(Re) Imagining Paradise

(Re) Imagining

Paradise

created by Kaye Lao in collaboration with Studio Stacey, Cal Poly 2019

1

Introduction

2

Community Overview

3

Resiliency and Disaster Recovery

4

Constructing a Downtown

5

The Built Environment

6

The Future

7

Bibliography and Footnotes

8

Appendices

Acknowledgements This was a collaborative project between my peers and I as well as everyone listed here and others not listed. Thank you to everyone who made this possible!

Studio Sponsors WRNS Studios Cal Poly Student Affairs BNIM Architects mode associates Chico State University Kijeong Jeon Rouben Mohiuddin Debra Larsen Seema Sehrawat Rachel Simmons Melody Stapleton State of California Seth Doulton, Treasurers’ Office Fiona Ma, State Treasurer Eric Shaw, Office of Emergency Services Danna Stapleton, Lieutenant Governor’s Office Paradise Residents Abby Armer Charles Brooks Melissa Boutelle Lowell Forward Melissa Schuster Tama Czarnecki Olivia Taylor

Cal Poly David Askay Mark Cabrinha Mario Esola Amir Hajrasouliha Keith Humphrey Bob Linscheid Kent MacDonald Margot Macdonald Bill Siembieda Sandy Stannard Jesse Vestermark Russell White Other Lief Mckay Melanie Mills Byron Mouton Brian Tanner Auburn Rural Studio John Willbanks Phyllis Wong Waggonner and Ball

photo by Jessica Pa

atterson

01 Introduction Legend has it that the town of Paradise, California, gets its name from a mill crew delivering a load of lumber on an unusually warm summer’s day. Exhausted, they came into the shade of the lush pine forests and sat on the blanket of soft needles underneath them. Satiated by the environment, one of the men exclaimed, “Boys, this is paradise!”

For anyone who has traveled Skyway Road, it is easy to see why the name stuck. The majestic natural beauty of the canyon and the surrounding Sierra Nevada Mountains instill a humbling sense of awe in all who visit the area. Upon the mountain and away from the noise of the city, visitors to Paradise, and residents alike, are very fond of the small town. The tall pine trees around the houses provided privacy and a close connection to nature; the various public events throughout the year created a strong relationship amongst the community. Because of this strong community bond, the town recovered quickly after the 2008 Humboldt Fire and Camp Fire. The Paradise community has proven to be indisputably resilient.

When Paradise residents were awakened by panicked knocking on their doors on November 8th, 2018, they had no idea that they were facing the deadliest and most destructive wildfire in the history of California. Wildfires were an ever-present reality in the area. Because of this, some residents decided to stay behind to protect their homes and businesses. However, the black smoke soon covered the sky and ashes engulfed the entire town. By the time people realized that they had to evacuate, the smoke had blocked all the sunlight, and it seemed like dusk rather than dawn.

Stumbling and struggling to see and breathe, Paradise residents tried to flee out of town as quickly as possible. Unfortunately, some of them ended up on disconnected roads, or stuck in stand-

still traffic, and escaped on foot. The fire scorched approximately 153,000 acres of land, killed 86 people, and took 17 days before it was doused by heavy rainfall and extinguished.

Lots of conversations about loss arose after the fire, and the lessons gained from this tragedy should not be forgotten.

Historically, humans have tended not to change their lifestyles or technologies until something catastrophic happened. For example, the 1906 San Francisco earthquake and the subsequent fire changed the city’s understanding of housing. The dense wooden structures were a tinderbox waiting for a match that, once ignited, would burn down a quarter of the city. This horrifying natural disaster sparked discussion of improving earthquake engineering design, urban planning, and fireproofing for buildings. Similarly, there is so much that we can learn from the Camp Fire, and there is so much we can do to prevent the next wildfire in Paradise and other communities like it.

After losing over 90% of its structures, Paradise has a second chance to be planned and built with contemporary knowledge and technology. The streets can be repaved to have sidewalks and bike lanes, commercial buildings can be closer to each other, and a wildland-urban interface zone can be created to provide defensible space and create a more physically resilient condition.

Paradise also has a chance to be proactive and solve other issues, including creating a town that is energy, water, and waste regenerative. This is an opportunity for Paradise to become the first Zero Net Energy town in California, paving the way for what is possible by evolving into an ideal mountain town. The heartbreaking tragedy of the past not only shaped Paradise’s history, but also becomes a chance to reimagine the town to be more resilient socially, economically, and physically.

Executive Summary Twenty-six thousand people were displaced due to the Camp Fire. One thousand families are still searching for housing six months after the fire. In order for the town’s residents to return home, Paradise needs to be rebuilt in a timely manner. A group of third-year architecture students from Cal Poly San Luis Obispo intended to bring inspiration to Paradise residents by designing sustainable, fire-resistant, community-oriented buildings. Based

on research and feedback from multiple rounds of community meetings, a new town concept plan with individual building designs has been tailored to revitalize Paradise and to act as a catalyst for further investment. Through mentoring and peerreview of designs from professional firms, the projects can be developed more fully to bring Paradise residents hope that there will be a home to which they can return.

photos by Google Maps

Design Process and Project Phases From January through June, the workflow was designed around human-centered design thinking. The process, created by the founders of the firm Ideo, is a method of solving complex problems. It is an iterative design process grounded in building understanding first, then giving all parties involved a chance to explore divergent ideas and thoughts, all before focusing in on converging solutions to address specific community needs.

photo by Joe Johnston

Timeline The 23-week process* was organized as follows with key presentations noted by date: Weeks 1 – 4 Researching and Building Understanding (and Empathy) January 17, 2019 Weeks 5 – 6 Urban / Concept Planning (Defining Issues) Weeks 7 – 9 Catalytic Project Conceptual Design (Creating Solutions/Prototyping/Testing) February 22, 2019 Weeks 10 – 12 Merged Catalytic Project Conceptual Design (Creating Solutions/Prototyping/ Testing) Weeks 13 – 15 Supplementary Research and Tours of Cities (Revising Empathy/Issues) Weeks 16 – 17 Catalytic Project Schematic Design (Creating Solutions/Prototyping/Testing) April 19, 2019 Weeks 18 – 25 Catalytic Project and Concept Plan Design Development) June 3, 2019 *This process commenced two weeks prior to the first of the two quarter series of courses, which accounts for the 25 weeks listed.

photo by Joe Johnston

02 History The rich history of Paradise dates back to 1848 when gold was first discovered along the American River. This attracted many of the town’s early settlers. The largest gold nugget, weighing 54 pounds, was found in Magalia, an adjacent town to the north.

This inspired the Gold Nugget Days Festival, which is celebrated annually in April.

these two tragic events, planners questioned whether it was safe to rebuild the town as it once was. It had been determined that the town lacked central planning and adequate infrastructure; Paradise was not fire resilient. Post Camp Fire, Paradise has an opportunity to redesign and address these problems to create a town that is resilient physically, socially, and economically.

Due to the Gold Rush, Paradise’s population grew and infrastructure was built reactively to support the settling families settling. Lumber mills, a post office, a school, and a church were built by 1880. Another round of settlers then came to Paradise and established agriculture, which became a big part of the town’s identity. Infrastructure like the Magalia Reservoir and the Paradise Irrigation District were created to support irrigation needs. In 1889, the town celebrated the Paradise Harvest Festival in honor of this agricultural heritage, which evolved into the Johnny Appleseed Days two-day festival that Paradise still celebrates today.

In just over a decade, from 1950 to the mid-1960s, the population of Paradise quadrupled to 20,000 people, and residents decided to incorporate as a town, and the town remained reactive to its rampant growth. Instead of a clear plan for development, the town had low density, sprawl, limited infrastructure, and discontinuous streets. These problems would contribute to the devastation of the wildfires to come.

In 2008, the Humboldt Fire evacuated 9,500 Paradise residents and destroyed 66 homes. Ten years later, in November of 2018, the Camp Fire devastated the town, killing 85 people and destroying 14,000 homes and 5,000 other buildings. After the second of

Photo from Hamilton Historical Records

Photo from Paradise Performing Arts Center

created by Jarrett, Eva, Alessandro, Ella, Nathan

Culture and Community Assets The culture of Paradise revolves around its history, community, and outdoor environment. The many assets of Paradise create its culture. Their greatest assets are its festivals and events, Recreation Center, Performing Arts Center, the many outdoor activities available to residents, and most importantly their strong community ties. All of these make Paradise a beloved home to its residents.

The town’s major festivals are the Gold Nugget Days, Johnny Appleseed Days, and the Chocolate Festival. Gold Nugget Days celebrate the beginnings of Paradise as a gold mining town where nearby in Magalia the largest gold nugget was found. The first two days of the festival feature a parade, a Miss Gold Nugget Pageant, a children’s costume contest, a donkey derby, and a crafts fair among many other fun activities. Johnny Appleseed Days celebrate its history of agriculture. It is a two-day festival during which there is local entertainment, vendors, artisans, and most importantly apple pies. The residents of Paradise bake a thousand apple pies for this event. The Chocolate Fest is a fun day to celebrate all things chocolate. Among the events during this day are the “fun run” called the Chocolate Chase, a bike ride called Tour ‘de Chocolate, the Chocolate Cuisine Challenge, and the royal coronation of the Chocolate Fest Queen and King. These three festivals bring the community together to celebrate their town, history, and people, and community celebrations is one of the town’s strongest assets. The other most important asset the town has is its natural environment.

Paradise is recognized for its dynamic surroundings, with vistas of pine and oak forests, rivers, and mountains. Being there is like living and breathing nature. During the summer months, there are swimming spots and rivers right outside of town. There are many hikes and trails like the Paradise Flume Trail to the east of town and the Paradise Memorial Trailway, which is located right along the middle of town. In the winter months when it snows, a short drive southwest allows residents to ski and snowboard. In town,

they have parks like Billie Park, which has beautiful landscaping, a gazebo, and a lake that makes it a great place to go for the day.

It is also a great venue for events like weddings and birthdays.

There is Terry Ashe Park, as well, where the Paradise Recreation Center is located. The Recreation Center is utilized for birthdays and events, and during the winter the skating rink opens. The natural landscape and available outdoor activities make being active in sports and outdoors a great part of the lives of the people of Paradise.

All of these assets, the festivals, nature and outdoor activities, and civic centers, create the culture and lifestyle of Paradise.

These are the reasons people settled in Paradise and they are the reasons people choose to retire there. It is what makes its people feel proud and passionate about their town.

photo by Kelsey Jones

Economics Similar to many rural towns scattered across the United States, Paradise had a very localized economy. As a town with a majorly aging population, Paradise employs 10,024 people out of a total population of 26,396 people. Based on an index in which the U.S. average cost of living is 100 (an index > 100 means it is more expensive compared to the U.S. average), California is 169, and Paradise is 111. Housing is the biggest factor in the cost of living in Paradise. The median property value is $205,500, which is higher than the U.S. ($193,500), but lower than California ($442,400).

As a comparatively affordable town in the State of California, it is no surprise that some former Chico residents would want to retire to the town. In fact, the top three industries of healthcare and social assistance (25.8%; 2,589 people), retail trade (13.2%; 1,319 people), and educational services (8.4%; 844 people) complement its aging population. The healthcare and social assistance category consists of registered nurses; nursing, psychiatric, and home health aides; and personal care aides. This category is the fifth highest paying industry in Paradise; employees earn a median annual income of $32,483. The retail trade category consists of retail salespersons, first-line supervisors of retail sales workers, and cashiers. The educational services category consists of elementary and middle school teachers, postsecondary teachers, and teacher assistants. This category is the fourth highest paying industry in Paradise; employees earn a median annual income of $33,496.

accommodation and food services ($11.538); and administrative, support, and waste management services ($20,424).

Occupationally, the most common jobs of Paradise residents are administrative (11.4%; 1,145 people), management (10.3%; 1,033 people), and sales (9.6%; 960 people). From there, Paradise has an unusually high number of residents working in the occupation categories of health technicians (450 people); personal care and service (728 people); and farming, fishing, and forestry (101 people). The highest paying jobs by annual median earnings are life, physical, and social science employees ($79,955), firefighting supervisors ($71,625), and legal employees ($63,247). The lowest paying jobs are in food and serving ($13,072), arts and recreation ($14,561), and personal care and service ($15,405).

Unfortunately, due to its isolated location with limited localized economic opportunity, Paradise did have a stagnant economy before the Camp Fire. Its unemployment rate of the time was 4.6%, whereas the national rate is 3.9%. University students were not returning to Paradise after graduation, which led to the increasingly aging workforce. Additionally, many residents did not work in Paradise and would instead commute every day to Chico in order to compete in the job market.

Additionally, as a rural town, Paradise has a high number of residents working in the industry categories of agriculture, forestry, fishing, hunting (251 people), healthcare and social assistance (2,589 people), and utilities (123 people), which, according to the census, is high comparatively for a town its size. The highest paying industries in Paradise by annual median earnings are utilities ($67,667), real estate, rentals and leasing ($52,130), and finance and insurance ($50,679). The lowest paying industries are arts, entertainment, and recreation ($9.453); Healthcare icons by Icon Pond

Prior and Anticipatory Demographics Before the Camp Fire, Paradise was home to a population of 26,400 people, from which 98.9% are US citizens. As of 2017, 2.39% of Paradise, CA residents were born outside of the country.

The ethnic composition of the population of Paradise is composed of 23,300 White alone residents (88.3%), 1,640 Hispanic or Latino residents (6.21%), 834 Two or More Races residents (3.15%), 308 American Indian and Alaska Native alone residents (1.17%), 269 Asian alone residents (1.02%), 53 Black or African American alone residents (0.2%), 0 Native Hawaiian and Other Pacific Islander alone residents (0%), and 0 Some Other Race alone residents (0%). Given its demographics, the most common foreign languages spoken in Paradise are Spanish or Spanish Creole (703 speakers), German (167 speakers), and Chinese (88 speakers).

Due to the disproportionally large young and old populations in Paradise, the median age of all people in Paradise was 49.2.

Native-born citizens, with a median age of 49, were generally younger than foreign-born citizens, with a median age of 58.

Paradise was majorly a town with young families and retired couples. Consequently, the town was home to a large population of veterans with over 1,039 Vietnam, 299 Korean, and 217 Gulf War veterans.

Looking forward, the demographics of the town will change dramatically as people begin to repopulate the area. In fact, according to a survey from Urban Design Associates, only 51% of residents plan on returning to Paradise. Furthermore, only 36% say that they intend to have their children return to school in Paradise. Through conversation with displaced Paradise residents, many have expressed that retired residents have decided that it is not worth the wait to rebuild in Paradise and have instead moved elsewhere. Many generational families likely will return to Paradise since their families have resided there for centuries. As for the influx of people wanting to re-populate Paradise, the overall economic, workforce, and educational development of the town will determine the demographics of the “new� Paradise.

Anticipatory Demographics:

0-5 years old: 5% 5-18 years old: 15% 18-24 years old: 10%

24-48 years old: 25% 48-64 years old: 25%

64 and older: 20% People icons by Freepik

Ecosystem Understanding (Biodiversity, Climatic Conditions, Topography, etc.)

Paradise is a town in Butte County, California, located at 35.7596º N, 121.6219º W. Paradise is located to the east of Chico and north of Sacramento in the Sierra Nevada foothills in a lush green environment among pine and oak forests. It is located on a ridge in the foothills that has elevations ranging from 2,000 to 2,800 feet above sea level. The land in Paradise is rugged, resembling a plateau surrounded by canyons that becomes increasingly hilly. Its topography ranges from being extremely walkable to non-buildable with slopes ranging between 0% up to greater than 20%. Paradise has only a few main roads due to its unique topography. Soils in Paradise are well drained and of a reddish brown loam. Paradiso, originally formed from volcanic rock, is the most common soil found in the town.

Pre Camp Fire land use types in Paradise ranged from commercial zoning to residential, industrial, public service, and agricultural.

Uses were separated horizontally, with the primary commercial zones being along Skyway and Clark.

Paradise is a grassland chaparral and mixed conifer habitat biome. This type of biome, along with the climate of Paradise, allows for the town to be covered in a heavy green canopy, creating a wooded sense of place. There are many natural assets in and around Paradise, such as the water features within Butte County surrounding Paradise—Feather River and Butte Creek, that contribute to the rich diversity in vegetation and wildlife. There are also many protected areas within the county such as Plumas National Forest, Butte Sink National Wildlife Refuge, and Lassen National Forest, which contribute to the beauty and preservation of the natural assets surrounding the town.

Native vegetation in Paradise includes tall foothill ponderosa pines, California black or blue oaks, western redbud, lupine, flannelbush, buckeye, California buckwheat, common whiteleaf manzanita, California fuschia, deergrass, and coyote brush. Most of these native plants require well-drained soils, are drought

tolerant, and are able to withstand the hot, dry summers of Paradise.

The type of wildlife found in Paradise can range from snakes (king snakes, rattlesnakes, gopher snakes, garter snakes, and striped racer snakes), opossums, bats, squirrels, fox, racoons, mountain lions, western bluebirds, yellow warblers, bobcats, coyotes, and bears.

Paradise has a heating dominated Mediterranean climate that consists of hot summers and wet, cool winters. The predominant wind direction comes from the northeast along the ridge and under some conditions is strong. Average summer temperatures for June, July, and August are in the 90º’s F range with June having an average high and low of 84º/60 º, July with 92º/66º, and August with an average high and low of 90º/64º. Fall temperatures average around 70º F. September has an average high and low of 85º/61º F, while October has an average of 74º/53º F, and November has 60º/44º F average high and low temperatures.

Average winter temperatures reach as low as 36º F. December has an average high and low temperature of 53º/39º F, while January has averages of 54º/39º F, and February has averages of 57º/41º F. The temperature averages 68º F in the spring. The average high and low in March is 61º/43º F, while April averages 66º/47º F, and May averages 76º/53º F. The town experiences snowfall in the winter as well. Paradise averages approximately three inches of snowfall per year and nearly inches of rain on average per year, which is greater than the average rainfall for California at 22 inches annually.

Due to the nature of this climate, good passive design strategies to utilize in Paradise are natural ventilation and cooling, direct solar heat gain, solar shading on the south, and minimizing north glazing. Other strategies to consider are utilizing thermal mass, implementing the use of solar pv panels on rooftops for energy production, planting native vegetation that is low water maintenance and fire resistant, and using green roofs for rainwater collection.

Taking advantage of the strong northeast wind would require a design that incorporates opposite inlet and outlet air openings into the building designs. Inlet openings should be oriented perpendicular to the prevailing wind direction and outlet openings should be oriented opposite the inlet openings to provide for natural cross ventilation. Elongating the building forms along the east and west directions will minimize solar heat gain and allow for cooling.

of vegetation around buildings. Areas within 30 feet of buildings must be planted with vegetation that cannot easily ignite and should be routinely maintained. Canopies of mature trees should not be within 10 feet of a building to avoid the risk of ignition.

Choosing to landscape with plants that are low growing and have a high moisture content such as herbaceous non woody plants and succulents within 3 feet of a building will help to mitigate the risk of fire spreading due to vegetation.

Utilizing a green roof in building design would provide for both roof insulation and lower air temperatures and also would provide for water retention. Implementing a green roof into building design requires anywhere between 2.5 inches to 39 inches in thickness for the proper structure and roofing material implementation depending on the intensity of the roof garden.

Designing for daylighting requires considerations in building form, shading, and glazing area. Buildings with a narrow floor plate and elongated east and west can maximize glazing to light interior spaces while minimizing solar heat gain on the north and south faces. Incorporating high ceilings and windows will also optimize interior lighting. To design for solar shading on the south face, exterior horizontal louvers and horizontal overhangs can be used.

Shading should be size as the size of the glazing on that face in order for it to work effectively.

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Topography with sun path diagram.

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Good landscaping strategies to implement into this mountainside community are preserving native species, landscaping with fire resilient species, preserving natural drainage patterns on site, protecting and preserving healthy soils, and locating and managing vegetation to mitigate potential fire hazards and prevent unnecessary grading or stripping of vegetation. Planting trees on the east and west faces of buildings cools the ground around the buildings as well as air temperatures and provides for shading. With landscaping a site, it is important to consider effective defensible space, which requires proper management

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Photo from Active Norc

cal

03 The Camp Fire All cities grapple with responding to threats. In California, natural threats include tsunamis, earthquakes, flooding or fires and in some cases a mix of all these. Towns in locations in High Fire Hazard Zones are primarily contending with the threat of wildland sourced fires. These fires can be caused by natural sources such as lightning, human-caused or infrastructure-based. The more accessible the natural setting, the more likely that humans play a role, intentional or not, in enhancing these natural threats.

In Paradise, there were two fires in 2008 that necessitated evacuation, caused damage to property (buildings and vehicles), and played a role in influencing the natural surroundings that created the deadly conditions of the 2018 fire. Post 2008, PG&E provided maintenance along the ridge where they removed mature trees surrounding the above ground utility lines Once these mature trees had been removed, the underbrush was able to grow exponentially, and PG&E did not continue with their maintenance regimen.

The Camp Fire of Butte County, California, began on November 8, 2018, and was not fully contained until the 25th of November.

During that time, the fire swept through the town of Paradise and the surrounding wilderness. The fire led to 85 civilian fatalities and 12 people injured. By the time of containment,153,300 acres and nearly 19,000 structures had burned, depleting the town of most of its resources, including fresh water. The fire created $16.5 billion in damage, over $4 billion of which was not insured.

The Camp Fire was the deadliest and most destructive wildfire in Californiaâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s history and the deadliest fire in the United States since the Cloquet Fire of 1918.

Further investigations since this time determined that undermaintained electrical transmission lines ignited fires in two locations (Pulga and Concow/Rim Roads) to create the deadly fire. These initial starts combined with â&#x20AC;&#x153;idealâ&#x20AC;? fire conditions to create the extraordinarily fast moving and hot burning fire. Winds were blowing down the ridge at 40 - 50 mph, relative humidity was extraordinarily low (11%), and the ignition points were met with poorly maintained underbrush that acted as perfect fuel for the fire. Interestingly enough, the underbrush was thriving due to maintenance practices caused by the 2008 fires, which also were found to be caused by PG&E.

Photo by Noah Berger

Defining and Implementing Recovery Recovery in the wake of disaster is a multifaceted challenge reliant on the ability of community members and aid organizations to cooperate toward shared goals.

Many entities can be involved in both short- and long-term recovery, including residents/community members themselves, volunteer and civic organizations, faithbased organizations, schools, businesses, academic institutions, and governmental agencies.

After the Camp Fire, the first steps toward recovery were taken by community members themselves, who set up an encampment in the parking lot of a Walmart in Chico, California. Later, FEMA began passing out motel room vouchers and the Red Cross and local church congregations established ten shelters. Finding access to shelter and food, along with medical care for the injured, should always be the first response after a disaster, as meeting these basic needs is the catalyst that helps those impacted regain their sense of safety and may allow them to process the trauma they have faced. The effects of disasters like the Camp Fire on mental health range based on personal experience. Residents of Paradise experienced a myriad of traumas including sustaining serious injuries; enduring near-death experiences; losing loved ones; witnessing devastation among friends, family, neighbors, and the greater community; and experiencing the irreparable loss of possessions and property. In their article on the psychological impact of natural disasters in adults, Anka A. Vujanovic and Matthew W. Gallagher state that “individuals directly impacted by natural disasters may be feel a strong sense of grief, panic, loss, fear, and sadness.” In Paradise, professionals came in to help with the psychological effects of the tremendous loss, but notably community members uplifted and supported one another in their recovery. “Maintaining a connection to others in the aftermath of disaster can be healing for individuals and the community. Avoiding isolation and increasing social support is an important factor in building resilience” (Vujanovic and Gallagher).

As these basic needs of physical and psychological health were addressed, the community also began to focus on long-term recovery with the Paradise Long-Term Recovery Working Group. While Paradise is a community destroyed by disaster, it is also a community with a desire to rebuild. FEMA notes the need to plan for long-term recovery, or “ the need to re-establish a healthy, functioning community that will sustain itself over time.” It outlines 13 important steps to long-term recovery:

Assessing the Need This assessment focuses on establishing the “long-term impact of damages sustained by a community,” looking specifically at the housing, infrastructure, environment, and economy sectors. In Paradise, the immediate needs that were identified included site clean-up, infrastructure improvement, and funding sources for the rebuild. Meeting these needs is seen as the precursor to rebuilding a new, more resilient Paradise. At the site level, was quick to identify the physical damage caused by the fire, making this information readily available to residents and those attempting to help: Cal Fire ArcGIS.

Photo from Mercury News

Photo by Gabrielle Lurie

Selecting a Leader and Outlining a Long Term Community Recovery Program FEMA states that leadership is a critical step in recovery, noting “a good leader will serve as a beacon for community and government involvement and will convey the importance of the recovery process to local, state, and federal officials.” To help with the long-term recovery, a number of supporting organizations listed joined with the Town of Paradise and Urban Design Associates (UDA) to create a Long Term Recovery Plan.

Securing Outside Support Because of the nature of disaster, recovery facilitated solely through one organization is impossible. Creating partnerships with local, state, and federal agencies, as well as private and non-governmental organizations, can make the recovery process more effective. The Town of Paradise found partnerships with several public and private agencies across the spectrum of needs it identified. These include organizations that focus on economic development, schools and youth, utilities, arts and culture, academia, and housing. Because support from these agencies must be coordinated, frequent meetings at a range of scales have been held, and the input from all groups has been noted in order to best create a plan that meets the desires of the town. A fund has been formed, titled Butte Strong, which focuses on addressing long-term recovery needs. Further work is yet to be done to engage support beyond this source, including funds from PG&E, the State of California, the federal government, and other sources. UDA hosted several outreach meetings to engage the community, and their desires for the future of Paradise after the devastation of the Camp Fire have been heard.

Photo from makeitparadise.org

Reaching a Consensus Paradise is currently at this stage, where stakeholders are making decisions that will allow the long-term recovery program to move forward. While stakeholders may be diverse, and there may be tensions between different groups, these groups can be continuously re-oriented toward common goals that better the community and town as a whole.

Paradise has many steps ahead, and the recovery process likely will not end for many years. The Paradise community has strong leaders and community members that are dedicated to rebuilding, and their progress thus far in establishing a plan illustrates their willingness and excitement moving forward toward a more resilient town. Marcy Douglas, city administrator of Northwood, North Dakota, a community of 1,000 that was leveled by a category 4 tornado, believes that the recovery mindset was

vital to the rebuilding of her city, explaining, â&#x20AC;&#x153;If you respond to a disaster with recovery in mind, recovery will happenâ&#x20AC;? (Douglas as quoted by Becker, 7).

Establishing a Public Information Campaign The long-term success of a recovery program is largely determined by the extent of community involvement. A public information campaign helps get community members involved and focused on long-term planning for the community. This can be a challenge when the long-term circumstances of community members may be unclear. Residents are scattered across the country, but with an anticipated 51% of residents planning to return to the town to rebuild, sharing information to involve the community is critical and allows the community to take back ownership of their town.

The Town of Paradise has since hired an agency, Blue Flamingo, to help with communication.

Photo by Michelle Wiley

Wildland Urban Interface In California, the number of housing units in Wildland Urban Interface (WUI) has gone up from 3.3 million units in 1990 to 4.4 million in 2010 (Cal Fire). WUIs are communities surrounded by natural areas at risk of wildland fires. Roughly 50% of Butte County, California, and the entire town of Paradise are characterized by Cal Fire as being located in a very high fire hazard severity zone.

However, the purpose of the WUI standard is meant to inform communities on materials for buildings that can preserve life.

The State Fire Marshal states that protecting a building from a wildfire requires two things: 1) removing flammable materials from around the building, with fuel modification to 100 feet (or the property line), and 2) constructing the building of fire-resistive materials.

Paradise is in a very high fire haz

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For reconstruction, there is an opportunity to leverage existing on-site resources and improve fire resistivity in newly built structures. Materials listed such as solid wood and crosslaminated timber (CLT) are now recognized nationally (and by code) as sustainable methods deemed to have a very appropriate performance in a fire (up to 90 minutes). Unlike steel, solid wood and CLT remain structurally stable in a fire up to 400 degrees by creating a charred layer.

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Fire-retardant (Class A) roofing mat Fire-resistant roof and attic vents Noncombustible or ignition-resistan Noncombustible or ignition-resistan Tempered glass windows Noncombustible or ignition-resistan Enclosed underfloor areas Shield gutters to prevent build up o

Please see Wildland-Urban Interface (WUI) Co CCR Title 24: California Building Code: Chapter Note that the state updates this code from tim

zard area. New construction must follow CA's

nterface Requirements

If you own or maintain a home in Paradise, you are required to

Maintain Defensible Space

“ 100 Feet of Defensible Space is the Law ”

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9 5

terial

nt decking nt doors

nt cladding

of plant debris

odes and Standards. The information above is based on r 7A and CCR Title 24: California Building Code: Chapter 15. me to time.

Zone 1: 0 to 30 feet from house or to property line 1. Separate trees and shrubs from other flammable items.

2. Remove dead plants, grass, and weeds.

3. Remove any tree branches that overhang your roof, keep dead branches at least 10 feet from your chimney, and maintain the roof free of leaves, needles, and other vegetative materials.

4. Prune or remove flammable plants or shrubs near windows.

5. Remove vegetation or flammable items from around and under decks.

6. Trim trees to keep branches 10 feet away from other trees.

Zone 2: 30 to 100 feet from house or to property line 7. Create horizontal space between shrubs and trees.

8. Keep lawns trimmed down to 4 inches.

9. Remove fallen debris from below trees if it’s more than 3 inches deep.

10. Remove all branches below 6 feet above ground from all large trees (Zone 1 and 2).

11. Use fire-resistant accessory structures and fencing (Zone 1 and 2).

Please see readyforwildfire.org (CalFire). The information above is based on California Public Resources Code Sec. 4291 and CCR Title 14: Natural Resources: 1299.03 and General Guidelines for Creating Defensible Space by State Board of Forestry and Fire Protection (BOF) and California Department of Forestry and Fire Protection. Note that the state updates this code from time to time.

Created by Urban Design Associates

through

a year

Social Resiliency Resiliency Resiliency is defined as the ability of a place, and all aspects that makes that place unique, to recover after a disaster. This broad idea of resiliency is broken down into three major categories: social, economic, and physical. In order for design to fully support its user population, it should seek to provide resilience in all three of these categories. The intersection of different types of resiliency compounds the ability of the environment to prevent and recover from disaster.

Social 01 Resiliency 02 A socially resilient place has a strong sense of community that is developed through community events, classes, and architecture that fosters congregation. Paradise was able to maintain this type of community through several different churches as well as popular community events. Such a community is able to come DIVERSE LIVELIHOODS SUPPORT MECHANISMS back together in the aftermath of a disaster in order to organize Various industries for job opportunity.

Systems to catch people if they fall. and create a recovery plan.

Economic Resiliency 05 06 01 02 Creating a place with economic resiliency ensures that it can recover after economic downturns and also have a financial base to aid in natural disaster recovery. Planning for and inviting diversity of business and industry enhances resiliency and also helps create income for a town or city. Prior to the Camp Fire, the COMMUNITY SUPPORT CREATE TRUSThurdles Town of Paradise was in fiscal decline,SUPPORT which hasMECHANISMS created DIVERSE LIVELIHOODS Secure individuals leads to secure comCitizens can trust each other and their industries for job opportunity.

Systems to catch people if they fall. munities. government. forVarious rebuilding efforts. Moving forward, Paradise is working to design a more vibrant town that provides for its residentsâ&#x20AC;&#x2122; most basic needs and creates diverse livelihood and employment 05 06 opportunities for the residents to enjoy. Building this type of economy will provide residents with head-of-household jobs that provide financial security for families and individuals alike.

COMMUNITY SUPPORT

Secure individuals leads to secure communities.

CREATE TRUST

Citizens can trust each other and their government.

01

02

03

DIVERSE LIVELIHOODS

SUPPORT MECHANISMS

SUPPORTED PIV

Various industries for job opportunity.

Systems to catch people if they fall.

05 03 01

COMMUNITYPIVOTING SUPPORT SUPPORTED DIVERSE LIVELIHOODS

Secure individuals leads to secure comPeople canmunities. adapt to changes.

Various industries for job opportunity.

07 05 03

GIVE PEOPLE PLATFORMS COMMUNITY SUPPORT SUPPORTED PIVOTING Let people be heard and Secure individuals leads to speak secureout. comPeople can adapt to changes. munities.

07

06 04 02

CREATE TRUST LONG TERM LIVELIHOOD SUPPORT MECHANISMS Citizens can trust each other and their Translates tocatch savings + secure income.

Systems to people if they fall. government.

08 06 04

COMMUNITYTRUST IDENTITY LONGCREATE TERM LIVELIHOOD Trusting communities form and unique Citizens can trust each other their Translates to savings + secure income. identities. government.

08

GIVE PEOPLE PLATFORMS

COMMUNITY IDENTITY

Let people be heard and speak out.

Trusting communities form unique identities.

People can adapt to ch

07 03

GIVE PEOPLE PLA SUPPORTED PIV Let people be heard and

People can adapt to ch

07

GIVE PEOPLE PLA Let people be heard and

Social Resiliency through intergenerational interactions.

Photo from Sixty and Me

Physical Resiliency Of special importance to the Town of Paradise and other communities that reside in the Wildland Urban Interface is physical resiliency. This form of resiliency focuses on designing a built environment that is defensible against disaster. In Paradise, this involves designing buildings composed of fire resistive or non-combustible materials. Other considerations include the local availability and embodied energy of materials. Paradise must also redesign its communications, water, and energy infrastructure to sustain its anticipated future population. To build a strong foundation for new residents and future generations, these new or renovated water and energy infrastructures should be regenerative.

Physical Resiliency through responsible design strategies.

From 2030pallete.org

Learning from Others (New Orleans, Newbern, Atlanta) New Orleans The Ninth Ward, which was funded by the Make It Right Foundation, is an example of architecture that failed to properly address the community it was serving. These houses failed to account for the environment of New Orleans, they didn’t fit into the surrounding neighborhood, and they weren’t built in a way to help prevent major damage to them if another hurricane were to hit. However, Musicians’ Village exemplifies a successful PostKatrina development. This neighborhood stuck to the traditional style of architecture found in the area and kept the prices of these homes at an affordable rate so families could move in and have property with which they could accrue wealth. While visiting Waggoner and Ball, they presented some of their projects in New Orleans and how these projects address the very prominent issue of flooding. Their projects also had a large focus on contributing to the beautification of the neighborhoods in which they were situated while still conforming to culture of the areas.

surrounding neighborhood and to attract people into moving into them to help culturally revitalize the community. Programs like this show the importance of not only designing a project that fits into the surrounding community, but one that also actively contributes to the community culturally. It has to improve the community as a whole and help make it a desirable place in which to live.

These communities exemplify the importance of understanding the community itself, the needs of it and the people who inhabit it. Without this understanding, the design of the project starts to become less about the residents, which results in a weaker project that seems out of place in the surrounding context. This understanding is fundamental to the design process, and when it is analyzed meaningfully, it results in a project that is both valued by the community and used by the community. It’s also important to take into consideration the risk that comes with building in a certain area and appropriately adapting the building to mitigate or prevent damage.

Urban Build, which is a program run through Tulane University, allows students to fully design and build houses in economically disadvantaged neighborhoods. These houses are then sold at market rate for the neighborhood in which they are built. The purpose of these projects is to help increase the value of the

Photo by Robyn Tanner

Newburn, Alabama The town of Newbern and the Rural Studio also provided some insight on how to properly design projects that feel like part of the communities theyâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;re serving while remaining architecturally stimulating. All these projects achieved a balance between modernity and modesty, giving them a unique feeling of innovation and comfort. A lot of these projects used similar building materials found in other existing projects in the community but combined them with a more modern and contemporary take on architecture.

The importance of finding a balance between this drive as an architect to create a visually and experientially stunning project and a project that appropriately addresses the needs and feeling of the surrounding town is tough. However, finding that middle ground is essential to a successful project.

Atlanta In Atlanta, BNIM had a design charrette session that provided a lot of valuable information. While they echoed some of the lessons stated above, they also stressed the importance of having a project respond to its immediate surroundings either by using a building to frame certain views or move and highlight important features of the site. They also focused a lot on how the facade of a building can really impact how people at the street level experience it, because this is the only way people will experience the project. While it may look good from a birdâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s-eye view, if the project feels massive or domineering, it wonâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;t feel welcoming.

The whole trip was an extremely helpful experience being able to collaborate briefly with professional architects and pick apart successful and unsuccessful projects. These projects and people had a lot of valuable lessons that are essential to being able to design a project that appropriately responds to and addresses the people and community it is meant to serve.

Photo by Stacey White

04 Outreach and Common Themes Before establishing a set of goals and objectives for the (re) imagining Paradise project, it was necessary to extend beyond tertiary resources to real and interpersonal interactions. The first three weeks of studio were primarily concerned with research of the Town of Paradise and Butte County. The data was then compiled into a series of assessments that were displayed during the different outreach sessions with Chico and former Paradise residents. These reports included resiliency palettes, precedent studies, asset maps, and informational posters regarding Paradise’s demographics, climate, history, etc. The outreach was divided into multiple sessions that allowed diverse interaction with audiences ranging from Chico State students and faculty, Paradise residents, and disaster recovery organizations. These sessions served more as forms of interactive listening meetings to gain feedback and develop a personal understanding of Paradise before proceeding with a recovery plan. In order to achieve this, different activities took place within the meetings such as interactive boards where attendees were able to mark assessment reports, a “how might we” station where people could brainstorm and write on sticky notes, and one-on-one interviews where Paradise residents shared their personal experiences as “Day in the Life” descriptions.

There were many recurring topics discussed during these listening meetings. Faculty of Chico State, for example, addressed that Paradise was a “bedroom” community, a town many went to for retirement. Among the different audiences with whom students met during these sessions, many agreed that Paradise needed better fire safety and evacuation routes through both an improved network of roads and increased communication among residents. However, many also expressed Paradise’s strengths such as proximity to nature, its small town culture, the spirit of

the people within the community, and its access to healthcare.

Finally, there was discussion about the future of Paradise where opportunities for an improved wastewater system, more businesses, a walkable downtown, a safer street network, and more were imagined.

How Might We…Brainstorming and Outcomes In the initial phase of re-imagining Paradise, gathering information and opinions beyond online resources took priority.

The second week of studio - the week prior to the first trip to Paradise - concerned itself primarily with empathetic listening and preparing to better listen to the needs of Paradise residents without the hindrance of personal biases. In small groups, students shared research from the prior week about the town.

During the in-class activity, a variety of researched information turned into educated assumptions about both the current state of the town and possible future needs of future residents, which then became a set of concise insight statements that took a more specific stance on the themes discussed. Without providing direct solutions, these insight statements acted as building blocks to propel the class’s initial design efforts forward.

For the next few class sessions, the studio walls were engulfed in multi-colored sticky notes and desks were covered in unused post-its with remnants of past iterative ideas. General themes gathered during the first activity session written on large postits—such as transportation, sense of community, lifestyle, and city planning—were lined up along the top of each wall with enough room below to hold a plethora of sticky notes with ideas as to how to tend to these themes. During the final step of this activity, the insight statements and proposed ideas were rephrased as “How Might We” questions. In reframing ideas and challenges into

questions, a more direct and creative way of seeking innovative solutions by breaking down problems into themes, focused issues, and commonalities ensued.

Because this project tackles a large issue, gaining insight through interpersonal activities with displaced residents of Paradise proved to be a crucial step in the class’s overall approach to re-imagining a more resilient urban forest. The third week of the double quarter welcomed the first class trip to Paradise and Chico where we were able to speak with college faculty, practicing engineers, and displaced adult and child former residents. The “How Might We” activity followed the class to Butte County in the form of a station where students engaged in dialogue with individuals who are passionate about the future of their town. Although the previous few weeks were dedicated to in-depth research about Paradise and its residents pre-and-post fire, speaking directly with people who experienced the fire and are still dealing with the loss proved to contribute to and further develop the objective assessments that were initially brought along on the trip.

The iterative processes that came with the in-class activity instilled confidence in the research and insights developed through both that research and the class discussions that concerned themselves with sustainability, flexibility of spaces, an urban core, and walkability amongst a multitude of other topics.

While different groups in class focused their attention on varying topics, common themes found in each group’s brainstorming sessions made it evident that certain topics such as architectural resiliency, designing with understanding, re-urbanization, and walkability were main areas of concern that should be tactfully addressed through project designs. In the case of pedestrian movement through the town, research shed light on the effects Paradise’s rural sprawl had on its residents. This prior research instilled unwavering confidence in the statement, “Make Paradise more walkable through articulating more pedestrian-friendly roads.” However, with a lack of realization regarding how

pedestrians could experience walking through the town with the sprawl on its existing topography, learning about the experiential quality of being a pedestrian in Paradise during conversations with former adult and high school residents shed light on how to re-approach this design question.

The initial research phase posed the question: “How might we make Paradise more walkable?” With the knowledge generated through community outreach sessions conducted in Chico and Paradise, it became evident that walkability and the implementation of arbitrary pedestrian walkways are not exactly synonymous. Instead, walkability was articulated as an issue that could be addressed and mediated through re-evaluating, reorganizing, and re-establishing a denser mixed-use downtown.

Comments from adults and high school students alike articulated that distance between points of interest in the town made walking to and from work or school to a cafe difficult due to the distance and slopes between the locations exceeding the range of pedestrian comfortability.

While posing these “how might we” questions did not yield direct design solutions, they greatly contributed to the development of designs and ideas. These insightful conversations shared between the class and the community of Paradise allowed students to step back from the objectivity of online research and facilitate their design conversations by integrating both objective assessments and gained personal insight to further develop projects with the wellbeing of Paradise and its residents in mind.

Photo by Alyson Liang

Photo by Alyson Liang

INPUT + OUTPUT SOURCES: BUTTE COUNTY GRAY WATER RECYCLING

COMPOST

LANDFILL

RECYCLED PLASTICS

ON-SITE WASTEWATER TREATMENT

WA STE

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4

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1

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65

2

3

MUNICIPAL WELLS USED BY CAL WATER CHICO + COUNTY

3

1

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UNJUDICATED ACQUIFIERS OF SACRAMENTO RIVER VALLEY

33%

24%

17%

12%

RENEWABLE

HYDRO

NATURAL GAS

NUCLEAR

2

1

*14% UNSPECIFIED

POPULATION: 223,877 NUMBER OF EMPLOYEES: 91,019 MEDIAN AGE: 36.9 MEDIAN HOUSEHOLD INCOME: $44,366 HOUSEHOLDS: 85,505 MEDIAN PROPERTY VALUE: $228,500 POVERTY RATE: 21.3% TOP INDUSTRY: HEALTHCARE + SOCIAL [18.1%]

5

LEGEND NATURE 1 BIDWELL PARK 2 FEATHER FALLS 3 TABLE MOUNTAIN 4 THE FLUMES 5 SUTTER BUTTES BREWERIES 1 FEATHER BREWING 2 BUTTE COUNTY WINE 3 SIERRA NEVADA BIG ROOM 4 BRITISH BULLDOG BREWERY

4

2

MULTIRACIAL 4.7% HISPANIC

ATTRACTIONS 1 MUSEUM OF N. CALIFORNIA ART 2 OROVILLE STATE THEATER 3 THEATER ON RIDGE 4 BIDWELL BAR BRIDGE SCHOOLS 1 BUTTE COLLEGE 2 CHICO STATE HOSPITALS

COUNTY SEAT

16.5%

WHITE 78.8%

BUTTE COUNTY, CA

PLANNING FOR RESILIENCY WHAT IS RESILENCY?

Resiliency is the capacity to adapt to arising challenges, maintain stamina and strength in the face of demands, and recover efficiently and effectively when damaged.

PHYSICAL RESILIENCY

SOCIAL RESILIENCY

Paradise is a rural-type town comprising of spaced out homes, few main roads, and old constructed buildings. In order to achieve physical resiliency these aspects must be improved in the following ways

SUSTAINABILITY

CONSTRUCTION METHODS

Paradise already has a very strong and united community, as eviden by the multitude of events they host every year. This is one of the cornerstones of being able to rebuild and restart, which puts them at a great advantage.

LOCATION

ENVIRONMENT RESPONSIVE Taking advantage of the town’s available envirnmental resources can make the town more efficient.

ORGANIZATION An efficient town layout will not only strengthen community but also provide efficiency in case of evacuation

COMMUNICATIONS TECHNOLOGY Developing effiecient ways to communicate within the town will help citizens be aware of their surroundings

ZONING Setting zoning standards can help organize the town, and determine the area’s construction limitations. This will allow more consistency and assure that infastructure is built correctly

ON-SITE ENERGY PRODUCTION Producing energy within the town will relieve the reliance on outside resources.

PROXIMITY Be conscious of certain proximities includes distance between homes or neighborhoods, and also being weary of building near disaster prone areas.

TRANSPORTATION

RAINWATER COLLECTION Take advantage of the town’s abundant rain and look to harvesting rainwater.

PASSIVE STRATEGIES Passive strategies do not require any outside energy. Because of this, it will be beneficial to take advantage of the town’s environmental assets

293

300

U.S. AVER AGE CALIFORNI A

250

PARADIS E

Data from U.S. Census Bureau. Updated May 2017

Educational services 7.6%

Some high school 5.8% Others 20.5%

98

107

107102

100 93

Translates to savings + secure income.

06

07

08

CREATE TRUST

Citizens can trust each other and their government.

Paradise needs affordable, safe houses with a strong foundation that can resist future disasters, and provide comfort in interior spaces. A basic level of wellbeing also allows people to deal with unforeseen circumstances.

This is only possible once their physiological needs are met through a basic level of provision of food, water and sanitation, energy and shelter. This relates to the extent to which everyone’s basic needs are met.

GIVE PEOPLE PLATFORMS

COMMUNITY IDENTITY

Let people be heard and speak out.

Trusting communities form unique identities.

Diverse Economic Base

Diverse livelihood opportunities and support mechanisms allow citizens to proactively respond to changing conditions within their city without undermining their wellbeing. Access to finance, skills training and business support enables individuals to pursue a range of options to secure the critical assets necessary to meet their basic needs. Long-term, secure livelihoods allow people to accrue personal savings that will support their development and their survival during times of crisis. This is facilitated by access to finance, ability to accrue savings, skills training, business support, and social welfare.

Manufacturing 3.5%

Retail trade 13.5%

147

136 111

Construction 7.9%

Administrative, support, waste management services 3.6%

169

100

LONG TERM LIVELIHOOD

People can adapt to changes.

Well Managed Finances

PO PUL ATION BY OCCU PATION

200

150

SUPPORTED PIVOTING

Systems to catch people if they fall.

COMMUNITY SUPPORT

Data from U.S. Census Bureau. Updated May 2017

Others 7.7% Degree master 2.4%

SUPPORT MECHANISMS

Secure individuals leads to secure communities.

PO PUL ATION BY EDUC ATION

Grade school 2.7%

DIVERSE LIVELIHOODS Various industries for job opportunity.

05

04

EMERGENCY RESPONSE Having a better investment in emergency services can help the town have less casualties and devastations.

ACCESS POINTS Providing more than one main access point into the town will allow easier connection with the rest of the county and easier evacuations.

Paradise is a place of natural beauty with recreation in both natural and urban environments. The entirety of Butte county is committed to protecting and enhancing its agriculture as the backbone of the economy, making Butte county a beautiful place to both live and work. This is slightly different within paradise. Paradise is a quaint small town that many residents move to for retirement. Moving forwards, economic resilience will be a product of the application of many different factors.

COST OF LIVING

03

Including a transportation system can encourage more walking and less dependency on vehicles.

ECONOMIC RESILIENCY

The cost of living indices are based on a US average of 100. An amount below 100 means Paradise is cheaper than the US average. A cost of living index above 100 means Paradise is more expensive. Updated in September 2018

02

INNOVATION

CODE COMPLIANCY Building codes will reassure overall safety with the town and can provide efficient circulation in case of emergencies.

CONSTRUCTION TYPES There are five types of construction which determine use of materials, i.e. steel or timber.

Choosing an appropriate type will ensure more robust buildings that can better withstand different forces.

01

96

101 104

High school grad only 32%

Degree 4 years 23. 3%

Professional,scientific, technical services 4.2% Public administration 5.5%

50

0

Overall

Grocery

Health

Housing

Utilities Transportation

Misc.

Degree 2 years 16.2%

Accommodation, food services 6.9%

Some college 9.9%

Health care and social assistance 26.8 %

URBAN PLANNING

1/2 mile

approximately 10 minutes to walk end to end

WHAT ARE SOME STRATEGIES WE CAN FOLLOW?

We can examine nolli maps which show the aerial view of a city. We can identify the relationships between residential, commercial, and outdoor spaces. We can also assess accessibility of services in terms of density and distribution of buildings as well as walkability and bikeability.

residential, hotels, and private buildings commercial and public buildings roads, parks, and bodies of water

PARADISE, CALIFORNIA

COPENHAGEN, DENMARK

BASEL, SWITZERLAND

ISSAQUAH HIGHLANDS, WASHINGTON

SAN LUIS OBISPO, CALIFORNIA

The Town of Paradise has two main roads, Skyway and Clark, in which commercial and public spaces are located. Residences are sprawled and many are far from the town center. This promotes isolation and a dependence on cars. Most streets also lack sidewalks for pedestrian travel but dedicates much space for parking.

Copenhagen is here because it has a high quality of life and it is ideal in many ways because of its walkability, mixed use buildings, and well organized transit system.

Most of the city is walkable with wide paths for bikes. It also has large outdoor areas. Each residential block has a shared park and parts are mixed use with restaurants.

Basel has a commercial center with residential surrounding it. Walking is the standard mode of travel for many and the shopping streets in the old city are closed to car traffic. Each residential complex has a shared outdoor space in its center which promotes community.

This development focuses on the new urbanism ideology which respects the environment and seeks to preserve open space. Issaquah includes many mixed use apartments and public parks, provides easy access to hiking trails and nature, and prioritizes pedestrian and bike travel.

San Luis Obispo is a small city in California’s central coast region. It has a diverse landscape of mountains, beaches, and a vibrant downtown area. Biking and walking are highly promoted here and car use highly discouraged and not accommodated. It is a very pleasant city to live in.

VISIONS

GOALS

Paradise is a community that...

• Prioritizes the safety of its residents • Acts as a model of a progressive, resilient,

Paradise is a town, rich in natural beauty and community spirit. As residents, we will work together to build hope for a better tomorrow.

Safer

firewise California town

• Supports a mix of incomes • Offers a high quality of life for families and

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residents

• Has a broad range of housing choices

Rebuild Paradise’s Range of Housing

• Has a diverse economy • Relies on high quality, safe utilities

Paradise will not be defeated by the Camp Fire.

• Create a safer street

Make Paradise Safer

Stronger

• Provides good access to quality health

services

Rebuild Paradise’s Economy

• Maintains its small town feel

An unbreakable bond now exists that can be used to create a safer, stronger, more resilient town.

• Is an open space, arts, and culture

Better

destination

• Attracts families and young people • Communicates seamlessly between

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safety, and emergency notification system

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Community Vision and Goals Through in-class efforts, community outreach sessions, and lessons from industry professionals helping to rebuild Paradise, articulating the generated goals and visions of the community became a medium to further class design efforts overall. Fueled by personal and online research, the class as a whole developed a series of goals to augment the basic assumptions of the project, which were to design a town that: Is economically, socially and physically resilient; Attracts new residents to Paradise; Attracts students to return to the area after attending college in other areas; Allows citizens to age in place; Is resource regenerative (water, energy, wastewater).

Along with generating insight from personal interactions with the Paradise community members, students were able to reference the corresponding work of Urban Design Associates (UDA), the architectural firm leading the redesigning efforts for the town. In UDA’s “Community Recovery Plan” (April 19, 2019), authors discuss their agenda, elaborating on what they heard through their own community outreach activities and how that translates into their long-term community recovery plan. Despite not working directly with UDA, being able to both speak with and listen to Paradise residents for design insight allowed the class goals and those of the firm to have some levels of synonymy. In their document, UDA noted the population of attendees of community outreach meetings held in the county. As stated in their long-term community recovery plan, of the over 1,000 people who attended community meetings, 78% were Paradise residents. With such a high percentage of the population in attendance having a direct association with the town, it became evident that engaging with and listening to the community would be crucial in understanding how best to design for a new resilient Paradise that would respect traditions while fostering change that would allow for a thriving future community.

In their published report, UDA identified that when asked, 51% of Paradise residents surveyed said they would return to the town after it was rebuilt, while 34% were adamant about not returning.

This leaves 15% of residents surveyed still undecided at the time.

The portion of the UDA report that presents this data sheds light on a primary concern that fueled a lot of the goals established in class. Although a lot of time in class was spent learning about the cultural assets that made Paradise a town treasured by its community, acknowledging the significant percentage of people that would not return to Paradise informed the need to assess why and find design solutions to make Paradise more attractive to future residents. During the first community outreach session at Chico State University, hearing from the school faculty and local engineers informed the class that Paradise is considered a “bedroom community” (i.e., a community that serves as a place to sleep as opposed to one that provides a thriving job economy which individuals have to seek elsewhere). In treating this as a priority, the group projects in this studio course collaborate in that they are located in the proposed downtown. With the implementation of a diversity of building typologies and programs within this mixed-use urban center, there is, then, a simultaneous proposal for a multitude of retail and varying employment opportunities that could contribute to an economically thriving community.

In terms of promoting physical resiliency, UDA proposes to make Paradise greener by investing in sustainable design. While that is the premise of this studio’s concern ras well, egarding physical quality of the buildings, these group projects address the challenges Paradise faces from their lack of regenerative resources. Among the nine projects designed in class, there are proposals for a diversity of rainwater catchment systems with beneficial uses for recycled water, an anaerobic digester to turn waste into energy, and opportunities for people to learn about and experience, through both education and use, fire-resilient building materials.

Creating A Replicable Model As evident in the California Climate Adaptation Strategy from 2009, climate change will continue to affect Northern California with lower precipitation levels and a dryer future, resulting in a greater risk for wildfires. By 2050, average temperatures will rise an additional 1.85.4 °F with inland areas, like Paradise, warmer than coastal regions. Climate change will be affecting the future of California for years to come, and with $2.5 trillion in real estate assets at risk due to extreme weather conditions (including wildfires), the consequences are dire. Last November, Paradise was the victim of these extreme weather conditions and itâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s only a matter of time until another town, like Colfax, Nevada City, or Kings Beach, are next. These towns are small, like Paradise, and possess similar rugged terrains, with tall trees and thick brush, in addition to little defensible space or green buffers between the towns and nature. These characteristics, combined with windy weather, could create a deadly combination for wildfires to strike.

In order to prevent or reduce current risks for wildfires in Northern California, a replicable model should be created. A replicable model is a model that can be re-created or produced again based on positive or successful results, and Paradise could set the standard with how

Photo by Matt Bates

towns in California respond to wildfires. These standards should include a detailed short-term and long-term recovery plan as well as procedures for how local and state partnerships can aid in the rebuilding process. To be successful, this model should focus on recovery planning and affordable housing, physical, economic and social resiliency, as well as an integration of architecture within the local community context.

In terms of recovery planning and affordable housing, many lessons were learned while examining the aftermath of Hurricane Katrina in New Orleans. On the one hand, housing projects like the Ninth Ward failed by not addressing residentsâ&#x20AC;&#x2122; needs as well as creating a close community. On the other hand, projects like Musiciansâ&#x20AC;&#x2122; Village focused on shared community spaces, units constructed specifically for the acoustical needs of musicians, as well amenities for practice spaces. These affordable houses also were close in proximity, which created a density that influenced a tighter sense of community for nearby residents. Relating back to Paradise, although not all residents will be able to afford rebuilding or returning to the town after the fire, affordable housing projects focused on the specific needs of residents will encourage people to move to Paradise and, in turn, create a sense of community.

In addition, physical, economic, and social resiliency are key in creating a replicable model for towns like Paradise to overcome tragedies such as wildfires. In terms of physical resiliency, new construction projects should use fire resilient materials, such as fiber cement or terracotta, and city officials should identify structures that are currently at risk. When Paradise burned, the fire spread more rapidly from roof to roof than it did from vegetation or trees, demonstrating why fire resilient materials were needed. With social resiliency, a community of residents who trust each other and can provide support in times of crisis are more likely to recover. By finding ways to integrate current and new residents that have dealt with similar tragedies, community relationships will strengthen and result in increased trust.

Lastly, creating a replicable model for towns recovering from wildfires involves contextual integration of site, place, and community identity. Observing the Rural Studio in Hale County, Alabama, it was evident that the students considered themselves residents of the town and the reason their projects integrated so well with the natural surroundings, from materiality to space use, was because the structures were designed for the specific needs of clients and incorporated local and recycled materials.

The Rural Studio gave a modern spin to southern architecture while respecting the local aesthetic, which enabled the countless structures they built over the years to seamlessly fit within the town and rural fabric of Hale County.

The Camp Fire makes clear that a replicable model, composed of recovery planning and affordable housing, resiliency, and contextual site integration, is needed for towns like Paradise to thrive after a similar tragedy. This replicable model should be rooted in preserving a communityâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s identity while using modern technology and innovation to encourage sustainable practices that will better a given town or city. By creating a model like this, towns at risk may be able to prevent or diminish damages from wildfires and stay protected for years to come.

Photo by Kirk Siegler

photo b

by Joe Johnston

05 General Plan Update The New Proposed Paradise Plan aims to create a more navigable, fire-responsive, and self-sustaining future for Paradise. The density of the town has been spread out radially from the central downtown villages (East Village and West Village), which are generally zoned as commercial mixed use. Immediately adjacent to these villages are residential zones of medium density with lower density the farther they sit from the downtown villages.

The two main N-S roads are Skyway Road, Clarke Road, and Pentz Road, which have been maintained as the main town entrances and exits. The main existing E-W roads, Wagstaff Road and Billie Road, have been maintained as the major E-W roads with the addition of Elliot Road, which has been extended to meet and continue past Pentz Road.

The new town includes infrastructure placement that will promote a self-sustaining town. This means including facilities that make use of Paradiseâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s natural resources to create more locally sourced water, energy, and building materials. A CLT (cross laminated timber) plant is included in the plan as well as a utility zone near the West Village, which will house a water treatment facility for rainwater recycling and an anaerobic digester for energy production.

Specific proposed projects are located in the West Village and East Village as well as on Skyway Road and within neighborhood centers near the West Village. A total of four cultural centers, over 408,000 square feet of added community space, nearly 400 housing units, over 450,000 square feet of commercial space, and a projected 750+ new jobs exist within these proposed projects.

Community Land Use The new town plan is organized into the following zones: Residential (of varying density), Commercial, Institutional, and

Green Space. Much of the plan is labeled as medium-density housing to accommodate the 15,000 dwelling units needed to house an expected population of approximately 30,000. Two commercial downtown villages (West Village and East Village) have been proposed to sit along Pearson Road, a secondary road running between Skyway and Clarke, two of the major thru N-S roads. These Villages would consist mostly of mixed-use zoning and become the retail hubs for the town, providing places for shopping and enjoying entertainment as well as living and working.

This zoning also responds to the topography and location of dry brush. While the entirety of Paradise sits on a generally consistent 3% slope, the town is bordered with steeper, undevelopable topography. The steeper topography has been zoned as green space, with low-density housing as the next closest zone to allow for ease of evacuation.

Infrastructure (Roads, Water and Wastewater, Rainwater, Solid waste, and Energy) Paradise, California, before the Camp Fire essentially was comprised of two main roads and a series of winding cul-desacs that navigated through private residences. The new plan categorizes all roads as main, secondary, and bike roads. To improve navigability, all cul-de-sacs have been reoriented into secondary roads (red) that run perpendicular to main roads (blue).

These roads are organized to support multi-modal transportation including bus, bike, and vehicular travel. Bike lanes run parallel to all main roads as well as some secondary roads running E-W near the proposed downtown villages.

Three different types of roads are proposed for the new downtown: the main Street (located on Almond Street), vehicular-

accessible streets, and pedestrian-only streets. The main street and vehicular-accessible streets will include a bike lane each way as well as a vehicular lane each way. Main street also will include a center left-turn lane. Many of the blocks in the existing downtown area are currently split by E-W running mid-block alleys accessible to vehicles. The current downtown plan employs one of these on each of the nine blocks and has reclaimed them as pedestrian-only mid-block alleys to further promote the walkability of the downtown.

Downtown Typical

The proposed downtown was modeled to be self-sustaining and renewable in its energy and water consumption and production.

Two blocks below the southwestern corner of the West Village lies the proposed Utility Zone, which will house a proposed water treatment facility and anaerobic digester. The water treatment facility will take advantage of the abundance of rainfall in Paradise to collect rainwater and convert it to usable water for the entire town to use. The anaerobic digester will be used to create energy by processing waste that is delivered to the facility by truck, hence the close proximity to the town center.

Transit The new plan proposes to expand bus transit in Paradise with more routes and increased service. Aside from the expansion of existing routes, a new downtown-specific route will be added and will include multiple stops on Skyway Road adjacent to the west border of the West Village. No stops are planned to exist within either of the villages, including the transit center. This is intended to maximize the accessibility of the downtown to Paradise residents without congesting the interior of the downtown.

Trails The Paradise Memorial Trail is the main existing trailhead that follows a historical railroad. In 2018, the Paradise Memorial trail was renamed to Yellowstone Kelly Heritage Trail to honor Luther Sage “Yellowstone” Kelly, a historic American hero that settled permanently in Paradise after the Philippine–American War. This trail is an important component of the Downtown Plan as it

promotes walkability and bike-ability for residents. Two proposed projects, the Paradise Recreation Center and the Commons (Center for Safety and Well-Being), utilize the trail as integral to their design and programming. In these projects, the Yellowstone Kelly Heritage Trail becomes an integration of the Recreation Center’s green roof while the Commons activates the trail with their programs.

Parks and Greenways Many people have been attracted to, visited, and moved to Paradise due to the close proximity of accessible nature . Within the Downtown plan, the existing Paradise Community Park becomes important as the Memorial Trail runs through the park and allows for an increase in community events and gatherings.

Walkability From the Downtown plan, each block consists of one horizontal alley that becomes a pedestrian-only lane through the dense multi-use zoning. Within each pedestrian-only street, the zoning allows community and commercial mix-use buildings to exist on each block and allow pedestrians to experience a safer commute on foot.

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render by Kaye Lao

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Images from Streetmix.com

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The West Village Layout One of the main goals with the West Village was to create a layout that would encourage walkability and allow the people of Paradise to get to places in an effective manner by grouping the commercial mixed use by the downtown area and community parcels around it. The West Village is ultimately designed to bring a new main street (Almond Street) to Paradise. This new main street will include retail space, commercial offices, and housing, all of which is intended to increase walkability and vibrancy.

The West Village begins from Skyway Road to Black Olive Drive, and from First Street to Pearson Road. The lots above First Street are envisioned to become a medical campus. Community buildings and commercial mixed-use buildings will weave through the entire West Village, with the existing Paradise Park as a green buffer to the residential area. [insert downtown concept plan here] The West Village is expected to transition into a pedestrianfriendly, walkable area with concentrated parking structures in several locations and with other structures of two to three stories built to the sidewalk. The downtown area will be a concentrated combination of community based and mixed-use buildings.

The Streetscape and Its Connections During the design of the West Village, heavy consideration has been placed on promoting a walkable environment with an emphasis on public transportation. One particular goal of the downtown plan is the reduction of the automobile dependence.

As such, in the design of all streets, bike lanes and bus lanes have been included, with widened sidewalks to encourage pedestrians to get around town without automotive use.

Since previously there were only two main roads, Skyway Road and Clark Road, the West Village will now be designed to allow for both vertical navigation with Almond Street, Black Olive Drive, and Foster Road and horizontal navigation with Birch Street, Pearson Road, Cedar Street, and Fir Street. Since these streets are situated within the part of town that will contain the densest human traffic, pedestrian walkways have also been designed across the West Village between the roads that run horizontally to promote walking around the town. Skyway Road also will be widened to increase safety, public transit, and safe bicycle circulation along this important thoroughfare. Overall, the newly built neighborhood of the West Village is designed to foster social, economic, and physical resiliency for the next generation of Paradise.

Architectural Character and Massing Within the West Village, most commercial mixed use spaces will vary between two to three stories while parcels with community associated buildings will be around three stories tall. The materials used within the town will most likely be glass fiber reinforced concrete (GFRC) to create a town that fits the personality of Paradise with a material that isnâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;t too flashy in color, style, or price.

GFRC offers a wide variety of colors, so if certain businesses want to erect a building in line with their specific style they will be able to do so while simultaneously allowing for one important factor: GFRC will encourage physical resilience since it is fire resistant.

Built to Thrive (Responding to climatic conditions, economic conditions, and resiliency) Because Paradise is a smaller town, a denser, suburbantype downtown might benefit its development and encourage economic growth as well as community growth. In short, the aim is creating a downtown that allows for the townâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s residents and visitors to gather and support its businesses.

In order to fulfill the requirement of architecture 2030, most of the community buildings in this plan will implement daylighting and natural ventilation strategies to minimize energy use throughout the buildings. With high precipitation levels throughout the concept plan of Paradise, an anaerobic digester is envisioned to be in the outskirt area of downtown as an energy supplier.

To revive and learn from the Camp Fire, it is necessary for the town of Paradise to build resilience socially, economically, and physically.

According to the downtown zoning concept plan, most buildings are mixed use with an emphasis on providing gathering spaces for Paradise community members and therefore the concept plan is expected to increase job opportunities as well as the townâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s capability to generate enough revenue to thrive economically. The town of Paradise is anticipated to attract various demographic groups with its economic and social potential. The medical village will be placed in the northern portion of the downtown area with the intention to boost the emergency services of the town. The process of redesigning Paradise is to face the scar brought by nature, to figure out the fatal flaw that caused such disaster, and to prevent the catastrophe from happening again.

Social, economic, and physical resiliency were the three foci of this project in hopes that the future community of Paradise will thrive. It was imperative to understand the economic pace of the town prior to the fire, create new opportunities for businesses to be successful, and increase residentsâ&#x20AC;&#x2122; involvement with the overall economic status of the town. While acknowledging and preserving nature and prior vegetation was a goal while we moved forward in the redesign process, being mindful of specific species that are fire resistant was the other path on which we are focused in order to promote physical resiliency. In regards to social resiliency, it is understandable that the Camp Fire caused a lot of trauma, which has made it difficult for some residents to feel safe and comfortable returning. The hope is that the redesigning process will give former Paradise residents the opportunity to work alongside the design process, to be involved and to create a town that could heal some of their scars and encourage their return to Paradise.

Clark Rd

Academy Dr

Oak Rd

Pearson Rd

Paradise Redux East Downtown Plan Khoa Le | Studio Macdonald | ARCH 352

0

128

256

512

1280

created by Studio McDonald

photo by Mich

helle Huang

06

Designing Resiliently Potential Projects Initial brainstorming among students generated the following projects as potential catalysts for the early phases of (re)imagining Paradise (in alphabetical order): -

Animal Shelter Aquarium Bicycle Recreation Community College Campus (Nursing, Medical, Technical Education (IT), Vocational, etc.)

Camp Fire Memorial Community Center Elementary, Middle, High School Exploratorium Emergency Response Homeless Shelter Hotel Indoor Farmerâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s Market Mental Health Recovery Center Museum Nature Discovery Center Performing Arts Center Planetarium

-

Recreation Center Retail Maker Space Bath House Library Public Safety Fire Station Police Station Courthouse Golf Center Mailing Center Preschool Entrepreneurship Center Skatepark YMCA Teen Center Food Bank Senior Center Hospital

Further iterations based on peer community comparisons and from community members themselves reduced the list in a more focused manner for further study, as follows.

-

Community College Fire Training Center Community College Vocational Training Center Community Center Courthouse Emergency Response and Fire Logistics Entrepreneurship Center

-

Exploratorium High School Library Medical Service Center Nature Center Public Safety (Fire/Police) Recreation Center Retail / Restaurant Wellness Center

created by Studio Stacey

Downtown Plan to ensure a walkable, vibrant, and resilient downtown -light pink is our site

Paradise Recreation Center

Paradise Adventist Academy

Prevailing Wind: from the NE direction

Paradise Elementary School

Downtown

Paradise Middle School Sun Path: 74 degrees, summer 27 degrees, winter

500â&#x20AC;&#x2122;

SIte Plan within walking distance from elementary and middle school

GREEN

LOBBY

MAKER

STUDIO CAFE

STORA

Program Diagram (above) to show distribution of functions Program Axon (left) to show the building in 3D

NHOUSE

Y

R SPACES

OS

AGE/OTHERS

DESIGN DESIGN THINKING THINKING

The Learnatorium is a place of educational engagement and focus on the movement of â&#x20AC;&#x153;learn by doingâ&#x20AC;?. This creates a new conversation on creativity and design that can possible help with redesign of Paradise. By providing a space for gathering, it can generate interactions between different groups of people that can spark innovation with old and new knowledge. To promote these types of conversations, our programs focus on the three main spaces: makerspaces, studios, and hands-on exhibits. These spaces reflect to the idea of design thinking; which is then repeated throughout the program and activities of the space. The studio spaces are the where conceptual idea is developed and refined. The maker spaces become the next step of design, where the idea comes to life. After the idea is created, it is showcased in the exhibit spaces, which allows people to converse and repeat back to the studio spaces with a new conceptual idea.

BUILDING EMP Through conversations and interact

The social spaces such as the community g facilitate these conversatio

NORTH NORTH ELEVATION ELEVATION

gagement and â&#x20AC;?. This creates esign that can oviding a space tween different with old and conversations, makerspaces, es reflect to the ted throughout studio spaces nd refined. The where the idea owcased in the rse and repeat ual idea.

BUILDING EMPATHY Through conversations and interactions between different people.

The social spaces such as the community garden, courtyard, and cafĂŠ are meant to facilitate these conversations to build understanding.

VATION VATION

Concept Diagram (above) to illustrate the main idea behind our project

DEFINING A PROBLEM By talking about and deconstructing issues.

This will happen in the studio spaces where people learn new skills that can help them approach and understand problems in new ways.

LEVEL LEVE CREATING SOLUTIONS From collaborations and working together.

The entire Learnatorium is designed to provide people the tools and resources to explore and pursue different solutions.

PROTOTYPING AND TESTING By implementing ideas and solutions and allowing failures to happen in order to succeed.

One of the Learnatoriumâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s primary philosophy is to foster growth through experimentation and through learning from failures.

Exterior Render (left) as seen from Pearson road going east

render by Michelle Huang

Level 1 primary makerspace, easy flow from studio to makerspace to courtyard (outdoor classroom)

East Elevation the cafe and the makerspace face east, well shaded through shading devices

Level 2 mezzanine makerspace place to establish rela levels of makerspace

created by Michelle Huang

Level 3 anotther mezzanine space but this level is a lounge as well as the admin offices

e overlooking the rest of the ationships between different

North Elevation is what the street sees which is vibrancy of life and activity

created by Michelle Huang

Integrated Section to show crossventialtion as well as passive lighting strategies

created by Michelle Huang

Interior Render: dFab/Computer Lab vibrant, comfortable, well-lit space

Interior Render: Cafe a social space for great interactions and great views

Interior Render: Ceramics Studio with a view to the outside and has plenty of balanced north light

Interior Render: Makerspace viewed from the makerspace into the studio beyond, design to be as flexible a space as possible

Interior Render: Woodshop/Metalshop this specific view shows how line of sights are established throughout the different levels

Interior Render: Courtyard shows the relationship of the courtyard to the makerspace as well as cafe, the courtyard is important to facilitate an outdoor classroom setting which allows the class to take place outside

East-West Wall Section cutting through the cafe, this shows as well as HVAC and passive daylight

9 am

the wall and floor assemblies ting and ventilation

12 pm

2 pm 11 am

greenhouse parapet

south-facing solar panels roofing rigid insulation girder ceiling

nana wall (operable glazing) column shading for east facing glazing

shading

finish floor 5 ply decking rigid insulation girder beam @8 3/4' ceiling

transfer beam

stairs to greenhouse operable glazing fiber cement cladding air gap rigid insulation wrb, air and water barrier gypsum sheathing wall stud w/ insulation girt gypsum sheating heavy timber column double stud

CAFE Espresso.......................

Iced..............................

Sandwhiches................

Sweets.........................

finish flooring insulation radiant heating pipes concrete slab drainage layer

Axon Section Cut shows the vibrancy and experience of the cafe this is also approximately where the 1/4â&#x20AC;? physical model was cut

photo by Michelle Huang

photo by Michelle Huang

photo by Michelle Huang

photo by Michelle Huang

photo by Joe Jo

ohnston

07 Where do We Go from Here?

If it’s not Paradise, then it’s New Orleans. If it’s not New Orleans, then it’s the Gulf of Texas. If it’s not the Gulf of Texas, then it’s anywhere else in the world. There is no way to mitigate the amount of damage and destruction the people of Paradise have been through, but there are countless examples when humans have tried to fight against nature, and nature always wins. Through research, experimentation, and trips to Paradise and similarly affected cities, this studio has attempted to understand how to work with, instead of against, nature, in order to build socially, physically, and economically resilient cities that can withstand natural disasters. In order to do this, it is inherent that future projects be strategic in how they are built, where they are built, and with what they are built. Moving forward, the hope is that this project can serve as a map for future design of towns.

As a result of this studio effort, Paradise will receive research about similarly affected cities; custom weather data; and downloads of street sections, town plans, building plans, building sections, elevations, physical models, Revit models, and comprehensive projects that can serve the town as a whole. The hope is that the town can utilize this work to begin to rebuild in a constructive way.

Because this is a systemic issue, the work also may be utilized in other contexts. If it’s not Paradise, then it’s New Orleans. That is to say, there will be other fires and there will be other disasters. The projects and work resultant from this effort may be transferred into other settings and give others who have been affected by natural disasters a sense of hope in dark times.

Implementation Begins Vacant Property Given the varied sources of funding for the rebuilding of Paradise, there is a likelihood that there were will be undeveloped parcels in previously complete neighborhoods. Care should be taken to ensure that density goals are achieved and not undermined during the development process. As rebuilding occurs, there also will likely be vacant properties interspersed among others. A plan should be developed, through consultation with property owners, to maintain these properties over the course of their evolution.

Some strategies to be considered when managing this potential issue are as follows: Focus on the Core: Where possible, redevelopment efforts should be focused on the proposed downtown core and built concentrically outward. While individual property owners may want to rebuild on their existing property or may even desire to locate further from downtown, a general fund should be established to fiscally incentivize concentration near the town core that gradually moves outward. Concentrated growth will help create a complete appearance in downtown which can then be built out from there. By focusing on the center and working outward, Paradise may rebound more quickly and may be served more affordably by utilities and services. A Kickstarter campaign for this effort could include CALReUSE and Proposition 1 (amongst others).

Park Space and Community Gardens: As an interim use, once remediated, vacant lots should be considered as part of the larger open space network of the community. The town may consider identifying strategic parcels as neighborhoods serving pocket parks or community gardens. Thoughtful maintenance of these properties will turn potential “missing teeth” into assets.

Land Bank: It may be necessary for Paradise to landbank vacant properties. By acquiring strategic properties, the town may be better able to control development and take on appropriate maintenance. In this way, the community can better control the rate and type of development in different parts of the town, expedite development of certain types in certain areas of the town, and partner with academic institutions or other nonprofits on development.

Focusing on Long-Term Economic Viability Social, economic, and physical resiliency are key to the reimagination of Paradise. Following a way to spur social resiliency, it is also important create economic resiliency. The proposed future plan for Paradise includes a medical campus, which will provide countless job opportunities, basic access to healthcare, and educational opportunities. Not only will a medical campus help foster social resiliency, then, but also the medical campus will create a flourishing and strong economy in Paradise, California. Lebanon, Oregon, developed a similar community based around health care. Following Lebanonâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s example, Paradise can incorporate economic resiliency to strengthen the town as a whole.

as the primary mode of travel instead of vehicles, and it will be easily navigable. Through strategic investment, the centralized downtown will support a flourishing community.

In order to rebuild a town after such a devastating event, a sense of community needs to be re-established. The tight knit community in Paradise is inspiring and essential to both its identity and success as a town. Residents of Paradise engage in festivals together and celebrate its rich history, regardless of their backgrounds or differing personal perspectives. Rohn Grotenhuis and Gretchen Holy from BNIM suggest that the first building type in which a re-imagined Paradise should invest should be one of a civic nature, like a school. A school allows a place for community meetings, it may incentivize people to return, and it can be easily converted to serve whatever programmatic needs must be met.

This necessary investment will spur social resiliency first and foremost.

Developing (the next) Recovery Plan Strategic Investments Prior to the fire, the town of Paradise lacked a developed wastewater treatment system and complete road network.

In order to properly rebuild Paradise with a viable, walkable downtown, the implementation of a well-built infrastructure must come first.

After these two crucial investments, similar projects should then begin to be built around a centralized downtown. The downtown will include mixed-use housing, retail spaces, public services, and other commercial mixed-use projects to create a diverse urban center. It will have a strictly pedestrian path to encourage walking

photo by Joe Johnston

photo by Joe Johnston

Incentivizing Rebuilding Right A challenge of this project has been the inherent need and want from Paradise residents who “just want to go home.” Given the sensitive nature of this project, it has been of the utmost importance to attempt to understand the pain former residents have been and continue to go through. Architects are meant to serve the community, and to do this, empathy is key. So, while the temptation to return and rebuild quickly in Paradise is understandable, this project aimed to display how re-building right can lead to long-term success for the town.

Since 1999, there have been 13 large wildfires within the footprint of the Camp Fire. A long history of wildfires necessitates the need for design that acknowledges such a natural environment, not one that ignores it only to suffer the consequences later.

Specifically, there is a need for better infrastructure to be put in place before any rebuilding can happen. Also, choosing to build out of sustainable materials that don’t fight with the fire (like cross-laminated timber) will create physically resilient buildings.

In addition, prior to the fire, Paradise did not have a centralized downtown or walkability. The fire provides a unique opportunity to redesign the town in way that improves the lives of those who live there and encourages a new generation to be involved in the community.

Next Steps While this studio’s primary focus was on the architectural and urban planning needs of Paradise, other steps must be taken before new buildings or a centralized downtown can be developed.

As mentioned above, investment in infrastructure is critical to the future success of Paradise. A new wastewater system, road network, and energy production will create a stable foundation upon which the town can rebuild. Providing water catchment systems for future builds provides an alternative water source to back up the main water supply and creates more sustainable and

self-sufficient projects. Backing this framework will ensure that Paradise can grow as a self-sustaining town that is resilient in the face of disaster and tragedy.

Following this, and as Paradise looks to rebuild, a series of surveys must first be initiated. This surveying can be done by students from Cal Poly, Chico State, Sacramento State, etc. Not only will students learn from hands-on experience, but also the survey will be of no cost to Paradise residents. Paired with surveying, brownfield sites should be identified in order to receive state investment from the Cal Reuse funds. These funds will help to push forward the re-building of the town and the construction of civic projects.

Investment in key building typologies, like the high school and medical campus, and a centralized downtown, will serve as catalysts for change and will spur regrowth in the town of Paradise. For the medical campus specifically, bringing together key organizations like Butte Community College, Western University of Health Sciences, and Adventist Health Care will help start the conversation about establishing such a campus.

Alongside this, the development of sustainable and affordable housing will allow former residents to return home and will attract others to relocate to Paradise. To help with rebuilding and designing, a staffed local office that provides free/low-cost design services (likely by students) can be set up. It should follow the successful examples of URBANBuild at Tulane University and Rural Studio from Auburn University. The design office could also offer free on-site building workshops for DIY builders.

More research into, and the execution of, a fire-resilient building palette that provides material suggestions for future builds in Paradise is likewise a potential next step. Easy access to this resource will encourage conscious and resilient re-building.

With time and well thought out planning, new construction and

urban planning that is focused on creating social, economic, and physical resiliency will help to re-imagine a thriving Town of Paradise. And as Paradise rebuilds, it should serve as a model and learning opportunity for others on successful disaster recovery and what steps can be taken now to create more resilient towns of the future.

photo by Joe Johnston

A

Appendices: Precedent Study PReCed eNt Study

This shows the exposed V-timber columns at the ground floor and how it interacts with the street and the pedestrians. It also shows the concrete-timber connection and detailing.

This shows an interior biophilic aspect.

25 King Street, Brisbane

The Tallest Timber Tower in Australia The purpose of this precedent study is to study how heavy timber can be used as a structural material as well as a study in finish material.

This office building was designed by Bates Smart and is 10 stories high.

Structure: glulam and CLT Open plan design.

Bay sizes are 20â&#x20AC;&#x2122; x 26â&#x20AC;&#x2122; based off of span capabilities of glulam.

The structure is raised on timber v-columns.

It uses prefabricated construction.

This shows how the structure is revealed on the interior side, increasing ceiling height.

Kaye Lao + Michelle Huang

Studio White

Winter 2019

PReCedeNt Study Streetdome CEBRA + Glifberg- Lykke Location: Denmark Project Year: 2014 Square Footage: 65,000 sq. ft.

I love this project because it manages to put a rock climbing wall, a skate park and a basketball court in one space. This is what I imagine my face to feel like.

I like the connectedness of it and the versatility of this space. The basketball ring could be folded up and the basketball court space could be used as anything.

I just ike this project because it looks fun. A major thing Paradise needs is fun.

Kaye Lao Studio Stacey Winter 2019

Kaye Lao + Michelle Huang

Studio White

Winter 2019

Makerspace

Butte College Prevailing Wind: from the NE direction

3 2 Downtown

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7

1 4

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Entertainment Sun Path: 74 degrees during the summer 27 degrees during the winter

Transit Center

Performing Arts Center

1/128” = 1’

1 gymnasium 2 rock climbing and lounge 3 fitness and art studios and cardio and weight machines 4 lobby and admin offices 5 cafe and community garden 6 aquatic center 7 mini makerspace 8 skatepark

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Paradise Recreation Center

Paradise Adventist Academy

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Prevailing Wind: from the NE direction

Paradise Elementary School

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Michelle Huang but my original work.

500â&#x20AC;&#x2122;

1 Kaye Dominique C. Lao kclao@calpoly.edu

ARCH 307 Lab 1

LAB I: EUI Targets, Climate Analysis, and Design Strategies

TEMPERATURE RANGE California Energy Code

Aerial View We have no site yet, but here is our location: Paradise, California at 40 degree latitude.

Kaye Dominique C. Lao ARCH 307 01/14/2019 Prof. Stacey White Cal Poly, San Luis Obispo

LOCATION:

2218159490, 2218159490, 2218159490

Latitude/Longitude: 39.665° North, 121.573° West, Time Zone from Greenwich -8 Data Source: TMY3 2218159490 WMO Station Number, Elevation 633 ft

LEGEND RECORDED HIGH -

110

DESIGN HIGH AVERAGE HIGH -

100

MEAN AVERAGE LOW -

90

DESIGN LOW RECORDED LOW -

Sun Shading Chart Dec 21-June 21 The sun is needed from mid December until mid April.

Then after that shade is needed from 10 am until 6 pm.

No obstructions in the town of Paradise because of fire.

80

COMFORT ZONE

70

60

50

DESIGN HIGH: Non-Residential 1% of Hours Above

Sun Shading Chart June 21-Dec 21 From mid April until mid October from 8 am until 7 pm.

Starting in mid October to mid April sun is needed.

No obstructions in the town of Paradise because of fire.

40

.5% of Hours Above 0% of Hours Above DESIGN LOW: Non-Residential

DESIGN GUIDELINES (for the Full Year) California Energy Code

30

1% of Hours Below .5% of Hours Below

User Modified Design Strategies, User Modified Criteria

20

0% of Hours Below TEMPERATURE RANGE:

10

10 to 110 °F

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LOCATION:

2218159490, 2218159490, 2218159490

Latitude/Longitude: 39.665° North, 121.573° West, Time Zone from Greenwich -8 Data Source: TMY3 2218159490 WMO Station Number, Elevation 633 ft

Assuming only the Design Strategies that were selected on the Psychrometric Chart, 100.0% of the hours will be Comfortable.

This list of Non-Residential Design guidelines applies specifically to this particular climate, starting with the most important first.

Click on a Guideline to link to the 2030 Palette for related passive design ideas (see Help).

Annual

Fit to Data Back

Next

Temperature Range The temperature in Paradise is comfortable from June until September and gets chilly from October to May. It can get as cold as 18 F or as hot as 102 F.

LOCATION:

WIND WHEEL

19

For passive solar heating face most of the glass area south to maximize winter sun exposure, and design overhangs to fully shade in summer

20

Provide double pane high performance glazing (Low-E) on west, north, and east, but clear on south for maximum passive solar gain

11

Heat gain from lights, occupants, and equipment greatly reduces heating needs so keep building tight, well insulated (to lower Balance Point temperature)

3

Lower the indoor comfort temperature at night to reduce heating energy consumption (lower thermostat heating setback) (see Comfort Low criteria)

1

Tiles or slate (even on wood floors) provide enough surface mass to store winter daytime solar gain and summer nighttime 'coolth'

37 8

2218159490, 2218159490, 2218159490

Latitude/Longitude: 39.665° North, 121.573° West, Time Zone from Greenwich -8 Data Source: TMY3 2218159490 WMO Station Number, Elevation 633 ft

LEGEND

Window overhangs (designed for this latitude) or operable sunshades (awnings that extend in summer) can reduce or eliminate air conditioning Sunny wind-protected outdoor spaces can extend occupied areas in cool weather (enclosed patios, courtyards or verandas)

61

Climate responsive buildings in hot dry climates used high mass construction with small recessed shaded openings, operable for night ventilation to cool the mass

18

Keep the building small (right-sized) because excessive floor area wastes heating, cooling, and lighting energy

15

High Efficiency heators or boilers (at least Energy Star) should prove cost effective in this climate

14

Locate storage areas or garages on the side of the building facing the coldest wind to help insulate

16

Trees (neither conifer or deciduous) should not be planted in front of passive solar windows, but are OK beyond 45 degrees from each corner

4

Extra insulation (super insulation) might prove cost effective, and will increase occupant comfort by keeping indoor temperatures more uniform

35

Good natural ventilation can reduce or eliminate air conditioning in warm weather, if windows are well shaded and oriented to prevailing breezes

55

Low pitched roofs with wide overhangs work well in temperate climates

31

Organize floorplan so winter sun penetrates into daytime use spaces with specific functions that coincide with solar orientation

43

Use light colored building materials and cool roofs (with high emissivity) to minimize conducted heat gain

42

On hot days ceiling fans or indoor air motion can make it seem cooler by 5 degrees F (2.8C) or more, thus less air conditioning is needed

63

Climate responsive buildings in cool overcast climates used low mass tightly sealed, well insulated construction to provide rapid heat buildup in morning

50

In hot, dry climates an Evaporative Cooler can provide enough cooling capacity (if water is available and humidity is low) thus reducing or even eliminating air conditionin...

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TEMPERATURE (Deg. F) < 32

JANUARY - DECEMBER

32 - 68 68 - 75 75 - 100 > 100 RELATIVE HUMIDITY (%)

0 5

<30 30-70

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midnight Selected Months

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Since it is sunny in Paradise, solar panels would be a viable option in energy generation on site.

MAX

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Form for Heating Organize the floorplan so that the winter sun penetrates into daytime use spaces with specific functions that coincide with solar orientation.

DESIGN STRATEGIES

Indirect Gain: Sunspace Sunny, wind protected outdoor spaces can extend occupied areas in cool weather, examples are enclosed patios, verandas, and courtyards.

Direct Gain: Heat Storage Surface mass to store winter daytime solar gain and summer night time “coolth”.

Solar Shading Window overhangs or operable sunshades can reduce or eliminate air conditioning.

Direct Gain: Glazing For passive solar heating face most of the glass area south to maximize winter sun exposure and design overhangs to fully shade in summer.

Cross Ventilation Good natural ventilation can reduce or eliminate air conditioning in warm weather if windows are well shaded and oriented towards prevailing winds.

RH

MAX

Start 10%

Pause 10%

Start "Animation" to see monthly plots or select the "One Month" option and cycle through months by clicking "Next Month".

Since I set the goal to be 90% energy reduction, the target EUI is 6. At baseline it is 55.

WIND SPEED (mph)

EAST 25 20

Psychrometric Chart Only 9% is considered within the comfort zone. Internal heat gain, sun shading of windows, two stage evaporative cooling, and passive solar direct gain low mass adds another 80% of comfort. For the rest, mechanical heating is needed.

HOURS

20%

Back

Next

Wind Rose There seems to be a prevailing wind from the SE direction that blows cold air at high speeds during the cold months. And another prevailing wind from the NE that blows for a longer period of time. From the hot months of June to September, there are cool winds from the North to the South that could be taken advantage of.

Provide double pane high performance glazing (Low-E) on west, north, and east but clear on south for maximum passive solar gain.

Direct Gain: Glazing Solar glazing can admit enough sunlight to heat for the entire 24 hour period.

Thermal mass is essential.

Form for Heating Maximize the surface area to face towards the sun by elongating along the eastwest axis.

10% of the floor area being heated can be the area of the glazing.

Also locate daytime occupied spaces along the solar side of the building.

Orient the glazing no more than 15 degrees away from the true south.

Can stagger, step, and stack in order to gain more wall space in the solar side.

Cross Ventilation Can cool a space through natural ventilation facing prevailing winds.

Indirect Gain: Sunspace Sunspaces located in solar facade will be directly heated by the sun which in turn will warm adjacent spaces.

The inlet openings should be no more than 45 degrees away from the prevailing winds and an outlet opening that is the same size or larger is required on the opposite side to get airflow.

Inlet is best placed lower than outlet to take advantage of heat bouyancy, Have the space between them unobstructed.

Direct Gain: Heat Storage Thermal mass like masonry floors, walls, and ceilings can absorb and store heat during the day to be released at night.

Masonry: concrete, brick, adobe, concrete block, etc Must at least be 4” thick with an exposed “surface area to solar glazing area ratio” of 3:1 to 9:1. The higher ratio the more stable indoor temperature becomes.

Light colored ceilings and dark floors, any for walls.

20% of the floor area of adjacent space needing heating can be dedicated to the sun space.

CONCLUSION Goals My goal for this double quarter is to design an efficient building that utilizes as much passive solar and wind design as it can.

Climate of Paradise Seem to be on the cooler side but from June to September it is warmer. Prevailing winds come from the NE and SE directions, these winds will be helpful during the summer to cool indoor temperatures. Shade is needed from mid April to mid October and sun is needed from mid October to mid April. The humidity level is very low in Paradise.

Design Strategies Elongate the building in a way to maximize solar access as well as benefit cross ventilation.

Get direct and indirect passive solar gain through glazing and sunspace and thermal mass.

The thickness of the mass wall can be 14” if brick and 18” if concrete.

Utilize shading devices in a way that would allow the winter sun in and protect from the summer sun.

Doors and windows allow for better heat transfer.

Since it rains a lot there, a rainwater catchment system is imperative. A way to recycle used water would be helpful too.

Solar Shading A well designed shading device is essential in allowing winter suns to heat a space and preventing summer sun from overheating a space.

For Paradise’ specific latitude, the overhang must be extended 1/3 of the height of the opening.

ITERATIONS

From the Sefaira Web App.

Energy Analysis In terms of EUI, we almost meet our goal of 29. According to this analysis, this is a mostly cooling dominated place. This is due to the 2/3 overlit periods. If we can introduce well designed shading devices we would reduce the cooling loads significantly which in turn would lower our EUI. In terms of overall looking at the Energy Segments and the pie chart, our goal is to have mostly purple takng over the chart because that means we’ve exhausted our means of passively cooling and heating this building.

Although the graph says that this building is overlit and well lit 90% of the time, the other 10% are still requiring 655,000 kBTU/yr which is contributing a significant enough amount to the EUI. To solve this, place functions that don’t need to be lit like storage spaces in the areas where daylight cannot reach.

SETTINGS

From the Sefaira Web App.

Daylighting Analysis Because of the significant amount of glazing we placed in our mass glass model, we came out with a model that is overlit 2/3 of the time and only well lit for a third. The overlit periods will cause this building to overheat and increase the cooling loads. In order to combat this we must design shading devices that would keep sunlight out but allow daylight to penetrate deep into the building.

Something we would have to design for is providing adequate daylighting to the lowest level of the building which on one side of it is a retaining wall holding earth therefore it cannot have any windows. One way to bring light into this dark space is to strategicaly place the atrium spaces to maximize on the daylighting.

Another solution is placing the archvives, storage, and bathrooms where it is most underlit.

WWR

Customized based on orientation.

Shading Devices Customized based on orientation.

Mechanical System Because it is primarily cold in Paradise, it is dominated by heating loads. Two HVAC systems that bring down the EUI to 26 are passive and active chilled beams and VAV- Return Air Central Plant. The heating and ventilation system only is the option that significantly lowers the EUI by 4.

It also saves around $4,000. It makes sense because of Paradiseâ&#x20AC;&#x2122; climate.

SHADING

From the Sefaira Web App.

For my double quarter design, I will implement passive solar heating through thermal mass in my building and passive cooling through ventilation and shading.

chilled beams

ARCH 307 Final Project Direct Gain: Glazing Solar glazing can admit enough sunlight to heat for the entire 24 hour period.

Thermal mass is essential.

Labs Recap

10% of the floor area being heated can be the area of the glazing.

This project we are working on is located in Paradise, California where a fire burned down over 90% of their buildings. Our goal was to provide hope to the town through our efforts and ideas. By reimagining what this town could possibly become in the future, we hope it will inspire the future growth of Paradise.

Initially we worked on our projects individually, now we have been partnered for the rest of the double quarter for one single project. My partner is Michelle Huang.

From the labs I became very familiar with the climate of Paradise and with what strategies to use to increase thermal comfort within the building passively as well as which mechanical system is best.

Paradise is a temperate climate but can get pretty cold during the winter months. It has an average temperature in the 60s and it rains up to 55 inches a year. Because of this amount of rain, it is important to harvest this rain water and use it within the building. During 55

Baseline

17

Target

EUI 50,000 sq. ft.

Floor to Floor Height

Courtyard Scheme Typology

35

54,678 sq. ft.

12’ - 0” 0.4 WWR

Alphabet Scheme

Typology

32

54,436 sq. ft.

12’ - 0” 0.4 WWR

the winter months there is winds coming from the north east direction, it is best to block this wind and place outdoor spaces where they are protected from the north east winds and has a lot of access to direct sunlight.

During the warmer months, the wind comes from the south. It is best to take advantage of this for natural cooling during the summer months through cross ventilation.

From the second and third lab I learned that an atrium scheme would be best for my project because it would receive the most daylight. It is also best to orient most of the glazing on the south side where I can place thermal mass to store the heat of the sun. North glazing is not ideal in this climate because it becomes a heat sink which would increase the heating load of the building.

From the third lab I learned what kind of solar shading devices to use for each orientation as well as which mechanical system would best suit this project.

Atrium Scheme

Typology

31

Moving forward, my choice of material will be heavy timber because for one it is locally available, another reason is that it is a good thermal mass, and third it is the most sustainable material we can use for this project.

We will design for double, triple glazing. Have most of our glazing on the south facade where the sunlight can land on thermal mass during the winter months and will be blocked by well designed shading devices during the summer. We will utilize a green roof system to further insulate this building.

There will be solar panels and a pavegen system that can convert mechanical energy into electricity.

What I aim to achieve by the end of this quarter is to be able to effective design and integrate through section design. I would like this building to be able to perform well on its own. I would also like to make these ideas prominent and easy to understand so that when we present them to Paradise, they would be more open to the idea of designing highly efficient buildings.

WWR

ITERATIONS

Customized based on orientation.

From the Sefaira Web App. 55,435 sq. ft.

12’ - 8” 0.4 WWR

Kaye Dominique Lao Prof. Mark Cabrinha Studio White Location: Paradise, CA

ALPHABET SCHEME

Inlet is best placed lower than outlet to take advantage of heat bouyancy, Have the space between them unobstructed.

Direct Gain: Heat Storage Thermal mass like masonry floors, walls, and ceilings can absorb and store heat during the day to be released at night.

Masonry: concrete, brick, adobe, concrete block, etc Must at least be 4” thick with an exposed “surface area to solar glazing area ratio” of 3:1 to 9:1. The higher ratio the more stable indoor temperature becomes.

Light colored ceilings and dark floors, any for walls.

Form for Heating Maximize the surface area to face towards the sun by elongating along the eastwest axis.

Also locate daytime occupied spaces along the solar side of the building.

Can stagger, step, and stack in order to gain more wall space in the solar side.

Indirect Gain: Sunspace Sunspaces located in solar facade will be directly heated by the sun which in turn will warm adjacent spaces.

Doors and windows allow for better heat transfer.

SETTINGS

Shading Devices

From the Sefaira Web App.

32’ x 36’

Max. Bay Spacing Steel Beam-Girder System

40’ x 38’

Max. Bay Spacing Heavy Timber System

Customized based on orientation.

28’ x 28’

Max. Bay Spacing One Way Concrete System

Solar Shading A well designed shading device is essential in allowing winter suns to heat a space and preventing summer sun from overheating a space.

For Paradise’ specific latitude, the overhang must be extended 1/3 of the height of the opening.

ATRIUM SCHEME

This is surprisingly the best there. It is an atrium with a skylight above and not open to the air. It introduces the benefits of a courtyard without compromising for heating needs. It is the most overlit because of the area of the skylight, a smaller skylight would probably work great.

The inlet openings should be no more than 45 degrees away from the prevailing winds and an outlet opening that is the same size or larger is required on the opposite side to get airflow.

The thickness of the mass wall can be 14” if brick and 18” if concrete.

COURTYARD SCHEME

This scheme makes spaces less deep, deep spaces cause daylighting problems. This also creates more surface area in which to put more windows which means daylighting. I like this scheme because it can maximize on the southern exposure.

Cross Ventilation Can cool a space through natural ventilation facing prevailing winds.

20% of the floor area of adjacent space needing heating can be dedicated to the sun space.

Window to Wall Ratio

This scheme involves having a hole cut out from the middle of the building. This introduces more daylighting into the interior of a space as well as provide ventilation from the interior of a building. I like this because it creates open private outdoor spaces within a building. It is also protected from winds.

Orient the glazing no more than 15 degrees away from the true south.

3.23%

Average DF

2.34%

Average DF

SHADING

10.75% Average DF

From the Sefaira Web App.

12 pm

3 pm

Overcast at 06.21 at 3 pm

September 23

June 21

March 20

9 am

Academy Dr

Paradise Recreation Center

Prevailing Wind: from the NE direction Paradise Adventist Academy

Pearson Rd

Downtown

Paradise Elementary School

Paradise Middle School

Illuminance Studies This space is the cafe which is a very important social space within our project. It’s primary glazing faces north which does not get direct sunlight however looking at these studies, the light it gets is still pretty intense. The goal is to be at 50-100 footcandles which is the green areas. Orange red is a bit too bright but is acceptable for this space and then yellow is very bright which is not what we are aiming for.

At 9 am for all the months, this entire space is too well lit and very bright. At noon is the best when it has minimal yellow but then once 3 pm comes around it becomes very bright again where the glazing is.

Sun Path: 74 degrees, summer 27 degrees, winter

The overcast condition does not affect it since this space does not get direct sunlight anyways.

500’

Moving forward, we will minimize the glazing in this space and diffuse it a little better through shading devices and vegetation to filter the light. To address the all too bright 9 am experience, just limit as well as shade the glazing facing east and south.

This tool will become very useful if I want to analyze how the daylight will be experienced by the users and it will help hone in on daylighting strategy based on function and programming.

North

Integrated Section

Integration Diagrams

Integration Diagrams

This will be a heavy timber construction because of its sustainability as a material as well as local availability. There will be concrete for the foundation to prevent rotting of the wood. Operable glazing will be used throughout to allow for cross ventilation.

This shows how lab 2â&#x20AC;&#x2122;s results inďŹ&#x201A;uenced me into putting an atrium space in my project. This allows this deep and tall space to be well lit as well as get solar gain to heat the building during the cold months.

Winter Sun 27 degrees

Summer Sun 74 degrees operable glazing operable glazing for ventilation roof garden provides insulation

heavy timber construction

tilted exterior glazing allows shading from summer sun while letting winter sun in heavy timber V-column

hydronic heating and cooling system uses the ground which will cool the space during hot summer and warm a space during cold winter

Integration Diagrams I placed the mechanical room and rainwater storage in the area of the building that gets the least daylight.

skylights overhangs for shading, north overhangs are shorter and south overhangs are longer atrium space that allows studio spaces and exhibit spaces to be well lit

nature inside the building, acts as a thermal mass as well as puriďŹ es the air

glass folding doors allows studios to be well lit from the atrium as well as allow it to be ventilated

nature inside the building mechanical room, placed where daylight does not reach rainwater harvesting system, water distributed to the bathrooms retaining wall

ARCH 342 Lab 1

visibility is important.

The sensor choice for this is ultrasonic sensors because they are more sensitive than infrared sensors and it might be safer to have one that is more easily triggered.

The results of this fixture are an LPD of 1.28 and 24 light fixtures as opposed to other fixtures that would have needed 50-60 fixtures. These were the thin elongated fixtures. The LPD of 1.28 is a little above the 1.2 W/sq. ft. from the chart however.

Lab 1: Electrical Lighting Exercise Kaye Lao | Arch 342

Function Tasks Age Range Spatial Dimentions Targt Footcandles Target Wattage sensors notes

Iteration 1 Iteration 2 Iteration 3

Community Kitchen cooking and baking, teaching, learning 10-100 yrs old 30’ x 35’ x 12’ 100 fc 1.2 W/sq. ft. ultrasonic sensors Glazing comes from sliding doors.

All are LED fixtures.

Lithonia: Surface Mounted Luminaire Juno: Suspended Luminaire Holophane: Surface Mounted Luminaire

Kaye Lao | Arch 342 | Lab 1

This is for a community kitchen space where lessons can take place as well as community events.

Age ranges from 10-100 years old. This type of space calls for 100 footcandles and 1.2^5 W/sq. ft.

Iteration 1 calls for a surface mounted lighting fixture.

I was looking for one that has a wider shape than a thin rectangular one. The criteria for this was 100 footcandles and an LED fixture. I chose direct lighting because it is a place where maximum

Iteration 2: Suspended Luminaire

Kaye Lao | Arch 342 | Lab 1

Iteration 1: Surface Mounted Luminaire

target: 100 fc target: 1.2 W/sq. ft.

For this community kitchen area, a suspended luminaire could work as well where the lighting fixtures are focused on the kitchen stove and counter. And to reiterate from the previous page this type of space calls for 100 footcandles and 1.2^5 W/sq. ft. Iteration 2 calls for a suspended lighting fixture.

These fixtures are a lot smaller hence the 2.47 W/sq.ft. output. There only needs to be 32 fixtures as well. What I was looking for was a fixture that

would not require a huge adequately light a space.

100 footcandles and an L lighting because it is a pla visibility is important.

The sensor choice for because they are more se sensors and it might be s more easily triggered.

Kaye Lao | Arch 342 | Lab 1: Electric Lighting

this is ultrasonic sensors ensitive than infrared safer to have one that is

target: 100 fc target: 1.2 W/sq. ft.

Iteration 3: LPD Generated

e amount of fixtures to The criteria for this was LED fixture. I chose direct ace where maximum

target: 100 fc target: 1.2 W/sq. ft.

For this third iteration I wanted to explore what I have avoided for the other iterations which are long thin fixtures and indirect lighting. The criteria for this is not the 100 footcandles anymore but the 1.2 W/sq/ ft.

This light fixture is the best out of the three because it not only meets all of the requirements, it exceeds it. It meets the 100 footcandles, it has a power density of 1.1 W/sq. ft., and it only needs 18

fixtures to suďŹ&#x192;ciently light this space. It is also LED. The sensor choice for this is ultrasonic sensors because they are more sensitive than infrared sensors and it might be safer to have one that is more easily triggered.

What I am worried about is whether indirect lighting will negatively aďŹ&#x20AC;ect this place as a work space. It is so critical to have good lighting in a kitchen as to prevent accidents.

ARCH 342 Project 1 36 SML HOUSE

by Levenbetts location: Amagansett, United States project year: 2014 contractor: Reinhardt Oâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;Brien manufacturers of Levenbetts: Cement Board Fabricators, Eco-Cem, and Eternit

SQUARE HOUSE

by Levenbetts location: Stone Ridge, NY , United States project year: 2017 manufacturers of Levenbetts: Cement Board Fabricators, Eco-Cem, and Eternit CASE STUDIES Kaye Lao 2019

1

NEW PALTZ HOUSE

bY AlexAllen Studio location: New Paltz, United States project year: 2016 manufacturers: Eastern Architectural Products

FIBER CE

EMME HOUSE

bY Areal Architecten location: Eppegem, Belgium project year: 2013 CASE STUDIES Kaye Lao 2019

2

3.2

PREPARATION

A.

Clean panel surfaces thoroughly prior to installation. Remove any cutting or drilling dust from the surface of the panel using a micro-soft cloth. {This is especially important when panels are being adhesively fixed}

B.

Prepare surfaces using the methods recommended by Equitone for achieving the best result for the substrate under the project conditions.

3.3

INSTALLATION

A.

Install in accordance with manufacturer's instructions and approved submittals.

B.

For exterior applications, comply with local codes and structural engineer's fastening calculations along with manufacturer's recommendations for fastener spacing.

3.4 A.

B. 3.5 A.

My chosen material is fiber cement panels as my cladding system. It will be supported by a girt system a�ached to a light wood frame stud construc�on. This is my and my partner’s choice of material because our project is located in Paradise, California. We were looking for a material that would be fire resistant and overall resilient. This material is rela�vely more cost effec�ve than other products as well and can vary greatly in its finish. Our clients were against buildings looking too modern and very much against concrete buildings. They liked building materials that reflected nature which means wood, stone, brick, and the like. Therefore we decided to go with fiber cement which could be made to look like wood. It’s like wood without the disadvantages of catching fire, ro�ng, and was even more cost effec�ve. Fiber cement is our resilient material of choice.

As I was researching fiber cement, the manufacturers that showed up o�en were Equitone, Allura, and James Hardie. My specifica�ons come from Equitone. The fiber cement sample I have is Nichiha. It shows how fiber cement can look like wood. The architecture firm, Levenbe�s, experiment with ways to make the most out of fiber cement and the manufacturers they use are Cement Board Fabricators, which is a Kentucky based company, Eco-Cem from Miami, and Eternit of Switzerland.

EXTERIOR CLADDING FOR RAINSCREEN APPLICATIONS Detailing Requirements: 1. Air space inlets and outlets are required at top and bottom of building or wall termination and shall be equivalent to a continuous 1/2“ to 3/4“ (12 mm to 18 mm) to facilitate airflow behind the panels. Do not block vertical airflow at windows, doors, eaves, or at the base of the building. Airflow shall be continuous from bottom to top so there is air movement behind each panel. The minimum cavity width should be at least 25/32” (20mm) for facades up to 33’ (10m) high. For facades between 66’-165’ (20-50 m) the cavity width needs to increase to 1 3/16” (30mm). Air flow behind the fiber cement panels is critical to the performance of the rain screen constructions.

2. Fasteners in profile shall accommodate thermal expansion/contraction of metal and not interfere with panel application.

DETAILING Kaye Lao 2019 3. Install panels starting from top of building and work down the facade.

4. For straight walls, start panel installation in center and work outward.

5. For walls with inside corners, start installation at corner and work across wall.

6. Pattern: Straight pattern with vertical panels. Panel size as indicated.

7. Pattern: Straight pattern with horizontal panels. Panel size as indicated.

8. Pattern: Semi pattern with horizontal panels. Panel size as indicated.

3

Rain Screen Installation: Comply with manufacturer's installation requirements.

PROTECTION Protect installed products until completion of project.

EMENT B. PANEL Touch-up, repair or replace damaged products before Substantial Completion.

END OF SECTION

Ref: [tectiva] CSI-V1 - 12/2015

FIBRE CEMENT WALL PANELS

The specifica�ons are pre�y straigh�orward and very informa�ve. What I found most helpful was when it was describing detailing requirements on this very last page. It helps to imagine how to draw this in a wall sec�on- it says to make sure that air flow is con�nuous ver�cally throughout the back of the panel. It even specifies how wide this air gap should be depending on how tall the facade is.

In part 1, sec�on 1.8.B called Project Condi�ons, the measurements shall be around 24” x 12” for the panel sizes. In part 2, sec�on 2.2.A.1.d called Wall Panels, the finish we are going with is a brownish color and a greyish color to add contrast. In part 2, sec�on 2.3.D called Miscellaneous Cladding Materials, the panel fastening op�on I choose is face fixed screws.

12”

24”

The related sec�ons basically talk about how this wall assembly with fiber cement cladding will be built. Cold-formed framing will be the girt system which the fiber cement panels will be a�ached to. It could even be the primary framing structure of the wall itself. Mechanically graded lumber could be the framing of the wall and or structural material if the wall is non loadbearing.

This lumber must be protected from the elements to maintain its structural ability. The layers that are placed in front of this lumber are the thermal insula�on and air barrier coa�ngs. The thermal insula�on’s goal is to maintain a comfortable indoor environment by keeping warmth in when it’s cold and keeping coolness in when its hot. A�er the insula�on comes the air barrier coa�ngs.

These air barrier coa�ngs prevent most of the elements from ruining the wall assembly. All of these related sec�ons contribute to the success of this wall assembly.

5/16” thickness

07 46 46 - 6

As far as ques�ons I have- I’m wondering why maintenance instruc�ons of this cladding system is not anywhere in the specs? Does the specifica�ons only address instruc�ons from delivery all the way to finished building and not anything a�er it?

SUMMARY

Kaye Lao 2019

MATERIAL DIMENSIONS 4 Kaye Lao 2019

9

ARCH 342 Project 1: Wall Elevations

ALL SECTION

LAB 2

EAST TO WEST WALL SECTION Kaye Lao

Studio Stacey

parapet

parapet roofing rigid insulation girder ceiling

IGU, wall to wall glazing IGU, wall to wall glazing column column

IGU

roofing rigid insulation girder ceiling

finish floor 5 ply decking rigid insulation girder beam @8 3/4'

finish floor 5 ply decking rigid insulation girder beam @8 3/4'

ceiling

ceiling

IGU

fiber cement fiber cladding cement cladding air gap air gap rigid insulation rigid insulation wrb, air and water barrier wrb, air and water barrier gypsum sheathing gypsum sheathing wall stud w/ insulation wall stud girt w/ insulation girt gypsum sheating gypsum sheating heavy timber heavy column timber column double stud double stud

finish flooring finish flooring insulation insulation radiant heating pipes radiant heating pipes concrete slab concrete slab drainage layer drainage layer

2 East 1/2" = 1'-0"

East-West Wall Section

drainage

concrete slab

WALL SECTION Kaye Lao 2019

DN

5

My partner Michelleâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s wall section.

ARCH 342 Project 2

PROJECT 2 KAYE LAO STUDIO STACEY SPRING 2019

9 am

AXON

EAST FACING WALL SECTION

12 pm

2 pm 11 am

greenhouse parapet

south-facing solar panels roofing rigid insulation girder ceiling

nana wall (operable glazing) column shading for east facing glazing

shading

finish floor 5 ply decking rigid insulation girder beam @8 3/4' ceiling

transfer beam

stairs to greenhouse operable glazing fiber cement cladding air gap rigid insulation wrb, air and water barrier gypsum sheathing wall stud w/ insulation girt gypsum sheating heavy timber column double stud

CAFE Espresso.......................

Iced..............................

Sandwhiches................

Sweets.........................

finish flooring insulation radiant heating pipes concrete slab drainage layer

EAST FACADE ELEVATION

BIBLIOGRAPHY AND FOOTNOTES - Rural Studio and the Architecture of Decency, Dean and

Hursley, Introduction (1-13) Chapter 1: Introduction - Introduction: McDonald, L. H. (2000). This Paradise we

call home. Paradise, CA: Gold Nugget Museum.

- California, S. O. (n.d.). California Statewide Fire Map.

Retrieved from http://cdfdata.fire.ca.gov/incidents/ incidents_details_info?incident_id=2277 - http://www.ontheridge.com/paradise.html - http://www.usacitiesonline.com/cacountyparadise. htm#history - https://www.townofparadise.com/index.php/visitors/

about-paradise Chapter 2: Community Overview History - http://www.ontheridge.com/paradise.html - http://www.usacitiesonline.com/cacountyparadise. htm#history - https://www.townofparadise.com/index.php/visitors/

about-paradise Culture and Community Assets - https://www.paradiseprpd.com/index.html - https://www.townofparadise.com/index.php/9-

uncategorised/93-gold-nugget-days - http://www.paradisechamber.com/johnny-appleseed- days - http://www.seecalifornia.com/festivals/paradise-

johnny-appleseed-days.html - http://chocolatefest.us/ Economics - U.S. Census Bureau, Bureau of Labor Statistics *NB:

Census data is tagged to residential address, not a

work address; some residents may live in Paradise and

work elsewhere

-

“Paradise, CA.” Data USA, 2019, datausa.io/profile/geo/ paradise-ca/.

Prior and Anticipatory Demographics - “Paradise, CA.” Data USA, 2019, datausa.io/profile/geo/

paradise-ca/.

- UDA. “Paradise, California.” Paradise, California, 2019,

makeitparadise.org/.

- U.S. Census Bureau, Bureau of Labor Statistics *NB: Census data is tagged to residential address, not a work

address; some residents may live in Paradise and work elsewhere Ecosystem Understanding - Climate Consultant - “Paradiso Series.” USDA, October 2006. Web. 16 May

2019. https://soilseries.sc.egov.usda.gov/OSD_Docs/P/ PARADISO.html.

- “About Paradise.” Town Of Paradise. Web. 16 May 2019.

https://www.townofparadise.com/index.php/visitors/

about-paradise.

- “Climate Paradise - California.” U.S. Climate Data. Web.

16 May 2019. https://www.usclimatedata.com/climate/

paradise/california/united-states/usca0836 - “Butte Valley Wildlife Area.” California Department of Fish and Wildlife, 31 October 2018. Web. May 16. 2019.

https://www.wildlife.ca.gov/Lands/Places-to-

Visit/Butte-Valley-WA. - California Native Plant Society. Web. 16 May 2019. loc-

39.7596,-121.6219(Paradise, California).

- “Mountainside Settlements.” Architecture 2030 Palette.

Web. 17 May 2019. http://2030palette.org/mountainside- settlements/ - “Choosing the Right Plants for Northern Nevada’s High

Fire Hazard Areas.” Living With Fire. Web. 17 May 2019.

https://www.unce.unr.edu/publications/files/ nr/2017/sp1701.pdf - “Building.” Architecture 2030 Palette. Web. 17 May 2019.

http://2030palette.org/building/

Chapter 3: Resiliency and Disaster Recovery Defining and Implementing Recovery - Becker, Christine. “Disaster Recovery: A Local

Government Responsibility.” ICMA, ICMA, Mar. 2009, icma.

org/sites/default/files/4718_.pdf.

- “Community Recovery Plan.” Make It Paradise, UDA, 18 Apr.2019,issuu.com/makeitparadise/docs/2350pres

190418_final_rev_.

https://calfire-forestry.maps.arcgis.com/apps webappviewer/index.html?id=5306cc8cf38c4252830a

38d467d33728&extent=-13547810.5486%2C4824920.

1673%2C-13518764.4778%2C4841526.1117%2C102100 - “Long-Term Community Recovery Planning Process:

A Self Help Guide.” Fema.gov, FEMA, Dec. 2005, www.

fema.gov/media-library-data/20130726-1538

-20490-8825/selfhelp.pdf.

- Vujanovic, Anka A, and Matthew W Gallagher.

“Psychological Impact of Natural Disasters in Adults.”

Psychological Impact of Natural Disasters in Adults -

University of Houston, University of Houston College of

Liberal Arts and Social Sciences, 12 Sept. 2017, www.

uh.edu/class/news/archive/2017/august-september/

natural-disasters-impact-adults/.

Wildland Urban Interface - http://www.fire.ca.gov/fire_prevention/fire_ prevention_wildland_codes - https://makeitparadise.org/brochure - Fire, Defensible Space, and You: https://www.

sandiegocounty.gov/pds/fire_resistant.html - Designing Your Home to Survive Wildfires: http://www.

energy-design-tools.aud.ucla.edu/FIRES.html Chapter 4: Vision and Goals - Designers—Think Big!: https://www.ted.com/talks/tim_

brown_urges_designers_to_think_big?language=en

Chapter 5: Paradise (re) Imagined - Happy City, Montgomery, The Mayor and the City as

Happiness Project (1-43) - Retrofitting Suburbia, Urban Design Solutions for

Redesigning Suburbs, Dunham-Jones, Williamson,

Chapter 4 (59-94) - Suburban Remix, Creating the Next Generation of Urban

Places, Beske and Dixon, Chapter 2 (33-81) - The Image of the City, Lynch, Chapter 4 (91-117) - The Rise of the Creative Class, Florida, (280-303) - The Walkable City, Speck, The Ten Steps of Walkability

(65-72) Chapter 6: The Built Environment Chapter 7: The Future - California Recycle and Underutilized Sites (CALReUSE)

Program: https://www.treasurer.ca.gov/cpcfa/calreuse. as - California Wildfires Statewide Recovery Recourses:

http://wildfirerecovery.org/ - California Action Plan for Disaster Recovery: http://

www.hcd.ca.gov/community-development/

disaster-recovery-programs/cdbg-dr/docs/HCD-CDBG-

DR-AP-01Nov18-Full-English.pdf - Paradise Recovery Plan: https://makeitparadise.org/ - Town of Paradise, Butte County Recovers: http://

wildfirerecovery.org/

Appendices Noteworthy Precedent Research Design Iterations (including prior projects) ARCH 307 Lab/Project Submissions ARCH 342 Lab/Project Submissions

IMAGE CREDITS Chapter 1: Introduction - Jessica Patterson. “Welcome to Paradise.” Flickr. Taken on March 12, 2012. Accessed June 2, 2019. https://www.flickr.com/ photos/modernrelics/7084570377/in/photolist-5TeH8e-4YMQr3bN3gX8-KSwaC-KSw5s-9YLDqw-4Yywa8-KSw8f-5CZrU3-KSw4yKNSaV-4JmDqw-4Yywde-KWCqK-KNQk5-5ak7ty-4CrH7A-KSw5Js5rpo7-rNpnLa-2msqfj-s5rpbo-raVLyH-cmahAG-2ygfyk-8L9RFJ8L6Q3x-8L9UJs-9kwyAT-8L9Two-8L6P48-8L9SYj-2ykKBb2ygd6k-2ygdTa-2ykF7j-2yggxZ-4WuoY4-9khjpe-9kmrwA-9ktRyM8xDpCc-9koXBq-yqXZmT-i4SE8-5RSNof-4WtSMD-9kCCWf9koXr7-xLsnDb - Google Maps. Accessed June 2, 2019.

- Stacey White. “2QTR Prospecti.”

- Joe Johnston/Cal Poly University Marketing. “NOLA Pictures.” Taken 2019.

Chapter 2: Community Overview - “Discovery Of Gold In Paradise, California.” Hamilton Historical Records. January 8, 2019. Accessed June 2, 2019. https://hamiltonhistoricalrecords.com/2019/01/08/discovery-ofgold-in-paradise-california/ - “Gold Nugget Queen Contest.” Paradise Performing Arts.

Accessed June 2, 2019. http://www.paradiseperformingarts.com/ event/gold-nugget-queen-contest-2017-04-27-00-00-00 - Kelsey Jones. “Photos of Paradise Trails.” Accessed June 2, 2019. https://www.alltrails.com/us/california/paradise/photos - Icon Pond. “Healthcare.” Flaticon. Accessed June 2, 2019. https://www.flaticon.com/free-icon/patient_387585 - Freepik. “People.” Flaticon. Accessed June 2, 2019. https://www.flaticon.com/free-icon/girl_1836903 Chapter 3: Resiliency and Disaster Recovery - “Camp Fire Update: Evacuations Move into Chico, Paradise is Completely ‘Wiped Out’.” Active NorCal. November 9, 2018. Accessed June 2, 2019. https://activenorcal.com/campfire-update-up-to-1000-homes-burned-multiple-fatalitiesconfirmed/

- Noah Berger/AP. “For Many Fire Evacuees, There’s Still No Going Back To Paradise.” NPR. February 1, 2019. Accessed June 2, 2019. https://www.npr.org/2019/02/01/690822661/in-paradisecalif-rebuilding-after-the-wildfire-clean-up-isnt-guaranteed - “FEMA official offers tips to Camp Fire survivors.”

Mercury News. Published November 14, 2018. Accessed June 2, 2019. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=wzFPHbnpSWo - Gabrielle Lurie/The Chronicle. “Camp Fire: Crews begin massive cleanup of hazardous materials left in wake of blaze.” San Francisco Chronicle. December 8, 2018. Accessed June 2, 2019. https://www.sfchronicle.com/california-wildfires/ article/Camp-Fire-Crews-begin-massive-cleanup-of-13451001. php?psid=9WqDa#photo-16615639 - Urban Design Associates. “Community Process.”

Makeitparadise.org. Accessed June 2, 2019. https:// makeitparadise.org/ - Michelle Wiley. “6 Months After Paradise Burned, Trauma Endures For Kids and Adults.” NPR. May 11, 2019. Accessed June 2, 2019. https://www.npr.org/2019/05/11/721834022/6-monthsafter-paradise-burned-trauma-endures-for-kids-and-adults - Urban Design Associates. “Wildland-Urban Interface Requirements.” UDA Final Report/Makeitparadise.org. Accessed June 2, 2019. https://makeitparadise.org/ - “Why women over 60 should enjoy riendships with older people.” Sixty and me. June 2018. Accessed June 2, 2019. http:// sixtyandme.com/why-women-over-60-should-enjoy-friendshipswith-older-people/ - 2030 Palette. Accessed June 2, 2019. http://2030palette. org/ - Robyn Tanner/Cal Poly University Marketing. “NOLA Pictures.” Taken 2019.

Chapter 4: Vision and Goals - Stacey White. (High school outreach event.)

- Alyson Liang. (High school outreach event.)

- Urban Design Associates. “Visions and Goals.” UDA Final Report/Makeitparadise.org. Accessed June 2, 2019. https:// makeitparadise.org/ - Matt Bates/Enterprise-Records. “Town of Paradise issues

its first building permits.” Paradise Post. March 28, 2019. Accessed June 2, 2019. https://www.paradisepost.com/2019/03/28/townof-paradise-issues-its-first-building-permits/ - Kirk Siegler/NPR. “For Many Fire Evacuees, There’s Still No Going Back To Paradise.” NPR. February 1, 2019. Accessed June 2, 2019. https://www.npr.org/2019/02/01/690822661/in-paradisecalif-rebuilding-after-the-wildfire-clean-up-isnt-guaranteed

Chapter 5: Paradise (re) Imagined - Joe Johnston/Cal Poly University Marketing. “NOLA Pictures.” Taken 2019.

- Streetmix. Accessed June 2, 2019. https://streetmix. net/-/849093 Chapter 7: The Future - Joe Johnston/Cal Poly University Marketing. “NOLA Pictures.” Taken 2019.

Appendices ArchDaily 2030 Palette

(Re) Imagining

Paradise

created by Kaye Lao in collaboration with Studio Stacey, Cal Poly 2019