NASA
NASA Space Technology Research Fellowships The Space Technology Research Grants Program is accelerating the development of "push" technologies to support the future space science and exploration needs of NASA, other government agencies and the commercial space sector. Innovative efforts with high risk and high payoff are being encouraged. Investment in innovative low-TRL research increases knowledge and capabilities in response to new questions and requirements, stimulates innovation, and allows more creative solutions to problems constrained by schedule and budget. Moreover,it is investment in fundamental research activities that has historically benefited the Nation on a broader basis, generating new industries and spin-off applications. The Program is composed of two competitively awarded components.
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These graduate fellowships sponsor students pursuing master’s or doctoral degrees in relevant space technology disciplines at their respective instituti-ons. In addition to a faculty advisor, each student will be matched with a esearcher in the relevant field who will serve as the student’s professional advisor.Fellowships are open to students pursuing advanced degrees in science, technology,engineering,and mathematics (STEM).The fellowships support the goal of creating innovative new space techn-ologies for our Nation’s science, explor-ation, and economic future while prov-iding the Nation with a pipeline of highly-skilled scientists, technologists, engineers,and mathematicians to improve America'stechnological competitiveness. NASA Space Technology Fellows perform inn-ovative, space-technology research, while building the skills necessary to become future technological leaders.
This program element fosters the development of innovative, low-TRL technologies that have the potential toleadtodramatic improvements at the system level -performance, weight, cost, reliability, operational simplicity or other figures of merit associated with space flight hardware or missions. The activities shall be competitively selected via a series of solicitations entitled, “Space Technology Research Opportunities (STRO),” which are expected to be issued at least annually. Efforts are expected to be short term—typically one to three years in duration—and will increase the TRL of technologies that might be applied to multiple, current missions, or to allow NASA to pursue entirely new missions. Potential proposers and collaborators for STRO include U.S. universities, for-profit commercial entities, and non-profit organizations, including U.S. government agencies (inclusive of NASA Centers). Solicitations may target specific, high-priority technology areas and specific audiences. Questions may be directed to Claudia Meyer at claudia.m.meyer@nasa.gov.
www.nasa.gov
NASA Space Technology Research Grants
Space Technology Research Opportunities
NASA
NASA
Mission of
VENUS
Venus is the second planet from the sun and our closest planetary neighbor.
Similar in structure and size to Earth, Venus spins slowly in the opposite direction most planets do. Its thick atmosphere traps heat in a runaway greenhouse effect, making it the hottest planet in our solar system with surface temperatures hot enough to melt lead. Glimpses below the clouds reveal volcanoes and deformed mountains.
When the solar system settled into its current layout about 4.5 billion years ago, Venus formed when gravity pulled swirling gas and dust in to become the second planet from the sun. Like its fellow terrestrial planets, Venus has a central
Size and Distance With a radius of 3,760 miles (6,052 kilometers), Venus is roughly the same size as Earth, just slightly smaller. From an average distance of 67 million miles (108 million kilometers), Venus is 0.7 astronomical units away from the sun. One astronomical unit (abbreviated as AU), is the distance from the sun to Earth. From this distance, it takes sunlight 6 minutes to travel from the sun to Venus.
Quick Facts
Orbit and Rotation Venus' rotation and orbit are unusual in several ways. Venus is one of just two planets that rotate from east to west. Only Venus and Uranus have this "backwards" rotation. It completes one rotation in 243 Earth days — the longest day of any planet in our solar system, even longer than a whole year on Venus. But the sun doesn't rise and set each "day" on Venus like it does on most other planets. On Venus, one day-night cycle takes 117 Earth days because Venus rotates in the direction opposite of its orbital revolution around the sun. Venus makes a complete orbit around the sun (a year in Venusian time) in 225 Earth days or slightly less than two Venusian day-night cycles. Its orbit around the sun is the most circular of any planet — nearly a perfect circle. Other planet's orbits are more elliptical, or oval-shaped. With an axial tilt of just 3 degrees, Venus spins nearly upright, and so does not experience noticeable seasons. Formation
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• • • • •
bulges and moves as Venus' mantle shifts and creates volcanoes. Surface From space, Venus is bright white because it is covered with clouds that reflect and scatter sunlight. At the surface, the rocks are different shades of grey, like rocks on Earth, but the thick atmosphere filters the sunlight so that everything would look orange if you were standing on Venus.
Day: 243 Earth days Year: 225 Earth days Radius: 3,760 miles | 6,052 kilometers Planet Type: Terrestrial Moons: None core, a rocky mantle and a solid crust. Structure Venus is in many ways similar to Earth in its structure. It has an iron core that is approximately 2,000 miles (3,200 kilometers) in radius. Above that is a mantle made of hot rock slowly churning due to the planet's interior heat. The surface is a thin crust of rock that
Venus has mountains, valleys, and tens of thousands of volcanoes. The highest mountain on Venus, Maxwell Montes, is 20,000 feet high (8.8 kilometers), similar to the highest mountain on Earth, Mount Everest. The landscape is dusty, and surface temperatures reach a scalding 880 degrees Fahrenheit (471 degrees Celsius). It is thought that Venus was completely resurfaced by volcanic activity 300 to 500 million years ago. Venus has two large highland
www.nasa.gov
Venus is named for the ancient Roman goddess of love and beauty, the counterpart to the Greek goddess Aphrodite.
NASA areas: Ishtar Terra, about the size of Australia, in the north polar region; and Aphrodite Terra, about the size of South America, straddling the equator and extending for almost 6,000 miles (10,000 kilometers). Venus is covered in craters, but none are smaller than 0.9 to 1.2 miles (1.5 to 2 kilometers) across. Small meteoroids burn up in the dense atmosphere, so only large meteoroids reach the surface and create impact craters. Almost all the surface features of Venus are named for amazing Earth women. A volcanic crater is named for Sacajawea, the Native American woman who guided Lewis and Clark's exploration. A deep canyon is named for Diana, Roman goddess of the hunt.
Venus' atmosphere consists mainly of carbon dioxide, with clouds of sulfuric acid droplets. The thick atmosphere traps the sun's heat, resulting in surface temperatures higher than 880 degrees Fahrenheit (470 degrees Celsius). The atmosphere has many layers with different temperatures. At the level where the clouds are, about 30 miles up from the surface, it's about the same temperature as on the surface of the Earth.
Potential for Life
Magnetosphere
No human has visited Venus, but the spacecraft that have been sent to the surface of Venus do not
Even though Venus is similar in size to the Earth and has a similarly-sized iron core, Venus' magnetic field is much weaker than the Earth's due to Venus' slow rotation.
last very long there. Venus' high surface temperature overheat electronics in spacecraft in a short time, so it seems unlikely that a person could survive for long on the Venusian surface.
There is speculation about life existing in As Venus moves forward in its solar orbit Venus' distant past, as well as questions about while slowly rotating backwards on its axis, the possibility of life in the top cloud layers of the top level of clouds zips around the planet Venus' atmosphere, where the temperatures every four Earth days, driven by hurricaneare less extreme. force winds traveling at about 224 miles (360 kilometers) per hour. Atmospheric lightning Moons bursts light up these quick-moving clouds. Venus has no moons. Speeds within the clouds decrease with cloud height, and at the surface are estimated to be just a few miles per hour. Venus looks like a very active planet. It has mountains and On the ground, it would volcanoes. V enus is similar in size to Earth. Earth is just a look like a very hazy, little bit bigger. overcast day on Earth. And the atmosphere is so Rings heavy it would feel like you were 1 mile (1.6 kilometers) deep underwater. Venus has no rings.
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Exploration The brightest object in the night sky on Earth (besides our moon), Venus has been observed for millennia. And as one of just two bodies between Earth and the sun, Venus periodically passes across the face of the sun — a phenomenon called a transit. Observing transits of Venus has helped astronomers study the nearby planet and better understand the solar system and our place in it. Transits of Venus occur in pairs with more than a century separating each pair, occurring in 1631 and 1639; 1761, 1769; 1874, 1882; and 2004, 2012. The next transit isn't until December 2117. Such long gaps occur between transits because Earth's and Venus' orbits around the sun are inclined differently, so Venus much more often passes between Earth and the sun without crossing the face of the sun from our perspective.
www.nasa.gov
Atmosphere
INVENTION
Aptera 2e Electric Car Concept
Aptera 2e Electric Car Concept Aptera 2e is a super-efficient battery powered electric car expected to be on sale this year. This concept car boasts several cool features that will make any car enthusiast fall in love with this new invention. These include a gullwing doors that opens upward, unique 3-wheel design to make it very stable at the same time agile, and solar assisted climate control system via its solar cell-covered roof to keep cabin at nice temperature all day long. Aptera 2e’s electric engine accelerates from 0-100 km/h in less than 10 seconds with top speed of 137km/h. Still, the main focus of this concept car is in aerodynamics given the surprising stat that 50% of average car energy is used pushing air out of the way at a rate of 55mph!
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NEXT-GENERATION SMARTPHONES Apple’s iPhone arguably led the pack for the last smartphone generation, but with Samsung taking some of Cupertino’s momentum away in recent months, leadership isn’t so defined this year. In many ways, we’re back to where we were before the iPhone, when Palm, RIM and Microsoft fought for leadership of the market, before Apple and Google stormed in to split it up. I think we are ready for another clear leader. But this will take a company with vision and the willingness to step away from the pack.
INVENTION
Flying Bike ‘Jetscooter’ by Norio Fujikawa You couldn’t get past a list of futuristic, flying bikes without one having a touch of Japanese sci-fi in it. Inspired by manga art, designer Norio Fujikawaattributes the inspiration he derived from sci-fi to create the Jetscooter. The vehicle has received a design overhaul and come forth as a ‘Jetbike’ as well but what we do notice is how it can comfortably transport a single - person through the atmosphere. The San Fransicobased designer said, “The rate at which technology is developing and becoming accessible is amazing. As creative director at Astro Studios, an award winning design studio in San Francisco, I get to see a wide range of new technologies and products almost every day. The creativity and inventiveness I see fuels me to keep sketching and visualizing what the future, which is rapidly becoming present, might be.”
Nke MAGS Flying Shoe John Kell Nike's Back to the Future-inspired shoe is now a reality in the present. The athletic-gear giant on Tuesday announced plans to release 89 pairs of the "Nike Mag" shoe through an online draw. The shoes light up and feature
1520s, and arquebuses played an important role in the victories of Cristóvão da Gama's small and outnumbered army in his 1541–42 campaign in Ethiopia. Arquebuses were also used in the Moroccan victory over the Songhai Empire at the Battle of Tondibi in 1590. Arquebuses were introduced to Japan in 1543 by Portuguese traders, who landed by accident on Tanegashima, an island south of Kyūshū in the region controlled by the Shimazu clan. By 1550, copies of the Portuguese arquebus referred to as "tanegashima, teppō or hinawaju" were being produced in large numbers. SPACE 07
adaptive lacing—which lets a wearer push a button to tighten or loosen a shoe— making it a true replica to the footwear from the 1989 film Back to the FuturePart II.Contestants can pay $10 to enter the drawing, which will count as a donation to the Michael J. Fox Foundation. There's no limit to the amount of tickets one can buy, so buying more gives the aspiring sneakerhead a greater chance of winning.Nike first began to tinker with prototypes for the Mag back in 2007, but technology at the time didn't make it feasible to incorporate adaptive lacing until last year, when the
The tanegashima seems to have been based on snap matchlocks that were produced in the armory of Goa India, which was captured by the Portuguese in 1510 and within ten years of its introduction upwards of three hundred thousand tanegashima were reported to have been manufactured. The tanegashima eventually became one of the most important weapons in Japan. Oda Nobunaga revolutionized musket tactics in Japan by splitting loaders and shooters and assigning three guns to a shooter at the Battle of Nagashino in 1575. Tanegashima were widely used during Hideyoshi's unification of Japan and later the Japanese invasions of
company gave the first pair of the shoes to Fox—who played Marty McFly in all the Back to the Future films. In 2011, Fox and Nike partnered to raise $4.7 million in an auction of 1,500 limited edition Nike Mag shoes that were sold during a 10-day auction on eBay(EBAY, +1.06%). The proceeds from that auction went toward helping fight Parkinson’s disease, with which Fox was diagnosed in 1991. The 2011 version of the Nike Mag lit up but didn't feature the lacing technology in this year's version. Earlier this year, Nike debuted the HyperAdapt 1.0, which was the first commercial shoe to feature adaptive lacing. The technology for the shoe, which goes on sale next month, also was incorporated into the Nike Mag. But the Mag takes the innovation one step further with a response system called "Adapative Fit," which Nike says, "senses the wearer and tightens or loosens accordingly."
PLANET BLACK HOLE
15th Century GUN Invention The arquebus was used in
substantial numbers for the first time in Hungary during the reign of The arquebus (sometimes spelled harquebus, harkbus or hackbut; Italian Archibugio, Dutch haakbus, meaning "hook king Matthias gun", or "hook tube") is an early muzzle-loaded firearm that Corvinus (r.appeared in late 15th century Europe, and was until the 17th century the primary firearm used in European armies. 1458–1490). Every fourth soldier in the Black Army had an arquebus in the infantry, and every fifth regarding the whole army, which was an unusual ratio at the time. Although they were generally present in the battlefield King Mathias preferred enlisting shielded men instead, as the arquebus had a low rate of fire. Even a decade after the disbandment of the Black Army, by the turn of the also evolved in Russia in the 16th century, only around early 1500s as a smaller 10% of the soldiers of Westversion of a larger, hand-held ern European armies used artillery weapon. The arquefirearms. Arquebusiers were busiers, or pishchal'niki as the effective against cavalry and Russians called them, were even other infantry, particuseen as integral parts of the larly when placed with pikearmy and ‘One thousand pishmen in the pike and shot chal'niki were outfitted at formation, which revolutiontreasury expense and particiised the Spanish military. An pated in the final annexation example of where this formaof Pskov in 1510, as well as the tion was used and succeeded conquest of Smolensk in 1512, is the decisive Battle of but were disbanded after Cerignola (1503), which was each campaign. They were one of the first battles to revived in 1545 when two utilise this formation, and was thousand pishchal'niki (one the first battle to be won thousand on horseback) were through the use of gunpowlevied by the towns and der-based small arms. A form outfitted at treasury expense. Their use of mounted troops of arquebus called pishchal was also unique to the time (Russian: пищаль) period. SPACE 10
-from-the-shou
The Russians developed their pishchal'niki as a skilled tradesman and gave them extra incentives through farming and made their trade something passed on from father to son and not something for which one was conscripted. Arquebuses were used in the Italian Wars of the first half of the 16th century. One of the first to perform volley fire with them was the condottiero Prospero Colonna in the Battle of Bicocca (1522). Portuguese and Spanish conquerors also made use of the weapon overseas. Arquebuses were carried by some of the soldiers of Hernán Cortés in his conquest of Mexico in the
ON THIS DAY
ulder-invented-in-news-photo/517480440#arquebus-first-gun-fired-from-the-shoulder-invented-in-spain-in-the-picture-id517480440
1520s, and arquebuses played an important role in the victories of Cristóvão da Gama's small and outnumbered army in his 1541–42 campaign in Ethiopia. Arquebuses were also used in the Moroccan victory over the Songhai Empire at the Battle of Tondibi in 1590. Arquebuses were introduced to Japan in 1543 by Portuguese traders, who landed by accident on Tanegashima, an island south of Kyūshū in the region controlled by the Shimazu clan. By 1550, copies of the Portuguese arquebus referred to as "tanegashima, teppō or hinawaju" were being produced in large numbers.
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The tanegashima seems to have been based on snap matchlocks that were produced in the armory of Goa India, which was captured by the Portuguese in 1510 and within ten years of its introduction upwards of three hundred thousand tanegashima were reported to have been manufactured. The tanegashima eventually became one of the most important weapons in Japan. Oda Nobunaga revolutionized musket tactics in Japan by splitting loaders and shooters and assigning three guns to a shooter at the Battle of Nagashino in 1575. Tanegashima were widely used during Hideyoshi's unification of Japan and later the Japanese invasions of Korea in 1592.
Maurice of Nassau increased the effectiveness of the arquebus in military formations when he adapted standardized weaponry and utilized volley fire techniques. After outfitting his entire army with new, standardized arms in 1599, Maurice of Nassau made an attempt to recapture Spanish forts built on former Dutch lands. In the Battle of Nieuwpoort in 1600, he administered the new techniques and technologies for the first time. The Dutch marched onto the beach where the fort was located and fully utilized the countermarching tactic. By orienting all of his arquebusiers into a block, he was able to maintain a steady stream of fire out of a disciplined formation using volley fire tactics. The result was a lopsided victory with 4000 Spanish casualties to only 1000 dead and 700 wounded on the Dutch side. Although the battle was principally won by the decisive counterattack by the Dutch cavalry and despite the failure of the newfangled Dutch infantry tactic in stopping the veteran Spanish tercios, the battle was a decisive step forward in the development of warfare, with infantry armed with firearms taking on an increasingly larger role in the centuries following.
Russian technologies for Bangladesh’s nuclear station Rooppur
Research of BANGLADESH
Bangladesh plans to have two large Russian nuclear power reactors in operation, the first from 2023. This is to meet rapidly-increasing demand and reduce dependence on natural gas.
Bangladesh produced 56 TWh gross in 2014, giving per capita consumption of 320 kWh/yr. Some 46 TWh in 2014 was from natural gas and 8 TWh from oil (IEA data). Electricity demand is rising rapidly (9% in FY 2013) and capacity was 11.3 GWe in January 2014, plus some 500 MWe of import capacity from West Bengal in India, which in 2012 provided over 5% of electricity (but none in 2014). Over 30% of the population remains without electricity, and the other two-thirds experiences frequent power cuts. Some 5.0% of government expenditure is being allocated to ‘power and energy’. (See figures published by the Bangladesh government's Power Division.) The Power System Master Plan 2010 forecast demand of 19 GWe in 2021 and 34 GWe in 2030, hence requiring generation capacity of 39 GWe in 2030. The government aimed for 24 GWe of new capacity by 2021, including the first nuclear contribution. The plan is for domestic coal 30%, imported coal 20%, natural gas (including LNG) 25%, liquid fuel 5%, nuclear, renewable energy and power imports 20%. Nuclear power plans Building a nuclear power plant in the west of the country was proposed in 1961. Since then a number of reports have affirmed the technical and economic feasibility. The Rooppur or Ruppur site in Pabna district about 160 km northwest of Dhaka was selected in 1963 and land was acquired. The government gave formal approval for a succession of plant proposals, then after independence a 125 MWe nuclear power plant proposal was approved in 1980 but not built.With growth in demand and grid capacity since then, a much larger plant looked feasible, and the government in 1999 expressed its firm commitment to build this Rooppur plant. In 2001 it adopted a national Nuclear Power Action Plan and in 2005 it signed a nuclear cooperation agreement with China. In 2007 the Bangladesh Atomic Energy Commission SPACE 12
(BAEC) proposed two 500 MWe nuclear reactors for Rooppur by 2015, quoting likely costs of US$ 0.9-1.2 billion for a 600 MWe unit and US$ 1.5-2.0 billion for 1000 MWe. In April 2008 the government reiterated its intention to work with China in building the Rooppur plant and China offered funding for the project. The International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) approved a Technical Assistance Project for Rooppur Nuclear Power Plant to be initiated between 2009 and 2011, and it then appeared that an 1100 MWe plant was envisaged. Russia, China and South Korea had earlier offered financial and technical help to establish nuclear power, and in March 2009 Russia made a formal proposal to build a nuclear power plant in the country. In May 2009 a bilateral nuclear cooperation agreement was signed with Russia. In April 2009 the government approved the Russian proposal to build a 1000 MWe AES-92 nuclear plant at Rooppur for about $2 billion, and a year later this had become two such reactors by 2017. A nuclear energy bill was introduced into parliament in May 2012, with work to begin in 2013, and setting up a Bangladesh Atomic Energy Regulatory Authority. Parliament was told that 5000 MWe of nuclear capacity was envisaged by 2030, and a second plant would be built in the south once Rooppur is operating. In May 2010 an intergovernmental agreement was signed with Russia, providing a legal basis for nuclear cooperation in areas such as siting, design, construction and operation of power and research nuclear reactors, water desalination plants, and elementary particle accelerators. Other areas covered included fuel supply and wastes – Russia will manage wastes and decommissioning. An agreement with Rosatom was signed in February 2011 for two 1000 MWe-class reactors to be built at Rooppur for the Bangladesh Atomic Energy Commission (BAEC).Rooppur is close to a HVDC link with India and on
the route of a planned 600 kV HVDC link running up the western side of the country. Another intergovernmental agreement was signed in November 2011 for the project to be built by AtomStroyExport. In 2014 Moscow AEP said that the plant would be an AES-2006 with a version of its V-392M reactors, with Novovoronezh II being the reference plant. Planned nuclear power reactors An intergovernmental agreement for provision of a $500 million Russian loan to finance engineering surveys on the site, project development and personnel training was signed in January 2013. The $500 million loan will be repaid in 12 years with five years' grace period. In June and October 2013, AtomStroyExport signed contracts with BAEC to prepare documentation related to the construction and environmental impact assessment for the Rooppur plant, as well as providing for necessary engineering studies, including site preparation and detailed design documentation. AtomStroyExport said that this represented a transition to long-term cooperation. A $190 million agreement for major site works to prepare for first concrete was signed in June 2014, and BAEC authorized this in September, to be completed by 2016.
An intergovernmental agreement for provision of a $500 million Russian loan to finance engineering surveys on the site, project development and personnel training was signed in January 2013.The $500 million loan will be repaid in 12 years with five years' grace period. In June and October 2013, AtomStroyExport signed contracts with BAEC to prepare documentation related to the construction and environmental impact assessment for the Rooppur plant, as well as providing for necessary engineering
world-nuclear.org/information-library/country-profiles/countries-a-f/bangladesh.aspx
www.newsbangladesh.com/english/details/6702
India to Share Nuclear Expertise for Bangladesh’s Rooppur Nuclear Plant
Indian Nuclear Project studies, including site preparation and detailed design documentation. AtomStroyExport said that this represented a transition to long-term cooperation. A $190 million agreement for major site works to prepare for first concrete was signed in June 2014, and BAEC authorized this in September, to be completed by 2016. The project management company is JSC NIAEP, part of AtomStroyExport. The main BAEC contract with AtomStroyExport signed in December 2015 amounts to $12.65 billion, including the first few years' fuel, with Russia financing 90% of the cost at an interest rate of Libor plus 1.75%, capped at 4%, repayable in 28 years with 10 years' grace period. In June 2016 the cabinet approved a draft agreement for Russia to provide an $11.38 billion credit facility for 90% of the project, and the agreement was signed in July. Bangladesh needs to pay its 10% of the contract value in advance. The Russian Bank for Development and Foreign Economic Affairs and Bangladesh's state-owned Sonali Bank would work as authorized banks for the state credit. Construction of the first Rooppur unit is expected from August 2017, with commercial operation due in 2023, and the second one will be a year behind it. Other projections give 2024 & 2025 commissioning. It is a turnkey project, and Rosatom will maintain the plant for the first year of operation before handing over to BAEC. The IAEA continues its close involvement with the project. Site works started in October 2013, and were 80% complete in April 2016. A site licence was issued by the Atomic Energy Regulatory Authority in June 2016. In February 2015 Orgenergostroy, a Russian company, won an $18 million tender to carry out an engineering survey, perform environmental monitoring and develop project documents for the plant. In December 2015 Russia’s InterRAO Engineering won a RUR 2.1 billion ($30 million) contract from SPACE 13
sputniknews.com/asia/201703241051911474-india-nuclear-plant/
Atomstroyexport for the concrete foundations. In June 2014 the government and the Bangladesh Atomic Energy Commission (BAEC) invited the Japan Atomic Energy Agency (JAEA) to explore the possibility of building a second 2000 MWe nuclear power plant in the south of the country. Site selection is under way and focused on several islands in the Bay of Bengal, notably Mazher Char in Barguna, Muhurir Char in Feni, Boyar Char in Noakhali and Gangamati in Patuakhali. In May 2015 Bangladesh asked India to help with training its nuclear staff. Fuel cycle All fuel for Rooppur is being provided by Rosatom, and all used fuel is to be repatriated to Russia, in line with standard Russian practice for such countries. Research Bangladesh’s development strategy sees the country becoming a middle-income nation by 2021, in large part by emphasis on its science and technology sector to drive economic growth. The ministry of science and technology (MoST) estimated in 2014 that US$ 6.2 billion will be needed in the next decade to achieve the goals of Vision 2021. The Science and Technology Act 2010 is helping to to boost this, and MoST is now allocating over $150 million per year to nuclear technology development as gas reserves become depleted. The country has had a Triga 3 MW research reactor operational since 1986. Organisation and regulation The Nuclear Power Plant Act 2015 sets up the Nuclear Power Company of Bangladesh (NPCB) to run the plant, though ownership remains with the Atomic Energy Commission (BAEC).In February 2012 the Ministry of Science and Technology signed an agreement with Russia's Rostechnadzor related to regulation and safety "and the provision of advisory support to the Bangladesh Atomic Energy Regulatory Authority (BAERA) on regulation, licensing and supervision." Staff will be trained in Russia.In May 2016 an IAEA review following up a 2011 IAEA integrated
nuclear infrastructure review (INIR) reported that responses to the INIR were in train. International agreements and non-proliferation Three nuclear energy agreements between Bangladesh and India were signed in April 2017. These comprise a nuclear cooperation agreement between Bangladesh's Ministry of Science and Technology and India's Department of Atomic Energy (DAE), a regulatory cooperation agreement between BAERA and India’s Atomic Energy Regulatory Board (AERB), and an agreement between BAEC and DAE’s Global Centre for Nuclear Energy Partnership (GCNEP) on “cooperation regarding nuclear power projects in Bangladesh”.Bangladesh is a party to the NPT and has had a safeguards agreement in force with the IAEA since 1982, and an Additional Protocol in force since 2001.
www.thedailystar.net/news/is-bangladesh-ready-for-nuclear-power
Travel
Taj Mahal Introduction India's most famous attraction, the Taj Mahal, is a mausoleum in Agra that was constructed under Mughal Emperor Shah Jahan in memory of his favorite wife, Mumtaz Mahal who died after giving birth to their son. The Taj Mahal (or simply "Taj") is considered to be the world's finest example of Mughal architecture and was recently voted as one of the New Seven Wonders of the World.
Cost
Be sure to see this amazing site both in the morning and the evening.
Opening Hours The Taj Mahal grounds are open every day from 6am to 7pm, except on Fridays when it's closed for prayer. It is also open for night viewing when there's a full moon and the two days before and after (unless one of those days falls on a Friday or Ramadan)
Getting There By Train Agra is a major railway station and trains are available from Agra to almost all the major cities of India. Fast trains (including the luxurious Shatabdi Express) are available between Delhi and Agra and the distance can be covered in around 3 hours. Agra has two major stations, namely Agra Cantt and Agra Fort, visitors should check the departure station printed on the ticket to avoid any confusion.
By Car
There is an entry cost of Rs 750 for foreigners. You can get a much lower Rs 20 entrance fee if you are Indian, have a People of Indian Origin (PIO) card or are a national from the regional South Asian Association for Regional Co-operation. [1] If you want to get a guide, that will cost extra.
By Bus State transport buses and also private buses regularly ply between Agra and the nearby cities.
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www.travellerspoint.com/guide/Taj_Mahal/
Taxis are easily available from Delhi/Jaipur and the quality of road on Agra-Delhi section is excellent. However, the distances are further than people expect so allow about four hours for the journey by car from Delhi.
Travel
In this post, I will share my experiences of St Martin Island to Chera Dip Island. It’s also include What mistakes we made & what everybody should know before traveling from St Martin Island to Chera Dip Island. Hope, that will help all travel enthusiasts who are not much professional traveler but passionate. For your information, we started our Journey in a very rough weather condition & also shared How risky to travel St Martin by fishing Boat on such weather in my previous post. If you are in a hurry & just want to get a complete guide to St Martin Island in short, that article will save your both time & money. There are 3 general ways to travel St Martin Island to Chera Dip. Take a walk (Beach) – Best for travelers who don’t wanna miss a single bit of fun & adventure. Rent a boat – For lazy travelers or in shortage of time. Interested in sight visit not in adventure. Air way – They know their way. (Let’s not talk about this) I will discuss the walkway in details. There’s actually nothing to describe about traveling by boat. They will arrive directly to Chera Dip & come back with some photos or videos. But, In walkway, there are something everybody should care about. How much time it may take? It will take at 1:30 hours with no photography or 3 hours with photography approximately. Don’t waste time by taking photos everywhere. More you walk, more beautiful places you will invent. Should hire a guide when traveling St Martin Island to Chera Dip. What the best time to start? Morning & at the time of ebb. It’s not a good idea to schedule another thing on that day particularly. Walkway will sink in water, if it’s not ebb time. Be carefull & follow guide’s direction. What the dress should be? A 3 quarter & half pant (for male). No heavy cloth unless it is mid of winter. Depends on your choice. Take extra clothes to use after taking bath. Remember, DO NOT JUMP TO WATER blindly. This is a coral island. A good mistake will take lifetime to recover. What about taking food & water? Take water & do not drink unless it is really needed when traveling from St Martin Island to Chera Dip Island. You will not find any shop in midway. So, stay in a budget with water. No need to take food. There is a family lives in Chera Dip. They will offer you rice/vegetables/fresh water & alive hen/goat/fish etc in a little bit higher price than regular. You will choose which chicken/goat/cock/fish you want to eat. They will cook it, when you may be taking bath or roaming around the Island. When we should come back? Stay until evening. Don’t miss the amazing sunset scene. You will regret your full life if you miss that. Do not take the same way. Ask your guide to take another way when coming back. This will be a full round around the Full island. What about passing full night? I don’t know. Maybe this is not a good idea. No Hotel/Motel available there. Do at your own risk or Ask your guide for better options. You can always call coast guard by phone. Total area is covered by 3.5G mobile network. Also, there are more attractive places in St Martin Island. What about Security? Honestly, local people of St Martin Island are very honest. You can ask your guide to keep phones/cameras when you are in water. Guide will take photos also. Trust your guide, Do not take unnecessary jump to water. Finally, it’s always a good idea to carry few gadgets or some medic tools with. Try to enjoy the adventure, not the risks. Remember, this is not the Only attractive place of St Martin Island.
This is the one family who lives in one island alone. They feed travelers & this is their only business. Cost: Around $10 per person with everything if the group has more than 3 person. Neither, you have to eat a chicken alone. Local guide may charge you $5 to $15 maximum.
SPACE 15
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Saint Martin Island to Chera Dip
PLANET BLACK HOLE