5 cents
One death causes a series of deaths April 19th, 1919, a date that may bring back memories for some. One of the first terrorist threats upon the United States sending the country into what is now known as “The Red Scare” brought the nation to a new level of global awareness. The scare led to a revolution that caused radicals across the country that led to the belief that a Bolshevik Revolution was imminent in the United States. An explosion occurred at the Attorney General‟s (Andrew Palmer) house in Washington DC. The Italian -American bomber died in the event and was traced back to Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. A year before this incident, 1918, former president Wilson had intended to pass the anti-immigrant and antianarchist Sedition Act that was intended to protect morale during wartime. This Act would have been aimed at many unwanted immigrants and deported them back, but the negatives to it were that it made hardly any effort towards depicting true threats from ideological activists. Palmer made sort of a prophecy that on May 1, 1920 there would be a large revolution that aimed at government deposition. When this failed to happen, more people began to question the credibility of palmer, who was also said to have conducted the Palmer Raids illegally. These raids
were said to have broken the fourth, fifth, sixth, and eighth amendment‟s in the Constitution. Many immigrants were deported and were forced to stay at Ellis Island to await deportation trials. On December 21st, 1920 the ship Buford (nicknamed “The Soviet Ark”) sailed from Ellis Island to the Soviet Union with nearly 250 deportees that had been collected throughout the Palmer Raids and were to be a “Christmas present” from America to Lenin and Trotsky. Wall Street was bombed by an unknown activist on September 1, 1920 killing 38 and injuring 141 people. It was believed that the scheme was conducted by Italian anarchists. This was the worst incident in New York City since the Shirtwaist Factory Fire in 1911. Most of those who died were couriers, clerks, or brokers. They were mostly young people who died minutes within the incident. The bomber had used a horse drawn carriage that had one hundred pounds of dynamite and five hundred pounds of sash weights that were used to create shrapnel for maximum damage. The bomb had caused around two million dollars in property damage and ruined a majority of the interior of JP Morgan‟s bank on Wall Street.
Labor unions also played a large role throughout this time, it was put upon that all who took part in labor unions were communist and therefore were oppressed and discriminated against in the United States. They were negatively portrayed through media and through propaganda (political
cartoons et c…). The culmination of all these events brought together the nationwide fear for any Eastern European anarchist, communist, socialist, or Bolshevik. Due to the sudden change in views on these people the Communist Party USA lost many members and became something that was frowned upon by the typical American Public.
The Most Sensational Scandals in the History of American Politics The Teapot Dome Scandal: even our President Warren G. Harding had allowed Leasing of Navy Petroleum to privately owned oil companies. This will be the “greatest and most sensational scandal in the history of American politics” when our own president had betrayed us to make for a few thousand dollars. Also we will cover over the unfair trial of McGrain v. Daughtry. This trial was unfair and Harding had allowed this to happen when Secretary of Interior Albert B. Fall leased the Navy Petroleum. But thanks to our Senator Thomas J. Walsh and
cepting bribes. Also since Harding had allowed this; Harding had single handedly ruined his Political Career. Fall leased the oil production rights to at Teapot Dome to Harry F. Sinclair of Mammoth Oil. Fall also leased it to the Elk Hill reserve to Edward L. Doheny. This occurred in November of 1922 favoring the oil companies very gracefully; Fall would receive $100,000 which this was a no interest loan. Fall continued to receive gifts which ended up to being $404,000. He would have gotten away with it if he didn‟t forget to cover up the $100,000 from Doheny.
his sensational investigation; Fall will be convicted of ac-
This led to the scandal being known throughout our govern-
ment. Then Several Members of the Senate discovered this through a fantastic and sensational Investigation Led by Thomas J. Walsh. Walsh had taken 2 years to put Fall in a corner until he would crack. For a while the committee had found no true evidence. Fall was later arrested being the first cabinet member in history to go to prison for reason in office. Sinclair paid $100,000 fine and Doheny is still being tried for playing a role in this whole mess. Another Scandal that had occurred in our Great nation that has happened over with the Supreme Court when McGrain had given a false warrant for the death penalty; M.S. Daughtrey was wrongfully accused for playing part of the Teapot dome Scandal. If attorney general Harry Daughtrey had caught this then M.S. Daughtrey would not have been killed.
Prejudice of a judge results in death penalty In the last decade the political atmosphere in the US has been dominated by sweeping allegations of Communism, Anarchism and all manner of corruption. A fear of uprising among the poor, European immigrants has resulted in unfavorable opinions of labor unions and restrictions on immigration. Furthermore, regular citizens have in some cases been discriminated against due to ethnicity and political views. The most glaring example of unjust treatment of immigrants in the last decade is without a doubt the Sacco and Vanzet t i Mur der Tr ia l. The robbery and murder of a factory paymaster in Braintree, Massachusetts on April 15, 1920 started out as a rather ordinary crime. Witnesses were unsure and some testimonies contradicted others. Little physical evidence linked anyone to the robbery, but a recent, similar robbery by a group of Italian anarchists provided police with a starting point for searching for suspects. Ferdinanando Sacco and Bartolommeo Vanzetti, two Italians known to follow anarchist literature were quickly arrested. Both had pistols on them at the time of arrest, but Vanzetti‟s gun was not even of the same caliber and there was little consensus among experts
about whether Sacco‟s gun actually fired the fatal bullets as well. Despite having little more than a history of anarchist views and ethnicity the police quickly began to organ-
ize the case against the men. From the start police neglected to mention the testimony of witnesses which could have cleared both men, as well as possibly coercing testimony from some witnesses. As the case entered trial it became clear the rights of both men were being infringed. The jury was biased to begin with and the judge himself even claimed that even if the men hadn‟t committed this crime they were certainly guilty of at least some other crimes. Eventually both men were found guilty of the crime and sentenced to death by electrocution. This
sentence brought the case new international attention. Already there was tension on the streets regarding the handling of the case and the guilty verdict resulted in riots, protests and bombings around the world. Years of appeals and motions for new trials were rejected and on August 23, 1927 both men were executed by t he electric chair. While the true facts of the case have not and may never come out, without a doubt the defendants were denied their constitutional rights. This case marks an ethical low point in the last decade. The world watched as two possibly innocent men were made scapegoats to cover up the fact that the police department had no idea who committed the crime. But while the executions can‟t be undone and miscarriages of justice are sure to happen in the future, this case serves as an example of how easy it is for discrimination and prejudice to pervert our legal system. We can only hope that this kind of mistake is not made again.
Probation, crime, money, repeal, wealthier country The effects of prohibition on our decade have many people stating their opinions on the matter and whether or not it is worth keeping up. Either case, it is having an effect upon American people and will continue no matter whether it is kept in place or abolished. With this amendment continuing on now since 1919 there have been no movements made to abolish it, however the argument is still strong in both directions. The government brought this amendment into place in 1919 and began widely enforcing it in 1920 a little over a year from the actual ratification of the amendment into place. Their reasons were the raising crime rates and caused violence and poverty among those who spend all their house money on liquor. There are health reasons behind it too due to the increase in children consuming liquor as well. With time, the law proved to be faulty in one of the main reasons it was created. It drove up the crime rates due to organized crime and the underground moonshine that had come into production. It is arguable that the government is spending more money enforcing the Prohibition than is even worth putting forth for it. America was built upon freedom and some people take freedom to have the ability to do what they want
on their own property. It brought Al Capone from the streets to an underworld lord providing 10,000 speakeasies to the upper and middle classes. It is a victimless crime in which the user is harming themselves rather than others. But as the decade nears an end, Prohibition is still looming upon us, sort of the joke of the underworld, and the least of concerns for those who can afford to obtain some of the illegal liquor. It is true that it has brought a boost in some forms of crime, canâ€&#x;t that be said for most laws anyways? The more laws there are the more there are to be broken. Many have gone about their daily lives not swaying one bit with the lack of foul liquor, it is a drink that causes the worst of people to come out and to obscure the minds of the people who consume it. Women had the right idea that it caused a large sum of money to disappear on a drink, and that it led to more violent domestic problems. The government has the right to protect us and if something like alcohol is seen as a threat to our great nation then they can go ahead and do whatâ€&#x;s best fo r a ll o f us. Alternative solutions are always out there, and are becoming more and more accepted among others. The possibility of taxing alcohol is an interesting fix to Prohibition.
The government would benefit from those who want to make their own decisions on what they do with their money. With more money going to the government the more will be returned back to the population and therefore creating lower income taxes as well. With repealing the 18th amendment there is the opportunity for more companies to open and in turn creating more jobs which leads to an even wealthier country. Our nation was built upon a democracy in which even the poorest man can have his voice heard in the government. Let sense be placed into our government and national leaders so that this Prohibition could come to an end. It is a personal choice and a personal freedom, more laws can come into place controlling the use of alcohol and punishments that suit the crime can be created as well. But it is evident that the banning of a drink that has been around for centuries has not been working.
Answers in the next issue
Labor Unions: A friend of Communism
Unions, in many rare cases can be beneficial to people. They can give them an increase in wages, provide less work hours and lower the stress level of workers. So the concept of them has its benefits for the self-glorifying man. However, for the overall economy, Labor Unions are very bad and could leave the United States in a downward spiral of economic activity in all Cities and States. Labor Unions are a detriment to effective economic society. This is because when a factory or a firm has an applied Union the labor force will dramatically slow or in some cases stop altogether. So thatâ€&#x;s why Labor Unions are unhealthy. With all the lack of working the economic state could grind to a halt. Even though Labor Unions are bad for the economy, if a specific person is the self glorified, hard working, family man, laborers; then the benefits of being a red are endless. With a raised salary, less hours, and insurance benefits. Those things would make any person happier and think they are working extra hard. In these cases then the labor unions are obviously good for the self glorified worker of America. Also as long as these Self glorified reds are in these unions they can fight with more strikes and having a likelihood of winning.
Nevertheless
even
though
workers get all the glory, the rest of the consumers and participators of the financial system must suffer the consequences. Since the workers of a Labor Union get to have raised wages which causes the price of the goods and services would uplift drastically causing less consumers and even potential bankruptcy. With all of this raise of wages and the likelihood of strikes arousing, this is causing major conflict between free enterprisers and conservative capitalists with major distrust. This causes mistrust hostility within many companies. The hostility will in turn slow production, raise prices and
slowly deteriorate the financial world of the United States of America. Not to ment io n the amount of communist power that is a part of or has started these Unions. Why else would they be c a l l e d reds? Both unions and communism are more or less based on the same principles. Making this another reason why Labor Unions are bad for the United States of America. The United States of America is like a living creature. The economy is like a heart and all the workers in the United States of America are its blood selling products like sending oxygen. The Unions are like a cancer that can stop the blood flow. If the unions continue they will make the economy stop beating and single handedly kill The United States of America.
Stop all unions before America dies!
Black OR White, not Black AND White The 20â€&#x;s have been a decade of reform in many aspects of daily life. Women have received the right to vote and technological advances have enabled the quick transportation of people and goods by way of automobiles. However, the reemergence of the KKK signaled the continuing discrimination against minorities. Blacks have begun to move northward and Eastern
European immigrants take low paying jobs in factories with deplorable working conditions. The change in demographics has created a tense mood in both the North and South. But in spite of the changing social dynamics, there has been progress in accept ing ot her cult ures. The Red Scare has shaped the nationâ€&#x;s views towards immigrants more than perhaps any event of the last decade. A deep mistrust of immigrants created a political atmosphere where Communists seemed to be the scapegoat for all our troubles. The huge influx of immigrants made the problem all the more
visible. Legislation such as the Johnson-Reed Act limited the amount of immigrants allowed and other laws have been enacted to further reduce the opportunities available to immigrants. Public views regarding labor unions were also influenced by the perception that most labor union members were Communist, Eastern Euro pean immig ra nt s. Perhaps the most obvious example of discrimination of immigrants during the last decade is the Sacco-Vanzetti murder trial. The highly controversial trial and its many disputed facts were heavily covered by the press. The prosecution all but coached the witnesses into providing favorable testimony and the judge openly proclaimed his steadfast belief that the defendants were guilty of many crimes, even if not the one in question. However, the defense case was not perfect either. Both suspects were detained with weapons, but neither weapon definit ively matched the bullets found in the victim. Neither side had a great case, but most of us can agree at the very least that neither defendant received due process, or a fair, speedy trial. The defendants in the Sacco-Vanzetti trial were more or less chosen due to their Italian nationality and Anarchist political views. While all jury members in their trial claimed political
views and ethnicity did not affect their decision, both Sacco and Vanzetti were convicted, sentenced to death and ultimately executed by electric chair. This tremendous miscarriage of justice serves as an example of the result of allowing corruption and prejudice to in f lu e nc e co ur t case s. While immigrants have been the most recent group to face discrimination, blacks continue to struggle for rights in the US. A large movement of blacks from the South to the North following the Great War has created further unemployment trouble. The resurgence of the Ku Klux Klan has inspired fear in minorities around the nation. The further segregation of society between races has created entirely black communities plagued by poverty all around t h e n a t i o n . If physical separation can be considered the visible consequence of racism, then the true and basic problem is the acceptance of racism itself. In spite of the intellectual advancements made in literature and music, the widespread acceptance of racist views during the 1920â€&#x;s is evidence that discrimination is still a poignant issue in the nation today. Progress made throughout the decade is certainly not insignificant, but without changing the fundamental values of Americans discrimination will continue.
Evolution vs. Creationism Few court cases in history have attracted as much attention as the 1925 Scopes vs. Tennessee trial. Every American with a radio has doubtlessly heard much commentary on the subject in the past few years. Even five years later the Scopes Monkey Trial as it came to be known still polarizes people, and it will likely continue to divide people forever. The deep void in the past decade between strict Creationists and openminded Scientists became obvious as coverage of the trial made people begin to question their beliefs. And although John Scopes was ultimately found guilty of the crime of teaching Evolution, the fundamentalist Christian view of creation was publicly humilia t e d . John Scopes was simply a teacher at a high school in the small town of Dayton, Tennessee before the trial. A group of ambitious businessmen in his town saw the opportunity for publicity in the recently enacted Butler Act, a state law preventing the teaching of any concept which denied the Christian story of creation, as well as specifically barring the teaching of „evolution‟. Until that point the relatively recent theory of evolution was not well known or accepted outside of scientific circles. The businessmen proposed that Scopes inten-
tionally break the law in order to go to trial and create the news. Scopes agreed and went along with the plan, setting the stage for the most widely covered trial of the last decade. The recently formed ACLU took over the case and Clarence Darrow, an already famous defense attorney, headed t he defense team. Tom Stewart acted as prosecutor. Soon after Scopes‟ indictment both sides began preparing for trial and finding witnesses. While the defense never intended to deny that Scopes had indeed taught evolution, they focused on the unconstitutionality of the law. Stewart entered William Jennings Bryan as an expert witness for the prosecution. The combination of two heavily recognized names culminated in what was sure to be an ep ic s ho wdo wn. From the outset the case was heavily covered by the press. Newspapers, radios and even cameraman recorded every aspect of the trial. It was immediately obvious that both the judge and jury would allow their personal beliefs to interfere with justice. As various witnesses and testimonies were presented to the jury the entire country watched. On the sixth day Darrow called William Jennings Bryan to the stand for cross examination.
The highly anticipated battle of wits was followed by millions around the country. Darrow tactfully discredited Bryan‟s expertise on the Bible, the reason he was considered an expert witness. After thoroughly humiliating Bryan Darrow was silenced as Judge Raulston abruptly adjourned the court for the day. The next day the trial came to a close and the jury went into deliberation. They swiftly came to a verdict of guilty and sentenced Scopes to a $100 d o l l a r f i n e . In spite of the guilty verdict, Scopes vs. Tennessee was an emotional and public victory for the believers of Evolution. In the coming decade perhaps the teaching of Evolution in schools may become commonplace or perhaps it may never happen. But whatever immediate effects the trial may have, it may be best remembered as the start
of public debate over how to best search for the answers to all our questions: science or religion.
The journey of Jazz The rain poured really hard, and everything was hazy and dim. A soft beam could be spotted in the distance. The yellow lights of a small cabin on the other side of the field were lit while the master‟s cabin‟s lights were pitch black. After working a day long work in the muddy fields, the slaves took off for the night. Music, the only artistic expression that the slaves brought with them from Africa unified the African Americans. The African American slaves carried on this music and blossomed it into Jazz in the Roaring Twenties. Black folk music moved with the migration of African Americans from the time of slavery in the south to cities in the north and then around the world in the past decade. Jazz became a music genre result of the Harlem Renaissance in 1920s. It originated from the musical minds of the Black Americans in New Orleans as a mixture of rhythmic African drumbeats and European instruments making it an unique genre of music. This new genre was implemented in a small city, but then was later known throughout the nation and across the seas. The city that never sleeps, never really sleeps. Harlem was filled with people of all color and type. Cars honked, crowds gathered, people screamed, and human traffic once again began to get into The Cotton Club on this Friday night. The bustling activity in Harlem was all the effect of the display of the vibrant showcase of Jazz musicians. Although Jazz was not held in the highest regard by all of Harlem‟s residents, going to nightclubs was a special passion of the community. The performance was awaited eagerly by all the visitors and sightseers of the night. Jazz is a way of life rather than just music of the Harlem Renaissance. Mostly composed of African American musicians, Jazz had a rough start. However white men came to view the African Americans playing Jazz, enjoyed it, learned from it, and took it back with them. As a result, Jazz was widely spread amongst the nation. “I had a little tin horn, the kind the people celebrate with. I would blow this long tin horn without the top on it. Just hold my fingers close together. Blow it as a call for old rags, bones, bottles or anything that people had to sell… The kids loved the sounds of my tin horn,” Louis Armstrong, one of the well known Jazz musicians stated. Armstrong eventually learned to play the trumpet and along with other jazz musicians such as Fletcher Anderson, spread the new genre of music to other parts of the country and to Europe. The Harlem Renaissance and the influence of African American writers and intellectuals proved the intellectual and spiritual appeal of jazz music. During the course of the past decade men's pants bagged, women's hair was cut short, and flappers and fashion took the toll. Jazz influenced these fashion trends. The Jazz age provided inspiration and opportunity for women to reach beyond the traditional role designated to them by society. Not many people liked the Jazz. Some claimed it to be an irritation of nerves hearing and others regarded it as immoral and threatening to old cultural values. Even the media began to denigrate jazz. Many blamed Jazz for bad happenings. For example, the death of a celebrated conductor was because of a fatal heart attack, but people who abhorred Jazz blamed it on Jazz. Nonetheless, Jazz music was able to gain respect as an African American art form. For the first time in history, the culture of a minority became the desire of the majority and the status of African Americans was elevated.
1919-1929, a Decade through Baseball World Series, one of the most prominent sporting events in the world, if not it is the most prominent. From the scandalous 1919 Series fix to the six Series attended by the Yankees during the past decade, nothing has been more exciting and more alive in America. It is what the common man plays, and the childhood dream of m a n y g r o w i n g u p . 1919, a year that is known by many as the year in which the Prohibition Amendment was passed putting America into a time of no alcohol and notorious gangsters profiting from the
sale of illegal substances. This was also the year of the Black Sox Scandal. The Chicago White Sox versus the Cincinnati Reds for the overall title. The investigations have continued for years and eight White Sox players were officially banned for life from any Major League Baseball (MLB) activity. They were accused of throwing away the Series and also of accepting bribes as well. The MLB has a clause that is
signed by each player stating that they will only accept the salary offered to them by the team that they are signed by. The operation was run by New York Gangster Arnold Rothstein. The New York Yankees had created a legacy for themselves, with the infamous Murdererâ€&#x;s Row inside their lineup of batters. Six World Series Trips defined the standard that the Yankees have created for themselves. Star ballplayers such as Babe Ruth, Lou Gehrig, and Earl Combes had brought the team success and every other opponent facing them, fear. The New York Giants were a common foe during the earlier years of the decade, bringing upsets to the Yankees twice, once with a clean sweep of wins. Within the six times that this legendary club had come to the ultimatum of baseball, they only won three t it le s. The sudden surge of legends like Babe Ruth is said to be a result of the changes added to the great game of baseball in the earlier years. Outfield fences were brought in closer to the infield making home runs an easier feat to accomplish. New regulations on the size, shape, and weight of the ball allowed for easier air t ravel and t her efor e furt her hit s. The past is forever being written and new and the future is not set in stone. Americaâ€&#x;s Pastime is the way of the future, defining America and forever evolving with the current events of America.
A connecting factor In the 1920s, due to the affordability of the people, radios were a widespread accessory that unified the American people with a common experience. Along with radios, movies provided great entertainment for the American people in the 1920s. Radios became more affordable to both the middle class and the working class. This factor made it possible for every household to have a radio. Radios became the first massbroadcasting medium. By the end of 1922, 3 million Americans owned radios and could listen to 508 stations. Advertising in the radio attracted many people through mass marketing. Live broadcasts and shows like “Amos and Andy” and “The S hado w” he lped unify the American people with a common experience. The first radio news program was broadcast August 31, 1920 by station 8MK in Detroit, Michigan. The first college radio station began broadcasting on October 14, 1920, from Union College, New York. The film industry‟s growth during the 1920‟s revolutionized American entertainment. Critics warned that films would have a negative effect on society; filmgoers flocked to the theaters as an escape from reality. Due to the film industry, Hollywood boomed and produced a new
form of entertainment. Watching a movie was inexpensive and accessible. Although critics viewed this entertainment as a negative one, crowds surged into downtown movie palaces and nearby theaters. In the beginning of the 1920s decade, there were only silent films. However, sound synchronized motion pictures replaced the silent films between 1927 and 1929. October 6, 1927, the first movie with sound The Jazz Singer came out and changed the industry again. Radios and Movies allowed the citizens of the US to be unified by listening to and watching comedy shows, news, live events, jazz, romance shows, drama, and operas. A person in New York and a person in Texas now could be on the same page of entertainment.
Time for an addition or objection Here are two letters of the many letters to the editors we’ve received since our past publication. These two letters are well represented in explaining their thoughts about previously published articles.
To the editor: I must take exception to the author of the “Women‟s Suffrage is unnecessary” article. I understand the author‟s frustration with the state of giving women the right to vote. But to condemn something after it has been in tact is of no use. The 19th amendment has been ratified by the Congress and women are given more freedom. Because of the ratification of this amendment, our future generations are at its best. Men may say, “Who is to take care of the children now,” or “Who is to take care of the household?” But in reality, both men and women could do both. I‟m not saying one has to stay home while the other is at work, but the fact that both could collaborate and get it done together. I understand that because of winning suffrage, women‟s political interests have waned. And their interests have also shifted towards social life. Fashion has become more promiscuous with hemlines becoming shorter and shorter. Women have started to cut their hair short, wear hats, smoke, drink, dance unrestrainedly, and use birth control. However the author of the article in the past has made it seem like he wants the public to believe that all is bad and that women have become more dangerous. Truth be told, women are just given more freedom and voice in the government. There is more representation with women being added to politics and social life. Women only asked for representation equal to those of African Americans. Women didn‟t ask for more and so weren‟t given any more. Although women are allowed to work now, they are still discriminated due to gender as African Americans are discriminated due to race. Again, I do not interfere with the right of others to choose what they say. I do not wish to criticize their freedom of speech. However, I vehemently object to the author‟s efforts to force me to take the same stance on the issue as he did. Furthermore, I would like to let the public know both sides of an issue before they take their stance on it. Sincerely, Alice Paul (Women‟s Activist)
Time for an addition or objection (continuation)
Dear Editor, I had read your article called The Future as we know it where it talked about how all of these cars and air planes will become bigger and be used for more efficient ways of travel and transport good on a global scale. Even though it focused on only cars and airplanes, the innovations of how they are made can revolutionize our production levels to higher standards, make things less expensive, and replacing parts on things will cost less as well. This new innovation that I admire and respect is the magical assembly line. This is the future of our economy and the world. I liked how it started off with Henry Ford and his design of the Model T car. His design is not only one of the most reliable vehicles on the market but it is also the lowest in price and people donâ€&#x;t have to worry about the need of a mechanic after every use. The Model T is very reliable and if there is any trouble, you can take it into a shop and have it repaired in a brief amount of time. The assembly line allows us to make things in quicker manner with an increase in production and a decrease in cost. Assembly line will make this country improve economically; furthermore, we will be able to produce weapons at a higher rate potentially and perhaps chose to be the greatest military force in the world. Then when it referred to Charles Lindbergh being the first pilot to fly across the Atlantic Ocean, the fact that Lindbergh was an American makes the conclusion that The United States can and will do anything. So the innovation of airplanes makes transporting and travelling internationally so much easier with less traveling time. With Lindbergh leading a revolution of inspiration and culture throughout the United States, those inspirations will feed on to others and so forth. So the in reality the original article really talked about a revolution of technology pouring in that makes the world a smaller and smaller place where people can connect with each other like calling someone on the phone. The world is slowly becoming a smaller place as long as inventions of any kind occur. With the help of the assembly line anything is possible. Thanks for the great article. Sincerely, Caddie Lack