Chemical Bond

Page 1

(Chemical Bond) CHEMISTRY FOR ENFINEERS

Chollada Kulwat

Chemistry for Engineers

3 (Chemical Bond) ภ! ภ" # ภภภ$%& ภ# ' 'ภ( ) ( P4, S8, H2O, CO2 " 2345% # 6 (2!768 49 %8'4ภ( 24ภ' ' 4 ) ( :(;# < ' ( = :(;#> ($ภ:(;# 6#

3.1

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ภ>%8"ภ8 9 ภ234'ภA: (:(;# <? ภB 768 ภ4 ' ภCD( # 8 7)8: (&B ('(6(53 " % ' @ 47( ภ&# 8 2" 45% 6(234' # 6 (!( 8 >'8%8'4ภ( E53 ภF<? 2:(;# < 2 #6' # (3(

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+

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" #ภ23 ภG ' ภ( CD(ภภ8 (>%8 2 G (# ) ( " F 6 ' " # ภH E>%8 (?3 & ภ2" 45% 6(234' ภ6 (!( 8 >'8%8'4ภ( 24ภ' " 45% 6(234' #6' ภ' 4 ) ( " '( % =' = " #6' !' :(;#>I % &(

77

Chemistry for Engineers

#$% 3.2 &<*' @C.*# 8 5) ' %A &#'()* (+ # += '. /ก1/23' D? (H2O) &;=/ . /ก1/@+ * +(ก

ก >%8"ก 8 9 ก234'กA& %6 6 ' & % %? % " # <' 8 ("J ก 23&# B 768 " F 6 6 ' B 768 6 'ก 4 CD(> %4> ก$%CK$ก$ $4 < 2 8 7)8: (&B ('(6(53 " % ' @ 47( " F " # 6 ' &# 8 2" 45% 6(234' ก 6 (!( 8 >'8%8'4ก( ก C 234( G (# &5 8 7 : ( 8 >C :?3 )(#" 45% 6(234' #6' ก % ก ' 3.1.1 %# .(9 B8 ก :(;# < 2 6 ? " 45% 6(234'@ 47( ก '(76L 7)8 ;$A 4 ก234'กA A $ ) ( ก # 4(!B ก (B >MMN 9C ก " #ก ก$%: ( CK$ก$ $4 ' 4 ) ( • C #ก A 23 2:(;# < ' ( = '(76L &#> # 4(! B " 23 2:(;# > ($ก '(76L &# # 4(!B >%8 • < ' ( => (B >MMN ( ก& กA )($% 23 23 # 4(!B >%8 " #" ก ' CD( > (7((!B '( > ($ก> (B >MMN ( ก& ก6 6 '6 ? ?3 # 4(!B • < ' ( = 2 9C ก 23"( ( ( " > ($ก> 2 9C ก 3.1.2 %# .(9 B8 ก&#'()* (+# += '. /ก1/ '(76L &#7)8C # 4)(=7(ก ;$A 4 ก234'กA& %6 6 ' & % %? % <' 8 ( "J " #<' %(> 2< & %6 6 ' & % %? % <' 8 ("J " #<' %(> > ก(

78

Chemistry for Engineers (?3 & ก 6 (!( 2" 45% 6(234' #6' ก > ก( 7% 2" 45% 6(234' กก' กF&# 2& % %? % 9 ก' ) ( H2O 2& % %? % 9 ก' NH3 : # H2O 2" 45% 6(234' #6' ก กก' NH3 ก 23 8 7)8: (&B ('(6(53 7(ก B 768 " F C 234( G (# CD( 6 ' " # C 234( 6 '768ก 4 CD(> " % ' " 45% 6(234' #6' ก 7( " F กก' 7( 6 ' " #7( 6 ' กก' 7("กH ก ( 23&#Q5กR ' # ; 8 " 45% 6(234' #6' ก(>%8 4 > &# :$& S ก % 4 :?3 )2!768 6F(<' " ก :(;# < 2)($% : '% "% (Cu) X 5ก E %24 < > %= " # E %24 < > %= 236 6 ' (NaCl) (!B ก 3( (H2O) 4 (SiO2) ก : '&ก (B >MMN ! 4 )($% % @ :

#$% 3.3 ก # */3';#+8ก # ? @HHI 23'< # D' 4 9 7* >3 /+* 3'&*' K/)ก.5 * ( /3@#*B .5 * ( /3@#*B /3 /+ &/ # (

& ก@ :ก '&ก (B >MMN A )($% :A' '% "% " # E %24 < > %= 23 6 6 ' (B >MMN >%8 " > >%86 4<' ' :(;#7( '% "% " #:(;#7( E %24 < > %=&# 8 CD(:(;#)($% %24'ก( : # "% (B >MMN >%87( @ : 23 CD( " F " E %24 < > %= 23 CD( " F > (B >MMN " # S#X (ก #" >MMN '% "% &#> ก$%ก C 234("C 7% " E %24 < > %= 236 6 '&#G9ก"4ก 4 CD( 6# E %24 " #"กH < 2( (!B ก 3(" # 4> (B >MMN 6 ? (ก( " ! 2& % %? % & %6 6 ' ก( ก (& %6 6 '" #& % %? % (!B 0OC " # 100OC & %6 6 '" #& % %? % 4

79

Chemistry for Engineers

1,710OC " # 2,650OC B %A) " % ' :(;#7( ! )($%(2! CD(:(;#<( # ภRS# ภ( & ภ' 4 4 )($% E53 2 A $ ภ((2! " % ' 2:(;# < 2 23" ภภ(G5 4 ภRS# :(;# 2345% 6(234' # "% 7("X ( "% >'8%8'4ภ( 24ภ' (Metallic bond) :(;#7( E %24 < > %= 24ภ' , -ภ(Ionic bond) (!B " # 4E53 > (B >MMN :(;# 2345% 6(234' CD(:(;# 23 24ภ' / 0 (Covalent bond) " # (?3 & ภ& % %? %" #& %6 6 ' 23 ภ( ภ#6' 4ภA(!B " % ' :(;# < ' ( =7( 4" #(!B CD(:(;# < ' ( = 23 ภ( :(;# < ' ( =7((!B 45% H 2 # " # O 1 # 8 %8'4ภ( CD( 1 ภ24ภ(!B ' CD( ภ/ 0 (molecular covalent substance) " #6' ภ(!B > 7) :(;# < ' ( = '( 4 Si 1 # &# ภ#ภA O 4 # " # O " # # &# ภ#ภA Si 2 # CD( ) ((2!>C ?3 4 < ' ( ="AA(2!> 2 A 23"( ( ( ภ24ภ' / 07 8 9ภ: : ; (network covalent substance)

(a) < 8 (!B CD(:(;# < ' ( = (b) < 8 E$ $ภ(>% ภ>E%= CD( < X 5ภ4 (c) < 8 :) CD( < X 5ภ4 #$% 3.4 ; +3(= '. #'<# '23'< #. + / ;B& . /ภ1/. + / ;B (molecular covalent substance) &/ & . #'K/)ภ#= '; 2= ( (network covalent substance)

; # ' 3.1

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Chemistry for Engineers ภ(B >MMN 7( G (# " F > (B ภ(B >MMN 7( G (# 6 ' (B & % %? % %4C # S 700-3,600OC

3.2

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> (B > (B 2,000-6,000OC

(B >%8%2 (B >%8%2 357-6,000OC

UVW ภ#<# ' 23'/7+37<

G.N.Lewis >%8 ( > ภ?@0 - A? B ; 7 C 7 D 24ภ' > ภ?@0 -/ - (Lewis symbol) %4ภ7)8& %" (' (E= $ Fภ( 24(>'8 A # (!( ' (E= $ Fภ(6 ? & % 6 (!(&#" % A $ < 2 ; L ภRS= $' $ B 6 A 10 ; " ภ<?

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ภ!

2&B ('( $ Fภ( ภ(" # ภA

24ภC ภKภS= ) ((2!' Isoelectronic 7( B ( %24'ภ( H:- Li+ Be2+ ภF CD( Isoelectronic ภA He ภ24(& %" (' (E= $ Fภ( %4 3'>C ($4 24(& % CD(<9 8 A # (!( :?3 768(A>%8 4" #> A ( " > >%8 CD(ภj 4 ' <? &# 24( CD(& % %234' ภF>%8 ) (

L ภRS= $' $ (2! 2C # 4)(= ภB 6 AภQ5ภR :(;# < 2 ; ภA (representative elements) " > 7)8ภA; ( $)( (transition elements) : #ภ8 :(;# ; ( $ )(> >%87)8 $ Fภ(' ( ภ% :24 ' %24' 7( S# 23 L ภRS= $' $ " % " n: # $ Fภ(' ( ภ% (!( & ภ<' 98 ?3 < 8 # ; 6 9 8 6 ? ; n?3 4 (inert or noble gas) CD(; 23 ภ$%CK$ภ$ $4 >%84 ภ<? > < 4&#4 8 :(;#ภA; ?3( 23 CD( ) ((2! : #; n?3 4 2ŕ¸

81

Chemistry for Engineers &% 24 $ Fภ(7(' ( ภ% CD( 8 B 768 < 8 # G24 % (!( 7(ภ8 :(;# # ; ?3( &5 :4 4 23&# B 768ภ&% 24 $ Fภ( 6 ? (ภA; n?3 4 %4 &&#& 4' (E= $ Fภ( ภ>C 6 ? A $ Fภ( 8 :$3 $ 6 ? (B ' (E= $ Fภ( 7)8 ' ภA # ?3( ! (2! :?3 768 $ Fภ(' ( ภ% CD( 8 ภ23 # ; :4 4 B 768 $ Fภ(' ( ภ% = 8 G? ' CD(ภj 6(53 7(ภ8 :(;# 24ภภj(2!' ภG ŕ¸

(octet rule) 7(A % ; n?3 4 ! 6 4 2I2 24 (He) (!( 23 2 $ Fภ(' ( ภ% = 2 <? 2ภ&% 24 $ Fภ( CD( 1s2 ; n?3 4 ' ?3( 2' (E= $ Fภ( = 8 ! (!( %4 2 $ Fภ(7( #%A: (( ภ% CD( s2, p6 % (2!

# ; ?3( &#:4 4 B 768 ' (E= $ Fภ( CD( 8 ) (

G8 :$& S ; >I % &( (H) $ 24 (Li) A $ 24 (Be) &# 2 B "6( 49 7ภ8ภA ; n?3 4<? I2 24 (He) % (!(ภ8 :(;# H, Li, Be &#:4 4 B 768 ' (E= $ Fภ( = 2 6 ? (I2 24 E53 > CD(>C ภj ŕ¸

3.3

ภ#<# '&/ ภ#</ (

ภ4" 45% 6(234' #6' # &# 8 7)8: (&B ('(6(53 24ภ' E53 6 4G5 ; /: ภH ภภ; ภH ; ;I: J 7ภK ( : #G8 CD( G (# ?3( : (A '(&# 9L 24>C7(ภC 234( G (#) : (:(;#(2 ! :/; L ภ- HI / CD(< 23" % <' " F " :(;# G8 :(;# " F " ภ: ( 23&#7)87(ภ4:(;#ภF 2< ภE53 &# 2X >CG5 <' ' >'7(ภภ$%CK$ภ$ $4 < 2 : #ภ( 23&# B CK$ภ$ $4 ภA ?3( :(;# < 2 %$ 8 G9ภ4 ภ( 24( ภ" % ภ4:(;# >%8% (2! F2 ( g ) → 2 F ( g ) − 159kJ ..............................(1) Cl 2 ( g ) → 2Cl ( g ) − 242kJ ...........................(2) CH 4 ( g ) → C ( g ) + 4 H ( g ) − 1,652kJ ............(3) O2 ( g ) + 498kJ → 2O( g ).............................(4) N 2 ( g ) + 945kJ → 2 N ( g )............................(5)

82

H 2 O( g ) + 926kJ → 2 H ( g ) + O( g )..............(6)

Chemistry for Engineers

6 ?

ภ(1) 2ภ4:(;# #6' F ภA F &B ('( 1 (7)8: (>C 159 kJ 24ภ' : (:(;# #6' F tF = 159 kJ/mole ภ(2), (4), (5) ภF ) (ภ( 2ภ4:(;# ภ# 1 " 7( ภ(3) 2ภ4:(;# #6' C ภA H G5 4 & ภ9 < 8

% (!( G8 <$%: ( #6' C ภA H ภF&# 2<

1, 652 = 413 kJ/mole 4

7( B ( %24'ภ( ภ(6) 2ภ4:(;# #6' O ภA H 2 : (:(;# #6' O ภA H 2< 463 kJ/mole G8 :$& S ภ4:(;#7( CH4 2 # !( % (2!

7(ภ4:(;#" # !( ! 4 !( CD(ภ4:(;# #6' C ภA H ! (!(

!( 23 1

(g) + 425 kJ

( g ) + •H(g)

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Chemistry for Engineers

!( 23 2

(g) + 470 kJ

( g ) + •H(g)

!( 23 2

(g) + 415 kJ

( g ) + •H(g)

!( 23 4

(g) + 335 kJ

( g ) + •H(g)

&# 6F(>%8' ภ4:(;# C t H 7( CH4 " # !(7)8: (> ภ( " #> ภAภ4 :(;# C t H 7( ?3( ) (

% (!( ภภB 6(%< : (:(;# C t H &5 >%8& ภภn 234: (:(;# C t H 6 4 :(;# 7(6 4 24ภ' : (:(;# n 234 (average bond energy) : (:(;# #6' # <9 ?3( ภF ) ( %24'ภ( ; # ' 3.2

&<*' / '' \/ ( / '' kJ/mole C-C 348 C t Cl 339 615 CtN NtN 163 HtH 436 431 H t Cl HtI 298 StH 367

84

CtH CtO NtH NtO HtF H t Br HtO StF

/ '' kJ/mole 413 358 391 201 567 366 463 327

Chemistry for Engineers StS Cl t Cl ItI

255 242 151

FtF Br t Br OtO

159 193 146

ก CK$ก$ $4 >C(2!

F2 ( g) → 2 F(g) - 159kJ CD(ก #A'(ก 4:(;# F t F 7( F2 E53 %9%: ( 159 kJ/mole " % ' 2F(g) 2 : ( กก' F2(g) 49 159 kJ/mole (" % ' F2 G24 ก' 2F : # 2: ((8 4ก' ) % (!(G8 B 768 # M 9 2( 2 # ' ก(ก 4 CD( ก F2 ก #A'(ก (2! 8 2 ก < 4: ( กA 159 kJ/mole % ก 2F( g) → F2 (g) + 159kJ ; # ' 3.3 Cl - Cl Br a Br IaI O-H

&<*'* +3(= '%_7ก7#7( ก (+ก ก #<# '&/ </ ( 23'< #3> L ก #</ ( ก #<# ' Cl 2 ( g) → 2Cl(g) - 242kJ 2Cl( g) → Cl 2 (g) + 242kJ Br2 ( g) → 2Br(g) - 193kJ 2Br ( g) → Br2 (g) + 193kJ I 2 ( g) → 2I(g) - 151kJ 2I( g) → I 2 (g) + 151kJ H 2 O( g) → 2H(g) + O(g) - 926kJ 2H ( g) + O(g) → H 2 O(g) + 926kJ *$* / '' ( / ''

& ก ' 4 23" % >'8 : &# ! 8 ก >%8' 1. 7(ก #A'(ก 4:(;# > ' &# CD(:(;#7%กF &#%9%: ( : ( 23%9% 8 >C&# 2< ก6 ? (8 4 :24 7%(!( 5!(กA<' " F " :(;# 23&# 4 2. 7(ก #A'(ก 8 :(;# &#< 4: ( > ' :(;# 23 8 &# CD(:(;#)($%7% 3. G8 :(;# 23 46 ? 8 CD(:(;#)($% %24'ก( : ( 23%9% 8 >C :?3 4:(;# &# 2< กA: ( 23< 4 ก ?3 2ก 8 :(;# " # , " %

85

Chemistry for Engineers 7(CK$ภ$ $4 < 2 %4 3'>C ?3 ! 8( B CK$ภ$ $4 ภ(ภ4 CD( X $ @Sw= :(;# ! 6 47( ! 8(&# 8 G9ภ4 ภ&(6 % E53 8 %9%: (&B ('(6(53 $ = a kJ " 8'&5 2ภ8 :(;# CD( X $ @Sw= E53 &# 2ภ< 4: ( 2ภ&B ('(6(53 $ = b kJ E53 a ภ&# > ภA b (?3 & ภ! 8(" # X $ @Sw= CD( <( #)($% :(;# 23 4>C" #:(;# 23 8 5!( 76 &5 > 7) :(;#)($% %24'ภ( c a > b %_7ภ7#7( D %A %_7ภ7#7( *$* / '' c a < b %_7ภ7#7( D %A %_7ภ7#7( ( / '' ; +3(= ' 3.1 CK$ภ$ $4 2 H 2 O(g) → 2H 2 ( g) + O 2 ( g) CD(CK$ภ$ $4 %9%6 ? < 4 : ( " #& 6 C $ S <' 8 ( 23 C 234(>C ภB 6(%: (:(;# O - H = 463kJ/mole

H - H = 436kJ/mole O = O = 498kJ/mole # 1. :(;# 23 4<? :(;#7( ! 8( 2(H t O t H) >%8"ภ:(;# O t H &B ('( 4 % (!( %9%: ( = 4 Ă— 463 = 1,852 kJ 2. :(;# 23 8 76 <? :(;#7(X $ @Sw= 2(H t H) " # O = O % (!( < 4: ( = (2 Ă— 436) + 498 = 1,370 kJ 3. : ( 23%9% 8 >C 2< ภภ' : ( 23< 4 ภ% (!( CK$ภ$ $4 (2!%9%: ( Ans 4. : ( 23%9% 8 >C = 1,852 t 1,370 = 482 kJ/2 mol (!B 6 ? 482 kJ/2 mol H2 6 ? 482 kJ/1 mol O2 Ans ; +3(= ' 3.2 ?3 (B "ภH Cl2 5.6 dm3 23 STP B CK$ภ$ $4 ภA H2 10 g ภH 2 ( g) + Cl 2 ( g) → 2HCl(g) & <B ('S6 1. &B ('( ' " #C $ 23 STP HCl 23 ภ$%& ภCK$ภ$ $4 2. C $ S<' 8 ( 23 C 234(>C ?3 $!( %CK$ภ$ $4 3. CD(CK$ภ$ $4 %9%6 ? < 4<' 8 (

86

Chemistry for Engineers

ภB 6(%: (:(;# H t H = 436 kJ/mol , Cl t Cl = 242 kJ/mol, H t Cl = 431 kJ/mol ' # H = 1, Cl = 35.5 # V 1. & ภ9 n = ?3 n = &B ('( , v = C $ ภH E(6( '4 CD( $ 23 STP) 22.4 5.6 1 mol = mol % (!( Cl 2 5.6 dm 3 at STP = "('<$% & ภ9 % (2! 22.4 4 10 W CV V H 2 10 g = mol = 5 mol n= = = 2 M 1000 22.4 & ภภCl2 1 B CK$ภ$ $4 : %2ภA H2 1 ภ$% HCl 2 1 1 1 % (!( Cl2 B CK$ภ$ $4 : %2ภA H2 ภ$% HCl 4 4 2 ภ$%

1 1 HCl mol = Ă— 22.4 dm 3 at STP 2 2 = 11.2 dm 3 at STP 1 W = n Ă— M = Ă— 36.5 g = 18.25 g 2

Ans

2. & ภภH 2 ( g) + Cl 2 ( g) → 2HCl(g) :(;# 23 4<? :(;#7( ! 8( H t H , Cl t Cl ; : ( 23%9% 8 >C = 436 + 242 = 678 kJ :(;# 23 ภ$%76 <? :(;#7(X $ @Sw= 2(H t Cl) ; : ( 23< 4 ภ= 2Ă—431 = 862 kJ % (!( : (<' 8 ( 23 C 234(>C = 862 t 678 = 184 kJ/mol H2 1 " H2 23 B CK$ภ$ $4 ! " $3 " ภ&(CK$ภ$ $4 $!( % = mol 4 1 C $ S<' 8 ( 23 C 234(>C ?3 $!( %CK$ภ$ $4 = Ă— 184 = 46 kJ Ans 4 3. CK$ภ$ $4 (2! CD(CK$ภ$ $4 < 4<' 8 ( : #: ( 23< 4 = 862 kJ > : ( 23%9% = 672 kJ Ans ; +3(= ' 3.3 ภB 6(% 8 9 768% (2! 1. 2NH 3 ( g) → N 2 ( g) + 3H 2 ( g) ∆H = + 93kJ 2. N 2 ( g) → 2N(g) ∆H = + 945kJ ∆H = - 436 kJ 3. 2H(g) → H 2 ( g)

87

Chemistry for Engineers

# & ภCK$ภ$ $4 2 NH 3 ( g) → N 2 ( g) + 3H 2 ( g) :(;# 23 4<? :(;#7( ! 8( : ( 23%9% 8 >C 2Ă—3 ( N t H ) = 6 ( N t H ) kJ :(;# 23 ภ$%76 <? :(;#7(X $ @Sw= N2 , 3H2 : (:(;# N2 = 945 kJ/mol 8 ภB 6(% 23 2, : (:(;# H2 = 436 kJ/mol 8 ภB 6(% 23 3

% (!(: ( 23< 4 ภ= 945 + 3(436) = 2,253 kJ " CK$ภ$ $4 (2! CD(CK$ภ$ $4 %9%: ( 93 kJ 6(N - H) - 2,253 = 93 2,346 N-H= = 391 kJ/mol 6

Ans

& fgภ* 3.1 1. & <B ('S: (:(;# N t O ภNO2 & ภCK$ภ$ $4 2NO(g) + O2 → 2NO2(g) CK$ภ$ $4 (2!< 4<' 8 ( ภ112 kJ ภB 6(%: (:(;# N t O = 90 kJ/mol, O=O = 120 kJ/mol 2. G8 : (:(;# H t H = 436 kJ/mol, C t H = 413 kJ/mol & <B ('S: ( ภภ$% C #ภA 2 ( %4 & ภ< =A (" #>I % &( C(s) + 2H2(g) CH4(g) 3. 7( ภA2(g) + B2(g) 2AB(g) G8 : (7(ภ4:(;# A2 = 436 kJ/mol , B2 = 242 kJ/mol , A t B = 431 kJ/mol 7(CK$ภ$ $4 (2!&# 2C $ S<' 8 ( CK$ภ$ $4 ภ23 kJ/mol 4. ภB 6(%: (:(;#768% (2! 9 7*23' CtH CtC C=C

/ '' (kJ/mol) 413 348 614

88

Chemistry for Engineers & ก (2! G8 8 ก 4:(;# ! 6 %7( C #ก A : :2( &# 8 7)8: (ก23 kJ/mol

3.4

ก # ก7*

?3 :$& S ; 237)8ก(7(C && A( :A' 2; 49 1 6 9 23" A&#> B CK$ก$ $4 กA ; ?3( 4 <? I: 8 6 ? 23 24ก' กK O PC ; C PC ; (?3 & ก; 7(6 9 (2! CD(; n?3 4 23 ก H ; - Qก D ก 8 # ก # (!( 8'(" 8 ก $ $ Fก (7( #%A: ()!(( ก %(2!768 F %8'4ก( ! $!( &&# CD( %4ก - Qก 6 ? ก - Qก % ' 4 7( 9C 23 3.6

#$% 3.6 3 ;3 23' ;1 $= 1 $= 2 &/ $= 7 37 /:ก;#3 - # * / '' 9 D 3ก<1*@ = # 8 c

; 3'ก # ;7 37 /:ก;#3 - # * / '' 9 D 3ก<1* D- ;: >3 ;1 $= 8 3 88 ? @* .*( ก .ก! <?

# ;1 $ = 1 &/ 2 #>3 ก / .ก! <?

# ;1 $= 7

& ' # ' () ก % 1) ) ' ! ก ก ,- ก ) ( %24'กA # ?3( 6#" < > 8 ก ก$%CK$ก$ $4 :?3 768 $ Fก ()!(( ก F 6 ? (; ?3( 23 2 $ Fก ()!(( ก :24 1 ' ?3 ; 6 (2! ก$%CK$ก$ $4 &5 8 2ก 24 $ Fก ( 1 ' :?3 B 768 $ Fก (7()!(( ก 23 6 ? F ; 6 9 1 ' >' ก ก$%CK$ก$ $4 (?3 & ก; 6 (!(กB &% $ Fก ( :24 1 '>%8 4

89

Chemistry for Engineers

? @ .5 * ( 5) '3($=- $= 1 8)'+=3'@+;=3ก # ก7*%_7ก7#7( กก+= & ก 5 ( - ;1 $= 2

3.7 .5 * & ' ) ' ! ก ก ,- ก ก & #$/% % 1 ( + +=3'@+;=3ก # ก7*%_7ก7#7(

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90

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91

Chemistry for Engineers

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92

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93

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&<*' + ( + \/ ( + ( + (pm) C-C 154 C t Cl 177 CtN 147 NtN 146 HtH 74 H t Cl 128 HtI 160 StH 134 StS 143 Cl t Cl 199 ItI 267

94

CtH CtO NtH NtO HtF H t Br HtO StF FtF Br t Br OtO

+ ( + (pm) 108 143 101 136 92 141 97 134 142 228 148

Chemistry for Engineers

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95

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; # ' 3.5

; +3(= 'ภ# 2 ( <$;#&<*' . + / ;B

96

Chemistry for Engineers

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97

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; 6 9 4 ' (E= $ Fภ( = 4 8 8 4 :(;# ; 6 9 5 ' (E= $ Fภ( = 5 8 8 3 :(;# ; 6 9 6 ' (E= $ Fภ( = 2 8 8 2 :(;# ; 6 9 7 ' (E= $ Fภ( = 7 8 8 1 :(;# &<*'/ ภVZ ภ#<# ' 23' ;1;= 'L (<# ' - / ภVZ share)

3.5.1.2 9 7*23' . + / ;B G8 :$& S :(;#@ 47( ภ"ภH ภE$ &( (O2) E53 C #ภA%8'4 ภE$ &( 2 # " # # 8 ภ$ Fภ( :$3 $ 2 ' &5 8 8 2 :(;# % " %

6 ? 7( ภ"ภH >( &( :$3 $ 3 ' &5 8 8 3 :(;# % " %

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98

Chemistry for Engineers

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Cl - Cl

H-H

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3 4 #% :(;#<9 CD(:(;# < ' ( = 23 ภ$%& ภภ7)8 ' (E= $ Fภ( ' ภ( 2 <9 7)8 8( 2 8( " (:(;#<9 :$& S 9 ภ2 2(<? C2H4 < =A ( 2 # )?3 ภ(%8'4 I: % (2!

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99

Chemistry for Engineers

3 4 :(;# CD(:(;# < ' ( = 23 ภ$%& ภภ7)8 ' (E= $ Fภ( ' ภ( 3 <9 7)8 8( 3 8( " (:(;# ) (

N≥N H-C≥C-H H-C≥ N

: N ::: N : H : C ::: C : H H : C ::: N :

C #ภA 23 ภ$%& ภ# 23 8 :(;# < ' ( = ' ภ( 24ภ' C #ภA < ' ( = 6 ? < ' ( = (Covalent compound)

• • • •

; # ' 3.7

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100

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101

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%# ( ( + ( + &/ / '' 23' * (+ $= &/ <

/ '' (kJ/mole) CtC 154 348 C ภA C C=C 134 614 C≥C 120 839 CtN 147 305 C ภA N C=N 130 615 C≥ N 116 891 NtN 146 163 N ภA N N=N 125 418 N≥N 110 945 CtO 143 358 C ภA O C=O 122 745 OtO 148 146 O ภA O O=O 121 498 ; # ' 3.9 <#1%< ;7 %# ( ( # += ' * (+ $= &/ < 9 7*23' + &2:'&#'23' + ( + / '' + <c (# :(;# %234' (8 4 23 % ภ23 % (8 4 23 % ภ23 % :(;#<9 C (ภC (ภC (ภC (ภ:(;# ภ23 % (8 4 23 % ภ23 % (8 4 23 %

( ;1 <' G24 :(;#<? <' < ' :(;#(!( :(;# 2<' G24 (8 4 23 % (?3 & ภ2ภ7)8 $ Fภ( ' ภ(G5 3 <9 " X ภ(?3 & ภC #& A $ Fภ(&5 2 ภ% (!(:(;# &5 4 CD(:(;#<9 6 ? :(;# %234'>%8 4 3 ;3 <# '

9 7*23'

+ ( + (pm)

102

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9 <? SiO2 (2:4 = 1:2)

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9 <? N2O3

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9 <? PCl3

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9 <? H2S

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103

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104

Chemistry for Engineers

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; # ' 3.11 &<*' . 33#B*7 ;. + / ;B- < #3> L '< # /3' 78 #Z <$;#;=3@% D 3ภ@* #>3@ =+= ;? & ='-* %A . 33#B*7 ;. + / ;B

105

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G8 < 8 SO2 CD(% 23" % >'8& $ <? 7( ภC #ภA%8'4:(;# %234'" # :(;#<9 #6' S ภA O <' 4 ':(;#&#> ภ( " ?3 % '%& $ <' 4 ':(;# ภ( ! %8 ( : (:(;#ภF ภ(%8'4 ;$A 4>%8' 7( ภSO2 &# 2 $ Fภ(<9 ' :(;# ! 6 % 3 <9 7(&B ('((2!&# 2 2 <9 23 49 #6' # S ภA O '( 2ภ<9 6(53 &# < ?3 ( 23>C #6' # S ภA O ! %8 ( % ' & 24( 9 >%8% (2! < 8 4ภA 2ภ7)8 $ Fภ( ' ภ(A $ 'S #

1

1 2

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106

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3.5.1.5 ภ# 2 ( <$;#&<*'< #. + / ;B < ' ( =E53 %4 ภภ$%& ภ; C # @ 6# ?3 &# 24( 9 768 24 B %A %4ภ(B ; 23 2<' CD( 6#(8 4 23 %>'8 8 6(8 6 ? G8 &#768&B >%8 4 5!(ภF<? 24 B %A 6 9 & ภE8 4>C ' G8 49 7(6 9 %24'ภ(768 24 & ภ5!(A( % (2!

( ;1 (2!" % n: #; 23 8 :(;# < ' ( = 23:AA 4 ภ24( 9 < ' ( =768 24 B %A% (2! B, Si, C, Sb, As, P, N, H, Te, Se, S, At, I, Br, Cl, O, F ) ( C #ภA 23 ภ$%& ภCK$ภ$ $4 #6' I ภA N 24( 9 NI3 #6' H ภA Se 24( 9 H2Se CD( 8( 3.5.1.5 ภ#3= 9> 3< #%# ภ3 . + / ;B ภ/ 0 C ภ/: ภ768 ()?3 6# ภ( " 8' %8'4)?3 6# 2ภ'6(53 %4 C 234( 8 4 24 CD( >_%= (-ide) ) ( M 9 2( M 9 > %= E M = E >M%= 3= %A 3= %A ภE$ &( ภ>E%= E2 2 (24 E2 2>(%= 3= %A 3= %A < 2( < > %= 9 24 9> %= 3= %A 3= %A

107

Chemistry for Engineers A 2( A > %= >I % &( >I>% %= 3= %A 3= %A > %2( > >%%= >( &( >(> %= 3= %A 3= %A " 2( " > (= M M M >M%= 3= %A 3= %A ( ภ& ภ(2!768A ภ&B ('( # 6#" # '%8'4 @ R ภ2ภ6 ? # $( ) (

1 = mono 6 = hexa ; +3(= '9> 3 2 = di 7 = hepta / ;B 3 = tri 8 = octa 4 = tetra 9 = nona 5 = penta 10 = deca <$;#< # 9> 3< # BCl3 Boron trichloride CO Carbon monoxide CS2 Carbon disulfide NH3 Nitrogen trihydride (ammonia) PCl5 Phosphorous pentachloride Cl2O Dichlorine monoxide OF2 Oxygen difluoride N2O Dinitrogen monoxide NO Nitrogen monoxide N2O3 Dinitrogen trioxide NO2 Nitrogen dioxide N2O4 Dinitrogen tetroxide N2O5 Dinitogen pentoxide < ' ( =C # @ ภCD( 23 2& % %? % & %6 6 ' 3B G (#Cภ$ ภCD( 6 ' 6 ? ภH E > (B >MMN

; # ' 3.11 < #%# ภ3 . +

108

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3.5.1.7 . + / ;B& . #'K/)ภ#= '; 2= ( 4 (SiO2) CD( 23C #ภA%8'4 Si ภA O 45%ภ(%8'4:(;# < ' ( = " & ภภ< ' ( = " & ภภ< ' ( = ?3( : # Si 1 # > >%8G9ภ8 A%8'4 O2 # CD( 1 ภภ8 :(;# < ' ( = #6' Si ภA O 7( 4 &# ภ(>C ?3 4 > 2 A &B ภ% 24ภ:(;# < ' ( ="AA(2!' / 07 8 9ภ: : ; ; # ' 3.12 &<*'< ;7 '%# ภ#23' 9# &/ &ภ#@H;B < # / ภVZ , ( 3ภ81* /3 /+ 81* *>3* + & = (g/cm3) ภ# ? @HHI

:) " F , 7 >3550 OC 3.51 > (B "ภ>M = " F 2%B 3652 OC 4827 OC 2.25 (B 4 " F 1710 OC 2650 OC > (B CD( ; ) $ 23" F 23 %7( ภ3 (<' " F = 10 ภMohr) X 5ภCD( "AA tetragonal 2 ภRS# C 7 2%)(26ภ6 9 ภ#& 4" >%8%2 :) 23A $ ;$‡&#> 2 2 23 S6@9 $ 9 :) &# C 234( CD("ภ>M = " # G8 S6@9 $ 9 ภ&# ' ภA O2 ภ4 CD( CO2 7(X 5ภ:) < =A ( ภ# 45% ภA # 7ภ8 <24 4 # %8'4:(;# %234' #$% 3.16 &<*'ภ#<# ' 23' C - 9# ( CD(>C ภj ภ) <' 4 ':(;# 154 pm #6' :(;# 109.5O # " # # 7(X 5ภ45%ภ(7( 3 $ $ ภRS#< 8 4 4 &5 2<' " F ภCD(:$ QR &# 6F(>%8' ' (E= $ Fภ( ภ'7(" # # < =A (G9ภ7)87(ภ8 :(;#6 % > 2 $ Fภ( $ # 6 ? :) &5 > (B >MMN

109

Chemistry for Engineers ภ'5!6 CD(X 5ภ2%B CD( ( (>M ภ$%>M768 CO2 23 S6@9 $ 9 CD( '(B >MMN " #<' 8 ( 2 ภRS# CD("X ("A( E8 (ภ( # < =A (7("ภ>M = &% 24 'ภ( CD()!( <' 4 ':(;# #6' # < =A (@ 47()!( %24'ภ( 2< ภ( <? 140 pm #6' :(;# 120O 23 CD( ) ((2! : #< =A (" # # 8 :(;#ภA # 7ภ8 <24 3 # " 7)8 #$% 3.17 &<*'ภ#<# ' 23' C - $ Fภ(7(ภ8 :(;# 4 ' :(;# 23 &ภ#@H;B 8 &5 CD(:(;# 23ภ!B ภ53 #6' :(;# %234' ภA:(;#<9 ( 768 ภ< <' 4 ':(;#%8'4 C t C <' 4 ' 154 pm , C = C <' 4 ' 134 pm) $ Fภ( 4 ' 237)87(ภ8 :(;#(!( 3 ' &#G9ภ%5 %9% 49 #6' # < =A ( '( 2ภ1 ' &# < ?3 ( 23 3'>C@ 47()!( "ภ>M =&5 (B >MMN >%8 " (B >%8%2 n: #7( $Q 23 ( ( ภA)!( (!( & ภ6#E53 (B >MMN >%8%27( ภ$Q #6' )!( "ภ>M = E53 6 ภ( 540 pm > >%845%ภ(%8'4:(;# < ' ( = " 2" 45% 6(234' ( 23 24ภ' " '( % =' = 45%>'8 )!( "ภ>M =&5 6 % ภ& ภภ(>%8 4

#$% 3.18 &<*' Resonance form 23'&ภ#@H;B

< ' ( = 2345%ภ("AA < X 5ภ4 CD( 23> 2 9 ภ: #ภ8 :(;# ภRS#(2!> 2ภภB &% A G 8 ภ( CD( 476L " #4 ' > ภF>%8 % (!(ภ24( 9 C # @ (2! &5 24(>%8 n: # 9 4 4 " ภF ( 7687)8" ( 9 ภ>%8

110

Chemistry for Engineers 3.5.2 @333 7ภ&/ < #%# ภ3 @333 7ภ:(;#> ($ภ<? :(;# 23 ภ$% 5!( #6' ; 6#ภA; 6#

#$% 3.19 3 ;3 23' ;1./ >3 .5 * ( + / 5B37 /:ภ;#3 1 &/ 3 ;3 23' ;13./ >3 /3# + / 5B37 /:ภ;#3 7 - # * / '' 9 D 3ภ<1*

:$& S ภE %24 < > %= (NaCl) %8 (A( # ! <? Na " # Cl 8 ภ$ $ Fภ(7( #%A: ()!(( ภ768 F %4'$;2ภ23 4 23 %%8'4ภ( ! <9 ภ' ; E %24 (!( 2 $ Fภ()!(( ภ%"< ' %24' E53 6 4<' ' E %24 8 4 24 $ Fภ( 1 '(2! ภ>C 6 ? > ภF 8 ภ$ Fภ(G5 7 '7(ภ$ 768 F '( # < 2( 2 $ Fภ()!(( ภ%G5 7 ' <$%%9' ภ23&# 24 $ Fภ( 7 ' ภA A 1 ' $3 7%( &# CD(>C>%8 4ภ' ภ(

#$% 3.20 3 ;3 ./ < #c- 37 /:ภ;#3 &ภ=3 ;3 23'3./ @*

111

Chemistry for Engineers

?3 E %24 8 B CK$ภ$ $4 &# 9L 24 $ Fภ()!(( ภ%>C 1 ' E53 $ Fภ( '(2!&# >C $ )!( $ Fภ()!(( ภ% < 2(768 F % "X(@ : >C(2!

#$% 3.21 3 ;3 .5 * ( - 37 /:ภ;#3 &ภ=3 ;3 /3#

# ภ# 2 @ : CD(ภ(?3 & ภ&B ('( C ( (+) " # $ Fภ( (-) 7( # 2&B ('( ภ( B 768> 2C #& " 7( 23(2! E %24 9L 24 $ Fภ( (-) 768ภA< 2( &B ('( $ Fภ(" # C (7( # ! &5 > 49 7( @ : % <' CD( !'&5 ภ$% 5!(E53 &#6 >%8% (2! E %24 %$ 2 11 $ Fภ( 24>C 1 $ Fภ( 6 ? 10 $ Fภ( " 2 11 C ( &5 2C #& A'ภภ$( 49 1 ภ4 CD(> ( Na+ < 2( %$ 2 17 $ Fภ( A 1 $ Fภ( &5 2 18 $ Fภ( " 2 17 C ( C #& A&5 ภ$( 1 ภ4 CD(> ( Cl t % (!( # ! &# 49 7( @ : 23 2C #& 24ภ' > ( % (2!

112

Chemistry for Engineers #$% 3.22 3 ;3 23'.5 * ( &/ 3 ;3 /3# 3($=- <, %# 81

& ภ23 98' !' ภ(&#%5 %9%ภ( % (!( E %24 > (" #< > %=> (&5 2" %5 %9% 23 (" %5 8 6 ภ( E53 24ภ:(;# 23 ภ$% 5!((2!' , -ภ(Ionic bond)

#$% 3.23 @333 7ภ8)' %A ภ7*8 ภ&#'*)'*$*# += '@333 %# 81 ;= '9 7*ภ>3 %A &#'*)'*$* '@HHI

C #ภA 23 ภ$%& ภ# 23 8 :(;#> ($ภ' ภ( 24ภ' C #ภA> ($ภ(Ionic compound) & ภ' 4 E %24 < > %= &# 6F(' 7( S# 23 2ภ8 :(;# ภ$% 5!( " # # E %24 &# 24 $ Fภ( 1 ' 768ภA< 2( 1 # 6 ? &&#ภ'>%8' # ! )($%(2! 8 :(;# ภ("AA6(53 6(53 % (!( 9 E %24 < > %=&5 24( CD( NaCl 7(ภS2 " ภ(2 E24 E53 CD(; 6 9 23 2 " ภ(2 E24 2 $ Fภ()!(( ภ% 2 ' B 4 > " ภ(2 E24 &5 &# 2 $ Fภ(' ( ภ%< A &# ภ$% #> 5!( G8 < 2( B CK$ภ$ $4 ภA " ภ(2 E24 " ( E %24

113

Chemistry for Engineers

#$% 3.24 /3# ? %_7ก7#7( ก & ก 5 ( & .5 * (

" ก(2 E24 9L 24 $ Fก ( 2 ' ?3 ก$%CK$ก$ $4 % (!( &5 2C #& 2+ (Mg2+) < &# 6F(" 8'' " ก(2 E24 1 # G768 $ Fก ("ก < 2(>%8G5 2 # % (!( 9 " ก(2 E24 < > %= &5 24( CD( MgCl2 :$& S ก S2 E %24 23 8 :(;#กA กE$ &( กE$ &( # 2 $ Fก (7( )!(( ก % กA 6 '$;2ก 23&# B 768)!(( ก % 2 $ Fก ( F >%8 B 4 > %9 9C 23 3.25

#$% 3.25 ก # 8 ? - 9 D 3ก<1* 37 /:ก;#3 ;: ? @* .*(ก #- 37 /:ก;#3 #>3 ก ## 37 /:ก;#3

& ก 9C:A' # กE$ &(>%8 A $ Fก ( 2 ' B 768 ก$% กE$ &(> (E53 2 C #& 2t (O2t ) 5!( &5 8 7)8 E %24 G5 2 # 7(ก ' กA กE$ &( 1 # % (!( C #ก A E %24 ก>E%=&5 2 9 ก CD( Na2O <#1% G8 ; 2 )($% 8 :(;#ก(ก 4 CD( > ($ก - ; 6(53 8 ก$% CD(> (A'ก <? 8 & 4' (E= $ Fก ( ก>C # 23 $ Fก (&#6 % ก>Cก 4 CD(> (A'ก>%8 4 8 2: (> >( E)( 3B ( %4 3'>C($4 %9 23< IE1) >%8"ก # ; 23 49 E8 4 ; %4 n: #; 6 9 1 " #; 6 9 2 - 2ก; 6(53 8 ก 4 CD(> ( A <? 8 A $ Fก ( 8 $ 7( #%A: ( )!(( ก % # 23&# A $ Fก ( 8 ก 4 CD(> ( A>%8 4 8 2< $

114

Chemistry for Engineers Fภ(ภ$'$ 2 9 >%8"ภ# ; 23 49 ' ; %4 n: #6 9 7 " #6 9 6

#$% 3.26 < Y/ ภVZB23'/7+37<&<*'ภ# ภ7*< #%# ภ3 @333 7ŕ¸

3.5.2.1 2 D ;3 - ภ# ภ7*< #%# ภ3 @333 7ภC #ภA> ($ภภ$%& ภ; 23 2 IE1 3B B CK$ภ$ $4 ภA; 23 2 EN 9 6 ? ภ$%& ภ6# B CK$ภ$ $4 ภA 6# % (!( 7(ภภ$% CD( C #ภA> ($ภ&# 8 2ภC 234("C % (2! ./ G (#Cภ$ CD( " F C #ภA%8'4 # 6 4 # ' ภ( 49 &# 8 G9ภ"4ภภCD( # $ #E53 8 %9%: ( 24ภ' : ( ภ# 6$% (heat of sublimation)

A(s) → A(g) " 8' # $ # 6# [A(g)] &#ภ4 CD(> (A'ภ%4ภC 4' (E= $ Fภ( ภ>C !((2!&# 8 7)8: (> >( E)(

A(s) → A n + (g) + ne 3./ G8 G (#Cภ$ 6# CD( " F 6 ? 6 ' &# 8 4" 45% 6(234' #6' ภภ&( 2 G (# CD("ภH E53 8 %9%: ( 24ภ' : (ภ# 6$% (heat of sublimation) 6 ? : ( ภ# 64 (heat of vaporization) B 2 (s) → B 2 (g) heat of sublimation B 2 (l) → B 2 (g) heat of vaporization

115

Chemistry for Engineers

" 8'&5 4 ภ6#(!( ภCD( # %47)8: (:(;# B 2 (g) → 2 B(g) # $ # 6#&# A $ Fภ(ภ4 CD(> ( A 7( !((2!&#< 4: ( 24ภ: ( $ Fภ( MM‹($ 2 (electron affinity) B(g) + me - → B m- (g) 6 & ภ23 ภ$%> (A'ภ6#" #> ( A 6#" 8' > ( ! ภF&#%5 %9%ภ( CD( C #ภA> ($ภ: 8 ภA< 4: ( 24ภ' : ( < X 5ภ(lattice energy)

mA n + (g) + nB m- ( g) → A m B n (s)

( ;1 .ภ! 557 ! <? : ( 23< 4 ภ?3 # 7(@ '#"ภH A $ Fภ( 8 >C ภ4 CD(> ( A 3 # 2 ภ<? : ( 23< 4 ภ?3 > (A'ภ" #> ( A ' 'ภ( CD( C #ภA> ($ภ(" # ?3 C #ภA> ($ภG9ภ4 ภCD(> ( ภF&#%9%: ( 23 2 < (2! 8 >C ; # ' 3.13 2 D ;3 ภ# ภ7* NaCl 8 ภNa (s) &/ Cl2 (g) < ภ#&<*'ภ# %/ ( &%/'

*$* #>3 ( / ''

9> 3 / ''

Na (s) → Na (g)

%9%: ( %9%: (

: ( ภ# 6$% : (> >( E)(

= 23' / '' (kJ) 108.8 495.4

%9%: (

: (:(;#

121.0

Na (g) → Na + (g) + e 1 Cl 2 (g) → Cl (g) 2 Cl (g) + e - → Cl - (g) Na + (g) + Cl - (g) → NaCl (s)

ภ' <? 1 Na (s) + Cl 2 (g) → NaCl (s) 2

< 4: ( $ Fภ( MM‹($ 2 348.5 < 4: ( : ( < X 5ภ769.8 ' : ( 23%9% 8 >C = 108.8 + 495.4 + 121.0 = 725.2 kJ ' : ( 23< 4 ภ= 348.5 + 769.8 = 1,118.3 kJ = 1,118.3 t 725.2 ∴ CD(CK$ภ$ $4 < 4: ( = 393.1 kJ

116

Chemistry for Engineers

; # ' 3.14

2 D ;3 ภ# ภ7* KBr 8 ภK (s) &/ Br2 (l)

< ภ#&<*'ภ# %/ ( &%/'

*$* #>3 ( / ''

9> 3 / ''

= 23' / '' (kJ)

1 1 Br2 (l) → Br2 (g) 2 2 1 Br2 (g) → Br (g) 2 K (s) → K (g)

%9%: (

: ( ภ# 64

15.0

%9%: (

: (:(;#

96.6

+

K (g) → K (g) + e

-

Br (g) + e - → Br - (g) K + (g) + Br - (g) → KBr (s)

ภ' <? K (s) +

1 Br2 (l) → KBr (s) 2

%9%: ( : ( ภ# 6$% 89.9 %9%: ( : (> >( E)( 418.4 < 4: ( $ Fภ( MM‹($ 2 341.4 < 4: ( : ( < X 5ภ668.4 ' : ( 23%9% 8 >C = 15.0 + 96.6 + 89.9 + 418.4 = 619.9 kJ ' : ( 23< 4 ภ= 341.4 + 668.4 = 1,009.8 kJ = 1,009.8 t 619.9 ∴ CD(CK$ภ$ $4 < 4: ( = 389.9 kJ

3.5.2.2 . #'<# '23'< #%# ภ3 @333 7ภ(Ionic structure) C #ภA> ($ภE53 C #ภA%8'4> (A'ภ" #> ( A%5 %9%ภ( 7(X 5ภC # @ (2! > ()($% %24'ภ(&#:4 4 49 6 ภ(768 ภ23 % :?3 %" X ภ#6' ภ( " &#:4 4 %5 > (JÂŒ 4 8 8 A ' 768>%8 ภ23 % ! (2! :?3 768 ภ$%<' G24 ภ24 ' > (7(X 5ภ&5 C #ภA%8'4> (A'ภ> ( A 49 Aภ(>C ?3 4 > 2 23 $!( % ( ; / 07 8 9ภ: : ;) " X 5ภ23 ภ$% 5!(&# 2 9C "AA7%(!( 5!(ภA ( % > (A'ภ" #> ( A 23 CD( <=C #ภA

#$% 3.27 &<*'K/)ภ@333 7ภ& 1 C@/*B23' ;1 $= 1 ((ภ+ Cs 5) ' 2 *- Y=) @333 &;=/ 9 7*8 @333 9 7*;#'2 / 3 #3 6 @333 (Co-ordination number = 6)

117

Chemistry for Engineers

#$% 3.28 &<*'K/)ภ@333 & 2 C@/*B23' Cs @333 &;=/ 9 7*8 @333 9 7*;#' 2 / 3 #3 8 @333 (Co-ordinate number = 8)

#$% 3.29 &<*'K/)ภ@333 & 3 . #'<# '& Zinc sulfide @333 &;=/ 9 7*8 @333 9 7*;#' 2 / 3 #3 4 @333 (Co-ordination number = 4)

#$% 3.30 &<*'K/)ภ@333 & 4 < #@333 7ภ<$;# MX2 9= CaF2 , Ca2+ c$ภ/ 3 #3 * +( F a 8 @333 Fa c$ภ/ 3 #3 * +( Ca2+ 4 @333 (Coordination number 23' Ca2+ = 8 , Co-ordination number 23' Fa = 4)

3.5.2.3 < ;723'< #%# ภ3 @333 7ภ(?3 & ภC #ภA> ($ภCD(ภ> ( 23ภ' CD( < 8 ( %76L %4 2> (A'ภ" #> ( A CD(&B ('( 8 ( ' &% 24 Aภ(>C ?3 4 7( B "6( 23 6 # > 2 A "( ( ( &5 > G&B ภ% >C>%8' 1 ภC #ภA%8'4ภ23> ( : # ? (X 5ภ! X 5ภCD( 1 ภ% (!( C #ภAC # @ (2!&5 6 9 ภ> >%8 ( : #> >%8 49 CD( ภ%% ) 6 >%8 n: # 9 ภ4 4 " # ( 7687)8 9 4 4" ( 9 ŕ¸

118

Chemistry for Engineers

#$% 3.31 . #'<# '@333 7ก2 *- Y=23'.5 * ( /3@#*B

#$% 3.32 K/)ก23'< #%# ก3 @333 7ก

ก 23> (&% 24 'ก( 4 CD( # A24A &5 B 768X 5ก C #ก A> ($ก 2 6 234 " # 23 CD( # A24A %4 3'>C > ($ก 2 A $% (2! • ;I: I 8 9ก (E53 G"4ก ก "(' X 5ก 23"( ( () • H C H / I ก 8 9ก I : #" 45% 6(234' CD(" >MMN E53 2 < 9 ก " #" >MMN (2!ก #& 4>C 3' ! X 5ก 4 % G8 8 ก "4ก > ( 23&% 24 ' 49 7(X 5ก(2! ก 8 7)8: (&B ('( 6 Q 2 %24'7(ก )(#" %5 %9%>MMN G$ (2! • 7 Q 7 : (?3 & กG8 X 5กG9ก A6 ? A$%768 C 234( 9C &# B 768> ()($% %24'ก( 49 7ก 8ก( ก$%" X ก 5!(X 5ก&5 " ก>%8 4

119

Chemistry for Engineers • :/ ภ; DB , ?3 %9 ภ(!B 4 # 24% ภภ#& 4 ' $ Fภ(7( ภ(!B > CD(>C 4 3B C 4 8 6(53 2<' CD( A ภภ' 2ภ8 6(53 ภ(!B &#%5 %9%> ( " #"4ภ> ( ภ& ภ< 8 X 5ภ&5 B 768 C #ภA> ($ภ# 47((!B >%8 " #> ( 6 (2! 2 $ #7(ภ< ?3 ( 23 • J 7 Q H , : B ,VVW 7 :H B ,VVW , C ;I: I ; C / : # 7( @ :Cภ$ > ($ภ49 7( G (# " F 23 2" 45% 6(234' 9 > (6 ? $ Fภ(> 2ภ< ?3 ( 23 &5 > (B >MMN " ?3 6 6 '6 ? # 4 CD( # 4 > ( G < ?3 ( 23>%8 &5 (B >MMN >%8

> (A'ภE53 < ?3 ( 23 8 6 !' A &# A $ Fภ(& ภ!' ( ภ$%CK$ภ$ $4 2%ภ)() B 768 > (A'ภC 234( @ :>C CD( 6 ? > ()($%76 > ( AE53 < ?3 ( 23 8 6 !'A'ภ&# & 4 $ Fภ(768 !' ( ภ$%CK$ภ$ $4 ภE$ %)() B 768> ( A C 234( @ :>C CD( 6 ? > ()($%76 ; +3(= ' 3.4 ?3 X (ภ#" >MMN >C4 E %24 < > %= 236 6 ' &# 2ภC 234("C >C(2! ภ$% 5!( ?3 X (ภ#" >MMN 8 >C - 23 !' A Na+ &# < ?3 ( 23>C A $ Fภ(

Na + ( l) + e - → Na(l) - 23 !'A'ภCl- &# < ?3 ( 23>C& 4 $ Fภ(

120

Chemistry for Engineers ; +3(= ' 3.5 ?3 X (ก #" >MMN >C4 "< E24 M 9 > %= 236 6 ' &# 2ก C 234("C >C(2! ก$% 5!( ?3 X (ก #" >MMN 8 >C - 23 !' A - 23 !'A'ก 3.5.2.4 @333 ;= ' L &/ ก # # (ก9> 3@333 > ( ก$%& กก & 46 ? A $ Fก ( # (6 ? ก # ) ; G8 CD( # 6# E53 CD(; ก 23 2 IE1 3B &#& 4 ' (E= $ Fก ( ก>C ก$% CD(> ( A'ก '( # 6#E53 CD(; 23 2 $ Fก (ก $'$ 2 9 &# A $ Fก ( 8 ก$% CD( > ( A %4ก & 46 ? A $ Fก (&# CD(>C กj ก % (2! ; # ' 3.15 &<*'; +3(= '23'@333 23' ;1 $=;= 'L

6#A )($% %4 n: # 6# ( $)( ?3 &# ก$% CD(> (A'ก ก> CD(>C กj ก : # 6#ก (2! G7)8 $ Fก ( 23 49 7( #%A: (G% 8 >C7(ก ก$%CK$ก$ $4 < 2>%8 6#:'ก(2!&5 ก$% CD(> (>%86 4)($% 7(ก 24ก)?3 > ( 6# 6 (2! 8 24( (" % < C #& > (กB กA>'8%8'4 %4 24( (>'87( ' FA % (2!

121

Chemistry for Engineers

; # ' 3.16

&<*'@333 '9 7*23'./ # <79

( ภ& ภ(2! 4 2> (A )($% ภ$%& ภ# ภภ' 1 )($% > ( 6 (2! 2 ! )?3 "AA IUPAC " #)?3 L (Common name) ' 4 > ( 6 (2! >%8"ŕ¸

122

Chemistry for Engineers

&&B 4 ' G8 8 4)?3 CD( tide CD(> ( # %24' G8 8 4)?3 CD( tite CD( > ( 23C #ภA%8'4 # 6 4)($% 3 ;# <=+ 23'@333 - < #%# ภ3 @333 7ภ&/ 9> 323'< #%# ภ3 @333 7ภ> (A'ภ" #> ( A7( C #ภA> ($ภ&# ' 'ภ(%8'4 '( 23 B 768 C #& C #ภA(!( CD(ภG8 > (A'ภ" #> ( A 2C #& ภ(&# ' 'ภ(%8'4 '( 1:1 %4 " G8 > (A'ภ" #> ( A 2C #& > ภ( '(ภ' 'ภF&#"C C 234(>C % 7( ; # ' 3.17 < #%# ภ3 @333 7ภ&/ 9> 3< #%# ภ3 @333 7ภ'9 7*

123

Chemistry for Engineers กก ;ก C ก , -ก กF<? 24ก)?3 > (A'ก %8'4)?3 > ( A % n: #<B ' > ( $! >C %4> 8 :$3 $ 6 ? C 234("C #> 2ก 4 768 ก )?3 C #ก A> ($ก 24AกA)?3 > ( 23768>'8%8'4 3.5.2.6 ก #/ / (23'< #%# ก3 @333 7ก ก # 4 3' >C %4 ก&#7)8(!B CD( ' B # 4 C #ก A> ($กกF ) (ก( (!B CD( ก < ' ( = 23 2 !' 9C CD( CD("AA&B " ( ก (!B H " % B ( &>MMN A'ก O " % B ( &>MMN A ?3 (B C #ก A> ($ก ) ( NaCl >C # 4(!B (!B &#6( !' A 8 8 A> ( A'ก " #6( !'A'ก 8 8 A> ( A B 768 ก$%" %5 %9% #6' !' (!B กA> (7( > ($ก G8 " %5 %9%(2! ก: กF&# B 768> (6 % ก& ก > ($ก %$ " 8'>C" ก 49 ) ' #6' ก (!B % 9C

#$% 3.33 &<*'ก #&;ก; + %A @333 23' NaCl > 3/ / ( D?

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G8 : ( < X 5ภภภ' : (>I % )( ภ# 4(!(&#%9%<' 8 ( B 768 # 4 4F( " G8 : ( < X 5ภ9 ภ' : (>I % )( ภ6 4<' ' > ($ภ(!(" ภ' CD(> (>%84 ภ&# # 4(!B >%8(8 4 4$3 : ( < X 5ภ9 ภ' : (>I % )( ภ> ภ# 4ภF ภ$%>%84 ภ(!( &( " A> # 4 4 " G8 : (>I % )( 9 ภ' : ( < X 5ภ(!(&# # 4>%8%2 " # CD(ภ# 4C # @ < 4<' 8 ( B 768 # 4 8 ( 5!( ; +3(= ' 3.6 ?3 (B C #ภA AB >C # 4(!B 24( ภ" % ภ>ภภ# 4>%8% (2! AB(s) → A + ( g) + B - ( g)

A + ( g) + B - ( g) → A + (aq) + B - (aq) %4ภB 6(% 8 9 :$3 $ <? - : ( < X 5ภ= 1156 kJ/mole - : (>I % )( = 273 kJ/mole - <' G7(ภ# 47((!B = 25 g / 100 cm3 23 25OC - ' ภAB = 111 ภ. G8 (B AB &B ('( 28.75 g >C # 4(!B &(6 % &# CD(ภ# 4C # @ %9%6 ? < 4 : ( CD(&B ('( > . ?3 (B AB &B ('( 0.2 >C # 47((!B 200 cm3 23 25OC &#>%8X 4 > #

125

Chemistry for Engineers

28.75 = 0.26 mole 111 : ( < X 5ภ= 1156 kJ/mole = 0.26Ă—1156 = 300.56 kJ : (>I % )( = 273 kJ/mole = 0.26Ă—273 = 70.98 kJ : ( < X 5ภ> : (>I % )( CD(: (%9%<' 8 ( = 300.56-70.98 = 229.58 kJ Ans ภ. AB 28.75 g =

. AB 0.2 mole = 0.2 Ă—111 = 22.2 g , (B >C # 47((!B 200 cm3 23 25OC <' G7(ภ# 47((!B = 25 g / 100 cm3 23 25OC % (!( AB G # 47((!B >%86 % " 4 > $3 ' ; # ' 3.18

&<*' + < #c- ภ#/ / (23'< # '9 7*- D? 100 ภ#

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2 3 $/ ภ(+ภภ#/ / ( D? 23'< #@333 7ภ> ($ภA )($% # 4(!B >%8%2 <? <' G7(ภ# 4 ภภ' 1 g / (!B 100 cm3 23 25OC A )($% # 4(!B >%8 Fภ(8 4 <' G7(ภ# 4 49 7() ' 0.1-1.0 g / (!B 100 cm3 23 25OC '( > ($ภ23 2<' G7(ภ# 4(8 4ภ' 0.1 g / (!B 100 cm3 23 25OC G? ' > # 4

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#$% 3.34 ภ# H&<*'ภ#/ / (23'< #;= ' L - 31Z ,$ 7 ;= 'ŕ¸

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3.5.2.7 < ก #@333 7ก ?3 > ($ก # 4(!B &#" ก ' CD(> ( % ' 4 NaCl(s) → Na + (aq) + Cl - (aq)

AgNO 3 ( s) → Ag + (aq) + NO -3 ( aq) KMnO 4 (s) → K + (aq) + MnO -4 (aq) Na 2 SO 4 ( s) → 2Na + ( aq) + SO 42- ( aq) K 2 Cr2 O 7 ( s) → 2K + (aq) + Cr2 O 72- (aq) % (!(7(ก 24( ก 23 2 # 4 > ($ก ก234' 8 768G9ก 8 > ($ก7( 9C > ( ) (

8 24(

NaCl(aq) + AgNO 3 (aq) → NaNO 3 (aq) + AgCl(s) ?3 X # 4 E %24 < > %=กA # 4E$ ' =>( &# ก$% #ก ( ( ' AgCl (E53 CD( > ($ก 23> # 4(!B ) G8 24( # 4 > ($ก7( 9C > (&# 24( >%8% (2! Na + (aq) + Cl - (aq) + Ag + (aq) + NO -3 ( aq) → Na + (aq) + NO -3 ( aq) + AgCl(s) G8 24A> ( E8 4" # ' ก &# 6F(' Na+(aq) " # NO3-(aq) > ก$%ก C 234("C 7% 4 % (!( ก " % ก C 234("C 24(>%8% (2! 6 ? CK$ก$ $4 #6' # 4 :" E24 > >%%= กA # 4 % (II) >( 24( ก ก >%8% (2!

2KI(aq) + Pb(NO 3 ) 2 ( aq) → PbI 2 (s) + 2 KNO 3 (aq) 24( # 4 > ($ก7( 9C > ( >%8% (2!

2K + (aq) + 2 I - (aq) + Pb 2+ ( aq) + 2 NO -3 (aq) → PbI 2 (s) + 2K + ( aq) + 2 NO -3 (aq)

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Pb 2+ (aq) + 2 I − ( aq) → PbI 2 (s) 24ภภภRS#(2!' ภ> ($ภ3.5.3 ./ (Metallic Bond) • 6# CD( 23 2& % %? % & %6 6 ' 9 • G (#Cภ$ CD( " F (4ภ'8(C ) • 6(24' 2 CD("X (A " #%5 CD( 8( '%>%8 • CD( (' ' # 8 (" >%8%2 • (B >MMN >%8 ! 7( G (# " F " #7( G (# 6 ' (" 7( G (# " F (B >%8%2ภ' ) " #(B >MMN >%8%2ภ' > ($ภ• (B <' 8 (>%8%2 A $ 6 (2!" % ' :(;# #6' # @ 47(ภ8 ( 6# > 7) :(;#> ($ภ" #> 7) :(;# < ' ( = : (> >( E)( 6# 2< (8 4 ภ" % ' $ Fภ(7( #%A( ภ% 6#G9ภ45% 6(234'>'8> "( (6( # 6 (!(&5 24 $ Fภ(ภ4 CD(> (A'ภ>%8 4 > (A'ภ6# " # ' (E= $ Fภ(&# 49 ภ( % 7(@ :

#$% 3.35 ภ# ภ7* ./ # += '@333 +ภ23'./ &/ + / 5B37 /:ภ;#3 , (- ภ3 ./

130

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& fgก * 3.2 1. & 24( 9 < 8 "AA& %" #"AA 8( >C(2! ก. O3 . CS2 <. CH2O . C3H6 &. C2H4O2 n. C2H5OH 2. & ก 9 ก >C(2! 7%A8 CD(>C กj ก ก. PH3 . SCl2 <. H2O2 . BeO &. PF5 n. CH3OH 3. ; X # 17 ?3 ก$% CD( C #ก AกA; < =A ( &# 2 9 < 8 CD( 4 > 4. & 24( 9 "AA& %" #"AA 8( ก % H3PO4 " #" % :(;# < =%$ ( < ' ( = ก %(2!%8'4 5. > ( >C(2! CD(>C กj ก 6 ? > ก. NO3 . HCO3<. NH4+ . ClO3-

132

Chemistry for Engineers 6.

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& ภ&B ('(:(;# = &B ('( # 6# t 1 & 6 &B ('(:(;# C #ภA >C(2! . H2SO4 <. H2PO4ภ. C2H5OH . NaHCO3 &. C2H4O2 n. H3O+ :(;# 23 ภ$%& ภ# <9 >C(2! CD(:(;#> ($ภ6 ? < ' ( = ภ. H ภA S . Na ภA S <. O ภA F . K ภA O &. N ภA Cl n. Mg ภA Cl C #ภA >C(2! 7% CD( > ($ภ7% CD( < ' ( = ภ. :" E24 >( . "< E24 >I % &(< =A ( <. M M�( (PH3) . < =A ( #M 9 > %= ; A , B , X " # Y CD(; 6 9 I , II , VI " # VII B %A & 24( 9 C #ภA 23 ภ$%& ภ; 6 ? > (<9 >C(2! ภ. A ภA X . A ภA Y <. B ภA X . B ภA Y &. A ภA CO32n. B ภA PO43; 17X ภA 12Y ' ภ( CD( C #ภA 23 2 9 CD( 4 > CD( > ($ภ6 ? < ' ( = 8 7% >C(2! > 7) A $ :(;# 6# ภ. 2 $ Fภ( $ #'$3 49 3'>C ! 7( G (# " F " # 6 ' . ?3 S6@9 $ 9 5!( &#(B >MMN >%8%2 5!( <. & % %? % , & %6 6 ' 9 G (#Cภ$ CD( " F . <' 6( "( ( 2345%ภ(%8'4:(;# 6# & 9 6 ? 3B ภF>%8 & $ >C(2!768 A9 S= 9 C #ภA )?3 C #ภA NaCl Ammonia H2SO4 MgCO3 Sodium hydroxide CH3COOH Ca(OH)2 Potassium cyanide

133

Chemistry for Engineers

134

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