Cell Division
Chollada Kulwat RMUTL Gen-Bio
Cell Division
ภ(Cell Division) ภภภ! "# $%& ภ'( ) *+ $) $ $ , $' !) %- ! (species) )5 *6 ภ! 7 (8 ! 7 +#7 *6 ภ+ ภ, + ภ$"((! (cell division) )5$ภ,$%& $"((! ) $"((!$, * ภ$"((!$%& ภ$ )( *$"((!ภ$ > $ภ,+#7 ,5 2 ภ$ + ,+ $"((!$)
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2.1 ภ(Cell Division) ภ$"((! # $%& ภ$ $"((! '(+ ภ$"((! 8 )5 ,5$"((!(ภ6 (daughter cell) + ,$(@ภ( (8 )5 , 7 $ $ > +#7 $"((!> > $ $"((! $ * ภ$"((! GH (binary fission) $%& ภภ1 $%& 2 $"((!*6 > ภ$"((!% 8ภ,5 *+ ภ2 + 7 1. ภ$ ( * (Nuclear division ) Karyokinesis) 2. ภ"> ( "# (Cytoplasmic division ) Cytokinesis) 2.1.1 ภ!"# (Karyokinesis) ภ$ ( * )( * "# (8 $"((! ,ภ(8 ภภภ* ,$ % *6 3 8 > " (amitosis) > " (mitosis) (8 > " (meiosis) 2.1.2 ภ) *+, # -. (Cytokinesis) ภ"> ( "# 8$ภ,+#7 )( ภภ$ ( * $ @ 7 ( >,* % 8ภTU * "> ( "# 8 6ภ%* +5 + $"((!$ Tภภ7 ภ$"((!$%& 2 $"((! 8$ภ,+#7 "# $"((! (8$"((! ! 8 ภ"> ( "# ภภ$"((! ! ภ$"((! 7 8$ >,*ภ$ 5 + $* ) 5 $"((! $ ภ( $"((! (equatorial plate) ภ8 $"((! *ภ$%& (8$"((! 8 $ ( * ) # $"((! 8 ภ5 $"((!$ ( (cell plate) "# 5 ภ)$ >, ( "# $ภ,+#7 ภ( $"((! ภ7 8) > > >" 2 ภ( (8 *ภภ$%& $"((!(6ภ(daughter cell)
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Cell Division
$"((! , $ $"((!$ ( ,5 ภ$ ภ(pectin) (8 T ภ"> ( "# ภ@ 8 ภ( *$%& 7 + ' $"((! (cell wall) $ *ภ,$, ( ( $ (( (Middle lamella) ภ7 " > ( "# + $"((!(6ภ7 8)( ภ$ 5 7 + $"((!+#7 $%& + ' $"((! ภ) Primary cell wall ,9:
#67
01+!2 2-1 1 !" +!" 4 ภ) *+ #5 #67 8 ,9:
2.2 4 ภ!"# (Karyokinesis) ภ$ ( * 8$ 5 # Z ภภ*ภ+ > > >" %* $"((! ) + 8$ภ,ภ$"((! ,5, 7 2.2.1 ภ$ ( * + $"((!>,* ภ*T ภ;8).*+ # (amitosis) $%& + ภ$ ( * ,5 * ภ*T >,* $ ( * 8 *T ,ภ( (5 *ภภภภ$%& 2 $ Tภภ7 " > ( "# 8 ภ$%& 2 $ $, * ภ$"((! ภ7 ,5 ภ> $ ( * (macronucleus) + $" * $"((! ' ,%ภ$ $"((! $%& [ $"((! 8$ @ $"((! ภ( 8
* $%& 5 2.2.2 ภ$ ( * + $"((!>,* ภ" "5 $ภ,+#7 $ ภ)( * + 7 2.2.2.1 ภ).*+ # (mitosis) $%& ภ$ ( * $
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Cell Division
ภ!+ $"((!$, * ) $%& ภ$ $ $"((!+ $"((! ภ* )( *$"((! >,* ภ$%( * %( $ ภ)( *+ 7 $%& '( )5 ,5$"((!(ภ6 (daughter cell) 2 $"((! > > >" $) (8$ ภ$"((! (mother cell) ภ% 8ภ7 ,5 U (8% ( > > >" = 2n) )( ภ7 "> ( "# # U *)( ภ$ ( * 7 ภ, 8$%& ภ> ! (8 ! T
2.2.2.2 ภ).*; # (meiosis) $%& ภ$ ( * $ 5 $"((! ! (sex cell) + )( *$"((! ภ8% 8ภ,5 *ภ$%( * %( " "5 )( *+ 7 >,* ภ$"((! 2 7 $ ภภ7 ภ8 '( )5 > > >" (,( $)( # ) # + *6 $, ภภ(8ภ7 )( > > >" 8 (,( * $ ภ> > >" ภภ7 ภ(5 # ภ"> ( "# '(ภ$"((! 7 8 )5 ,5$"((!(ภ6 4 $"((! (8$"((! 8 > > >" $%& # ) # + $"((! ( > > >" = n) ภ$"((! 7$%& ภ$"((! !+ ภ*6 >
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Cell Division
2.3 ภ).*+ # (Mitosis) ภ$"((! > " $%& ภ$"((!$ ภ!+ $"((!$, * (8 )( *$"((! , %ภ$"((! > " 8$ภ,+#7 $"((! ภ* (somatic cell) )5 $"((!+ ภ* ภ+#7 7 T # $ $ >
+#7 ภ8 ภ$"((! $"((! 5 ภ$ * $ ภ$"((! (8 ภ8 ภ$"((! $ @ 7 "# $%& ) _ ภ$ *ภ_ ภ+ $"((! (cell cycle) >,* 1 _ ภ$"((! % 8ภ,5 * 2 8*8 ) T 8*8 $ !$G (Interphase) (8 > " (mitosis) "# $%& + ภ$ ( * ) > $ " ( karyokinesis) (8 8 + ภ"> ( "# ) "> $ " (cytokinesis) $ภ,+#7 "# >,* % (5 1 _ ภ+ $"((! 5$ ( % 8 20 > 2.3.1 ; +; ?# (Interphase) $%& 8*8 $"((! $ ( "# 6 ภ)5 $ *ภ,5 ภ* ) # metabolic stage ภ$%& 3 8*8* * 2.3.1.1 8"8C! 1 (G1phase, G = gap) $%& 8*8 $"((! ภ5 RNA (8 >% * ภ5 DNA 5$ ( % 8 8 > "# $%& 8*8$ ( +5 * $ 8$%& 8*8 ภ8 ( > ,! (8ภ, 8 > ) ภ$ 8)! DNA # $ *ภ,5 ภ* ) # 8*8ภ5 DNA 2.3.1.2 8"8 ;# (S phase, S = synthesis) $%& 8*8 ภ5 DNA, RNA (8>% ภ, 5$ ( % 8 6 > > > >" 8$ % $%& 2 $ >,* ภ, + $, (chromosome replication) (8> > >" ,5 $ 8)! 5 ภ) , >,* > > >" ภ$ 8)! 5 + 8*8$ > > >" ภ$ 8)! 5 *+ 7
5
Cell Division
2.3.1.3 8"8C! 2 (G2 phase) $%& 8*8 ภ8*8$ ภ5 DNA (5 * ภ5 RNA (8>% *6 5 *ภ8*8$ 5$ ( % 8 4 ½ > $%& 8*8 ภภภ$"((! 8*8 7$"((! 8)* , 5 DNA 8 ภ5 >% , $i[% 8ภภ$%& $ 5 * %H $, ( (spindle fiber) $ 5 + ภ$"((! $ *ภ8*8 7 ภ* ) # 8*8)( ภ5 DNA
8h M phase 1-1 ½ h
6h
G2 phase
4 ½h
01+!2 2-2 6IC6ภ4; 1 8ภ; J " G1, S, G2 ).*+ # 8) *+ #
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6
Cell Division
7 +!2 2-1 8"8 +!25: 5 8"87 K4; ภ).*+ # : J4; $"((! 5 + ) 6 $ 8$( 7* $"((! + kภ$ >, $%H ! 5 $ >, $%H ! 5
*, ?# 20-35 102 40 40-65
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.+ ?# ; ?# 6-15 8-14 13 9 20 12 10-30 12-22
+* ?# 9-26 57 110 40-75
( : U i ! 8 * i ! ) * ( *$ภ[ i !)
2.3.2 ).*+ # (mitosis) 9; M phase ภ$"((! > " 7 , ) *$ $ $"((! $ ภ$ $ > ภภ7 * * ภ" " ) , $"((!$ภ* % $ 8 )5 $"((! 5$ $, >,*$"((!(6ภ$ภ,+#7 8 (8 ,+ > > >" $ $, * ภ$"((! (diploid) >,*$p 8 * * 5 $"((!(6ภ> > >" $ภ) + ,) * % ภ@ 8 '( )5$"((! ' ,%ภ* ภภ$"((! > " ภ( ภภภ5%q ) $)( 7 ,5 8*8 7 8 5 $ ( $ * 1 - 1½ > $ 7 $%& 8*8 ภภ8 *+ > > >" (DNA), RNA (8 >% $ $"((! ภ1 $"((! $%& 2 $"((! $"((! $ภ, ) 7 8 ( ภ[ 8 T$) ภภ% 8ภ(8$%& 8*8 $)@ > > >" ภ$%& 4 8*8* * >% $G (prophase) $ $G (metaphase) $G (anaphase) (8$ >($G (telophase) 2.3.2.1 8"8*1 ?# (prophase) $%& 8*8 ภ+ + ภ> " ภ8*8 2 + $ !$G "# * ภ$ 8)! $ $ * ภ$"((! ภ8 6 ! > > >" 8$ ), )5$)@ $%& $ 5 ) + , 7 ( ภ8 * *6 U * $ ( * > > >" (8 8$ $%& 2 $ (duplication) 8$)@ $%& 2 $ 5 (8$ 5 $ *ภ> , (chromatid) > , 7 8*#, , *6 ,5 *ภ,$ $ *ภ$" > $ * ! (centromere) "# $%& ,ภ( $(@ภT (8 ภ$ ( *5 *> > >" > > >" ), 7 ( ภ,6) +#7 $)@ ,+#7 ภภ$ relational coiling (8 8$ ( $+5 % ภ(5$* ) 5 $ ( * %( *+ 8*8>% $G $* ) 5 $ ( * 7 8 *T ( * % )5> > >" ภ8 * *6 "> ( "#
7
Cell Division
01+!2 2-3 ภ; +!2C8.!ภ76 * *.* . 7 8 # C8.!ภ, 2.1 . L+M 5 )J 2 * . + J (chromatid) +! .9; ภ6 8 :92;.7 ;ภ6 J " *+ .!" (centromere)
5 #67 : 8*8 ภ+ >% $G 8 ภ+ $" > >" (centrosome) "# U * $" > ( (centriole) ภ$%& 2 >,*$" > >" (8 8 $" > ( 1 $" > >" 7 8$ ( *ภภภ% *6 (8+ 7 + $"((! (8 8 $ 5 * 7 T ( ภ[ 8 (5 *, ภ8 * *6 >,* $ *ภ$ $ ! (aster) 8) ภ+ $" > >" 7 8$ภ,$ 5 * %H $, ( "# $%& ภ( $ 5 * *#, 8) $" > (ภ$" > $ * !+ (8 > > >" ภภ7 8) 7> > >" 8), 7 $+5 (8) +#7 $)@ ,5 ,$ +#7 5 ,9: : % ภ_ $" > () $ $ ! * ภ5 $ 5 * %H $, ( "> ( "# ( ( ภ[ 8$%& + $)( ภ"> ( "# , $ *ภpolar cap ) 5 $ + 7 $"((!) (8 8ภ8 * ภภ+ 7 % *6 +5 ภ%( *+5 ) # + $ 5 * %H $, ($ภ8 $" > $ * !+ (8> > >" $ $, * ภ2.3.2.2 8"8 .+ ?# (metaphase) 8*8 5 + $ $G > > >" ), 7 , $)@ $%& ,$ $ *5 ( > ( (8$* ) 5 $ ( * 8 ( * % > > >" $)@ $%& $ 5 6 ,$ 8 $ * ภ*6 ภ# ภ( (equator) + $"((! >,*$" > $ * !+ (8 > > >" 8*#, ,ภ$ 5 * %H $, ( $"((! ! $" > ( 7 $ ( % *6 +5 + 7 + $"((! $" > ( 8>* ,ภ$" > $ * !+ ภ> > >" ,5 *$ 5 * %H $, ( 8*8 %( *$ $G $" > $ * !+ ภ> > >" 8 5 Tภ)5> , (8 6 5 8 *ภภภŕ¸
8
Cell Division
01+!2 2-4 ภ"-J7 J4; # "5"#1R J ).* +0 0 ภ6 * *.* .5 8"8 .+ ?#
2.3.2.3 8"8 ; ?# (anaphase) 8*8 ภ+ $ $G * * %H $, ( 8), 7 $+5 ,# > , 2 $ 5 $ * *6 ,ภ*ภภภภ(8> , 8 *T$ ( '(8 ภภ%* (8+ 7 + $"((! )5 ภ6ภ*ภภภ8*8%( * $G > , *ภภภ% *6 (8+ 7 + $"((!$ ภ( * ภ(5 8 ภ( ภ$ 5 $ ( * ) 8*8 7 $"((! > > >" = 4n ) 2 $ + 8*8 T ( 5 $"((!$ 5 > > >" = 2n) 8*8 $G 5$ ( 7 ,$ $ * ภ8*8 T 2.3.2.4 8"8 +* ?# (telophase) $%& 8*8 , 5 *+ ภ$"((! * * %H $, ( ( * % > > >" ( * ภ)5$ภ,$%& $ 5 *> (chromatin network) ภ( > ( (8$* ) 5 $ ( * $ภ,+#7 )5 ,6$%& 2 $ ( * $ ภ$ ( * $ * 5 * (5 8$+5 6 + ภ"> ( "# (cytokinesis) $"((! ! "> ( "# ภ( $"((! 8$ ,$+5 ,5 ภ+#7 $ *T (5 *ภภ$%& 2 $"((! $"((! 8 ภ8 + ภ($" * $ ภ( $"((! 5 $%& $"((!$ ( (cell plate) 8 T $ภ8$%& ' $"((! (8 ,5$"((! ) 2 $"((! $ ŕ¸
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Cell Division
01+!2 2-5 #J ภ).*+ #5 8"87 K4; #76
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Cell Division
01+!2 2-6 #J ภ).*+ #5 8"87 K4; ,9:
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Cell Division
01+!2 2-7 #J 8"87 K4; ภ).*+ #5 ภ;. ภ. V 4. 8"8; +; ?# . V . 8"8*1 ?# C. V W. 8"8 .+ ?# :. V X. 8"8 ; ?# Y. V I. 8"8 +* ?#
+ ภ$"((! > " 1. $%& + ภ)5 $"((!$ ภ+#7 (8 , + $ ( * ภ"> ( "# $) 8 )5$"((! % 8 U ภ, +#7 2. $"((! ) ,5 ภภ$"((! > " 8 + ,$"((! U (8 > > >" $) $"((!$, ภภภ% 8ภ# )5$"((! ภT$"((! !% 8ภ+ ภ(8 > > >" $ ŕ¸
2.4 ภ).*; # (Meiosis) ภ$"((! > " $"((! ) $ภ,+#7 8 > > >" $ ภ$"((!$, , 7 i *$ i (asexual reproduction) # ภ$"((! > " "# 8 > > >" ภT i *$ i (sexual reproduction) $ภ, ภภ%_ (fertilization) $ภ, ) 8 5 > > >" $%& 2 $ + $ * % ภภi#ภ[ 5 > > >" (8 , 8 ภ$ ภ+ ภ5 $"((! ! ภ$"((! $i[ )5> > >" (, 12
Cell Division
( $)( $ * # $, * ภ, ( *,! (diploid) $%& s ( *,! (haploid) $ $ภ,ภภ+ $"((! ! $"((! "# $%& s ( *,! ภ@ 8 ,5$"((! ) $%& , ( *,! > > >" 2 , + ภ$"((! ภ(, > > >" ภ2 , $)( $ * ,$, * 7 $ *ภ> " (meiosis) ภ$"((! 7 8$ภ,$p 8 $"((! ! (germ cell) ) $"((! ) 5 $%& gamete ) !$ 7 $p 8 ภ! i *$ i$ 7 ภ8 ภ$"((! 7 > " (8 > " $"((! 8 5 *6 8*8 $ !$G "# $ * 5 8 >,*$p 8, $ @ $ ) > > >" 8 ภ( $ +#7 $%& > , ภ$"((! > " $%& 8*8 ) T ,5 2 8*8 1. > " + 7 ภ(Meiosis division I or First meiotic cell division) $%& ภ$ ( * 7 ภ% 8ภ,5 * 8*8 $ !$G I # $ >($G I '( ภภ$"((! 7
5 1 $"((! )5 ,5$"((! ) 2 $"((! (8$"((! > > >" (,( # ) # + $"((! 7 5 (2n → n) 2. > " + 7 (Meiosis division II or Second meiotic cell division) $%& ภ$ ( * 7 $ 5 ,5 * (8$"((! ,5 ภ$ >($G I $+5 6 8*8> $G II # 8*8$ >($G II "# (8 8*8* *, $ % * ,$ @ (8 ภ$%( * %( T $ $, * ภภ$"((! > " ภ% 8ภภ( $ + > > >" '( ภ$"((! 7 8 ,5$"((! ) 7 ) , 4 $"((! (8$"((! > > >" $ $, ($%& # ) # + $"((! ภ*) ภ(, > > >" ( % ภ).*; #46Z ภ(First meiotic cell division) ภ$"((! > " + 7 ภ$%& reductional division ภ(, > > >" ( # ) # >,* *ภ> > >" $%& 6 ภ(homologous chromosome) ภภภ% (8+ 7 + $"((! $ 5 $%& $ ( * ) 2 $ ( * , 7 > > >" (8 $ ( * 8$%& # ) # + > > >" $ ( * $, (haploid) 8*8 7$%& 8*8 +5 * ,5$%& 5 8*8 8*8 $ !$G I # 8*8$ >($G I , 7 2.4.1.1 8"8; +; ?# I (Interphase I) $%& 8*8$ * ภภ$"((! ภ$%( * %( $, * ภ8*8 $ !$G + > " >,*$"((! 8 5 "> ( "# 5 T $%& % 8ภ+ > > >" $ ( * (8 ภ( + DNA +#7 $%& 2 $ "# $ภ,+#7 8*8$ "# 8*8 $ !$G 7 8 5$ ( ภภภ$"((! ภ*
13
Cell Division
01+!2 2-8 ภ).*; #
14
Cell Division
2.4.1.2 8"8*1 ?# I (Prophase I) 8*8 7 5$ ( ภ8*8 % 8ภ,5 * 8*8* *T 5 8*8 1. 1*++! (leptotene 9; leptonema) > > >" 8*8 7$%& $ 5 * ภภ*6 ภ8 , ภ8 * (8$ 5 + > > >" 2 > , $ 5 *> > >" ภ$ *ภ> > (chromonema) 8 ภ$ ภ$ *5 8 , $+5 ,6 (5 *(6ภ%q, $ *ภ( ภ[ 8(6ภ%q, 7 > > $ * ! (chromomere) 8*8 7* ( > ( (8$* ) 5 $ ( * *6 2. ) *ภ+! (zygotene 9; zygonema) > > >" 6% (5 * (# ภ$ *ภ>s> >(ภ> > >" (homologous chromosome) 8 6 ภ* + > > >" $ *ภภ6 ภ7 " %" (synapsis) > > >" 8 ภ* $ 8 8) , $) ภ, , ( ภ[ 8+ > > >" ภ), 7 $+5 )5$)@ $%& $ 5 ) ,$ +#7 * ภ$%& $ภ( * $"((! ! $" > ( 8 ภ) # $%& 3. , ) +! (pachytene 9; pachynema) > > >" 6 ภ* 6 ! ( , * + > > >" )5$)@ $%& $ 5 7 (8) U + > > >" *6 ภ$%& 6 T$ *ภ$( ! (Bivalent) "# % 8ภ,5 * 4 > , $ *ภU 7 $ , (tetrad) (8> > >" 8 *ภภ$%& 2 > , (sister chromatid) >,* $p 8 $" > $ * ! * > , + > > >" ภ$ *ภ" $ !> , (non-sister chromatid) A
B
01+!2 2-9 * *.* . A 8 B 1b *c*.* ภ6#* *.* . ( homologous chromosome) * . + J 1 8 2 1b # 7; * . + J (sister chromatid) : J!" ภ6 * . + J 3 8 4 * . + J 1 8 3 1b ; # 7; * . + J (non-sister ch romatid) : J!" ภ6 * . + J 2 8 4
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Cell Division
4. J *, +! (diplotene 9; diplonema) >s> >(ภ> > >" 6 ภ*6 $ *ภภภภ>,* $" > $ * ! *ภภภภภ(8 8) non-sister chromatid $*
,ภ*6 , ,ภ*6 7$ *ภ(chiasma) "# 8$ภ,+#7 ภ) ภ@ ,5 8$ภ, * 5 * ,) # ) "# 8 )5$ภ,ภ(ภ$%( * + > ,"# ภ(8ภ8) non-sister chromatid + >s> >(ภ> > >" % ภ_ภ! 7$ *ภ" > $ ! (crossing over) )5$ภ,ภ(ภ$%( * + * (gene) 8) >s> >(ภ> > >" ภ( 7 + > ,$ภ,+#7 $%& '( )5$ภ,ภ% ' ภ(variation) "# % 8>* ! 8 ภ,$( ภ! $) 8 ภU ,(5
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5. )J;8 # (diakinesis) > > >" ภ), 7 +#7 ภ)5$)@ $( ! ภ8 * *6 $"((! ( ภ[ 8$%& (closed bivalent) 8 2 >,* (8 8$ (
%* %( * + + > > >" % ภ_ภ! 7$ *ภTerminalization 8$)@ non-sister chromatids $ ,ภ%( *> > >" ภภ7 $)@ $( !$%& 6%ภภ(open bivalent) 5 $ * $, * $ 7 8*8 7$* ) 5 $ ( * $ ( * (8 ( > ( $ ) * % 16
Cell Division
2.4.1.3 8"8 .+ ?# I (Metaphase I) 8*8 7$* ) 5 $ ( * ( * % (5 > > >" ), 7 , $( !+ > > >" $ * ภ*6 $ ภ( $"((! * * %H $, ( $ภ8*#, $" > $ * !+ > > >" 2.4.1.4 8"8 ; ?# I (Anaphase I) * * %H $, (,# )5>s> >(ภ> > >" (8 $( ! *ภภภภ(8$ ( %* + 7 +5 + $"((!>,* ภ$" > $ * ! (8 (8> > >" * 2 > , *6 2.4.1.5 8"8 +* ?# I (Telophase I) > > >" 7 2 ภ( *ภภ%* + 7 $"((! )5 > > >" (8ภ( (,( $)( $ * # ) # ) s ( *,! (n) > > >" $ * , ภ$* ) 5 $ ( * (8 ( > ( $ % ภ_+#7 8*8 7 8 % ' ภ(8 , $ $( 7* $, * ภ8 ภ$"((! 8*8$ >($G I >,* 6 ! )( ภ> > >" ภ$%& 2 ภ( (5 8 ภ5 $* ) 5 $ ( * (8 ภ"> ( "#
$(* $"((! 8 6ภ$%& 2 ภ( (8ภ( > > >" $%& # ) # + $"((! ภ* (5 # ภ8 ภ> " II % ) $"((! ! ภภ$"((! 8*8 $ >($G 6 ! ภ$%( * %( > > >" $ $+5 6 ภ$"((! > " + 7 2.4.2 ).*; #46Z #; (Second Meiotic cell division) ภ$"((! > " II 7 (5 *ภภ$"((! > " ภ$ 8)!> > >" ) (8 ภ(, > > >" $%& 8*8 , ภ8*8$ >($G I ภ$%& 4 8*8 8*8>% $G II 8*8$ $G II 8*8 $G II (8 8*8$ >($G II , 7 2.4.2.1 8"8*1 ?# II (Prophase II) $%& 8*8 7 T (8> > >" 8 $" > $ * ! ภ*6 + + > , *ภภภ,$ "# ภ> " ภ> " 7 8 6 sister chromatid + (8> > >" $) ภภ% 8ภ8*8>% $G II + ภ> " 7 sister chromatid $) ภ$, * 5 % ภ_ภ! " > $ ! $ภ* +5 8*8 7$* ) 5 $ ( * 8) * % (8$"((! 8 ภ5 * * %H $, ( $" > $ * ! (8$+5 6 8*8 %
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Cell Division
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Cell Division
01+!2 2-12 #J ภ).*; # A. Interphase I B. Prophase I C. Metaphase I D. Anaphase I E. Telophase I F. Prophase II G. Metaphase II H. Telopase II I. 5 . 4
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Cell Division
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Cell Division
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Cell Division
+J#; + " ++!2 2 1. + ภ)5 > > >" $"((! ภ, 6ภภ[ )5 *6 $ ภ. mitosis +. meiosis . fertilization . mutation 2. +5 , 6ภ5 $ภ* ภภ+ $"((! ภ. prophase II $"((! 8 DNA 5 *ภ$"((!%ภ# ) # $ 8 ภ(, > > >" +. anaphase + > " 8$ภ,ภ*ภ+ >s> >(ภ> > >" %* (8+ 7 + $"((! . anaphase II 8$ภ,ภ*ภ+ sister chromatid . crossing over 8$ภ, metaphase I M :!Z C )J;8 ภ. !Z #J 46Z 7; 7 K4; ภ5 ,9:: J -2 C 7; M l .4 ; 3 V 5
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Cell Division
M :!Z C 5: m h ,7 ;)1 !Z7; M l .4 ; 6 V 7
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