RMUTL
(ATOMIC STRUCTURE)
Chollada Kulwat | Administrator 38
[ (ATOMIC STRUCTURE) ] Chemistry for Engineers
2 (Atomic structure) !"#$ % &' ( ()*(+,- . & (/0 #1
(Louise de Brolie) 2 ( ภภ!ภ"
#
#$ % &' # ()# *+ # +,#-# #.,
!ภ"
#/%,*%$
#$ % #01# 2"3 *% $ * $ +,#/%,*% 4 56 2 * (+ $
#
&' 7!# ภ(Werner Heisenberg) ,.32 45 22 + "6*7ภ+% 79 : :;( 5< #1 : ; % )( 49 : #1 + =3(&' ภ#. ภ*' %> % ) + + *#+ =3(&' ภ#. 1 ภ7. ?" )ภ# 22 + = . @ภ).# 2# ()*(+ (7 @ภ* ( > #ภภ1 /ภ0ภ$ *&*4=#4# # &' 7!# ภ(Heisenberg Uncertainly Principle) +; ( ' > #ภภ1,5 3ภ# (7 @ภ* ( (/0 ()*(+ ' >32 45,.3 &*4 * E ภ4 * *#"0*= 2"F = #4 /%,=/3 !ภ"
#G# $ % $ภ0#& 3 # :;(% :7. (7 @ภ* ( : ; ( ( 7 : /2.3 / :& + 05% ?" )*# #1 /# ,+ A0ภ*3( #ภ2++*7B =( .( (/2!% )> #ภ: +,+ % ( =( ,- C@ 7 !ภ' >3 ภ7. 6DE : 2 3 ()*(+% >+ 5 )/4ภ*!,.3ภ3 =F1 * +% :7. >+ 1 &F ,+ "/ / +> #1 *' %> % ) + + *#+=( (7 @ภ* ( . / ภ# % :7. (7 @ภ* ( + "6*7ภ+ 7 : ; &F 5< /(+ # ภ# % )2 + A = / 5< 2+ภ: ; >+ )2+,.3 5G :.I.1926
$# -
(Erwin Schrodinger) ,.3 2 (2+ภ/ภ*ŕ¸
+,# -
(Schrodinger wave equation) %2. "6*7ภ+=( (7 @ภ* ( 5< ,.3 #1 : ; % )( 49 : N 71 1 ' ,5 2 (ภIFภD ( 49 : @ภภ()*(+ > ;( /ภภ# ภIFภD .3 ภN " $ #"0* (Quantum mechanics) > ;( ภN " +,# (Wave mechanics) ภ32+ภ.7 ( !*3( ( I#/%: :0 #2 #1 20 CF &),+ ภ1 %* &) ' N ,.3+ (O7 / : 2 3 =( (7 @ภ* ( ./ 7 +& ภ: 2 3 (7 @ภ* ( =( ()*(+,- . & CF + = . @ภ24.ภ( ภ%ภ32+ภ.7 ( ! ' >3 ภ7.( 4ภ+=( PQ ภ! # :R7*I 2* ! /ภQR ภ-0# +,# (wave function) % .3 /2#S #ภDR! Ψ (psi (#ภD ภภ( ,C) %+3 PQ ภ! # : ; ( ,+ + : +>+ / ภ/9 " %* : ภ' # 2( =( PQ ภ! # : ; &) >3=3(+0 ภ/ ภ# 7 R=( Ψ2 (7 @ภ* ( (/0 2 0 6 0 #/%, ()#& 3 (allowed energy state) 39
[ (ATOMIC STRUCTURE) ] Chemistry for Engineers
2' > # (7 @ภ* ( =( ()*(+,- . & &)+ " # ).# 5< ,.3* +% &' ( ()*(+=( ! ' / ( , 3 ./% &' ( 1*#1 2++*7B (7 @ภ* ( + :& ( 7 : /2 ./+ #I+ : > F %* % &' ( =( ภI 2* !: ( *#+ 1 ,+ 2 + A%2. 7 R=( (7 @ภ* ( (/ /W,.3 CF & ภ> #ภ: +,+ % ( %2. >3 >@ A3 03: + + *#+=( (7 @ภ* ( ,.3(/ %+ /' &),+ 03*' %> % ( =( (7 @ภ* ( #1 .# #1 &F ,+ : :7.&)> *' %> =( (7 @ภ* ( %* )*# (/0 ( 7 : /2 %* : &)%2. 5< (ภ2 > ;( : + 5< ,5,.3 &)" (7 @ภ* ( 7 R ( 7 : /2 #1 5< . : . > F &F >+ /AF (ภ2 &)" (7 @ภ* ( #1 .3 / .3 / >*4 1&F /ภ$ * # =#4#/%, ()#&(& 3 (proability density) ภ%2. : + 5< ,5,.3 &)" (7 @ภ* ( 7 R* W=( ()*(+ 5< .# 9 "* (,5 1
56 2.1 ภภ8 9 4 1 : 3 .20;ภ< = 4
>?@ 3 AB C 28
&4. @ภW%2. (ภ2 &)" (7 @ภ* ( A3 &4.+ : + =3++ ภ%2. : > % (7 @ภ* ( (electron density) + : 20
2.1
Ψ2
> ;( : +
- . 0/ 10 203 4 /
ภ%ภ32+ภ.7 ( !=( ()*(+,- . & ' >3,.3( 4ภ+PQ ภ! # : ; % ),.3 : " # =( PQ ภ! # : ; /ŕ¸
/0 (orbital) %* )(( ! 7 # 2 + A(O7 /ภภ)& / : +> % =( (7 @ภ* ( 7 R . 7 R> F ,.3(/ &' " ) . / ภ# : +> % 5< ,5,.3 (( ! 7 # %* )(# + #1 " # % ) 05 &' " ) ()*(+,- . & + (( ! 7 # + " # 3(/ 24.:;( -2.18Ă&#x2014;10-18 J % )+ 05 .# 05 2.1 >32# ภ* (( ! 7 # CF 5< % &' ( ภI 2* !: ( *#+ #1 %*ภ* & ภ% &' ( =( ! 5< :& 40
[ (ATOMIC STRUCTURE) ] Chemistry for Engineers
1 8D 0 3 -+ ภ' =: ( *#+> #ภn =3 + (O7 / :& 2 1 8D 0 4 / 3 =: ( *#+ 4 % :;( n, l, m % ) s ภ(O7 / + "7& R % &' ( %* )% >3=3(+0 (), 3 % )+ : + ภ/ =3( ภ# (/ , 2.1.1 ภn (principal quantum number) + : 5< &' *@+ 1, 2, 3an +; ( n "7 +=F1 (( ! 7 # &)+ = . >S =F1 " # &)20 =F1 ' >3(7 @ภ* ( .F .0.ภ# 7 : /2,.3 3(/ =: ( *#+ 7. 1&) (ภ>3 AF ).# " # > #ภ=( (7 @ภ* ( #1 W % ) )/) (7 @ภ* ( (/0 > & ภ7 : /2 : n 3ภ# 2' > # O *4* W+ : AF 7 #1 (7 @ภ* ( + n = 1 (/0 ภ3 7 : /2+ ภ24. n /7 + : + ภ(7 @ภ* ( /7 + ).# " # (/0 > & ภ7 : /2((ภ,5 2.1.2 l (azimuthal quantum number) #$ % & ' (angular momentum quantum number) + : 5< &' *@+ *#1 %* 0 AF n-1 : l 5< *# ภ' > . 05 ?" )*# =( (( ! 7 # %* +#ภ%2. 5< *# (#ภD + ภภ*# = s, p, d % ) f CF * ภ# : l 5< 0, 1, 2 % ) 3 * + ' .# .# 2 45=3 1 : 3 l /4 /ภG <H
0 s
1 p
2 d
3 f
* (#ภD s, p, d % ) f + & ภ:' sharp, principal, diffuse % ) fundamental
%* ) ).# " # > #ภ5 )ภ( .3 / ).# " # / (/ (sublevel) 1 ).# > ;(+ ภภ.# #1 A3 n = 1, l = 0 >+ /: + ).# " # > #ภ1 + " / 1 ).# " # / (/ :;( s n = 2, l = 0, 1 >+ /: + ).# " # > #ภ2 + 2 ).# " # / (/ :;( s % ) p : =( l ภ' > . ./ n 2 45,.3.# 1 n 1 2 3 4 .
l 0 0, 1 0, 1, 2 0, 1, 2, 3 .
41
[ (ATOMIC STRUCTURE) ] Chemistry for Engineers
n
0, 1, ..........n-1
&) >@ ,.3 &' ).# " # / (/ ภ# : =( n # ( 56 3 - . /0 (( ! 7 # IFภD =#1 *3 1 3 : " # =( %* )(( ! 7 # %* PQ ภ! # : ; 2 + A (ภ>3 03 7 R=( (7 @ภ* ( (/0 ( 7 : /2 =R) + " # (/0 ).# . ).# > F
s-orbital 1s (( ! 7 # 5< (( ! 7 # + " # * ' 24. + 05 5< ภ+ %2. : +> % =( (7 @ภ* (
56 2.2 1 C 0/ภGM 3 - . /08 2 ; 4: ภ> .20;ภ8 0C0 2 ? 95: : 8 ภ.42 0 9 ภ3N@
7O ภ) 4 ).# " # / (/ >3 = / : =( ).# " # (n) * +.3 /(#ภD =( ).# " # / (/ n = 2, l = 0 >+ /AF ).# " # / (/ s ).# " # 2 = / ) 4.3 / 2s .# #1 n = 2, l = 1 = / ) 4.3 / 2p %* ) ).# " # / (/&)5 )ภ( .3 /(( ! 7 # &' (( ! 7 # =( %* ) ).# " # / (/ภ@%*ภ* ภ# ).# " # / (/ s (l = 0) + " / 1 (( ! 7 # /ภs (( ! 7 # ).# " # / (/ p (l = 1) + 3 (( ! 7 # /ภp (( ! 7 # ).# " # / (/ d (l = 2) + 5 (( ! 7 # /ภd (( ! 7 # ).# " # / (/ f (l = 3) + 7 (( ! 7 # /ภf (( ! 7 # 2 + A = / ภPPQ ภ! # : + 5< ,5,.3 Ψ 2 =( s-(( ! 7 # ./ / ภ# )/)> & ภ7 : /2 r : Ψ 2 =( 1s-(( ! 7 # &) 5< I0 /!(/ . @ .# 05 2.3 42
[ (ATOMIC STRUCTURE) ] Chemistry for Engineers
56 2.3 ภภ8 9 4 1 : 3 .20;ภ< 1s, 2s 10 3s- - . /0 ภOC 0: 1 C 4 1 : 3 .20;ภ1 C 49 Ď&#x2C6; 2 16 P/ 9 : 8 ภ.42 0 9 r : 4 1 : .20;ภ< 2s 10 3s - . /0 0C0 <ภ0 Q5 9- : r : N .24M3 ภ0 : Ď&#x2C6; 2 26R Q5 9- 2 9ภ4: C (node)
CF %2. 7 R > ((ภ,5 #1 + (ภ2 3(/+ ภ&)" (7 @ภ* ( 7 : /2/# .F .0., 3 ,.3 2 2s-(( ! 7 # % ) 3s-(( ! 7 # /# : + 05 5< ภ+2++ * + : Ψ 2 %5 * +: r .# 9 " (b) % ) (c) * + ' .# >32# ภ* : Ψ 2 =( 2s-(( ! 7 # &) 5< I0 /! +; ( r "7 +=F1 % ) 7 ++ : + ภภI0 /! +; ( r + ภ=F1 ( ภ7 R )> ภΨ 2 =3 ภ3I0 /! /ภ> . (node) &' > .&) "7 +=F1 +; ( =: ( *#+> #ภ(n) "7 +=F1 2s-(( ! 7 # &F + 1 node 2 3s-(( ! 7 # + 2 node .# #1 +; ( n "7 +=F1 (ภ2" (7 @ภ* ( (/0 > & ภ7 : /2&F + + ภภ+; ( n + : 3(/ ' >3 +; ( n "7 +=F1 = .=( (( ! 7 # &) >S =F1
p-orbital ภภ)& /: +> % (7 @ภ* ( p-(( ! 7 # 5< .# 05 2.4
56 2.4 (a) ภภ8 9 4 1 : .20;ภ< 2p- - . /0 (b) = >1 C p- - . /0 /@ /ภG x, y 10 z ภD ภ/ C 0: 1 C 1 41ภ3 1 :0 - . /0 43
[ (ATOMIC STRUCTURE) ] Chemistry for Engineers
./+ : +> % (/0 2 =3 =( 7 : /2 =R) * ภ7 : /2 5< > . /ภ(( ! 7 # 7. 1 + 2 "0 (lobe) 9 " 1,+ ,.3%2. ภ: ; ( =( (7 @ภ* ( %* %2. : ? /=( ภภ)& / (7 @ภ* ( (/0 2p-(( ! 7 # ).# " # + : n *#1 %* 2 =F1 ,5 &)+ p-(( ! 7 # (/0 3 (# :;( n 5< 2 &)+ 2p-(( ! 7 # 3 (# % ) +; ( n 5< 3 &)+ 3p-(( ! 7 # 3 (# % )* (,5 ; (/W (( ! 7 # =( %* ) ).# " # / (/+ 05 % )= . ภ# %* * ภ# ภ&#.*# .# 9 " (b) #1 1 7/+%2. ภ&#.*# % %ภx, y % ) z *#1 ? ภภ# ./ = / %ภx, y % ) z ภ' ภ# , 3=3 px, py % ) pz 5< *3
d-orbital 10 f-orbital ()*(+ + : n *#1 %* 3 =F1 ,5 &) 7 ++ d-(( ! 7 # (: l = 2) ./ 3d &)+ (( ! 7 # 5 (# + 50 % )ภ&#.*# * ภ# .# 05 2.5
56 2.5 = >3 d- - . /0 5 1 10 f- - . /0 7 1
(( ! 7 # 4 (# &)+ 4 "0 (/0 ) . / ภ# ./(( ! 7 # dxy, dxz = 2 dyz #1 &#.*# ) xy, xz % ) yz * + ' .# % )"0(/0 )> % %ภ2 (( ! 7 # d x â&#x2C6;&#x2019; y (/0 ) xy + "0(/0 % %ภx % ) y 2 (( ! 7 # d z + 05 * & ภ(( ! 7 # (; ./+ 2 "0 (/0 % %ภz % )+ > * ภ(/0 ) xy +; ( n + : 20 =F1 5< 4 &)+ f-(( ! 7 # + " # ภ# 7 (# (l = 3) %* + 05 C# C3( ภd-(( ! 7 # 2.1.3 - . /ภm (magnetic quantum number) + : 5< =&' *@+ *#1 %* 2
2
44
2
[ (ATOMIC STRUCTURE) ] Chemistry for Engineers
l AF -l = 1 3(O7 /ภ&#.*# =( (( ! 7 # % ) m &)+ ,.3 5< &' ภ# (2l+1) : .# #1 l = 0 (s-sublevel), m + ,.3 (2Ă&#x2014;0)+1 = 1 : :;( 0 .# #1 ).# " # / (/ s + ,.3 1 (( ! 7 # l = 1 (p-sublevel), m + ,.3 (2Ă&#x2014;1)+1 = 3 : :;( 1, 0, -1 .# #1 ).# " # / (/ p + ,.3 3 (( ! 7 # l = 2 (d-sublevel), m + ,.3 (2Ă&#x2014;2)+1 = 5 : :;( 2, 1, 0, -1, -2 .# #1 ).# " # / (/ d + ,.3 5 (( ! 7 # l = 3 (f-sublevel), m + ,.3 (2Ă&#x2014;3)+1 = 7 : :;( 3, 2, 1, 0, -1, -2, -3 .# #1 ).# " # / (/ f + ,.3 7 (( ! 7 # .# #1 â&#x20AC;˘ m CF + : % 3 %* l &F (ภ>3 &' (( ! 7 # %* ) !/ (/ * ภ# : l #1 W â&#x20AC;˘ ภ+(( ! 7 # + : n . / ภ# /ภ- !ภ"
# (electron shell) (( ! 7 # + : n = 3 /ภ(/0 ! 3 â&#x20AC;˘ 4.=( (( ! 7 # + : n % ) l >+;( ภ# /ภ0 - (subshell) %* )2# !ภ' > . ./ = ( 5< = n) % )(#ภD (s, p, d % ) f * ภ# : =( l) *# (/ (( ! 7 # + : n = 3 % ) l = 2 /ภ3d-orbital % )(/0 subshell 3d 2 45: =: ( *#+ l % ) m 5< ,5,.3 +; ( n + : *#1 %* 1- 4 =3(&' ภ#.=( : = : ( *#+ ' >3 ภ7.=3(2# ภ* 2' :#S+ ภ.# * (,5 1 2.1 4 / >/ X- 4: : n, l 10 m 2 ? n = 1- 4 2 ? 9 : m 8D 4 - . /0 8D 4 - . /0 : l n subshell 26R A6AC < subshell /@ C< 2H00 26R A6AC 1 0 1s 0 1 1 2 0 2s 0 1 4 1 2p 1, 0, -1 3 3 0 3s 0 1 9 1 3p 1, 0, -1 3 2 3d 2, 1, 0, -1, -2 5
45
[ (ATOMIC STRUCTURE) ] Chemistry for Engineers
4
0 4s 0 1 16 1 4p 1, 0, -1 3 2 4d 2, 1, 0, -1, -2 5 3 4f 3, 2, 1, 0, -1, -2, -3 7 & ภ* 2 54 ,.3 1. ! + =: ( *#+> #ภn 5 )ภ( .3 / subshell &' n #1 ./%* ) subshell + : l ,.3 * ภ# *#1 %* 0 AF n-1 .# #1 ! 1 (n = 1) + 1 subshell :;( 1s (l = 0) 2 ! 2 (n = 2) + 2 subshell :;( 2s (l = 0) % ) 2p (l = 1) % ) ! 3 + 3 subshell :;( 3s, 3p % ) 3d 1* (,5 ; (/ W 2. %* ) subshell + (( ! 7 # + &' ?" ) ./%* )(( ! 7 # &)+ : m * ภ# ( +; (+ : l : .: > F &)+ : m 5< ,5,.3 *#1 %* l AF Xl) subshell s (l = 0) + 1 (( ! 7 # 2 subshell p (l = 1) + 3 (( ! 7 # % ) subshell d (l = 2) + 5 (( ! 7 # 5< *3 3. &' (( ! 7 # 1 ! &) 5< n2 +; ( n :;(: =: ( *#+> #ภ=( ! &' (( ! 7 # =( ! 5< 1(12), 4(22), 9(32) % ) 16(42) + #/2' :#S ภ/ =3( ภ# * O *4 &' =( O *4 %A 2, 8, 18 % ) 32 =( * O *4+ : 5< 2 =( =&' =3 *3
46
56 2.6 C/ >0/ 3 - . /0<
AB C 28 < / 2ภ4: - . /0 : 203 4 / 0/ภn 2 ? ภ/ >0/ 2 : ภ/ ^N 26R 8 . D / 2. 0;ภ2> 9 1 /4 2 ? H .20;ภ95:< - . /0 >0/ D _C (1s-orbital) 2 9ภ4: H 95:< = 4 >?@ (ground state) 1 :` .20;ภ95: < - . /0 ? a 2 9ภ4: .20;ภ95:< = 4 2 (excited state) * H: 2 0 9 <H 1 - . /0
Energy
[ (ATOMIC STRUCTURE) ] Chemistry for Engineers
56 2.7 1 C C/ >0/ 3 - . /03
& ภ05%2. ภ&#. ).# " # =( ! !/ (/% )(( ! 7 # * W ()*(+ + &' (7 @ภ* ( + ภภ1 %* ) ( 2 > /+ 05% 1 (( ! 7 # .# #1 !/ (/ s + " / 1 ( :;( 1 (( ! 7 # !/ (/ p + 3 ( (3 (( ! 7 # ) !/ (/ d + 5 ( (5 (( ! 7 # ) 5< *3 5 ) .@ 2' :#S =( 05 12 45,.3.# 1 1. +; ( =: ( *#+> #ภ"7 +=F1 " # =( ! "7 +=F1 .3 / n = 2 ( ! L) + " # 20 ภ+; ( n = 1 ( ! K) ' ( . / ภ# n = 3 ( ! M) + " # 20 ภn = 2 ( ! L) 5< *3 2. +; (: n "7 +=F1 )/)> )> ! . * + ' .# >+ /: + : +%*ภ* =( " # . * + ' .# " : +%*ภ* =( " # )> n = 1 % ) n = 2 + ภภ: +%*ภ* =( " # )> n = 2 % ) n = 3 % ): +%*ภ* =( " # )> n 47
[ (ATOMIC STRUCTURE) ] Chemistry for Engineers
= 2 % ) n = 3 + ภภ: +%*ภ* =( n = 3 % ) n = 4 5< *3 & ภ: +%*ภ* =( " # . * + ' .# 1 +; ( n + : 20 =F1 &F 7 +" ภC3( ภ/ (overlap) ภ# > ;( > ; (+ 1' ภ# )> !/ (/ !/ (/ 4s + ).# " # * ' ภ!/ (/ 3d 5< *3 012 s (spin quantum number) 5< =: ( *#+=( ภ>+4 (7 @ภ* ( 5< ( 49 : + 5 )&4,PPq CF >+4 ( %ภ*# ( .3 / (7 @ภ* ( &F >+;( %+ > @ภ% @ภW (7 @ภ* ( ( &>+4 ( *# ( ,.3 2 % :;( >+4 ( *# * + =@+ r7ภ% )>+4 ( *# =@+ r7ภภ>+4 ( *# ( =( (7 @ภ* ( ' >3+ =: ( *#+25s (s) ,.3 2 : :;( 1 1 s = + ,s = â&#x2C6;&#x2019; 2 2
56 2.8 .20;ภ>h .ภ0 9 ภ0
_ 1ภ/42 6i 3 .20;ภD < 2ภ.C 1 :2 0;ภ.Q 3N@ ภ/ .Q ภ_ .Q ภ_ 2 1 .20;ภ8N 203 4 / 6i AC 2 :
2.2
0/ภภภCภ/ 2> 0 (Pauli exclusion principle) ภ()*(+ .Wภ@* + &)+
(7 @ภ* ( 2 (7 @ภ* ( + : =: ( *#+ #1 4 (n, l, m, s) >+;( ภ# ,+ ,.3 .# #1 &) >@ ,.3 (7 @ภ* ( > F W=( ()*(+ 2 + A ) 4.3 / =: ( *#+ 1 4. CF 5 )ภ( .3 / 4 : (7 @ภ* ( > F ( &+ : n = 2, l = 0, m = 0, s = + 1 CF &)%*ภ* ภ# 2 1 (7 @ภ* ( CF + : n = 2, l = 0, m = 0, s = - &F ' >3(( ! 7 # > F W&)+ (7 @ภ* ( ,.3(/ + ภ24. 2 2 (7 @ภ* ( #1 % )(7 @ภ* ( #1 2( 1&)+ ภ>+4 ( *# ( 7I * =3 +ภ#
48
[ (ATOMIC STRUCTURE) ] Chemistry for Engineers
; ( & ภ> #ภภภ.ภ# " ภ' > . >3%* )(( ! 7 # + (7 @ภ* ( ,.3(/ + ภ24. " / 2 (7 @ภ* ( .# #1 !/ (/ s CF + ,.3 " / 1 (( ! 7 # &F + (7 @ภ* ( ,.3(/ + ภ24. 2 (7 @ภ* ( !/ (/ p CF + 3 (( ! 7 # &F + (7 @ภ* ( ,.3(/ + ภ24. 6 (7 @ภ* ( 5< *3
2.2
_68D 4 .20;ภ5 _C3 2H00-9: 9 /@ 4 ,.3.# 1 2H00-9: 9 s p d f
8D 4 - . /0 1 3 5 7
8D 4 .20;ภ5 _C 2 6 10 14
1 jkภ/C 2.1 1. A3 n = 3 : 5< ,5,.32' > # l + (), 3 2. A3 (7 @ภ* ( > F + =: ( *#+ l = 2 : 5< ,5,.32' > # m + (), 3 3. A3 l = 3 : 5< ,5,.32' > # s + (), 3 4. A3 + (7 @ภ* ( > F (/0 2p-orbital & (ภ: =: ( *#+ 5< ,5,.32' > # (7 @ภ* ( 1 (7 @ภ* ( 1(/0 !(), 5. (7 @ภ* ( > F + =: ( *#+ (n, l, m, s) 5< 3, 0, 0, + 1 2
6.
!/ (/(), 4. =: ( *#+* (,5 1 5< ,5,.3> ;(,+ n = 2, l = 0, m = +1, s = + 1 2
7. 8.
A3 (7 @ภ* ( > F (/0 4d-orbital & (ภ: =: ( *#+ 5< ,5,.3 2' > # (7 @ภ* ( 1 A3 (7 @ภ* ( > F + =: ( *#+ .# 1 n = 2, l = 1, m = 0, s = + 1 2
ภ. (7 @ภ* ( 1(/0 !(), !/ (/(), % )(( ! 7 # (), =. n = 2 + : l ภ: (), 3 49
[ (ATOMIC STRUCTURE) ] Chemistry for Engineers
9.
:. l = 1 : m 5< ,5,.3 + (), 3 4. =: ( *#+* (,5 1 5< ,5,.3> ;(,+ ภ. n = 1, l = 0, m = 0, s = + 1 2
=. n = 3, l = 2, m = +3, s = â&#x2C6;&#x2019; 1
2
:. n = 2, l = 3, m = 0, s =
2.3
1 + 2
.20;ภ(Electron configuration)
ภ&#.(7 @ภ* ( (( ! 7 # ()*(+ /ภElectron configuration 29 ) (7 @ภ* ( 2A / 24. :;( +; ((7 @ภ* ( (/0 (( ! 7 # + " # * ' 24. ' >3 ภ7. =3(&' ภ#.=( =: ( *#+ 5< ,5,.3=( (7 @ภ* ( &F 5< ,5,+ ,.3 (7 @ภ* ( #1 >+.&) =3 ,5(/0 1s-orbital " / (# . / " )+ " # * ' 24. % )> #ภ=( " (ภ(7 @ภ* ( &)(/0 (( ! 7 # . / ภ# ,.3,+ ภ7 2 *# .# #1 ภ2 (7 @ภ* ( (( ! 7 # &F *3( / ' .# * +" # "7 +=F1 /4 9: 2H: ()*(+ + (7 @ภ* ( 3 *# &)&#. / *# ./ >3 2 *# (/0 1s-orbital > ;(( ภ1 *# (/0 2s-orbital ภ= / Electron configuration 32#S #ภDR!=( subshell + (7 @ภ* ( % ) *7+&' (7 @ภ* ( (/0 (( ! 7 # #1 , 3=3 .# #1 Li &F + ภ&#.*# =( (7 @ภ* ( .# 1 3 Li = 1s
2
, 2 s1
( &%2. ภ&#.(7 @ภ* ( ( ,.3.# 1
1s
2s
ภ%2. ( % 1 /ภ%N N# (( ! 7 # (orbital diagram) #1 1 ( 2 > /+ 3% (( ! 7 # % ) 0ภI 1=F1 + =25s : ( *#+ 5< ภ% ) 0ภI 1 + =25s : ( *#+ 5< 9 " % 1 >3: +2). ภ+ ภ%* #ภ:+ % ) #ภPs27ภ2! 7/+ /ภ25s #1 2( (Y# .1# > ;( (Y# 50
[ (ATOMIC STRUCTURE) ] Chemistry for Engineers
(7 @ภ* ( + 25s * =3 +ภ# % )(/0 (( ! 7 # . / ภ# /ภ!ภ"
# Z4 2
!ภ"
# %, $ >+ /AF (7 @ภ* ( ,+ ,.3 =3 :0 ภ# (7 @ภ* ( 2 *# 1s-orbital =( ()*(+ 7 /+ (/0 :0 ภ# %* (/0 2s-orbital 5< (7 @ภ* ( . / 2' > # H + (7 @ภ* ( 1 *# &F (/0 1s-orbital CF 5< 29 )";1
: 1s1
H
1s 25s =( (7 @ภ* ( 1 ( & 5< 25s =F1 > ;( 25s ภ@,.3 He + (7 @ภ* ( 2 *# +; ((/0 1s-orbital . / ภ# &F + 25s * =3 +ภ# .# 1
: 1s 2
He 1s (7 @ภ* ( #1 2( =( - /+ &4 ( % ภ,.3: 2A / + ภ- /+&F ?; (/* (5t7ภ7 7/ * W 2.3
1 C Electron configuration 3 X _H .C2
51
ภ&#.*# % 1 ' >3,.3(( ! 7 #
[ (ATOMIC STRUCTURE) ] Chemistry for Engineers
& ภ* 2.3 2' > # Li + (7 @ภ* ( *# 3 ' >3ภ&#.*# *3( =F1 ,5(/0 ).# + : =: ( *#+> #ภ20 =F1 " # &F 20 =F1 + ภ% ) )/) ? / )> (7 @ภ* ( ภ# 7 : /2ภ@ "7 +=F1 .3 / %2. >3 >@ (7 @ภ* ( 7 + =3 20 ! >+ % 3 A3 .0& ภ* O *4 &) >@ Li 5< O *4 *#1 *3 =( %A >+ > ;( 5< 2+ 7ภ*# % ภ=( >)ภ4 +(# : , (1A) 2' > # O *4 C " + 05% * ((ภ,5 :;( (7 @ภ* ( *# 6 : (/0 2p-orbital %* &) 95:< - . /0 .20;ภ95:10 4 1 /4 ? < 95:< - . /0 4: ? D ` @ AC ./ 3 ภ[ ' # (Hund\s Rule) ภF 0
/0 /%,*%6 0 # /4 ภ0# 2 0 !ภ"
#G 3*% (Y#/N/ % $ภ0#* ภ/%, 6 2/F G 3*%6 0 #",F # :;( (7 @ภ* ( &)%/ภภ# (/0 %* )(( ! 7 # ภ( ./+ 25s % . / ภ# ,.3 .# #1 (7 @ภ* ( *# 6 =( : ! ( &F &#.*# 2p-orbital .# * 2.3 ภE=( -4 .! 3";1 B & ภ=3( @&& 7 (7 @ภ* ( + % N #ภCF ภ# % )ภ# ภ%/ภภ# (/0 *# )(( ! 7 # &) .% N #ภ,.3+ ภ24. CF &)" ภ&#.*# =( (7 @ภ* ( #ภDR) 1 > / O *4 N, O % ) F 5< *3 (( (Ne) + ภ&4(7 @ภ* ( 2p-orbital & *@+ ' >3,.3 : 2 3 2A / ./+ (7 @ภ* ( ! (ภ24.: 8 *# /ภ: ((ภ*@* (octet) (# .# * (,5:;( Na + =()*(+ 11 &F *3( =F1 %A >+ Na + 3s-(7 @ภ* ( 1 *# ภ7 ภ:( Psภ4 # % 2A / =( (( .# #1 &F = / :( Psภ4 # (7 @ภ* ( =( C . /+ ( ภ05% > F :;( Na = [Ne]3s1 2#S #ภDR! [Ne] 3% :( Psภ4 # + (7 @ภ* ( 10 *# :;( 1s2, 2s2, 2p6 ภ= / % 1 / >3 =3 &(7 @ภ* ( (/0 (ภ24.=( ()*(+,.3 5< (/ . % )(7 @ภ* ( (/0 (ภ24. 1+ 2' :#S* (2+ #*7 :+ =( O *4 #1 W Li + :( Psภ4 # (7 @ภ* ( 5< Li = [He]2s1 +; ( 5 / / :( Psภ4 # =( (7 @ภ* ( =( Li ภ# Na &) >@ ,.3 #. 2 #1 2( + 2+ #*7 :+ ภ3 : / ภ# + ภ:;(+ (7 @ภ* ( ! (ภ24. >+;( ภ# O *4 ภ4 + >)(# : , (1A) + s-(7 @ภ* ( . / 1 *# ภ7 & ภ:( Psภ4 # (7 @ภ* ( =( %ภ|2+ * )ภ0 (7 @ภ* ( ! (ภ24. 1 /ภC!(7 @ภ* ( (valence electron) 2 (7 @ภ* ( (/0 9 / /ภ(7 @ภ* ( &ภ(core electron) 52
[ (ATOMIC STRUCTURE) ] Chemistry for Engineers
; ( & ภภ&.&' !/ (/ .+ " # 20 > ;(* ' ภ#1 5< ; ( ' ภ&F + %N N# CF 3 5< % ภ*7+(7 @ภ* ( !/ (/ .# 1
56 2.9 203< 4 ภ0 ภ0D C/ ภ: 0/ 3 ภ2 . .20;ภ< 2H00-9: 9 10 < 2 .
05ภQ H @ C/ /@ 0D C/ ภ: 0/ 3 ภ2 . .20;ภ< 2H00-9: 98 ภ56 ? 1s, 2s, 2p, 3s, 3p, 4s, 3d, 4p, 5s, 4d, 5p, 6s, 4f, 5d, 6p, 7s, 5f, 6d, 7p, 6f, 7d 0D C/
1 jkภ/C 2.2 1. 3% ภ*7+(7 @ภ* ( !/ (/ = / Electron configuration =( O *4* (,5 1 20 Ca ,37 Rb ,53 I ,88 Ra
2.
= / %N N# (( ! 7 # (orbital diagram) =( O *4* (,5 1 12 Mg ,35 Br ,82 Pb
53
[ (ATOMIC STRUCTURE) ] Chemistry for Engineers
ภ/ ' .# (7 @ภ* ( "; (%2. : 2 3 (7 @ภ* ( =( O *4* + ภ+ 3,+ ,.3ภ# O *4 #1 >+. + /ภ3 O *4 ./ ?" )O *4 27 # > /O *4 + ภ*7+(7 @ภ* ( ,5 !/ (/ * W,+ 5< ,5* +> #ภภ; ( & ภ!/ (/ *7+ *@+: F > F (half-filled orbital) > ;( *@+"(. (full-filled orbital) >3 2A / 9 " 5< "7 ID%ภ()*(+ 2 2 6 2 6 1 5 % &) 5< 24Cr + ภ&#.(7 @ภ* ( !/ (/ 5< 1s , 2s , 2p , 3s , 3p , 4s , 3d ..........4s2, 3d4 2 2 6 2 6 1 10 % &) 5< 29Cu + ภ&#.(7 @ภ* ( !/ (/ 5< 1s , 2s , 2p , 3s , 3p , 4s , 3d ..........4s2, 3d9 ภ&#.(7 @ภ* ( =( Cr 5< 4s1, 3d5 ' >3()*(+ 2A / ภ" ) !/ (/ d + (7 @ภ* ( 5 *# 5< : F > F "(. =( &' *@+ 10 (7 @ภ* ( !/ (/ d &)+ ,.3 % ) Cu + ภ&#. / 5< 4s1, 3d10 ภ@+ : + 2A / ภ" ) !/ (/ d *@+ 10 "(. : +%*ภ* =( " # )> (7 @ภ* ( d =( ).# > F ภ# (7 @ภ* ( s =( ).# 20 =F1 ,5+ (/0 3(/ ภ: ; ( /3 /(7 @ภ* ( & ภ!/ (/> F ,5/# ( ภ!/ (/> F &F ภ7.=F1 ,.3,+ / ภ./ ?" ) ภR ' >3 ภ7. 2A / 9 "+ ภ=F1 1 jkภ/C 2.3 & = / : 2 3 (7 @ภ* ( (Electron configuration) % )%N N# (( ! 7 # (orbital diagram) =( O *4* (,5 1
a ) Mo ( Z = 42 ) b ) Ag ( Z = 47) 2.4
X _ (Periodic Table of the Elements)
5 )+ R 200 5G N + #ภ7 / I 2* !,.3:3 " O *4 >+ W &' + ภ% )"/ / +> : + ; (+ / )> O *4 > 1 5G :.I. 1865 &(>! 7 % .!2 ,.3 ( / O *4* ++ ()*(+ % )" O *4*# 8 4ภ*# + : +: 3 /: F ภ# .# 1 2.4 1 C X _3 8 - .410 C-
54
[ (ATOMIC STRUCTURE) ] Chemistry for Engineers
1H 8F 15Cl 22Co,Ni 29Br
2Li 9Na 16K 23Cu 30Rb
3Be 10Mg 17Ca 24Zn 31Sr
4B 11Al 18Cr 25Y 32Ce,La
5C 12Si 19Ti 26In 33Zr
6N 13P 20Mn 27As 34Dy,Mo
7O 14S 21Fe 28Se 35Rh,Ru
%* 05% 1 3,.3 " / ภ# O *4 15 7.% ภ03&#ภ=R) #1 > # & ภ#1 = ,+ 2 + A:3 " : + ; (+ / )> O *4(; W > ;( 5G :.I. 1869 5QS> 1A0ภ%ภ3,= ./ #2 C / ; ( .+7 + . (P = ( / O *4* ++ ()*(+ . / ภ# .+7 + . (P,.3&#. ' * O *4 + %A =( O *4 >+ W ภ7.=F1 > /%A "; ( >3 O *4 : 3 /: F ภ# 2 + A / 5< %A (/0 +ภ# :( #+ ! A3 2+ #*7=( O *4,+ * ภ# = &) 3 , 3 * = ภ> 1 5< O *4 /# ,+ " = ' ภ2 # ' .# =( O *4 +; (O *4 : 3 /: F ภ# ,+ ,.3(/0 %A . / ภ# .# * 2.5 56 2.10 C . 2 2C202 O26R 8 9- 2 < / 2^ 9
2.5
40
X _3 2 2C202 On / 6o .Q.1871 /4203 6 ภp3 /q0/ภGM- ?
55
[ (ATOMIC STRUCTURE) ] Chemistry for Engineers
+ . (P 3* =( = ' /2+ #*7=( O *4 &) *7+ ( > ;( *# (/ O *4 + + ()*(+ 72 CF = /ภeka-silicon * (+ 5G :.I.1886 ,.3+ ภ:3 " O *4 &( !+ /+ (Ge) CF + 2+ #*7* ภ# eka-silicon + . (P,.3 ' /, 3 2.6
26 9 2 9 / .3 eka-silicon ภ/ 3 28 - 2 9 (Ge)
/ . @D /ภ(amu) 4 1 : (g/cm3) 8_C 0 2 04 (oC) ` _M =5 . 6p.ภ. .9 ภ/ ภC10 2 8D 4 >/ X 2 5 3 0 A C 4 1 : 3 0 A C8_C2C? C3 0 A C- (oC)
Eka-silicon (Es) 72 5.5 5 0 2 2ภ.C6p.ภ. .9 ภ/ ภCH ภ1 :A :2ภ.C6p.ภ. .9 ภ/ 2 4 EsCl4 1.9 100
56
Germanium (Ge) 72.59 5.3 947 0 2 A :2ภ.C6p.ภ. .9 ภ/ ภC 1 : D 6p.ภ. .9 ภ/ 2 23 3 4 GeCl4 1.88 84
[ (ATOMIC STRUCTURE) ] Chemistry for Engineers
%+3 * =( + . (P&) 5< /(+ # %* + 27 > F = ,+ 2 + A(O7 /,.3 :;( ' ,+ : #1 = *3( 5 / ' .# =( + ()*(+ "; ( >3 05% .' 7 * (,5,.3 :' *( (/0 9 / ()*(+ ()*(+=( O *4 * O *4,+ ,.3&#. / * + ' .# =( + ()*(+ %* 27 5< & 7 :;( / * +&' 5 *( ( =()*(+)
56 2.11 1 C ภ8/C2 9 X _< X _ 0D C/ 203 10 ภ0_: X _ / . 2 0 9 0N ภ/
2.4.1 5: (Group) * O *4+ #1 >+. 8 >+0 :;( :( #+ !* +% *#1 O *4 #1 >+. (/0 >+0 . / ภ# + 2+ #*7 : 3 /: F ภ# &#. 5< Â&#x2C6;* )ภ0 :+ Â&#x2030; #1 >+. 1 /ภ^ " 6 % 7# //%Q (Representative Element) : #1 /ภO *4>+0 A 4 56#76 6#6&86 '9:6 ; 5: H? 5:26R >.2QG /4 9: 2H: >+0 1A = >)%( : , (Alkali metal) 57
[ (ATOMIC STRUCTURE) ] Chemistry for Engineers
>+0 2A = >)%( : , ! (7 ! (Alkaline earth metal) >+0 7A = %- & (Halogen) >+0 8A(O) = %ภ|2+ * )ภ0 (Noble gas) > ;(%ภ|2 ?; (/ (Inert gas) >+0 O *4* ภ* O *4 = >) 27 # (Transition metal) 2.4.2 (Period) : :;( %A * +% = * O *4 *3( ( * O *4 >+;( ( > # 2;( ./ 7 +& ภ.3 + .3 % )( & ภC3 /,5= C/ /@ : 1 + 2 O *4 :;( H % ) He : 2 + 8 O *4 7 +& ภLi AF Ne : 3 + 8 O *4 7 +& ภNa AF Ar 5< *3
2.5
0 0 10 X _ - O *4 >+0 1 % )>+0 2 5< >) #1 >+. - O *4>+0 7 % ) >+0 O 5< ( >) - O *4 >+0 3 AF >+0 6 7 +*3 .3 /( >) .3 24. %* + 271 24..3 / >)CF (/0 .3 24.
4 56#76 <.6& & =. 4 C
-
0
Si
^.0.ŕ¸
^.0.ภ10 28 - 2 9 2 9ภ4: X _ภN 0
Ge
28 - 2 9
^N 95: 9 : 4: 0 ภ/ 0
Sn
C _ŕ¸
0
58
[ (ATOMIC STRUCTURE) ] Chemistry for Engineers
Pb
ภ/4
0
O *4 (/0 7 R 23 + #ภDR): 3 / # ,. + 2+ #*7 5< O *4ภF >) (Metaloids) ,.3%ภB, Si, Ge, As % ) Te 2 O *4 (/0 *3 # ,. 5< >) % ) O *4 (/0 > ;( # ,. 5< ( >) .# 05 2.12
56 2.12 1 C ภ1 : 19ภX _ 26R 0 10 0 < X _ .24M2 0/ภGM 0 9 / AC < / AC26R 0 2 ? / AC26R 0 10 X _ 95: 9 : 4: 0 ภ/ 0 26R X _ภN 0
2.6
4 / >/ X- 4: ภ/ X _
O *4* W * O *4 &#. / * + ' .# =( =()*(+ %* )()*(+=( O *4+ 5 *( (% )(7 @ภ* ( ) + ภภO *4 + ภ( (/0 > F *# * * (,5 1%2. AF 7O ภ&#. / (7 @ภ* ( O *4 20 *# % ภ59
[ (ATOMIC STRUCTURE) ] Chemistry for Engineers
2.7
1 C ภ8/C2 9 .20;ภ< 2H00- 0/ภ3 20 X _1 ภ< X _
"7& R : +2#+"# O!ภ# )> =>+0 ภ# &' (7 @ภ* ( ).# " # #1 (ภ24. 203 5:< X _ = 8D 4 .20;ภ< C/ >0/ H/@ ภ(valence electron) .# #1 ()*(+=( O *4* W (/0 >+0 . / ภ# &)+ &' (7 @ภ* ( ).# " # #1 (ภภ# /4 9: 2H: N = 2, 5 % ) P = 2, 8, 5 O *4 #1 2( 7. (/0 >+0 5 %* (/0 * : ภ# :;( N (/0 : 2 % ) P (/0 : 3 < X _ = 8D 4 H/@ 3 .20;ŕ¸
60
[ (ATOMIC STRUCTURE) ] Chemistry for Engineers
56 2.13 1 C X _< 5: VIIA ^N 1 :0 X _ 8D 4 .20;ภA :2 : ภ/ 1 : 2. 0;ภ< C/ >0/ H/@ ภ_C 7 /42 ? ภ/ 2H: A C .20;ภ35 /4 1 :2 ภ; 4: A C
.20;ภ< C/ >0/ H/@ ภ7 /4 2> A C 95:< 5: 7
1 jkภ/C 2.4 8 2 . < 5 MElements Electron Configuration in shell 3Li 7N 17Cl 20Ca 34Se 37Rb 54Xe 56Ba 82Pb 87Fr 61
Valence electron
Group
Period
[ (ATOMIC STRUCTURE) ] Chemistry for Engineers
2.7
X _6|88_ /
5Q&&4 # + ภ&#.* O *4* + =()*(+ ./( I#/ภ&#. / (7 @ภ* ( CF ' >3% O *4 ((ภ5< >+0 % ): ,.3.# 1 O *4 >+0 . / ภ# &)+ C!(7 @ภ* ( ภ# O *4 : . / ภ# &)+ &' ).# " # ภ# O *4 >+0 . / ภ# &#., 3 % .7 O *4 : . / ภ# &#., 3 % ( #1 1 / ' .# =( =()*(+& ภ3(/,5+ ภ' >3O *4 >+0 . / ภ# + 2+ #*7: 3 /ภ# % )O *4 : . / ภ# + % 3+ภ5 / %5 2+ #*7* W* ( ; ( ภ#
62
[ (ATOMIC STRUCTURE) ] Chemistry for Engineers
56 2.14 0/ภGM 3 X _6|88_ /
2.7.1 #ภDR)=( * O *45Q&&4 # 5< % Long form + #ภDR).# 1 / O *4* + =()*(+ % ((ภ,.3 5< 7 : % ) 18 %A : 1 + 2 O *4 :;( H % ) He : 2 + 8 O *4 :;( Li AF Ne : 3 + 8 O *4 :;( Na AF Ar : 4 + 18 O *4 :;( K AF Kr : 5 + 18 O *4 :;( Rb AF Xe : 6 + 32 O *4 :;( Cs AF Rn 92 _ : 6 &)+ O *4 58-71 +(/0 .3 / /ภ( 4ภ+% , .! (Lanthanide series) 7 +*3 .3 /O *4C /+ (Cs) & AF O *4 0 C /+ (Lu)
63
[ (ATOMIC STRUCTURE) ] Chemistry for Engineers
: 7 * O *45Q&&4 # 7 +*#1 %* O *4%P C /+ (Fr) AF O *4 118 (ununoctium) %* + O *4 /# ,+ + ภ:3 " :;( O *4 113, 115 % ) 117 % )*#1 %* O *4 110 /# ,+ + ; ( /ภ3 7O /ภ; ( * +*# = 9 D )*7 ./ = 0 = nil , 1 = un , 2 = bi , 3 = tri , 4 = quad , 5 = pent , 6 = hex , 7 = sept , 8 = oct, 9 = enn % )( 3 /.3 / Â&#x152;ium O *4 110 = ununnilium #1 1 +O *4 90 AF 103 (/0 .3 / /ภ( 4ภ+%(ภ7, .! (Actinide series) 7 +*3 .3 /O *4O( /+ (Th) AF O *4 ( C /+ (Lr) 2 >+0 (Group) &)% ((ภ5< 2 " ภ:;( Group A % ) Group B Group A % ((ภ5< 8 >+0 & ภIA AF VIIIA /ภX _2 > 2^ 2 O (Representative elements) Group B 7 +*#1 %* : 4 (/0 )> >+0 IIA % ) IIIA + 2+ #*7 5< >) #1 >+. /ภ0 .H/ (Transition elements) 2 O *4 _ภ10 A C-10 _ภ1 ภ.A C- + /ภX _ . 2 - .H/ (Inner Transition elements) A3 &#.O *4* + #ภDR)ภ/ *# =( (7 @ภ* ( ).# " # / (/ (s, p, d, f) &) % ((ภ5< @(ภ(Block) .# 1 2.7.2.1 6$ภ! ภs 5< O *4 + (7 @ภ* ( *# 24. 3 /(/0 ).# " # / (/ s :;( >+0 IA AF IIA 11Na = [Ne]3s1 2 56Ba = [Xe]6s 2.7.2.2 6$ภ! ภp ,.3%ภO *4 >+0 IIIA, IVA, VA, VIA % ) VIIA (7 @ภ* ( *# 24. 3 /&) "7 + =3 ,5 ).# " # / (/ p )*# / ภ# * + ' .# : . / ภ# : 2 2 1 2 2 5B = [He]2s 2p 6C = [He]2s 2p 2 3 2 4 7N = [He]2s 2p 8O = [He]2s 2p 2 5 9F = [He]2s 2p 2.7.2.3 6$ภ! ภd ,.3%ภO *4 >+0 IIIB, IVB, VB, VIB, VIIB, VIII, IB % ) IIB > ;(O *4 27 # 5< " ภ+ (7 @ภ* ( "7 + =3 ,5 ).# " # / (/ d CF &) 5< (n-1)d +; ( n 5< =: ( *#+> #ภ=( ).# " # > #ภ20 24.=( : #1 O *4 27 # : 5 &) "7 + (7 @ภ* ( =3 ,5 (5-1)d > ;( 4d *# (/ 48Cd = [Kr]4d105s2
64
[ (ATOMIC STRUCTURE) ] Chemistry for Engineers
2.7.2.4 6$ภ! ภf ,.3%ภO *4 ( 4ภ+% , .!% )( 4ภ+%(ภ7, .! > ;(O *4 (7 ( ! 27 # 5< " ภ"7 +(7 @ภ* ( *# 24. 3 / =3 ,5 ).# " # / (/ f CF &) 5< (n-2)f ( 4ภ+% , .!CF (/0 : 6 &) "7 +(7 @ภ* ( =3 ,5 (6-2)f > ;( 4f *# (/ 58Ce = [Xe] 4f15d16s2 2 ( 4ภ+%(ภ7, .! CF (/0 : 7 &) "7 +(7 @ภ* ( =3 ,5 (7-2)f > ;( 5f *# (/ 92U = [Rn] 5f36d17s2 2.7.3 " ภ+ (7 @ภ* ( : 2+ 0 R! ).# " # (ภ24. ,.3%ภO *4 >+0 O > ;( VIIIA + (7 @ภ* ( : #1 ).# " # / (/ s % ) p /ภ3 He CF ,+ + (7 3ภ* ( ).# " # / (/ p %* + (7 @ภ* ( ).# " # / (/ s : 2 * +&' : &)+ ).# " # 1
56 2.15 1 C D 1 : 3 0; ภs, p, d 10 f < X _
1 jkภ/C 2.5 8 2 . < 5 MX _ Electron configuration in subshell
Sr 47Ag 52Te 70Yb 38
65
Block
[ (ATOMIC STRUCTURE) ] Chemistry for Engineers
A3 "7& R * O *4 >3 ) ( /. &)2# ภ* >@ #ภDR)"7 ID 5 )ภ.# 1 1. ,- . & (H) + #ภDR) ?" )=( *# ( 2+: &)+ (/0 * > ภ* O *4 ; ( & ภ+ 2+ #*7N7.%5 ภ,5& ภO *4(; W &F ,+ : &#. H , 3ภ# O *4>+0 .>+0 > F %* ภ@+ * O *4 &#. H , 3 >+0 IA ./ >3+ *' %> (/0 > ;( Li > ;(&#., 3ภ# >+0 VIIA ./ >3(/0 > ;( F 2. O *4 >+0 VIII ( : #1 /ภ>+0 VIIIB) 5 )ภ( .3 /O *4 #1 >+. 9 O *4.3 /ภ# :;( Fe, Co, Ni / Ru, Rh, Pd / Os, Ir, Pt % 5< 3 %A W ) 3 O *4 /ภ#ภDR) 1 ,* %(. (Triad) 3. O *4 : 6 +O *4( ภ14 O *4, 3.3 / & ภC /+ (58Ce) AF 0 C /+ (71Lu) O *4 > 1 : &)* +> # % #+ (57La) / ' .# & ภC3 /,5= ,5 ; (/W% 3 &F * +.3 /- P /+ (72Hf) %* A3 &#.* + #ภDR) 1&) ' >3* O *4/;.ภ3 & ภ7 ,5 &F %/ภCe-Lu ((ภ+ * > ภ./ >3(/0 *( =( * O *4 ' ( . / ภ# O *4 : 7 ภ@%/ภTh-Lr ((ภ+ * > ภ.3 / >*4N . / ภ# 4. O *4 >+0 + ; ( /ภ?" ) .# * 2.8 2.8
H? 2 9ภ2n> 3 X _ 5: 5: H? <H 2 9ภIA 0 /0 A0 (Alkali metals) IIA 0 /0 A0 -2 . - (Alkaline earth metals) VIIA 2B 028 (Halogen) O 1ภ~ ภ50 ? 1ภ~ 2n? 9 (Noble gas or Inert gas) IB 5: 1C (Copper group) (ภ& ภ1 O *4* W * O *4/# % 5< >) (metals) ( >) (nonmetals) % )ภF >) (metalloids) ./ 32+ #*7 ภ/9 " 5< ภR�! >) : + 2+ #*7ภ' ,PPq % ) ' : + 3( . 5< +# + &4.> (+ > 20 2 + A.F 5< 23 ,.3 (ductility) % )2 + A ' + * 5< %N W,.3 (malleability) ( >) : + 2+ #*7* =3 +ภ# >) :;( 5< *# ' ,PPq % ) ' : + 3( ,+ 5< +# + &4. > (+ > * ' 5 ) %*ภ/ : <ภ: ;6&1# ภ6#
66
[ (ATOMIC STRUCTURE) ] Chemistry for Engineers
2 ,+ >) 4ภ7.&)+ 2+ #*7 > 1 *# (/ >)%( : , ( 7 /+ C . /+ "% 2 C /+) 5< >) ( ( 4 + + : +> % % ) &4.> (+ > * ' % )/# + 5 ( CF 5< >) + &4.> (+ > * ' ภ#
2 : ! ( 05=( %ภ,P*! 5< *# ' ,PPq . : ! ( 05=( " + &4.> (+ > 20 + ภ2 O *4ภF >) : + 2+ #*7(/0 )> ภ=( 2+ #*7=( >)% )( >) 2 + A ' ,PPq % ): + 3( 5 ภ5< *3 ./ # ,5O *4 5 ภt C3 /+;(=( * O *4 ( IA, IIA) + 2+ #*7 5< >) O *4 5 ภt = +;(=( * O *4&#. 5< ( >) 2 O *4 + *' %> (/0 ภO *4+ 2+ #*7 5< ภF >) +; ("7& R Electron configuration =( O *4 (/0 >+0 . / ภ# " 4ภO *4+ ภ&#. (7 @ภ* ( ).# " # (ภ24. > ;( ! (ภ24. >+;( ภ# % )+ 2+ #*7 : 3 /: F ภ# #1 ภ/9 "% ) :+ 2' > # O *4 : . / ภ# &)+ (7 @ภ* ( ! (ภ24.> ;( C!(7 @ภ* ( ,+ ภ# %* &)+ (7 @ภ* ( "7 +=F1 1 (7 @ภ* ( * + ' .# & ภC3 /,5= =( * O *4 O *4 (/0 * : ภ# &) + C!(7 @ภ* ( (/0 !* ภ# " 2+ #*7 ภ/9 "% ) :+ =( O *4 : . / ภ# &) * ภ# %* (/ , ภ@* + 2+ #*7 > 1 = .=( ()*(+ &4.> (+ > " # ,(((, C # (7 @ภ* ( (#PPs 7* % )(7 @ภ* ภ*7 7* &)N# %5 ,5(/ + > #ภภR�!
2.8
3 C3
= .()*(+ 5< 2+ #*7" 7((.7ภ(/ > F :;(&)%5 5 / ,5 5< W* + =()*(+ O *4 >+0 . / ภ# "7& R & ภ= .=( ()*(+ "7 +=F1 * + ' .# % )O *4 : . / ภ# "7& R & ภC3 /,5= = .=( ()*(+ . * + ' .# +; ("7& R % 3+= .=( ()*(+=( O *4* W * O *4" 86 '? 6; 9@< ภ69 & 5 9 & $A 4 A BC
67
[ (ATOMIC STRUCTURE) ] Chemistry for Engineers
2 _P0 O *4 : . / ภ# &)+ C!(7 @ภ* ( (/0 ).# . / ภ# +; ( =()*(+ "7 +=F1 &' 5 *( ภ@&) "7 +=F1 ' >3.F .0.(7 @ภ* ( ,.3. ภ.# #1 = .()*(+&F + = . @ภภ86 '? =. 9@< 69 & 5 4 A BC $A 4 A BC 2 _P0 &' 5 *( 7 : /2 "7 +=F1 %* &' ).# " # (7 @ภ* ( (/0 ภ@ "7 +=F1 CF &) : 3 / 5< ? ภภ#1 % .F .0. )> 5 *( % ) C!(7 @ภ* ( % .F .0.&F + : 3(/ ' >3= . ()*(+ >S =F1 * + =()*(+ ()*(+=( O *4 +; (+ ภ>3> ;( # (7 @ภ* ( &) ภ7. 5< ,((( 2' > # O *4 . / ภ# " ,((( ภ+ = . @ภภ()*(+ 5< ภNa+ < Na 2 ,((( + = . >S ภ()*(+ 5< ภClÂ&#x152; > Cl 2+( = .=( ,((( 5 / / ภ# ()*(+ 5< ภ%2. , 3 * .# 1 2.9 26 9 2 9 3 C3 26R ภ0 10 3 C3 A D / X _< 5: : a
>*4N O *4 . / ภ# &
# $ภ*% # /%, !ภภ$4 2" */%, ()#ภ; ( & ภ+ ภ20S 2 /(7 @ภ* ( #1 >+. (/0 ! (ภ24. ' >3 ).# " # . 1 ).# Na (Z = 11) + : 2 3 (7 @ภ* ( 5< 1s2, 2s2, 2p6, 3s1 +; (ภ/ 5< ,((( Na+ + : 2 3 (7 @ภ* ( 5< 1s2, 2s2, 2p6 .# #1 Na+ &F + = .> ;( #I+ @ภภNa >*4N O *4 . / ภ# &
# *% # /%,G _4ภ$4 2" */%, ()#ภ; ( & ภ+ ภ"7 + (7 @ภ* ( ! (ภ24. %* 5 )&4 ภ7 : /2,+ ,.3 "7 +=F1 (7 @ภ* ( "7 + =3 ,5 ' > 3
68
[ (ATOMIC STRUCTURE) ] Chemistry for Engineers
ภ' # (7 @ภ* ( (; W + (/0 .7+ !/ (/ . / ภ# 5< N >3(7 @ภ* ( > #1 A0ภ.0. ./5 )&4 ภ7 : /2,.3,+ *@+ % )(7 @ภ* ( "7 + =3 + 1ภ( >3 ภ7.% N #ภ)> (7 @ภ* ( (/0 ! (ภ24. %P: *( ! #1 2( 12 N >3 ! (ภ24.=/ /*# ((ภ.# #1 ,((( &F + = . >S ภ()*(+ 5< ŕ¸
56 2.16 1 C 3 C3 10 A 26 9 2 9 ภ/ 2 ? 95:< 5:2C 94ภ/ 10 2C 94ภ/
_6 : +2#+"# O! )> = .()*(+ภ# * O *4 O *4 >+0 . / ภ# +; ( =()*(+ "7 +=F1 = .=( ()*(+&) >S =F1 O *4 : . / ภ# +; ( =()*(+ "7 +=F1 = .()*(+&) @ภ= .=( ,((( ,((( =( >) ; ( & ภ>) 5< O *4 ( >3(7 @ภ* ( .# #1 ,((( =( >)&F @ภภ()*(+ 5< ภ= .=( Na+ < Na , Ca2+ < Ca 69
[ (ATOMIC STRUCTURE) ] Chemistry for Engineers
,((( =( ( >) ; ( & ก( >) 5< O *4 ( # (7 @ก* ( .# #1 ,((( =( ( >) &F >S ก ()*(+ 5< ก = .=( Cl > Cl, O2 > O 4 / >/ X-3 3 CA ก/ X _ >+0 . / ก# +; ( =()*(+ "7 +=F1 = .=( ,((( &) >S =F1 #1 ,((( =( >)% ) ( >) : . / ก# &) 5 / / = .,((( =( O *4 #1 : ,+ ,.3 ; ( & ก,((( =( >) % )( >)+ % 3+ 5 / %5 ,+ * ( ; ( ก# &F *3( %/ก 5< 2 ก 4 + :;( &
# 2 : . / ก# +; ( =()*(+ "7 +=F1 &)+ = . @ก &
# 2 : . / ก# +; ( =()*(+ "7 +=F1 &)+ = . @ก ,((( + &' (7 @ก* ( ก# ,((( + 5 )&4 + ก 24.&)+ = . >S 24. =R) ,((( + 5 )&4 ก+ ก 24.&)+ = . @ก 24. = .=( O2- > F- > Na+ > Mg2+ > Al3+ 4ก,((( + 10 (7 @ก* ( ก# * " # &
#= 2 2" */%, ()#ก 2 .1# Z4ก0 ( 2 $ก/%,#$ % /4 #01# E3 ( 2 $ก/%,#$ % * ก !ก"
# 2EZก . Z 3 &(- #$ % * ก , .1# /F G 3&
#*% # !ก
2.9
>0/ A A 2^H/
4 &&6 D D % (IE) :;( " # 3 ก ' >3(7 @ก* ( ! (ก24.=( ()*(+> ;(,((( 29 )%ก|2> 4.((ก,5 1 *# Na (g) → Na + (g ) + e −
; ( & ก(7 @ก* ( A0ก.F .0. ./5 )&4 ก 7 : /2 .# #1 ก .F (7 @ก* ( ((ก,5&F *3( >3" # ก# ) ก ()*(+=( 4กO *4 (/ก 3 ,- . & ) + + กก 1 (7 @ก* ( " # ,(((, C # =( O *4&F + + กก 1 : " # *3( 3 "; (.F (7 @ก* ( *# % ก((ก,5 /ก " # ,(((, C # ' .# 1 (IE1) 2 " # *3( 3 "; (.F (7 @ก* ( *# 2 ((ก,5 /ก " # ,(((, C # ' .# 2 (IE2) ก .F (7 @ก* ( *# * (W,5((ก& ก()*(+&)+ " # ,(((, C # 20 =F1 * + ' .# O *4%+ก C /+ (Mg) + 2+ก %2. ก .F (7 @ก* ( ((ก,5& ก ()*(+ .# 1 Mg (g) → Mg + (g ) + e − Mg + (g ) → Mg 2+ (g ) + e −
2.10
1 C >0/ A A ^^/ 0D C/ : a3 20 X _1 ก< X _ 70
[ (ATOMIC STRUCTURE) ] Chemistry for Engineers
1
2
3
4
5
6
H He
1,312 1,371
5,247
Li
520
7,297
11,810
Be
900
1,757
14,840
21,000
B
800
2,430
3,659
25,020
32,810
C
1,086
2,352
4,619
6,221
37,800
47,300
N
1,402
2,857
4,577
7,473
9,443
53,250
7
8
64,340
O
1,314
3,391
5,301
7,468
10,980
13,320
71,300
84,050
F Ne
1,681 2,080
3,375 3,963
6,045 6,276
8,418 9,376
11,020 12,190
15,160 15,230
17,680 -
92,000 -
Na
495.8
4,965
6,912
9,540
13,360
16,610
20,110
25,490
Mg
737.6
1,450
7,732
10,550
13,620
18,000
21,700
25,660
Al
577.4
1,816
2,744
11,580
15,030
18,370
23,290
27,460
Si
786.2
1,577
3,229
4,356
16,080
19,790
23,780
29,250
1,896
2,910
4,954
6,272
21,270
25,410
29,840
2,260
3,380
4,565
6,996
8,490
28,080
31,720
2,297 2,665
3,850 3,947
5,146 5,770
6,544 7,240
9,330 8,810
11,020 11,970
33,600 13,840
P S Cl Ar
1,012 999.6 1,255 1,520
K
418.8
3,069
4,600
5,879
7,971
9,619
11,380
14,950
Ca
589.5
1,146
4,941
6,485
8,142
10,520
12,350
13,830
+; ("7& R : " # ,(((, C # * "(2 45,.3.# 1 1. 2' > # O *4 . / ภ# " # ,(((, C # ' .# 20 ภ+ : + ภภ" # ,(((, C # ' .# * ' ภ2+( " ) +; ((7 @ภ* ( A0ภ.F ((ภ,5 ' >35 )&4 ภ7 : /2+ + ภภ(7 @ภ* ( (7 @ภ* ( > ;(/ (+A0ภ.F .0. ./ 7 : /2% =F1 2. +; ((7 @ภ* ( (/0 ! (ภ24.A0ภ.F ((ภ,5>+. & > ;( " / (7 @ภ* ( %ภ(core) =( %ภ|2 ?; (/ ภ.F (7 @ภ* ( *# * (,5((ภ& ภ%ภ=( %ภ|2 ?; (/*3( 3" # 20 + ภ; ( & ภ: 2 3 =( %ภ|2 ?; (/+ 2A / 9 "+ ภ3. % 3+: " # ,(((, C # ' .# 1 =( O *4 >+0 . / ภ# & ภ% ): . / ภ# & ภC3 /,5= %2. , 3 05* (,5 1
71
[ (ATOMIC STRUCTURE) ] Chemistry for Engineers
56 2.17 1 4 : >0/ A A 2^H/ 0D C/ 1 3 X _< 5:2C 94ก/ 8 ก 0 0: 10 2C 94ก/ 8 ก^ 9A634
&) >@ ,.3 O *4 >+0 . / ก# & ก & ก Li AF Cs " # ,(((, C # + : . * + ' .# ; ( & ก +; ( =: ( *#+> #ก "7 +=F1 (7 @ก* ( (/0 ).# " # (ก24.+ )/)> & ก 7 : /2+ ก=F1 &F A0ก.F .0. ./5 )&4 ก=( 7 : /2 3(/ " # *3( 3 "; (.F (7 @ก* ( (/0 ! (ก24.&F . 4. 2' > # O *4 : . / ก# & กC3 /,5= : " # ,(((, C # "7 +=F1 * + ' .# ; ( & ก= .()*(+ @ก (7 @ก* ( (/0 ! (ก24.A0ก.F .0. ./5 )&4 ก=( 7 : /2 "7 +=F1 ก .F (7 @ก* ( 1((ก,5&F *3( 3" # "7 +=F1 /ก 3 ก R ก7.: +,+ 2+ ' 2+( ; ( & ก : 2 3 (7 @ก* ( =( O *4+ 2A / 9 "* ก# % 3+ ./ # ,5=( : " # ,(((, C # ' .# 1 ( IE1 ) 5< .# 1 O *4 >+0 . / ก# : IE1 &) . +; ( =()*(+ "7 +=F1 ).# " # =( C! (7 @ก* ( "7 +=F1 CF 5< ก "7 + )/)> )> (7 @ก* ( ก# 7 : /2 ' >3% .F .0. )> 7 : /2ก# (7 @ก* ( . IE1 &F + : 3(/ ( (7 @ก* ( > 4.,.3 / ) O *4 : . / ก# : IE1 &) "7 +=F1 +; ( =()*(+ "7 +=F1 ; ( & ก= . =( ()*(+&) @ก * +: % .F .0. )> 7 : /2ก# (7 @ก* ( + : "7 +=F1 &F *3( 3 " # 20 =F1 ก .F (7 @ก* ( ( IE1 + : "7 +=F1 )
_6
6|88/9 P0 : >0/ A A 2^H/ ? # 2" * ()*(+ + = . @ก&)+ " # ,(((, C # + กก ()*(+ + = . >S ( 2 $กG##$ % ()*(+ + 5 )&4 ก 7 : /2+ ก &)+ " # ,(((, C # + กก ()*(+ + 5 )&4 ก 7 : /2 3(/ 4 / >/ X- 4: >0/ A A 2^H/ ก/ X _ 72
[ (ATOMIC STRUCTURE) ] Chemistry for Engineers
^ " G# *Z4 % $ก0# +; ( =()*(+ "7 +=F1 " # ,(((, C # &)+ : . ^ " G# % $ก0# +; ( =()*(+ "7 +=F1 " # ,(((, C # + % 3+ "7 +=F1
2.10 8_C 0 2 0410 8_C2C? C * $ = 2 + &)+ : 20 > ;(* ' =F1 (/0 ก# = .% ) 7.=( % /F. > / 9 / + ก4 =( O *4 #1 O *4>+0 IA , IIA % ) IIIA 5< >) ( + % /F. > / 5< "# O) >) ) &4.> (+ > ,&4. .;(. ,&)20 =F1 & กC3 /,5= : . / ก# ; ( & ก= .()*(+ @ก , C!(7 @ก* ( "7 +=F1 % )% 3+=( &4. .;(. , &4.> (+ > >+0 . / ก# =( O *4>+0 IA , IIA , IIIA . & ก ; ( & ก= .=( ()*(+ >S =F1 ' >3: +%=@ % =( "# O) . O *4>+0 VA , VIA , VIIA % ) VIIIA ( + % /F. > / 9 / + ก4 5< % % .( ! 2! CF &) "7 +=F1 * ++ + ก4 % )= .=( + ก4 ) % 3+&4. .;(.&4.> (+ > =( O *4ก 4 + 1:;( : . / ก# &4. .;(. , &4.> (+ > &) . & กC3 /,5= ; ( & ก = .=( + ก4 + = . @ก >+0 . / ก# &4. .;(. , &4.> (+ > &) "7 +=F1 & ก ; ( & ก % /F. > / &) "7 +=F1 * ++ + ก4 "7 +=F1 2 O *4 >+0 IV C , Si &)+ &4. .;(. &4.> (+ > 20 ; ( & ก + "# O)9 / + ก4 5< "# O) : * = /CF + : +%=@ % 20 O *4 27 # 5< >) .# #1 &4. .;(. , &4.> (+ > &)+ : 20
2.11 / > = > .20;ก (Electron Affinity) 2+ #*7=( ()*(+( ก5 )ก > F :;( ()*(+=( O *42 >S 2 + A # (7 @ก* ( "7 +,.3 (/ 3(/ 1 (7 @ก* ( : +2 + A ก # (7 @ก* ( %2. ,.3.3 / 4 0*6
` 6
!ก"
# = / / ( 5< EA CF 5< " # 5 / %5 +; (()*(+ 2A )%ก|2,.3 # (7 @ก* ( 1 (7 @ก* ( = / 2+ก %2. ก 5 / %5 ,.3.# 1
73
[ (ATOMIC STRUCTURE) ] Chemistry for Engineers
A( g ) + e − → A− ( g ) + Energy
; ( & ก+ ก : /" # ((ก+ EA &F + : 5< % )A3 EA + : 5< + ก%2. ()*(+=( O *4 #1 + % 3+ &) # (7 @ก* ( =3 + ,.3. : +2 + A ก # (7 @ก* ( =( %* )O *4+ : +%*ก* ก# .# *# (/ F (g) + e− → F
−
( g ) EA = − 333 kJ / mol
O ( g ) + e − → O − ( g ) EA = − 142 kJ / mol P ( g ) + e − → P − ( g ) EA = − 74 kJ / mol
& ก*# (/ %2. ()*(+ F + % 3+ &) # (7 @ก* ( 20 ก O % ) P * + ' .# +; (()*(+=( O *4 # 1 (7 @ก* ( % 3 ก # (7 @ก* ( "7 +=F1 ( ก 1 (7 @ก* ( &F # ,.3/ ก=F1 .# #1 EA &F + : 20 =F1 & 5< : ก,.3 O
−
(g ) + e− → O
2−
( g ) EA = 780 kJ / mol
; ( & กO *4 >)+ % 3+20 + ก &) 2 /(7 @ก* ( ./ # ,5: EA =( O *4 >) &F + : 5< 3(/ W AF : ก 3(/ W +; ("7& R O *4* +: " : EA =( O *4 >+0 IA IIA % ) IIIA + : 5< 3(/ ก O *4 (/0 = +;( CF %5 : +>+ /,.3 O *4 >+0 .# ก + % 3+ &) # (7 @ก* ( 3(/ + ก ./ ?" )O *4 >+0 IIA CF + : 120 24. %2. # (7 @ก* ( / ก 24. 2 O *4 >+0 IVA VA VIA % ) VIIA + % 3+20 &) # (7 @ก* ( ./ ?" )>+0 VIIA CF ( # (7 @ก* ( 20 24. ก # 1 (7 @ก* ( =( O *4 >+0 1&) ' >3()*(++ ก &#. / (7 @ก* ( >+;( %ก|2 ?; (/ (/0 >+0 A#.,5CF + : + 2A / + ก EA &F + : 5< + ก 2 " ก%ก|2 ?; (/CF + &' C!(7 @ก* ( : 8 "(. /ก 3 He : 2 &#. 5< O *4 2A / / ก &).F (7 @ก* ( ((ก % ),+ + &) # (7 @ก* ( ,.3 / .# #1 %ก|2 ?; (/&F ,+ 2 / > ;( # (7 @ก* ( A;( + : EA 5< I0 /! O *4 + (7 @ก* ( (#PPs 7* 20 &) ก7. 5< ,((( 2A / + ก Cl, Br + EA 20 &F ก7. 5< Cl , Br- ,.3 / 6|88/9 P0 : .20;ก /OOi .
74
[ (ATOMIC STRUCTURE) ] Chemistry for Engineers
# 2" * ()*(+= . @ภ+ % 3+ &)+ : EA + ภภ()*(+= . >S ( 2 $ภG##$ % ()*(+ + 5 )&4 ภ7 : /2+ ภ+ % 3+ &)+ : EA + ภภ()*(+ + 5 )&4 ภ7 : /2 3(/ 4 / >/ X- 4: .20;ภ/OOi . ภ/ X _ ^ " G# *Z4 % $ภ0# +; ( =()*(+ "7 +=F1 : EA + % 3+ . ^ " G# % $ภ0# +; ( =()*(+ "7 +=F1 : EA + % 3+ "7 +=F1
2.12 .20;ภ2 ภ.4. (Electronegativity;EN) /ภG # ภ6 @ >+ /AF : +2 + A ภ.F .0.(7 @ภ* ( =( O *4 O *4 + EN + ภภ&).F .0.(7 @ภ* ( =3 > *# ,.3+ ภภ' >3+ 5 )&4,PPq 5< O *4 + EN 3(/ภ&)+ 5 )&4,PPq 5< ภ2' > # : (7 @ภ* ภ*7 7* 5< " / : 2++*7 ภ' > . >3ภ# O *4%* )O *4 "; ( 5 / / : +2 + A ภ.F .0.(7 @ภ* ( =3 20 *# ( =( O *4 #1 .# *# (/ * : (7 @ภ* ภ*7 7* =( "( 7 CF :' R& ภภ3" # "# O) "( 7 ,+ ,.3ภ' > .: 2' > # %ภ|2 ?; (/ ; ( & ภ%ภ|2 > 1 ./5ภ*7,+ ภ7.2 5 )ภ(
56 2.18 8 ภ8 2 ; 4: X _O05 (F) : .20;ภ2 ภ.4. 5 _C ? 4 75
[ (ATOMIC STRUCTURE) ] Chemistry for Engineers
1 4 3 : EN &) 5< .# 1 < 5:2C 94ก/ : EN &)+ : . & ก ; ( & กก "7 + ).# " # =( (7 @ก* ( . ' >3(7 @ก* ( A0ก.F ,5,.3 / < 2C 94ก/ : EN &) "7 +=F1 & กC3 /,5= : . / ก# ; ( & ก= .=( ()*(+ @ก + % .F .0. )> 7 : /2ก# (7 @ก* ( + ก +; ( ก7.ก 2 3 "# O)% .F .0.(7 @ก* ( :0 +"# O),.3. 6|88/9 P0 : : .20;ก 2 ก .4. 69 ()*(+= . @ก&)+ (7 @ก * ก *7 7* + กก ()*(+= . >S 1# 5'; ก? @<0 ()*(+ + 5 )&4 ก 7 : /2+ ก&)+ (7 @ก * ก *7 7* + กก ()*(+ + 5 )&4 ก 7 : /2 3(/ 4 / >/ X- 4: .20;ก 2 ก .4. ก/ X _ ^ " G# *Z4 % $ก0# +; ( =()*(+ "7 +=F1 : (7 @ก * ก *7 7* + % 3+ . (7 @ก * ก *7 7* =( - & F > Cl > Br > I ^ " G# % $ก0# +; ( =()*(+ "7 +=F1 : (7 @ก * ก *7 7* + % 3+ "7 +=F1 (7 @ก * ก *7 7* =( - & Li < Be < C < O < F F 0 =กa 5+, ,+ + : (7 @ก * ก *7 7* ; ( & ก ./5ก*7,+ ก7.2 5 )ก( "( 7 &F ,+ ,.3:' R, 3 2 45% 3+ # ,5=( = .()*(+ " # ,(((, C # (7 @ก* ( (#PPs 7* % )(7 @ก * ก *7 7* * +: +2#+"# O!ก# * O *4 .# 1
76
[ (ATOMIC STRUCTURE) ] Chemistry for Engineers
56 2.19 1 4 /4A63 3 C >0/ A A 2^H/ .20;ภ/OOi . 10 .20;ภ2 ภ.4. 4 / >/ X-ภ/ X _
1 jkภ/C 2.6 1. & 3> #ภ=( * O *4 &#.()*(+* (,5 1 ./ >3+ = . / ภ# * + ' .# : P , S , As % ) Se 2. & / ' .# #I+ ()*(+* (,5 1& ภ3(/,5+ ภ: Na , Be , Mg 3. & 3* O *4&#.()*(+* (,5 1 ./ / ' .# : " # ,(((, C # & ภ3(/,5+ ภ: Ne , Na , P , Ar , K 4. & ' / ()*(+* (,5 1 O *4 .+ : " # ,(((, C # (# .# > F * ' 24. : B , Al , C > ;( Si
77