡qi iO n‡e μgvš^‡q Kg Kv‡jv| Avi hw` †Kv‡bv cÖKU wRb bv _v‡K A_©vr gvÎv nq 0 (ïb¨), Z‡e iO n‡e mv`v ev K‡Kwkqvb| cv‡ki wP‡Î GwU e¨vL¨v Kiv n‡jv| wb‡MÖv-wcZv × K‡Kkxq-gvZv SSTT sstt gvÎv 4 gvÎv 0 F1: SsTi t gvÎv 2 t wgD‡j‡Uªv F2 t wd‡bvUvBc (MvÎ eY©) wb‡MÖv

wgD‡j‡Uªv

nvév K‡Kkxq

wR‡bvUvBc

wR‡bvUvBc (wd«‡Kv‡qÝx)

wd‡bvUvBc (wd«‡Kv‡qÝx)

eY©gvÎv

SSTT SsTT SSTt SsTt ssTT SStt Sstt ssTt ssTt

1 2 2 4 1 1 2 2 1

1 4

4 3

ev¯Í‡e †`Lv hvq †h, gvby‡li Mv‡qi iO i‡q‡Q Av‡iv A‡bK †ewk iK‡gi| G Kvi‡Y cieZx©Kv‡j wZb †Rvov (R.A. Gates), 4 †_‡K 6 †Rvov (Curt stern. 1953), GgbwK 20 †Rvov cwjwRb Øviv gvby‡li Mv‡qi iO wba©vi‡Yi cÖ¯Íve Kiv n‡q‡Q|

247

11.5 wj½ wba©viY bxwZ (Principle of sex determination) XX-XY: cÖvwY‡`‡n wj½-wba©viK †μv‡gv‡Rvg‡K †m· †μv‡gv‡Rvg (sex chromosome) e‡j| †m· †μv‡gv‡Rvg e¨ZxZ Ab¨vb¨ †μv‡gv‡Rvg¸‡jv‡K A‡Uv‡Rvg (autosome) e‡j| gvby‡li †μv‡gv‡Rv‡gi msL¨v 46wU| G‡ì g‡a¨ 44wU A‡Uv‡Rvg (A) Ges 2wU †m· †μv‡gv‡Rvg ev wj½ wba©viK †μv‡gv‡Rvg| †m· †μv‡gv‡Rvg `ywU †kÖwY‡Z wef³| cyiæl‡ì wj½-wba©viK †μv‡gv‡Rvg‡K XY Ges ¯¿x‡ì wj½ wba©viK †μv‡gv‡Rvg‡K XX iƒ‡c wPwýZ Kiv nq| Kxfv‡e GB †μv‡gv‡Rvg¸‡jv wj½ wba©vi‡Y AskMÖnY K‡i Zv wb‡Pi D`vniYwU †_‡K Abyaveb Kiv hv‡e| GLv‡b cyiæl (44A+XY)-Gi m‡½ GKwU gwnjvi (44A+XX) wgjb NUv‡j Zv‡ì cyÎ Kb¨v wb¤œiƒ‡c m„wó n‡e| cyiæ‡li M¨v‡gU n‡e `ycK Ö vi †hgbÑ 22A+X Ges 22A+Y; wKš‘ gwnjvi M¨v‡gU memgq GK cÖKvi n‡e, †hgbÑ 22A + X | wb‡Pi m¤ú~Y© cixÿvwU D‡jøL Kiv n‡jvÑ

M¨v‡gU

cyiæl × (44A+XY) (22A+X), (22A+Y) M¨v‡gU ♂ M¨v‡gU (22A+X)

♀ M¨v‡gU (22A+X)

gwnjv (44A+XX) (22A+X),

(22A+Y)

44A+XX

44A+XY

Kb¨v

cyÎ

myZivs X- †μv‡gv‡Rvg mgwš^Z cys-M¨v‡g‡Ui mv‡_ X †μv‡gv‡Rvg mgwš^Z ¯¿x-M¨v‡g‡Ui wgjb NU‡j Kb¨v mšÍvb Ges X- †μv‡gv‡Rvg mgwš^Z ¯¿x-M¨v‡g‡Ui mv‡_ Y- †μv‡gv‡Rvg mgwš^Z cys M¨v‡g‡Ui wgjb NU‡j cyÎ mšÍvb Rb¥MÖnY Ki‡e| wj½ wba©vi‡Y A‡Uv‡Rv‡gi †Kv‡bv f‚wgKv †bB| XX-XO: dwos, g¨vw›UW (mantid), A‡bK A‡_ªv‡Þiv I †nUv‡iv‡Þiv †kÖwYi AšÍfy©³ cZ‡½ GB c×wZ‡Z †m· wba©vwiZ nq| Dw™¢‡` XX-XO c×wZ mPivPi †`Lv hvq bv| Z‡e Dioscoree sinuate- GiK‡gi †m· wbY©‡qi †KŠkj †`Lv hvq| hw`I XX-XY c×wZ †ewki fvM Rx‡e †`Lv hvq wKš‘ XX-XO c×wZB Av‡M Avwe®‹…Z n‡q‡Q| Gi mv‡_ XX-XY c×wZi Zdvr n‡”Q †h GLv‡b Y †μv‡gv‡mvg _v‡K bv| Y †μv‡gv‡mvg Abycw¯’Z _vKvq H RvqMvq O †jLv nq| GLv‡b ¯¿x‡Z 2A+XX †μv‡gv‡mvg _v‡K Ges GK iK‡gi wW¤^vYy (A+X) ˆZwi nq| cyiæ‡l 2A+X †μv‡gv‡mvg _vKvq `yB iK‡gi M¨v‡gU (ïμvYy) A_©vr (A+X) I (A) ˆZwi nq| wW¤^vYywU cÖ_g ai‡bi ïμvYyi mv‡_ wgwjZ n‡j ¯¿xi (2A+XX) m„wó nq| wW¤^vYywU wØZxq ai‡bi ïμvYyi mv‡_ wgwjZ n‡j cyiæ‡li (2A+X) m„wó nq|

248

GKv`k Aa¨vq

♀

M¨v‡gU

(2A + XX) (A+X),

♂

M¨v‡gU

(2A + X) (A+X), (A)

♂ M¨v‡gU (A+X), (A)

♀ M¨v‡gU (A+X)

2A+XX

2A+X

♀

♂

11.6 †m· wj¼W wWmAW©vi (Sex linked disorder) †m· †μv‡gv‡Rvg evwnZ wKQz wR‡bi cÖfv‡e eskMwZ‡Z wKQz A¯^vfvweKZv cÖKvk cvq, G‡K †m· wj¼W wWmAW©vi ejv nq| G hveZKvj ch©šÍ gvby‡l 50-60wU †m· wjsKW wWmAW©v‡ii D`vniY cvIqv †M‡Q| Gi g‡a¨ Ab¨Zg- eY©vÜZv, wn‡gvwdwjqv, ivZKvbv, gv‡qvwcqv, gv‡qvwcqv, AcwUK A¨vUªwd, †RvwfbvBj Møy‡Kvgv, †nvqvBU †dvijK, gvmKz¨jvi wWmUªwd, Wvqv‡ewUm BbwmwcWvm, nvBcviUªvB‡Kvwmm| 11.6.1 eY©vÜZv (Colour blindness or dattonism) gvby‡li †Pv‡Li †iwUbv‡Z wZb ai‡bi eY©ms‡e`x †KvY †Kvl Av‡Q †h¸‡jv jvj, meyR I †e¸bx e‡Y©i cÖwZ ms‡e`bkxj| G eY© ms‡e`x †KvY †Kvl Drcv`‡bi Rb¨ GKwU X wjsKW wRb cÖ‡qvRb| G wR‡bi cÖ”Qbœ A¨vwjj eY©ms‡e`x †KvY †Kvl Drcv`‡b Aÿg| bvixi †ÿ‡Î wRbwU †nv‡gvRvBMvm cÖ”Qbœ bv n‡j eY©vÜZv cÖKvk cvq bv| wKšÍy cyiæ‡l GKwU cÖ”Qbœ wRbB †mB êwkó¨ cÖKv‡k mÿg| KviY Y wRb G êwkó¨ wbqš¿‡Y †Kv‡bv f~wgKv iv‡L bv| jvj-meyR eY©vÜZvi Kvi‡YkvKme&wR I djg~j †KbvKvUvq mgm¨v nq, cQ‡›ì dzj wKb‡Z mgm¨v nq, UªvwdK ms‡KZ wn‡m‡e jvj I meyR Av‡jv eëüZ nq, ZvB eY©vÜ e¨w³‡ì iv¯Ívq PjvPj Kómva¨ nq, eY©vÜ gvby‡liv RvgvKvco †Kbvi †ÿ‡Î †ek weeªZKi Ae¯’vi m¤§yLxb nq| eY©vÜ cyiæl-Gi mv‡_ ¯^vfvweK gwnjvi we‡qt eY©vÜ cyiæ‡li mv‡_ ¯^vfvweK `„wóm¤úbœ gwnjvi we‡q n‡j mKj mšÍvb-mšÍwZ ¯^vfvweK `„wóm¤úbœ n‡q _v‡K| Z‡e Kb¨v¸‡jv ¯^vfvweK `„wóm¤úbœ n‡jI Giv eY©vÜZvi wRb enb K‡i A_©vr evnK wn‡m‡e KvR K‡i cieZx© es‡k G wRb mÂvwiZ K‡i|

F1 Rby :

249

wd‡bvUvBc wR‡bvUvBc Rbb †Kvl

: : :

eY©vÜ cyi“l

wR‡bvUvBc

wd‡bvUvBc



¯^vfvweK gwnjv X+X+

XY c

c +

X Y

11.6.2 wn‡gvwdwjqv (Haemophilia) wn‡gvwdwjqv GKwU we‡kl eskMZ †ivM hv X †μv‡gv‡Rv‡gi gva¨‡g evwnZ nq| G †iv‡M i³ ZwÂZ nq bv, d‡j AvNvZcÖvß ¯’vb †_‡K μgvMZ i³ÿiY n‡q †ivMx gviv hvq| †h‡nZz wn‡gvwdwjqv cÖ”Qbœ wRb, ZvB GB †ivM ¯¿x‡jvK‡ì mvaviYZ nq bv| hw` †Kv‡bv ¯¿x‡jv‡Ki Dfq X †μv‡gv‡RvgB GB cÖKvi wRb enb K‡i †Kej †m‡ÿ‡ÎB ¯¿x‡jvK‡ì wn‡gvwdwjqv n‡Z cv‡i| ¯¿x‡jvK G †iv‡Mi evnK, wKš‘ †Kej cyÎmšÍvb‡ì †ÿ‡ÎB G †ivM cÖKvk cvq| wb‡P GKwU D`vniY D‡jøL Kiv n‡jv| wn‡gvwdwjqv enbKvix ¯¿x‡jvK hw` ¯^vfvweK cyiæl‡K weevn K‡i Zvn‡j Zv‡ì mšÍvb‡ì †ÿ‡Î wb¤œiƒc dj cÖKvk cv‡eawi, Xh n‡”Q wn‡gvwdwjqvi Rb¨ `vqx AZGe, wn‡gvwdwjqv AvμvšÍ gwnjv = XhXh wn‡gvwdwjqv AvμvšÍ cyiæl = XhY wn‡gvwdwjqv enbKvix gwnjv = XhX+ wd‡bvUvBc: wR‡bvUvBc : Rbb †Kvl :

♀ ♂ X+ Y

♀ evnK gwnjv h

 ♂ ¯^vfvweK cyiæl

X+Y

XX Xh

X+



Xh X h X+ wn‡gvwdwjqv enbKvix ¯^vfvweK Kb¨v Xh Y wn‡gvwdwjqv †ivMvµvšÍ cyÎ

X+ Y X+ X+X+ ¯^vfvweK Kb¨v X+Y ¯^vfvweK cyÎ

250

GKv`k Aa¨vq

¯¿x‡jvK‡`i †ÿ‡Î wn‡gvwdwjqv ZLbB cÖKvk cvq hw` †Kv‡bv wn‡gvwdwjqv enbKvix ¯¿x‡jvK †Kv‡bv wn‡gvwjwjqv †ivMwewkó cyiæl‡K weevn K‡i| wKš‘ cÖK…wZ‡Z GUv m¤¢e bq, KviY wn‡gvwdwjqv †ivMwewkó cyÎ-mšÍvbiv cÖvqktB 16 eQi eq‡mi g‡a¨ gviv hvq|

11.6.3 gvmKz¨jvi wWmUªvwd gvby‡li †m· wjsKW êwk‡óï Avi GKwU cÖK…ó D`vniY nj gvmKz¨jvi wWmUªwd| gvmKz¨jvi wWmUªwd AvμvšÍ‡ì †ÿ‡Î †`‡ni gvsm‡cwk k³ n‡q hvq| wj½ mswkøó eskMwZi GB †ivMwU eskMwZ‡Z Abym„Z n‡j ax‡i ax‡i AvμvšÍ e¨w³i †`‡ni †cwkmg~n k³ n‡Z _v‡K GwU cÖvq `k eQi eqm ch©šÍ P‡j Ges cieZx© `k eQ‡ii g‡a¨ AvμvšÍ e¨w³ gviv hvq| mvaviYZ gwnjviv gvmKz¨jvi wWmUªwdi evnK, ZvB aiv hvK, X r n‡”Q gvmKz¨jvi wWmUªwdi Rb¨ `vqx| AZGe, gvmKz¨jvi wWmUªwd AvμvšÍ gwnjvi wR‡bvUvBc - X r X r gvmKz¨jvi wWmUªwd evnK gwnjvi wR‡bvUvBc- X r X  Ges gvmKz¨jvi wWmUªwd AvμvšÍ cyiæ‡li wR‡bvUvBc- X r Y gvmKz¨jvi wWmUªwdi eskMwZ AvμvšÍ cyiæ‡li mv‡_ hw` GKRb ¯^vfvweK gwnjvi we‡q nq Z‡e mKj mšÍvb-mšÍwZ ¯^vfvweK n‡e| wKš‘ Kb¨vmg~n gvmKz¨jvi wWmUªwdi evnK n‡e- hvi d‡j GB Kb¨v‡ì †_‡K evnK wRb cieZx© Rby‡Z mÂvwiZ n‡e| wcZvgvZv: wd‡bvUvBc: gvmKz¨jvi wWmwUªwd AvµvšÍ cyiæl r wR‡bvUvBc: XY Rbb‡Kvl :



¯^vfvweK gwnjv + +

X X

F1 Rby: wR‡bvUvBc wd‡bvUvBc

X X

X Y

evnK Kb¨v evnK Kb¨v ¯^vfvweK cyÎ ¯^vfvweK cyÎ

11.7 ABO i³MÖæc (ABO Blood Group) gvby‡li i³ MÖæ‡ci eskvbym„wZ m¤ú‡K© M‡elYvi m~ÎcvZ K‡ib wf‡qbv wek¦we`¨vj‡qi cÖ‡dmi Kvj© j¨vÛ‡÷Bbvi| i³ †Kv‡l A¨w›U‡Rb I wmiv‡g A¨w›UewW _v‡K| A¨w›U‡Rb‡K A¨MøywU‡bv‡Rb (aglutinogen) Ges A¨w›UewW‡K A¨MøywUwbb (aglutinin) ejv nq| mgKÿ ev m`„k¨ (matching) n‡j G‡`i g‡a¨ wewμqv N‡U Ges i³ RgvUe× nq| G †hb A‡bKUv Zvjv-Pvwei g‡Zv| mwVK Pvwe n‡j ZvjvwU‡Z †j‡M hvq| A¨w›U‡Rb-A¨w›UewWi wewμqvI Abyiƒc| evb©÷vB‡bi g‡Z (1924), gvby‡li `yBcÖKvi A¨w›U‡Rb Av‡Q| G¸wji bvg t (1) AvB‡mv-A¨MøywU‡bv‡Rbm (iso-aglutinogens)

251

ev A¨w›U-G (Anti-A) ev Avj&dv () I (2) AvB‡mv-wn‡gv MøywU‡Rbm& (iso-hemaglutinogens) ev A¨w›U we (Anti-B) ev weUv () | G‡`i A¨w›U‡Rb¸‡jv h_vμ‡g n‡jv B I A | evb©÷vB‡bi g‡Z, I A , I B , I O -GB wZbwU gvjwUc&j Gwjj| (I= isoglu-tinogens) D³ PviwU i³ MÖæc wbqš¿Y K‡i| Zb¥‡a¨ IA I IB mgcÖKU Ges Giv Df‡q IO -Gi Dci cÖKU| G AbyKí Abymv‡i wewfbœ i³ MÖæ‡ci wK wK wR‡bvUvBc n‡Z cv‡i, Zv †`Lv‡bv n‡jv| AvaywbK M‡elYv †_‡K Rvbv †M‡Q †h, gvby‡li A, B, AB, O i³ MÖæc wbqš¿YKvix wR‡bi Ae¯’vb n‡”Q 9g †μv‡gv‡mv‡gi eo evûi (q) 34Zg e¨v‡Û| wR‡bvUvBc

i³ MÖæc

†jvwnZ †Kvl wSwjø¯’ A¨w›U‡Rb

wmivgwš’Z A¨w›UewW

†h MÖæ‡ci i³ MÖnY‡hvM¨

A,O A ( M¨vjv‡±v‡mgvBb) A¨w›U-B () B,O B (M¨vjv‡±vR) IBIB , IB , IO A¨w›U-A () A B A,B,O A ( M¨vjv‡±v‡mgvBb) †bB I I B (M¨vjv‡±vR) O O †bB O I I A¨w›U-A (), A¨w›U-B () O gv‡qi i³ A MÖæ‡ci Ges evevi i³ O MÖæ‡ci n‡j G‡ì mšÍvb‡ì Kx iKg MÖæ‡ci i³ _vK‡Z cv‡i Zv †`Lv †h‡Z cv‡i| evevi †R‡bvUvBc n‡jv IoIo Ges gvi †R‡bvUvBc IaIa A_ev IaIo, gv‡qi i³ †R‡bvUvBc IaIa n‡j me mšÍvb‡ì †R‡bvUvBc IaIo n‡e Ges G‡ì i‡³i MÖæc n‡jv A| gv‡qi †R‡bvUvBc IaIo n‡j mšÍvb‡ì †R‡bvUvBc n‡e IaIo A_ev IoIo| cÖ_‡gv³ mšÍv‡b A MÖæ‡ci i³ I †k‡lv³ mšÍv‡b O MÖæ‡ci i³ _vK‡e| I A I A , I A , IO

A B AB

i³ MÖæc O-†Z A¨w›U‡Rb †bB| myZivs O-MÖæc‡K e‡j Òme©Rbxb `vZvÓ universal donor) MÖæc| A_©vr, O- MÖæ‡ci i³ †h‡Kv‡bv MÖæ‡c †`qv hvq| AB MÖæ‡c A¨w›UewW †bB| myZivs, G‡K e‡j mve©Rbxb MÖwnZv (recipient)| A_©vr, G MÖæc Ab¨ †h‡Kv‡bv MÖæc †_‡K i³ wb‡Z cv‡i| O-MÖæ‡ci i³ cÖ`v‡b I AB MÖæc i³ MÖn‡Y †Kv‡bv cÖwZwμqv nevi K_v bq| wKš‘ K`vwPr cÖwZwμqv NU‡Z †`Lv †M‡Q| G Kvi‡Y g‡b Kiv nq †h, A I B Dfq Gwj‡jiB i‡q‡Q wKQz msL¨K gvjwUc&j Gwjj| †hgb- A1 , A 2 , A 3 , A x , A m , B1 , B 2 , B3 cÖf…wZ| G‡`i cÖKUZvi Abyμg n‡”Q: A1  A m Ges B1  B3 cÖf…wZ| A  B  AB  O i³ MÖæ‡ci AšÍZ 15wU wR‡bvUvBc Av‡Q| G‡`i cÖ‡Z¨KwU‡Z _v‡K mvgvb¨ cwiewZ©Z A¨w›U‡Rb| GQvov Gwjj H  h GiI gvjwUc&j Gwjj Av‡Q| †`Lv †M‡Q †h, I A , I O , H, h wRb¸‡jv A¨w›UewW Drcv`‡b GKwU wewμqv k„•L‡ji Askx`vi| djZ A¨w›UewW H I A¨w›UewW H G `yBwU A¨w›UewWI GKm‡½ Drcbœ nq| GKgvÎ h h wR‡bvUvBc _vK‡j A¨w›UewW-H ev A¨w›UewW H Drcbœ nq bv| myZivs, cÖL¨vZ gvwK©b gvbe eskMwZwe` KzU© ÷vb© wewfbœ i³ MÖæ‡ci g‡a¨ i³ `v‡bi weiæ‡× mZK© K‡i w`‡q‡Qb| Zuvi g‡Z, GKgvÎ ¯^-¯^ MÖæc †_‡K i³ MÖnY wbivc`|

252

GKv`k Aa¨vq

Mf©cvZ I mšÍvbnxbZvi Ab¨Zg KviY ¯^vgx-¯¿xi i³ MÖæ‡ci Awgj| Awgj _vK‡j wbwl³ wW¤^vYy A_ev åƒY bó n‡q hvq| Gi KviY, ïμ I wW¤^vYyi g‡a¨ A¨w›U‡Rb-A¨w›UewWi cÖwZwμqv NUv| GK wnmv‡e †`Lv hvq, gvwK©b hy³iv‡óªi †gvU Mf©cv‡Zi 35% G Kvi‡Y nq| GRb¨ DbœZ †`‡k weev‡ni c~‡e© bibvixi i³MÖæc cixÿv Kiv‡bv eva¨Zvg~jK| †hmKj i³ MÖæ‡ci weev‡n G wec` we`¨gvb Zv n‡jv : O  A, O  B, O  AB, B  A, A  B, B  AB Ges A  AB |

11.7.1 Rh d¨v±‡ii Kvi‡Y m„ó mgm¨v (Problems for Rh factor) Landsteiner Ges A. S. Wiener 1940 wLª÷v‡ã Rh d¨v±i Avwe®‹vi K‡ib| Ò†imvmÓ evb‡ii (Macaca mulatta) †jvwnZ KwYKvq we`¨gvb GK ai‡bi A¨w›U‡Rb (†cÖvwUb)-Gi bvg Rh d¨v±i (evb‡ii bvg Abymv‡i)| †imvm evb‡ii i³ wMwbwc‡Mi †`‡n cÖ‡ek Kiv‡bvi ci †`Lv †M‡Q, wMwbwc‡Mi wmiv‡g D³ A¨w›U‡Rb we‡ivax A¨w›UewW ˆZwi nq| GB A¨w›UewW wMwbwc‡Mi R.B.C †K RgvUe× K‡i †`q| hw` wMwbwc‡Mi †`‡ni GB A¨w›UewW wewkó wmiv‡gi mv‡_ gvby‡li R.B.C †gkv‡bv nq Z‡e †Kv‡bv †Kv‡bv †ÿ‡Î R.B.C ¸‡jv RgvUe× n‡q hvq Ges wKQy wKQy †ÿ‡Î AweK…Z ev ¯^vfvweK _v‡K| R.B.C RgvUe× nIqvq cÖgvwYZ nq †h, mswkøó gvby‡li R.B.C- †Z D³ †imvm evb‡ii Abyiƒc Rh d¨v±i i‡q‡Q| Avi hv‡ì Rh d¨v±i _v‡K bv Zv‡ì R.B.C D³ A¨w›UewW KZ…©K RgvUe× nq bv| Rh we‡kl ai‡bi A¨w›U‡Rb, hv A¨w›U‡Rb A I B Gi g‡Zv †jvwnZ KwYKvi Avei‡Y Ae¯’vb K‡i| GwU g~jZ 6wU A¨w›U‡R‡bi mgwó| G¸‡jv n‡jv A¨w›U‡Rb C, c, D, d, E, e; Gi g‡a¨ C, D, E n‡”Q cÖKU (dominant) Ges c, d, e n‡”Q cÖ”Qbœ (recessive) | G‡ì g‡a¨ A¨w›U‡Rb D me©vwaK ¸iæZ¡c~Y©| A¨w›U‡Rb D-Gi Dcw¯’wZi Dci wfwË K‡i i³‡K `yÕfv‡M fvM Kiv hvq| 1| Rh Positive (Rh+) : R.B.C-†Z Rh d¨v±i _v‡K Ges 2| Rh Negative (Rh-) : R.B.C-†Z Rh d¨v±i _v‡K bv| BD‡ivc I Av‡gwiKvq cÖvq 85% Rh+ cÖK…wZi gvbyl i‡q‡Q| 11.7.2 i³ mÂvj‡bi RwUjZv †Kv‡bv e¨w³i †`‡n i³ mÂvi‡Yi (Blood Trasnfusion) mgq `vZv-MÖwnZv Df‡qi Rh d¨v±i cixÿv K‡i †`Lv nq| KviY Rh- †jv‡Ki †`‡n Rh+ i³ cÖ‡ek Kiv‡bv n‡j MÖwnZvi wmiv‡g A¨w›UewW ˆZwi nq| c‡i hw` †Kv‡bv mgq H GKB MÖwnZvi (Rh-) †`‡n Rh+ i³ cÖ‡ek Kiv‡bv nq Z‡e Rh+ i‡³i KwYKv¸‡jv RgvUe× ev `jve× n‡q hvq Ges G‡Z i³ MÖwnZvi g„Zz¨ n‡Z cv‡i| Ab¨vb¨ ai‡bi i³ Av`vb-cÖ`v‡b GB SzuwK _v‡K bv|

11.7.3 Mf©aviYRwbZ RwUjZv ˆeevwnK m¤úK© ¯’vc‡b Rh d¨v±i we‡ePbv Kiv AZ¨šÍ MyiæZ¡c~Y©| Rh+ d¨v±‡ii Rb¨ `vqx wRb cÖKU wn‡m‡e cÖKvwkZ nq| ZvB Rh- cÖ”Qbœ ˆewkó¨| gvZv Rh- Ges wcZv †nv‡gvRvBMvm Rh+ n‡j mKj mšÍvb-mšÍwZi i³ Rh+ nq| Avi wcZv †nUv‡ivRvBMvm n‡j A‡a©K mšÍvb-mšÍwZi i³ Rh+ Ges

253

evwK A‡a©K Rh- nq| Rh+ mšÍv‡bi i³ Mf©ve¯’vq Rh- gvZvi kix‡i cÖ‡ek Ki‡j gvZvi i‡³ A¨vw›UewW m„wó nq| gvZvi G A¨vw›UewW cieZ©x Mf©¯’ mšÍv‡bi †`‡n cÖ‡ek K‡i å~‡Yi †jvwnZ KwYKv bó K‡i †`q| G‡Z åƒ‡Yi g„Zz¨ NU‡Z cv‡i| G Ae¯’v‡K Bwi‡_ªveøv‡÷vwmm wdUvwjm (erythroblastosis foetalis) e‡j| cÖ_gevi Mf©avi‡Y h‡_ó gvÎvq A¨w›UewW Drcbœ bv nIqvq wkkyi †Kv‡bv ÿwZ nq bv| wkÿv_x©i KvR: Rxe‡bi wewfbœ †ÿ‡Î ABO i³MÖæc I Rh d¨v±‡i ¸iæZ¡ wjwce× K‡i †kÖwY wkÿ‡Ki Kv‡Q Dc¯’vcb Ki‡e|

11.8 weeZ©bZ‡Ë¡i aviYv (Concept of theory of evolution) Bs‡iR `vk©wbK Herbert Spencer, èvolution’ kãwU cÖ_g eënvi K‡ib| GB kãwU j¨vwUb kã evolvere (to unroll ev Ly‡j hvIqv) †_‡K G‡m‡Q| c„w_ex‡Z AmsL¨ ai‡bi Dw™¢` I cÖvwYi Dcw¯’wZ e¨vL¨v Kivi Rb¨ eû cÖvPxbKvj †_‡KB bvbv gZev` M‡o D‡VwQj| cÖvPxb Kv‡ji Gme gZev` cÖavbZ ag©wfwËK wQj Ges H mg‡qi †jv‡Kiv m„wóev‡` (creationism) wek¦vmx wQ‡jb| GKwU cÖvPxb gZ Abymv‡i †h iKg Dw™¢` I cÖvwY Avgiv GLb †`LwQ eûKvj Av‡MI c„w_ex‡Z GB iKg RxeB wQj Ges fwel¨‡ZI c„w_ex‡Z GiKgB Rxe _vK‡e| GB gZ Abymv‡i c„w_exi †Kv‡bv ïiæ ev †kl †bB| eZ©gvb Ae¯’vi GB Awebk¦iZvi gZev` we‡kl mg_©b jvf K‡iwb| wneªy I wLª÷vb ag©hvRKiv eû kZvwã a‡i m„wóev‡ì mg_©K wQ‡jb| †¯úb †`kxq †RmyBU cvw`ª Father Suarez (1548-1617) GB g‡Zi GKRb cÖavb mg_©K wQ‡jb| Zuvi g‡Z, c„w_ex Qq w`‡b (A_©vr Qq hyM ev epoch-G) ‰Zwi n‡qwQj| cÖ_g w`‡b cvnvo, b`x, mvMi, BZ¨vw` Ro e¯‘ ˆZwi n‡qwQj| Z…Zxq w`‡b me iK‡gi Dw™¢` m¤ú~Y© Ae¯’vq ˆZwi n‡qwQj| cÂg I lô w`‡b me iKg cÖvYx c~Yv© ½ Ae¯’vq MwVZ n‡qwQj| gvby‡li D™¢e n‡qwQj lô w`‡b| Ebwesk kZvwãi ga¨fvM ch©šÍ GB gZev` BD‡iv‡ci wewfbœ RvqMvq mg_©b †c‡qwQj| Cuvier- Gi g‡Zv AvKw¯§K cÖvK…wZK wech©‡qi d‡j mgq mgq c„w_ex‡Z Rx‡ei Aejywß N‡U‡Q Ges c‡i Avevi bZzb Rx‡ei m„wó n‡q‡Q| GB iKg cÖvK…wZK `y‡h©vM (catastrophy ev cataclysm) wQj ¯’vbxq| Alcide d’ Orbigny (1802-1857) GB gZev‡ì mg_©K wQ‡jb| Zuvi g‡Z, c„w_ex mvZvkevi cici aŸsm I bZzb m„wó n‡q‡Q| wLª÷c~e© lô kZ‡K wMÖK `vk©wbK Anaximinder (611-547 B.C) e‡jb †h, gvby‡li D™¢e n‡q‡Q gvQ †_‡K| RjPi gvQ Avu‡ki AveiY Z¨vM K‡i ¯’jPi nIqvq gvby‡li m„wó n‡q‡Q| wLª÷c~e© cÂg kZ‡K Xenophanes (576-480 B.C) cÖ_g eyS‡Z cv‡ib †h, Rxevk¥ ev dwmj n‡jv Av‡MiKvi Rx‡ei cÖ¯Íixf‚Z †`nve‡kl| ¯’‡j mvgyw`ªK Rx‡ei Rxev‡k¥i Dcw¯’wZ m¤^‡Ü wZwb e‡jb †h, GK mgq Hme ¯’jfvM mgy`Mª ‡f© wbgw¾Z wQj| wLª÷c~e© cÂg kZ‡K Empedocles (493-435) e‡jb, Dw™¢‡ì m„wó Av‡M n‡q‡Q, cÖvwYi D™¢e n‡q‡Q c‡i| Zuvi g‡Z, cÖvwYi wewfbœ A½-cÖZ¨½ Avjv`vfv‡e

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GKv`k Aa¨vq

ˆZwi n‡q‡Q c‡i Zv hy³ n‡q GKUv m¤ú~Y© cÖvwYi m„wó n‡q‡Q| wLª÷c~e© PZz_© kZ‡K Aristotle (384-322 B.C) e‡jb †h, Ro e¯‘ †_‡K cÖ_‡g Dw™¢‡ì m„wó nq Zvici Dw™¢‡ì b¨vq cÖvwYi (†hgb- ¯úÄ), c‡i cÖvwYi Ges †k‡l gvby‡li D™¢e n‡q‡Q| Zvi g‡Z, AviI †hvM¨Zvi Rxe m„wói cÖeYZvi d‡jB weeZ©b n‡q‡Q| Aristotle -Gi ci eûw`b weeZ©b m¤^Üxq aviYvi AMÖMwZ Lye ax‡i ax‡i nq| weL¨vZ wPÎKi Leonardo da Vinci (1452-1519) e‡j †h Avím ce©‡Z mvgyw`ªK cÖvwYi Rxevk¥i Dcw¯’wZ †_‡K †evSv hvq †h, H AÂj GK`v mgy‡`ª wbgw¾Z wQj| Aóv`k kZ‡K Buffon (1707-1788) jÿ¨ K‡ib †h, GKB cÖRvwZi wewfbœ m`‡mï g‡a¨ wKQz cv_©K¨ _v‡K Ges Aí Aí cwieZ©‡bi gva¨‡g bZzb f¨vivBwUi m„wó n‡Z cv‡i| GQvov wZwb gvbyl I euv`‡ii g‡a¨ Ges †Nvov I Mvavi g‡a¨ h‡_ó mvgÄm¨KZv jÿ¨ K‡ib Ges G‡ì g‡a¨ †h m¤^Ü i‡q‡Q Zv eyS‡Z cv‡ib| Aóv`k kZ‡Ki AvM ch©šÍ g‡b Kiv n‡Zv †h, c„w_exi m„wó n‡q‡Q 4004 wLª÷-c~e©v‡ã| GUv wba©vwiZ nq Armagh-Gi AvP©wekc ev ag©hvR‡Ki (1581-1656) g‡Z| wKš‘ James Hutton (17261797) e‡jb †h, c„w_exi eqm Gi †P‡q A‡bK †ewk| Aóv`k kZvwãi †klfv‡M William Smith (1769-1839) jÿ K‡ib †h, wkjvi wewfbœ ¯Í‡i ((strata) wfbœ wfbœ ai‡bi Rxevk¥ cvIqv hvq| me‡P‡q bx‡Pi ¯Í‡ii Rxev‡k¥i mv‡_ GLbKvi Rxe‡ì mvgÄm¨ me‡P‡q Kg| Charles Darwin-Gi wcZvgn Erasmus Darwin (1731-1802) cÖ_‡g AwR©Z Pwi‡Îi DËivwaKvi m¤^‡Ü GKwU my¯úó gZ †ck K‡ib| c‡i G.B. Lamarck (1744-1829) GB g‡Zi m¤úªmviY K‡ib|

11.9 weeZ©‡bi gZev` (Theory of evolution) weeZ©‡bi Dci wewfbœ mg‡q wewfbœ weÁvbx A‡bK ai‡bi gZev` e¨³ K‡ib| Gi g‡a¨ j¨vgvwK©Rg, WviDBwbRg Ges be¨ WviDBwbRg D‡jøL¨‡hvM¨| 11.9.1 j¨vgvwK©Rg (Lamarckism) divwm cÖvwYZË¡we` Jean Baptiste Lamarck (17441829)) ˆRe weeZ©‡bi cÖ_g ¸iæZ¡c~Y© gZev` cÖKvk K‡ib| j¨vgvK© Kg©Rxe‡b cÖ_‡g Dw™¢` weÁvbx I c‡ii w`‡K cÖvwYZË¡we` wQ‡jb| wZwb Rxewe`¨vi cÖwZôvb “Jardin des Plantes” Gi cÖvwYZË¡we` wQ‡jb| wZwb wek` M‡elYvi ci cÖvwY‡K A‡giæ`Ðx Ges †giæ`Ðx‡Z fvM K‡iwQ‡jb| wZwb c„w_exi Rxe‡Mvôx jÿ¨ K‡i eyS‡Z cv‡ib †h, cÖRvwZ cwieZ©bkxj (Dynamic) wZwb weeZ©b m¤^Üxq gZ cwiYZ eq‡m 1809 wLª÷v‡ã “Philosophie Zoologique” cy¯Í‡K cÖKvk K‡ib| wKš‘ †m mg‡q Zuvi gZ we‡kl mgv`„Z nq bvB| g„Zz¨i K‡qK eQi Av‡M wZwb AÜ n‡q hvb I Zuvi †klRxeb Lye A_©K‡ó †K‡UwQj| j¨vg¨vK©Gi cÖavb wZbwU †jLv †h¸‡jv †_‡K weeZ©b m¤^‡Ü Zuvi aviYv Rvbv hvq, †m¸‡jv n‡jvÑResearches surle Organisation des Corps Vivant (1802), Philosophic Zoologique (1809) Ges Historie Naturelle des Animaux sans vertebres (18715-1922)|

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Zuvi weeZ©b m¤^Üxq gZev‡` wZwb Kxfv‡e bZzb cÖRvwZi DrcwË nq †m m¤ú‡K© e¨vL¨v Ki‡Z †Póv K‡iwQ‡jb| j¨vgvK©-Gi gZev` KZK¸‡jv aviYvi Dci cÖwZwôZ| G¸‡jv n‡jvÑ cwi‡e‡ki cÖZ¨ÿ cÖfveÑ cwi‡e‡ki cÖfv‡e Rx‡ei ˆ`wnK cwieZ©b n‡Z cv‡i| †Kv‡bv Dw™¢` De©i gvwU‡Z jvMv‡j Gi e„w× Lye fv‡jv nq| wKš‘ H Dw™¢`B Abye©i gvwU‡Z fv‡jvfv‡e evo‡Z cv‡i bv| GQvov †`Lv †M‡Q †h, †hme MvQ Qvqvq nq Zv‡ì cvZv Zzjbvg~jKfv‡e eo| cwi‡e‡ki cÖfv‡e cÖvwYi †ÿ‡Î Af¨v‡mi cwieZ©b n‡Z cv‡i Ges GB Af¨v‡mi cwieZ©‡bi d‡j †Kv‡bv A‡½i cwieZ©b †`Lv †h‡Z cv‡i| j¨vgvK© Gi g‡Z, cwi‡e‡ki cÖfv‡e m„ó GiKg cwieZ©b eskMZ| mÁvb cÖqvmÑ j¨vgvK©-Gi g‡Z, cÖvwY hLb †Kv‡bv A‡½i cÖ‡qvRb Abyfe K‡i ZLb Zv mÁvb cÖqv‡mi gva¨‡g evov‡Z ev MVb Ki‡Z cv‡i| †hgb- AvZ¥iÿvi cÖ‡qvR‡b wewfbœ cÖvwYi wk‡½i D™¢` n‡q‡Q| GKBfv‡e Lvevi wPevevi Rb¨ ùv‡Zi m„wó n‡q‡Q| Z‡e j¨vg©v‡Ki GB aviYv we‡kl mg_©b cvqwb| eënvi Ges Aeënvi - †Kv‡bv A‡½i AwZwi³ eënv‡ii d‡j H A‡½i AvqZb I mejZv ev‡o| Avevi †Kv‡bv †Kv‡bv A‡½i Aeënv‡ii d‡j Zv μgkt ÿqcÖvß n‡Z n‡Z †k‡l wejyß n‡q hvq| GB aviYvi ¯^c‡ÿ j¨vgvK© wRiv‡di D`vniY †`b| †Nvovi g‡Zv wKQz Z…Y‡fvRx cÖvwY Avwd«Kvi ï®‹ Z„Ywenxb AÂ‡j wQj Ges eo Mv‡Qi cvZv LvIqvi Rb¨ Zv‡ì Mjv cÖmvwiZ Ki‡Z n‡Zv| Gfv‡e eû cÖRb¥ a‡i Mjvi AZ¨waK eënv‡ii d‡j wRiv‡di g‡Zv cÖvwYi m„wó n‡q‡Q| Ab¨w`‡K euv`‡ii †j‡Ri Aeënv‡ii d‡j gvby‡li †j‡Ri Aejywß N‡U‡Q| mv‡ci c~e©cyiæ‡li AMÖ I cðvrc` wQj| mvc M‡Z© evm K‡i I G‡ì AMÖ I cðvrc` Aeënv‡ii d‡j jyß n‡q †M‡Q| Avevi ¸nvevmx cÖvwYiv AÜKv‡i evm K‡i e‡j Zv‡ì †PvL †Kv‡bv Kv‡R jv‡M bv| †Pv‡Li Aeënv‡ii d‡j G‡ì †PvLB MwVZ nq bv| †Kv‡bv †Kv‡bv cvLxi ( †hgb-nuvm) R‡j muvZvi †`qvi Aweivg †Póvi d‡j G‡ì wjßc‡ì (webbed-foot) m„wó n‡q‡Q| AwR©Z Pwi‡Îi DËivwaKviÑ †Kv‡bv GKwU Rxe Zvi RxebKv‡j †hme PwiÎ AR©b K‡i Zv DËivwaKvi m~‡Î c‡ii cÖR‡b¥ hvq| Gfv‡e cici cÖRb¥ a‡i †Kv‡bv GKwU PwiÎ μgkt evo‡Z _v‡K I cwi‡k‡l bZzb cÖRvwZi m„wó nq| A_©vr j¨vgv‡K©i g‡Z, cwi‡e‡ki cÖfv‡e m„ó cwieZ©b eskÑci¤úivq μ‡gB †e‡o †h‡Z _v‡K Ges c‡i GB cv_©K¨ GZ †ewk n‡q c‡o †h, cwiewZ©Z RxewU‡K bZzb cÖRvwZ wn‡m‡e MY¨ Ki‡Z nq| 11.9.2 WviDBwbRg (Darwinism) WviDBb wQ‡jb GKRb weªwUk cÖK…wZ weÁvbx| wZwbB me© cÖ_g weeZ©b m¤ú‡K© Z_ëûj I ¯§„wZ wbf©i gZev` cÖKvk K‡ib| Zvi GB gZev`wU ÔcÖvK…wZK wbe©vPb gZev`Õ bv‡g cwiwPZ| wZwb 1809 wLªóv‡ã Bsj¨v‡Ûi kÖæmevix‡Z Rb¥MÖnY K‡ib Ges 1882 Lªxóv‡ã gviv hvb| wZwb (Origin of specics by mean of natural selection) ÔcÖvK…wZK wbe©vPb Øviv cÖRvwZi DrcwËÕ bvgK eBwU iPbv K‡ib| Zvi GB weL¨vZ MÖ‡š’ cÖvK…wZK wbe©vPb gZev`wU cÖKvwkZ nq|

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cÖvK…wZK wbe©vPb gZev` ev WviDBbev` ev bZzb cÖRvwZ DrcwËi gZev`: WviDB‡bi gZvbymv‡i ÔcÖK…wZÕ Gi wbR¯^ wbe©vPb ÿgZv cÖ‡qvM K‡i Dchy³ Rxe¸‡jv‡K wUwK‡q ivLvi Rb¨ wbe©vPb K‡i Ges Abychy³ Rxe¸‡jv‡K wbg~©j K‡i †`q| Rxeb hy‡× wU‡K _vKv bv _vKv cÖK…wZi B”Qvi Dci wbf©ikxj| cÖvK…wZK wbe©vPbB bZzb cÖRvwZ m„wói gva¨‡g Awfe¨w³i aviv‡K Ae¨vnZ iv‡L ZvB WviDB‡bi gZev‡ì bvgKiY Kiv nq ÔcÖvK…wZK wbe©vPb ZË¡Õ| WviDBwbRg ev cÖvK…wZK wbe©vPb ZË¡wU KZK¸‡jv Z_¨ (Fact) Ges Z‡_ï wfwË‡Z cÖwZwôZ Ôwm×všÍÕ (deduction) Gi mgš^‡q MwVZ| GB gZev`wU‡Z (cÖvK…wZK wbe©vPb gZev`) weeZ©b cÖwμqv‡K 6wU av‡c fvM K‡i‡Qb| cÖwZwU Rxe H avç‡jv AwZμg K‡iB GK GKwU cÖRvwZ‡Z cwiYZ nq| eske„w× D”Pnvi (Prodigality of Production) : cÖwZwU Rx‡e R¨vwgwZK nv‡i ev D”Pvnv‡i eske„w×i cÖeYZv jÿ¨ Kiv hvq| d‡j euvPvi m¤¢vebvm¤úbœ Rx‡ei msL¨v Rb¥v‡bvi msL¨v eû¸‡Y †ewk| †hgb-GKwU m¨vgb gvQ cÖRbb FZz‡Z 2 †KvwU 80 jÿ wWg cv‡o| ZvivgvQ eQ‡i 10 jÿ wWg cv‡o| nvZxi Rb¥nvi AwZ gš’i 90 n‡Z 100 eQ‡i Rxe‡b 1 †Rvov nvZx hw` 6wU ev”Pvi Rb¥ †`q Ges cÖ‡Z¨KwU ev”Pv hw` †eu‡P _v‡K Z‡e 750 eQ‡i 1 †KvwU 66 jÿ nvZxi eskai m„wó n‡Z cv‡i| Dc‡iv³ K‡qKwU gvÎ D`vniY n‡Z GUv ¯úó †h, Rx‡ei eske„w× hw` Awbqwš¿Zfv‡e Ae¨vnZ _vKZ, Z‡e gvÎ †h‡Kv‡bv GKwU cÖRvwZi ØvivB K‡qK eQ‡i mviv c„w_ex f‡i †hZ| wKš‘ ev¯Íe †ÿ‡Î Giƒc †`Lv hvq bv, KviY cÖK…wZB Zvi wbR¯^ wbe©vPb Øviv GUv wbqš¿Y K‡i| mxwgZ Avnvi I evm¯’vb (Limitation of food and space) : f‚-c„‡ôi AvqZb mxgve× I Aciw`‡K Lv‡`ï Drcv`b AcwiwgZ nIqvq Rx‡ei R¨vwgwZK nv‡i eske„w×i d‡j Zv‡ì wfZi ch©vß Avnvi I †hvM¨ evm¯’v‡bi Rb¨ cÖwZ‡hvwMZv ïiæ n‡e A_©vr Zviv cÖvK…wZK evavi m¤§yLxb n‡e| Rxeb msMÖvg (Struggle for existance) : AwaK Rb¥nvi Ges mxwgZ Avnvi I evm¯’v‡bi Rb¨ cici ci¯ú‡ii mv‡_ cÖwZ‡hvwMZvq AeZxY© nq| Lv`¨, evm¯’vb, evqy, cvwb, Av‡jv BZ¨vwì Rb¨ ïaygvÎ †eu‡P _vKvi Rb¨B cÖ‡Z¨K Rxe‡K cÖwZ‡hvwMZvq wjß n‡Z nq| GB cÖwZ‡hvwMZvB Rxeb msMÖvg| cÖK…wZ‡Z wZb ai‡bi Rxeb msMÖvg †`Lv hvq| (K) AšÍtcÖRvwZK msMÖvg (Intraspecific struggle) : GKB cÖRvwZfz³ Rx‡ei g‡a¨ cvi¯úwiK msMÖvg‡K AšÍtcÖRvwZK msMÖvg e‡j| GKwU Dw™¢‡ì wb‡P hLb GKB cÖRvwZi AmsL¨ PvivMvQ Rb¥v‡bvi d‡j Av‡jv, evqy I Lv‡`ï Rb¨ ci¯ú‡ii g‡a¨ cÖwZ‡hvwMZvi d‡j A‡bK PvivMvQ gviv hvq| Bnv GKwU AšÍtcÖRvwZK msMÖvg| ev‡N-ev‡N, nwi‡Y-nwi‡Y, GKB Rv‡Zi cÖRvwZi euvPvi Rb¨ †h msMÖvg ZvB AšÍtcÖRvwZK msMÖvg| (L) AvšÍtcÖRvwZK msMÖvg (Interspeific struggle) : `yB ev Z‡ZvwaK cÖRvwZfz³ Rx‡ei g‡a¨ †h msMÖvg msNwUZ nq Zvnv‡K AvšÍtcÖRvwZK msMÖvg e‡j| ev‡N-nwi‡Y, k„Mvj-gyiwM‡Z, mv‡c-†bD‡j,

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ev‡N-fvjøy‡K, cyuwU gvQ- †evqvj gv‡Qi g‡a¨ †h cÖwZ‡hvwMZv ZvB AvšÍtcÖRvwZK msMÖvg| `yBwU Rx‡ei g‡a¨ Giƒc msMÖvg cÖavbZ Lv`¨wfwËK| Gfv‡e wbZvšÍ ˆRweK Kvi‡YB wewfbœ cÖRvwZi g‡a¨ Lv`¨Lv`K m¤úK©hy³ GKwU wbôzi wKš‘ ev¯Íe Rxeb msMÖvg M‡o D‡V(M) cwi‡e‡ki mwnZ msMÖvg (Environmental struggle) : cwi‡ekMZ cÖwZK‚jZvi m‡½ me©`v msMÖvg K‡i mKj Rxe‡KB euvP‡Z nq; †hgb-Liv, AwZel©Y, So-ev`j, cøveb, f‚wgK¤ú, mvB‡K¬vb, U‡b©‡Wv, R‡jv”Q¡vm, eRªcvZ, AwaKZvc I kxZ BZ¨vw`| cwi‡ek Pvq RxeK‚j‡K aŸsm K‡i w`‡Z cÿvšÍ‡i Rxe Pvq GB cÖwZK‚jZv †K‡U DV‡Z| Giƒc cÖwZK~jZvi gv‡S †hme Rxe wU‡K _vK‡Z cv‡i ïaygvÎ ZvivB †eu‡P _v‡K Ges esk e„w×i my‡hvM cvq| (4) cÖKiY ev cwie„Ë (Variation) : WviDBb jÿ¨ K‡iwQ‡jb †h, c„w_ex‡Z †Kv‡bv `yBwU Rxe m¤ú~Y©iƒ‡c GKiKg bq| GKB cÖRvwZi g‡a¨ GgbwK GKB wcZvgvZvi mšÍvb‡ì g‡a¨ cv_©K¨ †`Lv hvq| WviDB‡bi g‡Z, Aweivg Rxeb msMÖv‡gi d‡j, AvZ¥iÿvi Kvi‡Y A‡bK ai‡bi kvixie„Ëxq cwieZ©b nq| GB cwieZ©‡bi d‡jB Rx‡e cv_©K¨ m„wó nq Ges GB cv_©K¨mg~n eska‡i mÂvwiZ nq| d‡j Zviv Rxeb msMÖv‡g wU‡K _v‡K| GiKg ÿz`ª ÿz`ª cwieZ©bB Kvjμ‡g bZzb cÖRvwZ m„wó K‡i| †h mg¯Í Rx‡e myweavRbK cwie„wË N‡Ubv Kvjμ‡g Zviv wejyß n‡q hvq e‡j aviYv Kiv nq | (5) †hvM¨Z‡gi weRq (Servival of the fittest) : Rxeb msMÖv‡g wjß Rxe †Mvôxi g‡a¨ hviv cwiw¯’wZi m‡½ Dchy³fv‡e †gvKvwejv Ki‡Z cv‡i, ïay ZvivB †eu‡P _vK‡e ev Rxeb msMÖv‡g †h †hvM¨ Ges AbyK~j cwie„wË MÖnY Ki‡Z mg_© n‡q‡Q ïay ZvivB Rxeb msMÖv‡g wU‡K _vK‡e BnvB †hvM¨Z‡gi weRq| cÿvšÍ‡i Rxeb msMÖv‡g A‡hvM¨ Rxe wbwðý ev aŸsm n‡q hv‡e| (6) cÖvK…wZK wbe©vPb I bZzb cÖRvwZi DrcwË (Natural Selection of origin of species) : WviDB‡bi g‡Z, Rxeb msMÖv‡g hviv wU‡K _v‡K ZvivB cÖK…wZi Øviv wbe©vwPZ| GB wbe©vwPZ I †hvM¨`j msMÖv‡g wU‡K _vKevi g‡Zv AbyK‚j I mnvqK cÖKiY cÖvß nq| myweavRbK cwie„wËm¤úbœ Rxe cwi‡e‡ki mwnZ my›ìfv‡e wb‡R‡ì Lvc LvIqv‡Z cv‡i Ges esk we¯Ív‡i AwaK my‡hvM cvq| Acic‡ÿ `ye©j Rxe (A‡hvM¨) cwi‡e‡ki mv‡_ Lvc LvIqv‡Z cv‡i bv e‡j Kvjμ‡g Giv ax‡i ax‡i wejyß n‡q hvq| Rxeb msMÖv‡g wU‡K _vKv Rxe¸‡jvi †hvM¨ cÖKiY I êwkó¨vewj †hŠb cÖRb‡bi gva¨‡g DËivwaKvi m~‡Î eskai‡ì g‡a¨ cwievwnZ nq| ZvB †`Lv hvq, ïay myweavRbK ¸Y¸‡jv esk ci¤úivq DËi m~ix‡ì g‡a¨ mÂvwiZ I msiwÿZ nq| Gfv‡e my`xN© eQi a‡i c‡ii eskai‡ì KwZcq Rxe Zvnv‡ì c~e© c~iæl n‡Z wfbœZi êwkó¨ aviY c~e©K bZzb êwkó¨gwÐZ bZzb cÖRvwZ m„wó Ki‡e|

11.9.3 be¨-WviDBbev` ev Neo-Darwinism Darwin-Gi gZev‡`i cwiewZ©Z iƒc n‡jv be¨-WviDBbev` ev Neo Darwinism| †Kv‡bv †Kv‡bv weÁvbx (†hgb- Dodson) g‡b K‡ib †h, weeZ©‡bi AvaywbK Synthetic theory n‡jv be¨WviDBbev`| Giv T. Dozhansky, J. Huxley, G.L Stebbins I Sewall Wright Gi gZ Gi g‡a¨ AšÍfz©³ K‡ib| wKš‘ Simpson Zuvi “The meaning of Evolution” eB G e‡jb †h be¨-WviDBbev` Ges AvaywbK Synthetic theory G‡Kev‡i Avjv`v| Zuvi g‡Z, Weismann I

258

GKv`k Aa¨vq

Zuvi AbyMvgx‡ì KvR eûw`b a‡i be¨-WviDBbev` bv‡g cwiwPZ wQj| Gu‡ì gZev‡ì mv‡_ AvaywbK gZev‡ì h‡_ó cv_©K¨ i‡q‡Q| myZivs be¨-WviDBbev` m¼xY© `„wófw½‡Z Weismann Gi aviYvi Abymvix Ges Gi wKQz cwieZ©b Kiv cÖ‡qvRb| wKš‘ we¯Í…Z `„wófw½‡Z be¨ WviDBbev‡ì mv‡_ AvaywbK Ôwmb‡_wUK gZev‡ìÕ h‡_ó mv`„k¨ i‡q‡Q|

11.9.4 Ôwmb‡_wUKÕ (Synthetic) gZev`Ñ weeZ©‡bi cÖwμqv m¤^‡Ü Sewall Wright, T. Dobzhansky, Julian Huxley, G.L. Stebbins, Ernst Mayer I Ab¨vb¨ AvaywbK weÁvbxiv Mfxifv‡e wPšÍv K‡i‡Qb| AvaywbK aviYv Abymv‡i weeZ©‡b mvšÍi cÖKviY, cÖvK…wZK wbe©vPb I †hvM¨Z‡gi R‡qi ¸iæZ¡c~Y© f‚wgKv i‡q‡Q| weÁv‡bi me kvLv †_‡K cÖvß Z‡_ï wfwË‡Z AvaywbKKv‡ji weeZ©b m¤^Üxq gZev` M‡o D‡V‡Q| weeZ©‡bi AvaywbK aviYv (modern synthetic theory of evolution) Abymv‡i wRb wgD‡Ukb, †μv‡gv‡mvgxq wgD‡Ukb, †R‡bwUK wiKgwe‡bkb, cÖvK…wZK wbe©vPb I Rb‡bi †ÿ‡Î AšÍiY (reproductive isolation) n‡jv cÖRvwZ m„wói †ÿ‡Î ¸iæZ¡c~Y©| wRb wgD‡Ukb, †μv‡gv‡mvgxq wgD‡Ukb Ges wiKgwe‡bk‡bi (recombination) d‡j f¨vwi‡qkb ev cÖKiY ev‡o| Gi ci cÖvK…wZK wbe©vPb‡hvM¨ f¨vwi‡qkb‡K g‡bvbxZ K‡i| Rb‡bi †ÿ‡Î AšÍiY ev AvB‡mv‡jk‡bi gva¨‡g cÖRvwZ ¯’vqx (stable) n‡Z cv‡i| GB cuvPwU d¨v±i Qvov AviI wZbwU Avbylw½K cÖwμqv weeZ©b‡K cÖfvweZ K‡i| GB cÖwμqv wZbwU n‡jv (a) GKwU †Mvôx (population) †_‡K Aci †Mvôx‡Z ¯’vbvšÍi Ges (b) Dc-cÖRvwZ, cÖRvwZ wKsev M‡Yi (genus) g‡a¨ msKiY (c) †QvU †Mvôx‡Z AvKw¯§K †R‡bwUK wWªdU n‡Z cv‡i| Gi Dci wbe©vPb Kvh©Ki n‡j weeZ©‡bi avivi cwieZ©b n‡Z cv‡i| Gme c×wZ †Mvôxi †R‡bwUK f¨vwi‡qkb evovq| AvaywbK Ôwmb‡_wUK gZev`Õ ms‡ÿ‡c n‡jvÑ i) Rxe AwaK msL¨K mšÍvb Drcv`b K‡i, me mšÍvb †eu‡P _vK‡Z cv‡i bv| ii) Z‡e evm¯’vb I Lv‡`ï mieivn mxwgZ| iii) †Kv‡bv cÖRvwZi wewfbœ m`‡mï g„Zz¨ nvi h‡_ó †ewk| iv) Rx‡e h‡_ó cÖKiY †`Lv †`q| Gme cÖKiY wiKgwe‡bkb, wRb wgD‡Ukb Ges †μv‡gv‡mvgxq wgD‡Uk‡bi Rb¨ nq| v) wiKgwe‡bkb I wewfbœ iKg wgD‡Uk‡bi d‡j wewfbœ m`‡m¨ Rb‡b cv_©K¨ †`Lv w`‡Z cv‡i| vi) cÖK…wZ †hvM¨ cÖKiYhy³ Rxe‡K wbe©vPb K‡i| vii) ¯^vfvweK †Mvôx †QvU †QvU fv‡M wef³ n‡q AvšÍwiK Ae¯’vq _v‡K| GB Ae¯’vq μ‡g DccÖRvwZi m„wó nq|

11.10 weeZ©‡bi cÖgvYvw` (Evidences of Evolution) AmsL¨ ai‡bi Dw™¢` I cÖvwY G c„w_ex‡Z i‡q‡Q| GQvov AviI eû cÖRvwZi Dw™¢` I cÖvwY Av‡M cvIqv †hZ wKš‘ GLb wejyß n‡q †M‡Q| GB ˆewPÎ¨c~Y© Rxe‡bi D™¢e †h eûhyM a‡i ˆRe weeZ©‡bi gva¨‡g n‡q‡Q Zvi ¯^c‡ÿ cÖgvY weÁv‡bi bvbv kvLv †_‡K cvIqv †M‡Q| weeZ©‡bi ¯^c‡ÿ †h hyw³MÖvn¨ cÖgvY i‡q‡Q Zvi g‡a¨ KZK¸‡jv D‡jøL‡hvM¨ cÖgvY wb‡q Av‡jvPbv Kiv n‡jv|

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11.10.1 Rxevk¥ I f‚ZvwË¡K cÖgvY (Evidences from fossil and geological): c¨vwjqRwqK †_‡K wewfbœ iKg Rx‡ei Rxevk¥ cvIqv †M‡Q| wewfbœ mg‡qi Rxevk¥¸wj cixÿv K‡i A‡bK Z_¨ Rvbv †M‡Q| mg‡qi mv‡_ mv‡_ Dw™¢` I cÖvwY Av‡¯Í Av‡¯Í cwiewZ©Z n‡qwQj| KvQvKvwQ mg‡qi cÖRvwZi g‡a¨ h‡_ó mvgÄm¨ jÿ¨ Kiv hvq| †hme cÖRvwZi g‡a¨ h‡_ó mg‡qi eëavb i‡q‡Q Zv‡ì g‡a¨ êmv`„k¨B †ewk| †hme Rxevk¥ Zzjbvg~jKfv‡e mv¤úªwZK Kv‡ji Zv‡ì mv‡_ AvaywbK Rx‡ei mvgÄm¨ i‡q‡Q| f‚ZvwË¡K cÖgvY †_‡K †evSv hvq †h, R‡jB Rxe‡bi ïiæ n‡qwQj| mvgyw`ªK ˆkevj, mvgyw`ªK †cÖv‡Uv‡Rvqv cÖf…wZi m„wó cÖ_g n‡qwQj| Gici K‡¤^vR †kÖwYi (mollusc) cÖvwY I Ab¨vb¨ A‡giæ`Ðx cÖvwYi D™¢e n‡qwQj| A‡giæ`Ðx cÖvwY †_‡K c‡i RjPi †giæ`Ðx cÖvwYi m„wó n‡qwQj| DfPi ¯’‡ji cÖ_g †giæ`Ðx cÖvwY| ¯Íb¨cvqx cÖvwYi D™¢e A‡bK c‡i n‡q‡Q| cvjwjK wkjvi wewfbœ ch©v‡q †hme Rxevk¥ cvIqv †M‡Q Zvi KZK¸‡jv †_‡K cÖvwYRM‡Zi wewfbœ †kÖwYi g‡a¨ †hvMm~Î Avwe®‹…Z n‡q‡Q| †hgb- Diplovertebron bv‡gi cÖvwYi †`‡ni MVb wKQzUv gvQ I evwK DfP‡ii g‡Zv Ges GUv H `yB †kÖwYi cÖvwYi g‡a¨ ms‡hvMKvix m~Î ev missinglink, Avevi Seymaria-i MVb DfPi I mixm„‡ci gvSvgvwS ai‡bi| AvwK©Ic‡Uwi‡· (Archaeopteryx) mixm„c I cvwL Df‡qi Pwi‡Îi mswgkÖY †`Lv hvq| H cÖvwY cvwL n‡jI Gi ùvZ wQj Ges Gi mixm„‡ci g‡Zv `xN© †jR wQj| GQvov G‡ì cvLvi cÖv‡šÍ wZbwU Av½yj Zxÿè I eμ bLiwewkó wQj| Archaeopteryx Gi Rxevk¥ cvIqv hvq Bavaria †_‡K| GB wZb iKg cÖvwY †_‡K †evSv hvq †h, †giæ`Ðx cÖvwYi †ÿ‡Î weeZ©‡bi aviv n‡jv gvQ Ñ DfPi Ñ mixm„c Ñ cvwL|

wPÎ: 11.1: AvwK©Ic‡Uwi· (Archaeopteryx)- ev‡g Rxevk¥, Wv‡b cybM©wVZ weeZ©‡bi me‡P‡q D‡jøL‡hvM¨ cÖgvY cvIqv hvq †Nvovi Rxevk¥ †_‡K DËi Av‡gwiKvi Uviwkqvwi ch©v‡qi Rxevk¥ †_‡K †Nvovi weeZ©‡bi m¤ú~Y© wPÎ cvIqv hvq| Marsh, Cope, Lull, Mathew cÖf…wZ weÁvbx‡`i M‡elYv †_‡K G m¤^‡Ü Rvbv †M‡Q| Condylarthra bv‡gi cÖvwY †_‡K m¤¢eZ

260

GKv`k Aa¨vq

†Nvovi c~e©cyiæ‡li DrcwË| GB cÖvwY cÖ_‡g BD‡ivc I Gwkqvq wQj| c‡i DËi Av‡gwiKvq cvIqv †hZ| G‡ì cv‡q cuvPwU K‡i Av½yj wQj| Z‡e m‡›`nvZxZfv‡e †Nvovi g‡Zv cÖvwY Eohippus cvIqv †M‡Q DËi Av‡gwiKvi BIwmb Dcch©v‡qi (epoch) cvjwjK wkjvq| GB Eohippus †_‡KB eZ©gvb †Nvovi D™¢e n‡q‡Q| Eohippus -Gi Kuva AÂ‡ji D”PZv wQj 11-12 BwÂ| G‡ì mvg‡bi cv‡q PviwU Av½yj I wcQ‡bi cv‡q wZbwU K‡i Kg©ÿg Av½yj I `ywU K‡i ÿqcÖvß Av½yj (cÖ_g I cÂg Av½yj) wQj| G‡ì Kwâi nvo¸‡jv ¯’vbvšÍwiZ n‡q ci¯úi hy³ n‡qwQj| GKBfv‡e †Mvov‡jvi nvo¸‡jvI ¯’vbvšÍwiZ n‡q ci¯úi hy³ n‡qwQj| Gfv‡e cv‡qi kw³ e„w× N‡UwQj| G‡ì AMÖ‡clY ùvZ¸‡jv (premolar) †clY ùv‡Zi Zzjbvq †QvU wQj| †clY ùv‡Zi wKQz Ask Gbv‡gj w`‡q XvKv wQj| BIwm‡bi †kl w`‡K Eohippus-Gi †P‡q wKQzUv DbœZ ai‡bi Orohippus cvIqv wM‡qwQj| Giv 13.5 BwÂ (34 †m.wg) j¤^v wQj Ges G‡ì †cQ‡bi cv‡qi cÂg Av½yj Aejyß n‡qwQj| GQvov mvg‡bi cv‡qi Z…Zxq Av½yj eo n‡qwQj Ges wØZxq I PZz_© Av½yj wKQzUv †QvU n‡qwQj| Iwj‡Mvwmb Dcch©v‡qi cvjwjK wkjvq Mesohippus Gi Rxevk¥ cvIqv †M‡Q| Kuva AÂ‡j Gi D”PZv wQj 24 BwÂ (A_©vr 60 †m.wg.)| G‡ì †cQ‡bi cv‡q wZbwU K‡i Av½yj wQj| wKš‘ mvg‡bi cv‡qi †QvU Av½yj ÿqcÖvß nIqvq †Kej wZbwU K‡i Kg©ÿg Av½yj wQj| G‡ì †clY ùvZ A‡cÿvK…Z RwUj wQj| Mesohippus Gi g‡Zv Z‡e AvKv‡i wKQzUv eo Miohippus -Gi Rxevk¥ Iwj‡Mvwmb Dc-ch©v‡qi †kl w`‡K cvIqv †M‡Q| gv‡qvwmb Dc-ch©v‡qi cÖ_g w`‡K Parahippus Ges gaëZx© mgq Merychippus Gi Rxevk¥ cvIqv wM‡qwQj| Parahippus n‡jv Miohippus I Merychippus Gi gvSvgvwS ai‡bi| G‡ì mvg‡bi I wcQ‡bi cv‡q wZbwU K‡i Av½yj wQj| Z‡e gv‡Si Av½yjB †Kej Kvh©Ki wQj| G‡ì †clY ùvZ RwUj Ges Gbv‡gj w`‡q XvKv| G‡ì gv_vi Lywji (skull) MV‡bI wKQz DbœwZ n‡qwQj| gv‡qvwm‡bi †kl w`‡K Ges cøv‡qvwm‡b Pliohippus wQ‡jv| GivB n‡jv cÖ_g GK Av½yjwewkó †Nvov| G‡ì Kuva AÂ‡ji D”PZv wQj 40 BwÂ (1 wgUvi)| AvaywbK †Nvov Equus cøvBI‡÷vwm‡b Lye †ewk cvIqv †hZ| G‡ì Kuva AÂ‡ji D”PZv 60 BwÂ (1.5 wgUvi) Ges cv‡qi wØZxq I PZz_© Av½yj ÿqcÖvß Ae¯’vq wQj| G‡ì ùvZ¸‡jv `xN© I ¯Í¤¢vKvi (columnar) I Gbv‡gj w`‡q Ave„Z| myZivs AvaywbK †Nvovi weeZ©‡bi cÖavb avç‡jv n‡jv Eohippus (BIwm‡bi), Mesohippus (Iwj‡Mvwm‡bi), Merychippus (gv‡qvwm‡bi) Pleiohippus (cøv‡qvwm‡bi) Ges Equus (cøvBI‡÷vwmb I mv¤úªwZK Kv‡ji)|

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11.10.2 †fŠ‡MvwjK we¯Ívi †_‡K cÖgvY (Evidences from geographical diotributin): AšÍi‡Yi (isolation) d‡j †h bZzb cÖRvwZi Rxe m„wó nq Zv c„w_exi Dw™¢` †Mvôx ev cÖvYxKz‡ji †fŠ‡MvwjK we¯Ívi jÿ¨ Ki‡jB †evSv hvq| AšÍi‡Yi d‡j bZzb cÖRvwZi m„wó M¨vjvcv‡Mvm Øxccy‡Äi Dw™¢` I cÖvwY †_‡K †evSv hvq| M¨vjvcv‡Mvm (Galapagos) ØxccyÄ cÖkvšÍ gnvmvM‡i `wÿY Av‡gwiKvi 600 gvBj cwð‡g I cwj‡bwkqvi 3000 gvBj c~‡e© Aew¯’Z| GB Øxç‡jv AMœy¨rcv‡Zi d‡j Drcbœ n‡qwQj Ges g~j f‚LÐ (A_©vr `wÿY Av‡gwiKv) †_‡K †Kej Aí K‡qK iK‡gi cÖvwY †hgb- `yB iKg ¯Íb¨cvqx cÖvwY, cuvP iKg mixm„c, Qq iKg MvqK cvwL ev song bird I Ab¨vb¨ cuvP iKg cvwL) I Dw™¢` GLv‡b G‡mwQj| Darwin (1835) †`‡Lb †h, GB Øxcgvjvi cÖ‡Z¨KwU Øx‡ci wbR¯^ cÖRvwZi Dw™¢` I cÖvwY i‡q‡Q| Darwin M¨vjvcv‡Mvm Øxccy‡Äi cÖvwYK‚‡jI GKB iKg weeZ©‡bi aviv jÿ¨ K‡iwQ‡jb| wZwb †`‡Lb †h, wewfbœ Øx‡ci wd‡Âi (finch, PovB RvZxq cvwL) g‡a¨ mvgÄm¨ Av‡Q| Z‡e cÖ‡Z¨K Øx‡ci wdÂ¸‡jvi wbR¯^ cÖRvwZMZ êwkóÏ i‡q‡Q| M¨vjvcv‡Mvm Øxccy‡Ä 13wU cÖRvwZi wdÂ cvIqv hvq| cÖavbZ G‡ì †Vuv‡Ui MV‡b cv_©K¨ _v‡K| †Kv‡bv Øx‡ci wd‡Âi †VuvU wUqvcvwLi †Vuv‡Ui g‡Zv hvi mvnv‡h¨ Giv dj †L‡Z cv‡i, Avevi Ab¨ †Kv‡bvwUi †VuvU dz‡ji wfZi cÖweó Kivi Rb¨ †ek euvKv‡bv, Avevi KviI ev cZ½ a‡i LvIqvi Rb¨ †VuvU we‡klfv‡e ˆZwi Avevi †Kv‡bvwUi †VuvU KvV‡VvKivi g‡Zv| Z‡e †k‡lv³ ai‡bi wd‡Â KvV‡VvKivi g‡Zv j¤^v wRf bv _vKvq Giv †KvUi †_‡K †cvKv †ei K‡i †L‡Z cv‡i bv| GRb¨ Giv GKwU †QvU KvwV ev K¨v±v‡mi KuvUvi mvnv‡h¨ †KvUi †_‡K †cvKv †ei K‡i Lvq| gvwU‡Z emevmKvix †hme wdÂ dj †L‡q _v‡K Zv‡ì †VuvU d‡ji AvqZ‡bi Dci wbf©i K‡i †QvU, gvSvwi ev eo nq| Avevi KviI ev KuvUvhy³ dj LvIqvi Rb¨ †VuvU m~uPvj| GKBfv‡e Mv‡Q emevmKvix †hme wdÂ †cvKv a‡i Lvq Zv‡ì †Vuv‡Ui AvqZb wbf©i K‡i Giv †QvU, gvSvwi bv eo †cvKv a‡i Lvq Zvi Dci| myZivs †`Lv hv‡”Q †h, wewfbœ iKg Lv`¨ Avni‡Yi Rb¨ Awf‡hvR‡bi d‡j GB iKg bvbv ai‡bi †Vuv‡Ui m„wó n‡q‡Q| c„w_exi Dw™¢` I cÖvwYK‚j we‡ePbv K‡i c„w_ex‡K QqwU Rxe f‚‡Mvj msμvšÍ (biogeographical) AÂ‡j wef³ Kiv n‡q‡Q| G¸‡jv n‡jvÑ (1) c¨vwjAvK©wUK (Palearctic) AÂj-BD‡ivc, ivwkqv, Pxb Gi AšÍfy©³|

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GKv`k Aa¨vq

(2) wbIAvK©wUK (Neoarctic) AÂjÑ DËi Av‡gwiKv I wMÖbj¨vÛ Gi AšÍM©Z| (3) Bw_IwcI AÂj-Avwd«Kvi, mvnviv giæf‚wgi `wÿYvÂj Gi AšÍfz©³| (4) cÖv‡P¨i AÂj-Gwkqv, wngvj‡qi `wÿYvÂj Gi AšÍM©Z| (5) wbIUªwcK¨vj (Neotropical) AÂj-ga¨ I `wÿY Av‡gwiKv Gi AšÍfz©³| (6) A‡÷ªwjqv AÂj- A‡÷ªwjqv I wbKUeZx© ØxccyÄ Gi AšÍM©Z| AwaKvsk AÂj¸‡jv ci¯úi †_‡K cÖvK…wZK evavi (†hgb- ce©Z, giæfzwg ev mgy‡`ªi) gva¨‡g c„_K i‡q‡Q| cÖ‡Z¨K AÂ‡ii wbR¯^ ˆewkó¨c~Y© G‡ÛwgK Dw™¢` I cÖvwYKzj i‡q‡Q| GgbwK wewfbœ AÂ‡ji †Kvb †Kvb ¯’v‡b GKB AvenvIqv _vK‡jI †mLv‡b wfbœ wfbœ ai‡bi Rxe †`Lv hvq| Gi KviY wewfbœ AÂ‡ji weeZ©b c„_Kfv‡e n‡q‡Q| 11.10.3 Zzjbvg~jK A½ms¯’vb I Kjvms¯’vbRwbZ cÖgvY (Evidences from comparative morphology an anatomy): wewfbœ Rx‡e mgms¯’ A‡½ (homologous organ) Dcw¯’wZ

weeZ©‡bi ¯^c‡ÿ AKvU¨ cÖgvY¯^iƒc| wZwgi AMÖc`, †Nvovi AMÖc`, ev`y‡oi Wvbv, cvwLi Wvbv, e¨v‡Oi AMÖc` I gvby‡li nvZ n‡jv mgms¯’ A½| Gme A‡½i DrcwË I Af¨šÍixY MVb GKB| Z‡e Kv‡Ri wewfbœZvi Rb¨ AvcvZ`„wó‡Z Gme A‡½i g‡a¨ h‡_ó cv_©K¨ i‡q‡Q e‡j g‡b nq| Af¨šÍixY MVb †_‡K ejv hvq †h, G¸‡jv n‡jv g~j †c›UvW¨vKUvBj (pentadactyl) A_©vr cuvP Av½yj wewkó evûi wfbœ wfbœ iƒc| GiKg evû‡Z †hme Aw¯’ ev nvo¸‡jv cici _v‡K Zvn‡jv EaŸ©evû‡Z wnD‡givm (humerus),

wb¤œevû‡Z

†iwWqvm

(radius) Ges Avj&bv (ulna), Kwâ‡Z AvUwU

†QvU

Kvic¨vj

(carpal),

KiZ‡j cuvPwU †gUvKvic¨vj (metacarpal) Ges cuvPwU d¨vjvb‡Rm (phalanges)| R‡j muvZvi KvUvi Rb¨ wZwgi AMÖc‡ì nvo¸‡jv j¤^vq †QvU Ges PIov n‡q ùv‡oi g‡Zv n‡q‡Q| †`Šovevi myweavi Rb¨ †Nvovi AMÖc‡ì †iwWqvm I Avjbv wgwjZ n‡q‡Q Ges Av½y‡ji msL¨v n«vm †c‡q GKgvÎ gv‡Si A_©vr Z…Zxq A½yjwUB KvhKi Ae¯’vq i‡q‡Q| Doevi myweavi Rb¨ ev`yo I cvwLi †ÿ‡Î AMÖc‡ì PviwU Av½yj Lye j¤^v n‡q Wvbvq iƒcvšÍwiZ n‡q‡Q| e¨v‡Oi †`‡ni fvi enb Kivi Rb¨ I

263

Pjevi Rb¨ AMÖc` we‡klfv‡e cwiewZ©Z n‡q‡Q| gvby‡li aievi Rb¨ cÖavbZ nv‡Zi e¨envi nq Ges GRb¨ Gi MVb GB Kv‡Ri Dc‡hvMx| wewfbœ Rx‡ei wfbœ wfbœ A‡½ g‡a¨ GZ mvgÄ‡m¨i GKgvÎ e¨vL¨v n‡jv †h Giv mevB GKB c~ec © yiæl †_‡K D™¢‚Z n‡q‡Q Ges wewfbœ avivq weeZ©‡bi Rb¨ Gme A‡½i g‡a¨ AvcvZ cv_©K¨ †`Lv hvq| gw¯Í‡®‹i (brain) weeZ©b jÿ Ki‡j †evSv hvq †h, cÖvwYi DbœwZi mv‡_ mv‡_ μgkt gw¯Í‡®‹i RwUjZv †e‡o‡Q Avi ¸iægw¯Í®‹ ev †mwieªv‡gi (cerebrum) AvqZb †e‡o‡Q Ges GwU jNygw¯Í®‹ ev †mwi‡ejv‡gi (cerebellum) wKQz Ask †X‡K †i‡L‡Q| me †giæ`Ðx cÖvwYi gw¯Í‡®‹i MV‡bi g~j wfwË GKB Ges GwU weeZ©b‡K mg_©b K‡i|

K-gvbyl, L-e¨vO, M-weovj, N-wZwg, O-ev`yo, P-cvwL wPÎ: 11.4: wewfbœ cÖvwYi AMÖc` (mgms¯’ A‡½i D`vniY) 11.10.4 Zzjbvg~jK åƒYZË¡RwbZ cÖgvY (Evidences from comparative embryology): wewfbœ ai‡bi †giæ`Ðx cÖvwYi åƒ‡Yi AcwiYZ cwiùzU‡bi h‡_ó mvgÄm¨ †`Lv hvq| hw`I Gme cÖvwYi c~Y©v½ Ae¯’vi g‡a¨ h‡_ó cv_©K¨ i‡q‡Q| gvQ, DfPi cÖvwY, mixm„c, cvwL I ¯Íb¨cvqx cÖvwYi åƒ‡Yi g‡a¨ A‡bK wgj †`Lv hvq| me †giæ`Ðx cÖvwYi åƒ‡Yi cwiùzU‡bi cÖ_g w`‡K dzjKv wQ`ª ev gillslit _v‡K| c~Y©v½ gv‡Q GUv †_‡K hvq| e¨v‡Oi e¨vOvwP Ae¯’vq dzjKv wQ`ª _v‡K| wKš‘ mixm„c, cvwL I ¯Íb¨cvqxi c~Y©v½ Ae¯’vq dzjKv wQ`ª _v‡K bv| wewfbœ †giæ`Ðx cÖvYxi åƒY Ae¯’vq GiKg

cwiYZ K L M N O P Q K-gvQ, LÑm¨vjvgvÛvi, MÑK”Qc, NÑgyiMx, NÑMiæ, O- Li‡Mvk, PÑ gvbyl

264

GKv`k Aa¨vq

mvgÄm¨ †_‡K ejv hvq †h, Giv GKB c~ec © ~iæl †_‡K D™¢‚Z n‡q‡Q| GiKg mvgÄm¨ jÿ K‡i Rvg©vb åƒYZË¡we` Ernst Heinrich Haeckel (1834-1919) wiK¨vwcPz‡jkb (recapitulation) gZev` ev cwie„wËev` MVb K‡ib| GB gZ Abymv‡i †Kv‡bv Rx‡ei åƒ‡Yi cwiùzU‡bi wewfbœ Ae¯’vq Gi me c~ec © yiæ‡li c~Y©v½ Ae¯’v‡K ¯§iY K‡i A_©vr e¨w³Rwb (ontogeny) RvwZRwb‡K ¯§iY K‡i (ontogeny repeats phylogeny’)| †`Lv †M‡Q †h, e¨v‡Oi e¨vOvwP `kvq Giv gv‡Qi g‡Zv k¦vm †bq I muvZvi Kv‡U| Gi †_‡K †evSv hvq †h, e¨v‡Oi c~e©cyiæl gv‡Qi gZ wQj| †KvlZvwË¡K cÖgvY (Evidence from cytology): Dw™¢` I cÖvwY‡Z †cÖv‡UvcøvRg _v‡K| hwÌ wewfbœ Dw™¢` I cÖvwYi †Kv‡li †cÖv‡UvcøvR‡gi g‡a¨ mvgvb¨ ZviZg¨ Av‡Q wKš‘ G‡ì †gŠwjK Dcv`vb GKB iK‡gi| GB mv`„k¨ †_‡K ejv hvq †h, me Dw™¢` I cÖvwYi Dw™¢e n‡q‡Q GKB c~e©cyiæl †_‡K| 11.10.5 Zzjbvg~jK kvixiZË¡ I ˆReimvqb †_‡K cÖgvY (Evidences from comparative physiology and biochemistry): wewfbœ Rx‡ei g‡a¨ ˆReivmvqwbK mvgÄm¨ †`Lv hvq| me †giæ`Ðx cÖvwY‡Z GKB iKg _vBi‡qW MÖwš’i ni‡gvb cvIqv hvq| Z…Y‡fvRx cÖvwYi _vBiw·b (A_©vr _vBi‡qW MÖwš’i n‡g©vb) gvby‡l _vBiw·‡bi AfveRwbZ †iv‡M eënvi K‡i H Afve `~i Kiv m¤¢e n‡q‡Q| Gi †_‡K †evSv hvq †h, wewfbœ †giæ`Ðx cÖvwYi D™¢e n‡q‡Q GKB c~e©cyiæl †_‡K me meyR Dw™¢‡ì mv‡jvKms‡kølY c×wZ GKB iKg| GwU G‡ì GKB c~ec © yiæl †_‡K DrcwË wb‡`©k K‡i| wewfbœ Rx‡ei †miv‡gi (serum) Zzjbvg~jK cixÿv †_‡K weeZ©‡bi ¯^c‡ÿ cÖgvY cvIqv hvq| †Kvb wMwbwc‡M gvby‡li i‡³i †mivg B‡ÄKkb †Ìqv n‡j gvby‡li †miv‡gi A¨w›U‡R‡bi cÖfv‡e wMwbwc‡M A¨w›UewW ˆZwi nq| GB A¨w›UewW ˆZwi n‡q hvIqvi ci Avevi hw` gvby‡li †mivg H wMwbwc‡Mi †`‡n cÖ‡ek Kiv‡bv nq Zvn‡j gvby‡li †miv‡gi †cÖvwUb w_wZ‡q c‡o A_©vr Aatwÿß nq wKsev G‡Kev‡iB Aatwÿß nq|

11.11 †kÖwYweb¨v‡mi cÖgvY (Taxonomic evidence): wewfbœ Rx‡ei †kÖwYweb¨vm †_‡K †evSv hvq †h, GB c„w_ex‡Z GLb †hme Dw™¢` I cÖvwY i‡q‡Q Zviv Av‡MKvi Dw™¢` I cÖvwY †_‡KB weeZ©‡bi gva¨‡g D™¢‚Z n‡q‡Q| GKB cÖRvwZi me cÖvwYi g‡a¨ Lye †ewk mvgÄm¨ i‡q‡Q| GKB MY ev †Rbv‡mi wewfbœ cÖRvwZi g‡a¨ h‡_ó mv`„k¨ †`Lv hvq Ges GB wg‡ji KviY n‡jv GKB c~ec © yiæl †_‡K G‡ì DrcwË| Avevi GKB †MvÎ ev d¨vwgwji me M‡Yi g‡a¨ mvgÄm¨ †`Lv hvq Ges G‡ì D™¢e n‡q‡Q AviI Av‡Mi †Kv‡bv GK c~e©cyiæl †_‡K| Panthera-Gi cÖRvwZ, h_v tigres I leo BZ¨vwì D™¢e n‡q‡Q GKB c~e©cyiæl †_‡K| Avevi `ywU M‡Yi g‡a¨ h‡_ó mvgÄm¨ _vKvq G‡ì GKB †MvÎ Felidae-i AšÍfz©³ Kiv n‡q‡Q| G‡ì c~e©cyiæl GKB| Avevi Felidae, Canidae †MvÎØq Carnivora e‡M©i AvIËvfy³ hviv Zv‡ì GKB ¯Íb¨cvqx c~e©cyiæl †_‡K DrcwË jvf K‡i‡Q|

265

11.11.1 †R‡bwU· †_‡K cÖgvY (Evidences from genetics): eskaviv m¤^Üxq wewfbœ Z_¨ Avwe®‹v‡ii d‡j weeZ©‡bi ¯^c‡ÿ cÖZ¨ÿ cÖgvY cvIqv †M‡Q| wewfbœ cÖRvwZi g‡a¨ msKivqY Kiv hvq| msKivqY I cwjcø‡qwWi gva¨‡g bZzb cÖRvwZi m„wó n‡Z cv‡i| wgD‡Uk‡bi A_©vr AvKw¯§K eskMZ cwieZ©‡bi gva¨‡gI bZzb cÖRvwZi m„wó n‡q _v‡K| wewfbœ Dw™¢` I cÖvwY‡Z wgD‡Ukb †`Lv †M‡Q| †μv‡gv‡mv‡gi AvK…wZi cwieZ©b †hgbUª¨vÝ‡jv‡Kkb Ges Bbfvik‡bi wewfbœ Dw™¢` I cÖvwYi weeZ©‡b h‡_ó ¸iæZ¡ i‡q‡Q| wkÿv_x©i KvR: wkÿv_x©iv weeZ©‡bi cÖgvYvw`i welqvewji †ÿ‡Î wewfbœ D`vniY wPwýZ Ki‡e Ges †kÖwYK‡ÿ Zv Dc¯’vcb Ki‡e|

 GB Aa¨v‡qi cÖavb kãwfwËK mvims‡ÿc  †g‡Ûwjqvb Bb‡nwiU¨vÝ: †R‡bwU‡·i RbK †MÖMi †Rvnvb †g‡Ûj Zvi M‡elYv †_‡K eskMwZi Dci †h m~ÎØq cÖYqb K‡ib Zv‡K †g‡ÛwjRg ejv| †g‡ÛwjR‡g g‡bvnvBweªW I WªvB nvBweªW μ‡mi gva¨‡g wRbMZ ˆewkó¨ eskvbyμ‡g ¯’vbvšÍwiZ nq| †g‡Û‡ji m~ÎØ‡qi GB ˆewkó¨‡K †g‡Ûwjqvb Bb‡nwiU¨vÝ e‡j|

266

GKv`k Aa¨vq

 Bb‡nwiU¨vÝ Gi †μv‡gv‡Rvg ZË¡: Sutton I Boveri eskavivi †ÿ‡Î †h †μv‡gv‡Rvgxq gZev` †`b Zv‡K Bb‡nwiU¨vÝ Gi †μv‡gv‡Rvg ZË¡ e‡j| Zv‡ì g‡Z, Ò†Kv‡bv Pwi‡Îi wbqš¿K wRb¸‡jv †μv‡gv‡Rv‡g Aew¯’Z Ges †Kvl wefvR‡bi mgq †μv‡gv‡Rvg¸‡jv hLb wef³ n‡q wecixZ †giæ‡Z hvq ZLb d¨v±i ev wRb¸‡jvi c„_KxKiY N‡UÓ|  Am¤ú~Y© cÖKUZv: hLb cÖKU wR‡bi êwkó¨ cÖKvk bv †c‡q Am¤ú~Y©fv‡e G‡ì êwkó¨ cÖKvk cvq ZLb Zv‡K Am¤ú~Y© cÖKUZv e‡j| GwU †g‡ÛwjR‡gi GKwU e¨wZμg|  gvib wRb: †nv‡gvRvBMvm Ae¯’vq †Kv‡bv Rx‡ei g„Zz¨ n‡j †h wR‡bi cÖfv‡e Rx‡ei g„Zz¨ N‡U Zv‡K wj_vj wRb ev gviY wRb e‡j|  cwic~iK wRb: hLb †Kv‡bv êwkó¨ cÖKv‡ki Rb¨ wfbœ `ywU cÖKU wRb G‡K Ac‡ii Dci wbf©ikxj ZLb Zv‡K cwic~iK wRb e‡j|  †m· wjsKW wWmAW©vi:

†m· †μv‡gv‡Rvg evwnZ wKQz wR‡bi cÖfv‡e eskMwZ‡Z wKQz

A¯^vfvweKZv cÖKvk K‡i G‡K †m· wj¼W wWmAW©vi ejv nq| G hveZKvj ch©šÍ gvby‡l 50-60wU †m· wjsKW wWmAW©v‡ii D`vniY cvIqv †M‡Q| Gi g‡a¨ Ab¨Zg- eY©vÜZv, wn‡gvwdwjqv, ivZKvbv, gv‡qvwcqv, gv‡qvwcqv, AcwUK A¨vUªwd, †RvwfbvBj Møy‡Kvgv, †nvqvBU †dvijK, gvmKz¨jvi wWmUªwd, Wvqv‡ewUm BbwmwcWvm, nvBcviUªvB‡Kvwmm|  WviDBwbRg: weeZ©b msμvšÍ WviDB‡bi gZev`‡K WviDwbRg e‡j| WviDB‡bi gZvbymv‡i ÔcÖK…wZÕ Gi wbR¯^ wbe©vPb ÿgZv cÖ‡qvM K‡i Dchy³ Rxe¸‡jv wUwK‡q ivLvi Rb¨ wbe©vPb K‡i Ges Abychy³ Rxe¸‡jv‡K wbg~©j K‡i †`q| Rxeb hy‡× wU‡K _vKv bv _vKv cÖK…wZi B”Qvi Dci wbf©ikxj| cÖvK…wZK wbe©vPbB bZzb cÖRvwZ m„wói gva¨‡g Awfe¨w³i aviv‡K Ae¨vnZ iv‡L ZvB WvB WviDB‡bi gZev‡`i bvgKiY Kiv nq ÔcÖvK…wZK wbe©vPb ZË¡Õ|  j¨vgvwK©Rg: divwm cÖvwYZË¡we` Jean Baptiste Lamarck (17441829)) ˆRe weeZ©‡bi cÖ_g ¸iæZ¡c~Y© gZev` cÖKvk K‡ib| wZwb wek` M‡elYvi ci cÖvwY‡K A‡giæ`Ðx Ges †giæ`Ðx‡Z fvM K‡iwQ‡jb| wZwb c„w_exi Rxe‡Mvôx jÿ¨ K‡i eyS‡Z cv‡ib †h, cÖRvwZ cwieZ©bkxj (Dynamic) wZwb weeZ©b m¤^Üxq gZ cwiYZ e‡q‡m 1809 wLª÷v‡ã “Philosophie Zoologique” cy¯Í‡K cÖKvk K‡ib| weeZ©b m¤ú‡K© j¨vgv‡K©i gZev`‡K j¨vgvwK©Rg e‡j|

267

 be¨WviDBwbRg: Darwin-Gi gZev‡`i cwiewZ©Z iƒc n‡jv be¨-WviDBbev` ev neo Darwinism †Kv‡bv †Kv‡bv weÁvbx ( †hgb- Dodson) g‡b K‡ib †h weeZ©‡bi AvaywbK Synthetic theor y n‡jv be¨-WviDBbev`|  weeZ©‡bi cÖgvY: c„w_ex‡Z Kxfv‡e Rxe‡bi DrcwË n‡q‡Q Ges Kxfv‡e cÖRvwZi ˆewPÎ¨Zv m„wó n‡q‡Q Gi ¯^c‡ÿ AMwYZ cÖgvY i‡q‡Q| Gi g‡a¨ D‡jøL‡hvM¨ n‡jv- Rxevk¥ I f‚ZvwË¡K cÖgvY, A½ms¯’vbMZ cÖgvY, åƒYZvwË¡K cÖgvY, kvixie„Ëxq cÖgvY Ges wRbZvwË¡K cÖgvY|

Abykxjbx m„Rbkxj cÖkœ: X I Y `yB †evb Df‡qB gyK I ewai| Zv‡`i we‡qI n‡q‡Q gyK I ewai `yB †Q‡ji mv‡_| we‡qi ci X Gi GK †Q‡j I GK †g‡q `yB RbB ¯^vfvweK| wKš‘ Y Gi `yB †Q‡ji Df‡qB gyK I ewai| K. wR‡bvUvBc Kx?

L. †U÷μm Kiv nq †Kb?

M. X Gi Kb¨vi mv‡_ Y Gi cy‡Îi weevn n‡j djvdj Kx n‡e †`LvI|

N. X I Y GKB wcZv-gvZvi mšÍvb n‡jI Zv‡`i Df‡qi mšÍvb‡`i †ejvq Ggb NU‡jv †Kb, wRbZvwË¡K e¨vL¨v `vI|

M. G.AvB. Icvwib

Merychippus

Pleiohippus

Mesohippus

Pleiohippus

Equus

Merychippus

Equus

Mesohippus

Merychippus

Equus

Pleiohippus

268

GKv`k Aa¨vq

wb‡Pi Z‡_¨i Av‡jv‡K 3 I 4 bs cÖ‡kœi DËi `vI: Kv‡jv †PvLwewkó GKRb evsjv‡`kx cyiæ‡li mv‡_ bxj †PvLwewkó GKRb wgkixq gwnjvi we‡q n‡jvÑ 3| F1 Rbyi mšÍvb‡`i †Pv‡Li is †Kgb n‡e? K. a~mi

L. Kv‡jv

M. bxj

N. ev`vwg

4| F2 Rbyi djvdj cvIqv hv‡eÑ i. 75% Kv‡jv ii. 50% a~mi iii. 25% bxj wb‡Pi †KvbwU mwVK? K. i I ii

L. ii I iii

M. i I iii N. i, ii I iii 5| †g‡Û‡ji WvBnvBweªW μ‡mi AbycvZ †KvbwU? K. 3 : 1 L. 9 : 7 M. 13 : 3 N. 9 : 4 : 3

Øv`k Aa¨vq

cÖvwYi AvPiY ANIMAL BEHAVIOUR cÖvwYi AvPi‡Yi Dci e¨vcK êÁvwbK M‡elYv Ges we¯ÍvwiZ Av‡jvPbv I ch©v‡jvPbvi Rb¨ cÖvwYweÁv‡b AvPiYwe`¨v ev Ethology bv‡g GKwU ¯^Zš¿ kvLv cÖwZôv jvf K‡i‡Q| cÖL¨vZ wMÖK `vk©wbK Gwi÷Uj (Aristotle, 372 B.C) Zvi “Historia Animalium” bvgK MÖ‡š’ cÖvYx AvPiY m¤ú‡K© me©cÖ_g PgrKvi weeiY wjwce× K‡ib| cÖvYx AvPiY msμvšÍ A‡bK g~jevb Z_¨ msMÖnc~e©K wZwb D‡jøL K‡ib †h, cÖvwY‡ì g‡a¨ AšÍ`„©wó i‡q‡Q, †Zgwb Av‡Q ci¯ú‡ii cÖwZ fvjevmv| mß`k kZ‡Ki bvgKiv weÁvbx DBwjqvg nv‡f© (William Harvey) AmsL¨ cvwLi cÖRbbKvjxb AvPiY, evmv ˆZix I wW‡g Zv †Ìqvi g‡Zv AcZ¨ cvjb m¤ú‡K© ¸iæZ¡c~Y© Z_¨ msMÖn K‡ib| cÖvYx AvPi‡Yi Dci we‡kl Ae`v‡bi Rb¨ 19721973 mv‡j wf‡qbvi Konrad Lorenz, nj¨v‡Ûi Niko Tinbergen Ges Rvg©vwbi Karl Von Frisch GB wZbRb‡K †bv‡ej cyi¯‹vi †Ìqv nq| cÖavb kã (Key Word)  AvPiY  DÏxcK  mnRvZ AvPiY  Pjb  cÖwZeZx© wμqv  mnRvZ Av‡eM  AwfcÖqvb  AcZ¨ cvjb  wkLb  mvgvwRK AvPiY

G Aa¨vq cvV †k‡l AvgivÑ  AvPi‡Yi cÖK…wZ we‡kølY Ki‡Z cvi‡ev  mnRvZ AvPiY e¨vL¨v Ki‡Z cvi‡ev  cÖ‡Z¨K cÖvwYi mnRvZ AvPiY hvPvB Ki‡Z cvi‡ev  wkLb e¨vL¨v Ki‡Z cvi‡ev  KzKz‡ii jvjvi cÖwZeZx© wμqvi (Reflexes) Dci Pavlov Gi ZË¡ eY©bv Ki‡Z cvi‡ev  †gŠgvwQi mvgvwRK msMVb Gi Av‡jv‡K ci¯ú‡ii cÖwZ mn‡hvwMZv (Altruism) e¨vL¨v Ki‡Z cvi‡ev|

270

RxeweÁvb wØZxq cÎ

12.1 AvPi‡Yi cÖK…wZ (The nature of behavior) AvPiY n‡”Q e¨w³i †h †Kvb Kvh©aviv ev DÏxcbv I ch©‡eÿY‡hvM¨ Kvh©vejx, cwicvK‡hvM¨ kvixiZvwË¡K cwieZ©b, Ávbg~jK wPšÍvaviv I Av‡e‡Mi ewntcÖKvk| gvbyl mvgvwRK Rxe nIqvq mgvR I cwi‡ek Dc‡hvMx AvPi‡Yi gva¨‡g Zv‡K Lvc LvB‡q Pj‡Z nq| gvbyl I cÖvwYi Rxe‡bi hv wKQz N‡U Ges cwi‡e‡ki wewfbœ DÏxc‡Ki cÖwZ Zviv hv wKQz K‡i| Zvi meB AvPiY| gvbyl I cÖvwYi gvbwmK I ˆ`wnK me ai‡Yi Kvh©-Kjvc AvPi‡Yi AšÍ©f‚³| cÖvwYi †hme wμqv I cÖwZwμqv evB‡i †_‡K ch©‡eÿY Kiv hvq Zv‡K evwn¨K AvPiY e‡j| †hgb-nvwm-Kvbœv BZ¨vw`| Avevi †hme AvPiY evB‡i †_‡K Abyfe Kiv hvq bv| Zv‡K Avf¨šÍixY AvPiY e‡j, †hgb-wPšÍv, Abyf‚wZ ms‡e`b BZ¨vw`| Z‡e cÖK…wZ Abyhvqx AvPiY `yB cÖKvi h_v: Hw”QK AvPiY I A‰bw”QK AvPiY| Hw”QK AvPiY cÖvwYi B”Qv Abyhvqx wbqwš¿Z nq c~e© m‡PZbZv I wm×všÍ Abyhvqx, †hgb- †Ljvayjv, nvUvPjv, K_v-ejv BZ¨vw`| A‰bw”QK AvPiY cÖvwYi B”Qv Øviv wbqwš¿Z nq bv| †hgb- ü`wc‡Ûi wμqv, k¦vm-cÖk¦vm, agbx I wkivq i³ cÖevn BZ¨vw`|

12.1.1 DÏxcbvq AvPiYMZ cwieZ©b (Behavioral changes in stimuli) DÏxcK Ggb GK cÖKvi kw³ hv cÖvwYi ¯œvqyZš¿‡K DÏxwcZ K‡i| Ab¨fv‡e ejv hvq- †h cwieZ©‡bi Kvi‡Y Bw›`ªq-msjMœ AšÍgyLx© ¯œvqy DÏxwcZ nq Zvi bvg DÏxcK| DÏxcbvi m~ÎcvZ cÖvwYi ga¨ †_‡K n‡Z cv‡i, Avevi evwni †_‡K Avm‡Z cv‡i| DÏxcK ej‡Z e¯‘, NUbv, Ae¯’v, cwiw¯’wZ ev Ab¨ †Kvb welq‡K †evSvq hv GKwU kw³ wn‡m‡e †`‡n DÏxcbv mÂvi Ki‡Z cv‡i I ms‡e`b m„wó Ki‡Z cv‡i| gvbe‡`‡n cÖwZwμqvi we‡ePbvq DÏxcK ch©vß I Ach©vß n‡Z cv‡i| AvPiYgvÎB †Kvb bv †Kvb DÏxc‡Ki cÖwZ cÖwZwμqv cÖ`k©b| Avi me iKg AvPiYB wewfbœ ms‡e`b Øviv wbqwš¿Z| ms‡e`b AvPiY‡K wbqš¿Y K‡i `yfv‡e; mivmwi cÖwZeZx© wμqv (Reflex action) Øviv Ges AšÍe©Zx wμqv (mediating process) Øviv| hLb †Kvb DÏxcbvq mvov †Ìqvi gZ ¯œvqy ms‡hvM eë¯’v cÖvYx †`‡n weivR K‡i ZLb cÖwZeZx© wμqvi gva¨‡g cÖvwYiv DÏxcbvq cÖwZwμqv K‡i| wKš‘ hLb ms‡e`‡bi wfwË‡Z mvov †Ìqvi gZ mivmwi eë¯’v †`‡n _v‡K bv, ZLb AšÍe©Zx© ¯œvqyweK wμqvi gva¨‡g cÖwZwμqvi m„wó nq| `„óvšÍ wn‡m‡e D‡jøL Kiv hvq Kcv‡ji Z¡‡K AvZ¥iÿvg~jK cÖwZeZx© wμqv NUv‡bvi Rb¨ †Kvb eë¯’v †bB| hLb Kcv‡ji Dc‡i gkv Kvgovq ZLb Kcv‡ji Z¡‡Ki ¯œvqy¸‡jv Z¡K †_‡K ms‡e`b gw¯Í‡®‹ cvVvq Ges gw¯Í®‹ †_‡K ¯œvqyZvobv nv‡Zi †ckx‡Z G‡m †cuŠQv‡bv gvÎB Avgv‡ì nvZ Kcv‡j Po emvq| G ai‡bi A‡bK cÖwZwμqv †ckxi mivmwi cÖwZwμqv bq, Gi AšÍiv‡j mwμq _v‡K AšÍe©Zx ¯œvqyweK wμqv| Z‡e cÖwZwU AvPi‡Yi †cQ‡b _v‡K ms‡e`‡bi f‚wgKv| ms‡e`‡bi wfwË‡Z m„wó nq cÖwZwμqv| G Rb¨ DÏxcK-cÖwZwμqv (Stimulus-Response) Gi gva¨‡g AvPiY‡K we‡kølY Kiv hvq| Z‡e DÏxcK cÖwZwμqv welqwU cÖvwYi AvPi‡Yi mijZg e¨vL¨v| †h †Kvb DÏxcK mivmwi cÖwZwμqv m„wó K‡i bv| cÖvwYi ¯œvqyZš¿ Ges ˆ`wnK cÖwZwμqvi gva¨‡g

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cÖwZwμqv m„wó nq| myZivs c~Y©v½ e¨vL¨vq AvPiY‡K ïaygvÎ DÏxc‡Ki djvdj wnmv‡e aiv nq bv| cÖvwY‡`‡ni mv‡_ cvi¯úwiK wμqvi dj wn‡m‡e MY¨ Kiv nq| G Kvi‡Y AvPi‡Yi AvaywbK e¨vL¨vi Rb¨ DÏxcK-cÖvwY‡`n-cÖwZwμqv (Stimulus-Organism-Response ms‡ÿ‡c S.O.R), GB aviYvwU AwaK mg_©b‡hvM¨| AviI cwi®‹vifv‡e ejv hvq, DÏxc‡Ki cÖwZ mvov †`Iqvi e¨vcv‡i msMÖvnK (Receptor) DÏxcK‡K mbv³ K‡i, ms‡hvRK (Conductor) DÏxcbv‡K mgwš^Z K‡i, Avi Kvh©KviK (Effector) AvPi‡Yi ewntcÖKvk NUvq|

12.1.2 AvPiY I eskMwZi g‡a¨ m¤úK© (Relationship between behavior and heredity) mvaviYfv‡e eskMwZ ej‡Z mšÍvb mšÍwZi g‡a¨ Rb¥m~‡Î wcZv-gvZv †_‡K ˆRweK I gvbwmK cÖwμqvq cÖvß êwkó¨, ÿgZv I cÖebZv‡K †evSvq| Ab¨fv‡e ejv hvq, i‡³i m¤úK©m~‡Î cÖvß ˆRweK I gvbwmK cÖK…wZ I AvK…wZMZ êwkó¨ hv eskci¤úivq cieZx© cyiæl‡ì g‡a¨ mÂvwiZ nq Zv‡K eskMwZ e‡j| gvby‡li AvPvi AvPi‡Yi gva¨‡g Zvi e¨w³Z¡ cÖKvwkZ nq| GB e¨w³Z¡ eskMwZi gva¨‡g cÖvß Dcv`v‡bi mgš^‡q MwVZ| cwic~Y© e¨w³Z¡ AvPi‡Yi hveZxq ¸Yvewj cwic~Y© weKv‡ki Rb¨ †hgb eskMwZi cÖfve i‡q‡Q †Zgwb my¯’ cwi‡e‡kiI cÖfve i‡q‡Q| gvby‡li e¨w³Z¡ I AvPiY eskMwZ I cwi‡e‡ki hyM¥ m„wó| gvby‡li AvPiY Zvi eskMwZ I cwi‡e‡ki cvi¯úwiK wμqvi Dci wbf©ikxj| e¨w³i AvPi‡Y eskMwZ I cwi‡e‡ki cvi¯úwiK wμqv cÖwZwμqvi ¸iæZ¡‡K A¯^xKvi Kiv hvq bv| AvaywbK g‡bvweÁvbx‡ì g‡Z eskMwZ I cwi‡ek gvbe RvwZi Dci GK Amvgvb¨ cÖfve we¯Ívi K‡i Ges Avgv‡ì cvw_©e Kj¨vY wbiæcY K‡i| eskMwZ I cwi‡ek ci¯úi m¤úK© hy³ GKwU‡K ev` w`‡q AciwU Kíbv Kiv hvq bv| mwZ¨Kvi AvPi‡Yi weKv‡ki Rb¨ ìKvi eskMwZ m~‡Î cÖvß m¤¢vebv| eskMwZwe` g‡b K‡ib †h, gvbe AvPi‡Y cÖfve we¯ÍviKvix g~j Ges GKgvÎ kw³ n‡jv eskMwZ A_©vr DËivwaKvi m~‡Î cÖvß ˆRweK I gvbwmK êwkô¨vejx| gvZ…M‡f© 280 w`b Ae¯’v‡bi ci wkï f‚wgó nq| c„w_exi Av‡jvSjg‡j bZzb cwi‡ek wkï‡K Pg‡K †`q| Kvbœvi gva¨‡g wkï Zvi cÖ_g cÖwZwμqv cÖKvk K‡i| bZzb cvw_©e cwi‡e‡ki mv‡_ wkï Lvc LvB‡q eo n‡Z _v‡K| eskMwZ m~‡Î Rb¥jvfKvix wkï cwi‡e‡ki mvnv‡h¨ AbvMZ fwel¨‡Zi w`‡K GwM‡q hvq| weÁvbx M¨vëb 977 Rb weL¨vZ e¨w³i Rxeb ch©v‡jvPbv K‡i GKwU ZvwjKv ˆZwi K‡ib| cieZx©‡Z Zv‡ì AvZ¥xq ¯^Rb‡ì †LuvR Lei wb‡q †`‡Lb †h Zv‡ì g‡a¨ 535 Rb¨B Rxe‡b mycªwZwôZ cÿvšÍ‡i Lye mvaviY 977 Rb e¨w³i AvZ¥xq ¯^R‡bi †LuvR wb‡q †`‡Lb Zv‡ì g‡a¨ 4 Rb cÖwZôv jvf K‡i‡Q| Gi gva¨‡g wZwb wm×všÍ MÖnb K‡ib †h, eskMwZi avivq hv‡ì kix‡i cÖwZôvevb‡ì i³ cÖevwnZ ZvivB cÖwZôvjvf K‡i| d¨vwÝm M¨vëb Ab¨ GK M‡elYvq DËivwaKvi m~‡Î we‡ePbvq weKv‡k eskMZ cÖfve D‡jøL K‡i‡Qb| wZwb e‡j‡Qb wkï Zvi êwkó¨MZ A‡a©K cvq wcZvgvZvi KvQ †_‡K GK PZz_©vsk cvq `v`v `v`xi KvQ †_‡K Ges GK Aógvsk cvq Zvi c~‡e©i eskai‡ì KvQ †_‡K| g‡bvweÁvbx wbDg¨vb GK‡Rvov mg‡Kvlx hg‡Ri Rxeb BwZnvm ch©v‡jvPbv

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K‡i Zv‡ì g‡a¨ Awfbœ êwkó¨ jÿ K‡ib| wbDg¨vb GK mgq †d¬W Ges GWzBb bvgK `yB Rb Awfbœ hg‡Ri mÜvb cvb hviv, ˆkk‡e †_‡KB wfbœ cwiev‡i wfbœ cwi‡e‡k gvbyl n‡”Q| 26 eQi eq‡m Zv‡ì `yBR‡bi Rxeb BwZnvm ch©v‡jvPbv K‡i wZwb jÿ K‡ib †h, Zv‡ì `yR‡bi eyw×gËvB mgvb, `yBRbB GKB ai‡bi e„wË‡Z wb‡qvwRZ| Z‡e eZ©gv‡b AvaywbK gZev` Abymv‡i gvbe AvPi‡Y eskMwZ I cwi‡ek `ywU‡KB mgvb ¸iæZ¡ †Ìqv n‡q‡Q| †Kbbv AvPiY weKv‡k eskMwZ †hvMvq KuvPvgvj Ges cwi‡ek Zv w`‡q M‡o †Zv‡j e¨w³mË¡vi cwic~Y© iƒc|

12.2 mnRvZ AvPiY (Innate behaviour) mnRvZ AvPiY ej‡Z †mB AvPib‡K eySvq hv †Kvbiƒc wkÿv †_‡K cÖ¯‘Z bq| G ai‡bi AvPiY m¤úbœ Kivi ÿgZv wb‡qB cÖvwYiv Rb¥vq Ges hLbB cÖ‡qvRb †`Lv †`q ZLbB †Kvb iƒc wkÿv ev c~e© AwfÁZv QvovB †m¸wj m¤úbœ Ki‡Z cv‡i| Ab¨ K_vq Bnv GK cÖKvi special memory hv wcZvgvZv n‡Z mšÍvb-mšÍwZ‡Z cÖKvk †c‡q _v‡K| hwÌ GB AvPiY‡K ¯^vfvweK ev Awkÿvjä AvPiY wnmv‡e Mb¨ Kiv nq ZeyI †Kvb cÖvwYiv Rb¥ gyû‡Z© Zvi g‡a¨ GB me êwkó¨ jÿ¨ Kiv hvq bv| Rxeb P‡μi wewfbœ ch©v‡q cÖvwYiv GB mKj êwkó¨ AR©b K‡i| Scoh Ges Zuvi m‡nv‡hvMxiv gZvgZ cÖKvk K‡ib †h cÖvwYi mnRvZ AvPiY Gi cwieZ©b mvgvwRK cÖfv‡e N‡U _v‡K| me©vaywbK gZev` Abymv‡i mnRvZ AvPiY Pjb, cÖwZeZx© wμqv I mnRvZ Av‡eM GB wZbwU wel‡qi Dci cÖwZwôZ|

12.2.1 Pjb (Taxes) DÏxc‡Ki wb‡`©k †gvZv‡eK †h ai‡bi Iwi‡q‡›Ukvb N‡U Zv‡K Pjb e‡j| A_©vr DÏxc‡Ki Dr‡mi mv‡_ m¤úK© †i‡L †`n A‡ÿi Ae¯’vb MZ cwieZ©bB Pjb| Pj‡b-G cÖvwYi w`K cwieZ©b wbw`©ó DÏxc‡Ki Dci wbf©ikxj| DÏxcK Ges MÖvnK A‡½i (Receptors) m¤úK©Zvi Dci wbf©i K‡i Pjb‡K wewfbœ fv‡M fvM Kiv qvq| †Uªv‡cvU¨vw·m (Tropotaxis) : †Uv‡cvU¨vw·‡m cÖvYx hyM¥ msMÖvnK A½ eënv‡ii gva¨‡g DÏxcbv MÖn‡Y fvimvg¨ AR©b K‡i| wKš‘ GKwU msMÖvnK A½ webó n‡j GB fvimvg¨ ¯’vc‡b cÖvYx Aÿg n‡q c‡o| Giƒc Ae¯’vq fvimvg¨ AR©‡b AweiZ cÖ‡Póvi ìæY cÖvwY‡K e„ËvKv‡i Nyi‡Z nq| Armadillidium bvgK μv‡÷wkqvi Dci d‡UvUª‡cvU¨vw±U (Phototropotactic) msμvšÍ cixÿv Pvwj‡q †`Lv †M‡Q, G‡ì GK cv‡ki †PvL AÜ K‡i †Ìqvq e„ËvKvi mÂvjb N‡U| Z‡e `y‡PvL AÿZ _vK‡j Giv cÖvqkB `ywU Av‡jvK Dr‡mi gvS eivei c‡_ Mgb K‡i| wK¬‡bvU¨vw·b (Klinotaxis) : hLb cici K‡qKwU DÏxc‡Ki ZxeªZv Zzjbv K‡i Pj‡bi aviv wba©vwiZ nq ZLb Zv‡K wK¬‡bvU¨vw·m e‡j| cwi‡e‡ki mv‡_ cÖvwYi ci¯úi wecixZgyLx Ae¯’vq, we‡klZ: ivmvqwbK DÏxcbvi AbwZgvÎvq (Gradients of chemical stimulation), A‡bK cÖvwY‡K Giƒc AvPiY Ki‡Z †`Lv hvq| Musca, Calliphora, Lucilia BZ¨vw` gvwQi g¨v‡MvU (Maggot) wcDcv `kvq c`vc‡Y©i c~‡e© Av‡jvi cÖwZ Giƒc Pjb cÖ`k©b K‡i|

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†U‡jvUvw·m (Telotaxis): GLv‡b DÏxc‡Ki Drm `ywU n‡j Ges Giv GKB c×wZ‡Z wμqvkxj _vK‡j GKwU gvÎ DÏxc‡Ki w`‡K (gaëZx© w`K eivei KLbI bq) cÖvwYi Pjb NU‡e| Gi A_© n‡”Q, `ywU DÏxc‡Ki g‡a¨ †_‡K GKwUi cÖfve Aek¨B euvavMÖ¯’ n‡e| †gŠgvwQi GKwU †PvL AÜ K‡i †Ìqv n‡j cÖ_‡g Giv e„ËvKv‡i Nyi‡e, Gici Av‡jvK Dr‡mi Awfgy‡L Pjb cÖ`k©b Ki‡e| G‡ì AwZ ms‡e`bkxj cðvr IgvwUwWqv‡gi g‡a¨ Av‡jv cÖ‡ek Kivq e„ËvKv‡i mÂjb N‡U| wKš‘ AwZ kxNªB Awf‡hvR‡bi Kvi‡Y m¤§yL IgvwUwWqv‡gi gva¨‡g DÏxcK Drm‡K Kv‡R jvMv‡Z mg_© nIqvq Giv DÏxcK Awfgy‡L Mgb K‡i| †g‡bvU¨vw·m (Menotaxis) : DÏxc‡Ki wμqvi mv‡_ wbw`©ó †KŠwYK `~iZ¡ eRvq †i‡L DÏxcK Dr‡mi w`‡K †h Pjb N‡U Zv‡K †g‡bvU¨vw·m e‡j| †g‡bvU¨vw·m-G DÏxcK Dr‡mi w`‡K GKwU wbw`©ó †Kv‡Y cÖvwYi Pjb N‡U| cZ‡½i Av‡jv w`K`k©b cÖwZwμqv (Light compass reaction) Giƒc Pj‡bi GKwU D¾¡j `„óvšÍ| †b‡gvU¨vw·m (Mnemotaxis): AZxZ AwfÁZvi AweKj cybiæ‡`ªKc~e©K †hgb ¯§„wZi Dci wfwË K‡i †h Pjb N‡U Zv‡K †b‡gvU¨vw·m e‡j| Neomys fodiens bvgK RjR kÖæ (Water shrew) ¯§„wZkw³i Øviv wbZ¨ GKB c_ AbymiY K‡i evmvq cÖZ¨veZ©b K‡i| hw` GB c‡_i Askwe‡kl cwieZ©b K‡i Zvi ¯§„wZ gvbwP‡Î (Memory map) weNœ NUv‡bv nq Zvn‡j cÖ_gZ †m ¯Íä n‡e Ges Pvwiw`‡K AbymÜvb Pvjv‡e, Zvi cwiwPZ ¯’j wbkvbv (Land mark) wba©viY bv Kiv ch©šÍ c‡_ cv evov‡e bv| Gici Av‡Mi g‡Zv hvÎv ïiæ Ki‡e Ges cwiewZ©Z c‡_ †h me euvav Av‡Q Zv AwZμg Ki‡Z †Póv Pvwj‡q hv‡e| DÏxc‡Ki cÖwZ AvK…ó n‡q †h U¨vw·m N‡U Zv‡K c‡RwUf U¨vw·m Avi DÏxcK †_‡K `~‡i m‡i †M‡j Zv‡K †b‡MwUf U¨vw·m e‡j| ewntDÏxc‡Ki ai‡bi †cÖwÿ‡Z G Pjb¸‡jv Avevi wb‡¤œv³ K‡qK cÖKvi n‡Z cv‡iÑ cvwbi cÖwZ cÖwZwμqv nvB‡WªvU¨vw·m, Zv‡ci cÖwZ cÖwZwμqv _v‡g©vU¨vw·m, Av‡jvi cÖwZ cÖwZwμqv d‡UvU¨vw·m, ivmvqwbK c`v‡_©i cÖwZ cÖwZwμqv †K‡gvU¨vw·m, c„w_exi gva¨vKl©Y e‡ji Dci cÖwZwμqv wRIU¨vw·m, cvwb †¯ªv‡Zi cÖwZ cÖwZwμqv wiIU¨vw·m, ¯úkvbyf‚wZi cÖwZ cÖwZwμqv w_M‡gvU¨vw·m, evqy cÖev‡ni cÖwZ cÖwZwμqv A¨vwb‡gvU¨vw·m, ê`y¨wZK cÖev‡ni cÖwZ cÖwZwμqv M¨vjfv‡bvUvw·m, c„w_exi †PŠ¤^K †ÿ‡Îi Dci cÖwZwμqv wRIg¨vM‡bUvw·m| wkÿv_x©i KvR: wkÿv_x©iv Zv‡ì Av‡kcv‡k cwiwPZ cÖvwY‡ì Pjb ch©‡eÿb K‡i Zv‡ì Pj‡bi aib wbY©q Ki‡e|

12.2.2 cÖwZeZx© wμqv (Reflexes) cÖwZeZx© wμqv GK we‡kl ai‡bi A‰bw”QK AvPiY| GB AvPiY m„wói Rb¨ cÖavbZ †giæi¾yB (Spinal cord) `vqx| mvaviYZ gw¯Í‡®‹i †m‡ieªvj As‡ki mwμq mvnvh¨ QvovB ¯^íZg mg‡q GUv msNwUZ nq| DÏxcK wμqvkxj _vKv Aewa Gi KvR P‡j| Giƒc AvPiY †`‡ni Askwe‡k‡l †Kej cÖfve †d‡j, mgMÖ †`‡n bq| GwU GKwU ¯^qswμq cÖwμqv, AwR©Z bq|

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GKwU RjšÍ KvwV nVvr Av½y‡j jvMvgvÎ Avgiv nvZ mwi‡q †bB| KviY RjšÍ KvwV‡Z Av½yj jvMvgvÎB †mLvbKvi Z¡‡K Aew¯’Z ms‡e`x ¯œvqyi †WªbWªvBU R¡vjv-hš¿Yvi DÏxcbv MÖnY K‡i| GLv‡b Av½y‡ji Z¡K msMÖvnK (Receptor) A‡½i KvR K‡i| Av½y‡ji Z¡K †_‡K DÏxcbv AšÍe©vnx ev ms‡e`x ¯œvqyi (Afferent / sensory nerve) gva¨‡g †giæi¾yi †MÖ-g¨vUvi As‡k †cuŠQvq| †giæi¾yi †MÖ-g¨vUvi As‡k Aew¯’Z ms‡e`x ¯œvqyi A¨v·b I ms‡hvRK ¯œvqyi †WªbWªvB‡Ui ga¨eZx© wmb¨vc&m (Synapse) Gi ga¨w`‡q Zwor ivmvqwbK kw³ (Electrochemical force) iƒ‡c K‡g©vÏxcbv ewne©vnx ev †Póxq ¯œvqy‡Z (Efferent or motor nerve) cÖ‡ek K‡i Ges Gi A¨v·b KZ©„K cwievwnZ n‡q Av½y‡ji †ckx‡Z †cuŠQvq| d‡j ¯^ZtùzZ©fv‡e †ckx (Effector organ) msKzwPZ nq Ges m¤ú~Y© A‰bw”QKfv‡e nvZ m‡i hvq| cÖwZeZx© wμqv m¤úbœ nIqvi Rb¨ ¯œvqyweK DÏxcbv‡K GKwU wbw`©ó Ges mxgve× ¯œvqyc_ AwZμg Ki‡Z nq| msMÖvnK, ms‡e`x ¯œvqy, †Póxq ¯œvqy, ms‡hvRK ¯œvqy, Ges Kvh©KviK-GB cuvPwU Ask wb‡q cÖwZeZx© Pμ (Reflex arc) iwPZ nq|

12.2.3 mnRvZ Av‡eM (Instincts) cÖwZwU cÖvYx KZK¸‡jv mnRvZ cÖe„wË (instinct) wb‡q Rb¥MÖnY K‡i| Gme mnRvZ cÖe„wË cÖvwY‡K Zvi ˆRweK Pvwn`v c~i‡Y Ges cwi‡e‡ki mv‡_ mvgÄm¨ weav‡b mvnvh¨ K‡i| †hgb-cvwLi evmv euvavi cÖe„wË, gvKomvi Rvj †evbvi cÖe„wË, †gŠgvwQi PvK ˆZwii cÖe„wË, BZ¨vw`| Gme cÖe„wË cÖvwYiv DËivwaKvi my‡Î jvf K‡i, wkÿvi Øviv KLbI G¸‡jv AvqË Ki‡Z nq bv| Gme cÖe„wË ev AvPiY mnRvZfv‡e GKB cÖRvwZi cÖ‡Z¨K cÖvwY‡Z GKBfv‡e weivR K‡i GmKj cÖe„wË‡K mnRvZ Av‡eMI ejv nq| GB mnRvZ Av‡eM‡K KZ¸‡jv ˆewk‡ó¨i Dci wbf©ikxj| †hgbÑ mnRvZ Av‡eM eskMZ, GUv Rxb wbqwš¿Z|

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ZvB cÖwZwU cÖRvwZi Rb¨ G AvPiY mywbw`©ó mnRvZ Av‡eM Rb¥MZ n‡jI me mnRvZ Av‡eM R‡b¥i mgq †_‡K AvZ¥cÖKvk K‡i bv| cwic°Zvi †fZi w`‡q Dchy³ mg‡q Zv‡ì weKvk N‡U| †hgbcvwLi evmv euvavi cÖe„wË ev wW‡g Zv †Ìqvi cÖe„wË R‡b¥i ciciB AvZ¥cÖKvk K‡i bv| wKš‘ wkïi ¯Íbcv‡bi cÖe„wË R‡b¥i mgq †_‡K cÖKvwkZ nq| mnRvZ Av‡eM GKwU cÖRvwZi AšÍf³ z© cÖwZwU cÖvwYi g‡a¨B †`Lv hvq| GUv †Kvb e¨w³we‡k‡li AvPiY bq| mnRvZ Av‡eM eskci¤úivq GKBfv‡e AvZ¥cÖKvk K‡i| eveyB cvwL AZx‡Z †hfv‡e evmv ˆZix K‡i‡Q AvRI †mfv‡eB Zviv evmv †e‡a P‡j‡Q| mnRvZ Av‡eM wkÿvjä ev c~e© AwfÁZv Øviv cwiPvwjZ nq bv| G‡K wkÿvi Øviv AvqË Ki‡Z nq bv| GUv Rb¥MZ AwR©Z AvPiY| mnRvZ Av‡eM cÖvwYi †Kvb-bv- †Kvb D‡Ïk¨ mvab K‡i, hwÌ D‡Ï‡kï djvdj m¤ú‡K© cÖvwYi †Kvb c~e© aviYv _v‡K bv| mnRvZ Av‡eM cÖvwYi ˆRweK cÖ‡qvRb †gUvq Ges AvZ¥iÿv, eskiÿv ev Ab¨vb¨ Kv‡R mnvqZv `vb K‡i, hv A‡cÿvK…Z RwUj wμqvi gva¨‡g AvZ¥cÖKvk K‡i| mnRvZ Av‡eM GKwU wbw`©ó ci¯úiv Av‡Q| m¨vgb (Salmon) gv‡Qi gvB‡MÖkb Gi Dci M‡elYv Pvwj‡q †`Lv †M‡Q, wWg n‡Z †cvbv dz‡U †ei nIqvi ci †_‡K Giv Av‡jv I Aw·‡R‡bi cwigv‡Yi Dci wbf©i K‡i GKvwaK cÖwZeZx© wμqv Pvjv‡Z _v‡K| G ai‡bi GKvwaK cÖwZeZx© wμqvi Abyμ‡gi (A series of reflex action) d‡jB Giv kZ kZ gvBj c_ AwZμg K‡i G‡ì ˆcwÎK Avevm¯’‡j wd‡i Av‡m| mnRvZ Av‡e‡Mi mywbw`©ó †kÖwYweb¨vm cÖYqb Kiv mnR bq| KviY G‡Z A‡bK mgm¨v I RwUjZv i‡q‡Q| ZeyI weÁvbxiv Gi wewfbœ aib m¤ú‡K© Av‡jvKcvZ K‡i‡Qb, †hgb- weMÖn AvPiY (Fighting behaviour), hyMjew›` I ˆg_yb AvPiY (Courtship & mating behaviour), evrmj¨ AvPiY (Parental behaviour), AwfcÖqvb AvPiY (Migration behaviour), Lv`¨v‡š^l AvPiY (Food seeking behaviour), cjvqb cÖe„wË (Escape behaviour), wb`ªvgMœ AvPiY (Sleeping behaviour) I mÂq ¯^fve (Hoarding behaviour)| wkÿv_x©i KvR: wkÿv_x©iv wb‡Ri Rxe‡bi mv‡_ mswkøó mnRvZ Av‡eM mg~n wPwýZ Ki‡e|

12.3 mnRZ AvPiY hvPvB 12.3.1 kx‡Zi cvwLi Awfcªqvb (Migration of winter birds) †eu‡P _vKvi ZvwM‡` m„wói ïiæ †_‡K AwfcÖqvb (Migration) bvgK mnRvZ AvPiY ¯^Ztù‚Z©fv‡e cÖvwYi g‡a¨ weKwkZ n‡q‡Q| g~jZ cwi‡ekxq Pv‡ci Dci cÖwZwμqv cÖ`k©‡bi Kvi‡Y AwfcÖqvb AvPiY weKvk jvf K‡i‡Q| AwfcÖqv‡bi gva¨‡g Lv`¨, evm¯’vb I Ab¨vb¨ Dcv`v‡bi Rb¨ AšÍtcÖRvwZK cÖwZØw›ØZv Gov‡bv m¤¢e| evsjv‡`‡k kx‡Zi cvwLi AwfcÖqvb mnRvZ AvPi‡Yi GKwU Abb¨ D`vniY|

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cvwL‡ì AvKv‡k †Kvb mxgvšÍ‡iLv †bB| Zviv Abvqv‡m D‡o †eovq GK AÂj †_‡K Ab¨ AÂ‡j| GK †`k †_‡K Av‡iK †`‡k| Lv‡`ï mÜv‡b e¨¯Í _v‡K Zviv| wewPÎ Zv‡ì mšÍvb cvjb, evmv ˆZwii †KŠkj| So, e„wó, ZzlvicvZmn cÖK…wZi nvRviI cÖwZK‚jZv †_‡K euvP‡Z Zviv cvwo Rgvq nvRvi nvRvi gvBj `~‡ii †`‡k| cÖvYx weÁvbx‡ì g‡Z, Dcgnv‡`‡k 2 nvRvi 100wU cÖRvwZi cvwL Av‡Q| Z‡e Gi g‡a¨ cÖvq mv‡o 3kÕ cÖRvwZi cvwL wngvjq †cwi‡q Avgv‡ì †`‡k P‡j Av‡m| Giv kx‡Zi AwZw_ cvwL| mvaviYZ †m‡Þ¤î-A‡±ve‡i `j‡eu‡a Av‡m Gme cvwL| gvP©-GwcÖj ch©šÍ Giv KjKvKwj‡Z Avgv‡ì cÖK…wZ‡K fwi‡q †Zv‡j| Gici ïiæ nq wbR †`‡k wd‡i Pjv| cvwL we‡klÁ‡ì g‡Z, wW‡m¤îRvbyqvwi G `y gv‡m me‡P‡q †ewk cvwL G‡`‡k Av‡m| evZv‡m kx‡Zi Av‡gR jvM‡ZB Avgv‡ì nvIi, wej, PivÂ‡j †`Lv hvq nvRvi nvRvi AwZw_ cvwL| Bsj¨v‡Ûi b_© n¨vgkvqvi, mvB‡ewiqv wKsev G›UvK©wUKvi Zxeª kxZ †_‡K euvP‡Z Giv cvwo Rgvq `wÿ‡Yi Kg kx‡Zi †`‡k| cÖK…wZMZfv‡eB G cvwL‡ì kvixwiK MVb Lye gReyZ| Giv mvaviYZ 600-1300 wgUvi DuPz w`‡q D‡o hvq| †QvU cvwL‡ì N›Uvq MwZ 30 wK‡jvwgUvi| w`‡b-iv‡Z Giv cÖvq 250 wK‡jvwgUvi Do‡Z cv‡i| eo cvwLiv N›Uvq 80 wK‡jvwgUvi Abvqv‡m Do‡Z cv‡i| Avðv‡h©i welq Gme cvwL Zv‡ì MšÍe¨¯’vb mwVKfv‡e wbY©q Ki‡Z cv‡i| we‡klÁ‡ì g‡Z,Gme cvwLi i‡q‡Q eskMZ m~‡Î cvIqv we‡kl w`K wbY©vqK ÿgZv| kxZ gImy‡g G‡`‡k Avmv cvwL‡ì gv‡S †mvbvR½, Lyiæ‡j, KzbPzlx, evZviY, kvevR, Rjwcwc, j¨vÄv, ivRnuvm, evwjnuvm, nwiqvj, `yM©v, UzbUzwb, ivRkKzb, jvjeb †gviM, wZ‡j gqbv, ivgNyNy, R½x e‡Ui, a~mi e‡Ui, nj‡` LÂbv, KzjvD BZ¨vw` cÖavb| MÖx®§Kv‡j my‡giæ‡Z evm K‡i Ges ev”Pv †`q nuvm RvZxq Ggb cvwL kxZKv‡j evsjv‡`‡k Av‡m| jvj ey‡Ki K¬vBK¨vmvi cvwL Av‡m BD‡ivc †_‡K| Avi Ab¨ me cvwLiv Av‡m c~e© mvB‡ewiqv †_‡K| Rvnv½xibMi wek¦we`¨vj‡qi cÖkvmwbK feb msjMœ †jKmn GLvbKvi wewfbœ †j‡K cÖvq 20-25 cÖRvwZi cvwL Av‡m| Z‡e AwfcÖqvbKvix cvwL‡ì g‡a¨ me‡P‡q †ewk Av‡m †RÛvwmMjv I RvWvwbK ev mivjx nuvm| `j‡eu‡a wkm w`‡q Mvb †M‡q D‡o hvq Giv| Kvj‡P eo j¤^v Mjvi G mivjx cvwL‡K †`L‡j A‡bKUv †`kx nuv‡mi g‡Zv g‡b nq| Rvnv½xibMi wek¦we`¨vjq K¨v¤úvm Qvov wgicyi wPwoqvLvbvi †jK, ewikv‡ji `yM©vmvMi, bxjdvgvixi bxj mvMi, wmivRM‡Äi ûiv, Avi mybvgM‡Äi Uv½yqvi nvIi Gme AwZw_ cvwL‡ì wcÖq AeKvk †K›`ª| evsjv‡`‡ki Rjvkq¸‡jvB †hb G‡ì cQ‡›ì ¯’vb| wbivc` AvkÖq| †ek K‡qK eQi hveZ wbSzg Øxc, `yejvi Pi, PiKzZzew`qv GjvKv‡ZI kx‡Zi cvwLiv emwZ M‡o‡Q| cÖK…wZi Abb¨ Dcnvi AwZw_ cvwL Avgv‡ì wbR¯^ m¤ú`, mviv c„w_exi m¤ú`| G¸‡jv‡K euvwP‡q ivLv, wbivc‡` ivLv Avgv‡ì KZ©e¨| kx‡Zi giY †Qvej †_‡K euvP‡Z DË‡ii †h cvwLiv Avgv‡ì †`‡k Av‡m Zv‡ì wec‡ì my‡hvM †bqv ˆbwZKZvi cwicš’x| evsjv‡`‡ki meyR cÖK…wZ‡Z AwZw_ cvwL †hb cvq AemikvwšÍ| ¯^Rbmn Zviv †hb wbR †`‡k fvjfv‡e wdi‡Z cv‡i G my‡hvM Zv‡ì w`‡Z n‡e|

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12.3.2 gvKokvi Rvj (Spider web): mnRvZ AvPi‡bi GKwU cÖK„ó D`vniY n‡”Q gvKokvi Rvj eybb| gvKokvi Ab¨Zg wcÖq Lvevi nj †QvU †QvU cZ½| ZvB Giv GB cZ½‡ì PjvP‡ji c‡_ Rvj ˆZwi K‡i wkKvi‡K Rv‡j Rwo‡q ev AvU‡K wkKvi K‡i| gvKokv Zvi Rv‡ji †K‡›`ª Ae¯’vb K‡i Ges †Kvb wkKvi Rv‡j AvU‡K †M‡j †m K¤úb Abyf‚wZi Øviv cZ‡½i mwVK Ae¯’vb wbY©q I AbymiY K‡i Ges wkKvi‡K Avμgb K‡i| †ewki fvM gvKokvB Rvj eyb‡Z cv‡i| Z‡e Zviv GUv Zv‡ì †Kvb c~e©cyiæ‡li KvQ †_‡K wk‡L bv, GUv Zv‡ì mnRvZ cÖe„wËi GKUv djvdj| gvKokv Zv‡ì Dì AÂ‡ji cðv‡Z w¯úbv‡iU bv‡g Lye m~ÿè GKai‡bi b‡Rj w`‡q wmé wbM©gb K‡i hv Zv‡ì wmé MÖwš’ †_‡K Drcbœ nq| mKj gvKokvB Rvj ey‡b Ggb bq, Z‡e †h mKj cÖRvwZ Rvj eybb K‡i Zviv †Kvb c~e© AwfÁZv QvovB cÖvqB GKB iKg c×wZ I †KŠkj eënvi K‡i| Rvj eyb‡bi mgq Giv cvkvcvwk `ywU avi‡Ki AvkÖq MÖnb K‡i| †hgbÑ cvkvcvwk `ywU MvQ ev GKB Mv‡Qi `ywU Wvj, N‡i †Kvbvi `yB cv‡ki †`qvj BZ¨vw`| GKwU gvKokvi Rvj eybb †KŠkj wb‡¤œ wP‡Îi gva¨‡g †`Lv‡bv njÑ

c~e© cyiæ‡li KvQ †_‡K wkÿvMÖnb I Ab¨ †Kvb gvKokvi Rvj eybb †KŠkj ch©‡eÿb QvovB ïaygvÎ mnRvZ cÖe„wËi wfwË‡Z Giv GKB cÖwμqvq evievi Rvj ey‡b|

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12.3.3 Ac‡Zï cÖwZ hZœ (Parental care): wkï mšÍv‡bi cÖwZ hZœevb nIqv ev wWg cvovi ci wW‡g Zv †Ìqv I hZœ †bqv cÖvwY‡ì GK mnRvZ AvPiY| ¯Íb¨cvqx cÖvwY‡Z GB evrmj¨ AvPiY DbœZ n‡jI mvgvwRK cZ½, gvQ, DfPi Ges mixm„‡c AcZ¨ cvjb ¯^fve Kg-†ewk jÿŸxq| cÖwZKzj cwi‡ek I kÎæi nvZ †_‡K iÿvi Rb¨ wcZv-gvZv KZ©„K wWg I wkï mšÍv‡bi iÿYv‡eÿY Ges jvjb-cvjb ¯^fve cÖvwY‡ì g‡a¨ ¯^Ztù‚Z©fv‡e weKwkZ n‡q‡Q| Rxeb msMÖv‡g wU‡K _vKvi Rb¨ evrmj¨ AvPiY Awf‡hvRb ¯îƒc| gv‡Qi Ac‡Zï cÖwZ hZœ: AwaKvsk gvQ Zv‡ì wWg I †cvbvi cÖwZ hZœevb bq| wWg Qvovi ci Giv cÖRbb‡ÿÎ †_‡K Ab¨Î P‡j hvq| †`Lv †M‡Q †h me gvQ AwaK msL¨K wWg cv‡o Zv‡ì g‡a¨ AcZ¨ cvjb ev evrmj¨ AvPiY LyeB bMb¨| Z‡e hviv Kg msL¨K wWg cv‡o Zv‡ì g‡a¨ evrmj¨ AvPiY †ewk| gvQ bvbvfv‡e wWg I †cvbvi cwiPh©v Ges cÖwZcvjb K‡i _v‡K| Eucalia RvZxq gvQ RjR Dw™¢‡ì Wvjcvjv w`‡q evmv ˆZwi K‡i| G‡ì cyiæl m`m¨ RjR AvMvQv msMÖn K‡i Ges Zv‡ì e„° n‡Z wbtm„Z im Øviv AvMvQv¸‡jv GK‡Î †Rvov †`q| evmv wbg©v‡Yi ci cyiæl m`m¨ myo½ †K‡U evmv †_‡K †ei n‡q hvq| c‡i H c‡_ ¯¿x m`m¨ wfZ‡i cÖ‡ek K‡i wWg cvovi ci evmv Z¨vM K‡i| Z‡e cyiæl m`m¨wU wWg cwiùzU‡bi c~e© ch©šÍ evmvwU‡K cÖnivax‡b iv‡L| DfP‡ii AcZ¨ cvjb: RjR Rxeb †_‡K ¯’jR Rxe‡b cÖ‡ek Kivq DfPi cÖvwYiv bvbvb mgm¨vi m¤§yLxb nq| Lv`K cÖvYx n‡Z wKsev cÖwZK‚j cwi‡ek n‡Z wWg I wkï cÖvwY‡ì iÿvq DfPi cÖvwY‡ì g‡a¨ Ac‡Zï cÖwZ hZœ êwk‡óï D™¢e N‡U‡Q| DfPi cÖvwYiv KLbI bxo ev evmv ˆZwi, †`‡n wWg I e¨v½vwP cwienb, wKsev AšÍtRivqyR cÖwμqvq AcZ¨ cvjb cÖ`k©b K‡i| Rhacophorus schlegeli (Rvcvwb †M‡Qv e¨vO) cÖRb‡bi cÖvi‡¤¢ b`x ev cyKz‡ii K`©gv³ wKbvivq MZ© Lbb K‡i| †hŠb wgj‡bi mgq ¯¿x I cyiæl DfqB D³ M‡Z©i gyL eÜ K‡i †`q| cÖ_‡g ¯¿x e¨vO Zvi †K¬v‡qKv (Cloaca) wbtm„Z im w`‡q †dbv ˆZwi K‡i| GB †dbvi g‡a¨ ¯¿x e¨vO wWg Qv‡o Ges c‡i cyiæl e¨vO wW‡gi Dci ïμvYy Z¨vM K‡i| m„ó †dbv wWg¸‡jv‡K ï®‹Zv †_‡K iÿv K‡i| Gici ¯¿x I cyiæl DfqB M‡Z©i Zjv w`‡q GKwU myo½ †K‡U cyKz‡ii cvwb‡Z P‡j hvq| wWg †_‡K jvf©v cÖùzwUZ n‡j †dbv Zi‡j cwiYZ nq Ges Mwo‡q cyKz‡ii cvwb‡Z P‡j Av‡m| cvwLi AcZ¨ cvjb: cvwL‡ì †ÿ‡Î AcZ¨ jvjb cÖwμqv D‡jøL‡hvM¨| †MÖj¨vM ¸R (Greylag Goose) bvgK GK we‡kl ai‡bi ivRnuvm gvwU‡Z AMfxi evmv ˆZwi K‡i| evmv †_‡K wWg Mwo‡q †M‡j wWg¸‡jv evmvq Avbvi Rb¨ PÂzi mvnvh¨ †bq| cÖ_‡g PÂzi mv‡_ wWg‡K ¯úk© K‡i| Gici PÂzi wfZ‡ii Zj w`‡q wWg‡K †Vj‡Z _v‡K| Ae‡k‡l PÂz euvKv K‡i av‡c av‡c †Vj‡Z †Vj‡Z wWg‡K evmvq h_v¯’v‡b ¯’vcb K‡i|

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12.4 wkLb (Learning) wkLb n‡jv gvby‡li AvPi‡bi GKwU g~j cÖwμqv KviY Avgv‡ì fvlvq, ivRbxwZ, g‡bvfve, wek¦vm, e¨w³Z¡, cÖZ¨ÿb BZ¨vw` A‡bK wKQzi mv‡_B wkLb RwoZ i‡q‡Q| R‡b¥i ci †_‡K g„Zzï c~e© ch©šÍ cÖvwYi AZxZ AwfÁZv I Abykxj‡bi gva¨‡g bZzb welq AvqË Kiv‡K wkLb (Learning) ejv hvq| wkL‡bi cÖavb êwkó¨ n‡jv bZzb AvPiY m¤úbœ Kivi ÿgZv AR©b| AwfÁZvi d‡j AZxZ AvPi‡Yi cwieZ©b ev cyivZb AvPiY‡K ev` w`‡q bZzb AvPiY‡K AvqZ¡ Ki‡Z n‡j evi evi cÖ‡Póv ev Abykxj‡bi cÖ‡qvRb nq| GB w`K †_‡K wkLb Af¨vm we‡kl f~wgKv iv‡L| g¨vK †MqK (Macgeock) wkLb‡K Af¨v‡mi gva¨‡g AvPi‡bi cwieZ©b e‡j eY©bv K‡i‡Qb| Af¨v‡mi mvnv‡h¨ Abyc‡hvMx AmsMZ I AcÖ‡qvRbxq AvPiY‡K mymsnZ, Dc‡hvMx I Kvh©Ki K‡i †Zvjv nq| gvbyl hLb †Kvb bZzb cwiw¯’wZi m¤§yLxb nq Ges Zvi cyivZb AvPiY †mB cwiw¯’wZi †gvKv‡ejv Ki‡Z cv‡i bv ZLb †m bZzb AvPiY Avq‡Z¡i cÖ‡qvRb †eva K‡i| myZivs mgm¨vg~jK cwiw¯’wZ wkÿ‡bi c_ cÖk¯’ K‡i| wkLb wewfbœ ai‡bi n‡Z cv‡i †hgb- Af¨vmMZ, AbyKiYMZ, wPivqZ mv‡cÿY, KiY wkLb, myß/ cÖ”Qbœ wkLb, AšÍ`„wóg~jK wkLb|

12.4.1 Af¨vmMZ (Habituation) cÖvwYi †ÿ‡Î mvivRxeb a‡i GB ai‡bi mij cÖK…wZi wkÿY AvPiY cÖZ¨ÿ Kiv hvq| G‡Z †Kvb bZzb cÖwZwμqv m„wó nq bv, eis cyivZbwUi Aeÿq N‡U| hw` †Kvb cÖvwY‡K μgvMZfv‡e GKwU we‡kl DÏxc‡Ki gva¨‡g DÏxwcZ Kiv nq ( †h DÏxc‡Ki mv‡_ †Kvb cyi¯‹vi ev kvw¯Í mswkøó bq) Zvn‡j †`Lv hv‡e, cÖvwYwU DÏxc‡Ki cÖwZ mvov cÖ`k©‡bi gvÎv Kwg‡q w`‡q‡Q| `„óvšÍ¯^iƒc ejv hvq-g„`y kãaŸwbi cÖwZ wbw`©ó cÖvYx mvov w`‡q we‡kl w`‡K †Nv‡i| wKš‘ hw` evi evi D³ DÏxc‡Ki cÖwZ cÖwZwμqv Ki‡Z nq Zvn‡j cÖvwYwU Ae‡k‡l mvov cÖ`k©b n«vm Ki‡Z Ki‡Z nq‡Zv †gv‡UB Nyi‡Z PvB‡e bv| cÖvwYi AvPi‡Yi Ggb cwieZ©b †Kej Aemv`MÖ¯’Zvi Kvi‡Y ev ¯œvqyweK Awf‡hvR‡bi Rb¨ bq, eis n¨vwePz‡qkb bvgK AvPi‡Yi Rb¨ N‡U‡Q|

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K¬vK© (Clark) bvgK GK weÁvbx Nereis Gi Dci cixÿv-wbixÿv Pvwj‡q Af¨vmMZ wkLb my›ì e¨vL¨v Zz‡j a‡ib| Nereis mvaviYZ K`©gv³ gvwU‡Z bjvKvi myo‡½ emevm K‡i| hLb Lv`¨ MÖn‡Yi mgq nq ZLb G‡ì gv_v I mvg‡bi wKQz Ask b‡ji evB‡i cÖmvwiZ K‡i| G mgq nVvr †Kvb DÏxcK w`‡q mvov RvMv‡j ZrÿYvZ Giv b‡ji g‡a¨ Xz‡K hvq| cixÿvMv‡i Kuv‡Pi ˆZix b‡ji ga¨ Nereis †i‡L K¬vK© G‡ì Dci wewfbœfv‡e cixÿv Pvjvb| wZwb G‡ì gv_v ¯úk© Kivi mv‡_ mv‡_ †`L‡jb, mK‡jB b‡ji g‡a¨ cÖ‡ek K‡i‡Q| GK wgwb‡Ui g‡a¨ AwaKvsk Iqvg© Avevi Zv‡ì gv_v b‡ji evB‡i G‡b‡Q| wZwb GK wgwbU AšÍi evi evi Iqv‡g©i gv_v ¯úk© Ki‡Z _vK‡jb| Ae‡k‡l †`L‡jb, †Kvb Iqvg© b‡ji g‡a¨ Zv‡ì gv_v XzKv‡”Q bv| A_©vr D³ DÏxcbvi cÖwZ mvov cÖ`k©b k~‡b¨ G‡m‡Q| GUv n¨vwePz‡qk‡bi Ae`vb|

12.4.2 AbyKiY (Imprinting) weÁvbx j‡iÄ (Lorenz, 1937) G‡K GK Awfbe wkLb AvPiY wnmv‡e AwfwnZ K‡ib| ZiæY cÖvwYi ea©‡bi AwZ ms‡e`bkxj gyn~‡Z© G ai‡bi wkLb cÖZ¨ÿ Kiv hvq| cvwLi †ÿ‡Î wWg dz‡U Qvbv †ei nevi ci ciB Giƒc wkLb jÿ Kiv hvq| g‡bvweÁvbx MvBUb (Guiton) GKwU e„ËvKvi ivbI‡q‡Z (Run way) `ywU SzjšÍ ev· †i‡L PgrKvi GK cixÿv K‡ib| ev· `ywU wQj AvKv‡i †QvU Ges k³ KvM‡Ri ˆZwi| GKwU ev‡·i is wQj jvj, AciwUi is meyR| AvKvi-AvK…wZ‡Z ev· `ywU wfbœ ai‡bi wQj| ivbI‡q-Gi Dci ev· `ywU SzjšÍ Ae¯’vq †i‡L Nyiv‡bv n‡jv Ges `yB-GKw`b eq‡mi cvwLi Qvbv¸‡jv GK GK K‡i 30 wgwbU hveZ H ivbI‡q‡Z †Q‡o †Ìqv n‡jv| G mg‡qi g‡a¨ Qvbv¸‡jv Zv‡ì cQ›`g‡Zv ev·¸‡jv wP‡b wb‡Z cvi‡jv| wZbw`b c‡i Qvbv¸‡jv‡K H ivbI‡q‡Z Avevi †Q‡o †`qv n‡jv Ges Zv‡ì Ae¯’vb †_‡K mgvb `~~i‡Z¡ ev· `y‡Uv ivLv n‡jv| †`Lv †Mj, cÖwZwU Qvbv Zv‡ì c~‡e©Kvi wbR wbR cQ›`gvwdK ev‡·i cÖwZ AvK…ó n‡”Q| GB wkÿvjä AvPiYwU Sight imprinting Gi GK D`vniY| GQvov Auditory imprinting Gi A‡bK bwRiI i‡q‡Q| wkÿv_x©i KvR: Af¨vmMZ wkLb I AbyKi‡Yi g‡a¨ cv_©K¨ wbiæcY Ki‡e|

12.5 Pavlov Gi ZË¡ cªwZeZx© wμqvi e¨vL¨v †ÿ‡Î ivwkqvi kvixiZË¡we` AvBfvb c¨vfjf (Ivan Pavlop) Gi bvg we‡klfv‡e D‡jøL‡hvM¨| KzKzi jvjv wbtmiY cixÿ‡Yi gva¨‡g wZwb mv‡cÿ cÖwZeZx© wμqv (Conditional reflex theory) my›`ifv‡e e¨vL¨v K‡i‡Qb| G ai‡bi cÖwZeZx© wμqvq ¯^vfvweK DÏxcK (Natural stimulus) ev wbi‡cÿ DÏxcK cÖ‡qv‡M ¯^vfvweK cÖwZwμqv NU‡jI †mB ¯^vfvweK DÏxc‡Ki mv‡_ hw` †Kvb GK weKí DÏxcK (Substitute stimulus) evi evi Dc¯’vwcZ Kiv nq, Zvn‡j Kvjμ‡g †Kej weKí DÏxcKwU Dc¯’vwcZ K‡iB ¯^vfvweK cÖwZwμqv m„wó Kiv m¤¢e|

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weKí DÏxc‡Ki mvnv‡h¨ ¯^vfvweK cÖwZwμqv m„wói cÖwμqv‡K mv‡cÿ cÖwZeZx© wμqv e‡j| mv‡cÿ cÖwZeZx© wμqvq cÖvYx mvaviY Ae¯’vq mvov cÖ`vb K‡i bv| wKš‘ we‡kl Ae¯’vi d‡j mvov cÖ`vb K‡i| Pavlov (1941) Gi cixÿvq GB welqwU ¯úó iƒ‡c dz‡U D‡V|

12.5.1 KzKz‡ii jvjvi cÖwZeZx© wμqv Avgiv Rvwb KzKz‡ii gy‡L gvs‡mi UzKiv w`‡j gyLMnŸ‡i jvjv wbtm„Z nq| GUv GK ¯^vfvweK NUbv| wKš‘ weÁvbx c¨vfjf ÿzavZ© KzKz‡ii gy‡L gvs‡mi UzKiv †Ìqvi wVK c~e©gyn~‡Z© GKUv NÈv evRvb| wZwb Gfv‡e NÈv evwR‡q mv‡_ mv‡_ GK UzKiv gvsm KzKzi‡K w`‡Z _v‡Kb| GB KvRwU evi evi Ki‡Z _v‡Kb| G‡Z cÖ‡Z¨K ev‡iB KzKz‡ii gy‡L jvjv wbtm„Z n‡Z _v‡K| wZwb cÖ‡Z¨Kev‡iB hvwš¿K eë¯’vi gva¨‡g jvj wbtmi‡Yi gvÎv cwigvc K‡ib| KvRwU †ek K‡qKevi (AšÍZ 12 evi) cybive„wËi ci nVvr K‡i gvs‡mi UzKiv bv w`‡q wZwb †Kej N›Uv evRvb| G ch©v‡q †`Lv †Mj †Kej N›UvaŸwbi cÖwZ cÖwZwμqv ¯îƒc KzKziwU jvjv wbtmiY Ki‡jv| Gici gvs‡mi UzKiv bv w`‡q wZwb †Kej NÈv evRvb| c¨vfjf hZevi ïay N›Uv evRv‡jb ZZevi mv‡_ mv‡_ KzKz‡ii gyL †_‡K jvjv wbtm„Z n‡jv| A_©vr N›UvaŸwbi mv‡_ KzKz‡ii jvjv wbtmi‡Yi GKUv m¤úK© ¯’vwcZ n‡q‡Q| NÈvaŸwb Ges gvs‡mi UzKivi hyMcr Dc¯’vc‡bi d‡j G‡ì g‡a¨ GK ms‡hvM M‡o D‡V‡Q| GB ms‡hvM eë¯’v KzKz‡ii gw¯Í‡®‹ ¯œvqyweK ms‡hv‡Mi gva¨‡g Kvh©iZ|

wPÎ 12.4: wPivqZ mv‡cÿ‡Y KzKz‡ii jvjv wbtmib cixÿv NÈvaŸwb cÖ_‡g GKwU wbi‡cÿ DÏxcK wQj| wKš‘ N›UvaŸwbi mv‡_ gvs‡mi UzKiv K‡qKevi Dc¯’vc‡bi d‡j KzKziwU NÈvaŸwbi cÖwZ jvjv wbtmiY Ki‡Z wkL‡jv| G Rb¨ NÈvaŸwb‡K mv‡cÿ DÏxcK (Conditioned Stimulus or CS) Ges NÈvaŸwbi cÖwZ jvjv wbtmiY NUbv‡K mv‡cÿ cÖwZwμqv (Conditioned Response or CR) e‡j AwfwnZ K‡i‡Qb| g~jZt, mv‡cÿ DÏxc‡Ki cÖwZ cÖvYx †h cÖwZwμqv K‡i ZvB mv‡cÿ cÖwZeZx© wμqv (Conditioned reflex) ev mv‡cÿY|

282

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12.6 mvgvwRK AvPiY (Social behaviour) mvgvwRK AvPi‡Y GKB cÖRvwZfz³ Rx‡ei wewfbœ m`m¨ G‡K Ac‡ii mv‡_ cvi¯úwiK wμqvKjv‡c Nwbôfv‡e m¤úwK©Z Ges cÖ‡Z¨K ci¯ú‡ii mn‡hvMx| Giƒc AvPi‡Yi cwimi cÖRbbKv‡j ¯¿x I cyiæ‡li g‡a¨ M‡o IVv mij I mswÿß AvšÍwμqv †_‡K ïiæ K‡i ¯’vqx RwUj mgvRe× Rxebhvcb cÖYvjx ch©šÍ cÖmvwiZ| AwfcÖqvb (Migration), wbR¯^ GjvKvi cÖwZiÿv (Territorial defence), cÖwZc‡ÿi mv‡_ jovB (Fighting), SuvK euvav (Flocking) Ges cvj MVb (Herding)- Gi b¨vq Kv‡Ri g‡a¨ w`‡q cÖvwY‡`i †fZi mvgvwRK AvPi‡Yi ewntcÖKvk N‡U‡Q|

12.6.1 †gŠgvwQi mvgvwRK AvPiY (Social behaviour of honey bee) †gŠgvwQ Hymenoptera eM©fz³ AwZ cwiwPZ GK mvgvwRK cZ½| †gŠgvwQi K‡jvwb‡Z kÖgwefvR‡bi mymsMwVZ iƒc AwZ ¯úó| GKwU c~Y© weKwkZ K‡jvwb‡Z 40,000-50,000 †gŠgvwQ mw¤§wjZfv‡e myk„•Lj Rxeb hvc‡b Af¨¯’| ˆ`wnK MVb I kÖg wefvR‡bi wfwË‡Z K‡jvwb‡Z wZb Rv‡Zi (Cast) m`m¨ †`Lv hvq| Giv n‡jvÑ ivYx (Queen), cyiæl (Drone) Ges kÖwgK (Worker) | †gŠgvwQi gvZ…Zvwš¿K mgv‡Ri ga¨gwY ivbx| cÖ‡Z¨KwU K‡jvwb GKwU gvÎ ivYxi †bZ…‡Z¡ K‡qKkZ (200-300) cyiæl I K‡qK nvRvi (10,000-80,000) Kgx© †gŠgvwQ wb‡q cwiPvwjZ nq| ivYxi jvjvMÖwš’ _v‡K bv| wWg cvovi Rb¨ G‡ì †`‡n myMwVZ AwfcwRUi (Ovipositor) i‡q‡Q| GKwU ivYx †gŠgvwQ Zvi 2-5 eQi RxebKv‡j cÖvq 15,00,000 wWg w`‡Z mÿg| ivYx †gŠgvwQ Rxe‡b gvÎ GKevi cyiæl †gŠgvwQi (K‡qKwU cyiæ‡li mv‡_ wgjb n‡Z cv‡i) mv‡_ m½‡g wgwjZ nq, Gmgq ïμavbxi wfZi ïμvby Rgv _v‡K| ïμavbx‡Z mwÂZ ïμvby A‡bKw`b ch©šÍ Kg©ÿg _v‡K| ivYxi B”QvgvwdK mwÂZ GB ïμvYy Øviv wWg wbwl³ nq| wWg wbwl³KiY m¤ú~Y©iƒ‡c ivYxi wbqš¿Yvaxb| Awbwl³ wWg †_‡K AcysRwb (Parthenogenesis) c×wZ‡Z cyiæl †gŠgvwQi Rb¥ nq| ivYx †gŠgvwQi Z¡K wbtm„Z A‡·vwW‡KbBK GwmW (ni‡gvb ¸Ym¤úbœ) Pv‡Ki me©Î wemwiZ n‡q mKj †gŠgvwQi hveZxq Kvh©Kjvc my›ìfv‡e wbqš¿Y K‡i| ivYx †gŠgvwQi g¨vwÛeyjvi MÖwš’ †_‡K Queen substance bvgK GK we‡kl ai‡bi †d‡ivgb wbtm„Z nq| GB †d‡ivgb Kgx©‡ì Rbbv‡½i cwic°Zvq euvav cÖ`vb K‡i| K‡jvwbi cÖ‡qvRb Abyhvqx ivYx wbwl³ I Awbwl³ wWg cv‡o wKsev bZzb K‡jvwb m„wói D‡Ï‡k¨ wKQz Kgx© I cyiæl †gŠgvwQmn Ab¨Î Mgb K‡i|

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K‡jvwbi wewfbœ m`m¨‡ì g‡a¨ `vwqZ¡ eÈb †gŠgvwQi mvgvwRK Rxebavivi D‡jøL‡hvM¨ êwkó¨| ivYxi mv‡_ †hŠbwgjb Qvov cyiæl †gŠgvwQi Ab¨ †Kvb KvR †bB ej‡jB P‡j| Ab¨ `‡ji †gŠgvwQi AbycÖ‡ek NU‡j wbR K‡jvwb‡K iÿvq Ges K‡jvwbi Zvcwbqš¿Y Kv‡R Giv Ask MÖnY K‡i _v‡K| Lv‡`ï Rb¨ Giv Kgx© †gŠgvwQi Dci wbf©ikxj| Kgx© (Workers) †gŠgvwQiv K‡jvwbi ÿz`ªZg m`m¨, Z‡e msL¨vq me©vwaK| K‡jvwbi †gvU †gŠgvwQi cÖvq 99% Kgx©| Kgx© †gŠgvwQ‡ì AvPiY mvaviYZ Zv‡ì eqm, Pv‡Ki Af¨šÍixY Ae¯’v Ges cwi‡e‡ki Dci wbf©ikxj| Kgx© †gŠgvwQ‡ì KvR A‡bK| jvf©v‡ì †meb Kiv‡bv, †gvg wbtm„Z K‡i Zv w`‡q PvK ˆZix Kiv, dzj †_‡K gay msMÖn Kiv Ges PvK cvnviv †Ìqv Kgx©‡ì Ab¨Zg `vwqZ¡| cÖvZ¨wnK Lv‡`ï ms¯’vb Ges `y‡h©vM †gvKv‡ejvq gRyZ M‡o †Zvjvi Rb¨ K‡jvwbi cÖwZwU Kgx© †gŠgvwQ mKvj-mÜ¨v AK¬všÍ cwikÖg K‡i P‡j| †gŠPv‡Ki †Kvb GK wbw`©ó ¯’v‡b wb‡R‡ì Rb¨ Ges fvex eskai‡ì Rb¨ Lv`¨ Rwg‡q iv‡L| †kl eq‡m Kgx© †gŠgvwQ cvwb cwienY K‡i, Aemi hvcb K‡i Ges †ewk `~‡i hvq bv| K‡jvwbi cÖwZwU m`m¨ eskMZ Dcv`vb Abyhvqx Ges eqm Abymv‡i wewfbœ KvR wbe©vn K‡i _v‡K| G Kv‡R mvgvb¨Zg iè`j nq bv| Zv‡ì Kg©m~wP‡Z †hgb †Kvb cwieZ©b nq bv, †Zgwb Kvh©wbe©v‡n mvgvb¨Zg ÎæwU wKsev Avjm¨ †`Lv hvq bv| †gŠgvwQi mvgvwRK Rxeb LyeB myk„•Lj| Giv ci¯ú‡ii g‡a¨ MÜe¯‘ Qwo‡q Ges we‡kl b„Z¨ cwi‡ek‡bi gva¨‡g fve wewbgq K‡i| Wvbv w`‡q m„ó ¸b¸b k‡ãi g‡a¨ w`‡qI Giv †hvMv‡hvM NwU‡q _v‡K| wbw`©ó MwZwewa ev †gŠ-b„Z¨ K‡jvwbi m`m¨‡ì g‡a¨ cvi¯úwiK †hvMv‡hv‡Mi Ab¨Zg Dcvq| mÜvbx Kgx© †gŠgvwQiv (Foraging scout) evB‡i †_‡K G‡m we‡kl bv‡Pi gva¨‡g cy®úmyav I civ‡Mi cÖK…wZ, `~iZ¡ Ges Drm¯’‡ji Lei †gŠPv‡Ki Ab¨vb¨ m`m¨‡ì Rvwb‡q †`q| mÜvbxi †`‡n †j‡M _vKv cy®úmyav I civM †`‡L Lv‡`ï aib m¤^‡Ü †gŠgvwQiv AewnZ nq| weeZ©‡bi avivq †gŠgvwQiv A‡bK †ivM cÖwZ‡iv‡ai Dcvq Avq‡Z¡ Avb‡Z wk‡L‡Q| hw` KLbI cÖwZ‡iv‡ai Dcvq Rvbv bv _v‡K, Zvn‡j Giv wKQzUv `g‡bi eë¯’v MÖn‡Y mÿg nq| G‡ì †`‡ni KvBwUbhy³ Avei‡Y _v‡K Gw›Uev‡qvwUK ¸Ym¤úbœ c`v_©, hv ÿwZKi AYyRx‡ei e„w× I msμgY cÖwZnZ K‡i| †gŠ-iæwU, gay, GgbwK †gŠPv‡KI Av‡Q Gw›Uev‡qvwUK `ªe¨| †gŠgvwQiv †gŠPv‡Ki cÖvPx‡i ˆRe †iwR‡bi †h cÖ‡jc †`q Zv‡ZI ÿwZKi AYyRx‡ei ea©b †iva nq| †ivMvμvšÍ ev g„Z jvf©v‡K Pv‡Ki evB‡i †d‡j w`‡q †gŠgvwQiv m¤¢ve¨ Avμg‡Yi nvZ †_‡K K‡jvwb‡K iÿv K‡i| FZz‡f‡` Zv‡ci ZviZg¨ NU‡jI †gŠgvwQiv †gŠPv‡Ki ZvcgvÎv wbqš¿‡Y ivL‡Z mÿg nq| MÖx®§Kv‡j Giv GZ †Rv‡i cvLv mÂvjb K‡i †h, †gŠPv‡Ki ZvcgvÎv wKQz‡ZB 300 †_‡K 350 †mjwmqv‡mi †ewk DV‡Z cv‡i bv| Avevi kxZKv‡j Giv `je× n‡q ¸”QvKv‡i †gŠPv‡Ki Dc‡i Ae¯’vb Kivq †gŠPv‡K Drcvw`Z Zvc evB‡i P‡j †h‡Z cv‡i bv| ZvB kxZKv‡j cwi‡e‡ki ZvcgvÎv Kg n‡jI †gŠPv‡Ki ZvcgvÎv 240 †_‡K 230 †mjwmqv‡mi g‡a¨ mxgve× _v‡K|

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mšÍv‡bi iÿYv‡eÿY Ges jvjb-cvjb Kivi ¯^fve‡K AcZ¨ cvjb e‡j|  wkLb: Abykxjb ev AwfÁZvi Av‡jv‡K bZzb welq AvqË Kivi Rb¨ AvPi‡Yi †h cwieZ©b

Af¨šÍixY Kvi‡Y mw¤§wjZfv‡e k„•Ljve× Rxeb hvc‡b Af¨¯Í n‡q emevm Kiv|

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L. ii I iii

M. i I iii

N. i, ii I iii

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L. wK¬‡bvU¨vw·m

M. †U‡jvU¨vw·m

N. †g‡bvU¨vw·m

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