Acid-Base Equilibrium ภ-
RMUTL Chollada Kulwat
Acid-Base Equilibrium
8 ภ- (Acid-Base Equilibrium)
ภภภ! " # ภภ$ !ภ!% ! & ภภ'( )ภ(H2SO4), ภ&23 $ )ภ(HCl) ภ& 6 )ภ(HNO3) ! " # ภภ& & ภ3 &2 $ภ& 9 (NaOH), &2 $ภ& 9 (Ca(OH)2) $ 3 (NH3) ;!ภ< ภ$ ! = ;! $ 6 ภ>$ $! ?) 6)ภ! 6 $ภ!< )6%$! < ภ= $ # ภ&23 $ )ภ< ภ$ $ ; # & @ภA 6)%$! $) Bภ3 & 69 %$!ภภ>$ CAD ภ- ภภ) ?)ภ) ) ! ภ; E ภ) %; ! ; ŕ¸
&$$$ %$! ภ6ภ6 %$! ; ) F)G = $< (pH) $) ) 6$ 9 ภ-
6ภ6 ! ! ภภภ?)ภ) ) &23 ) ) ภ& 6ภ- # 6) # " 6 !ภ$ !&
8.1
' ()* +ภ, - ./ (Electrolyte)
$) Bภ3 & 69 I! &''J & I ; &''J & ภ$) Bภ3 & 69 ภ(strong electrolyte) I ; &''J & & ภ$) Bภ3 & 69$ $ (weak electrolyte) 6 I & &''J # ภ$ -$) Bภ3 & 69 (nonelectrolyte) I # $) Bภ3 & 69 ภ$) Bภ3 & 69$ $ # 6 $!
% % %$! ภ6 $ ! < . 3 8.1 ภ4 -556 7)3 ' ( 38 * ( 0.1 mol/l, !ภ# 6V, & '( ( 6V 0.05A) 8 * 7)3 ' ( HCl NaOH NH3 CH3COOH NH4Cl NaCl CH3COONa
ภ4 -556 261
9: :; 37)3 ) -5 ! ภ! ภ! $ ! $ ! ! !
Acid-Base Equilibrium
# ภ6 ! 8.1 HCl, NaOH, NH4Cl, NaCl, CH3COONa &''J & ภ# $) Bภ3 & 69 ภNH3, CH3COOH &''J & & # $) Bภ3 & 69 $ $ # ภภ@ภA > $!ภ&''J %$! â&#x20AC;˘ ' + , &''J & = $) Bภ6 $ $) > $ ! 6) Y= 6 %$!= F 3 = F 3 69
3 !Z ภ!6 % ภ&'69 â&#x20AC;˘ ' & & -' &''J & = 6ภ6 &$$$ ภ&$$$
â&#x20AC;˘ +ภ. &''J & = 6ภ6 &$$$ ภ$) Bภ6 $ ! ; # $) Bภ3 & 69 ภ>$$) Bภ3 & 69$ $ 6 $! 6ภ6 &$$$ & 6 I ภ6ภ6 %$! 6 $ #& ภ6ภ6 &$$$ & # &$$$ ภ# &''J & ภ6ภ6 &$$$ & $
I ภ6ภ6 &$$$ %$! $ภ# ภ# %; ภ< ) %$! !%; ภ6 < $ ภ3 & $) Bภ3 & 69 > $ ; # 6ภ6 (dissociate) $ E # &''J ! ภ''' (Ion) &$$$ ภภ+ 3 ''' (cation) # > $ & !% ; &''J 3 &$$$ ภ+' ''' (anion) # > $ & !% ; &''J $3 & # ภ$) Bภ3 & 69 ; #! $) Bภ3 & 69 &''J 6 $ ! < Z ภ3 $& 9 (NaCl(s)) ภ$ 3 &$$$ $& 9 &$$$ ภ$ " = F &$$$ )ภภ] &23 # $& 9 (HCl(g)) &23 #
$ ภ$ " = F 3 69 ภ$ )6)ภ100% (CH3COOH(l)) $ 6$ %$!
9 $ &23 # $$ภ) # ภ$ " = F 3 69 6 !` ภ;3 ภ6)& I 6 &''J & 6 > $$ " ; & # 6 &''J > $!# ภ;!Z ภ3 $& 9 ภ] &23 # $& 9 ภ$ )6)ภ100% I 6ภ6 &$$$ ; ! ภ6 $& ; ภ. NaCl( s ) + H 2 O( l ) â&#x2020;&#x2019; Na + (aq ) + Cl â&#x2C6;&#x2019; ( aq ) HCl( g ) + H 2 O( l ) â&#x2020;&#x2019; H 3 O + (aq ) + Cl â&#x2C6;&#x2019; ( aq ) %.
. CH 3 COOH ( l ) + H 2 O( l ) â&#x2020;&#x2019; H 3 O + (aq ) + CH 3 COO â&#x2C6;&#x2019; (aq ) & ;! &$$$ $ &$$$ & #! 6 &''J ภ6ภ6 &$$$ %$! ; ภ''' 8 ! (Ionization)
262
Acid-Base Equilibrium
8.1.1 )* +ภ, - ./<ภ;< ')* +ภ, - ./);) ภ&''J %$! ภ) # ภภ> $ &$$$ %$! & !% ; &''J ! ; I 6ภ6 &$$$ & ภ; # % % %$!&$$$ "! #! !Z ภ&''J & I 6 #ภ&''J %$! ; # = $ &' ! ภ!6 !% 6ภ6 &$$$ & $ % % &$$$ 6 #! &''J & $ $ &'# ! !& ภ! ; # $) Bภ3 & 69 ภ>$$) Bภ3 & 69$ $ 6 $! I 6ภ6 &$$$ & 6 I ภ6ภ6 %$! 6 $ #& ภ6ภ6 &$$$ & # &$$$ ภ# &''J & ภ6ภ6 &$$$ & $ I ภ6ภ6 &$$$ %$! $ภ# ภ# %; ภ< ) %$! !%; ภ6 < $ ภ! " 8.1
=> 8.1 ภ. :?ภ4 -556 7)3 ' ( 38 * => (a) ) -5- ; :; 3 @ ). :?ภ4 -556 7)3 ' ( HCl @) CH3COOH E F* (nonelectrolyte) => (b) ) -5 :; 3 ภ@ ). :?ภ4 -556 7)3 ' ( HCl FH 3 ' (E I4 9: 7 7 0.5 mol/l (strong electrolyte) => (c) ) -5 :; 3 N (3 +ภ)( @ ). :?ภ4 -556 7)3 ' ( 0.5 mol/l CH3COOH () ? 7 ( HC2H3O2) FH 3 ' (E I4 (weak electrolyte)
# ภ" %$! ภ] &23 # $& 9 (HCl) ) >$ %$! ภ$ )6)ภ(CH3COOH) ) # & &''J >$ nonelectrolyte 6 I ;! $!< ) ; & # &''J 6 HCl &''J & ภCH3COOH > $ % % 0.5 mol/l ภภHCl 0.5 mol/l $) Bภ3 & 69 ภภCH3COOH 0.5 mol/l $) Bภ3 & 69$ $ ( ' ! ภภภ&''J %$! 6 $! > $ ; % % ภ) # ภ6 $ ! !ภ! HCl ! 3 ภ3 69 % ; # & 6ภ6 &$$$ > $ ) 6 #
263
Acid-Base Equilibrium
6ภ6 H+ Cl- & > $ ; CH3COOH ภB < ภ>$# & 6ภ6 &$$$ > $ ) 6 > $ ; # 6ภ6 H+ CH3COO- (acetate ion) ภ6ภ6 &$$$ %$! CH3COOH ; ภ) & & ภภ6ภ6 %$! HCl ; % ภ! !3 ภ&$$$ ; & ! ; HCl â&#x2021;&#x201D; H + + Cl â&#x2C6;&#x2019; $) Bภ3 & 69 ภ6ภ6 CH 3 COOH â&#x2021;&#x201D; H + + CH 3 COO â&#x2C6;&#x2019; $) Bภ3 & 69$ $ 6ภ6 Bภ$ ! ; I 6ภ6 &$$$ & ภภ': ,ภ;3 #+ภ(strong electrolyte) 3 ภ%$! ! 6ภ6 &$$$ ภ': ,ภ;3 #' ' (weak electrolyte) . 3 8.2
)* +ภ, - ./<ภ;< ')* +ภ, - ./);) 7)3 38 * )* +ภ, - ./<ภ; )* +ภ, - ./);) ภ>$ & CH3COOH H2SO4 HCOOH HNO2 HNO3 HCl H2SO3 HBr H2S HClO4 H2C2O4 NaOH H3BO3 KOH HClO Ca(OH)2 NH4OH Ba(OH)2 HF
ภ6ภ6 %$!$) Bภ3 & 69 ภ# &$$$ & ภ&$$$ 6 $ "6 ; %; $ " ŕ¸
ภ$ ! ; H2O NaOH  â&#x2020;&#x2019; Na + + OH & 2 &$$$ 6 $ "6 H2O Na 2 SO 4  â&#x2020;&#x2019; 2Na + + SO 24â&#x2C6;&#x2019; & 3 &$$$ 6 $ "6 H2O AlCl 3  â&#x2020;&#x2019; Al 3+ + 3Cl & 4 &$$$ 6 $ "6 H2O Fe (SO 4 ) 3  â&#x2020;&#x2019; 2Fe 3+ + 3SO 24â&#x2C6;&#x2019; & 5 &$$$ 6 $ "6
264
Acid-Base Equilibrium
I =)# j ) j3 # ! ; H2O NaOH → Na + + OH 1 3 1 3 1 3
H O
2 AlCl 3 → Al 3+ + 3Cl 1 3 1 3 3 3 # กก ) ) j3 #! I 3 )6 %$! 6 &$$$ & .R:)(; 3 8.1 #! 3 )6 %$! 6 &$$$ ก. 2.0 M NaCl %. 0.40 M K2SO4 6) ก 6ก6 %$! ก >$ ก) %; " j9 + :( ก. Iก 6ก6 &$$$ %$! NaCl ! ; H2O NaCl → Na + + Cl 1 3 1 3 1 3 # ก ก % % %$! Na+ ก
% % %$! NaCl % % %$! Cl- ก
% % %$! NaCl ! ; % % 2.0 M NaCl #! % % %$! Na+ 2.0 M % % %$! Cl- 2.0 M %. Iก 6ก6 &$$$ %$! K2SO4 ! ; H2O K 2 SO 4 → 2K + + SO 24− 1 3 2 3 1 3 # ก ก % % %$! K+ &$$$ 2 %$! % % K2SO4
% % %$! SO 24− &$$$ 1 %$! % % K2SO4 ! ; % % %$! K+ &$$$ SO 24− &$$$ 0.40 M K2SO4 #! 0.80 M 0.40 M 6
8.1.2 R.*9) * ก. 57)3 ' ()* +ก, - ./ "3 1 3 ; 1,000 g # >$ก %B! -1.86OC 3
$& 9 1 3 ; 1000 g # >$ก %B! -3.72OC ก 3 $& 9 # >$ก %B!6 !& ก "3 !& $) Bก3 & 69 ก>$ 2 (-1.86×2) = 1 3 3 $& 9 $ E 2 3 (1 3 %$! Na+ &$$$ ก 1 3 %$! Cl- &$$$ ) >$ 2×6.022×1023 &$$$ ! ; # >$ก %B!%$! 1 3 NaCl ; 1,000 g #! # >$ก %B! ก 2 3 & $) Bก3 & 69 ; 1,000 g
265
Acid-Base Equilibrium
< ก I $) Bก3 & 69 CaCl2 1 3 & ; 1,000 g ;# # >$ก %B! ! 3 %$! & $) Bก3 & 69 = CaCl2 6ก6 $ E 3 3 C ก 3DEF( -'ก+ , 3 G ก:(E กก & ''' !H ก D! : ' : ก ' ': ,ก;3 #
8.2
ก < '
ก ( (acid) # ก acidus E A 6) ! = F9 ก
acetum E A 6) ( ; <" >$ ก $ )6)ก (CH3COOH) ; )
D (base) >$ > $ ; &2 $ก& 9&$$$ (OH-) < &2 $ก& 9 %$!3 $ & ( " IA) &2 $ก& 9%$!3 $ & 9 $) 9 ( " IIA) 6 $ ! < LiOH, NaOH, KOH, Ca(OH)2, Ba(OH)2 6 %$! ก R.* R :->7)3ก < ' R3 I 1. ก ; % 2. ก ?)ก) ) ก $) ) 6$ 9 ! $ 3 ก < ก ก A )6 ; !) ! ก A )6 ! ; !) 'p $ 9' ก & < =" 3. ก ?)ก) ) ก ก ! 3 ก ก) ก >$ ; 4. ก ?)ก) ) ก 3 $!& < !ก (Zn) ก (Mg) ก] &23 # (H2) ?)ก) ) ก ก$
9 $ 6 (CaCO3) ก] 9 $ & $$ก& 9 (CO2) 5. 6) > >$ " 8.2.1 ' (ก < ' ' ( ก < ' $) Bก3 & 69 &''J & ก 6)6 $$) ) 6$ 9 6 !ก ก ก A )6 # ก ; !) ! ก A )6 # ก ! ; !) # กZ & ! &$$$ $ %$!ก 6 !ก 8.2.1.1 -))) E ' (ก ''' ก ( &23 &$$$ (H3O+) < ก] &23 # $ & 9 ; ?)ก) ) ก) %; &23 &$$$ $& 9&$$$ ! ;
266
Acid-Base Equilibrium
HCl( g ) + H 2 O( l ) → H 3 O + (aq ) + Cl - (aq ) )$ก $ )6)ก ?)ก) ) ก ; &23 &$$$ $ ) 66&$$$ ! ; CH 3 COOH ( l ) + H 2 O( l ) ⇔ H 3 O + (aq ) + CH 3 COO − ( aq ) 8.2.1.2 -))) E ' ( ''' D &2 $ก& 9&$$$ (OH-) ก 3 &$$$ ! ; H2O NaOH ( s ) → Na + (aq ) + OH - (aq ) H2O KOH ( s ) → K + ( aq ) + OH - (aq ) NH 3 ( g ) + H 2 O( l ) ⇔ NH +4 (aq ) + OH - (aq ) R.*7)3 ' (ก < ' ' ( ก # ก ก %$! =)# j & # ก 6) ! ก E = 6) ! " !3 ! !%$!3 ก %$! < ก # ก ! 6 ! 8.3 . 3 8.3
R.*7)3 ' (ก < ' ' ( ' (ก ' ( 1. ; C F)Gก 1. s >$% > >$ " 2. $) ) 6$ 9& < )6 2. $) ) 6$ 9& < )6 # ก ; !) ! 'p $ 9' # ก ! ; !) 'p $ 9' # ก < =" & # ก& < =" 3. $) Bก3 & 69 3. $) Bก3 & 69 4. ?)ก) ) ก 3 & ก >$ ก] H2 4. ?)ก) ) ก 3 !< ) (& ก ก 3 $! , !) , $! % , !ก $! !, $ ( = E0 "!ก $ " ) ) ก >$ ก] H2 Zn + 2 NaOH → Na 2 ZnO 2 + H 2 H+) Al + 2 KOH → K 2 AlO 2 + H 2 3 + ก → ก >$ + H2 Zn + H 2 SO 4 → ZnSO 4 + H 2 Mg + 2 HNO 3 → Mg ( NO 3 ) 2 + H 2 2 Na + 2 CH 3 COOH → 2 CH 3 COONa + H 2 & & F ก & 6 )ก# ?)ก) ) ; Y= ก 3 ก ; % % %$!ก 6 $!& ก) 2 mol/l
267
Acid-Base Equilibrium
I ภ& 6 )ภ?)ภ) ) ภ3 < ) $> # ภ) ?)ภ) ) ! ;
' (ŕ¸
' (
3 +HNO3 â&#x2020;&#x2019; ภ>$& 6 6 + ; + $$ภ& 9%$! & 36 # < Cu + 4HNO3*conc â&#x2020;&#x2019; Cu(NO3)2 + 2H2O + 2NO3 3Cu + 8HNO3 â&#x2020;&#x2019; 3Cu(NO3)2 + 4H2O + 2NO 4Cu + 10HNO3*dil â&#x2020;&#x2019; 4Cu(NO3)2 + 5H2O + N2O
5. ) C F)G%$!ภ& = ?)ภ) ) ŕ¸
5. ) C F)G%$! & = ?)ภ) ) ŕ¸
ภ# & ภ>$ภ; # & ภ>$ภ; & & F !< ) I & # ภ+ â&#x2020;&#x2019; ภ>$ + ; ?)ภ) ) ภภภ>$$ ! E ; & ภHCl + NaOH â&#x2020;&#x2019; NaCl + H2O Ammonia (NH3) H2SO4 + 2KOH â&#x2020;&#x2019; K2SO4 + 2H2O Phosphine (PH3) Arsine (AsH3) Stibine (SbH3) ภ% ; (Basic anhydride) % ; + ภâ&#x2020;&#x2019; ภ>$ 2NH3 + H2SO4 â&#x2020;&#x2019; (NH4)2SO4 PH3 + HCl â&#x2020;&#x2019;PH4Cl
6. ?)ภ) ) ภภ>$ $ 3 (NH4+) 6. ?)ภ) ) ภภ>$ 9 $ 6 (CO32-) >$ ภ] $ 3 (NH3) ภ>$&23 # 9 $ 6 (HCO3-) + NH4+ â&#x2020;&#x2019; ภ>$ + H2O + NH3 ภ] NaOH + NH4Cl â&#x2020;&#x2019; NaCl + H2O + NH3
9 $ & $$ภ& 9 Ca(OH)2+(NH4)2SO4 â&#x2020;&#x2019; CaSO4+ 2H2O + NH3 2ภ+ CO3 or HCO3 â&#x2020;&#x2019; ภ>$+ H2O + CO2 7. 6 ภ&% # & " ) < 6 2HCl+CaCO3â&#x2020;&#x2019;CaCl2+H2O+CO2 " H2SO4+2NaHCO3â&#x2020;&#x2019;Na2SO4+H2O+CO2
>$ NaOH KOH (I < KOH # & " $ $ ภNaOH) C17H35COOH+NaOH â&#x2020;&#x2019; C17H35COONa+H2O ภ&% " & & F
268
Acid-Base Equilibrium
& & F *conc # ภconcentrate % % *dil # ภdilute #>$# !
C17H35COOH ภภ6 )ภ(stearic acid) C17H35COONa ภ3 6 6 (sodium stearate)
ภภ< ) 6) >$ `ภ< ภ$) ) 6$ 9 ; ภ?)ภ) ) ภ3 ภ?)ภ) ) ภภ$
9 $ 6 y y 6) >$ ภ; # ภ) # ภ$! 9 ภ$ < ) ภ! $! 9 ภ$ ภ# ภ3 ! ! ภ= ภภ< ) 6 $! F 6 &23 # $! 9 ภ$ $ ! $ 1 $ 6$ /3 ภSvante Arrhenius ) %$! CAD ภ6ภ6 &$$$ (Ionization theory) $F) H 3 ภ%$! ภ$ E ; 6) ภ> $!# ภภ$) Bภ3 & 69 ! 6 $! ภ6ภ6 &$$$ 3 H 3 ภ%$!ภ# 6ภ6 H+ ($ # 6ภ6 H+ >$ ภ6ภ6 = !
! ภB& < HCl(aq) â&#x2020;&#x2019; H+(aq) + Cl-(aq) HNO3(aq) â&#x2020;&#x2019; H+(aq) + NO3-(aq) H2SO4(aq) â&#x2020;&#x2019; H+(aq) + HSO4-(aq) &$$$ & # ภภ6ภ6 %$! ภภ$ " ภ! ; ภ& !ภ6ภ6 %$! ภ>$ ภ(aq) â&#x2020;&#x2019; H+(aq) + $ " ภ(aq) ภภ< ) 6 $! H+ $! 9 ภ$ #!$ #ภ& ภ< ) H+ $! 9 ภ$ 6) ภ$! 9 ภ$ %$! H+ 3 6$ = !< ) ; #! ภH+ 3 6$ 6 H+ ภ& < 3 6$ $) 6 3 6$ 3 ภ%$! ; $ $ % "6 !& ! ;
! ; 3 6$ ภ#! % "6 $ !! & H3O+ ภ<> $ &23 &$$$ (Hydronium ion) % ภ!ภ6ภ6 H3O+ %$! ภ& ! ; 269
Acid-Base Equilibrium
HCl(g) + H2O(l) → H3O+(aq) + Cl-(aq) HNO3(l) + H2O(l) → H3O+(aq) + NO3-(aq) H2SO4(l) + H2O(l) → H3O+(aq) + HSO4-(aq) & 6) >$ ก %$! ก 6) > $! # ก H3O+ 6) >$ ก %$! 6) > $! # ก OH- $ " ก $ " # ! 6) Y= 6 %$!ก ; ` $ก# ก ; ก %$! !% ; ก < ) %$!6 $ ก ! " 8.1 HCl > $ ) # & &''J = & 6ก6 &$$$ 6 > $ ; # 6ก6 &$$$ & HCl(g)
(C6H6)
HCl(g)
H2O
HCl(g) & 6ก6 H+ Cl- ! ; ;& ก H+(aq) + Cl-(aq) ; ก = H+
HCl 3 ก 3 69 % ; ( H δ+ − Cl δ− ) > $ ; ! 6 % ; # ก) ! !&''J !% ; %$! ;! $! ! " 8.2
=> 8.2 < 3 ' :; 37RI: ' :; 3, ก 7)3 HCl < ' H2O
6 I ) ! 6 & % ; # & ก) ! !&''J # ! HCl 6ก6 H+ Cl- #!& ก # ก6 $ ! ; ! B I HCl & 6 & % ; # & ก) ก 6ก6 &$$$ 6 I HCl & 6 % ; # 6ก6 &$$$ C F)G ก I 6 % ; ! ก ก 6ก6 กB# ) ! ก) & ก
ก >$ $> `กB < ก # 6ก6 &$$$ & 6 % ; ; I
270
Acid-Base Equilibrium
6 & % ; ก >$ ; # & 6ก6 & ก) H+ >$ OH- # & ! ก >$
8.3
STU ก < '
ก ) @ 6 9 & @กA ก & 6 ;! CAD ก - %; CAD ! CAD ) < $F) ก - 3 CAD >$ CAD ก - %$!$ 9 CAD ก - %$! $ 6 9 CAD ก - %$! ) $) 8.3.1 STU ก - 7)3) / ( p=.@.2430 ( .@.1887) ก < <> $ 6 $ ก 69 $ 9 & $ CAD ก - 3 ก ก ( -' 3 G HL + & M;( E ''' (H+) + D -' 3 G HL + + ก ! & M( 'ก 8(# ''' (OH-) HI(g) HBr(g) LiOH(s) Ba(OH)2(s)
H2O → H+(aq) + I-(aq) H2O → H+(aq) + Br-(aq) H2O → Li+(aq) + OH-(aq) H2O → Ba2+(aq) + 2OH-(aq)
HI HBr ก LiOH Ba(OH)2
6 $ !ก CAD $ 9 & ก ก &23 $ )ก (HCl) ก '( )ก (H2SO4) ก & 6 )ก (HNO3) ก '$ '$ )ก (H3PO4) 6 $ ! CAD $ 9 & ก 3 &2 $ก& 9 (NaOH) 3= &2 $ก& 9 (KOH) &2 $ก& 9 (Ba(OH)2) CAD ก %$!$ 9 < & ก # ก ! ; "6 & %$!ก #! HX MOH 6 > $ X &$$$ ก OH- M &$$$
ก ก H+ HX MOH #! ; & < "6 ก .R:)(; 3 8.2 6 $& ;# ก >$ $ 9 ก. HI %. Ca(OH)2
. NaH !. Na2CO3 + :( ก. HI ก $ 9 = > $ HI ; # H+ ! ; H2O HI(g) → H+(aq) + I-(aq) %. Ca(OH)2 $ 9 = ก$ <)!&$$$ OH&$$$ ! > $ ; # OH- &$$$ ! ;
271
Acid-Base Equilibrium
H2O Ca(OH)2(s)  â&#x2020;&#x2019; Ca2+(aq) + 2OH-(aq)
. NaH & ;!ภ$ 9 $ 9 & ภ$ 9 = > $ ?)ภ) ) ภ; NaH # 6ภ6 & Na+ H- &$$$ H2O â&#x2020;&#x2019; Na+(aq) + H-(aq) NaH(s)  NaH & $ 9 = 3 ภ%$! NaH & OH!. Na2CO3 & ภ$ 9 $ 9 & ภ$ 9 = 3 ภ%$! Na2CO3 & &23 # & $ 9 = & OH- &$$$ 3 ภ6 $ !& ภB6 CAD ภ- %$!$ 9 $F) ภ%$! & !# ภ= % $ $ ! ภ! ; 1. < & Y= ภ$ ; ( >$ > $ ; ; ) 2. ภ$ F 6 &23 # %$$ภ) < +1 ! ภ$ & I$F) & < $ %$! HCl (H %$$ภ) < +1) ภ6 CH4 (H %$$ภ) < +1) & ภ3. CAD $ 9 ภOH- &$$$ >$&2 $ภ& 9 &$$$ ; ! ; ! ภ$ < Na2CO3 #!& I $F) & => $ CAD ภ- %$!$ 9 I$F) $> ` 6) ภ& #! # ภ! ; ภ>$ ` > $ ; =) % % %$! H+ &$$$ >$ ` > $ ; =) % % %$! OH- &$$$ L EL ภ!( ภ(+ D 3 GR !D R G & HS-' RT L EL ภ!( 3 G RT C E ภภRU:D! :ภ3( ' (operational definition) ;( L R HL + 3( 'D
RT ภ(& -' D ( ภ( X : ! & -'': (: ' #'-G Y 6 $ ! < ภ] 9 $ & $$ภ& 9 (CO2) & ภ$ 9 = & I 6ภ6 &23 # &$$$ ; 6 I =)# j # ภ# ภZ # ภภ?) 6)ภ$! ภ] CO2 ภ= CO2 ?)ภ) ) ภ; ภ$ 6ภ6 H+ &$$$ =) %; ! ; CO2(g) + H2O(l) â&#x2020;&#x2019; H2CO3(aq) H2CO3(aq) â&#x2020;&#x2019; H+(aq) + HCO3-(aq)
272
Acid-Base Equilibrium
CaO >$ CaCO3 & $ 9 = & OH- &$$$ ก$
6 3 # ก Z # กก ?) 6) $! ! ; CaO(s) + H2O(l) → Ca2+(aq) + 2OH-(aq) CaCO3(s) + H2O(l) → Ca2+(aq) + HCO3-(aq) + OH-(aq) .R:)(; 3 8.3 ก 6 $& ; # ก ก >$ 6 # ก %$!$ 9 # ก ก >$ 6 # ก Z # กก ?) 6)ก $! ก. HCN(g) %. SO3(g) . P4O10(s) !. Na2O(s) #. Na2O2(s) Y. NaOH(s) + :( HCN ; 6ก6 ; H+ &$$$ #! ก $ 9 < ก NaOH ; OH- &$$$ NaOH #! $ 9 6 # ก Z # กก ?) 6)ก $! ก$ ` H+ &$$$ > $ ; ; ก ! ; HCN, SO3 P4O10 6 ! ก = > $ ; H+ &$$$ ! ; H2O HCN(g) → H+(aq) + CN-(aq) SO3 ?)ก) ) ก ; ก '( )ก ! 6ก6 H+ &$$$ SO3(g) + H2O(l)
→
H2SO4(aq)
H2SO4(aq)
→
H+(aq) + HSO4-(aq)
P4O10(s) + 6H2O(l) →
4H3PO4(aq)
H3PO4(aq) → 4H+(aq) + 4H2PO4-(aq) Na2O, Na2O2 NaOH 6 ! 6 # ก Z # ก ก ?) 6)ก $! ! ; NaOH ; OH- &$$$ H2O NaOH(s) → Na+(aq) + OH-(aq) Na2O Na2O2 ?)ก) ) ก ; OH- &$$$ Na2O(s) + H2O(l) Na2O2(s) + 2H2O(l)
→ 2Na+(aq) + 2OH-(aq) → 2Na+(aq) + 2OH-(aq) + H2O2(aq)
# ก ) ! & " ก ก %$! !ก =)# j ก$ 3 ก ! ; ก F 3 G 1 M ( (#'; & + M ( (#; & M ( (#'; & >$ ก$ &23 # %$$ก ) < +1 < HCl H2S ; ก 273
Acid-Base Equilibrium
M ( (#; & >$ ก$ &2& 9 &23 # %$$ก ) < -1 < NaH, CaH2 ก ; ก >$ ก$ &2& 93 = > $ ; OH&$$$ ! ; NaH(s) + H2O(l) → Na+(aq) + OH-(aq) + H2(g) CaH2(s) + 2H2O(l) → Ca2+(aq) + 2OH-(aq) + 2H2(g) ก F 3 G 2 R ก'D''ก 8(# $$ก& 9%$!$3 > $ ; ก < CO2, SO3 P4O10 6 $$ก& 9%$!3 > $ ; < CaO, MgO Na2O 6 ก F 3 G 3 R ก'D M( 'ก 8(# 3 &2 $ก& 9 < LiOH, NaOH, KOH Ca(OH)2 $3 &2 $ก& 9 < HOCl >$ก &23 $ ก $ 9 = 6ก6 H+ &$$$ OCl- &$$$ (&23 $& 69&$$$ ) ; HOCl(aq) → H+(aq) + OCl-(aq) ก$ &2 $ก& 9%$!$3 # $$ก ) # $ 6$ $ 6$ ก ก $$ก (oxy acid) < O2S(OH)2, OP(OH)3, HONO2, HOClO3 OC(OH)2 ! ) % "6 <)!3 ก ! ; H2SO4, H3PO4, HNO3, HClO4 H2CO3 FR R ก'D M ( (# ' ; & ''ก 8(# ' ; & + M( 'ก 8(# ' ; & RT D R ก'D M ( (# ' '; & ''ก 8(# ' '; & + M( 'ก 8(# ' '; & RT ก ( 6 ! 8.4 !6 $ !%$! ก =)# j # ก CAD ก - $ 9 # ก # ก Z # กก ?) 6)ก $! . 3 8.4
.R:)(; 37)3 >W ก < ' ก -X- /), ' -X- /, ' HF, HCl, HBr, HI, HCN, HSCN, H2S, LiH, NaH, KH, MgH2, CaH2, SrH2 H2Se ))ก-F /), ' ))ก-F /, '
274
Acid-Base Equilibrium
CO2, SO2, SO3, NO2, P4O10 -X )ภ-F /), ' HOCl, HONO2, OS2(OH)2, OP(OH)3
Li2O, Na2O, K2O, MgO, CaO -X )ภ-F /, ' LiOH, NaOH, KOH, Ca(OH)2, Ba(OH)2
8.3.2 STU ภ- 7)3 ) . < ' :/ p=.@.2466 ( .@.1923) 3 2 )3 9 $ 6 (Johannes Nicolaus Bronsted) ภ< 9ภ$ 96) 9 (Thomas Martin Lawry) ภ< $ !ภCA & $ CAD $F) ?)ภ) ) !ภภ>Y*ภ* *( ' :; 3ภภR >W >Y*ภ* *( ภZ; ( ,> .) (H+) ภ( -' 3 GE ;R ' & '-G D -' 3 G !D;R ' E ภ'-G ?)ภ) ) !ภ?)ภ) ) ภI 3 6$ ! ; 1. HCl(aq) + NH3(aq) â&#x2020;&#x2019; Cl-(aq) + NH4+(aq) ภ(6 3 6$ ) (6 3 6$ ) 2. NH4+(aq) + OH-(aq) â&#x2020;&#x2019; NH3(aq) + H2O(l) ภ(6 3 6$ ) (6 3 6$ ) 3. H2PO4-(aq) + H2O(l) â&#x2020;&#x2019; HPO42-(aq) + H3O+(aq) ภ(6 3 6$ ) (6 3 6$ ) # ภ?)ภ) ) ภI 3 6$ !ภ; CAD ภ- %$! $ 6 9 I$F) 6) ภ& ภภCAD $ 9 = ภ; & ;!< ) 3 ภภ! & ;!&$$$ # ภ&$$$ # !
$ภ& 6) ภ>$& 3 =)# j # ภ"6 <)!3 ภ! ; E -X, ? >W )39/> 'ภ) < ' 7))ภF* 8R +1 RI >W ภ! ; ภ%$! $ 6 9 #! $
& I! HCl, H2S, H2CO3, NH4+, HSO4- $> ` %$! $ 6 9 >$ 3 6$ # 3 6$ & 6 $! &$$$ >$3 ภ! " $) Bภ6 $ & = F >$ ภภ; < &2 $ภ& 9&$$$ (OH-) $ 3 (NH3) 6 = 6 ! " $) Bภ6 $ & = F ! ; .. : OH ..
,
.. HÂ&#x201A;NÂ&#x201A;H
275
Acid-Base Equilibrium
H ! ; %$! $ 6 9 #! $
& กก %$!$ 9 # ก ) ก - %$! $ 6 9 ! & ;!ก ;! ;%; $ " ก ?)ก) ) %$! ; ` < ; I ;!3 6$ 3 6$ ! ; HCl(g) + H2O(l) → H3O+(aq) + Cl-(aq) H2O R ,> .) -> >W -X, ( -))) (H3O+) H2O ?H3 >W NH3(g) + H2O(l) → NH4+(aq) + OH-(aq) H2O E ,> .) -> >W -X )ก-F /-))) ( OH- ) H2O ?H3 >W ก $ก# ก H2O ! $> `$ ก 6) & ;!ก < NaHCO3 > $ NaHCO3 & ; ?)ก) ) ก) %; ! ; H2O NaHCO3(s) → Na+(aq) + HCO3-(aq) HCO3-(aq) + H2O(l) ⇔ H2CO3(aq) + OH-(aq) -X, ? 9 / ) .-))) ( HCO3- ) R ,> .) ? ก I4 HCO3- ?H3 >W < ' H2O >W ก N 'E ,> .) > $ 6) ก &23 $ )ก !& 3 &23 # 9 $ 6 = ก] ก) %; ! ; H3O+(aq) + HCO3-(aq) → H2CO3(aq) + H2O(l) H2CO3(aq) → H2O(l) + CO2(g) -X, ? 9 / ) .-))) ( HCO3- ) 4 >W N ' R ,> .) ? ก-X, ( -))) (H3O+) -> >W ก 9 / ) *ก (H2CO3) < : (.R:.;)->E I4 < '<ก\ 9 / ) - ))ก-F / > $ 6) $) 6 &2 $ก& 9 !& 3 &23 #
9 $ 6 ?)ก) ) 6 ก$ 9 $ 6 ! ก Ca2+(aq) + CO32-(aq) → CaCO3(s) CO32-(aq) ก) # ก ?)ก) ) HCO3-(aq) + OH-(aq) → H2O(l) + CO32-(aq) >$ HCO3-(aq) + H2O(l) → H3O+(aq) + CO32-(aq) HCO3- #! ก = 3 6$ ก OH- &$$$ >$ H2O & CO32- &$$$ # ก ?)ก) ) ! B $ $!ก Z & # กก $! NaHCO3 #! & ;! ก ;! ;%; $ " ก ?)ก) )
276
Acid-Base Equilibrium
.R:)(; 3 8.4 ก$ ก 6 $& ; ก 6 CAD ก - %$! $ 6 9 ก. H2O %. NH3
. HSO4!. OH+ :( ก ;! ก 6 CAD %$! $ 6 9 = 6 ! &23 # $ 6$ %$$ก ) < +1 6 CAD %$! $ 6 9 = 6 ! " $) Bก6 $ & = F ! ; .. :O: .. .. .. .. .. H ..O H , H N H , H O.. S O.. : , : O.. H H : O.. : > ',(8 /7)3 STU ) . < ' :/ CAD ก - %$! $ 6 9 3 < 9 กก CAD ก - %$!$ 9 ! ; 1. ก & ;!< ) 3 ก & # # ก&$$$ #
&$$$ 2. & I!3 ก >$&$$$ " $) Bก6 $ & = F $ ! $ 1
" 3. I$F) ! ;!ก & 4. 6 & Y= # #! 6 $! ; 6 < ) $> & < NH3(g) + CH3COOH(l) → NH4+(aq) + CH3COO-(aq) 5. ?)ก) ) & # 6 $! 6 & I! ?)ก) ) I ก] >$ I %$! %B!& < I ก] %$! ?)ก) ) ก - ! ; HCl(g) + NH3(g) → NH4Cl(s) ก ก >$ CAD ก - %$! $ 6 9 $ก# ก# < $F) ก - %$! $ $!ก CAD %$!$ 9 ! I$F) ก %$! !< ) ! CAD %$!$ 9 $F) & & < ก NH3, Na2CO3, KCN, y y C F)G ;!` ;& I 6ก6 OH- &$$$ & = & OH $! 9 ก$ $F) & > $ ; ; # !3 6$ # ก3 ก %$! ; & ; #! ก OH- &$$$ C F)G 277
Acid-Base Equilibrium
>$ > $ NH4Cl >$ NH4NO3 ; C F)G ภ$F) & > $ ; ; # # 3 6$ ภ3 ภ%$! ; ภH3O+ &$$$ ภ# ! ภ6 B ภ- %$! ; 6 & & ภ) # ภภ6ภ6 H+ >$ OH- %$! ; $& 6 $ # ภ) # ภ?)ภ) ) !3 ภ>$ &$$$ ภ) # ภภ6ภ6 %$! ; ภ; 3 ภI 3 6$ !ภâ&#x20AC;˘ I ; # 3 6$ # ภOH- C F)G â&#x20AC;˘ I ; 3 6$ # ภH3O+ C F)G ภ6 ?)ภ) ) ; % ภ! ภ?)ภ) ) &23 ) ) (Hydrolysis) !# & @ภA ภ6 $& 8.3.3 STU ภ- 7)3 *:)* 6 CAD ภ- %$!$ 9 CAD ภ- %$! $ 6 9 ภ6 $! H $! 9 ภ$ $ 6 ภ) ) 96 ) 6 ) $) (G.N.Lewis) ภ< $ )ภ& ภ$!= !< ) I! # & H $! 9 ภ$ 6 ภB I ?)ภ) ) ! E & >$ ภภ6 $ ! < H H + .. .. H Â&#x201A; N : + H : Cl : H Â&#x201A; N : H + : Cl .. .. : H H Bronsted base Bronsted acid H HÂ&#x201A;N: + H Lewis base
F BÂ&#x201A;F F Lewis acid
H F HÂ&#x201A;N:BÂ&#x201A;F H F Ammonium boron trifluoride
H+ # ภHCl &$$$ 6 $!ภ$) Bภ6 $ ( => $ 2 6 ) #!& ภภ$) Bภ6 $
" 3 %$! NH3 $! ภB BF3 ภB6 $!ภ$) Bภ6 $ =) $ ภ2 => $ 8 BF3 #! != F 3 $$ 9 ) 63 69 6 !$) Bภ6 $ " 3 %$! NH3 ภ!= F %$! H+ ภNH3 BF3 ภNH3 !ภ) $) #! ภBF3 ภ( >$ ภ$ 6 ภHCl ภ) ! ; CAD ภ- %$! ) $) #!ŕ¸
278
Acid-Base Equilibrium
ก ( RT (ก, ( 3 G S !D \ ': ,ก ' ]! ^ ก ( ' : ': E_ RT 3 G !D \ ': ,ก '
D RT (ก, ( 3 G S & \ ': ก ' ]! ^ D ' : ': E_ RT 3 G & \ ': ,ก ' 6 $ ! ก !ก 6 CAD ก - %$! ) $) Cl CH3 Cl CH3 Cl Al + : O : Cl Al : O : Cl CH3 Cl CH3 ก .. : Cl 2.. : .. Cd2+ + 4 : Cl : Cl : Cd : Cl : .. : .. : Cl.. : ก .R:)(; 3 8.5 #! &$$$ >$3 ก ก 6 $& ; ก >$ 6 CAD ก - %$! ) $) ก. Ag+ %. NH3
. OH- !. Cu2+ #. BeF2 + :( ก. Ag+ ก =
" $) Bก6 $ %. NH3 = " $) Bก6 $ & = F #! " $) Bก6 $
. OH- = " $) Bก6 $ & = F #! " $) Bก6 $ !. Cu2+ ก =
" $) Bก6 $ #. BeF2 ก = I
" $) Bก6 $ & > $!# ก Be $ 6$ $) Bก6 $ & 8 ! ; .. .. : F.. Be ..F : CAD %$! ) $) !ก CAD %$! $ 6 9 = 6 $! $) Bก6 $ " & = F 6 ! s " $) Bก6 $ CAD ก %$! ) $) %$ %6ก !ก CAD ก %$! $ 6 9 = $ก# ก 3 6$ $> 3 ! !$) Bก6 $ & 6 กD$$ก 66กB I ก ) $) & 6 ! 8.5 ) ก %$! 6 CAD
279
Acid-Base Equilibrium
. 3 8.5 >E?9: 4 9R]7)3 STU ก - 7)3) / ( STU ก - 7)3 ) . < ' :/ < ' STU ก - 7)3 *:)* STU ก $ 9 &23 # $ 6$ " &2 $ก& 9 (OH-) $ ( &23 # &$$$ ) $ ( &2 $ก & 9&$$$ )
$ 6 - 9 3 6$ (H+) 3 6$ (H+) ) $) $ & กB& ก) = F ก
$ & กB& $) Bก6 $ " & $) Bก6 $ " & = F ( = F ( " $) Bก6 $ )
" $) Bก6 $ )
8.4
9=;ก -
# ก CAD ก - ;! CAD CAD # < $F) > $! " ก - ; CAD ก %$! $ 6 9 ; # ก ) ก - %$! $ 6 9 ก 3 6$ 3 6$ 6) HA ก $F) & ! ; HA → H+ + Aก A- + H+ → HA ก A- ก ! HA # ก ! HA ก ! A- ! ก (+ D 3`Xa ' D ' (+ # E_ \ D + \ ก ( %$ =)# j ?)ก) ) !ก 6 $& ; HCl(g) + H2O(l) ⇔ H3O+(aq) + Cl-(aq) ก I II ก II I NH3(aq) + H2O(l) ⇔ NH4+(aq) + OH-(aq) I ก II ก I II # = & # =)# j ?)ก) ) & % ! >$ ?)ก) ) Z ก \ D ' ก (E ;R ' ' ก ก (& _G ;R ' ( R EFD ก ' ก & _G & ) $! ก \ ก ( ' D E ;R ' กก D & _G & ( R EFD ก กก & _G & )
280
Acid-Base Equilibrium
?)ก) ) !ก &23 $ )กก ; Cl- " %$!ก HCl ! ; Cl- #! 3 6$ $ ก HCl !3 6$ H3O+ ! " ก %$! H2O #! 3 6$ กก H2O !3 6$ ?)ก) ) ! NH3 ก H2O OH- " %$!ก H2O # B OH- # ก $ ก H2O ! < ก NH4+ " ก %$! NH3 NH4+ #! # ก กก NH3 ! # ก ?)ก) ) ;! $!#! & >Y*ก* *( ' :; 3 HCl กR H2O H3O+ " ก %$! H2O Cl- " %$!ก HCl >Y*ก* *( ' :; 3 NH3 กR H2O OH- " %$!ก H2O NH4+ " ก %$! NH3 6 $ !$> ` "& # ก6 ! 8.6 . 3 8.6
9=;ก - N R :->E >Y*ก* *( 9
8@ )ก ; &23 &$$$ &23 # $& 9 $ 3 $ 3 &$$$ ก $ )6)ก ก '( )ก &2 $ก& 9&$$$ &23 # '6 ก '$ '$ )ก & &23 # '$ '6 &23 # '$ '6 ก 9 $ )ก &23 # 9 $ 6
ก
OHH2O ClNH2NH3 C2H3O2HSO4O2SO42H2PO4HPO42PO43HCO3CO32-
H2O H3O+ HCl NH3 NH4+ H(C2H3O2) H2SO4 OHHSO4H3PO4 H2PO4HPO42H2CO3 HCO3-
281
8@ ) &2 $ก& 9&$$$ ;
$& 9&$$$ $ ( $& 9) $ 3 $ ) 66 &23 # '6 $$ก& 9&$$$ '6 & &23 # '$ '6 &23 # '$ '6 '$ '6 &23 # 9 $ 6
9 $ 6
Acid-Base Equilibrium
.R:)(; 3 8.6 ก$
" " ก - ก ก ก. H3O+ OH%. H3O+ H2O
. H2O OH!. H2O H2O + :( ก. " ก$ ;& " ก - = " %$! H3O+ &$$$ >$ H2O 3 ก & < OH- &$$$ " ก %$! OH- &$$$ >$ H2O 3 ก & < H3O+ &$$$ %. " ก$ ; " ก - = H2O " %$! H3O+ &$$$ H3O+ &$$$ " ก %$! H2O
. " ก$ ; " ก - = OH- &$$$ " %$! H2O H2O " ก %$! OH- &$$$ !. " ก$ ;& " ก - = H2O & ;!ก $ !& กB6 " ก %$! H2O >$ H3O+ &$$$ " %$! H2O >$ OH- &$$$ .R:)(; 3 8.7 ก. %. + :( ก. %.
#! $ก " ก %$! 6 $& ; NH3 , OH- , O2- , H#! $ก " %$!ก 6 $& ; NH4+ , HNO3 , HSO4- , H2PO4 ก " ก %$! 6) H+ ; ก " %$!ก H+ ก ; + H+ → " ก ก - H+ → " NH3 + H+ → NH4+ NH4+ - H+ → NH3 OH- + H+ → H2O HNO3 - H+ → NO3O2- + H+ → OHHSO4- - H+ → SO42H- + H+ → H2 H2PO4- - H+ → HPO42-
4 >W - RI3ก < ' (Amphoteric substance) # ก ก 1. NH4+ + H2O NH3 + H3O+ ก ก 2. NH3 + H2O NH4+ + OH ก ก ก 1 H2O 6 ก 2 H2O ก ! >$&$$$ $ ก < ) =C6)6 H2O >$ ก กB& กB&
282
Acid-Base Equilibrium
< HS- , HCO3- , NH3 , HC2O4- , y y E ;# 3 6$ (H+) > $ ?)ภ) ) ภ!ภ# 3 6$ (H+) > $ ?)ภ) ) ภภ!ภRภTc'7)3 Amphoteric substance â&#x20AC;˘ E ; ภ& ! 6 $! 3 6$ (H+)& ! ; 6 $! H $! 9 ภ$ $ ! $ 1 $ 6$ 3 ภ( 6 $! H I $$ภH+ & â&#x20AC;˘ E ; & ! 6 $! 3 6$ (H+)& ! ; #! ภ# >$ &$$$ $! >$$ # ภ!ภB& Amphoteric substance 3 `& ภ$ " %$!ภpolyprotic H+ ! 6ภ6 $$ภ& & >$ &$$$ H $! 9 ภ$ $! < HC2O4- , HSO3- , H2PO3- , HPO42- , HS- , y y >$ 3 ภภ! < H2O , NH3 y y E ;# ;! " ภ" !6 ! 8.7 . 3 8.7
< 39=;ภ(conjugate acid) < '9=; (conjugate base) 7)3 Amphoteric substance 38 * Amphoteric substance conjugate acid conjugate base H2O H3O+ OHNH3 NH4+ NH2HSO4H2SO4 SO42SO32HSO3H2SO3 H2PO4H3PO4 HPO42HCO3H2CO3 CO32HPO42H2PO42PO43HSH2S S2HC2O4H2C2O4 C2O4-
.R:)(; 3 8.8 #! % ภ! 6 $& ; & ;!ภH2PO3- , HS- , HCO3+ :( Amphoteric substance # ภ> $ ?)ภ) ) ภ!ภ# > $ ?)ภ) ) ภภ!ŕ¸
283
Acid-Base Equilibrium
-))) H2PO3HSHCO3-
4 >W 4 >W ภH2PO3- + H3O+ H3PO3 + H2O H2PO3- + OHHPO32- + H2O H2S + H2O S2- + H2O HS- + H3O+ HS- + OHHCO3- + H3O+ H2CO3 + H2O HCO3- + OHCO32- + H2O
!< ) I ภ) ภ?ภj9 ภself-ionization >$6 $! ;!ภI 3 6$ ภ$! !3 ภ< H3O+ + OH1. H2O ++ H2O H
2.
ภNH3 ++ NH3 H
NH2- + NH4+
ภภ1 self-ionization %$! H2O ภ2 self-ionization %$! NH3 < efภR 8.1 1. 6 CAD ภ- %$! $ 6 9 6 $& ; ภภ. HNO3 %. NH3 . NH2- !. NH4+ #. CH3NH3+ Y. ClO2. # ภCAD ภ- ;! 3 CAD CAD I & < $F) ?)ภ) ) ภ- 6 $& ;& $ ! ภ. Cd2+ + S2- â&#x2020;&#x2019; CdS %. HClO4 + H2O â&#x2020;&#x2019; H3O+ + ClO4 . NH4+ + HS- â&#x2020;&#x2019; NH3 + H2S !. H2 + I2 â&#x2020;&#x2019; 2HI 3. " ภ%$! 6 $& ; ภ. OH%. Cl . ClO!. CN4. & ;! 3 6$ ภ. OH%. NH3
. H2O !. HS#. NO3Y. HCO3<. HSO4 . HNO3
8.5
9: < 37)3ภ< '
ภ6 ! $) Bภ3 & 69 = I 6ภ6 &$$$ ; ภ6ภ6 &$$$ & ภ>$ $ ; = F9ภE = ŕ¸
284
Acid-Base Equilibrium
. 3 8.8
A
B
D
E
Perchloric acid Sulfuric acid Hydroiodic acid Hydrobromic acid Hydrochloric acid Nitric acid Hydronium ion Sulfurous acid Hydrogen sulfate ion Phosphoric acid Nitrous acid Acetic acid Carbonic acid Hydrosulfuric acid Hydrogen sulfite ion Dihydrogen phosphate ion Ammonium ion Hydrocyanic acid Hydrogen carbonate ion Hydrogen peroxide Hydrogen phosphate ion Hydrosulfide ion Water Ammonia Hydrogen Methane Group of Acid A B C D E
HClO4 H2SO4 HI HBr HCl HNO3 H3O+ H2SO3 HSO4H3PO4 HNO2 H4C2O2 H2CO3 H2S HSO3H2PO4NH4+ HCN HCO3H2O2 HPO42HSH2O NH3 H2 CH4
ClO4HSO4IBrClNO3H2O HSO3SO42H2PO4NO2H3C2O2HCO3HSSO32HPO42NH3 CNCO32HO2PO43S2OHNH2HCH3-
Arbitrary Claaification Strong Moderate Weak Feeble Nonacidic Hydrides (NH3 can release an H+ under some conditions)
285
Conjugate Base Name Perchlorate ion Hydrogen sulfate ion Iodide ion Bromide ion Chloride ion Nitrate ion Water Hydrogen sulfite ion Sulfate ion Dihydrogen phosphate ion Nitrite ion Acetate ion Hydrogen carbonate ion Hydrosulfide ion Sulfite ion Hydrogen phosphate ion Ammonia Cyanide ion Carbonate ion Hydroperoxide ion Phosphate ion Sulfide ion Hydroxide ion Amide ion Hydride ion Methide ion Range of Ka value Greater than 102 10 to 10-3 10-3 to 10-8 10-8 to 10-14 Less than 10-14
Increasing strength as a base
Increasing strength as an acid
C
9: < 37)39=;ภg 38 * Acid Name Formula Formula
Acid-Base Equilibrium
6 ! 8.8 ! B !%$! " ก - ก # 6 !% ก ) ! " ก ! ก & " # ) !$ $ ; ) ! " ก $ $ & " # ) ! ! ; ! I < " > $!ก ! Z ก & $F) & < HA + H2O ⇔ H3O+ + Aก
I K %$! ?)ก) ) & % ! $ K %$! ?)ก) ) $ ก # ก (K & % ! K $ ก # ก !ก ก ) ! HA H+ & $ ( ก $ $ ) 6 A- # H+ & ( ! ก) !# & @กA 6 $& I ก & ; I$F) ก %$! ; & CAD $ 9 CAD %$! $ 6 9 $ ! $ $!ก < HCl & ; $ 9 : HCl → H+ + Cl $ 6 - 9 : HCl + H2O → H3O+ + ClH+
>$& # < CAD กB I$F) & H+ $$ก& # ก3 ก %$! HCl >$ HCl ก) ก 6ก6 &$$$ $! ก $> `กB < ก ) $ ; # ก 6ก6 &$$$ ;! ; 6 I ก 6ก6 %$!ก 6 < ) & ก >$ก & ก 6 < ) + & ก ก 6ก6 &$$$ ( >$ H+ & ) # ! กก ก 6ก6 &$$$ & & ก !< ) I ก 6ก6 &$$$ "! ก # I>$& 6ก6 $ ! " j9 (& Z ก ) กก < ) ; ก (+ก (strong acid) & ก ก 6 < ) ก A 6 6 ! 8.8 (HClO4 , H2SO4 , HI , HBr , HCl , HNO3) % ก !ก 6ก6 %$!ก ก & ! ; HNO3 → H+ + NO3HCl → H+ + ClHI → H+ + IH2SO4 → H+ + HSO4- ; HSO4- → H+ + SO42HClO4 → H+ + ClO4-
286
Acid-Base Equilibrium
ก !< ) 6ก6 & & ก ก (' ' (weak acid) ก $ $ 6 6 #
!& ก > $ ; 6ก6 &$$$ # Z ก & H2S ⇔ H+ + HSCH3COOH ⇔ CH3COO- + H+ HF ⇔ H+ + FHCN ⇔ H+ + CN กB < ก > $ ; # 6ก6 &$$$ 3 ;! D +ก (strong base) D ' ' (weak base) = ก ก & ก &2 $ก& 9%$!3 " IA 6ก6 & Z ก
LiOH → Li+ + OHNaOH → Na+ + OHKOH → K+ + OH $ $ 6ก6 Z ก & ⇔ NH4+ + OHNH4OH C5H5N + H2O ⇔ C5H5NH + OHPyridine N2H4 + H2O ⇔ N2H5+ + OHHydrazine > $ ; ก ก ก # $ " E = &$$$ 6 ก $ $ $ $ &
$ 6ก6 &$$$ 6 # $ " E =%$!3 ก กก I
% % %$! ก ก ก # ! ก ก ก $ $ ก # ! & ก $ $ 6 $ ! < > $ <); ก (Mg) ! HCl ! ก ก CH3COOH ! ก $ $ 3 ;! $!< ) % % ก # = HCl # '$!ก] H2 กก B ก CH3COOH I>$ ก ก ก 6ก6 & 100% 6 ก $ $ $ $ 6ก6 & " j9
>$& I! 100% I j& ก $ $ >$ $ $ ; 6ก6 & ก $ 9 B 69 3 $ @ "6 $ &$$$& < %$!ก =
% % %$! [H+] &$$$ >$ [A- ] &$$$ × 100
% % %$! [HA] 6$ ) 6
287
Acid-Base Equilibrium
I % % %$!ภ! $ 9 B 69ภ6ภ6 %$!ภ; # ! # ภภj= ภ#>$# !# $ 9 B 69ภ6ภ6 "!ภภ% % I ภ$ $ ; #>$# ! ภ` # 6ภ6 & I! 100% ! ; ŕ¸
!%$!ภ6 $!
% % %$!ภ; 3 & ) > $ % % %$! ภ1 3 / )6 . 3 8.9
>$
>$
< 3 >) / F+ ./ภ<.ภ.R:7)3ภ)'F*.*ภ@ ) > ( 9: 7 7 9: 7 7 (mol/l) >) / F+ ./ภ<.ภ.R: 1.0 0.42 1.36 1.0 Ă&#x2014; 10-1 4.31 1.0 Ă&#x2014; 10-2 15.04 1.0 Ă&#x2014; 10-3 75.05 1.0 Ă&#x2014; 10-5 100 #>$# !$ ! ) !
8.5.1 9; 93 7)3 7)3ภ);) < ' );) j E %$!ภ6ภ6 %$!ภ$ $ % ภ!ภ!& ! ; HA â&#x2021;&#x201D; H+ + AHA + H2O â&#x2021;&#x201D; H3O+ + A[H + ][ A â&#x2C6;&#x2019; ] Ka = [ HA ] [H 3 O + ][A â&#x2C6;&#x2019; ] Ka = [ HA ]
ภKa ! %$! %$!ภ$ $ (ionization constant of weak acid) ; %; ŕ¸
I ภ6ภ6 &$$$ %$!ภ; I ภ6ภ6 & Ka # "! 6 I ภ6ภ6 & & Ka # 6 ! ; #! < Ka
!%$!ภ& ภKa "!#
! ภภภKa 6 @ภA > $! ! %$! # ภB6 $ > $ ภ$ j E" ) ; ภ% % %$! >$ # E & 6 ! %$! & ! ; ! %$! %$!ภ$ $ ภB < ภ# !
288
Acid-Base Equilibrium
& > $ $ j E" ) ; ภ% % %$!ภ# & Z ภ6 $ ; %$ ! ภ6 ; 6ภ6 !# ภ$ 9 B 69ภ6ภ6 = $ 9 B 69ภ6ภ6 %$!ภ& ! %; ŕ¸
% % %$!ภ; ภ!< ) 6ภ6 H+ & = !6 < HCl, HNO3, HI, HBr, HF, HCN, CH3COOH, HCOOH y y ภภ3 3 3 6)ภ(monoprotic acid) ภE ;# Ka ภ!< ) 6ภ6 H+ & 2 6 < H2SO4, H2SO3, H2CO3 y y ภภ& 3 6)ภ(dipprotic acid) ภE ;# Ka 2 >$ K a 1 K a 2 ! & # ภภ6ภ6 ;! 1 ;! 2 6 < +
-
H2A
â&#x2021;&#x201D;
H + HA
K a1
=
HA-
â&#x2021;&#x201D;
H+ + A2-
Ka2
=
[H + ][HA â&#x2C6;&#x2019; ] [H 2 A ] [H + ][A 2â&#x2C6;&#x2019; ] [ HA â&#x2C6;&#x2019; ]
ภ!< ) 6ภ6 H+ & 3 6 < H3PO4 ภภ&6 3 6)ภ(triprotic acid) ภE ;# Ka 3 >$ K a 1 , K a 2 K a 3 !& # ภภ6ภ6 ;! 1, ;! 2
;! 3 6 < +
H3PO4 â&#x2021;&#x201D;
4
H + H2PO
K a1
=
H2PO4- â&#x2021;&#x201D;
H+ + HPO42-
Ka2
=
HPO42- â&#x2021;&#x201D;
H+ + PO43-
Ka3
=
[H + ][H 2 PO â&#x2C6;&#x2019;4 ] [H 3 PO 4 ] [H + ][ HPO 24â&#x2C6;&#x2019; ] [H 2 PO 4â&#x2C6;&#x2019; ] [H + ][PO 34â&#x2C6;&#x2019; ] [ HPO 24â&#x2C6;&#x2019; ]
;! diprotic acid triprotic acid ภภภ3= )3 6)ภ(Polyprotic acid) ภKa ` 3 %$! Ka # ! ; K a 1 > K a 2 > K a 3 ŕ¸
!%$!ภ3= )3 6)ภ) < K a 1 ภ< ภH2SO4 K a 1 = 1.7Ă&#x2014;10-2 ,
K a 2 = 6.2Ă&#x2014;10-8 ; ภH2C3H2O4 K a 1 = 1.5Ă&#x2014;10-3 , K a 2 = 2Ă&#x2014;10-6 ! H2SO4 ! ภภH2C3H2O4 $ $ ภB I ! %$! & ภKb (ionization constant of weak base) 289
Acid-Base Equilibrium
BOH â&#x2021;&#x201D;
+
-
B + OH
Kb
=
[B + ][ OH â&#x2C6;&#x2019; ] [ BOH ]
Kb ภB ภKa >$ <
!%$! ; & ! $ &
% % %$! ; # & $ !& ภB6 6 I $ j E" ) Kb # I ; H+ & 6 ภmonoprotic base Kb 6 I ; I H+ & 6 ภpolyprotic base # Kb Ka %$!ภKb %$! !& 6 ! 8.10 . 3 8.10 8@ )
< 39; 93 7)3 7)3ภ< ' 38 * 25 OC =. ภ<.ภ.R:E I4
Monoprotic acid Perchloric acid Hydroiodic acid Hydrobromic acid Hydrochloric acid Nitric acid Trichloroacetic acid Dichloroacetic acid Bromoacetic acid Chloroacetic acid Hydrofluoric acid Nitrous acid Formic acid Benzoic acid Acetic acid Propionic acid Ammonium ion Hydrocyanic acid Phenol (carbolic acid)
HClO4 + H2O â&#x2021;&#x201D; H3O+ + ClO4HClO4 HI HI + H2O â&#x2021;&#x201D; H3O+ + IHBr HBr + H2O â&#x2021;&#x201D; H3O+ + BrHCl HCl + H2O â&#x2021;&#x201D; H3O+ + ClHNO3 HNO3 + H2O â&#x2021;&#x201D; H3O+ + NO3CCl3COOH CCl3COOH + H2O â&#x2021;&#x201D; CCl3COO- + H3O+ CHCl2COOH CHCl2COOH + H2O â&#x2021;&#x201D; CHCl2COO- + H3O+ CH2BrCOOH CH2Br COOH + H2O â&#x2021;&#x201D; CH2Br COO- + H3O+ CH2ClCOOH CH2Cl COOH + H2O â&#x2021;&#x201D; CH2Cl COO- + H3O+ HF HF + H2O â&#x2021;&#x201D; H3O+ + FHNO2 HNO2 + H2O â&#x2021;&#x201D; H3O+ + NO2HCOOH HCOOH + H2O â&#x2021;&#x201D; HCOO- + H3O+ C6H5COOH C6H5COOH + H2O â&#x2021;&#x201D; C6H5COO- + H3O+ CH3COOH CH3COOH + H2O â&#x2021;&#x201D; CH3COO- + H3O+ CH3CH2COOH CH3CH2COOH + H2O â&#x2021;&#x201D; CH3CH2COO- + H3O+ NH4+ NH4+ + H2O â&#x2021;&#x201D; NH3 + H3O+ HCN HCN + H2O â&#x2021;&#x201D; H3O+ + CNC6H5OH C6H5OH + H2O â&#x2021;&#x201D; H3O+ + C6H5O-
290
Ka @) Kb â&#x2C6;ź10+11
â&#x2C6;ź10+7 â&#x2C6;ź10+3 2.0Ă&#x2014;10-1 3.32Ă&#x2014;10-2 2.05Ă&#x2014;10-3 1.4Ă&#x2014;10-3 6.8Ă&#x2014;10-4 4.5Ă&#x2014;10-4 1.76Ă&#x2014;10-4 6.46Ă&#x2014;10-5 1.76Ă&#x2014;10-5 1.34Ă&#x2014;10-5 5.65Ă&#x2014;10-10 4.93Ă&#x2014;10-10 1.3Ă&#x2014;10-10
Acid-Base Equilibrium
8@ )
=.
ภ<.ภ.R:E I4
Polyprotic acid Sulfuric acid
H2SO4
Oxalic acid
H2C2O4
Sulfurous acid
H2SO3
Malonic acid
H2C3H2O4
Succinic acid
H2C4H4O4
H2SO4 + H2O â&#x2021;&#x201D; H3O+ + HSO4HSO4- + H2O â&#x2021;&#x201D; H3O+ + SO42H2C2O4 + H2O â&#x2021;&#x201D; H3O+ + HC2O4HC2O4- + H2O â&#x2021;&#x201D; H3O+ + C2O42H2SO3+ H2O â&#x2021;&#x201D; H3O+ + HSO3HSO3- + H2O â&#x2021;&#x201D; H3O+ + SO32H2C3H2O4 + H2O â&#x2021;&#x201D; H3O+ + HC3H2O4HC3H2O4- + H2O â&#x2021;&#x201D; H3O+ + C3H2O42H2C4H4O4 + H2O â&#x2021;&#x201D; H3O+ + HC4H4O4HC4H4O4 + H2O â&#x2021;&#x201D; H3O+ + C4H4O42H3PO4 + H2O â&#x2021;&#x201D; H3O+ + H2PO4H2PO4-+ H2O â&#x2021;&#x201D; H3O+ + HPO42HPO42-+ H2O â&#x2021;&#x201D; H3O+ + PO43H2C8H4O4 + H2O â&#x2021;&#x201D; H3O+ + HC8H4O4HC8H4O4- + H2O â&#x2021;&#x201D; H3O+ + C8H4O42H2C4H4O6 + H2O â&#x2021;&#x201D; H3O+ + HC4H4O6HC4H4O6- + H2O â&#x2021;&#x201D; H3O+ + C4H4O62H2CO3 + H2O â&#x2021;&#x201D; H3O+ + HCO3HCO3- + H2O â&#x2021;&#x201D; H3O+ + CO32H2S + H2O â&#x2021;&#x201D; H3O+ + HS+ HS- + H2O â&#x2021;&#x201D; H3O+ + S2+ H3PO3 + H2O â&#x2021;&#x201D; H3O+ + H2PO3H2PO3-+ H2O â&#x2021;&#x201D; H3O+ + HPO32-
Phosphoric acid
H3PO4
Phthalic acid
H2C8H4O4
Tartaric acid
H2C4H4O6
Carbonic acid
H2CO3
Hydrosulfuric acid
H2S
Phosphorous acid
H3PO3
Monoprotic bases Sodium hydroxide Potassium hydroxide Lithium hydroxide Rubidium hydroxide Cesium hydroxide Dimethylamine Ethylamine Methylamine Trimethylamine
NaOH KOH LiOH RbOH CsOH (CH3)2NH CH3CH2NH2 CH3NH2 (CH3)3N
NaOH â&#x2021;&#x201D; Na+ + OH+ KOH â&#x2021;&#x201D; K+ + OH+ LiOH â&#x2021;&#x201D; Li+ + OH+ RbOH â&#x2021;&#x201D; Rb+ + OH+ CsOH â&#x2021;&#x201D; Cs+ + OH+ (CH3)2NH + H2O â&#x2021;&#x201D; (CH3)2NH2+ + OH+ CH3CH2NH2 + H2O â&#x2021;&#x201D; CH3CH2NH3+ + OH+ CH3NH2 + H2O â&#x2021;&#x201D; CH3NH3+ + OH+ (CH3)3N + H2O â&#x2021;&#x201D;(CH3)3NH+ + OH+
291
Ka @) Kb Ka1â&#x2C6;ź10+11 Ka2 = 1.2Ă&#x2014;10--2 Ka1 = 5.9Ă&#x2014;10--2 Ka2 = 6.4Ă&#x2014;10--5 Ka1 = 1.7Ă&#x2014;10--2 Ka2 = 6.24Ă&#x2014;10--8 Ka1 = 1.49Ă&#x2014;10--3 Ka2 = 2.03Ă&#x2014;10--6 Ka1 = 6.89Ă&#x2014;10--5 Ka2 = 2.47Ă&#x2014;10--6 Ka1 = 7.52Ă&#x2014;10--3 Ka2 = 6.22Ă&#x2014;10--8 Ka3 = 4.8Ă&#x2014;10--13 Ka1 = 1.26Ă&#x2014;10--3 Ka2 = 3.9Ă&#x2014;10--6 Ka1 = 1.04Ă&#x2014;10--3 Ka2 = 4.55Ă&#x2014;10--5 Ka1 = 4.30Ă&#x2014;10--7 Ka2 = 5.62Ă&#x2014;10--11 Ka1 = 6.3Ă&#x2014;10--8 Ka2 = 1.3Ă&#x2014;10--13 Ka1 = 1.6Ă&#x2014;10--2 Ka2 = 6.3Ă&#x2014;10Â&#x17D;7
"! ŕ¸
5.41Ă&#x2014;10-4 4.71Ă&#x2014;10-4 3.70Ă&#x2014;10-4 6.45Ă&#x2014;10-5\
Acid-Base Equilibrium
8@ )
=.
ภ<.ภ.R:E I4
Cyanide ion Ammonia Hydroxylamine Pyridine Acetate ion Aniline Benzoate ion Diprotic bases Carbonate ion
CNNH3 HONH2 C5H5N CH3COOC6H5NH2 C6H5COO-
CN- + H2O â&#x2021;&#x201D; HCN + OH+ NH3 + H2O â&#x2021;&#x201D; NH4+ + OH+ HONH2 + H2O â&#x2021;&#x201D; HONH3++ OH+ C5H5N + H2O â&#x2021;&#x201D; C5H5NH+ + OH+ CH3COO- + H2O â&#x2021;&#x201D; CH3COOH + OH+ C6H5NH2 + H2O â&#x2021;&#x201D; C6H5NH3+ + OH+ C6H5COO- + H2O â&#x2021;&#x201D; C6H5COOH + OH+
CO32-
Hydrazine
H2NNH2
CO32- + H2O â&#x2021;&#x201D; HCO3- + OH+ HCO3- + H2O â&#x2021;&#x201D; H2CO3 + OH+ H2NNH2 + H2O â&#x2021;&#x201D; H2NNH3++ OH+ H2NNH3+ + H2O â&#x2021;&#x201D; H3NNH3++ OH+
Ka @) Kb 2.03Ă&#x2014;10-5\ 1.77Ă&#x2014;10-5\ 1.1Ă&#x2014;10-8\ 1.78Ă&#x2014;10-9 5.71Ă&#x2014;10-10\ 4.27Ă&#x2014;10-10\ 1.55Ă&#x2014;10-10\ Kb1 = 1.78Ă&#x2014;10--10 Kb2 = 2.33Ă&#x2014;10--10 Kb1 = 9.1Ă&#x2014;10--7 Kb1 = 1.0Ă&#x2014;10--15
( . H 3 ภ%$!ภ& < H I 6ภ6 H+ & $& 3 Y= ภE O $! 9 ภ$ H # 6ภ6 H+ & >$ H ภ$ " ภO < ภ)'F*.*ภ(CH3COOH >$ HC2H3O2) H 6ภ6 H+ 6 H O nonacidic H HÂ&#x201A;CÂ&#x201A;CÂ&#x201A;OÂ&#x201A;H acidic H H ภ5) 5) R (H3PO3 >$ H2PHO3) H 6ภ6 H+ 2 6 H nonacidic H HÂ&#x201A;OÂ&#x201A;PÂ&#x201A;OÂ&#x201A;H O acidic H ภ))ภF *ภ((COOH)2 >$ H2C2O4) H 6ภ6 H+ 2 6 acidic H O O HÂ&#x201A;OÂ&#x201A;CÂ&#x201A;CÂ&#x201A;OÂ&#x201A;H
292
Acid-Base Equilibrium
ภ5) / *ภ(HCOOH >$ HCHO2) H 6ภ6 H+ 1 6 O nonacidic H HÂ&#x201A;CÂ&#x201A;OÂ&#x201A;H acidic H .R:)(; 3ภ94 :c ภ(:ภR 9; 93 7)3ภ);) < ' );) .R:)(; 3 8.7 #! % % %$! H+ ภ$ )6)ภ(CH3COOH) % % 0.5 mol/l , Ka = 1.76Ă&#x2014;10-5 + :( CH3COOH â&#x2021;&#x201D; H+ + CH3COO ) 6 0.5 0 0 mol/l & -n +n +n mol/l 0.5 Â&#x201A; n n n mol/l [H + ][CH 3COO â&#x2C6;&#x2019; ] = Ka = 1.76Ă&#x2014;10-5 [CH 3 COOH ] [ n ][ n ] = 1.76Ă&#x2014;10-5 [0.5 â&#x2C6;&#x2019; n ] > $
n ŕ¸
% % ) 6 0.5 mol/l # B n $ ภ= Ka ภ; 6 ภ! ; [0.5 Â&#x201A; n ] #! ภ!ภ0.5 ! ; n2 = 1.76Ă&#x2014;10-5 0.5 n2 = (0.5)(1.76Ă&#x2014;10-5) = 0.88Ă&#x2014;10-5 = 8.8Ă&#x2014;10-6 n = 2.97Ă&#x2014;10-3 [H+] = n = 2.97Ă&#x2014; Ă&#x2014;10-3 mol/l .) .R:)(; 3 8.8 #! % % %$! OH- $ 3 % % 0.100 mol/l Kb = 1.77Ă&#x2014;10-5 + :( NH3 + H2O â&#x2021;&#x201D; NH4+ + OH ) 6 0.1 0 0 mol/l & -n +n +n mol/l 0.1 Â&#x201A; n n n mol/l
293
Acid-Base Equilibrium
[ NH 4 + ][OH â&#x2C6;&#x2019; ] = Kb = 1.77Ă&#x2014;10-5 [ NH 3 ] [ n ][ n ] = 1.77Ă&#x2014;10-5 [0.1 â&#x2C6;&#x2019; n ] 6 # ภKb NH3 $ $ ภ#! H+ & $ NH3 & NH4+ #! $ ภ! !$ " " %$! NH3 >$ ) ! ; I # j ภ%;
j3 j (approximation method) 3 I>$ n << 0.1 ! ; 0.1 Â&#x201A; n â&#x2030;&#x2C6; 0.1 n2 = 1.77Ă&#x2014;10-5 0.1 = (0.1)(1.77Ă&#x2014;10-5) n2 = 0.177Ă&#x2014;10-5 = 1.77Ă&#x2014;10-6 n = 1.33Ă&#x2014;10-3 [OH- ] = n = 1.33Ă&#x2014; Ă&#x2014;10-3 mol/l .) .R:)(; 3 8.9 #! % % %$! H+ ภ&6 $3 $ )6)ภ(HC2O2Cl3) % % 0.5 mol/l Ka = 0.2 + :( HC2O2Cl3 â&#x2021;&#x201D; H+ + C2O2Cl3 ) 6 0.5 0 0 mol/l & -n +n +n mol/l 0.5 Â&#x201A; n n n mol/l [H + ][C 2 O 2 Cl 3 â&#x2C6;&#x2019; ] = Ka = 0.2 [HC 2 O 2 Cl 3 ] [ n ][ n ] = 0.2 [0.5 â&#x2C6;&#x2019; n ] n2 = 0.2 0.5 â&#x2C6;&#x2019; n n2 + 0.2n Â&#x201A; 0.1 = 0 > $!# ภภ; ภ'ภ6$ 9& & #! < "6 != < j)6 ภภภ# ภax2 + bx + c = 0 x
=
â&#x2C6;&#x2019; b Âą b 2 â&#x2C6;&#x2019; 4 ac 2a 294
Acid-Base Equilibrium
> $
x = n , a = 1 , b = 0.2 , c = - 0.1
! ;
n
= = = = =
[H+]
=
n n
= =
â&#x2C6;&#x2019; 0.2 Âą (0.2 ) 2 â&#x2C6;&#x2019; ( 4 Ă&#x2014; 1 Ă&#x2014; â&#x2C6;&#x2019;0.1) 2 Ă&#x2014;1 â&#x2C6;&#x2019; 0.2 Âą 0.04 + 0.4 2 â&#x2C6;&#x2019; 0.2 Âą 0.44 2 â&#x2C6;&#x2019; 0.2 Âą 0.663 2 0.463 2 0.23 0.23 mol/l .)
.R:)(; 3 8.10 #! j $ &$$$& < %$! 0.50 M HC2H3O2 ! % % %$! H+ &$$$ = 3.0Ă&#x2014;10-3 mol/l + :( $ &$$$& < %$!ภ$ $ HA(aq) â&#x2021;&#x201D; H+(aq) + A-(aq) & # ŕ¸
% % %$! H+ &$$$ >$ A- &$$$ % % ) 6 %$! HA
ภ$ )6)ภ"j 100 $ &$$$& < %$!ภ=
% % %$! [H+] >$ [C2H3O2- ] &$$$ Ă&#x2014; 100
% % %$! [HC2H3O2] ) 6
3.0 Ă&#x2014; 10 â&#x2C6;&#x2019;3 mol / l = Ă&#x2014; 100 = 0.60% 0.50 mol / l â&#x2C6;´ )( '-)))- F8R 7)3 ' ( 0.50 M HC2H3O2 ?H3 9; ; ภR 0.60%
.)
< efภR 8.2 1. 6 $& ;# ภภภ$ $ ภ>$ $ $ : HClO4 , HClO , HCl , H2SO4 , H2SO3 , HNO2 , CH3COOH , H2CO3 , H2S , HCN , H3PO4 , NaOH , KOH , Mg(OH)2 , Ba(OH)2 , Sr(OH)2 , NH4OH 2. #! % % %$!&23 &$$$ (H3O+) &2 $ภ& 9&$$$ (OH- ) %$! 6 $& ; ภ. HCl 0.0010 mol/l %. NaOH 0.040 mol/l !. Ba(OH)2 1.3Ă&#x2014;10-3 mol/l
. H2SO4 0.0020 mol/l 295
Acid-Base Equilibrium
3. 4. 5. 6.
NaF 6) #! % % %$! OH- &$$$ NaF % % 0.01 mol/l ภKb %$! F- = 1.5Ă&#x2014;10-11 &23 $ (HClO) % % 0.2 mol/l % % %$! H3O+ &$$$ I Ka %$! HClO = 3.5Ă&#x2014;10-5 ภ; 6ภ6 &$$$ & $ ภKa %$! NH4+(aq) ภ5.6Ă&#x2014;10-10 #! j &23 &$$$ NH4Cl % % 1.0 mol/l XOH % % 0.2 mol/l 6ภ6 & $ 10 ; % % %$! OH-
8.5.2 ภ(ภ8@ )ภภภ<> $ภ%; ภE %$!ภ; E %$!ภ& ภ1. ภ(': 3 # (organic acid) ภH ! ภ# $ " " Â&#x201A;COOH (carboxyl group) H 6 !$> `%$!3 ภ# & ! ภ< HCOOH, CH3COOH, (COOH)2 6 ภ(ภ8@ )ภ)* (/ ภ. % & (common name) ภ" # ภภ) ภ<> $6 ! ภ) ภ<> $ ! 6 ! 8.11 . 3 8.11
8@ ) R]7)3ภ38 *
=. ภHCOOH CH3COOH C2H5COOH
8@ ) R] formic acid acetic acid propionic acid
C3H7COOH
butyric acid
C5H11COOH
caprylic acid
< ;3 ภ* formica acetum ; ภ&% 6 ภproto 6 ภpion &% ภภ) butyrum ภ= &% %$! =
) = ภHCOOCH3COOC2H5COO-
8@ )) = ภformate ion acetate ion propionate ion
C3H7COO-
butyrate ion
C5H11COO-
caprylate ion
. % ภ/ IUPAC (International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry) < 6 %6 $& ; meth(1), eth(2), prop(3), but(4), pent(5), hex(6), hept(7), oct(8), non(9), dec(10) # $ 6$ %$! 9 $ ภ; 6) Â&#x201A;anoic acid ! 6 ! 8.12
296
Acid-Base Equilibrium
. 3 8.12
8@ ) ภ. ' IUPAC 7)3ภ38 * =. ภHCOOH CH3COOH C2H5COOH C3H7COOH C4H9COOH C5H11COOH C6H13COOH C7H15COOH C8H17COOH C9H19COOH
8@ ) IUPAC methanoic acid ethanoic acid propanoic acid butanoic acid pentanoic acid hexanoic acid heptanoic acid octanoic acid nonanoic acid decanoic acid
) = ภHCOOCH3COOC2H5COOC3H7COOC4H9COOC5H11COOC6H13COOC7H15COOC8H17COOC9H19COO-
8@ )) = ภmethanoate ion ethanoate ion propanoate ion butanoate ion pentanoate ion hexanoate ion heptanoate ion octanoate ion nonanoate ion decanoate ion
ภ(+ (mineral acid)& -' ภ(' : 3 # (inorganic acid) ! 2 E
2.
>$
ภ. ภ! ?@! (hydro acid hydracid) ภภ$ F 6 2 < ) >$ &23 # F 6 $> $ ภ1 F 6 #! ภภ&23 $ ภ$ ! ! ภ!A /B (binary acid) ภภHCN ภ3 F 6 6 ภภ&23 ภภ<> $ภ&23 6) hydro >$ hydr % ! <> $F 6 ! ! Â&#x201A;ic !6 ! 8.13 . 3 8.13
8@ )ภ-X, 38 *
=. ภHF HCl HBr HI H2S H2Se H2Te HN3 HCN
8@ )ภHydrofluoric acid Hydrochloric acid Hydrobromic acid Hydroiodic acid Hydrosulfuric acid Hydroselenic acid Hydrotelluric acid Hydrazonic acid Hydrocyanic acid
) = ภFClBrIS2Se2Te2N3CN-
297
8@ )) = ภFluoride ion Chloride ion Bromide ion Iodide ion Sulfide ion Selenide ion Telluride ion Azide ion Cyanide ion
Acid-Base Equilibrium
%. ภ! ภD (oxy acid) ภ! ภ@D (oxo acid) ภ3 F 6 ภ$ H , O F 6 $> $ ภ1 F 6 "6 & >$ HmXOn 3 ภ6 $! Â&#x201A;OH $ ! $ 1 ภภ$ " ภ$ 6$ ภ! H Â&#x201A;OH ; ! ภH HÂ&#x201A;OÂ&#x201A;PÂ&#x201A;OÂ&#x201A;H O acidic H
nonacidic H
ภภ<> $ภ$$ภ%; ภ%$$ภ) < %$!$ 6$ ภ! ภ; - I $ 6$ ภ! %$$ภ) < ภ<> $ภ3 < <> $F 6 6 ภ! ! Â&#x201A;ic acid - I $ 6$ ภ! %$$ภ) < $! ภ<> $ภ3 < <> $F 6 6 ภ! ! Â&#x201A;ous acid Â&#x201A;ic acid %$$ภ) < 6 %$$ภ) < "!6
- I $ 6$ ภ! %$$ภ) < ภ<> $ภ3 < <> $F 6 6 ภ! ! Â&#x201A;ous acid >$ Â&#x201A;ic acid 3 $ # Â&#x2018;hypoÂ&#x2019; ! ; $ 6$ ภ! %$$ภ) < 6 hypo -ous acid $ 6$ ภ! %$$ภ) < 6 -ous acid $ 6$ ภ! %$$ภ) < "! -ic acid - I $ 6$ ภ! %$$ภ) < ภ<> $ภ3 < <> $F 6 6 ภ! ! Â&#x201A;ous acid >$ Â&#x201A;ic acid 3 $ # Â&#x2018;hypoÂ&#x2019; Â&#x2018;perÂ&#x2019; ! ; $ 6$ ภ! %$$ภ) < 6 hypo -ous acid $ 6$ ภ! %$$ภ) < 6 -ous acid $ 6$ ภ! %$$ภ) < "! -ic acid $ 6$ ภ! %$$ภ) < "! per -ic acid ภ$$ภ$ 6$ ภ! %$$ภ) < ภ6 "6 6ภ6 !ภ> $!# ภ; $! 9 ภ$ & ภ& < prefix : ortho-, pyro-, meta !6 $ ! 6 ! 8.15
298
Acid-Base Equilibrium
. 3 8.14 8@ )ก ))กF 38 * number of oxidation prefix/suffix example states one
-ic -ous -ic -ous -ic hypo ous -ous -ic hypo ous -ous -ic per -ic hypo ous -ous -ic per -ic
two two three
four
four
. 3 8.15 prefix ortho pyro
meta
Boric acid, H3BO3 Sulfurous acid, H2SO3 Sulfuric acid, H2SO4 Nitrous acid, HNO2 Nitric acid, HNO3 Hypophosphorous acid, H3PO2 Phosphorous acid, H3PO3 Phosphoric acid, H3PO4 Hypochlorous acid, HClO Chlorous acid, HClO2 Chloric acid, HClO3 Perchloric acid, HClO4 Hypobromous acid, HBrO Bromous acid, HBrO2 Bromic acid, HBrO3 Perbromic acid, HBrO4
oxidation number of central atom +3 +4 +6 +3 +5 +1 +3 +5 +1 +3 +5 +7 +1 +3 +5 +7
ก E8 ortho, pyro, meta 4 8@ )ก meaning examples common name
contains most water possible H3PO4 Intermediate water content, an acid H4P2O7 that appears to be formed by the removal of 1 H2O molecule from 2 acid molecules (2H3PO4-H2O) contains least water possible HPO3 (H3PO4-H2O)
299
IUPAC name same same same same same Phosphinic acid Phosphonic acid same same same same same same same same same
IUPAC name
Orthophosphoric acid Pyrophosphoric acid
Phosphoric acid Diphosphoric acid
Metaphosphoric acid
same
Acid-Base Equilibrium
ภ(ภ8@ )) = ภ7)3ภ))ภF ภ<> $$ " ภ3 < <> $ภ! Â&#x201A;ate ภ! Â&#x201A;ic < <> $ภ! Â&#x201A;ite ภ! ! Â&#x201A;ous !6 ! 8.16 . 3 8.16 ภH3BO3 H2SO3 H2SO4 *HPH2O2 *H2PHO3 HClO HClO2 HClO3 HClO4
8@ )) = ภ))ภF 38 * ) = ภ8@ )ภBO33Boric acid HSO3Sulfurous acid SO32HSO4Sulfuric acid 2SO4 PH2O2Hypophosphorous acid HPHO3Phosphorous acid PHO32ClOHypochlorous acid Chlorous acid ClO2 ClO3Chloric acid Perchloric acid ClO4-
8@ )) = ภBorate ion Hydrogensulfite ion Sulfite ion Hydrogensulfate ion Sulfate ion Hypophosphite ion Hydrogen phosphite ion Phosphite ion Hypochlorite ion Chlorite ion Chlorate ion Perchlorate ion
*ภ2 6 ; ภ6) % "6 H3PO2 H3PO3 6 6 6 ! ; % "6 HPH2O2 H2PHO3 => $ ! monoprotic acid diprotic acid 6
8.5.3 9: < 3 R NR {/7)39=;ภ- # F GAH ภ!- >$ ภ" ภ- ภ$!=)# j # ภภ6ภ6 &$$$ H3O+ ; %$!3 ภHCl CH3COOH ! ; # ภCAD $ 6 - 9 > $ภ?)ภ) ) ภภI"ภ& " %$! ภ& " ภ%$! HCl(g) + H2O(l) â&#x2020;&#x2019; H3O+(aq) + Cl-(aq) ภŕ¸
300
Acid-Base Equilibrium
ก HCl % % 6 mol/dm3 6ก6 ; & $ 99.966 ! ; %$!ก HCl 6 mol/dm3 H3O+ &$$$ Cl- &$$$ $ ! 6 mol >$ก & HCl 6 $! E =ก !ก H3O+ &$$$ H2O 6 $! E = !ก Cl- &$$$ & < ; ?)ก) ) # 6 $! $ ก )@ !6 !ก % >$ ก) ?)ก) ) Z ก 3 ก %$! HCl # 6ก6 &$$$ ; & $ HCl(g) + H2O(l) → H3O+(aq) + Cl-(aq) ก ก ก ก $ $ $ $ ก $ )6)ก > $ ; 6 CAD $ 6 - 9 ก ?)ก) ) ก ; ก I"ก & " I"ก & " ก ! ; CH3COOH(g) + H2O(l) → H3O+(aq) + CH3COO-(aq) ก ก
ก $ )6)ก ก $ $ = Ka ก 1.8×10-5 3 ก %$!ก CH3COOH
!3 ก ; 6ก6 H3O+ &$$$ ?)ก) ) $ ก ก) %; & กก ?)ก) ) & % ! #!& Ka 6 ;! ; > $! # ก Z )6E j 9 & # ก ?)ก) ) ก ก ก กก ) 6 CH3COOH(g) + H2O(l) → H3O+(aq) + CH3COO-(aq) ก $ $ $ $ ก ก ก ก
!ก " ก - ; # ก & ก I!& # B ก !#ก !ก ก #ก ก ! ! ;
" ก - ก) # ก HCl ; E = ก E = # ! ; E = ก HCl > H3O+ E = Cl- < H2O < ก " ก - ก) # ก CH3COOH ; E = ก E = # ! ; E = ก CH3COOH < H3O+ E = CH3COO- > H2O
301
Acid-Base Equilibrium
Ka $ ก ! < ก =)# j ! = F9%$! " ( ก) # กก I"ก & " %$!ก ) HCl Ka = 106 , CH3COOH Ka = 1.8×10-5 HCl #! ก ก ก CH3COOH Cl-&$$$ ( " %$!ก HCl) #!6 $! $ $ ก CH3COO- &$$$ ( " %$!ก CH3COOH) ก 3 E = ก HCl > CH3COOH E = Cl- < CH3COO ! = F9%$! " ก - $> ` ! 6 ! 8.17 . 3 8.17
302
9: < 37)3 N* 7HI
9: < 37)3ก N* 7HI
9: < 3 R NR {/7)3ก < ' . STU ) . - :/ 3
" %$!ก ก ก &23 &$3$ )ก HI &$3$& 9&$$$ I3 & 9&$$$ ก &23 3 )ก BrHBr ก &23 $ )ก
$& 9&$$$ ClHCl ClO4ก $ 9 $ )ก $ 9 $ 6&$$$ HClO4 ก '( )ก H2SO4 &23 # '6&$$$ HSO4HNO3 NO3ก & 6 )ก & 6 6&$$$ H3O+ H2O &23 &$$$ ; SO42&23 # '6&$$$ HSO4 '6&$$$ ก & 6 HNO2 & &6 69&$$$ NO2CH3COOH $ ) 66&$$$ CH3COOก $ )6)ก ก 9 $ )ก H2CO3 &
9 $ 6&$$$ HCO3 $ 3 &$$$ NH4+ $ 3 NH3 &
9 $ 6&$$$ HCO3 9 $ 6&$$$ CO32H2O &2 $ก& 9&$$$ OH ; CH3OH $ก& 9&$$$ CH3O $ NH3 NH2 $ 3 $& 9&$$$
Acid-Base Equilibrium
.R:)(; 3 8.11 # ก&$$$ ก &$$$ กก ก CH3COO- , OHก CH3COOH Ka = 1.8×10-5 H2O Ka = 1.8×10-16 + :( CH3COOH Ka กก H2O ! ; CH3COOH #! ก ก ก H2O !ก ก CH3COO- &$$$ #! $ $ ก OH E = ก CH3COOH > H2O E = CH3COO- < OH.) ∴ OH- &$$$ >$&2 $ก& 9&$$$ #! ก ก CH3COO- &$$$ 8.5.4 >|??R(9: 9 9: < 37)3ก < ' RbEE! D F + ' ก (+ D - <ก; c ] !H (' ' R EF + ''ก8: ( ! ;
กF ' c ] !H ' ;
กF =)# j # ก E = % ; %$!= F 3 ก ; # ก 6ก6 ! $) Bก3 ก 6) )6 %$! ก = F I $) Bก3 ก 6) )6 6ก6 !ก ก E = % ; %$!= F # ก6 & = = F X-H # 6ก6 X- &$$$ H+ &$$$ & ก ; ( ' X ' ' ;
กF % X $ 6$ 3 ก H-X Z กก E = % ; %$!3 ก I =)# j ! !ก HF, HCl, HBr HI # กก =)# j E = % ; %$!3 ก I ! !%$!ก # ก ก& $ & ! ; HF > HCl > HBr > HI 6 I =)# j # ก Ka HF Ka = 7.2×10-4 HCl Ka = 1.0×106 HBr Ka = 1.0×109 HI Ka = 3.0×109 # ก Ka $ก
!%$!ก # ก ก& $ ! ; HI > HBr > HCl > HF !6 !ก % ก ) ! & ก & = ! !$ 6$ %$! X ก
$ 6$ %$! H # !& > $% %$!$ 6$ %$! X %; #! !Z ก 6ก6 %$! X-H H+ &$$$ =) ก%; R EF ' ;
กF > $ ## $> ` ! E =ก # !& > $ # %$!&$$$$ >$%$!3 ก =) ก%; < SO42- # ก $ $ ก HSO4- HSO4- # ก $ $ ก H2SO4
303
Acid-Base Equilibrium
< ก H3PO4 > $ 6ก6 &$$$ H2PO4- , HPO42- E = ก !# ก ก& $ & ! ; H3PO4 > H2PO4- > HPO42 %$$ก ) < 3 ก > $ก ## $> ` ! ก$ $$ก ( ก$ $$ก ) # $ 6$ ) E =ก =) %; > $ %$$ก ) < %$!$ 6$ ก ! ก%; < H2SO4 ก ก ก H2SO3 HNO3 ก ก ก HNO2 = S H2SO4 %$$ก ) < +6 %j H2SO3 %$$ก ) < +4 N HNO2 %$$ก ) < +3 ก$ HClO , HClO2 , HOClO3 , HClO4 E = ก ! ; HClO4 > HClO3 > HClO2 > HClO = %$$ก ) < %$! Cl ก$ ! 6 & ! ; +7 , +5 , +3 , +1 .R:)(; 3 8.12 ก$
" ก 6 % $ ก$ ก ก กก ก %. NH3 >$ NH2ก. H2O >$ NH3
. NH3 >$ PH3 !. HNO3 >$ HNO2 + :( ก. ; ก ก (Ka = 1.8×10-16) กก NH3 (Ka = 1.0×10-30) = = F O H %$! ; % ; กก = F N H %$! NH3 O N $ " ก 6 !F 6 O
$) Bก3 ก 6) )6 กก N 3 ก H2O NH3 6 !& # #!& Z ก
$ก# ก ; %$$ก ) < & % ก % $! ก =)# j < ก = & ก$ ก %. NH3 ก ก ก NH2- &$$$ = NH3 I ก H+ &$$$ $$ก # ก3 ก & ! ก NH2- &$$$ >$ก & $ ก$ ! 3 ก # 6 !ก
. PH3 ก ก ก NH3 = PH3 % $ 6$ %$! P # ก &23 # $ 6$ ก N $ 6$ 3 ก NH3 #! ! %$!= F X H $ $ ก !. HNO3 ก ก ก HNO2 = ;! " 6 ! ก $$ก & 36 # $ 6$ HNO3 %$$ก ) < กก & 36 # $ 6$ HNO2 .R:)(; 3 8.13 6 " %$! ก$ ก ก$ ก ก ก ก. OH- >$ NH2%. NH3 >$ NH2 . NH2- >$ PH2!. NO3- >$ NO2+ :( ก. NH2- &$$$ " %$! $ 3 OH- &$$$ " %$! ; H2O ก ก ก NH3 ! ; " %$! ; >$ OH- #! $ $ ก " %$! NH3 >$ ก & $ ก$ ! NH2- &$$$ ก ก OH- &$$$
304
Acid-Base Equilibrium
%. NH2- &$$$ ก ก NH3 = ! ! " ! # NH2- &$$$ ก H+ &$$$ กก ! ! " ! NH3 3 ก ก !ก # ก H+ &$$$ >$ $ #$F) $ ก
!& NH4+ &$$$ ก ก ก NH3 ! ; " %$! NH4+ &$$$ #! $ $ ก ก " %$! NH3 ! NH2- &$$$
. NH2- &$$$ ก ก PH2- &$$$ = PH3 ก ก ก NH3 " %$! PH3 >$ PH2- &$$$ #! $ $ ก " %$! NH3 >$ NH2- &$$$ !. NO2- &$$$ ก ก NO3- &$$$ = HNO3 ก ก ก HNO2 " %$! HNO3 >$ NO3- #! $ $ ก " %$! HNO2 >$ NO2- &$$$
8.6
ก <.ก.R:7)3 I4 * {*} ; ) F)G &''J & $ ก I 6 $ !# !E = $ &'# & !
=> 8.3 ก .;):3? )(; 33; ( N@) . :?ก 4 -556 7)3 I4 * {*}
ก 6 #ก &''J %$! ; #!6 $! < > $! >$ $ & ก ; I &''J & = 6ก6 &$$$ & $! ! ก H2O(l) + H2O(l) ⇔ H3O+(aq) + OH-(aq) ก ก ก) self ionization >$ H2O(l) ⇔ H+(aq) + OH-(aq) ก ก ! ) %$! $ 6 9 ; & ;!ก 6ก6 &23 &$$$ &2 $ก& 9&$$$ ก 2 ! ) & ; 6ก6 H+ &$$$ OH- &$$$ ! ก % & I"ก6 $! = 3 6$ (H+) $) & $ " ; 6 & # ก % 3 )F กB6 # mol/dm3 %$!ก ก) %; ; ก ! & ! กก ก
305
Acid-Base Equilibrium
ภ6ภ6 &$$$ %$! ; 25oC H3O+ &$$$ % % 1.0Ă&#x2014;10-7 mol/dm3 OH- &$$$ % % 1.0Ă&#x2014;10-7 mol/dm3 # B % % %$! H3O+ &$$$ OH- &$$$ ) j6 ภ! ; ภ) ภ6ภ6 &$$$ & $ ŕ¸
! > $ ; 6ภ6 &$$$ ! ; [H 3 O + ][OH â&#x2C6;&#x2019; ] Kc = [H 2 O] 2 K c [H 2 O] 2 = [H 3 O + ][OH â&#x2C6;&#x2019; ] > $!# ภ; % % ! ! ภ55.5 mol/dm3 ( ) # ภ; 1dm3 1000 g $ j E" ) $! ; 18 g ภ1 mol ! ; ; 1000 g #! ภ55.5 mol) ; % % ! K c [H 2 O] 2 #! ! ! ; ภ! %$! ; < ภAj9 Kw ! ; K w = [H 3 O + ][ OH â&#x2C6;&#x2019; ] $ j E" ) 25oC K w = [1.0 Ă&#x2014; 10 -7 ][1.0 Ă&#x2014; 10 â&#x2C6;&#x2019;7 ] = 1.0 Ă&#x2014; 10 -14 # ภภ$!ภ&''J %$! ; ) F)G = ; ) F)G &''J & $ ภ; #! $) Bภ3 & 69$ $ 6ภ6 &$$$ & $ ภ6 ภ&''J %$! ; ) F)G# ภ%; > $$ j E" ) "!%; >$ภ& $ ภ$ ! ! ; I 6ภ6 &$$$ & ภ%; $ j E" ) "! Kw #! !6 $ j E" ) !6 ! 8.18 . 3 8.18
< 3 Kw ) c ~= *.; 3 ) c ~= * (oC) 0 25 35 50 60
Kw 1.14Ă&#x2014;10-15 1.00Ă&#x2014;10-14 2.06Ă&#x2014;10-14 5.35Ă&#x2014;10-14 9.50Ă&#x2014;10-14
> $$ j E" ) "!%; Kw # ภ%; ! ; 6ภ6 & %; >$ ภ6ภ6 &$$$ %$! ; ภ! E " = !!
306
Acid-Base Equilibrium
3 & < Kw $ j E" ) 25oC ภjÂ&#x201C;9 ภ% % %$!&$$$ $ j E" ) $! = & 6ภ6 !ภภภ%$! Kw # & < ŕ¸
! $> ` Kw 25oC ภ1.0Ă&#x2014;10-14 $ # ภ! % % %$! [H3O+] &$$$ >$ [OH-] &$$$ 6 ! 8.19 ! B = F9 ! % % %$! [H3O+] , [OH-] Kw . 3 8.19
9: R NR {/ ' :; 39: 7 7 7)3 [H3O+] < ' [OH-] E I4 9: 7 7 (mol/dm3) Kw [H3O+] [OH-] 1.0Ă&#x2014;10-2 1.0Ă&#x2014;10-12 1.0Ă&#x2014;10-14 1.0Ă&#x2014;10-4 1.0Ă&#x2014;10-10 1.0Ă&#x2014;10-14 2.0Ă&#x2014;10-6 5.0Ă&#x2014;10-9 1.0Ă&#x2014;10-14 1.0Ă&#x2014;10-7 1.0Ă&#x2014;10-7 1.0Ă&#x2014;10-14 1.0Ă&#x2014;10-9 1.0Ă&#x2014;10-5 1.0Ă&#x2014;10-14
> $!# ภKw ! I " % % %$!&$$$ &$$$ ! I % % %$!$ ภ&$$$ !& .R:)(; 3 8.14 #! % % %$! [H3O+] [OH-] ภHCl % % 0.001 mol/dm3 6) HCl I 6ภ6 & 100% + :( HCl(aq) + H2O(l) â&#x2020;&#x2019; H3O+(aq) + Cl-(aq) HCl I 6ภ6 & 100% ! ; HCl % % 0.001 mol/dm3 #! 6ภ6 H3O+ &$$$ Cl- &$$$ < ) 0.001 mol/dm3 >$ 1.0Ă&#x2014;10-3 mol/dm3 # ภภภ6ภ6 %$! ; Kw ŕ¸
K w = [H 3 O + ][ OH â&#x2C6;&#x2019; ] Kw [ OH â&#x2C6;&#x2019; ] = [H 3 O + ] Kw ภ1.0Ă&#x2014;10-14 [H3O+] ภ1.0Ă&#x2014;10-3 mol/dm3 ! ; 1.0 Ă&#x2014; 10 â&#x2C6;&#x2019;14 â&#x2C6;&#x2019; [ OH ] = = 1.0 Ă&#x2014; 10 -11 mol/dm 3 â&#x2C6;&#x2019;3 1.0 Ă&#x2014; 10 3 Ă&#x2014;10-11 mol/dm3 .) â&#x2C6;´ ' ( HCl 0.001 mol/dm 9: 7 7 [OH-] ; ภR 1.0Ă&#x2014;
307
Acid-Base Equilibrium
8.6.1 ภภ: 7)3 I4 I# ; 6ภ6 ภ%; >$ $ ! >$ [H3O+] , [OH-] ; & # ภ1.0Ă&#x2014;10-7 & 3 1. $ j E" ) $ j E" ) "! ; # 6ภ6 & %; Kw =) %; $ j E" )6 ; # 6ภ6 & $ ! Kw ! 6 & ; # 6ภ6 ภ%; >$ 6ภ6 $ ! >$ Kw # ! $ !& ภB 6 % % %$! H3O+ &$$$ % % %$! OH- &$$$ # ภ>$ ; ! ! ภ! & $ j E" )# 2. 6) H3O+ &$$$ >$ 6) C F)G ภ2H2O(l) â&#x2021;&#x201D; H3O+(aq) + OH-(aq) > $ =) [H3O+] # > $ & ! [OH-] ! ! ;
# [H3O+] > [OH-] C F)G ภ6 ภ% % & & Kw [H3O+][OH-] = 1.0Ă&#x2014;10-14 I [H3O+] ภB# [OH-] & 3. 6) OH- >$ 6) C F)G Z ภ6) OH- # %$! ; > $ & ! [H3O+] !
# [H3O+] < [OH-] C F)G 6 Kw ! ! ) ! ; I [OH-] ภB# [H3O+] & 4. 6) ภ>$%$!ภ$ $ >$ $ $ ! > $ ; # 6ภ6 $ " ภ$ $ $ " $ $ ! ภ) &23 & ) & %$! ; & % % %$! H3O+ OH- ; ภB# & 6 Kw ! ! ) . 3 8.20
< 39: R NR {/ ' :; 3 [H3O+], [OH-] < '9: >W ภ- 7)3 ' ( Kw = [H3O+][OH-] = 1.0Ă&#x2014; Ă&#x2014;10-14 25oC
[H3O+] 100 10-1 10-2 10-3 10-4 [OH-] 10-14 10-13 10-12 10-11 10-10 ŕ¸
10-5 10-9
10-6 10-8
10-7 10-7 ภ!
10-8 10-6
10-9 10-5
10-10 10-11 10-12 10-13 10-4 10-3 10-2 10-1
10-14 mol/dm3 100 mol/dm3
I [H3O+] >$ [OH-] # $ภ& ; C F)G ภ>$ ภ! 3 & =)# j ภ%$! # ภ[H3O+] =)# j %$! # ภ[OH-] ) ! ภภ# ) ! ! ;
308
Acid-Base Equilibrium
8.6.2 pH . :R 9: 7 7 7)3 ' ( ; ) F)G $ j E" ) 25oC % % %$! H3O+ &$$$ OH- &$$$ $ ! 1.0Ă&#x2014;10-7 mol/dm3 % % %$!&$$$ ;! $!# =) %; 2 $ j E" ) 45oC =) %; 5 10 $ j E" ) 80oC 120oC 6
> $ =) ภภ< ภHCl ภ; % % %$! H3O+ &$$$ # =) %;
% % %$! OH- # !6 # % % %$! H3O+ &$$$ =) %; = Kw
! ภ1.0Ă&#x2014;10-14 < ภHCl % % 1.0 mol/dm3 % % %$! H3O+ &$$$ ภ1.0 % % %$! OH- &$$$ ภ1.0Ă&#x2014;10-14 >$ NaOH % % 1.0 mol/dm3 % % %$! OH- ภ1.0 % % %$! H3O+ &$$$ ภ1.0Ă&#x2014;10-14 ภ>$ 6 ! % % %$! H3O+ &$$$ OH- &$$$ !ภภ% % %$!&$$$ ;! $! ภ# $ " " 10-n mol/dm3 !& ภภ=)# j #!& ภ6 % $ภ% % %$! H3O+ &$$$ & pH p=.@.2452 ( .@.1909) ภ< < 9 <> $ $ = $ $ < pH ภ>$ ภ$ภ) % % %$! H3O+ &$$$ 3 ภภ$ภ) ;! ; = % % %$! H3O+ &$$$ ; & $ ภ1 ! ; pH = - log [H3O+] ; ) F)G % % %$! H3O+ &$$$ ภ1.0Ă&#x2014;10-7 mol/dm3 #! pH ŕ¸
7.0 ! j& ! ; pH = - log [1.0Ă&#x2014;10-7] = 7 log 10 Â&#x201A; log 1.0 = 7Â&#x201A;0 = 7 ; ) F)G 25oC ภ7 I>$ ภ! & ภ>$ $ ! $ ! ! = % % %$! H3O+ &$$$ OH- &$$$ ภ6 I % % %$! H3O+ &$$$ ภภ% % %$! OH- &$$$ ; # pH 6 ภ7 % % %$! H3O+ &$$$ $ ภ% % %$! OH- &$$$ ; # pH ภภ7 < % % H3O+ &$$$ 1.0Ă&#x2014;10-5 mol/dm3 pH ภ5 ; ภ% % H3O+ &$$$ 1.0Ă&#x2014;10-9 mol/dm3 pH ภ9 ;
309
Acid-Base Equilibrium
pH ก
0
14
∆ ก ! > $ % % %$! H3O+ &$$$ =) %; >$ ! 10 %$! 6
% % %$! 6 pH # & !6 ! 8.21 . 3 8.21 9: R NR {/ pH .;)9: 7 7 7)3 H3O+ -))) < ' OH- -))) E ' ( I4 >W .R: 4 ' ( ก ?4 < ก> ' ~ pH [H3O+] mol/dm3 [OH-] mol/dm3 ก ก 0 1.0×100 1.0×10-14 1 1.0×10-1 1.0×10-13 2 1.0×10-2 1.0×10-12 ก ก ก ! 3 1.0×10-3 1.0×10-11 4 1.0×10-4 1.0×10-10 ก $ $ 5 1.0×10-5 1.0×10-9 6 1.0×10-6 1.0×10-8 ก ! 7 1.0×10-7 1.0×10-7 $ $ 8 1.0×10-8 1.0×10-6 9 1.0×10-9 1.0×10-5 $ $ ก ! 10 1.0×10-10 1.0×10-4 11 1.0×10-11 1.0×10-3 ก 12 1.0×10-12 1.0×10-2 13 1.0×10-13 1.0×10-1 14 1.0×10-14 1.0×100 # ก6 ! 8.21 # B > $ % % %$! H3O+ &$$$ & 10 6 pH # & 1 I # ก pH 2 & pH 5 % % %$! H3O+ &$$$ # & 1,000
310
Acid-Base Equilibrium
.R:)(; 3 8.15 #! pH %$! ภ$ )6)ภ% % 0.10 mol/dm3 ภ$ )6)ภ3 ภ6ภ6 & $ 1.34 + :( 3 ภ%$!ภ$ )6)ภ6ภ6 &$$$ ! ; CH3COOH(aq) + H2O(l) â&#x2020;&#x2019; H3O+(aq) + CH3COO-(aq) 3 ภ%$!ภ$ )6)ภ&$$$& 9& $ 1.34 ! ; ภ$ )6)ภ% % 0.10 mol/dm3 #! H3O+ &$$$ CH3COO- &$$$ $ ! 0.00134 mol/dm3 >$ 1.34Ă&#x2014;10-3 mol/dm3 # ภpH = -log [H3O+] = -log (1.34Ă&#x2014;10-3) = 3 log 10 - log 1.34 = 3.0 Â&#x201A; 0.13 = 2.87 â&#x2C6;´ ' ( pH ; ภR 2.87 .) > $ ภภKa Kb %$!ภ$ $ $ $ => $6 $!ภH3O+ &$$$ >$ OH- &$$$ 6 $!ภ6ภ6 &$$$ $ %$!ภ$ $ $ $ I & ! ; ภ<.ภ.R:7)3ภ);) HA(aq) + H2O(l) â&#x2021;&#x201D; H3O+(aq) + A-(aq) # ภภภ6ภ6 &$$$ %$!ภ$ $ [H 3 O + ][ A â&#x2C6;&#x2019; ] Ka = [ HA ] 3 6) HA 6ภ6 & X mol/dm E [HA] = % % ) 6 Â&#x201A; X mol/dm3 >$ = % % ) 6 Ca mol/dm3 ;! ; = ภ$ $ 6ภ6 & $ % % E #!& 6ภ6 !& # ภ% % ) 6 % % & (X mol/dm3)
% % %$! [H3O+] [A-] E 6 ! ภX mol/dm3 [ X ][ X ] ! ; Ka = [C a ] 2 [X] = KaCa >$ [H3O+]2 = KaCa K aCa [H3O+] = 311
Acid-Base Equilibrium
! ; ก 6ก6 &$$$ %$!ก $ $ #! $ [H 3 O + ] 6ก6 = × 100 Ca K aCa = × 100 Ca Ca % % %$!ก $ $ mol/dm3 ก <.ก.R:7)3 );) NH3(aq) + H2O(l) ⇔ NH4+(aq) + OH-(aq) # ก ก ก 6ก6 &$$$ %$! $ $ [ NH 4 + ][OH − ] Kb = [ NH 3 ] NH3 6ก6 & X mol/dm3 E [NH3] % % ก !ก
% % ) 6 >$ ก Cb mol/dm3 = $ $ 6ก6 & $
% % %$! [NH4+] [OH-] 6 ! ก X mol/dm3 ! ; [ X ][ X ] Kb = [C b ] [X]2 = KbCb >$ [OH-]2 = KbCb K bCb [OH-] = ก 6ก6 &$$$ %$! $ $ #! $ [OH − ] = × 100 Cb K bCb = × 100 Cb Cb % % %$! $ $ mol/dm3 ก 94 :c 9; pH 7)3 ' (ก );) < ' );) > $!# ก ;!ก $ $ $ $ 6ก6 & ! ! ; ก % % %$! + &23 &$$$ [H3O ] &2 $ก& 9&$$$ [OH ] #! j& # ก "6
312
Acid-Base Equilibrium
[H3O+] = K aCa > $ Ka = ! ก 6ก6 %$!ก $ $ Ca = % % %$!ก $ $ mol/dm3 K bCb [OH-] = > $ Kb = ! ก 6ก6 %$! $ $ Cb = % % %$! $ $ mol/dm3 > $ [H3O+] & & pH %$! & # ก "6 pH = -log [H3O+] I 6 $!ก
pOH %$! ; & # ก "6 pH + pOH = 14 9: R NR {/ ' :; 3 Ka < ' Kb 7)39=;ก - # ก ก HA + H2O ⇔ H3O+ + A[H 3 O + ][ A − ] Ka = [ HA ] A- + H2O ⇔ HA + OH[HA ][ OH − ] Kb = [A − ] [H 3 O + ][ A − ] [HA ][ OH − ] Ka×Kb = × [ HA ] [A − ] = [H3O+][OH-] = Kw .R:)(; 3 8.16 #! pH %$! NaF % % 0.3 mol/dm3 Ka %$!ก HF ก
6.4×10-4 + :( NaF → Na+ + F ..(1) F- + H2O ⇔ HF + OH ..(2) F- " %$! HF Kb %$! ก 2 & # ก "6 Ka×Kb = Kw 1.0 × 10 −14 Kb = = 1.56×10-11 −4 6.4 × 10 [HF ][OH − ] # ก Kb = [F − ] [ X ][ X ] 1.56×10-11 = [0.3] 313
Acid-Base Equilibrium
[X]2 [X] >$ [OH-] # ภ[H3O+][OH-] [H3O+] Ă&#x2014; 2.16Ă&#x2014;10-6
4.68Ă&#x2014;10-12 2.16Ă&#x2014;10-6 2.16Ă&#x2014;10-6 mol/dm3 1.0Ă&#x2014;10-14 1.0Ă&#x2014;10-14 1.0 Ă&#x2014; 10 â&#x2C6;&#x2019;14 + [H3O ] = 2.16 Ă&#x2014; 10 â&#x2C6;&#x2019;6 = 4.62Ă&#x2014;10-9 mol/dm3 pH = -log [H3O+] = -log [4.62Ă&#x2014;10-9] = 9 log 10 Â&#x201A; log 4.62 = 9.0 Â&#x201A; 0.66 = 8.34 â&#x2C6;´ pH 7)3 ' ( NaF 9; ; ภR 8.34 .) = = = = =
) j Ka Kb $ ` $ # log ! ; pK = -log K ภ$ )6)ภKa = 1.8Ă&#x2014;10-5 pKa = -log 1.8Ă&#x2014;10-5 = 4.74 ! ; #!$ # < pKa ภภ$ $ & ภ(3 G pKa \ E RT ภ(' ' ภภ(3 G pKa GL < ภภ$ $ NH3 Kb = 1.74Ă&#x2014;10-5 pKb = -log 1.74Ă&#x2014;10-5= 4.76 #!$ # < pKb ภ$ $ & D 3 G pKb \ E RT D ' ' ภD 3 G pKb GL ' ! ภpH < ! E =ภ%$! pOH < ! E = %$! pH ภÂ&#x201A;log [H3O+] pOH ภÂ&#x201A;log [OH-] ! ; % % OH- &$$$ 1.0Ă&#x2014;10-2 #! pOH = 2.0 ; ) F)G [H+] = 1.0Ă&#x2014;10-7 mol/dm3 [OH-] = 1.0Ă&#x2014;10-7 mol/dm3 ; ) F)G#! pH ภ7 pOH ภ7 Z %$! pH pOH #! ภ14.0 $ >$ pH + pOH = 14 ! ; > $
pH %$! ! #! pOH %$! ; `& 314
Acid-Base Equilibrium
. 3 8.22 < 39; Ka < ' Kb 7)39=;ก - 9=;ก 9=; CH3COOH CH3COONH4+ NH3 C6H5COOH C6H5COOHCN CNH2CO3 HCO3HCO3CO32HF FHNO2 NO2HCOOH HCOOCH3NH2 CH3NH3+
8.7
Ka
Kb
1.75×10-5 5.65×10-10 6.46×10-5 4.93×10-10 4.30×10-7 5.62×10-11 6.40×10-4 4.5×10-4 1.76×10-4 2.70×10-11
5.71×10-10 1.77×10-5 1.55×10-10 2.03×10-5 2.33×10-8 1.78×10-4 1.56×10-11 2.22×10-11 5.68×10-11 3.70×10-4
)* * 9 .) / 4 R ก -
$) ) 6$ 9 (Indicator) ก - $) 9 E $ (Dye) 6 6 # $ ก - < ก & $! ?) 6)ก > $!# ก I # ก !& $ ก ! > $ ก ! % % %$! H3O+ &$$$ $) ) 6$ 9 ก - $ # ก $ $ >$ $ $ 6ก6 !ก > $$ " E !& &$$$& 9ก E &$$$& 9 ก >$ > $$ " " ก # ! 6 > $$ " " # $ ก ! I # ก " !& $ ก " !& > $ pH %$! I HIn $) ) 6$ 9 E %$! $) ) 6$ 9 ก # ! ; HIn(s) + H2O(l) ⇔ H3O+(aq) + In-(aq) > $
HIn กAj9%$!$) ) 6$ 9 $ " " ก (acid form) In กAj9%$!$) ) 6$ 9 $ " " (base form) > $ ก ! % % %$! H3O+ &$$$ # I"ก ก % % %$! HIn In- !& #! %$! 6ก6 !ก ก >$ HIn In- # 6 !ก %j # B %$! " %; ก Z 6 !%$! % % %$! HIn In- 3 & I % % 6 !ก 10 %; & # B %$! " % % กก <
315
Acid-Base Equilibrium
I [HIn] ภภ[In-] 10 %; & # B %$! " ภI [In-] ภภ[HIn] 10 %; & # B %$! " [HIn] # ภภ>$ $ ภ[In-] %; ภ[H3O+] >$ ภ- %$! ; >$%; ภpH %$! $! I pH %$! 6 # > $ & ! [HIn] =) ภ%; I pH %$! "! # > $ & !% [In-] =) ภ%; < ! pH $) ) 6$ 9 # ภ" !& $ ภ" ! ภpH range >$ pH interval ! I & # ภKa %$!$) ) 6$ 9 ; # ภภHIn(s) + H2O(l) â&#x2021;&#x201D; H3O+(aq) + In-(aq) [H 3 O + ][In â&#x2C6;&#x2019; ] Ka = [ HIn ] [ HIn ] [H3O+] = K a â&#x2C6;&#x2019; [In ]  [ HIn ]  pH = -log [H3O+] = -log  K a â&#x2C6;&#x2019;  ďŁ [ In ]  [HIn ] pH = -log Ka - log â&#x2C6;&#x2019; [In ] [HIn ] = pKa - log â&#x2C6;&#x2019; [In ] [HIn ] = 10 # ) B %$! acid form > $ [In â&#x2C6;&#x2019; ] â&#x2C6;´ pH = pKa Â&#x201A; 1 [HIn ] 1 # ) B %$! base form > $ = â&#x2C6;&#x2019; [In ] 10 â&#x2C6;´ pH = pKa + 1 >$ pH range = pKa + 1 ภ)ภ7)3)* * 9 .) / 6 ! 8.23 6 ! !$) ) 6$ 9 !< ) $ภpH range %$!$) ) 6$ 9 ; ! pH range = F9ภ! ; $) ) 6$ 9 Bromcresol green
pH range 3.8 Â&#x201A; 5.4
316
>$!- ; !)
Acid-Base Equilibrium
pH 6 !` Bromocesol green # ! ; 1. pH 6 ;! 6 3.8 !& # >$! (acid form) 2. pH $ " ! 3.8 I! 5.4 # Z ! >$!ภ; !) >$ % 3. pH 6 ;! 6 5.4 %; & # ; !) (base form) . 3 8.23
< 3)* * 9 .) / 38 * < '8;:3 pH 7)3)* * 9 .) /8 * RI )* * 9 .) / 8;:3 pH > (
Picric acid Methyl violet O-Cresol red Paramethyl red Thymol blue ( ;! 1) 2,6-Dinitrophenol Methyl yellow Methyl orange Bromphenol blue Congo red Ethyl orange Alizarin red S Bromcresol green Methyl red Propyl red Methyl purple Chloro phenol red Para-nitrophenol Bromcresol purple Bromthymol blue Brilliant yellow Neutral red Phenol red Meta-nitrophenol Cresol red Pheanolphthalein Thymol blue ( ! 2) Thymolphthalein Alizarin yellow R 1,3,5-Trinitrobenzene 2,4,6-Trinitrotoluene
0.1 Â&#x201A; 0.8 0.0 Â&#x201A; 1.6 0.0 Â&#x201A; 2.0 1.0 Â&#x201A; 3.0 1.2 Â&#x201A; 2.8 2.0 Â&#x201A; 4.0 2.9 Â&#x201A; 4.0 3.0 Â&#x201A; 4.4 3.0 Â&#x201A; 4.6 3.0 Â&#x201A; 5.0 3.4 Â&#x201A; 4.5 3.7 Â&#x201A; 5.0 3.8 Â&#x201A; 5.4 4.4 Â&#x201A; 6.2 4.6 Â&#x201A; 6.6 4.8 Â&#x201A; 5.4 4.8 Â&#x201A; 6.4 5.0 Â&#x201A; 7.0 5.2 Â&#x201A; 6.8 6.0 Â&#x201A; 7.6 6.6 Â&#x201A; 8.0 6.7 Â&#x201A; 8.0 6.7 Â&#x201A; 8.4 6.7 Â&#x201A; 8.6 7.2 Â&#x201A; 8.8 8.0 Â&#x201A; 9.6 8.0 Â&#x201A; 9.6 9.3 Â&#x201A; 10.6 10.0 Â&#x201A; 12.0 12.0 Â&#x201A; 13.4 12.0 Â&#x201A; 14.0
317
& Â&#x201A; >$! >$!Â&#x201A; ; !) ! Â&#x201A; >$! ! Â&#x201A; >$! ! Â&#x201A; >$! & Â&#x201A; >$! ! Â&#x201A; >$! ! Â&#x201A; >$! >$!Â&#x201A; ; !) ! Â&#x201A; >$! ! Â&#x201A; >$! >$! Â&#x201A; ! >$! Â&#x201A; ; !) ! Â&#x201A; >$! ! Â&#x201A; >$! ! Â&#x201A; % >$! Â&#x201A; ! & Â&#x201A; >$! >$! Â&#x201A; ! >$!Â&#x201A; ; !) >$! Â&#x201A; ! Â&#x201A; >$! >$! Â&#x201A; ! & Â&#x201A; >$! >$! Â&#x201A; ! & Â&#x201A; < =" >$!Â&#x201A; ; !) & Â&#x201A; ; !) >$! Â&#x201A; ! & Â&#x201A; ! & Â&#x201A;
Acid-Base Equilibrium
$ !& ภB6 $) ) 6$ 9< ) !` $ #& $ภภ- %$! $& # $ภ6 = ! pH $ ! `%$! ; ( "6 ! 8.23 ภ$ ) < > $ X 6) Paramethyl red (pH range 1.0 Â&#x201A; 3.0 # ภ! >$!) ภD ภ) >$! ! X pH 6 ;! 6 3.0 %; & !$ # C F)G ภภ! >$ ภB& ! ; ภpH %$! !` $ #6 $! < $) ) 6$ 9 `6 !6 $ ! .R:)(; 3 8.17 ! A $ $! 5 $ $) ) 6$ 96 !` !& ภDZ ! ; $ 1 6) Propyl red ภ? $ 2 6) Chlorophenol red ภ? >$! $ 3 6) Alizarin red S ภ? !$ >$! $ 4 6) Ethyl orange ภ? >$! $ 5 6) Bromcrsol purple ภ? >$! I A $ ภ$ ! 6) Methyl purple # ภ? $ & < % $ " # ภ6 ! 8.23 + :( # ภ6 ! 8.23 6) Propyl red ! pH $ " ! 4.6 Â&#x201A; 6.6 6) Chlorophenol red >$! ! pH 6 ภ4.8 6) Alizarin red S !$ >$! ! pH $ " ! 3.7 Â&#x201A; 5.0 6) Ethyl orange >$! ! pH "!ภ4.5 6) Bromcresol purple >$! ! pH 6 ภ5.2 < 3:; ' ( A pH ' :; 3 4.6 g 4.8 R3 RI @ ) .* Methyl purple ?'E ;:3 .) ภpH %$! 3 < $) ) 6$ 9 `< ) $ ## )F ภ& ภภ! ; #! Z" ) "6 " ) $ 9 $) ) 6$ 9 (universal indicator) ! I# & ภ` pH < pH %$! & ภ%; = ! 6 " ) $ 9 $) ) 6$ 9 ! ; ` ! ภ6 ภ6 Â&#x2013; >$ ภภ< pH meter $! " ) $ 9 $) ) 6$ 9 "6 ;# & 2 "6 ! ; \ 3 G 1 Bromthymol blue 0.03 ภMethyl orange 0.05 ภMetyl red 0.35 ŕ¸
318
Acid-Base Equilibrium
\ 3 G 2
8.8
Bromthymol blue Methyl orange Metyl red Phenolphthalein
3 0.5 1.5 3.5
cm3 cm3 cm3 cm3
>Y*ก* *( 7)3ก < '
ก ก$ &23 &$$$ ก$ &2 $ก& 9 &$$$ ;!ก I ?)ก) ) ก 6 !`& ! ; 8.8.1 >U*ก* *( ' :; 3ก < ' ก ?)ก) ) ก ก >$ก ; & ! ; HNO3(aq) + NaOH(aq) → NaNO3(aq) + H2O(l) H2SO4(aq) + 2KOH(aq) → K2SO4(aq) + 2H2O(l) 2HCl(aq) + Ca(OH)2(aq) → CaCl2(aq) + 2H2O(l) 6 ?)ก) ) &$$$ %$!ก &$$$ %$! # ?)ก) ) ก $ Z )6E j 9 ก >$ ; >$ก & ก >$ ก) # ก ?)ก) ) ก ก &$$$ %$!ก $ 9 $ 9 ก >$ & $ $ # ก >$ ก ก =)# j ก >$ & $ ก >$ ; =)# j # ก< ) %$!ก ?)ก) ) ก ! ; ก. ก ก ก ก ก >$ & ก ! %. ก ก ก $ $ ก >$ & ก
. ก $ $ ก ก ก >$ & !. ก $ $ ก $ $ ก >$ & ก ! ?)ก) ) ก) %; ! ก ก & # Z )6E j 9 ก >$ < ) กB6 ก ?)ก) ) ; ?)ก) ) ก ก ! (Neutralization) 6 $ ! < ?)ก) ) !3 $$ก& 9 < CaO ก $3 $$ก& 9 CO2 CO2 ; ก 9 $ )ก (H2CO3) CaO ; &2 $ก& 9 (Ca(OH)2) ! ; ก ?)ก) ) ก #! ?)ก) ) ก ก ! ?)ก) ) ก ก ! ?)ก) ) ก ก &$$$ %$!ก $ 9 $ 9 ! ; ก % ?)ก) ) I"ก6 $! #! ก % Y= &$$$ % &
319
Acid-Base Equilibrium
?)ภ) ) ภ! ภAj ภ% ภ< ; ภภ<)!&$$$ (Ionic equation) 6 $ ! < ?)ภ) ) ! ภHCl ภNaOH HCl(aq) + NaOH(aq) â&#x2020;&#x2019; NaCl(aq) + H2O(l) Â&#x2022;Â&#x2022;..(1) ภ; ภ<)!3 ภI % ภ<)!&$$$ # ! ; HCl ?)ภ) ) ภ; &$$$ ! ; HCl + H2O â&#x2020;&#x2019; H3O+ + Cl- &$$$& < (Ionization) NaOH 6ภ6 &$$$ ! ; ) 3 ) $< (dissociation) NaOH â&#x2020;&#x2019; Na+ + OH > $ &$$$ & # ภ&$$$& < ) 3 ) $< % ภ# ?)ภ) ) H3O+ + Cl- + Na+ + OH- â&#x2020;&#x2019; Na+ + Cl- + 2H2O Â&#x2022;Â&#x2022;..(2) ?)ภ) ) ภ) %; # )!` ภภภ&$$$ (6 Na+ &$$$ Cl- &$$$ ;! $! $$ภ) # ! ; H3O+ + OH- â&#x2020;&#x2019; 2H2O Â&#x2022;Â&#x2022;..(3) 8.8.2 >Y*ภ* *( 7)3ภ@) ภR 38 * RU:ภ: : ' ภ( > $!# ภภ>$ $ H+ &$$$ >$ H3O+ &$$$ ภ#! I ภ) ?)ภ) ) ! ; ภ. >Y*ภ* *( ภR , ' ภ?)ภ) ) ภ3 ภ] &23 # ภ>$ < 2HCl(aq) + Ca(s) â&#x2020;&#x2019; H2(g) + CaCl2(aq) H2SO4(aq) + Mg(s) â&#x2020;&#x2019; H2(g) + MgSO4(aq) 6HC2H3O2(aq) + 2Al(s) â&#x2020;&#x2019; 3H2(g) + 2Al(C2H3O2)3(aq) 7. >Y*ภ* *( ภR , '))ภ-F / ภ?)ภ) ) ภ3 $$ภ& 9 Z )6E jÂ&#x201C;9 ภ>$ภ; ! ; 2HCl(aq) + Na2O(s) â&#x2020;&#x2019; 2NaCl(aq) + H2O(l) H2SO4(aq) + MgO(s) â&#x2020;&#x2019; MgSO4(aq) + H2O(l) 6HCl(aq) + Fe2O3(s) â&#x2020;&#x2019; 2FeCl3(aq) + 3H2O(l)
. >Y*ภ* *( ภR 9 / ) . ภ# ภ?)ภ) ) ŕ¸
9 $ 6 ภ] CO2 ; ภ>$ ! ; 2HCl(aq) + Na2CO3(aq) â&#x2020;&#x2019; 2NaCl(aq) + H2O(l) + CO2(g) H2SO4(aq) + MgCO3(aq) â&#x2020;&#x2019; MgSO4(aq) + H2O(l) + CO2(g) 320
Acid-Base Equilibrium
RU:ก: : ' D >$ $ OH- &$$$ I ก) ?)ก) ) & ! ; ก >Y*ก* *( กR <) ,5 ) *ก-X )ก-F / 3 &2 $ก& 9 !< ) < !ก $ " ) 3 &2 $ก& 9 $ 3' $ )ก&2 $ก& 9 >$ I ก ก) ?)ก) ) ก ก >$ $ ! $ ! !& > $ ?)ก) ) ก ก ก # > $ ?)ก) ) ก ก # ก ! ; Zn(OH)2(s) + 2HCl(aq) → ZnCl2(aq) + 2H2O(l) Zn(OH)2(s) + 2NaOH(aq) → Na2Zn(OH)4(aq) 7 >Y*ก* *( กR , '<) ,5 ) *ก ก < NaOH, KOH I ?)ก) ) ก 3 $ 3' $ )ก ก] &23 # ! ; 2NaOH(aq) + Zn(s) + 2H2O(l) → Na2Zn(OH)4(aq) + H2(g) 2KOH(aq) + 2Al(s) + 6H2O(l) → 2KAl(OH)4(aq) + 3H2(g) 9 >Y*ก* *( กR ก @) I ?)ก) ) ก ก >$ < ) $ 3 &2 $ก& 9 & ; ! ; 2NaOH(aq) + MnCl2(aq) → Mn(OH)2(s) + 2NaCl(aq) 3Ca(OH)2(aq) + 2FeCl3(aq) → 2Fe(OH)3(s) + 3CaCl2(aq) 2KOH(aq) + CuSO4(aq) → Cu(OH)2(s) + K2SO4(aq) 8.8.3 ก @) ก >$ ก$ &$$$ )ก !3 !Z ก ก$ &$$$ ก &$$$ $ # ก & ก >$ ก) # กก 6 !$ " ก $ " 6 $ ! ก >$ ก $ ! < NaCl, KMnO4, CuSO4, KNO3, NH4Cl $ # %$! ก >$& $ ก ก ! ก$ ก) # ก3 >$ " F 6 3 ( < NH4+) % &23 # 3 ก %$!ก (< ) $ 3 % & ) ก >$ ก$ "6 & MX > $ M # ก&$$$ `กB& ก H+ &$$$ X # &$$$ `กB& ก OH- &$$$ O2- &$$$ $ #=)# j & ก >$ ก$ & # ก ?)ก) ) !ก F < 6)=
ก >$ < ) # ก ) 3 & ก >$ Z ก #
321
Acid-Base Equilibrium
$ # >$ "! = ก$ <)!&$$$ ก >$ $& 9 ก) # กก &23 # %$!ก &23 $ )ก 3 &$$$ < NaCl, KCl, RbCl, MgCL2, CaCl2, NiCl2 6 I &23 # $ 6$ %$!ก I"ก $3 ก$ & # ก$
3 69 & I>$ ก >$ < PCl3, S2Cl2, Cl2O, NCl3, ICl 6
=> 8.4 < 3,9 3 Hก7)3 ก @) 38 *
8 * 7)3 ก @) 1. ก @)>ก.* (Normal salts) >$ ก >$ ก) # ก3 >$ " F 6 3 % &23 # 3 ก %$!ก # & >$&23 # # &$$$& 9 H+ & $ ก < NaCl, CaCO3, ZnSO4, Ca3(PO4)2, NH4Cl, KMnO4, CH3COONa 2. ก @)ก (Acid salts) >$ ก >$ ก) # ก3 >$ " F 6 3 % &23 # 3 ก %$!ก & ! >$&23 # # &$$$& 9 H+ & $ ก < NaHCO3, Na2HPO4, KHSO4 6 $ ! ก !ก &$$$& 9%$! ก >$ก < NaHCO3 → Na+ + HCO3HCO3- ⇔ H+ + CO32Na2HPO4 → 2Na+ + HPO42HPO42- ⇔ H+ + PO43KHSO4 → K+ HSO4HSO4- ⇔ H+ + SO42 322
Acid-Base Equilibrium
3. ภ@) (Basic salts) >$ ภ>$ ภ) # ภภ$ " ภ% OH- & ! >$ OH- I&$$$& 9& < Basic bismuth nitrate >$ Bismuth hydroxyl nitrate Bi(OH)2NO3 Basic iron (III) acetate >$ Iron (III) hydroxyl acetate Fe(OH)2(C2H3O2) Bi(OH)2NO3 â&#x2021;&#x201D; Bi(OH)(NO3)+ + OH4. ภ@) )3 8*3 (Double salts) >$ ภ>$ ภ) # ภ3 ภ%$! ภ>$ ภ6) $! < ) 3 ภภ! > $ ; ภ>$ $! <)!# 6ภ6 &$$$ < ) ŕ¸
ภ>$ ภ6)6 ) ภภ6 $ ! ภ>$ $! <)! < K2SO4â&#x2039;&#x2026;Al2(SO4)3â&#x2039;&#x2026;24H2O (Potassium aluminium sulfate >$ Potash alum) ภ) # ภภ6 %$! K2SO4 ภAl2(SO4)3 > $ ; # 6ภ6 K+, Al3+, SO42- ! ภK2SO4 â&#x2020;&#x2019; 2K+ + SO42Al2(SO4)3 â&#x2020;&#x2019; 2Al3+ + 3SO42K2SO4â&#x2039;&#x2026;Al2(SO4)3â&#x2039;&#x2026;24H2O â&#x2020;&#x2019; 2K+ + 2Al3+ + 4SO42- + 24H2O 5. ภ@) 8*3F ) (Complex salts) >$ ภ>$ ภ) # ภ3 ภ%$! ภ>$ ภ6) $! < ) 3 ภภ> $ ภ>$ <)! $ & ; # 6ภ6 &$$$ <)! $ ! 6 !& # ภ&$$$ %$! ภ>$ ภ6)6 ) < K3Fe(CN)6 (Potassium hexacyano ferrate (III)) ภ) # ภภ6 %$! 3KCN ภFe(CN)3 KCN â&#x2020;&#x2019; K+ + CNFe(CN)3 â&#x2020;&#x2019; Fe3+ + 3CNK3Fe(CN)6 â&#x2020;&#x2019; 3K+ + Fe(CN)3 R.* R :->7)3 ภ@) 1. ภ%$! %B! % < NaCl, CaCO3, MgCl2, CaCl2 Ca(HCO3)2, Na3PO4 6 ภB ภ>$ !< ) Z ภ%$! < CuSO4â&#x2039;&#x2026;5H2O 'J % K3Fe(CN)6 ! KMnO4 ! ! K2Cr2O7 FeSO4 % CoCl2 < =" ภภ>$ Z ภภภ>$%$!F 6 )< # ภ) # ภ&$$$ %$!F 6 )<
323
Acid-Base Equilibrium
. 3 8.24
< 3 7)3-))) 38 * =. -))) 8@ )-))) [Cu(H2O)4]2+ tetra aqua copper (II) ion MnO4 permanganate ion iron (II) ion Fe2+ hexacyano ferrate (III) ion [Fe(CN)6]3dichromate ion Cr2O72Co2+ cobalt (II) ion
'J % ! ! % ! < =" ŕ¸
2. 6 ! ` ภ& 6 < ) %$! ภ>$ < NaCl B CaSO4 #> % MgSO4 K2SO4â&#x2039;&#x2026;Al2(SO4)3â&#x2039;&#x2026;24H2O s ; 3. ภ>$ ; & $ # ภ) &23 ) ) >$& ภB& ! ; %$! ภ>$$ # C F)G ภ! ภ>$ ภB& 4. %$! ภ>$ $) Bภ3 & 69 = 6ภ6 &$$$ & ภ@)7)3, ' ' ( I4 - )( ภ>$ ; & $ ; # ภ) ! & ภ%$! %B! & ! ; & ; 6ภ6 &$$$ & < ภ>$%$!3 !) >$ ภ>$ ) $ 9 $& 9 (AgCl) ; & $ & # 6ภ6 Ag+ Cl- !# $ " ภAgCl %$! & ; ภ! ; AgCl(s) â&#x2021;&#x201D; Ag+(aq) + Cl-(aq) [Ag + ][Cl â&#x2C6;&#x2019; ] Kc = [ AgCl] > $!# ภ% % %$!%$! %B! ! ! ; > $ "jŕ¸
! #!& ! $ ภ! ภ!6 Z "j E = & (Solubility product constant) < $ ภA $ Ksp Kc[AgCl] = Ksp = [Ag+][Cl-]
Ksp ! $ j E" ) $ j E" ) ! < ภŕ¸
! ;! Ksp #! I < < !< ; E = & %$! ภ>$ $ !& ภ>$< ) Ksp $ ! ; & $ 324
Acid-Base Equilibrium
ภ.ภ.'ภ) %$! ภ>$3 `# 6ภ6 ภ$ & >$& I < Ksp & Ksp
ภZ "j%$! % % %$!&$$$ 6 < ) mol/dm3 ภภ! ) F)G $ภ# 3 %$!&$$$ ; I Ksp ภภZ "j&$$$ (ion product) ; # & 6ภ6 ภ$ I Ksp ภZ "j&$$$ # $ " E =$) 6 # !& 6ภ6 ภ$ 6 $ " E = ) 6ภ6 ภ$ I Ksp $ ภZ "j&$$$ # ; 6ภ6 ภ$ .R:)(; 3 8.18 Z ภAlF3 I ภ; & 5.59 ภ6 $ )6 #! j ! %$!ภ(Ksp) AlF3 <)!3 ภ83.98 g/mol + :( AlF3(s) â&#x2021;&#x201D; Al3+(aq) + 3F-(aq) 5.59 g Ă&#x2014; 1mol AlF3 5.59 g ) j3 = = 0.0666 mol 83.98 g ! ; AlF3 ; & = 0.0666 mol/dm3 â&#x2021;&#x201D; Al3+ + 3FAlF3 ) 6 0 0 & +0.0666 mol/dm3 +3(0.0666) mol/dm3 E 0.0666 mol/dm3 0.200 mol/dm3 = [Al3+][F-]3 = (0.0666)(0.200) = 5.33Ă&#x2014;10-4 Ă&#x2014;10-4 â&#x2C6;´ 9; 93 7)3ภ' (7)3 AlF3 ; ภR 5.33Ă&#x2014;
# ภ"6
Ksp
.)
.R:)(; 3 8.19 ภ% $ %$! Mg(OH)2 ; < ภภ= #! pH %$! ภภKsp %$! Mg(OH)2 ภ2Ă&#x2014;10-11 + :( Mg(OH)2 6ภ6 OH- &$$$ ; ! ; Mg(OH)2(s) â&#x2021;&#x201D; Mg2+(aq) + 2OH-(aq) ภ$) 6 Mg(OH)2 % % X mol/dm3 ! ; $) 6 # Mg2+ &$$$ X mol/dm3 OH- &$$$ 2X mol/dm3
325
Acid-Base Equilibrium
= [Mg2+][OH-]2 2×10-11 = [X][2X]2 4X3 = 2×10-11 X3 = 5×10-12 X = 1.7×10-4 ∴ % % %$! OH- &$$$ ก 3.4×10-4 M # ก pOH = -log [OH-] = -log [3.4×10-4] = 4 log 10 log 3.4 = 4 0.53 = 3.47 # ก pH + pOH = 14.0 pH = 14.0 3.47 = 10.5 ∴ < ก F (
pH ; กR 10.5 .)
# ก
Ksp
8.8.4 >Y*ก* *( -X, *F* ก >$ ก) # กก 6 !$ " ก $ " > $ ก >$ ; # &''J & ! 6 $! 6ก6 &$$$
>$ 6ก6 $ " ก $ " %j ก ; กB 6ก6 H+ &$$$ OH- &$$$ $ " ! &$$$ ก # 6 ก OH- ( ก j $ " %$! $ $ ) $! ก $ " ก $ $ ! &$$$ # 6 ก H+ ก 6 ;! $!ก j ; # ; 6ก6 & ก%; 6 $ " ก $ " ก ก # & ก) &23 ) ) ก ; M;( :8: (Hydrolysis) #! < ก ?)ก) ) 3 ก %$! ; 6ก6 < ?)ก) ) &23 ) ) 3 $ ) 66 CH3COONa → CH3COO- + Na+ $ " ก $ " CH3COO- + Na+ + H2O ⇔ CH3COOH + Na+ + OH6 Na+ $$ก ;! $!% ! # & ก ! ; CH3COO- + H2O ⇔ CH3COOH + OH ?)ก) ) ; = OH- &$$$ 3 & ?)ก) ) &23 ) ) # ก) ก ก >$ &$$$ %$!ก $ $ >$ $ $ ก >$ ก >$ & # กก ก ก # & ก) ?)ก) ) &23 ) ) & #! ก !
326
Acid-Base Equilibrium
ก @) ก* ? กก <ก;กR <ก; < NaCl, KI, KNO3, Na2SO4 > $ ; # 6ก6 $ " ก $ " ก ก !& ?)ก) ) ก ; % % %$! H+ OH- ; & ! %$! ก >$ E ; #! ก ! ก @) ก* ? กก <ก;กR );) < NH4Cl, NH4NO3 > $ ; # 6ก6 $ " ก ก $ " $ $ $ " ก ก & ?)ก) ) ก ; 6 $ " $ $ I 6 ก
OH- ; & % % %$! OH- ! #! C F)G ก NH4Cl → NH4+ + ClNH4+ + H2O ⇔ H3O+ + NH3 >$ H+
H2O ⇔ H+ + OH- H+ > OH- = OH- I"ก !& NH4+ + OH- ⇔ NH4OH 6 ก NH4+ ก ก @) ก* ? กก );) กR <ก; < NaHCO3, KCN, CH3COONa > $ ; # 6ก 6 $ " ก $ $ $ " ก $ " ก & ?)ก) ) ก ; 6 $ " ก $ $ I 6 ก H+ ; & % % %$! H+ ! #! C F)G NaHCO3 → Na+ + HCO3HCO3- + H2O ⇔ H2CO3 + OHH+
CH3COONa → CH3COO- + Na+ CH3COO- + H2O ⇔ CH3COOH + OHH+
ก @) ก* ? กก );) กR );) < NH4CN > $ ; # 6ก6 $ " ก $ $ $ " $ $ ! ก) &23 ) ) & ;! " NH4CN → NH4+ + CNNH4+ + H2O ⇔ NH3 + H3O+ ..(1) CN- + H2O ⇔ HCN + OH ..(2) # C F)G ก >$ %; ก
Ka, Kb %$!ก $ $ $ $ ; < HCN ⇔ H+ + CN ..(3) Ka = 4.93×10-10
327
Acid-Base Equilibrium
NH3 + H2O ⇔ NH4+ + OH ..(4) Kb = 1.77×10-5 ! ; # ก (1), (4) NH4+ + H2O ⇔ NH3 + H3O+ ..(5) 10 −14 Kw Kh = = = 5.65×10-10 − 5 Kb 1.77 × 10 & & F Kh = ! &23 ) ) ! %$! 6 ?)ก) ) &23 ) ) # ก (2), (3) CN- + H2O ⇔ HCN + OH ..(6) −14 10 Kh = K = = 2.03×10-5 −10 K 4.93 × 10 # ก Kh ก (5), (6) # B ก (6) ก) & ก ก (5)
#! OH- > H3O+ #! C F)G >ก ' (7)3 ก @) 1. ก >$ ก) # กก ก + ก # C F)G ก ! 2. ก >$ ก) # กก ก + $ $ # C F)G ก 3. ก >$ ก) # กก $ $ + ก # C F)G 4. ก >$ ก) # กก $ $ + $ $ # C F)G ก ก ! >$ กB & %; ก
Ka, Kb %$!ก ; ก >$# ก ! I Ka = Kb I Ka > Kb ก >$# ก ก >$# I Ka < Kb w a
.R:)(; 3 8.20 #! pH %$! NaCN 0.50 mol/dm3 ก Ka %$! NaCN ก 4.0×10-10 (log 2.9 = 0.5) + :( ?)ก) ) &23 ) ) %$! NaCN ! ; CN- + H2O(l) ⇔ HCN(aq) + OH-(aq) ก NaCN 0.50 mol/dm3 % % %$! OH- &$$$ ก X mol/dm3 ! ; % % E %$! 6 # ! ; CN- = (0.5 X) mol/dm3 HCN = X mol/dm3 OH- = X mol/dm3 3# 9ก Ka ! ; 6 $! Kh = ?)ก) ) &23 ) ) 328
Acid-Base Equilibrium
Kw Ka 1.00 × 10 −14 = = 2.5×10-5 −10 4.0 × 10 # ก ก ?)ก) ) &23 ) ) [OH − ][HCN ] Kh = [CN − ] [ X ][ X ] 2.5×10-5 = [0.5 − X ] > $!# ก X 6 ก 0.5 X #! & 6ก6 !& # ก 0.5 ! ; X2 = 2.5×10-5×0.5 = 12.5×10-6 X = 3.5×10-3 ∴ ?)ก) ) &23 ) ) [OH-] = 3.5×10-3 % % %$! [H3O+] => $ pH Kw = [H3O+][OH-] 1.0 × 10 −14 + = 2.9×10-12 [H3O ] = −3 3.5 × 10 # ก pH = -log [H3O+] = -log (2.9×10-12) = 12 log 10 log 2.9 = 12 0.5 = 11.5 ∴ ' ( - pH ; กR 11.5 .) Kh
=
.R:)(; 3 8.21 #! 6 $& ; ก >$ ก ! ก. NaNO2(aq) %. KCl(aq)
. NH4CN(aq) !. NaHCO3(aq) ก Ka %$! HCN = 4.0×10-10, Kb %$! NH3 = 1.74×10-5 K a 1 %$! H2CO3 = 4.2×10-7, K a 2 %$! HCO3- = 5.6×10-11 + :( ก. NaNO2(aq) Na+ &$$$ NO2- &$$$ Y= NO2- &$$$ ; ก) ?)ก) ) &23 ) ) ! ; NO2- + H2O ⇔ HNO2 + OH OH- &$$$ & #!
329
Acid-Base Equilibrium
%. KCl(aq) ;! K+ &$$$ Cl- &$$$ & ก) ?)ก) ) &23 ) ) ! ; KCl #! ก !
. NH4CN(aq) ;! NH4+ &$$$ CN- &$$$ ก) ?)ก) ) &23 ) ) H3O+ &$$$ OH- &$$$ 6 ! ; NH4+ + H2O ⇔ NH3 + H3O+ Kw 1.00 × 10 −14 Kh = = = 5.7×10-10 −5 Kb 1.74 × 10 CN- + H2O ⇔ HCN + OHKw 1.00 × 10 −14 Kh = = = 2.5×10-5 −10 Ka 4.0 × 10
Kh %$! CN- กก Kh %$! NH4+ ! ; [OH-] > [H3O+] #! !. NaHCO3(aq) HCO3- I&$$$& 9& ก >$ ก) ?)ก) ) &23 ) ) ! ; HCO3- + H2O ⇔ H3O+ + CO32K a 2 = 5.6×10-11 HCO3- + H2O ⇔ H2CO3 + OH-
K a 1 = 4.2×10-7
Kw 1.00 × 10 −14 Kh = = = 2.4×10-8 −7 K a1 4.2 × 10 Kh กก K a 2 ! ; [OH-] > [H3O+] #!
8.9
ก - .ก -
ก HCl % % 0.10 mol/dm3 NaOH % % 0.10 mol/dm3 I ;! $!& ?)ก) ) ก # % % %$! H3O+ &$$$ OH- &$$$ $ ! 0.10 mol/dm3 Z "j % % %$!&$$$ ;! $! (0.10)×(0.10) = 0.010 >$ ก 1.0×10-2 6 ก? 25oC Z !ก ก Kw ! ก 1×10-14 ! Z ?)ก) ) ก) %; 3 H3O+ &$$$ ก OH- &$$$ & ; #!
Z "j%$! % % &$$$ ก 1×10-14 ?)ก) ) ก) %; ! ; H3O+ + OH- → 2H2O
330
Acid-Base Equilibrium
?)ภ) ) ! B ?)ภ) ) ภภ! >$ ?)ภ) ) ) ?)ภ) ) ; I % % %$!$ ภ!& > $
% % %$!$ ภ! # 6 $! ) 6 $ %$! ?)ภ) ) ภ! & # ภภ>$ภ< $) ) 6$ 9 ภ& 6%$! ?)ภ) ) ภภ! ; !$ # ภ>$ # % " ภ(Erlenmeyer flask) !# 6 $! ) 6 < # >$ #
) 669 (burette) $ # ภ) 669 !& % " ภ?)ภ) ) ภ# ?)ภ) ) ภ) ภภ! >$ ภ) ภ)
=> 8.5 < 3ภ- .ภ-
EF(3 GRU:ภ: : ภ:(ภRT ภภEF(
\ ' ภ3 3 (equivalent point) $! ?) 6)ภ# # " # ภภ>$ภ< ภ%$!ภ- $) ) 6$ 9 ภ3 3 E :H F(
-G' ' ': (: ' # R G R & -' S_ EF( F : ' ภ3 3 (end point) ! ; ) ! # 6 $! ?) 6)ภB >$ E ' & EF( F : ' ภ3 3 RT EF( ( ภ! ภ!DEF(
\ ! & 3 $) ) 6$ 9 >$ภ< ; ภภpH # " ภ$ #ภ& # " >$ # ภภ?)ภ) ) =$ ภ! & 6 CAD # 6) >$ # & # )!# ภภ$! ! # $) ) 6$ 9 ŕ¸
331
Acid-Base Equilibrium
8.9.1 ภ- . ' :; 3ภ<ภ;ภR <ภ; ภ& 6ภHCl (ภภ) % % 0.100 mol/dm3 # 25.00 cm3 NaOH ( ภ) % % 0.100 mol/dm3 ; I j pH %$! Z # !# %$!ภ& 6& > $ % ภ' 3 pH $ " 6 ;! ) 6 (# cm3) %$! NaOH 6) !& $ " $ ภ' & # $ภ# " pH $ภ# ภ; ! $ภ$) ) 6$ 9 $) ) 6$ 9< ) ! 6 $ ! 8.22 .R:)(; 3 8.22 #! pH # 6 !ภ%$!ภ& 6 ! ภHCl % % 0.100 mol/dm3 # 25.00 cm3 NaOH % % 0.100 mol/dm3 ภ. ภ$ 6) NaOH %. !# ภ6) NaOH !& 24.00 cm3
. # " !. !# ภ6) NaOH !& 26.00 cm3 + :( ภ. ภ;) ภ.* ' ( NaOH HCl % % 0.100 mol/dm3 % % %$! H3O+ &$$$ ภ0.100 mol/dm3 ! ; #! pH = 1.00 (pH = -log [H3O+]) 7. R3? ภ.* ' ( NaOH 3-> 24.00 cm3 1. ภHCl % % 0.100 mol/dm3 # 25.00 cm3 # 3 %$! H3O+ &$$$ + 3 0.100 mol of H 3 O = 0.025 dm Ă&#x2014; 1 dm 3 = 2.5 Ă&#x2014; 10 â&#x2C6;&#x2019;3 mol of H 3 O + 2. NaOH % % 0.100 mol/dm3 # 24.00 cm3 # 3 %$! OH- &$$$ 3 0.100 mol of OH = 0.024 dm Ă&#x2014; 1 dm 3 = 2.4 Ă&#x2014; 10 â&#x2C6;&#x2019;3 mol of OH â&#x2C6;&#x2019; > $ 6) NaOH !& HCl ?)ภ) ) ภ) %; ! ; H3O+ + OH- â&#x2020;&#x2019; 2H2O # ) 6 % % %$! H3O+ &$$$ ภ2.5Ă&#x2014;10-3 3 > $ 6) OH- !& 2.4Ă&#x2014;10-3 3 Z # >$ % % %$! H3O+ &$$$ ŕ¸
2.5Ă&#x2014;10-3 3 - 2.4Ă&#x2014;10-3 3 >$ ภ0.1Ă&#x2014;10-3 3 332
Acid-Base Equilibrium
Z 49.00 cm3 ( ภ25.00 cm3 + 24.00 cm3) % % %$! H3O+ &$$$ 0.100 Ă&#x2014; 10 â&#x2C6;&#x2019;3 mol Ă&#x2014; 1 dm 3 = 0.049 dm 3 = 2.04 Ă&#x2014; 10-3 mol/dm3 pH = -log [H3O+] = -log (2.04 Ă&#x2014; 10-3) = 3 log 10 Â&#x201A; log 2.04 = 3 Â&#x201A; 0.31 = 2.69 â&#x2C6;´ % $ %. pH ภ2.69 9. ?
= Z 50.0 cm3 ( ภ25.0 cm3 + 25.0 cm3) Z )6E jÂ&#x201C;9 NaCl # 2.50Ă&#x2014;10-3 3 ! ภ) # ภภHCl NaOH > $!# ภภ>$ & ภ) # ภภภภภ?)ภ) ) &23 ) ) %$! Na+ &$$$ Cl- &$$$ #!& ภ) %; & #! pH ภ7.00 3. R3? ภ.* ' ( NaOH 3-> 26.00 cm3 NaOH % % 0.100 mol/dm3 # 26.00 cm3 % % %$! OH- &$$$ ภ2.60Ă&#x2014;10-3 3
% % %$! H3O+ &$$$ # ) 6 ภ2.50Ă&#x2014;10-3 3 ! ; > $ 6) OH- &$$$ !& 2.60Ă&#x2014;10-3 3 % % %$! H3O+ &$$$ #!I"ภ< >$ % % %$! OH- &$$$ ภ2.60Ă&#x2014;10-3 3 - 2.50Ă&#x2014;10-3 3 >$ ภ0.10Ă&#x2014;10-3 3 Z # 51.00 cm3 % % %$! OH- &$$$ $ " 0.100 Ă&#x2014; 10 â&#x2C6;&#x2019;3 mol Ă&#x2014; 1 dm 3 = 0.051 dm 3 = 1.96Ă&#x2014;10-3 mol/dm3 # ภKw = [H3O+][OH-] 1.0 Ă&#x2014; 10 â&#x2C6;&#x2019;14 + [H3O ] = = 5.10Ă&#x2014;10-12 â&#x2C6;&#x2019;3 1.96 Ă&#x2014; 10 # ภpH = -log [H3O+] = -log (5.10 Ă&#x2014; 10-12) = 12 log 10 Â&#x201A; log 5.10 = 12 Â&#x201A; 0.71 = 11.29 â&#x2C6;´ % $ !. pH ภ11.29
333
Acid-Base Equilibrium
> $ pH %$! & # กก 6) NaOH !& & % ก ' # & ก ' ! " 8.6
=> 8.6 ก 5< 3ก - . ' :; 3 ' ( HCl 7 7 0.100 mol/dm3 ?4 : 25 cm3 กR ' ( NaOH 7 7 0.100 mol/dm3
# กก '# B pH & $ !< ` # ก !ก $ I!# " # " pH =) %; $ ! B j 6 6 $ก =) 0.10 cm3 ( j 2 ) 6 !# กZ # " & pH # & $ !< ` >$ ) > $ =) NaOH !& ก=$ = $) ) 6$ 9 < !%$! pH j 4 I! 10 $) ) 6$ 9 ก ก >$ก < ก & 6 !ก ก ก ก >$$) ) 6$ 9 ก < !%$!ก ' < ก $) ) 6$ 9 ก & 6 8.9.2 ก - . ' :; 3ก );) กR <ก; ก & 6ก $ )6)ก % % 0.100 mol/dm3 ก NaOH % % 0.100 mol/dm3 ก ' %$!ก & 6 6ก6 !& # กก & 6 !ก HCl ก NaOH ?)ก) ) ก ก ! ก) %; ! ; CH3COOH + OH- → H2O + CH3COOก ' & $ !& "& # ก6 $ ! 8.23
334
Acid-Base Equilibrium
.R:)(; 3 8.23 #! pH ภ& 6 CH3COOH % % 0.100 mol/dm3 # 25.00 cm3 ภNaOH % % 0.100 mol/dm3 3# 9ภ6 $& ; ภ. ภ$ ภ=) NaOH %. !# ภ=) NaOH !& 15.00 cm3
. # " !. !# ภ=) NaOH !& 26.00 cm3 + :( ภ. ภ;) ภN* ' ( NaOH ภCH3COOH ภ$ $ ! (Ka) ภ1.74Ă&#x2014;10-5 CH3COOH + H2O â&#x2021;&#x201D; H3O+ + CH3COO[H 3 O + ][CH 3 COO â&#x2C6;&#x2019; ] Ka = [CH 3 COOH ] I ภCH3COOH 6ภ6 H3O+ &$$$ X mol/dm3 E
% % %$! H3O+ &$$$ = X mol/dm3 = X mol/dm3
% % %$! CH3COO- &$$$
% % %$! CH3COOH = (0.100 Â&#x201A; X) mol/dm3 [ X ][ X ] X2 -5 ! ; 1.74Ă&#x2014;10 = = [0.100 â&#x2C6;&#x2019; X ] 0.100 â&#x2C6;&#x2019; X X 6 ภ! ; 0.100 Â&#x201A; X & ภ!ŕ¸
0.100 ! ; X2 -5 = 1.74Ă&#x2014;10 0.100 2 X = 0.100 (1.74Ă&#x2014;10-5) = 1.74Ă&#x2014;10-6 X = 1.32Ă&#x2014;10-3 mol/dm3 â&#x2C6;´ % % %$! H3O+ &$$$ ภ1.32Ă&#x2014;10-3 mol/dm3 # ภpH = -log [H3O+] = -log (1.32 Ă&#x2014; 10-3) = 3 log 10 Â&#x201A; log 1.32 = 3 Â&#x201A; 0.12 = 2.88 â&#x2C6;´ ภ$ ภ=) NaOH pH ภ2.88 7. R3? ภN* ' ( NaOH 3-> 15.00 cm3 ภ$ )6)ภ% % 0.100 mol/dm3 # 25.00 cm3 # 3 %$!ภ$ )6)ŕ¸
335
Acid-Base Equilibrium
0.100 mol Ă&#x2014; 0.025 dm 3 = 1 dm 3 mol = 2.5Ă&#x2014;10-3 NaOH % % 0.100 mol/dm3 # 15.00 cm3 # 3 %$! OH0.100 mol Ă&#x2014; 0.015 dm 3 = 1 dm 3 = 1.5Ă&#x2014;10-3 mol ! ; # ) 6 ภCH3COOH % % %$! H3O+ &$$$ ภ2.5Ă&#x2014;10-3 3 ( ) j 25.0 cm3) > $ 6) NaOH !& 15.00 cm3 >$ 6) OH- &$$$ !& 1.5Ă&#x2014;10-3 3 ?)ภ) ) ภ) %; >$ % % %$! H3O+ &$$$ ภ2.5Ă&#x2014;10-3 3 1.5Ă&#x2014;10-3 3 >$ ภ1.00Ă&#x2014;10-3 3 ) 6 40 cm3 (ภ25.00 cm3 + 15.00 cm3) >$ ) 6 1 dm3 Z % % %$! H3O+ &$$$ ภ2.5Ă&#x2014;10-2 3 >$ 2.5Ă&#x2014;10-2 mol/dm3 # ภ?)ภ) ) CH3COOH + OH- â&#x2020;&#x2019; H2O + CH3COOOH- &$$$ % % 1.5Ă&#x2014;10-3 3 (# ภNaOH # 15.00 cm3) # CH3COO- &$$$ 1.5Ă&#x2014;10-3 3 ) 6 %$! 40 cm3 (ภ25.00 cm3 15.00 cm3) ! ; 1 dm3 # % % %$! CH3COO- &$$$ ภ3.75Ă&#x2014;10-2 3 >$ ภ3.75Ă&#x2014;10-2 mol/dm3 # ภภCH3COOH + H2O â&#x2021;&#x201D; H3O+ + CH3COO[H 3 O + ][CH 3 COO â&#x2C6;&#x2019; ] Ka = [CH 3 COOH ] [H 3 O + ][3.75 Ă&#x2014; 10 â&#x2C6;&#x2019;2 ] -5 1.74Ă&#x2014;10 = [2.5 Ă&#x2014; 10 â&#x2C6;&#x2019;2 ] 1.74 Ă&#x2014; 10 â&#x2C6;&#x2019;5 Ă&#x2014; ( 2.5 Ă&#x2014; 10 â&#x2C6;&#x2019;2 ) + [H3O ] = 3.75 Ă&#x2014; 10 â&#x2C6;&#x2019;2 = 1.16Ă&#x2014;10-5 # ภpH = -log [H3O+] = -log (1.16 Ă&#x2014; 10-5) = 5 log 10 Â&#x201A; log 1.16 = 5 Â&#x201A; 0.06 = 4.94 â&#x2C6;´ % $ % pH ภ4.94
336
Acid-Base Equilibrium
9. ?
= # " ) 6 50 cm3 (CH3COOH 25.00 cm3 + NaOH 25.00 cm3) % % %$! CH3COO- &$$$ ภ2.5Ă&#x2014;10-3 3 1 dm3 # % % ŕ¸
0.050 3 >$ % % %$! CH3COO- &$$$ ภ0.050 mol/dm3 CH3COO- & ภ) ?)ภ) ) &23 ) ) >$ ?)ภ) ) ภH2O OH- &$$$ ! ; CH3COO- + H2O â&#x2021;&#x201D; CH3COOH + OH[CH 3COOH ][OH â&#x2C6;&#x2019; ] Kw = = # ภภKh â&#x2C6;&#x2019; [CH 3 COO ] Ka 1.0 Ă&#x2014; 10 â&#x2C6;&#x2019;14 = = 5.7Ă&#x2014;10-10 â&#x2C6;&#x2019;5 1.74 Ă&#x2014; 10 6) ?)ภ) ) OH &$$$ X mol/dm3 % % %$! OH- &$$$ = X mol/dm3 % % %$! CH3COOH = X mol/dm3 % % %$! CH3COO- = (0.050 Â&#x201A; X) mol/dm3 [ X ][ X ] X2 -10 = = ! ; 5.7Ă&#x2014;10 [0.050 â&#x2C6;&#x2019; X ] 0.050 â&#x2C6;&#x2019; X X $ ภ! ; 0.050 Â&#x201A; X #! ภ! 0.050 ! ; X2 -10 5.7Ă&#x2014;10 = 0.050 2 X = 5.7Ă&#x2014;10-10Ă&#x2014;0.050 = 28.5Ă&#x2014;10-12 X = 5.3Ă&#x2014;10-6 â&#x2C6;´ % % %$! OH- &$$$ 5.3Ă&#x2014;10-6 mol/dm3 # ภKw = [H3O+][OH-] 1.0 Ă&#x2014; 10 â&#x2C6;&#x2019;14 + [H3O ] = = 1.89Ă&#x2014;10-9 mol/dm3 â&#x2C6;&#x2019;6 5.3 Ă&#x2014; 10 -log (1.89Ă&#x2014;10-9) # ภpH = -log [H3O+] = = 9 log 10 Â&#x201A; log 1.89 = 9 Â&#x201A; 0.3 = 8.7 â&#x2C6;´ # " pH ภ8.7
337
Acid-Base Equilibrium
3. R3? ภN* ' ( NaOH 3-> 26.00 cm3 > $ =) NaOH % % 0.100 mol/dm3 !& 26.00 cm3 ภ=) # 3 %$! OH- !& 0.026 dm 3 Ă&#x2014; 0.100 mol = 1 dm 3 mol = 2.60Ă&#x2014;10-3 # 2.60Ă&#x2014;10-3 3 %$! OH- I"ภ< & ภ) 2.50Ă&#x2014;10-3 3 ! ; # # 3 %$! OH- >$$ " ภ0.100Ă&#x2014;10-3 3 51.00 cm3 ! ; 1 dm3 # % % %$! OH- &$$$ 0.100 dm 3 Ă&#x2014; 1 dm 3 = 0.051 dm 3 = 1.96Ă&#x2014;10-3 mol/dm3 [H3O+][OH-] # ภภKw = 1.0 Ă&#x2014; 10 â&#x2C6;&#x2019;14 + [H3O ] = = 5.10Ă&#x2014;10-12 mol/dm3 â&#x2C6;&#x2019;3 1.96 Ă&#x2014; 10 # ภpH = -log [H3O+] = -log (5.10Ă&#x2014;10-12) = 12 log 10 Â&#x201A; log 5.10 = 12.00 Â&#x201A; 0.73 = 11.29 â&#x2C6;´ % $ ! pH ภ11.29 ภ' & # ภภ% ภ' ! pH %$! ภNaOH 6) !& ! " 8.7
=> 8.7 ภ57)3ภ- . ' :; 3ภ);) ' ( CH3COOH 7 7 0.1 mol/dm3 ?4 : 25 cm3 ภR <ภ; ' ( NaOH 7 7 0.1 mol/dm3 338
Acid-Base Equilibrium
$F) ก '& ! ; 1. pH ) 6 %$! "!ก ก '%$!ก & 6ก ก ก ก ( > $!# กก $ $ 6ก6 & ! ) 2. # ) 6 %$!ก & 6 pH =) %; $ ! ก ($ ) 66&$$$ ก) %; # ก ?)ก) ) ก ) ก ก 6ก6 &$$$ %$!ก $ )6)ก) CH3COOH + OH- → H2O + CH3COO3. %j ?)ก) ) ) & I!# " pH & $ (
' '$ 9 % % %$! CH3COOH CH3COO- ) j =$ ) 4. pH # " กก 7 (Z # ก ?)ก) ) &23 ) ) %$! CH3COO-) 5. >$# " ก '%$!ก & 6 !ก $ $ ก ก >$ ก ก ก ก ก ก (ก & 6 ; pH j# ก % % %$! OH- $) ) 6. < %$!ก '& 6 # " ! < !%$! pH
( ! pH 7 I! pH 11) ก ก & 6 !ก ก ก ก (pH 4 I! pH 10) 7. $) ) 6$ 9 ก & 6 !ก $ $ ก ก #! % $# ก กก $) ) 6$ 9 >$ก < ก & 6 !ก ก ก ก # กก ' = ) $) ) 6$ 9 & ก < & 6 !ก $ $ ก ก 8.9.3 ก - . ' :; 3ก <ก;กR );) ก & 6 $ $ $ 3 (NH3) % % 0.100 mol/dm3 ก ก ก HCl % % 0.100 mol/dm3 # & ก ' กAj ก ก ก & 6 !ก $ $ ก ก # " # pH 6 ก 7 = ก >$ ก) %; ; ก) &23 ) )
=> 8.8 ก 57)3ก - . );) NH3 :(ก <ก; HCl
339
Acid-Base Equilibrium
# ภภ'# B & $) ) 6$ 9 ภ& 6ภภภ$ $ >$ methyl orange 8.9.4 ภ- . ' :; 3 );) ภR ภ);) ภ& 6 ภ$ $ $ $ < ภ$ )6)ภ$ 3 ; ภ'%$!ภ& 6 ! " 8.9
=> 8.9 ภ57)3ภ- .ภCH3COOH :( NH3
ภ'%$!ภ& 6 " 8.9 ! B # " < !%$!ภpH ; ; ภ# " & $ % ! ภ& !6 ! & ภ& 6ภ- ภ% % %$! < ) !&
% % # ŕ¸
% % ! ภ6 Â&#x2013; (standard solution) 3 6 $! ) 6 %$! ;! $! ?)ภ) ) ภ=$ ภj ภภภ& 6ภ- $ # j3 $ @ % #
6)&6 !@9 >$$ # j3 < "6 ! ; C1V1 C 2 V2 = n1 n2
> $
C V n
= = =
% % mol/dm3 ) 6 ?)ภ) ) =$ ภ) F)G !# 3 ?)ภ) ) ภ=$ ŕ¸
340
Acid-Base Equilibrium
.R:)(; 3 8.24 #! % % %$! NaOH > $= ; 30 cm3 ?)ภ) ) =$ ภH3PO4 0.1 mol/dm3 50 cm3 + :( 3NaOH(aq) + H3PO4(aq) â&#x2020;&#x2019; Na3PO4(aq) + 3H2O(l) C1V1 n1 C1 Ă&#x2014; 30 3
=
C 2 V2 n2
=
0.1 Ă&#x2014; 50
0.1 Ă&#x2014; 50 = 0.5 mol/dm3 10 â&#x2C6;´ 9: 7 7 7)3 ' ( NaOH = 0.5 mol/dm3 .) 8.9.5 )* * 9 .) /ภR ภ- .ภ- ภ>$ภ$) ) 6$ 9 ภ& 6 ; %; $ " ภÂ&#x201D;## $! >$ ?)ภ) ) I!# 6)ภ?)ภ) ) I!# " EF( F : -'EF(3 G': (: ' #8_G -'ภภ3 3 !H R G EF(
\ -'EF(3 Gภ(+ D 3L RU:ภ: : ภ! ]'( !%j ; pH %$! & # 6 $! ภ7 ;! ;%; ภ< ) %$!ภ& 6 ภ& 6 !ภภภภ6 !# " pH = 7 $) ) 6$ 9 ภ>$ Bromthymol blue = # ภ!ภ!%$!< !ภ(pH 6.0 Â&#x201A; 7.6) $ " ภภ# " ภ6 $ !& ภB6 Z" ) < Phenolphthalein $) ) 6$ 9 = B ภ< # ภภ& 6 !ภ$ $ ภภ>$ภ< $) ) 6$ 9 < ! $ $ ` < Phenolphthalein (pH 8 Â&#x201A; 10) = 6 !# " pH > 7 ภ& 6 !ภภภ$ $ >$ภ< $) ) 6$ 9 < ! ภ$ $ ` < Methyl orange (pH 3 Â&#x201A; 4.5) = 6 !# " pH < 7 < efภR 8.3 1. ภ9 $ )ภภ$ $ & 3 6)ภ(H2CO3) K a 1 = 4.2Ă&#x2014;10-7 K a 2 = C1
2.
=
5.6Ă&#x2014;10-11 6 j # " %$! 6 ภ& 6 pH j 4 9 >$ภ< $) ) 6$ 9< ) #!# ภ# ภ% $ 1 #! % ภ'ภ& 6 ภ. NaHCO3(s) ภHCl 1.00 mol/dm3 %. Na2CO3(s) ภHCl 1.00 mol/dm3
. ) 6 %$! HCl 0.100 mol/dm3 6 $! < & 6 ภ!ภNaHCO3 1.00 g !. ) 6 %$! HCl 0.100 mol/dm3 6 $! < & 6 ภ!ภNa2CO3
341
Acid-Base Equilibrium
3.
4.
5.
$) ) 6$ 9& $ " < ! pH 2 < ! < ! ก pH 1.2 2.8 # ก ! >$! < ! $! pH 8.0 9.6 # ก >$! ; !) E ก 6 $& ;$) )
6$ 9 ก. HCl 0.205 mol/dm3 ) 6 350 cm3 %. 6) NaOH 0.100 mol/dm3 ) 6 150 cm3 ! NaNO2 0.500 mol/dm3 ) 6 250 cm3
. 6) Ba(OH)2 5.00 g !& NaOH 0.100 mol/dm3 ) 6 150 cm3 ; <" 6) ก > $!# ก ก $ )6)ก $ " ก & 6 ; <" ก 3 &2 $ก& 9 = NaOH 0.5 mol/dm3 ) 6 20 cm3 ?)ก) ) =$ ก ; <" 10 cm3 #! $ 3 %$!ก $ )6)ก ; <"6 $ ! ก < ) ! Mg(OH)2 Z J! I < ) ; & 6# I!# 6) ก &23 $ )ก 0.1 mol/dm3 กD 6 $! < ก &23 $ )ก 10 cm3 #! 1 g Mg(OH)2 Z $ " &
8.10 ' ( R5 5) / ' '$ 9 6)=) @A >$ pH $ % !# ! & # 6) ก ก ก >$ ; !& = ! Bก $ < ; = E ; # >$ &$$$ $
% % %$! H3O+ &$$$ OH- &$$$
! !
ก ! pH Z ก 6 $< )6%$! A 9 $ ! ) ! ก A 9 !< )6& $ ! ก6) = !ก A 9 ก
pH 3
' '$ 9 $! ?) 6)ก
' '$ 9 < ก ก $! 6 $!ก pH ! ; ก ก 6 ' '$ 9 6 & # กก ก $ $ ก
" %$!ก $ $ < ก 9 $ )ก (H2CO3) ก &$$$ &
9 $ 6 (HCO3-) ! 6 $ !%$! ' '$ 9< ) ! = >$ I ก =) &2 $ก& 9&$$$ (OH-) ก ' '$ 9 !ก &23 &$$$ # กก # & ?)ก) ) ก &2 $ก& 9&$$$ =) %; ก ! I ก =) &23 &$$$ " %$!ก # % & ?)ก) ) ก) ก !%; < ก ' '$ 9#! I
pH ! & ! " 8.10
342
Acid-Base Equilibrium
@ ) ก N* ก E ก R ' ( >Y*ก* *( ก* 7H I R3 I HCO3- + H3O+ → H2CO3 + H2O @ ) ก N* E กR ' ( >Y*ก* *( ก* 7H I R3 I H2CO3 + H2O → HCO3- + H3O+ >Y*ก* *( E H3O+ -))) FH 3?'-> 4 >Y*ก* *( กR OH- -))) N* 7H I 4 E ก >W ก 3 ก* 7HI R3 I H3O+ + OH- → 2H2O => 8.10 .R:)(; 37)3 ' R5 5) / & & F ก =) ก >$ ก ' '$ 9& Z ก 6 $
' '$ 9 < & ก
ก j ก =) ) jก >$ !& # Bก $
ก 9 $ )กก &$$$ &
9 $ 6 ก 6 $ !%$! D! ' # :(ก ( $ ก6 $ ! !%$! ' '$ 9< ) ก >$ ก $ )6)กก
3 $ ) 66 !$F) & ! ; [H 3 O + ][CH 3 COO − ]
! %$!ก $ )6)ก (Ka) = [CH 3 COOH ] = 1.76×10-5 % % %$! CH3COOH CH3COONa ก % % %$! H3O+ &$$$ ก 1.74×10-5 I 6) ก (H3O+) >$ (OH-) ) j Bก $ !& !ก ?)ก) ) # ก) %; ! ; > $ 6) ก ) j Bก $ !& ) j Bก $ %$! CH3COO- &$$$ I"ก & ก CH3COO- + H3O+ → CH3COOH + H2O > $ 6) ) j Bก $ !& ) j Bก $ %$!ก I"ก & CH3COO- &$$$ CH3COOH + OH- → CH3COO- + H2O 343
Acid-Base Equilibrium
[CH 3 COO − ] # ก Ka $ 6 ! $ ก #! % % %$! [CH 3 COOH ] &23 &$$$ (H3O+) ! & # 6) ก >$ !& ก $ )6)ก3 $ ) 66 ! ' '$ 9< ) ก pH ! j 3.6 D! ' # :( D I 6 & # ก $ $ ก >$%$! $ $ < ก < %$! NH3 NH4Cl 6 ; ! ' '$ 9& ! ; > $ 6) ก ) j Bก $ !& ' '$ 9 ) j Bก $ %$! NH3 & NH4+ &$$$ NH3 + H3O+ → NH4+ + H2O > $ 6) ) j Bก $ !& ' '$ 9 ) j Bก $ %$! NH4+ &$$$ & NH3 NH4+ + OH- → NH3 + H2O %$! NH3 NH4+ &$$$ ! %$! ?)ก) ) & # ก ?)ก) ) NH3 + H2O ⇔ NH4+ + OH[ NH +4 ][OH − ] Kb = = 1.77×10-5 [ NH 3 ] [ NH +4 ] $ 6 % % & ! ก ก % % %$! [OH-] [ NH 3 ] ก>$
! & # 6) ก >$ !& NH3 NH4Cl ! ' '$ 9< ) pH j 9 .R:)(; 3 8.25 " ' '$ 9 ก. HCN ก KCN %. H2PO4- ก HPO42 . HCl ก Cl+ :( ก. HCN ก KCN ' '$ 9 = ก $ $ HCN ก
" %$!ก $ $ KCN ก HCN H3O+ &$$$ & ?)ก) ) ก OH- &$$$ =) %; ก ! ก) %; H3O+ + OH- ⇔ 2H2O < ก > $ 6) ก !& CN- &$$$ # & ?)ก) ) ก ก =) %; ! ; ก =) ก >$ #! Z 6 $ก ! pH %$! $ ก
344
Acid-Base Equilibrium
%. H2PO4- ก HPO42- ' '$ 9 = ก $ $ ก
" %$!ก $ $ > $ 6) ก !& ' '$ 9 HPO42- + H3O+ ⇔ H2PO4- + H2O > $ 6) !& ' '$ 9 H2PO4- + OH- ⇔ HPO42- + H2O ก 6) ก >$ !& ' '$ 9 !ก #!& Z 6 $ก pH %$!
. HCl ก Cl- & ' '$ 9 = ก ก ก
" %$!ก ก I ก =) ก ก
Cl- &$$$ # ก H3O+ &$$$ & HCl 3 HCl ก ก # &$$$& 96 $& H3O+ &$$$ Cl- &$$$ ก =) ก !& < 6)%$! ' '$ 9 6 $! ก >$ =) ก%; ! ; " HCl Cl- #!& ' '$ 9 8.10.1 ก . ( ' ( R5 5) / ' '$ 9 6 & & ก 3 Z >$&$$$ I
% % %$! H3O+ &$$$ >$&$$$ I
% % %$! OH- % ก 6 6 $!& ?)ก) ) ก 6) ' '$ 9 >$ Z !ก $ $ ก ก >$%$!ก $ $ ; Z ! $ $ ก ก >$%$! $ $ ; Z !ก $ $ ก ก >$%$!ก $ $ ; < ก $ )6)กก
3 $ ) 66 3 ก $ $ #
% % %$! OH- ก >$%$!ก $ $
% % %$! H3O+ !6 $ ! > $ 6) ก ก : H3O+ + CH3COO- ⇔ CH3COOH > $ 6) ก : OH- + CH3COOH → CH3COO- + H2O [H 3 O + ][CH 3 COO − ] Ka = [CH 3 COOH ] [CH COOH ] [H3O+] = Ka 3 − [CH 3 COO ] [CH COOH ] -log [H3O+] = -log ( K a 3 − ) [CH 3 COO ] [CH 3 COOH ] pH = -log Ka log [CH 3 COO − ] [CH 3 COOH ] ! ; pH = pKa log [CH 3 COO − ] 345
Acid-Base Equilibrium
< ก ก ' '$ 9 & # ก $ $ ก ก >$%$! $ $ <
' '$ 9 $ 3 - $ 3 &$$$ [ NH 3 ] pOH = pKb - log [ NH +4 ] 8.10.2 ' ( R5 5) /E { 8 .* ' '$ 9
ก ! pH %$! & ก ! pH & ก ก > $ ก =) ก >$ ) j Bก $ ก F < 6) ' '$ 9 # < ) <
' '$ 9ก 9 $ )ก-&
9 $ 6&$$$ (H2CO3HCO3-) ' '$ 9'$ '6 (H2PO4-HPO42-) ' '$ 9 ก I! ; ก !ก A 9
' '$ 9 H2CO3/HCO3-
pH %$!= >$ $ " ! pH 7.35 pH 7.45 >$ %$! A 9 pH j 7.4 I pH %$! >$ 6 ก 7.3 # ก) $ )3 ) (acidosis) < ก I pH %$! >$ "!ก 7.5 # ก) $ 3 ) (alkalosis) $ ก $ )3 ) $ !& ; ! ก6$ ก ก) %; # กก ก ; # ก ก ; # $ ) j 9 $ & $$ก& 9 =) %;
9 $ & $$ก& 9 >$ ก) ก 9 $ )ก ) jก #! =) ก%; >$ $ ก $ )3 ) กA & 3 # => $I 9 $ & $$ก& 9$$ก& $ )3 ) $ ! $ $ ก) %; # กก $$กก !ก $ ! ก $ 3 ) $ !$ $ ก) %; # กก # % $$ก$ ! B = $ ก @ % & $ Z 6 $ก ) j 9 $ & $$ก& 9 #>$# ! ! !Z >$ E = ก ! I pH %$! >$ กก 7.8 >$6 ก 7.0 A 9# I! ก 6 = !ก A 9 ; $ & 9# ! & $ ! ) F)E = =) %$! pH
;
H2PO4-/HPO22- 9%$! B >$ ! $> `%$! !ก
ก
pH %$! >$ ! ; ก] CO2 ก) # กก ก ! % " >$ ! >;$ > $ CO2 ; & Bก $ ก H2CO3 CO2(g) + H2O(l) ⇔ H2CO3(aq) H2CO3 ก & 3 6)ก 6ก6 &$$$ ;! ก HCO3- ! " %$!ก H2CO3 ! ; H2CO3(aq) + H2O(l) ⇔ H3O+(aq) + HCO3-(aq)
' '$ 9ก 9 $ )ก-&
9 $ 6 #!
ก
pH %$!= >$ ก 7.4
346
Acid-Base Equilibrium
CO2 $ # I"ภ% $$ภ3 ภ#$$ภ' '$ 9'$ '6 ภภ) %; ! ; HPO42-(aq) + H3O+(aq) â&#x2021;&#x201D; H2PO4-(aq) + H2O(l) H2PO4-(aq) ภ) %; # I"ภ% $$ภภÂ&#x201D; $ภ# ภ!ภA 9
' '$ 9ภ9 $ )ภ-&
9 $ 6- 9 $ 6 &$$$ (H2CO3-HCO3-CO32-) != $ " ภZ) ; ภ&ŕ¸
ภ- %$!
' '$ 9 ) ! < )6 > $! $ #!& %$ ภ;
347