Atom

Page 1

2552 (Atom)

Chollada Kulwat RMUTL Chiangmai

30/07/52

Chemistry for Engineers [ (ATOM)]

(Atom)

Chollada

30/07/52

2

Chemistry for Engineers [ (ATOM)]

1 (Atom) ภ!"#$ % ภภ&'$(ภ)$ *+ , !-.% )/ )0 1!.2ภภ3'( ภ)$3 4 5 . ภ67 0 ( ภ3'( 8 (, 1- !- *9. : ภ4 5 ! #$ ( )/ 3 ภ$( )$ (!-2 ;18

1.1

!" #

,< % 3 ภ+ 6 ภ)ภ=>. % ภภ> "?" ภ)ภ@5 7 ,# .A& B >* (Lucippus) =. !1 @ , * (Democritus) :"8,< )/! ) ภภ!" " #$ $ ภ% ! ! ภ!0 ;18B 'ภ6 !ภ)$ ภ5 I* )$ )0 1!.2ภ=. )= , 1 !ภ)$ ภ5@, ( 8 (0 ( % ภภ!" " # " ! $ !" " #$ $ ภ& ภ$ 1.1 % 400 (ภ* + ! ,-.ภ/ 01 2 + ! 3, 0 4 5$ 0, + +!10ภ6 ภ! ! ภ$ (= %: / (; % )ภ37 + 8 *+ ,* ภ9 *0/: 0" 1. ( !B#$ B A3 =. 5 * = , , 1 1 (ภ.% ) % ;18!3 ?ภ8 - 8 0'/ =. ภภ2B < ภ1. ( ,8 - ,< 5!ภ)$ ภ5! #$ ( )/: A>=55 % (J . 1 3 ภ$(!ภ1 '() % "0'/ : >K ,. .1805 3 ภ= , , 10 (3 - 1 . (John Dalton) 3 - 1 . ;18! T !ภ)$ ภ5=553< . ( =. !>U )$ 5 =. 5 * 3 ภภ: / $ 1.2 ; - 1 < (+... 1766-1844) 0ภ!1 0 : #+ 0 6 0 4 3 " #/* # 5 / #ภ=> 6 ภ; 1 < 0 ! , #,: 0 : 63 12 ( 8< ?/ / ! ,* ? @*? 0 : #8 0/,0 - AB #0" , C# ? 2 #0 6 8< ? ! 6 <6 ; ภ+ , ?;? 1 3 3 !6 ! 6 D ? 0" 91 .Bภ> 0 : #" #8ภE, AB# D 9 ,$*ภ.Bภ> !/ 0+ 8< 0 : # " # =>F ? ,31 3

Chemistry for Engineers [ (ATOM)]

1.2

=>F (Atomic Theory)

[6\) 0 (1 . ภ.% ; 8 % - > ภ518 &'$(!>U - % )$!.2ภ)$ *1 =5%(= ภ% ;> )ภ; %;18 =. ; % I 8 (0'/ - # < . :-8 A?- ;> - 4 *!1) ภ> ภ518 " 1!1) ภ) .=. ,*7 5 !- # ภ= %3 = ภ% (3 ภ4 * #$ - > ภ5!ภ13 ภภ0 ( 0 (4 * /(= % 2 " 10'/ ;>18 1 % )$,( )$ - 0 (4 *= %. " 13 ) A> % (=. /< - ภ!]B - /< - ภ0 (4 * )$ ภภ2,# /< - ภ0 ( /(-. 0 (4 * )$ ภ; ภ=>F " #1 < D ? , 3 91 * !>U - % B#/ T 0 (ภ!ภ1 @1 3 1 % !>U *+ , )$!.2ภ)$ *10 ( 4 * )$ (,( 5 (!, )0 (4 * / ; 8 = 8 % 1 . ;1808 *>0 ( 3 ภภ(!ภ( 8 = %>^33*5 ภ:"8!, #$ ( # :- % )$ )> 4 + B A( < :-8 3B5+ B0 ( !- # ภ5 )$1 . ;18:-808 (!ภ; 8 ,# M 3 ภ1 6 0N 6#/ !101 6 ,* , ภ0ภ!1; ภ" #M 3 C#8 * 2 / !1 "BC 9 $ 1.3 7 NN:C 5! " #, ภB # D GaAs (8ภ<0< 6 -0A9 1-) AB #91 ; ภ0 + !+ 0 6ภ* 0 <<!# !0<Zภ9 2+ ,2ภ( (tunnelling electron microscopy) , * #ภ, #"B C ; ภ+ N! 0 -216, 0" 0 4 " #8ภ<0< 6 8< , ; #ภ* 0 4 " # -0A !ŕ¸

[6\) 0 (1 . ;18"% 4 5 ภ\B#/ T !ภ)$ ภ5ภ(!, )-. 08 )$ A83 ภภ: / ,# ภFภ+# (Law of constant composition) : ภ* + , " * $ ,- % " (ภ\ )/!>U B#/ T 0 ( T : [6\) )$ภ.% % > ภ5!ภ13 ภ4 * ภภ% 1 " 1 ภ> ภ5" 1!1) ภ8 ( ) " 1 % (J!- # ภ=. )3< 0 ( ! % ภ! ) ภF # <" #,, (Law of conservation of mass) : " " " . ภ$ - / ภ, ภ(ภ\ )/!>U B#/ T 0 ( T : [6\) )$ภ.% % ! #$ ) 4

Chemistry for Engineers [ (ATOM)] >` ภ!, )!ภ10'/ 0 (4 *3 ; %!>.)$ =>.(;>!>U " 1 #$ >` ภ!, ) )$!ภ10'/ 3'(; %;18 < :-8!ภ1 :- %0'/ - # ; % < :-8 !1 A?- ;>)

1 < ?/ =>F ? ภ3 ภF,1,* N 3+$% (Law of multiple proportions) : I8 4 * 2 " 1 !"% A =. B ภ!>U ;18 ภภ% 1 " 1 .0 ( B )$ ภ5 .0 ( A : > 7 )$ภ< - 1:-8 3 !>U !.0 )$ ) 1 % 8 )$ *1 % (!"% : . (B 3 7 % ((% ,# /< =. ;c@1 !3 !> ภ;&1 &'$( % (ภ2 ) ;c@1 !3 =. ภ& !3 !>U (,> ภ5 ! B5 % /< (H2O) !ภ13 ภO2 8 g ภ5 H2 1 g % ;c@1 !3 !> ภ;&1 (H2O2) :"8 O2 16 g ภ5 H2 1 g 3 !-2 % ,* <" # O 0 : 0 6 ภH 1 g ? H2O2 : H2O = 2:1 ภ?/ =>F " #1 < D ? , 3 91 * ภ& !3 : H2O2 8 ( )3< !>U 2 ! % 0 ( ภ& !3 )$ A%: H2O ! #$ ! ) 5ภ5 H )$ ! % ŕ¸

1.3

8 ;D < # (Atomic model)

-. ( 0 (1 . 9.ภ1. (0 ( ภ*% % ;18,8 B5 % ) @, ( 8 ( )$ . 5& 5&8 )4 " )$!>U ;ffg !ภ)$ 08 ( A%18 =. I=5%(= ภ:-8!.2ภ.(;18 )ภ: 5 (

$ 1.4 0 4 7 N #+ +!1 8,1#? 0 Z 6< 0 61" #2+ #, # , 1+< #ภ5<ภ1< # 8< ?/ M! 6 ภbภ%-" # 91 5

Chemistry for Engineers [ (ATOM)] 1 ( / 3'( ) )=553< . ( 0 ( ภ!ภ10'/ )ภ-. =55 ;18=ภ% - =553< . ( 0 ( - =553< . ( 0 ( !4 f 1 - =553< . ( 0 (@5 - =553< . ( 0 (& ! fh.1 1.3.1 8 ;D < # " # , : ภ. (, 6 )$ 18 ภ! $ 'ภ6 ภ8 (> 3*;ffg @1 :-8 ภ;ffg 9% -. 1 )$ A5! ภภ!ภ# 5- 1 ! #$ 9% ภ;ffg = ( A(!08 ;>3 < :-8!ภ1 ( )0'/ + : -. 1 "#$ % ( )=,@ 1 (Cathode rays) !B !ภ13 ภ0 / ;ffg .5 - # =,@ 1

$ 1.5 < 1,3@@ ภ. ?/ ? ภ1< #, 6+ !,. > 18

I 3ภ!,.#$ ;- 0 ( ( )=,@ 1;18 !B ( ) )/ < :-8 I* !"% -. 1=ภ8 !ภ1 ! # (= (0'/ ;18 = ( )/! ) ภ% = (f.A ! !& (fluorescence) 08 , 3< : + B )$> ภ`5 3 !, #$ ( 5@ !ภ13 ภ( )=,@ 1 >ภ( )=,@ 1!,.#$ )$!>U ! 8 ( = %I8 A%: = %!-.2ภ- # ;ffg 3 !,.#$ )$=55!.)/ !5 ,.8 ภ5ภ!,.#$ )$0 ( *+ ,> 3*.5! #$ A%: = %!-.2ภ- # ;ffg =. ! #$ ( ) )/ ภภ5ภ5=9% @.- 3 < :-8=9% @.- !ภ1> 3*.5;18

$ 1.6 a. ? < 1 #, 8+2 1 !0<Zภ!# ภ; ภ"C 9eef < : 8+2 1 9 6# "C 9eef ภ: 8 2 1 b. 7 N < 1 #, 8+2 1 h ภ0 : #8,# D ? 0 Z # ! #" # #, 8+2 1 c. # ! #" # #, 8+2 1 i$ภ0 6#0 1 6, 8 *0 <Zภ6

Chemistry for Engineers [ (ATOM)]

3 ภ5 )$> ภ` )/ < :-8 5 % ( )=,@ 1> ภ518 .< 0 ( *+ , )$ )> 3*.5 ,# ภ% (electron) ภ3 ภ)/ (B5 % ( )=,@ 1 )$!ภ13 ภI* % (" 1ภ3 ), = ภ% ( ภ)ภ18 08 (!ภ*!-.% )/ < :-8 *>;18 % ภŕ¸

$ 1.7 +... 1897 ภel,!ภ,-/ #ภ=>/: . (James J. Thomson) 91 +* ,* " # ;39eef * <" # !0<Zภ216 ?/ < 1 #, 8+2 1

-. 1 ( )=,@ 1 A%: = /(] ภภ5 = %!-.2ภภ5 ;ffg ( )=,@ 1- # .< 0 ( !.2ภ$( ภ3 ภ=9% ;ffg .5 )$ A%18 &8 @1 IAภ! %(!08 - =9% ;ffg 5 ภ)$ A%18 ( 08 /( )/=9% ;ffg 5 ภ)"% ( (ภ. ( !B#$ :-8.< 0 ( !.2ภ$(9% ;18 ( $(0 ( !.2ภ3 IAภ!5)$ (!5 ;1818 = %!-.2ภ=. ;ffg 9.0 ( = %!-.2ภ=. ;ffg )$ ) % ภ!5)$ (!5 ( $(0 ( !.2ภ< ;>:"8 1,% . % > 3*0 ( !.2ภภ1> 7 )$!>U 9. 3 ภภ!,.#$ )$0 ( ( )=,@ 1: = %!-.2ภ=. ;ffg B5 % % 1 (ภ.% ),% !>U 1.76 Ă— 108 ,A. 5 % ภ(C/g) 3 ภ,% )$;18 )/ < :-8 ภI 1- # - ,% .0 ( !.2ภ;18@1 (% /( )/3 :"8,% > 7 #$ J ,< 7 % ภ,. . 1909 @ !5 .. =ภ(Robert Millikan) I 1> 3*0 ( !.2ภ3 ภภ1. ( )$ A83 ภภ: "#$ % ภ1. (18 - 1 /< 0 ( .. =ภ(Millikan oil-drop experiment) $ 1.8 7 N8,1# 0+ : # : " # !<<!8ภ?/ 1 ;3 " # !0<Zภ61 CD 0<Zภm !0<Zภ0 9 ; i$ภ<* 6? 0+<: <#? !0 % 6$* * #85* ;3 9eef 2 85* !<<!8ภ1ภ0+<: " # 61 CD C 0 : 0 < 6 8 <#.ภ6-9eef 0 : D " $< 91 +D % ; +* ;3" # 61 CD 91 ภ1< # C 8,1#? 0 Z * ;3; +* 0 4 0<";D 0 Z 0 4 -19 0 *7 " #+* 1.60 Ă— 10 +$< - AB #+* C0 4 +* ;3 " # !0<Zภ0 #

Chemistry for Engineers [ (ATOM)]

3 ภภ1. (18 - 1 /< 0 ( .. =ภ> 3* )$ 13 ภภ1. ( )/ ),% !>U 1.60 Ă— 10-19 ,A. 5 1 ( / ! #$ :"8,% % > 3* % .0 ( !.2ภ)$ 1;18 3 ภภ1. ( 0 ( )$ ),% !>U 1.76 Ă— 108 C/g ,< 73 ;18 .0 ( !.2ภ1 ( )/ < !0<Zภ=

1.60 Ă— 10 −19 C = 9.10 Ă— 10 −28 g 1.76 Ă— 10 8 C / g

ภ1. (+ -. ( < :-8;18,% )$= % < ภ0'/ ,% .0 ( !.2ภ)$>^33*5 5 ภ,# 9.10939Ă—10-28 g 5 % ,% )$;183 ภภ1. (0 ( .. =ภ),% :ภ.8!,) (ภ5,% )$:"8: >^33*5 ภ=. .0 ( !.2ภ5 % 8 ภ@1 8 ภ% .0 ( ;c@1 !3 &'$(!>U )$!.2ภ)$ *1!ภ# 5 2,000 ! % 3 ภภ1. (!-.% )/ < :-8, !"#$ )$!08 :3ภ% =5%(= ภ)ภ; %;18 ; %IAภ8 ( )ภ% ;> 3'(;18! =553< . ( 0'/ :- %1 ( )/ ). ภ67 !>U A> (ภ. > ภ518 *+ , )$ )> 3*5 ภ=. ) !.2ภ&'$( )> 3*;ffg .5 @1 >ภA%: + B )$!>U ภ. ( (;ffg &'$( < :-8 /( (> 3* )/ ) 3< ! % ภ=. ภ3 A% $ ;> % ( $< ! + : @1 )ภ3 1! ) ( )$ < :-8 ) + B )$! I) ภ)$ *1 = %=553< . ( 0 ( )/ (; % I 4 5 08 ( 5 ( % (;18 !"% > 3*;ffg 5 ภA%ภ;18 % (; : =. ; % I 4 5 ,*7 5 #$ J0 ( !"% !>ภ)$=9% ภ3 ภ4 * 3'( ) ภ*% % ,8 , 8 =. 1. ( !B#$ - 08 ! 233 ( =. >^33*5 ภ2;18 5 % $ 1.9 8 ;D < # " # , =553< . ( )/; %IAภ8 (

1.3.2 8 ;D < # " # 0M -e -1 ,. .1906 ภ" (ภ[6"#$ ! ! !4 f 1 (Ernest Rutherford) ;18 'ภ6 5 4 " 0 ( ภ( ) =. B5 % ภ( ) ) A%18 ภ3 > !+ ,# ( )= .f (alpha, Îą) ( )5) (beta, β) =. ( )=ภ(gamma, Îł) ( )= %. " 1 ) 5 : ;ffg )$ % (ŕ¸

8

Chemistry for Engineers [ (ATOM)]

$ 1.10 N= !ภ" # #, 8 <e (ι) #, (β) 8< #, 8ภ(γ) ? , 9eef

( )= .f =. ( )5) IAภ!5)$ (!5 : ;ffg ;18 = % ) (0 (ภ!5)$ (!5 ( 08 ภ% ( )=ภ; %IAภ!5)$ (!5 : ;ffg ,. . 1910 !4 f 1 ;18 < ภ1. ( )$ %(9.:-8=553< . ( 0 ( ; % !>U )$ 5 % ;> ภ1. ( )/!>U ภ'ภ6 * 0 ( (ภ!,.#$ )$0 ( *+ ,= .f ( !,.) 0 ( c)!.) ) )$IAภ< :-8ภ!3 ( (scatterring) (ภ, ภ$ ภ9 "! : % ภ) ! #$ 9% *+ ,;> (=9% ( )$5 ( ภJ !0 (!ภ% *+ ,= .f !ภ# 5 /(- 1 $(9% =9% ( % (5 (;18@1 ; %!5)$ (!5 ;> =. )!B) (5 ( ! % / )$ 8 ภ. 5 ( (!1 )$ $( ภ;>

9

Chemistry for Engineers [ (ATOM)]

$ 1.11 ก 1< #" # 0M -e -1 .กB > ก ก 0;!#" # 37 +8 <e

,. .1911 !4 f 1 I- ,< 4 5 ก 1. (08 ( 8 ;18 @1 /( T % . % ก0 ( )> 3*!>U 5 ก /(- 1 @1 ก A% % (- = % =. ) 0 1!.2ก &'$(!>U % - '$(0 ( )$! ) ก % (nucleus) % > /(- 10 ( !>U 5 ! 7 )$ ) !.2ก $( A% 5 !,.) =. % :-?%!>U )$ % (

ก 1. ( ( *+ ,= .f ;> (=9% ( % (5 ( / *+ ,= .f % :-?% $( 9% 5 ! 7 )$ % (0 ( @1 ; % *%(!ก)$ ก 5 % #$ :10 ( < :-8 ก;>!>U ! 8 ( = % I8 * + ,:1 $ ( !]) 1!08 :ก.8 !,.) 0 ( ( กB )$3 !ก 1= (9. กก 5 !,.) =. IAก!5)$ (!5 ก;> !B . 0 ( *+ ,= .f 8 ก % 0 ( ( ก =. I8 *+ ,= .f :1!08 :ก.8 !,.) ก0'/ )ก ก23 !ก 1= (9. ก ก0'/ 3 < :-8 *+ , / 8 ก. 5 ;18

$ 1.12 7 N8 ;D < # " # 0M e -1 M! 6ก ก 0;!#" # 37 +8 <e 85* # + 0 4 < 6N /C 0 : 37 +8 <e ! #0" / : ! #0" ?ก< ! 0+< 6, # D ? 0ก!18 #5<ก 6* #8 # 37 +8 <e < 6; i$ก0 6#0 ; ก # ! #0 : #; ก8 #5<ก C

3 กก 1. ( )/ !4 f 13'(;18! =553< . ( :- % % % "" ก(= > ก , !??@ ก "ก . :. Aก ก

B+ #9 C " " ก9 " % " > " ก% 9 , ก " ก "9 ก $ ก ก% C

10

Chemistry for Engineers [ (ATOM)]

$ 1.13 8 ;D < # " # 0M -e -1

= %=553< . ( )/ ( )08 ( )$ (; % I- ,< 5;18,# 1. !.2ก )$!,.#$ )$@1 ), ! %(3 =9%,.#$ = %!-.2ก;ffg ก < :-8B. (( 3. .1.( < ; !.2ก $( =553< . ( 0 ( !4 f 1 3'(; % A?! ) B. (( =. ;> A% )$ !,.) 2. )$ ) !.2ก กก % - '$( ! #$ $( 5 !,.) 3 3 1ก ! ) ( % (; 3. > 3*5 ก )$ ก A%: !,.) 3 A%ก ;18 % (; /( )$!ก 1= (9. ก 1.3.3 8 ;D < # " #2 ก ;18B 'ก6 ! #$ (!ก)$ ก 5 @1 ;18! =553< . ( 3 ก ก 1. ( )$!ก 10'/ &'$(=553< . ( 0 ( !4 f 1;18 5ก 5= %ก2; % 5A 7 3'( ) 9A8B - ,< 4 5 !B $ ! : >K ,. .1913 ). @5 (Niels Bohr) ;18 < [6\)ก. , > *ก :"8: ก 1. ( !B#$ B u =553< . ( 0 ( !4 f 1 = %: ก 1. (0 (!0 I 4 5 ;18!]B 0 (;c@1 !3 )$ ) !.2ก !B) ( !1) @1 ;18! =553< . ( 0 (;c@1 !3 % 1. !.2ก 3 $( !>U (ก. 5 !,.) @1 ) (@,3 5 ( ( )$ ) !.2ก )$; % =9%,.#$ = %!-.2ก;ffg ก : (@,3 1 (ก.% 2. !.2ก 3 5- # >.% B. (( ก ! #$ )ก !>.)$ (@,3 )$ก.% : 08 )$ 1 B. (( )$ !.2ก 5- # >.% ก 3 A%: A>,.#$ = %!-.2ก;ffg &'$( T 0 (@5 I 4 5 >^?- > ก`ก 70 ( ;c@1 !3 ;18,# - !- *9. )$ !.2ก @,3 5 !,.) 0 (;c@1 !3 ;18@1 ; %=9%,.#$ = %!-.2ก;ffg !B !.2ก @,3 : 1 5B. (( 0 ( 5 ( ( &'$( (: *13 ! I) - !>ก 0 (;c@1 !3 !ก 13 กก !>.)$ 1 5B. (( 0 ( !.2ก 3 ก I ก *8 ( I $< ก % - # I B#/ @1 3 =9%,.#$ = %!-.2ก;ffg ก 3!-2 !>U ! 8 % ( )$; % % ! #$ ( =. 3 ), I)$ #$ J )ก )$ (; %!-2 (1A . ! ) 1: - 08 1.9 =. 1.10) 11

Chemistry for Engineers [ (ATOM)]

1.3.4 8 ;D < # " #A 0 -el<1=553< . ( 0 (& ! fh.1 (Summerfield) ภ.% % w !.2ภ3 @,3 5 !,.) &'$( (= ภ3 !>U (ภ. ( % J;>3 !>U ( )x

1.4

ภ.Bภ> <" #

: = ภ!"#$ ภ% > ภ518 !.2ภ=. @> ! % / .0 ( 3'(!>U 9. - % ( .0 ( !.2ภภ5 .0 (@> = %! #$ (3 ภ.0 ( !.2ภ8 ภ! #$ ! ) 5ภ5@> 3'( I 1 /(;18 1 ( / .0 ( 3'(, !>U .0 (@> !c )$ !. (Henry Mosley) I- 3< @> )$ ) A%: ;18 3'(;18 < !>U 08 A. < - 5:"8- . = %3 ภภ'ภ6 B5 % .0 ( ภ3 ),% ภภ% .0 (@> > 7 2 ! % 0'/ ;> !"% 4 * C ) 6 @> = % ) . > 7 12 - % 4 * O ) 8 @> = % ) . > 7 16 - % 3 ภ,% 0 ( . &'$(!>U 2 ! % 0 ( .@> < :-8!"#$ ภ% + : 3 8 ( ) *+ , #$ ภ!- # 3 ภ!.2ภ=. @> A%18 @1 )$ *+ , )/, 3 )3< =. ) .:ภ.8!,) (ภ5@> 3 ภภ1. ( )$ < )ภ-. , /( % < :-8 A8 % : !,.) ) *+ , /( )$!>U 5 ภ,# @> =. *+ , )$!>U ภ. ( ,# @1 )$ !4 f 1 ,8 B5@> : >K ,. .1919 % !3 ="1 ภ(James Chadwick) !>U 9A8,8 B5 3 ภภ,8 B5 < :-8=553< . ( !>.)$ =>.(;>3 ภ!1 ,# % " C ภ" ภ> % $ % "ภ. % ภC > " ภ% B+ " ,- ภ> % .

electrons, 12

protons, and

neutrons

Chemistry for Engineers [ (ATOM)]

$ 1.14 0 4 #ภ< ภ1 62 8< ! ภ6$* #ภ< #0 4 ! 0+< 6, 216 !0<ZภAB # ;D 0 * ภ2 !# 6$* m ! 0+< 6,

1.5

2+ #, #" # , 6? *

: (!, ) ! 3 :"8+ B % ((% )$ ) (,> ภ50 ( *+ , A.T 0 ( 3 " 1 ,# @> =. !.2ภ= !B#$ = 1(B[ ภ(!, )0 ( =. !B#$ , 1 ภ3 :"8 > 3* (;ffg (electronic charge) &'$( ),% !>U -1.602Ă—10-19 C 1 ( / !.2ภ3'( ),% > 3*!>U 1- = )$3 )> 3* )$ )- % !>U ,A. 5 % > 3*0 ( *+ ," 1 #$ 3 !>U !.03< ! % 0 (,% > 3* )/ !"% @> )> 3* !>U 1+ % ; % )> 3* )$ )3< !.2ภ! % ภ5@> 3 !>U ภ. ( ,# ; % )> 3*;ffg 1 ( )$;18ภ.% =.8 % @> =. A%18 ภ!>U !,.) 0 ( =. ) !.2ภ&'$( )0 1!.2ภภ$( A% 5 !,.) @1 @> 1'(1A1 !.2ภ! ; 8 18 = (1'(1A1 (;ffg > % :-?%0 ( 3'(!>U 5 ! 7 )$ ) !.2ภ$( A%@1 5 ) . 8 ภ&'$( )$- ภ)$ *1 ) .!B) ( 4Ă—10-22 g ! % / ภ:"8- % !>U ภ(g) !B#$ = 1( .0 1!.2ภภ)/3'( *%( ภภ< - % . (atomic mass unit, amu) :"83 :-8, 1 ภภ0'/ ภD 1? 1 amu = 1.66054Ă—10-24 g 1 ( / @> ) .!>U 1.0073 amu ) .!>U 1.0087 amu =. !.2ภ) .!>U 5.486Ă—10-4 amu 3 !-2 % .0 (@> =. :ภ.8!,) (ภ@1 ),% A(ภ% .0 ( !.2ภภ,# A(ภ% I'( 1,836 ! % .0 ( % :-?%3'(!>U . 0 ( ภ5@> # 1.1

8,1#" 0 6 0 6 " # 2 ! 8< !0<Zภ37 +

;39eef

< (amu)

2

ภ(+)

1.0073

13

Chemistry for Engineers [ (ATOM)] !

9 * (ภ< #)

1.0087

!0<Zŕ¸

< (-)

5.486Ă—10-4

0 (4 * % (J )0 1! 8 9% A ภ. ( - % ( 1Ă—10-10 - 5Ă—10-10 m - # 100 | o

500 pm !B#$ , 1 ภ! 3 :"8- % !>U = ( ( A ) )$; %:"%- % SI o

o

/( )/ภ< - 1:-8 1 A = 10-10 m 3'( )! 8 9% A ภ. ( - % ( 1-5 A Note: - % SI !>U - % T ภ. % 3 ภ,< : + 6 ~ $(! % Systeme International d Unites & " "&* > "% $ $ % " 9 ภ% "$ >" ภ% (=55~ ภ- 1 !B#$ = 1(:-8!-2 % ! #$ ! ) 50 1 ภ5 I* % (J )$ < 3 ภ4 * / =.8 3 )0 1!.2ภภ6* # 1.1 !- ) ? (=1( - '$( )! 8 9% A ภ. ( 19 mm ) 0 ( (=1( ),% o

!B) ( 1.3 A 3(- 3< 0 ( (=1( )$! ) (" 1ภ=.8 ;18! 8 ( )$ ), ! % ภ5! 8 9% A ภ. (0 (!- ) ? (=1( / o

) * + ! :"8 (=1( 1 )$ )0 1 2.6 A !>U - % =>.( )$= 1(, B 4 - % (3< ภ5 ( 1 ( / 0 / 8 3'(!>.)$ (:-8!>U = ( ภ% =.8 - 18 ภ:"8! 8 9% A ภ. (0 ( (=1( !B#$ =>.(,% (:-8!>U 3< 0 ( (=1(

o

19 mm Ă— 10 −3 m Ă— 1 A copper 1 atom = Ă— o 1mm Ă— 10 −10 m 2. 6 A = 7. 3Ă—107 atom Ans

8 qrภ1 1.1 o

, 5 )! 8 9% A ภ. ( 1.5 A (ภ) 3(= 1(,% ! 8 9% A ภ. ( )/!>U - % B @,! (pm) (0) 3(- 3< 0 (, 5 )$! ) (" 1ภ;18!>U ! 8 ( ! % ภ5; 81 0.10 mm

14

Chemistry for Engineers [ (ATOM)] o

! 8 9% A ภ. (0 ( !,.) ): ),% > 7 10-4 A &'$( 5 % )0 1!.2ภภ! #$ ! ) 5ภ50 10 ( I8 f* 5 . )0 1! % ภ5 !,.) 3 )0 1! % ภ8 - !.2ภJภ8 - '$(! % / ภ)$ !,.) )0 1!.2ภภ= %ภ. 5!>U .-. ภ0 ( = 1( % !,.) ), - = % A( ŕ¸

$ 1.15 85 7 N8,1#7 + 1" # 5* ภB # ภ< # ! 0+< 6, ภ1 6 ! 8< 2 8 ; 0 4 < C# 1" # ,* 0 <: AB #0 4 * #8< CD ภ0 C 0 4 6$*" # !0<Zŕ¸

3 ภ+ B= 1( )$ ). ภ67 1 (ภ.% 08 ( 8 !.2ภ)$3 1 % !>U > % :-?% 0 ( / < - 8 )$-. ภ: ภ!ภ1>` ภ3 !-2 % 5 ! 7 )$ !.2ภ$( A%!>U ! # ! ‚ - ภ>ภ,.*

1.6

0<" 0<" < ,@<ภ>%- ! 0+< 6 - 8< 9 2A2

0 (4 *= %. " 1 % (ภ!B 3< @> )$ A%: !,.) 0 ( = % . " 1 ); %! % ภ1.6.1 0<" (Z) ( : 0<"2 ) 0<" (Atomic number) : C D E % $% * 5 (, /(! ) ภ% > % !B !>U ,% )$5 ภ:-8! 53< @> : - '$( 0 (4 * / J " + ;D /(- 1: 4 *" 1- '$(J 3 )3< @> ! % ภ! 0<" = ;D 2 (AB #; +* 0 * ภ;D !0<Zภ) ) + B!>U ภ. ( !B > 3*5 ภ3 IAภ- ภ.8 (18 > 3*.53< ! % ภ1 ( / 3< @> (+) 0 ( " 1- '$( 3 8 (! % ภ53< !.2ภ(-) !

15

Chemistry for Engineers [ (ATOM)]

1.6.2 0<" < (A) (Atomic mass) ! ;18 5=.8 % @> =. !>U *+ ,- ภ&'$( < :-8 ) . 1 ( / !.0 . 3'(5 ภ:-8! 5 3< @> =. : - '$( 0<" < = ;D 2 + ;D !

! I- 3< ;18 I8 ! 5!.0 1 ( )/ ;D ! = 0<" < t ;D 2 = 0<" < t 0<" ภ?/ 0<" 8< 0<" < ! I:"8!.0 =. !.0 . ;18 B 3 7 % ( % ;> )/

8 (+ B 5A 70 (

6* # 1.2 . ! ) )!.0 ! % ภ5 3 !.0 .! % ภ5 7 . ! ) 1 3 )3< @> =. !.2ภ! % :1 ) * + !.0 = 3 1 ( / ) 3 @> =. 3 !.2ภ!.0 . = 7 1 ( / 7 = 3< @> + 3< ! 5 % ) 3 @> $ ,# 7 = 3 + 3< I8 !>U ;> )/ 3< 8 (! % ภ5 4 - # 3< = !.0 . | !.0 = 7-3 = 4 1# C <!0 6 1 3 2 3 !0<Zภ8< 4 ! Ans 1.6.3 ,@<ภ>%- ! 0+< 6 -

16

Chemistry for Engineers [ (ATOM)] !.0 =. !.0 . I= 1(18 % (!, ) ! ) ภ% F ภ(=A A @1 ) A>=55@1 $ ;>1 ( )/ AZ X 3 ภ08 A.0 ( . ! ) : % ( I= 1(;181 ( )/

0<" ,# !.0 . 0<"<* # ,# !.0

7 3

Li

0<" < 27 13

0<"

Al

0 (4 *@1 >ภ3 ) + B!>U ภ. ( (;ffg ! #$ (3 ภ)3< @> ! % ภ5 3< !.2ภ- I8 ,- ภ- # ./0 ภ;>ภ23 ภ. + B!>U 1 *ภ- = %I8 ภ3 ภ. + B!>U 1 6* #0/*

Na0

Na+ + e-

Na )!.0 11 3'( ) 3< @> = 11 =. 3< !.2ภ= 11 ! #$ ! ) !.2ภ;> 1 !.2ภภ2 (,( ) 3< @> = 11 = %3< !.2ภ!-.# !B) ( 10 !.2ภ1 ( / 3'(ภ. !>U Na+ &'$( )> 3*;ffg !>U 1+ : ( (08 I8 ;18 5 !.2ภ3 ภ. + B!>U ; .5 =. )3< > 3*.5 ! % ภ53< !.2ภ)$ 5 6* #0/* Cl0 + e|

Cl|

Cl )!.0 17 3'( ) 3< @> = 17 =. 3< !.2ภ= 17 ! #$ 5 !.2ภ1 !.2ภภ2 (,( ) 3< @> = 17 = %3< !.2ภ!B $ !>U 18 !.2ภ1 ( / 3'(ภ. !>U Cl| &'$( )> 3*;ffg !>U 1|

17

Chemistry for Engineers [ (ATOM)] 8 qrภ1 1.2 1. ; ภ,@<ภ>%- ! 0+< 6 -" #9 * 9 C ;# ;D 2 !0<Zภ8< ! ภ. 2.

32 2 − 16

0.

S

23 11

Na +

;#0" 6 ,@<ภ>%- ! 0+< 6 -; ภ" $< * 9 C ภ. 4 * ภ( Ar ) &'$( ) 18 !.2ภ=. 22 0. ,. ; 1; ( Cl- ) &'$( ) 18 !.2ภ=. 18 ,. =,.!&) ; ( Ca2+ ) &'$( )!.0 . = 40 =. 3< !.2ภ= 18

1.6.4 9 2A2 (Isotope) 4 * *ภ" 1 ) )$ )3< @> ! % ภ53< !.2ภ=. 4 *" 1!1) ภ3 )3< ; %! % ภ!"% , 5 )@> 6 3'( ) !.2ภ6 18 @1 >ภ, 5 ) 6 = %, 5 5 (" 1 ) 8 ภ% - # ภภ% 6 # 1.2 9 2A2

8,1#9 2A2 * #m" #M 3+ -

,@<ภ>%11

C

12

C

13

C

14

C

;D 2 6 6 6 6

8< ;D 37 +N:C x " #8 *<

;D :0<Zภ6 6 6 6

;D ! 5 6 7 8

, 5 )$B5: 4 " ภภ% 99% !>U 12 C

0 (4 * )$ )3< @> =. !.2ภ! % ภ= % )3< % (ภ< :-8 ) . % (ภ3 1!>U ! >B> (Isotope) ภ1# C C-11, C-12, C-13 8< C-14 0 4 9 2A2 ŕ¸

18

Chemistry for Engineers [ (ATOM)]

,@<ภ>%-

12 6

C : 0" 6 6* ##* 60 4

12

C (+ - ,! , #)

8,1# * + - C 2 8< ! 6* #< 6 , 3 9 2A2 ,# 0 (4 *" 1!1) ภ)$ )3< @> ! % ภ= %3< % (ŕ¸

1.6.4.1 9 2A2 " #M 39y21 0;

1 1

2 1

H

p+ = 1, e- = 1, no = 0

p+ = 1, e- = 1, no = 1

$ 1.16 9 2A2 " #9y21 0;

1.6.4.2 9 2A - 8< 9 2A2 9 2A - (Isobar) : 0 (4 * % (" 1ภ)!.0 .! % ภ= % )!.0 =. 3< ; %! % ภ!"% 19

H

Chemistry for Engineers [ (ATOM)] 14 7

9 2A2 (Isotone)

:

N

=.

14 6

C

0 (4 * % (" 1ภ)3< ! % ภ= %!.0 =. !.0 .; %! % ภ!"% 16 =. 146C 8O

# 1.3 8,1#+ 6" #9 2A2 Isotope 16 8

O

A 16

18 8

O

18

Z 8

n 8

8

10

Z 7

n 7

6

8

Z 8

n 8

6

8

# 1.4 8,1#+ 6" #9 2A Isobar 14 7

N

A 14

14 6

C

14

# 1.5 8,1#+ 6" #9 2A2 Isotone 16 8

O

A 16

14 6

C

14

" ,#0ภ3 ภ?. ภ67 !,.) &'$( ) A, Z =. 3< (n) 4 * )$3 !>U ; @&@ > ; @&5 - # ; @&@ ภ3 ) % (:1 % (- '$(! % ภ% )$!-.# )ภ2 % (3 ; %! % ภ/( )/ (!ภ;183 ภภ1: + 6 (ภ[6( )$0)1! 8 : 8) 1 ( )/ # 1.6 0 6 0 6 ,! # 0 * ภ8< ,! # 9 *0 * ภ" #9 2A2 9 2A - 8< 9 2A2

20

Chemistry for Engineers [ (ATOM)] 07 ISOTOPE ISOBAR ISOTONE

,! # 0 * ก p : Z A n

,! # 9 *0 * ก A, n Z, n A, Z

8 qrก 1 1.3 1. ;# ;D 2 ! 8< !0<Zก " # * 9 C ,@<ก>%;D 2 ;D !0<Zก 16 8

;D !

O

31 15

P

40 18

Ar

40 20

Ca

84 36

Kr

127 53

I

133 55

Cs

207 82

Pb

223 87

Fr

2. ;# ;D 2 ! 8< !0<Zก ? 9 2A2 C#, #" #+< (Cl) 35 17

Cl 8<

37 17

Cl 21

Chemistry for Engineers [ (ATOM)]

3. 9y21 0; (0<" 1) 3 9 2A2 1# C 11H , 12 H 8< 13 H ภ. ; @&@ > ,# ; ". 3(- 3< @> =. !.2ภ0 (; @&@ > /( )/ +. $( )$!B $ , = ภ% (0 (; @&@ > /( ,# ; 4. 0 <Zภ2 9 2A2 +: Fe-56 8< Fe-59 ;#0 ! #? , $ %9 2A2 0<" < ;D 2 Fe-56 Fe-59

1.7

;D !

ภ< 0h< 6" #9 2A2

@1 $ ;> 4 * % (J3 ); @&@ > A%: 4 " &'$(= %. " 13 ) . =. > 7: 4 " ; %! % ภŕ¸

" % " E % ,+ % D , ภ! >B> &'$( ) , B 41 ( )/ M=

∑ %A = (%A ) + (%A 1

100

2

) + .............

100

M = . !].)$ 0 (; @&@ > % = > 7 8 . )$ ) A%: 4 " A = . 0 (= %. ; @&@ > 60 3 : ภ7) )$@3 ; %ภ< - 1 . 0 (= %. ; @&@ >:-8 33 :"8!.0 .0 (= % . ; @&@ >= ;18 6* # 1.3 3 ภภ:"8= !>ภ@ ! ;189.3 ภภ1. ( % =ภÂ… ภ> ภ518 3 ; @&@ > ,#

36 38 40 18 Ar, 18 Ar, 18 Ar 22

Chemistry for Engineers [ (ATOM)]

> 7; @&@ > ) 0.1, 0.3 =. 99.6% .< 1 5 3(,< 7 . !].)$ 0 ( ภ(%A)1 + (%A) 2 + (%A)3 M= ) * + 3 ภA 100

! #$ (3 ภ; %ภ< - 1 . 3'(:"8!.0 .=

M=

(0.1 Ă— 36) + (0.3 Ă— 38) + (99.6 Ă— 40) = 39.99 100

. !].)$ 0 ( Ar = 39.99

Ans

8 qrภ1 1.4 1. (=1( ); @&@ >,# Cu-63 =. Cu-65 % /( (; @&@ > ) . ! % ภ5 63 =. 65 .< 1 5 3 ) Cu-63 =. Cu-65 : 4 " % (. ภ)$!> !&2 I8 . !].)$ 0 ( (=1(!>U 63.546 2. , 5 ); @&@ > 2 " 1,# C-12 =. C-13 ,% . !].)$ 0 (, 5 !>U ! % ; @1 ภ< - 1:-8 C-12 ): 4 " 98.89% . 12.000 C-13 ): 4 " 1.11% . 13.003

1.8

ภ;1 1 N<## " #

3 ภ=553< . ( )$ % > ภ518 !,.) A% (ภ. ( @1 ) !.2ภ@,3 A% 5 J < :-8!ภ1>^?- % ภ% . "ภ" ! ! !B !.2ภ)> 3*.5!- # ภ, 3 9. ภภภ3 ภ)/ (; % I 4 5 ภ!ภ1 )0 (!>. ;f! #$ )ภ!9 3'(;18 )ภ'ภ6 1 5B. (( : =. ภภ3 0 (

23

Chemistry for Engineers [ (ATOM)] !.2ภ: 1 5B. (( % (J @1 :"808 A.!ภ)$ ภ5 ภ!ภ1 !>ภ(spectrum) =. B. (( ; ; !&" (Ionization energy) ! !08 :3@, ( 8 ( !.2ภ+ : 3 ภภ!, -= ( )$IAภ1A1ภ.# - # )$ IAภ>.1>.% ภ3'(3< !>U 8 ( 'ภ6 ! #$ (0 (= (ภ% 1.8.1 ,0 ภ=-.%(ภ< ! 1= (5 (" 1 3:-8= ( )$ ), ,.#$ !B) (,% !1) !"% = (3 ภ!.!& = (- # ( )> !+ )/! ) ภ% $ " > " % ภ(monochromatic light)

$ 1.17 8,# 2+ !ภ9 1 ; ภ0<0A - 8,# 0<0A -/ !1 C?/ ? ภ5* 1

= %=-.%(ภ< ! 1= ( $ ;> !"% -. 1;ffg - # 1 (1 :-8 ( ) )$ ), ,.#$ ;18-. ,% ! #$ ( )3 ภ=-.%(ภ< ! 1!-.% )/IAภ= ภภ!>U = %. , ,.#$ 3 ;18=I50 (= ( )$! ) ภ% !>ภ(spectrum)

$ 1.18 ,0 ภ8 * 0 : #" #8,# #0 Z 0ภ!1; ภ5* 8,#, " 9 6# !AB 8,#, " 91 8ภ* 8,# ! 6- : 8,#; ภ< 19eM 1 ?/ 9,

$ 1.19 ,0 ภ8 * 0 : # (continuous spectrum) 24

Chemistry for Engineers [ (ATOM)]

! #$ = ( )0 9% > &' ภ3 = ภภ!>U =I50 (= ( ) % (J /(= % % ( , /< !( !0) !-.# ( = 1 =. =1( @1 ; % )"% ( % ( - % (= (= %. ) =I5 ) )$ (!-2 *ภ, ,.#$ )/ ! ) ภ% !>U ภ) 2 3 (continuous spectrum)

$ 1.20 + 6 +<: " #+<: 8 *0 <Zภ9eef <ภ>% ,0 ภ0hN /* #+<: 0 , i ภ, * #m91 ; ภ+* + 6 +<:

= (0 !>U ,.#$ = %!-.2ภ;ffg )$ ), I)$,.#$ - % ( 4.29Ă—1014 - 7.89Ă—1014 Hz I (!-2 18 !>.% ! #$ = (0 9% > &' 3 IAภ= ภภ!>U =I5 ) % (J % ! #$ (ภ7 ) )$ ภ.% =.8 ! ) (.< 1 53 ภ, I)$ A(;> $< !"% = ( ) % ( ), I)$ 7.14Ă—1014 | 7.89Ă—1014 Hz ), ,.#$ 380-420 nm = ( )!-.# ( ), I)$ 5.08Ă—1014 | 5.17Ă—1014 Hz ), ,.#$ 580-590 nm = ( )=1( ), I)$ 4.29Ă—1014 | 4.62Ă—1014 Hz ), ,.#$ 650-700 nm 1.8.2 ,0 ภ" #M 3 =-.%(ภ< ! 1= (; %3< !>U 8 (:-8 !>ภ=55 % ! #$ (! ภ< =ภÂ… " 1 % (J 5 3*: -. 1 *?? ภ=.8 9% ภ;ffg = ( A(!08 ;> 3 < :-8=ภÂ… !>.%(= ( )$ ) ) % (Jภ!"% = (3 ภ=ภÂ… ) :-8 ) 8 -=1( :"8: -. 1;f@‚67 -. 1;f:-8, % (5 8 (I :"8; 0 (@&!1) &'$( < :-8!ภ1= ( )!-.# ( ! #$ :-8= (9% > &' 3 ;18 !>ภ0 (= ( )$!>U ! 8 J )$ ),% , ,.#$ !B) (5 (,% ! #$ < > ภ5" 1 % (J !9 ;f % :-?%3 ;18!>. ;f )$ ) ) % (ภ> ภ50 (@.- " 1!1) ภ3 ;18!>. ;f )$ ) )!- # ภ> ภ50 (@.- % (" 1ภ3 ;18!>. ;f )$ ) ) % (ภ!"% Na2CO3, NaCl, NaNO3 :-8!>. ;f )!-.# (!- # ŕ¸

25

Chemistry for Engineers [ (ATOM)] !"% Na2CO3, CaCO3, SrCO3 :-8!>. ;f )$ ) ) % (ภ,# )!-.# ( =1( T =. =1( !.# 1 ภ.< 1 5 /( )/!B !>U @.- % (" 1ภ! #$ 1A )0 (!>. ;f18 !>ภ@ @,> 3 !-2 !>ภ=55! 8 )$ )-. ! 8 =. ) ) % (Jภ@1 ! 8 !>ภ)$ ), !08 ภ)$ *13 ) )!1) ภ5 )0 (!>. ;f )$ (!-2 ;1818 !>.% !"% Na2CO3 ! #$ !9 ;f3 !-2 )!-.# ( ! #$ 1A9% ภ.8 ( !>ภ@ @,>3 !-2 ! 8 !>ภ-. ! 8 !"% ! 8 )!-.# ( ) 8 ) % ( = % )$!1% " 1 )$ *1 ,# ! 8 )!-.# ( &'$(!- # ภ5 )0 (!>. ;f 0, " #, * #m i$ภ+ 1 68i , 1D AB #0 4 !0 % 9 * 8,#?1 ภb ,0 ภ+* + 6 +<: 0hN #+* C 0 6ภ* ภ) 0 (line spectrum) ภ;<ภ= ภ,3-*ภภ> ./0 *2 ? -. ,ภ+ +

@ A ,31 2 2 3 ŕ¸

$ 1.21 ,0 ภ" #8,#" 8< 0, ,0 ภ" #M 3 #M 3

26

Chemistry for Engineers [ (ATOM)] 1.8.3 ภF" #8N<#+ ภfh ภ" ! "#$ $"ภBA $ A (Max Planck) B5 % = ( - # ,.#$ = %!-.2ภ;ffg !>U B. (( A>- '$( =. ) % B 4ภ5, I)$0 (,.#$ @1 /(!>U ภ\! ) ภ% ภ) $ A !0 6T % B. (( )$ >.1>.% ภ;> - # 1A1ภ.# !08 ;>= %. , /( 3 8 ( )> 7!]B )$ ),% 8 )$ *1,% - '$( &'$(!0 :-8"#$ > 7 )/ % % " (Quantum " #+ " = ) < - 5> 7B. (( 0 (,.#$ = %!-.2ภ;ffg )$>.1>.% ภ- # IAภ1A1ภ.# !08 ;> (E) 3 ! % ภ5,% ,( )$,% - '$( (h) ,A7ภ5, I)$ (ν) N<## " #+<: 8 *0 <Zภ9eef 0 4 ,1,* 216 #ภ+ i " #+<:

E = hν

E âˆ?ν 0 :

E = B. (( 0 (,.#$ = %!-.2ภ;ffg (- % !>U 3A.) ν = , I)$0 (,.#$ = %!-.2ภ;ffg (- % !>U !c - # 5/ )) h = ,% ,( )$0 (=B.(, = 6.626 Ă— 10-34 3A.. )

Qν =

c

Îť

∴ E = hν =

;

hc

Îť

C = , ! 2 0 (= (: *?? ภ(- % !>U ! / )) Îť = , 0 (,.#$ = %!-.2ภ;ffg (- % !>U ! ) 6* # 1.4 = ( ) 8 )B. (( 3.31Ă—10-19 J 3 ), I)$ =. , ,.#$ !>U ! % :1 hc ) * + 3 ภE = hν =

Îť

E = B. (( 0 (= ( = 3.31Ă—10-19 J h = ,% ,( )$0 (=B.(, = 6.626 Ă— 10-34 J.s c = , ! 2 0 (= ( = 3 Ă— 108 m/s ∴3.31 Ă— 10 -19 J = 6.626 Ă— 10 -34 J.s Ă—ν = 6.626 Ă— 10 -34 Ă—

27

3.0 Ă— 10 8 m/s

Îť

Chemistry for Engineers [ (ATOM)]

ν=

3.31× 10 −19 J = 5.0 ×1014 Hz 6.626 × 10 −34 J.s

Ans

−34 × 10 8 )m/s = 6.0 × 10 −7 m λ = (6.626 × 10 )J.s ×−(3.0 3.31 × 10 19 J

Ans

8 qrก 1 1.5 1. ,.#$ = %!-.2ก;ffg )$ ), I)$ 7.50×1014 Hz 3 )B. (( =. , ,.#$ !>U ! % :1 2. ,.#$ = %!-.2ก;ffg ) /< !( ), ,.#$ 473 nm 3 )B. (( =. , I)$0 (,.#$ !>U ! % :1 3. I8 =ก CO 1A1ก.# = ( )$, I)$ 1.20×1011 Hz 3(,< 7, ,.#$ 0 (= ( )$IAก=ก CO 1A1ก.# )/ (!>U ! ) , ! 2 0 (= ( = 3.0×108 m/s 4. ,.#$ = %!-.2ก;ffg )$ ), ,.#$ 300 nm 3 )B. (( !>U ก)$3A. (J) ก< - 1 h = 6.626×10-34 J.s =. c = 3.0×108 m/s 1.8.4 ก , #8 ;D < # 0N: M! 6ก 0ก!1,0 ก =553< . ( )$ก.% =.8 /(- 1 ; % I 4 5 - > ก`ก 7!ก)$ ก 5 )0 (!>. ;f! #$ !9 > ก 5 - !- *:1 > ก 50 (@.- % (" 1ก 3'(:-8 )0 (!>. ;f )$= ก % (ก - @1 !]B % ( $( 4 5 ก !ก 1 !>ก ; %;18 3'( 8 ( 8 (=553< . ( :- %0'/ 3 กก\0 (=B.(, " ก ก "# $ % ก )$3 :"8 4 5 ก !ก 1 !>ก ;18 $ ,- % " , ก ก =. ! #$ (3 ก ก% " ก + " ก(= C !" % 9 1 ( / . & % " C !" % 9 !"% !1) ก @1 T 1 (ก.% 3'(ก< - 1@, ( 8 (0 ( 0'/ :- %1 ( )/ • > ก 518 @> =. ก !>U !,.) • 5J !,.) 3 =5%( ก!>U " / J )$; % % ! #$ (ก = %. " / 3 )B. (( > 3< ,% - '$(

28

Chemistry for Engineers [ (ATOM)] • 1 5B. (( 0 (" / )$ A%:ภ.8 !,.) )$ *13 ),% B. (( $< *1 ! ) ภ% 9 P =. B. (( 3 !B $ 0'/ ! #$ J .< 1 5: " / )$ A%-% ( ภ;> • !.2ภ)$!,.#$ )$ A% 5J !,.) 3 ภ3 A%: 1 5B. (( % (J @1 08 ภ< - 1 % !.2ภ3 A%: 1 5B. (( :1 3 8 ( )B. (( : ! % ภ5 ,% 0 (B. (( > 3< 1 5 /

$ 1.22

+: ! 0+< 6, E1 +: N<## ,7 N:C x E2, E3,...+: 1 N<## , $#"BC E1 < E2 < E3 < ‰

!.2ภ)$3 A%: 1 5B. (( E1, E2, E3,........3 8 ( )B. (( : ! % ภ5 E1, E2, E3,........ .< 1 5 !.2ภ: 1 5 E1 3 ;> A%: E2 ; %;18 : < (ภ. 5ภ!.2ภ: 1 5 E2 ภ2 3 A%: 1 5 E1 ; %;18!"% !1) ภI8 !.2ภ1 5 $< ;18 5B. (( !B $ 0'/ 3 !,.#$ )$0#/ ;> A% 1 5B. (( )$ A(0'/ &'$( < :-8; %! I) =. 3 B ภ. 5 A% 1 5B. (( !1 @1 , B. (( % - '$( ภ;> !"% I8 !.2ภ: E1 ;18 5B. (( !B $ 0'/ ภ23 IAภภ*8 :-80'/ ;> A% 1 5 E2, E3, E4, ...... &'$( < :-8; % ! I) 3 8 (, B. (( ภ!B#$ :-8ภ. 5 A% 1 5 E1

3 $ 1.23 1 " #N<## " # !0<Zภ29

Chemistry for Engineers [ (ATOM)]

1.8.5 ภM! 6ภ0ภ!1,0 ภ3 ภ=553< . (1 (ภ.% 3 !-2 ;18 % !ภ)$ 08 (ภ5B. (( &'$( < 4 5 ภ!ภ1 !>ภ;18 ,# ! #$ IAภ!9 ;f ภ% , ! " + 3'(#.ภภ% & + ! . . + $ !" # ภ% , ภ. " > ภภ&'$(3 A%: A>0 (= ( )$ ), I)$ (ภ5 ) % (J: = (0 3'( < :-8!-2 !>. ;f- # !>ภ!>U ) % (Jภ! #$ (3 ภB. (( )$, ภ;> 1,.8 (ภ5,% , I)$0 (= (-. ,% &'$(= %. ,% (ภ5 )0 ( !>ภ% (Jภ3'(!-2 ! 8 !>ภ-. ! 8 ! #$ 1A18 !>ภ@ @,> Excited state

Stable state

$ 1.24 $ ;D < #ภ0ภ!1,0 ŕ¸

! #$ (3 ภ=553< . ( :- % )/ 4 5 > ภ`ภ7!ภ)$ ภ5 !>ภ;18 IAภ8 (ภ% =553< . ( #$ J )$9% 1.8.6 ภ6 * # 1 N<## ! #$ (3 ภ+ : )ภ=5%( 1 5B. (( !>U " / J 5J !,.) ,! # ;D 0 4 # - . ภ67 0 (ภ3 1 1 5B. (( 5J !,.) !>U % (; - = %. " / ), = ภ% (0 (B. (( ! % ภ- # ; % ! B 3 7 ;183 ภภ'ภ6 !>ภ0 (;c@1 !3 # 1.7

8,1#5< * #" # 1 N<## 7 6? " #9y21 0; 30

3'(I# %

Chemistry for Engineers [ (ATOM)]

0, ,0 ภ+ 6 +<: (nm) 410 , * # 434 , CD 0#! 486 , CD 0< 656 , 81#

N<## Ă— 10-22 (kJ) 4.84 4.57 4.08 3.02

5< * #" #N<## " #0, ,0 ภ6$*i1ภĂ— 10-23 (kJ) 2.7 4.9 10.6

9. % ( - % (B. (( 0 ( 1 5B. (( ,A% )$ A%I 1ภ= %. ,A% ),% ; %! % ภ)$ 1 5 B. (( $< J 9. % (0 (B. (( 3 ภ)$ 1 5B. (( A(J 9. % (0 (B. (( 3 8 .( , 3 - : $ J;> , = ภ% ( - % (B. (( 0 ( 1 5B. (( = %. 1 5 )$ A%I 1 ภ3 ),% ; %! % ภ. 1 - , = ภ% (0 (B. (( 3 ),% .1.( .< 1 5 ! #$ B. (( A(0'/ ,# 1 5B. (( $( A(0'/ 3 $( A%" 1ภภ0'/ - -% ( - % ( 1 5B. (( )$ A%:ภ.8 !,.) 3 ),% ภ=. ),% 8 .(- # " 1ภภ0'/ ! #$ A%-% (3 ภ!,.) ภ;> 3 ภ[6\), 0 (=B.(, )08 (!ภ% ,% ,( )$0 (=B.(, ),% 8 < :-8,% B. (( , hν )> 7 8 18 1 ( / ,% )$ % (ภ!>U 0 / J = % % (ภ!.2ภ8 3'( (!ภ;18 ภภ) $ A = 1(B. (( )$;18 5- # A?! ) % ),% ! % ภ! ; % % I* / 3 )0 1 !.2ภ!"% - # :-?%3 3 5 8 (;18 I*0 1:-?%! #$ ;18 5- # A?! ) B. (( 1 - % , 3'(; % I (!ภ;18 = %I8 !>U I*0 1!.2ภ1 5 B. (( , 5 % ) ,% ภ=. ), < , ? ภ18 % .!5 ; ; (Albert Einstein) :"8 [6\)0 (=B.(, 4 5 > ภ`ภ7@f @ !.2ภภ(photoelectric effect) % = ( )$ ภภ5ภ59 @.- 3 < :-8 !.2ภ0 (@.- -.*1 ภ;> @.- = %. " 1 8 (ภB. (( !]B &'$( % ( 8 8 ( ),% - '$(&'$( < :-8 !.2ภ-.*1 ภ;>;18 !"% @.- &)!&) (Cs) 3 >.1>.% !.2ภภ;18 8 (:"8= ( )$ ) , I)$ 4.60Ă—1014 s-1 I8 :"8, I)$ $< ภ% )/ !.2ภ3 ; %-.*1 ภ;>

31

$ 1.25 (a) ภbภ%-2e2 !0<Zภ!ภ0 : ? 2e N<## ,$# ภN ภ5 ! " #2< !0<Zภ; <31 ภ91

Chemistry for Engineers [ (ATOM)]

1.9

8 ;D < # " #2 -

9.( 0 (=B.(,=. ; ; ;18 < (;> A%, !08 :3: ! #$ (ภ3 1 0 ( !.2ภ)$ A%: ภfh ภ" !1 ภ"#$ A > A (Niels Bohr) ;18! [6\) )$ 4 5 > ภ`ภ7 ภ!ภ1! 8 0 (= ( )$! ) ภ% !>ภ!0 ;18 < 9.ภ'ภ6 !>ภ0 (4 * 8 (!>U =553< . ( 0'/ :- % ! ) ภ% $ ,- % " > A -. (3 ภ)$ ! f 1,8 B54 " 0 ( !,.) : / ภ) , , 1!ภ)$ ภ5 % !- # ภ5 , (microscopic solar system) @5 4 5 ภ!ภ1 !>ภ=55! 8 0 (;c@1 !3 @1 I# % !.2ภ@,3 5 !,.) !>U (ภ. [6\)fh ภ=9 !1 (classical physics) ! #$ *+ , )$ )> 3* !"% !.2ภ!,.#$ )$@1 ) ( $(!>U ( 3 A?! ) B. (( @1 >.1>.% ,.#$ = %!-.2ภ;ffg ภ% ( % ! #$ ( &'$(: )$ *1 3 < :-8 !.2ภ$( !08 - !,.) = , 10 (@5 )$:"8 4 5 ภ!>.%( ( )0 ( I* 8 / ,.8 ภ50 (=B.(, &'$(ภ\ ( fh ภ07 / ( ); %!B) (B )$3 4 5 ;18 !0 3'( < [6\)0 (=B.(, )$!ภ)$ ภ5B. (( , :"8@1 ! % > , " :" &

+ % " D % ภ% , . & > , ! % " D

+ B+ ภC ! (allowed energy state) ภ% . & , !" ภ" ,+ !"

ภ:"8 T 08 ( 8 )/ @5 ;18= 1(:-8!-2 % !.2ภ@,3 5 !,.) 18 ( )$ ) ),% - '$( (@,3 )$!>U ;18 )B. (( !]B &'$( ) A % ((% ,# 32

Chemistry for Engineers [ (ATOM)]

1 E n = ( −R H ) 2  n 

RH

n = 1, 2, 3, 4,........ .......... ..

= )0 (; 1!5 ภ(Rydberg constant)

= 2.18 Ă— 10 −18 J

% !.03< ! 2 n ),% ;18 /(= % 1 I'(,% (∞) ! ) ภ% !.0, -. ภ(principle quantum number) (@,3 )$ ),% n % (ภ3 ) ) (@,3 % (ภ,# I8 n ),% ภ0'/ (@,3 3 :-?%0'/ @1 r !>U 1 % ภ5 n2 1 ( / (@,3 = ภ( )$:ภ.8ภ5 !,.) ภ)$ *1) ),% n = 1 I 1;>!>U ( )$ ( ),% n = 2 =. % ;>! #$ J % )0 ( (@,3 )$ ),% n = 2 3 !>U 22 - # 4 ! % 0 ( (@,3 )$ 1 B. (( !.2ภ: ;c@1 !3 )$,< 73 ภภ08 ( 8 ),% !>U .5 $( B. (( $< .(! % :1 / 3 ), ! I) ภ0'/ ! % / < - 5 n = 1 B. (( 3 ),% $< *1 (!>U .5) ! #$ n ),% A(0'/ B. (( 3 !>U .5 8 .( - # ),% A(0'/ 1 5B. (( 0 ( !.2ภ0 / $< *1 ! #$ n !>U 1 3 1!>U + B#/ (ground state) 0 ( / ! #$ 1A1ภ.# B. (( !.2ภ3 0'/ ;> A%: 1 5B. (( 0 / )$ A(ภ% 3 1!>U + ! 8 (excited state) &'$(; %! I) !.2ภ; % A% 3 B ภ. 5!08 A% + B#/ @1 , B. (( ภ: A>0 (B. (( = (

3 ภ+ B= 1( 1 5B. (( 0 (;c@1 !3 )$ ),% n % (Jŕ¸

$ 1.26 1 N<## " # 9y21 0; 8 ;D < #" #2 - <$ภ. 8,1#8 ,!/ " # !0<Zภ0 < 6 1 N<## ; ภ1 B# 9 6# ภ1 B # AB #? C8,1# ; ภn = 1 9 iB# n = 6 8< 1 n = ∞ N<## 0 4 .$ 6-

33

Chemistry for Engineers [ (ATOM)]

3 *>;18 % I8 !.2ภ: )B. (( 2 1 5 3 ;18! 8 !>ภ1 ! 8 &'$( !ภ13 ภภ!>.)$ 3 ภ1 5B. (( A(;> 1 5B. (( $< 0 ( !.2ภ: % @ c 5 .! ;18 < ภ'ภ6 !>ภ0 ( ;c@1 !3 : "% ( !>ภ)$ (!-2 ;18 (400-700 nm) B5 !>ภ)$!1% " 1 4 ! 8 ! 8 !>ภ: *ภ5 .! ;183 ภภ)$ !.2ภภ@113 ภ1 5B. (( )$ 3 - # )$ 4 - # )$ 5 =. )$ % J;> ( 1 5B. (( )$ 2 ภ)$ !.2ภ3 0'/ ;> A%: 1 5B. (( :1ภ2=.8 = %> 7B. (( )$;18 5 ! #$ !.2ภภ. 5 A% + B#/ @1 >.% B. (( = %. 3< ภ= %3 ภภ. 5.(;> A% 1 5 B. (( :1 3'( < :-8!ภ1! 8 !>ภ3< ŕ¸

$ 1.27 ภ; ภ3ภ<0 8< 6# 3ภ9<8 AB # 6$*? 0" < 9 2 0< " #,0 ภ8< 3ภN 0A 3ภ8 ภ0ภ- 8< 3ภe3 1-? 0" ! e 0 1

7 N8,1#8 ;D < # " #2 !>U (ภ. > ภ518 @> =. !>U !,.) @1 ) !.2ภ@,3 A% 5J !,.) !>U " / J 1 5B. ((

$ 1.28 7 N8,1#8 ;D < # " #2 34

Chemistry for Engineers [ (ATOM)]

< - 5" / 0 (B. (( / @5 ;18ภ< - 1 ?. ภ670'/ @1 :-8" / )$ A%:ภ.8 !,.) )$ *1 !>U " / K =. " / I 1J;>!>U L, M, N, O, P, =. Q .< 1 5 &'$(: >^33*5 ! ) ภ1 5B. (( )$ A%:ภ.8 !,.) )$ *1 (" / K) % 1 5B. (( n = 1 =. 1 5B. (( I 1 ภ;>!>U n = 2, n = 3, ........... ภ1. (0 (@5 =. =553< . ( 0 (!0 ), < , ? ภ!B !>U ภ< = , 1!ภ)$ ภ5 1 5B. (( , 0 ( !.2ภ)$ A%: :"8 . ภ67 =55 )/;18 < :"8ภ5=553< . ( : >^33*5 = % % (; ภ2 =553< . ( 0 (@5 4 5 ;18 !]B - # ; )$ ) !.2ภ!1)$ !"% H, He+, =. Li+ ! % / ; % I 4 5 =. ; " 1 #$ ภ! 8 ภ4 5 % (, % J! % / 3'( < :-8 8 ( )ภ!>.)$ =>.( =553< . ( % ;> )ภ= % (,(= , 10 (B. (( , =. [6\)0 (=B.(,; 8

1.10 ภ;10 6# !0<Zภ! 0+< 6, 1.10.1 N<## 9 9 0A/ (Ionization energy) :"8!>U 08 A. < - 5- 3< !.2ภ)$ ) A%: = %. 1 5B. (( !>U ภ'ภ6 % 3 ภภ:"8 !>ภ- 1 5B. (( : < :-8 5 % : = %. 1 5B. (( I ) !.2ภ;18ภ)$ !.2ภ- # : *ภJ 1 5B. (( 3 ) !.2ภ! % ภ- # ; % ภ2 I B 3 7 ;183 ภB. (( ; ; !&"

1 1 B@ - # ! ) ภ% % IE - I'(B. (( )$ 8 (:"8: ภ1'( !.2ภ1 ภ3 ภ- # ; )$ A%: + =ภÂ…

% (!"% A(g) → A + (g) + e −

&* & "ภ9 + ภ% ภ, ภ% " 9 ! ! B* 9 IE

A + (g) → A 2 + (g) + e − A 2 + (g) → A 3+ (g) + e −

/ 1 / + )$!ภ)$ 08 (ภ5

1 1 B@ 3 8 ( A%: ? * )ภE ! % / =. ภ+< ภภ0 +< ภ1 * 3 ภ!.2ภ)$ A%" / ภ*10 ( - # ;

35

Chemistry for Engineers [ (ATOM)] .< 1 5 )$0 (B. (( ; ; !&" 0'/ A%ก 53< !.2ก : ,# I8 ) n !.2ก 3 )B. (( ; ; !&" n .< 1 5 B. (( ; ; !&" .< 1 5 )$ 1, 2, 3,........- I'(B. (( )$1'( !.2ก ก *1 )$ 1, 2, 3,........ ก .< 1 5 !"% IE 1 + A(g) → A + (g) + e − IE 2 + A + (g) → A 2 + (g) + e − IE 3 + A 2 + (g) → A 3+ (g) + e −

1.10.2 ;;6 5< * N<## 9 9 0A/ =5%(!>U 2 > !+ ,# - 0 1 - # - % ( !,.) ก 5 !.2ก )$ )0 1:-?%3 ),% B. (( ; ; !&" 8 ! #$ (3 ก - % ( !.2ก ก 5 !,.) -% (ก ก = (1'(1A1 8 :"8B. (( ; % กก2 I1'( !.2ก ก;>;18 : ( (08 )$ )0 1!.2ก3 )B. (( ; ; !&" ก !B = (1'(1A1 - % ( !.2ก ก 5 !,.) ก - 3< > 3*5 ก: !,.) - # ; )$ )> 3*5 ก: !,.) ก 3 )B. (( ; ; !&" กก % )$ )> 3*5 ก: !,.) 8 !B ! #$ > 3*: !,.) ก3 )= (1'(1A1ก 5 !.2ก ก B. (( ; ; !&" 3'( ),% ก : ก 7) )$>^33 /( (- ก.8 (ก :-8I# % 0 1 !>U >^33 )$ < , ?ก % ก3 ก )/ ( 33 8 (B 3 7 >^33 % ( #$ > ก 518 !"%

2+ #, #" # 8< ก ;10 6# !0<Zก ? - I8 @, ( 8 (0 ( - # ; !- # ก &!]#$ 3 ! I) =. )B. (( ; ; !&" ก - I8 !.2ก ( ก *10 ( =. ; )= (9. กก 8 3 )B. (( ; ; !&" กก % ก 7) )$ !.2ก )= (9. กก ก 1.10.3 ก ;D !0<Zก ? 1 N<## * #m216?/ N<## 9 9 0A/ 36

Chemistry for Engineers [ (ATOM)] IE 0 (4 * I:"8- 3< !.2ก )$ A%: = %. 1 5B. (( ;18 @1 B 3 7 ;183 ก -% ( - % ( !.2ก ก 5 !,.) !.2ก )$ A%: 1 5B. (( !1) ก , 3 ) IE :ก.8!,) (ก !B A%-% (3 ก !,.) : (:ก.8!,) (ก : 07 )$ !.2ก &'$( A% % ( 1 5B. (( 3 ),% IE % (ก % (!-2 ;18" 1 !B - % ( !.2ก ก 5 !,.) % (ก ก ก - 3< !.2ก )$ A%: 1 5B. (( % (J - ;183 กB. (( ; ; !&" /(- 10 (4 * / J - -. (3 ก- ,% IE /(- 1=.8 < 3 1ก.*% ก @1 :"8 IE )$ ),% :ก.8!,) (ก A%: ก.*% !1) ก - 3 ก3< IE )$ A%ก.*% !1) ก < :-8 53< !.2ก )$ A%: 1 5B. (( !1) ก (3< !.2ก : 1 5B. (( !1) ก ,# 3< .< 1 5 )$0 ( IE )$ A%: ก.*% !1) ก ) ก.*% IE )$ ),% A( *13 A%:ก.8 !,.) )$ *1 ก.*% IE )$ ),% .1.(ก23 A%: 1 5B. (( I 1;> 3 I'(ก.*% )$ ) IE $< *13 A%: 1 5B. (( ก *1 !.2ก : ก.*% )/ ! ) ก % ! !. & !.2ก B 3 7 % (0 (4 *f f (15P) P ) 15e- 3'( ) IE 15 .< 1 5 &'$(3 1ก.*% IE ;181 ( )/ (- % !>U MJ/mol) IE1, IE2,........................... 1.0, 1.9, 2.9, 5.0, 6.3, 21.3, 25.4, 29.9, 35.9, 41.0, 46.3, 54.1, 59.0, 271, 296

ก.*% )$ 1 IE1 | IE5

ก.*% )$ 2 IE6 | IE13

ก.*% )$ 3 IE14 | IE15

; 0 Z 91 * 8 *# IE ก91 0 4 3 ก<3* ก.*% = ก,# IE1-IE5 5 .< 1 5 = 1( % ) 5 !.2ก ! #$ (3 ก )B. (( $< *1 3'( A% -% (3 ก !,.) ก )$ *1 3 1!>U ! !. & !.2ก ก.*% 2 /(= % IE6-IE13 8 .< 1 5 - # ) 8 !.2ก )$ A%: 1 5B. (( )/ ! #$ (3 ก ) B. (( !B $ 0'/ 3'( A%:ก.8 !,.) กก % ก.*% = ก

37

Chemistry for Engineers [ (ATOM)] ภ.*% 3 &'$(!>U ภ.*% *1 8 ) IE14-IE15 !B) ( 2 .< 1 5 3'( ) 2 !.2ภ: ภ.*% )/ ! #$ (3 ภ) B. (( A( *1 = 1( % A%:ภ.8 !,.) ภ)$ *1 - # A%: 1 5B. (( = ภ0 ( (n = 1)

$ 1.29 ภ;10 6# !0<Zภ? 1 N<## * #m ! 0+< 6," #M 3e ,e , (P)

3 ภ,% IE1 | IE15 I < 3 1! ) ( !.2ภ1 5B. (( % (J 3 ภ1 5 B. (( = ภI'( 1 5B. (( *1 8 ;18 1 ( )/ 1 N<## 1 (n = 1) 2e 1 N<## 2 (n = 2) 8e 1 N<## 3 (n = 3) 5eภ3 1! ) ( !.2ภ0 (4 * P : 1 5B. (( % ( J 3'(!>U 15P = 2, 8, 5

$ 1.30 ภ;10 6# !0<Zภ" #M 3 P ? 1 N<## * # m

3 ภภ'ภ6 ภ3 1 !.2ภ0 (4 * #$ J B5 % 3< !.2ภ)$ );18 ภ)$ *1: 1 5B. (( % (J3 1,.8 (ภ5 *ภ(,7 ,# 2n2 !"% 1 N<## 1 (n = 1) e- ภ,31 = 2 1 N<## 2 (n = 2) e- ภ,31 = 8 1 N<## 3 (n = 3) e- ภ,31 = 18 38

Chemistry for Engineers [ (ATOM)] 1 N<## 4 (n = 4) e- ภ,31 = 32 1.10.4 <ภ0ภ%Â…- m 9 ,D ภ;10 6# !0<Zภ? ภ3 ภB. (( ; ; !&" !B#$ 3 1! ) ( !.2ภ: 1 5B. (( % (J=.8 ( 8 ( 08 A. #$ J> ภ518 !"% 08 A.3 ภภ3 1 !.2ภ0 (4 *!]#$ &'$( < :-8 I *>-. ภ!ภ7ÂŽ $ J;> < - 5ภ3 1 !.2ภ;181 ( )/ 1. 3< !.2ภ) ภ)$ *1: = %. 1 5B. (( = 2n2 2. 3< !.2ภ: 1 5B. (( ภ*1 (! !. & !.2ภ) );18; %!ภ8e3. 3< !.2ภ: 1 5B. (( I 13 ภ( ภ*1 );18; %!ภ18e4. ภ3 1 !.2ภ8 (3 1! ) (: 1 5B. (( )$ $< ภ% :-8! 2 ภ% 3'(3 : %: 1 5B. (( )$ A(0'/ 6* # 1.5 ;#8,1#ภ;10 6# !0<Zภ" #M 3 * 9 C

a) 34 Se b) 85 At a) 34Se 34e- ;10 6#<D 1 1# C 2, 8, 18, 6 b) 85At 85e- ;10 6#<D 1 1# C 2, 8, 18, 32, 18, 7 8 qrภ1 1.6 1. N<## 9 9 0A/ 6 <D 1 " #M 3+ - +* 1# C 1.093, 2.359, 4.627, 6.229, 37.838 8< 47.285 MJ/mol 5< * #" #N<## 9 9 0A/ * # 1 N<## 1 ภ1 N<## 2 0 4 0 * 9 2. M 3 K 0<" 0 4 19 0 : 0ภ!10 4 9 K+ ; ภ;1 !0<Zภ6* #9 3. M 3, ! 117X ; ภ;10 6# !0<Zภ6* #9 8< + ; 0 0< A- !0<Zภ0 * ?1 4. ;#0" 6 ภ;10 6# !0<Zภ" #M 3 * 9 C ,@<ภ>%ภ;10 6# !0<Zภ? 1 N<## * # m 16 8

O

39

Chemistry for Engineers [ (ATOM)] 31 15

P

40 18

Ar

40 20

Ca

84 36

Kr

127 53

I

133 55

Cs

207 82

Pb

223 87

Fr

1.11 8 ;D < # 8 ก<3* ก )$ก.% =.8 % =553< . ( 0 (@5 :"8 4 5 ;181)!]B - # ; )$ ) !.2ก !1)$ = ; % I 4 5 0 (4 * )$ )3< !.2ก กJ;18 3'(;18 ) ก ! =553< . ( :- %0'/ ! ) ก % $ ,- % "$ ก " " ก &'$( ). ก67 1 ( )/ - !.2ก !,.#$ )$ 5 !,.) % ( 1! 2 18 ) )$; %= % - ; % I5 ก < =- %( )$= % 0 ( !.2ก ;18 5 ก;18=,%!B) (@ ก )$3 B5 !.2ก : 5 ! 7 % (J > ก`ก 7=55 )/! ) ก % ก.*% - ก !.2ก 5 ! 7:1 )$ )ก.*% !.2ก - = % = 1( % )@ ก )$3 B5 !.2ก ก 5 ! 7:1 )$ )ก.*% - ก !.2ก !5 5 ( = 1( % )@ ก $ 1.31 8 ;D < # ก<3 * ก )$3 B5 !.2ก 8 - ก !,.#$ )$ 5 !,.) 0 ( !.2ก 3!>U A> (ก. - # A> #$ J =.8 = % % !.2ก 3 A%: 1 5B. (( :1 - 9. 0 (ก.*% - ก0 ( !.2ก *ก 1 5B. (( 3 !>U A> (ก.

40

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