Properties of Substances

Page 1

Properties of Substances

RMUTL Chollada Kulwat

Properties of Substances

5 !" # $ % $ & '() $ ก +, - ./ ก

)'0+ 1 ก ) ) + ' ก) 0 () ก ก 2 3 ก + & ' 4 ( / ก 3 ,$ &6 ( 7 8)# () (ก9 : ' ; / () ( / < / )'0+ < ) ก=> , . : ' ( / ( / ; / )'0+ < ) ก=> , . ก : $ %

; / () < /( / )'0+ ( ) < 2() ) ก=>

, . ( 7 8)# () (ก9 1 )'0+ ( ) ก) < ก) ?2+ @ + A>8,; () &# 2 ./ / B$'0 A>8,; 0" B &# 2 ; B ก! ' 1 ( 7 ( /$'0 A>8,; ;

B () &# 2 0" B ก! ' <

5.1 ก ก 8 +1C $ 0# B < (ก9 ./ ก. (ก9 ' ; / () < /( / )'0+ ( ) < ) ก=> , . 60 ! ก (ก9 'ก (- / 8 6 EAF ก ! + +/ ! 7 , . . (ก9 'ก &)60 $'0 ) 2 #) ?2+ '$ @$ < /( / &. (ก9 C% +;/ก A>8,; () &# 2 !C $" G84ก ก" 8 2 4

A A>8,; () &# 2 $Aก& %

. (ก9 ') ก=> ? / G $'0 1 $ )AH/ <24 . 2 !! ' ' () ก) 0 I- # 60 ก)/ #1C 60 (ก9 ! 4

A &# 2 () A>8,; 5.1.1 (Volume) 60 ! ก? )กA) (ก9 'ก &)60 $'0 ) 2 #) () EAF ก ! + 7 , . $'0

!A ก !C 8 +1C ก 60 , . )'0+ < (ก9 !C )'0+ ( ) < 24#+ $'0G.4ก $ 0#< <24(ก/ ) (l), )) ) (ml), );ก @กO P (cm3), );ก @กO 2P (dm3) 176

Properties of Substances

5.1.2 #$ % (Pressure) 8 +1C (

$'0ภ$" / 1 8 /#+-6% $'0$'0 % I ภภ(

% G.4ภ" 8 2$ @$ ŕ¸

<8) 8)#() (ภ9 <24 ?2+$'0 8)#() (ภ9 ! <8)! ภ/# $'0 '&# 2 ; < ;/ /# $'0 '&# 2 0" G ภ>'$'0(ภ9 +;/G , . &# 2 (ภ9 ภ2! ภภ$'0? )ภA) (ภ9 . H

, . % ! " '+ภ#/ O () ? O PC0 !! ' ; ( / Bภ$'0 + G.4 <24(ภ/

+ ภ@ 2O / %# $ O ( )) $) 5.1.3 *+ ,- (Temperature) # $ 8 /#+$'0G.4 ภ2 &# 4 ( /< /<24 ภ&# 4 ./ 8)# ' A>8,; 80OC $ ( / -'+ #/ 4 $/ G2 ( /< /$ #/ 8)# % ' >&#

4 ภ8 6 4 + $/ G2 & 60 6 $'0G.4# 2 A>8,; '+ภ#/ $ O? O ! " # $ ( / ภ8) +. 2 ./ ภ. % &' & (OC) 2 '+ภP ภ2 ( / /# 8#/ !A2 +6 ภ( 7 () !A2 26 2 %" 100 ./ $/ Bภ( /) ./ &6 1OC . - . /0 . (OF) ( / /# 8#/ !A2 +6 ภ( 7 () !A2 26 2 %" 180 ./ $/ Bภ( /) ./ &6 1OF &. ' (K) 8 6 # $ $ #. 8 /#+ SI ( / /# 8#/ !A2 +6 ภ( 7

() !A2 26 2 %" 100 ./ $/ Bภ( /) ./ &6 1 K /# A>8,; P) P'+ () &)# ! '&/ $/ ภ( /) ./ 1 @ $'0 ' 2 $/ ภ&# - ZO 8#/ A>8,; $ % 3 2 '% K = 273.15 + O C 5 K = 273.15 + ( O F - 32) 9 5 O C = O F - 32 9

?2+$ 0#< ! G.4&/ ?2+ >

177

K = 273 + O C = 273 + (

Properties of Substances

5O F - 32) 9

./ 25OC $" &)# () E 8O <]2O <242 '% K = 273 + O C = 273 + 25 = 298 K

9O 9 C + 32 = Ă— 25 + 32 = 77 O F 5 5 '+ $'+ !A2 +6 ภ( 7 () !A2 26 2 %" 60 G.4 /# $ % 3 ( 2 '% O

F=

- 5.1 5 6 5 6 7*%568 ภ9 :; 7*%5%8 % <= 5 8 >? 3$ *+ ,- 5@:5@ 6 A 5 BC D :;5#:$

# $ ' 3 " 8 (ภ9 A>8,; () &# 2 ` &6 0OC () 1

+ ภ@ (8 6 760 mm Hg 8 6 76 cm Hg) 4' ภ5#. ! " 3 &6 STP (Standard Temperature and Pressure)

ภ$ #. ภ8 +1C (ภ9 $'0< / '(

+C2 8 '0+# 8#/ ? )ภA) < / '

? )ภA) '-e ŕ¸

/ B < ภf (ภ9 ./ ภf +)O (ภ9 ; >O -'+ (ภ9 $/ % G Z

. ! < / '(ภ9 ; >O

ภ8 +1C (ภ9 $'0 '(

+C2 8 '0+# 8#/ ? )ภA) ' ? )ภA) (ภ9 ! ภ7&6 (ภ9 $'0 +;/G Z

. 0 (ภ9 8)/ '% ภ! '-e ŕ¸

< / < ภf (ภ9 ./ ภf +)O (ภ9 ! ! ') ภ=> &)4 +(ภ9 A2 & 60 A>8,; ; B () &# 2 0" B

5.2

ภ2 3 4 ŕ¸

5.2.1 ภG.4( 2 &# - ZO 8#/ ภ(ภ9 60 A>8,; () > (ภ9 & $'0 (ภ9 ! ( HภH ภ&# 2 60 A>8,; () > (ภ9 & $'0 178

Properties of Substances

1 60 T , n & $'0 P k V = ⇒ PV = k P P1V1 = P2V2 60 T , n & $'0 V = (ภ9 , P = &# 2 (ภ9 , k = &/ & $'0 • 8 /#+ P () V ! 8 /#+ < ภ7<24 ( / 4 2&)4 8 6 8 6 ŕ¸

8#/ P1 ภP2 () V1 ภV2 • &/ k PC0 &/ & $'0 ! C% +;/ภ. 2 (ภ9 , T , n , 8 /#+ P () V $'0G.4 Vâˆ?

ภA % #$ E FD ภ2 6:D ภf +)O ภ! ภ! ( 2 &# - ZOG . &> @ O P1V1 = P2V2 ()4# +

1( 2 &# - ZOG ) ภ=> ภE<24 ./ ภ. ภE 8#/ P ภV (8 6 V ภP) ! <24ภE ; <] O? ) O

- 5.2 ภA % #$ E FD P , V 5 8 *+ ,- :; $:# :;#$ E FD P , V *+ ,- ภ3 ŕ¸

ภE( /) 4 $'0$2) 60 A>8,; & $'0 '+ภ#/ " ภ-/ 6& . . ภE 8#/ P ŕ¸

1 1 1 (8 6 V ภ) ภP = k   + 0 ! <24ภE V P V

4

H/ !A2

179

Properties of Substances

- 5.3 ภA % #$ E FD P ภV 5 8 P GภG ภV 8 V GภG ภP

&. ภE 8#/ PV ภP (8 6 PV ภV ) ภPV = k ! <24ภE 4

$'0 ภ(ŕ¸

- 5.4 ภA % #$ E FD PV ภP :; PV ภV

$ 63 5.1 (ภ9 . 28 C0 ' 155 ml &# 2 754 mm Hg 14 &# 2 )'0+ < 780 mm Hg ?2+ $'0 A>8,; & $'0 (ภ9 !" # '%! ' $/ <

P1V1 = P2V2 754 x 155 = 780 x V2 754 Ă—155 V2 = = 149.83 ml 780 (ภ9 !" # '%! ' 149.83 ml

IJภ% 5.1 1. (ภ9 O2 !" # 8 C0 # 2 <24 2.5 ) $'0 25OC 700 mm Hg 14 + +

, . G84 4.0 ) ?2+$'0 A>8,; 25OC &# 2 (ภ9 ! - 0 8 6 )2) $/ G2 ()2) 262.5 mm Hg) 2. (ภ9 !" # 8 C0 ' 100 ) $'0&# 2 721 mm $'0 A>8,; 84 14 8 ภ)'0+ &# 2 < 700 mm $'0 A>8,; 84 ./ 2'+#ภ! )'0+ < 103 cm3 ! ( 2 G84 87 #/ H)ภ$2) '% < ภf +)O

180

3.

Properties of Substances

9 ; A2$'0&# ภ22 , + ภ760 mm Hg 10 $'0 A>8,; 20OC 14 )/ +);ภ? l G84) + C% < ! C% < ; $/ G2!C ! ( ภ- 2' 14 &# 2 )2) 10 mm Hg $Aภ+ $'0 ; C% 100 m #/ A>8,; & $'0 (760 ) 3Cu(NO3)2 + 4H2O + 2NO 4. G 3 ภ+ 3Cu + 8HNO3 14 G.4 Cu 5 ภ() 3 ภ+ 2" < ?2+ ; >O ! <24 NO ภ'0) $'0 0OC () 750 mm ( 1.19 ) ) );ภ? l

!A(ภ9 H2

5.2.2 ภ8 6 ภภภG.4( 2 &# - ZO

8#/ ภ!" 60 &# 2 () > (ภ9 & $'0 (ภ9 ! ( H ?2+

ภA>8,; &)# 60 &# 2 () > (ภ9 & $'0 Vâˆ?T 60 P , n & $'0 V = kT

V1 V2 Vn = = = k 60 P , n & $'0 T1 T2 Tn • 8 /#+ V1 () V2 4 8 6 ภ/# 8 /#+ T1() T2 4 &)# (K) • " 8 &/ & $'0 k ! C% +;/ภ. 2 (ภ9 , P, n, 8 /#+ V () T 1 ภf . O) O (ภ9 ! )'0+ ( )

$/ $'0 0OC 60 273.15 O A>8,; )'0+ ( ) $AภB 1 C ภA % #$ E FD ภ2 ? D: D ./ 2'+#ภภf +)O ภf . O) Oภ7 1( 2 G $ ภE<24 ./ 2'+#ภ&6 ภ. ภE 8#/ V ภT ภV = kT ! <24ภE 4

H/ !A2ภ" 2 ภE

181

Properties of Substances

- 5.5 ภA % #$ E FD ; $3 V ภ*+ ,- (K)

ภE( /) 4 $'0$2) 60 &# 2 & $'0 '+ภ#/ " ภ-/ 6& . . ภE 8#/ V ภt ( 60 t &6 A>8,; P) P'+ ;OC ) ภV = kt + 273k ! <24ภE 4

$'0 '!A2 2 $/ ภ273k

- 5.6 ภA % #$ E FD ; $3 V ภ*+ ,- (OC)

(ภ9 / B < /#/ ! (ภ9 . 2 2'+#ภ$'0&# 2 / ภ8 6 (ภ9 / . 2ภ$ % &# 2 $/ ภ() / ภ60 '+ ภE 8#/ V ภt ! <24!A2 2() &# 2 / Bภ( / 60 / ภE ภ< $AภBภ>' 4 ภE! < 2(ภt $'0 -273OC PC0 $" G84 " 4 &# - ZO

8#/ P) P'+ ภ&)# <24 2 '% K = 273 + t ภf . O) O (ภ9 $Aภ. 2! ' 0 $'0 A>8,; &)# ( 0 K) 60 ! ภ$'0 A>8,; 2 ภ)/ # (ภ9 $Aภ. 2! &# ( / 8)#! 8 2 $ 63 5.2 (ภ9 !" # 8 C0 ' 1.05 dm3 $'0 A>8,; 20OC 14 )2 A>8,; ) 8)6 -5OC ?2+$'0&# 2 $/ 2 (ภ9 !" # 2'+#ภ'% ! ' ภ'0 cm3

V1 V2 = T1 T2

182

Properties of Substances

1.05 V2 = 273 + 20 273 + (-5) 1.05 Ă— 268 V2 = = 0.96 dm 3 293 3 (ภ9 !" # '%! ' = 0.96 dm = 0.96 x 1000 = 960 cm3

IJภ% 5.2 1. (ภ9 . 28 C0

!AG , . $'0# 2 <24 500 cm3 $'0 27OC 14 1/ +(ภ9 $ % 8 2 '%)

G , . 'ภG 8 C0 PC0 ' 4 +ภ#/ 2 10% ! # 2 A>8,; <24ภ'0 OC #/ &# 2 (ภ9 & $'0 2. ! 4 G.4 2 /# G 4 G2< &;> (ภ9 $'0 30OC -60 G84 $'0 60OC ?2+G84&# 2 & $'0 60 273 303 333 1. 2. 3. 4. 30 333 333 303 3. 60 &# 2 & $'0 ภE 4 G2G , - ( 2 &# - ZO 8#/ (ภ9 ภA>8,;

ภ. A &. C

.

.

B D

5.2.3 ภภภ8 6 ภG.4( 2 &# - ZO 8#/

ภ!" 60 () > (ภ9 & $'0 &# 2 (ภ9 ! ( H ?2+

ภA>8,; &)# 60 () #) (ภ9 & $'0

183

P� T

Properties of Substances

60 V , n & $'0

P = kT

P1 P2 Pn = = =k T1 T2 Tn

60 V , n & $'0

$ 63 5.3 ภ)/ G 8 C0 ' 700 cm3

!A(ภ9 !" # 8 C0 '&# 2 1.5 atm $'0 A>8,; 25OC 14 " ภ)/ G '%< <#4G $'0PC0 ' A>8,; 80OC &# 2 (ภ9 G ภ)/ G '%! $/ <

P1 P2 = T1 T2

1.5 P2 = 273 + 25 273 + 80 1.5 Ă— 353 P2 = = 1.78 atm 298 &# 2 (ภ9 G ภ)/ G '%! 1.78 atm 5.2.4 ภ2 $ ภ(Combined gas law) ภf$'0( 2 &# - ZO 8#/ P , V () T ?2+ @ +ภf +)O () ภf . O) O

# ภ1 ! ภภf +)O Vâˆ? 60 T , n & $'0 P ! ภภf . O) O Vâˆ?T 60 P , n & $'0 T

# ภVâˆ? 60 n & $'0 P kT PV V= 8 6 =k P T

184

P1 V1 P2 V2 = T1 T2

Properties of Substances

60 n & $'0

; 2 ภ)/ # '% G.4 " 8 ภ)'0+ , # (ภ9 ?2+$'0 A>8,; &# 2 ()

(ภ9 < /!" 4 & $'0 ( / > 8 6 #) (ภ9 4 & $'0 '+ภ; 2 ภ)/ # '%#/ ภภ(Combined gas law) ภ&" #>?2+G.4ภf # (ภ9 8 /#+ P, V ! 8 /#+ < ภ7<24 ( / 4

2&)4 ภภ)/ #&6 8 /#+ P1 ภP2 () V1 ภV2 4 8 6 ภ" 8 8 /#+ T1 () T2 4 &)# $/ %

5.2.5 ภ, $; ภภf ภ9 P$'0G.4( 2 &# - ZO 8#/ !" ()

ภ?2+<24! ภŕ¸

# ภf +)O ภf . O) O () ภf ?#ภ?2 4 24#+ŕ¸

ภf . O) O

1 P V�T

ภf ?#ภ?2

V�n

V�

ภf +)O

# ŕ¸

V�

nT P

60 T , n & $'0 60 P , n & $'0 60 P , T & $'0 8 6

V�R

nT P

PV = nRT ภ2 ภ)/ # '+ภ#/ ภ! ภ(equation of state of ideal gas) 1G.4 &" #> ภ'0+#ภP , V , T () n <24$Aภ, # (ภ9 R = &/ & $'0 (ภ9

185

Properties of Substances

R &/ & $'0 ภ) (Universal constant) !C < / C% ภ. 2 (ภ9 A>8,; &# 2 () > (ภ9 $'0G.4 ( / C% +;/ภ8 /#+ A>8,; &# 2 () > (ภ9 8 +&# #/ 14 8 /#+ P, V, T () n +/ < ภ7! 4 G.4&/ R G84 2&)4 ภ8 /#+2 ภ)/ # ?2+$'0(ภ9 $AภB . 2! G.4&/ R $/ ภ14 )6 ภG.48 /#+ P, V, T () n 8 6 ภ/ ! ภภ>'&/ k PC0 &/ & $'0 (ภ9 G ภf +)O() ภf . O) O$'0 C% +;/ภ. 2 (ภ9 A>8,; () &# 2 (ภ9

5.1 P atm atm mmHg

% #3 R > 3$6 3 4 V T n l K mol cm3 K mol cm3 K mol

R 0.082 l atm K-1 mol-1 82.05 cm3 atm K-1 mol-1 62,360 cm3 mm K-1 mol-1

R G 8 /#+ ergs

=

8.314 x 107 ergs K-1 mol-1

R G 8 /#+ Joule

=

8.314

JK-1 mol-1

R G 8 /#+ calory

=

1.987

cal K-1 mol-1

1J = 1 cal =

107 ergs 4.184 J

! 87 <24#/ 8 /#+ A>8,; 4 &)# (K) 8 /#+ > 4 ? ) ( / 8 /#+ &# 2 () !! G.4<248) + +/ PC0 ภ7 H)$" G84&/ R 4 )'0+ ( )

186

Properties of Substances

< ) ก=> 8 /#+ P () V $'0G.4 % " 8 8 /#+ R 3 8 /#+ A2$4 + G.4ก ก &" #> $'0 ก'0+# 4 ก -)

ก &" #>?2+G.4 ก ( 2 , # (ก9 4 - ! > &/ R 8) ก () ($ 8 /#+ P, V, T () n G841;ก 4 ./ 14 G.4 &/ R = 0.082 l atm K-1 mol-1 ! 4 G.4 P $'0 '8 /#+ atm, V ) , T &)# () n ? ) $/ % < /#/ ! (ก9 G2Bก7 5.2.6 ก , $; ก ก ก #= $+5ก 6$ก $: T 5:ก*: :;#$ 3 ก ก! ก! G.4 ก , # (ก9 PV = nRT &" #> ก'0+#ก T , P () V (ก9 $'0 , # / B()4# + 1 4 &# - ZO 8#/ ก , # (ก9 ก !" # ? ) PC0

$" G84 1 " < &" #> ก'0+#ก !" # ? ) #) #)? )กA) !" # ? )กA) () &# 8 ( / (ก9 <24

ก. ก 8 #) (ก9 W ! ก n = M

()

PV = nRT

W RT M G.4&" #> ก'0+#ก #) (ก9 (W) 8 6 #)? )กA) (M) <24 . ก 8 !" # ? )กA) (ก9 N ! ก n = () PV = nRT 6.02 ×10 23 NRT ∴ PV = 6.02 ×10 23 G.4&" #>8 !" # ? )กA) (ก9 <24 &. ก 8 &# 8 ( / (ก9 #) ! ก &# 8 ( / ก9 P (d) =

∴ PV =

187

Properties of Substances

W W RT RT RT ⇒ P = â‹… ∴P = d M V M M G.4&" #> ภ'0+#ภ&# 8 ( / (ภ9 $'0 A>8,; () &# 2 / B ภ8 /#+ d = g/l PV =

; 2 ภ)/ # '% G.4&" #> #)? )ภA) (ภ9 60 $ &# 8 ( / <24 RT M=d P 8 /#+ P atm , R 0.082 l atm K-1 mol-1 , T K () d g/l 5.2.7 ภ5 6 5 6 , $; 3 4 ภภ, # (ภ9 ภ! ภ! G.48 &# - ZO 8#/ P , V , T () n (ภ9 / B $'0 , # 8 C0 B ()4# + 1G.4&" #> , # / B G . '+ $'+ ภ<24 $ % G ( / ภ'+ $'+ , # / B (ภ9 . 2 2'+#ภ() (ภ9 / . 2 ?2+$'0< /!" 4 G84 0 G2 0 8 C0 & $'0 )+ ภ. ภ'+ $'+ , # / B (ภ9 . 2 2'+#ภP1 V1 n RT = 1 1 P2 V2 n 2 RT2 n W W (ภ9 . 2 2'+#ภn = ' #)? )ภA) $/ ภ2 % 1 = 1 M n 2 W2 P1 V1 WT PV PV = 1 1 or 1 1 = 2 2 P2 V2 W2 T2 T1W1 T2 W2 . ภ'+ $'+ , # (ภ9 / . 2ภP1 V1 n RT = 1 1 P2 V2 n 2 RT2 P1 V1 P2 V2 or = T1 n 1 T2 n 2 &. ภ8 &# 8 ( / $'0 , # / B (ภ9 . 2 2'+#ภRT ! ภM=d P d1 PT dT d T = 1 2 ⇒ 1 1 = 2 2 P2 T1 P1 P2 d2

188

Properties of Substances

. ภ8 &# 8 ( / (ภ9 / . 2ภd1 MP T = 1 1â‹… 2 d2 T1 M 2 P2 14 G.4 A>8,; () &# 2 2'+#ภd1 M = 1 d2 M2 5.2 5 6 5 6 ภ2 $ ภภภ, $; ŕ¸

P1 V1 P2 V2 = PV = nRT T1 T2 1. #) (ภ9 4 & $'0 1. #) (ภ9 < / 4 & $'0 2. G.4ภภ)'0+ , # (ภ9 . 2 2'+#ภ2. G.4ภภ)'0+ , # (ภ9 . 2 2'+#ภ8 6 (ภ9 / . 2ภภ7<24 3. 8 /#+ P, V ! +/ < ภ7<24 ( / 4 3. 8 /#+ P, V C% +;/ภ8 /#+ R 2&)4 ภ4. /# G8}/G.4ภภ&" #>$'0< / ภ'0+#ภ? ), 4. 1G.4ภภ&" #>$'0 ภ'0+#ภ? ), #), ? )ภA) () &# 8 ( / #), ? )ภA) () &# 8 ( / <24 $ 63 5.4 (ภ9 ภP ! 2<#4G 1 2 6 ) &# 2 20 atm A>8,A 27OC 60 1/ +< G /G 1 2 10 ) ()4#$" G84 A>8,; 127OC ! '&# 2 ภ'0 atm

P1 V1 P2 V2 = T1 T2 P1 = 20 atm , V1 = 6 ) , T1 = 273 + 27 = 300 K P2 = ? atm , V2 = 10 ) , T2 = 273 + 127 = 400 K 20 Ă— 6 P2 Ă—10 ∴ = ⇒ P2 = 16 atm 300 400 &# 2 G8 / 16 atm

60 ! ภ#)& $'0 !C G.4

189

Properties of Substances

$ 63 5.5 (ภ9 O2 5.0 ภ$'0 700 mmHg 30OC ! ' $/ G2

60 ! ภภ'0+# 4 ภ#) !C G.4 PV = nRT =

W RT M

700 atm 760 V = ? l , R = 0.082 l atm K -1 mol -1 W = 5.0 g , M = 32 T = 273 + 30 = 303 K 700 5.0 ∴ Ă— V = Ă— 0.082 Ă— 303 ⇒ V = 4.22 l 760 32 ภ9 P O2 ' 4.22 )

P = 700 mm =

IJภ% 5.3 1. (ภ9 O2 !" # 8 C0

!A +;/G 1 2 10 ) # 2 A>8,; <24 27OC &# 2 500 mmHg 14 4 ภG84 )2) 20% ?2+ '&# 2 750 mmHg ! 4 $" G84 A>8,; ภ'0 OC (87OC) 2. (ภ9 . 28 C0 8 ภ2.5 ภ' 500 cm3 $'0 0OC &# 2 1 atm (ภ9 '% ' #) ? )ภA) $/ G2 (112) 3.

4. 5.

6.

8) 2 8 C0

!A(ภ9 +;/ ' 100 cm3 ; (ภ9 ภ! 8)6 &# 2 -'+

1.9 x 10-4 mmHg $'0 A>8,; 27OC !" # ? )ภA) (ภ9 $'0 8)6 +;/G 8) 2! '&/ $/ G2?2+ > (6 x 1014 ? )ภA)) (ภ9 . 28 C0 8 ภ1.0 ภ' 2 ) $'0 27OC &# 2 750 mm 14 (ภ9 . 2 2'+#ภ'% 10 ภ# 2$'0 0OC &# 2 910 mm ! ' $/ G2 (15 ) ) 8)# X !" # 8 C0 $" G84ภ) + < $ % 8 2 - #/ ' 5.25 ) $'0 27OC 1.2 atm ! &" #>&# 8 ( / < 8)# '% ภ" 8 2 #)? )ภA) X = 56 (2.73 g/l) (ภ9 X '&# 8 ( / 3.2 x 10-3 g/cm3 $'0 30OC , 800 mmHg ! ' #)? )ภA) $/ G2 ( 75.5 )

190

7. 8.

9.

Properties of Substances

(ก9 กP ! '&# 8 ( / 1.429 g/l $'0 STP ! '&# 8 ( / $/ G2$'0 27OC , 0.5 atm (0.785 g/l) (ก9 C2H2 () C2H6 $'08 ก $/ ก " <

!AG #2$'0 ' () A>8,; $/ ก ! - #/ ก. &# 2 G #2$'0

!A C2H2 ' กก#/ &# 2 G #2$'0

!A C2H6 . (ก9 $ % ! '!" # ? )กA) $/ ก &. (ก9 $ % ! '!" # ? )กA)< / $/ ก

. &# 2 G #2$'0

!A C2H6 ' กก#/ &# 2 G #2$'0

!A C2H2 # $# () +A$Z # 2&# 2 () < ' $ O$'0 A>8,; 80OC ./ 2'+#ก # $# G.4 ' $ O 1 8+2 /# +A$ZG.4 ' $ O 3 8+2 กfH)2 '% G:ก %: P (atm) V (dm3) PV X () Y '&/ $/ G2 # $# 0.05 1 0.05 (X=0.3 atm, Y = 0.15) +A$Z X 0.5 Y 5.2.8 ก2#$ % 63 6 % : G.4&" #>&# 2 +/ + (ก9 ( /) . 2G (ก9 H () &" #>&# 2 # (ก9

H <24 $'0 A>8,; 2'+#ก 60 " (ก9 % ( / 2 . 2 C% < H ก ?2+< / ก 2 3 ก + & ' ก 7 ก ก ' ก ?2+16 #/ ก ' ' 7 ก ก ก PT = P1 + P2 + ............................. PT = &# 2 # (ก9 P1, P2......... = &# 2 +/ + (ก9 ( /) . 2 8 /#+ PT , P1 , P2 ,........................ 4 8 /#+ 2'+#ก PT, P1, P2, ............ 1! &" #><24! กกf +)O 8 6 ! ก ก , # (ก9 ./ (ก9 A H ก (ก9 B 1! &" #>&# 2 <242 '% PT

= = =

PA + PB  P1 V1  PV    +  1 1  LLLL (1)  V2  A  V2  B  nRT   nRT    +  LLL (2)  V A  V B

191

Properties of Substances

(1) G.4ภf +)O P1V1 = P2V2 ?2+ V2 (ภ9 H (2) G.4 ภ, # (ภ9 PV = nRT ?2+ V (ภ9 H $ 63 5.6 (ภ9 N2 0.2 mol

!AG 1 2 1 dm3 , 30OC (ภ9 O2 0.1 mol +;/G 1 2 800 cm3 ,30OC 14 1/ +(ภ9 $ % ) G 1 'ภG 8 C0 2 1.5 dm3 ! <24&# 2 # ภ'0 atm 14 A>8,; & $'0 ภ. 3.31 . 4.97 &. 1.66

. 2.53

nRT   nRT  PT = PN + PO =   +   V  N  V O RT = (n N + n O ) V n N = 0.2 mol , n O = 0.1 mol

R = 0.082 l atm K -1 mol -1 T = 273 + 30 = 303 K V = 1.5 l 0.082 Ă— 303 ∴ PT = (0.2 + 0.1) Ă— = 4.97 atm 1.5 <24&# 2 # 4.97 atm

$ 63 5.7 60 " (ภ9 O2 1.6 ภ() (ภ9 N2 2.8 ภG / # ภG , . 2 500 cm3 27OC ! <24 &# 2 +/ +() &# 2 # $/ G2

! ภ" 8 O2

W RT M V = 500 cm3 = 0.5 l PV = nRT =

192

Properties of Substances

W = 1.6 g, M = 32 R = 0.082 l atm K-1 mol-1 T = 273 + 27 = 300 K 1.6 P Ă— 0.5 = Ă— 0.082 Ă— 300 ⇒ P = 2.46 atm 32 &# 2 +/ + O2 = 2.46 atm " 8 N2 V = 0.5 l W = 2.8 g , M = 28 R = 0.082 l atm K-1 mol-1 T = 300 K 2.8 P Ă— 0.5 = Ă— 0.082 Ă— 300 ⇒ P = 4.92 atm 28 atm &# 2 +/ + N2 = 4.92 PT = PO + PN = 2.46 + 4.92 = 7.38 atm &# 2 # (ภ9 H = 7.38 atm

IJภ% 5.4 1. 60 " ภP ! 20 cm3 () < ? ! 40 cm3 PC0 # 2$'0 STP 4

!A # ภG , . $'0 ' 100 cm3 $'0 0OC ! '&# 2 # $/ G2 (456 mm) 2. #2G $'08 C0 !A 5 ) G $'0 !A 3 ) '$/ / 1C ภ<24 ( /& % ( ภ+ ƒ2 +;/ G $'0 8 C0 '(ภ9 A

!A +;/() '&# 2 2 atm /# G $'0 '(ภ9 B () '&# 2 8 atm 60 ƒ2$/ G84(ภ9 $ % #2 2 / 1C ภ$ % <#4- ภ8 C0 &# 2 G #2G $'08 C0 ! $/ ภภ'0 atm (4.25 atm)

3.

(ภ9 A

!A +;/G , . 2 2 ) # 2&# 2 <24 2 atm (ภ9 B

!AG , . 2 4 ) # 2&# 2 <24 1.5 atm , . $ % / $/ 1C ภ<24() 60 ƒ2$/ G84(ภ9 $ % H ภ! ภ2 3 ภ+ ŕ¸

A+B C ! &" #>&# 2 # 8) H 14 ภภ2 3 ภ+ % < /<24$" G84 A>8,; )'0+ ( )

<

193

4.

Properties of Substances

(ก9 PCl5 ) + #<24(ก9 PCl3 () Cl2 $'0 80OC ก

PCl3(g) + Cl2(g) PCl5(g) 60 G.4 PCl5 0.5 ? ) G /G , . G 8 C0 2 5 ) ก3#/ $'0, # 2A) PCl5 ) + #<24 20% ! &" #>&# 2 # (ก9 H #/ ก ) + # % A>8,; & $'0 () , . < / )'0+ ( ) (3.47 atm) 5.2.9 ก #= $+ 5ก 6$ ก ก2 $ 5ก6D:* @ก :;ก2 T$ก T%

6 6 ก ก ก G.4( 2 &# - ZO 8#/ ก 67869 : ก

; 7ก () ก 678 ก < ก : ก

$'0 A>8,; () &# 2 2'+#ก (ก9 $'0$" 3 ก + - 2'ก ()

(ก9 $'0 ก 2! ก 3 ก + ! '+ $'+ ก <24 /# ) !" # 7 ) # 4 + B ก = ก = G.4( 2 &# - ZO 8#/ ก <9 = ก ก , +G 4 A>8,; () &# 2 2'+#ก (ก9 / B $'0 ' $/ ก +/ ! '!" # ? )กA)8 6 !" # ? ) $/ ก

$ 63 5.8 (ก9 H ก 24#+ CH4 , C4H10 () C6H14 !" # 100 , 200 () 400 cm3 )" 2 14 " ก9 P$ % 8 2 H <8 4G O2 ! 4 G.4 O2 ก'0 cm3 $'0 STP !C ! $" 3 ก + - 2'ก

194

Properties of Substances

- ! > O2 ! ก ก ?2+G.4กf ?#ก ?2

CH 4 + 2O 2 → CO 2 + 2H 2 O

1 cm 3 2 cm 3 ∴100 cm 3 200 cm 3

2C 4 H10 + 13O 2 → 8CO 2 + 10H 2 O

2 cm 3 ∴ 200 cm 3

13 cm 3 1,300 cm 3

2C 6 H 14 + 19O 2 → 12CO 2 + 14H 2 O

2 cm 3 ∴ 400 cm 3

19 cm 3 3,800 cm 3

G.4 O2 $ % 8 2 = 200 + 1300 + 3,800 = 5,300 cm3 ∴ 4 G.4 O2 5,300 cm3 8 6 5.3 )

$ 63 5.9 (ก9 # $ (C4H10) ก 2 2 ก (ก9 กP ! +/ ; >O G84(ก9 & O <2 ก<P2O() < %" H) , > O$'0<24! '!" # ก'0 $/ (ก9 # $ ?2+# 2$'0 A>8,; () &# 2 2'+#ก >769 '+ ก () 8 H) , > O! ก ก

2C 4 H10 + 13O 2 → 8CO 2 + 10H 2 O

2 cm 3 8 cm 3 10 cm 3 ! ก ก

C4H10 = 2 cm3 CO2 + H2O = 18 cm3 /# H) , > O : # $ = 18 : 2 = 9 : 1 H) , > O 9 $/ # $ IJก % 5.5

195

Properties of Substances

G (ก9 H . 28 C0 200 cm3 ก 24#+ C2H2 40% ?2+ $'0 8)6 CO 14 " (ก9 H $ % 8 2 '% H G ก @! <24(ก9 CO2 ก'0 cm3 () ! 4 G.4 ก @$ % 8 2ก'0 cm3 14 ก @ ' O2 20% ?2+ () ก # 2 (ก9 $Aก& % $" $'0 A>8,; () &# 2 2'+#ก (280 cm3) ก 2C2H2 + 5O2 4CO2 + 2H2O () 2CO + O2 2CO2 14 H (ก9 HCl $'0.6% 60 cm3 ก (ก9 NH3 40 cm3 $'0 A>8,; &# 2 2'+#ก G 8) 2$'0 ' '2 ก ! '(ก9 8)6 , +8) ก H $/ G2$'0 A>8,; &# 2 2 (20 cm3) ก HCl + NH3 NH4Cl 3 ก + ก '+ (ก9 ( ? '+ 2 ก N2(g) + 3H2(g) 2NH3(g) 14 0 4 ?2+G.4(ก9 < ? ! 3 ) () (ก9 <]?2 ! 10 ) 60 3 ก + 7! % ()4#! '(ก9 +;/ก'0) (ก # 2$Aก& % # 2$'0 A>8,; () &# 2 2'+#ก ) (7 ) ) ! 4 G.4 O2 ก'0 cm3 $'0 10OC , 700 mm -60 $" 3 ก + - 2'ก H2 PC0 ' +;/ 1 ) $'0 30 cm3 ,350 mm (233.5 cm3) ก 2H2 + O2 2H2O

1.

2.

3.

4.

5.3

XY2 7: D ก ก. .

&.

. !. I.

G.4 Z + ก'0+#ก -e ก

(ก9 2 '% (ก9 ก 24#+ A, & )7กB '+ก#/ ? )กA) PC0 ? )กA) +;/8/ ก () 16 #/ < / '(

+C2 8 '0+# 8#/ ? )กA) ? )กA) (ก9 ! &)60 $'0 4

+/ < / '+ G $Aก$ @$ 24#+&# 7# I)'0+& $'0 ! ก#/ ! . ก 8 6 . ก H , . &# 7#!C ! )'0+ ( ) # $ %

!! )'0+ $ @$ ก &)60 $'024#+ ก . ก (ก9 ! < / 'ก ;} '+-)

( / 11/ + $-)

PC0 ก () ก <24 '+กก . '%#/ ( +628+A/ ; >O (ก9 '&/ 4 + ก (8 6 < / ' ) 60 &# 2 0" B () A>8,; ; B PC0

'+ก#/ , # (ก9 ; >O 14 &# 2 (ก9 ก 2! ก? )กA) (ก9 &)60 $'0< . H , . $'0

!A(ก9 &# 1'0 ก . ; &# 2 ! ;

-)

!) O I)'0+ (ก9 ( H ?2+

ก A>8,; &)# $'0 A>8,; 2'+#ก (ก9 $Aก . 2! '-)

!) O I)'0+ $/ ก

196

Properties of Substances

(ภ9 $'0 ' & 14# $e=f'!) O '+ภ#/ (ภ9 ; >O (Perfect gas) 8 6 (ภ9 G A2 & (Ideal gas) PC0 < / '!

(ภ9 $'0 -e #Gภ)4 &'+ ภ(ภ9 G A2 & ภ$'0 A2 &6 (ภ9 I60 + (ภ9 ! (Real gas) 8 +1C (ภ9 $'0 ' +;/! (ภ9 ! '%! -e #( (ภ9 G A2 & 60 &# 2 0" ภB () A>8,; ; B $ % ภf +)O ภf . O) O ภf (ภ9 ภf&# 2 +/ + 2 ) / ภf$'0G.4 ภ(ภ9 G A2 &

5.4

ภ>? XY2 7: D ภ@ F 6 ภ:;ภ2 ŕ¸

ภภ?@ A B C A &# 2 &6 (

2 / 8 C0 8 /#+-6% $'0 ภ$'0? )ภA) (ภ9 &)60 $'0 ) 2 #) () 'ภ. H , . $" G84 ภ2(

2 / H , . % $" G84 ภ2&# 2 1 5.4.1 > ภ; Pâˆ? 60 #)() A>8,; & $'0 V ( /) ? )ภA) (ภ9 ! &)60 $'0 ) 2 #) 'ภ# 0 . ภH , . $'0

!A $" G84 ภ2 &# 2 C% G , . 14 , . ' - 0 C% ภ. H , . ! )2) $" G84&# 2 , +G , . )2)

ภ4 14 , . ' )2) ภ. H , . ! - 0 C% $" G84&# 2 , +G , . - 0 C% 9 ภ: .' . ; V âˆ? T 60 #)() &# 2 & $'0 60 A>8,; ; C% 7# I)'0+ ? )ภA) (ภ9 ! - 0 C% $" G84? )ภA)# 0 . H

, . ภC% &# 2 (ภ9 , +G , . !C - 0 C% () ภภ#/ &# 2 ภ@, + ภ(ภ9 $'0

!A +;/, +G ! -+ + 2 H , . -60 G84, . + + ภ$" G84 - 0 C% (ภ>', . +628+A/ <24) ! ภ$ 0 &# 2 , +G , . $/ ภ&# 2 , + ภ, . 0 &6 60 - 0 A>8,; (ภ9 ! - 0 24#+ ( 60 #)() &# 2 & $'0) G $

4 60 A>8,; )2) (ภ9 ! )2) 24#+ ( 60 #)() &# 2 & $'0)

197

Properties of Substances

5.4.2 > ภภภ; P âˆ? T 60 #)() & $'0 14 &# &A #)() G84& $'0 60 A>8,; ; C% 7# I)'0+ ? )ภA) (ภ9 ! - 0 C% $" G84? )ภA)# 0 . H , . ภC% &# 2 (ภ9 G , . !C - 0 C% G $

4 60 A>8,; )2) &# 2 (ภ9 , +G , . ! )2) 24#+

E � T ⇒ E = kT 1 and E = mv 2 2 1 1 when T1 = T2 ⇒ m 1 v 12 = m 2 v 22 2 2 v2 m M1 = 1 = v1 m2 M2 E &6 -)

!) O I)'0+ m &6 #) (ภ9 1 ? )ภA) M &6 #)? )ภA) (ภ9 v &6 &# 7# I)'0+ (ภ9 (ภ9 $'0 '-e ŕ¸

$e=f'!) O! 2#/ (ภ9 ; >O () < ภf / B (ภ9 ./ ภf +)O () ภf . O) O IJภ% 5.6 1. (ภ9 A '&# 7# I)'0+ 5 x 105 cm/s $'0 0OC ! '&# 7# I)'0+ ภ'0 cm/s $'0 30OC (5.3 x 105 cm/s) 2. (ภ9 X '&# 2 PX $'0 A>8,; TX /# (ภ9 Y '&# 2 PY $'0 A>8,; TY -)

!) O I)'0+ ? )ภA) (ภ9 $ % '&/ $/ ภ14 VX () VY (ภ9 &;/ '% T /# X $/ G2 TY V 1 ภ. . 1 &. 2

. C% +;/ภX 2 VY

198

3.

4.

5.5

Properties of Substances

4 &# G21;ภ4 14 )2 , . $'0

!A(ภ9 ?2+G84 A>8,; & $'0 ภ. (ภ9 ! . H , . 24#+(

$/ 2 ( /G &# 1'0 - 0 C% . (ภ9 ! . H , . 24#+(

ภC% ภ#/ 2 ( /G &# 1'0& 2 &. (ภ9 ! . H , . 24#+(

ภC% ภ#/ 2 ( /G &# 1'0)2)

. (ภ9 ! . H , . 24#+(

ภC% ภ#/ 2 ( /G &# 1'0 - 0 C% , . 2 G '(ภ9

!A +;/ 14 $" G84, . G $'0 1 ' A>8,; ; ภ#/ G $'0 2 ! ภŕ¸

$2)

- #/ &# 7# I)'0+ ? )ภA) (ภ9 G , . $ % $/ ภ! A H) ภ$2) '% +/ <

ภ. ? )ภA) (ภ9 G , . G $'0 2 '-)

!) O I)'0+ ; ภ#/ ? )ภA) (ภ9 G , . G $'0 1 . ? )ภA) (ภ9 G , . G $'0 1 ' #) # ภภภ#/ ? )ภA) (ภ9 G , . G $'0 2 &. -)

!) O I)'0+ ? )ภA) (ภ9 G , . $ % G $/ ŕ¸

. H)ภ$2) < /1;ภ4 - $e=f'!) O (ภ9 ภ)/ ##/ &# 7# I)'0+ (ภ9 $'0 A>8,; / ภ! 4 < / $/ ŕ¸

ภ2ภE 3 ŕ¸

ภภ; C ภD G.4 Z + ภ(- / (ภ9 PC0 ! 2#/ !" # +/ 8 C0 (ภ9  , +G 4 A>8,; () &# 2 2'+#ภภ(- / (ภ9 G2B ! 2 /# HภH ŕ¸

ภ$'0 #)? )ภA) (ภ9 ‚ 1 k vâˆ? ⇒ v= M M v = ภ(- / (ภ9 , M = #)? )ภA) (ภ9 ภ(- / (ภ9 G . '+ $'+ " 8 (ภ9 2 . 2G2 B ! v2 M1 = v1 M2 60 ! ภ#)? )ภA) (ภ9 ( H ?2+

ภ&# 8 ( / (ภ9

199

Properties of Substances

M�d M1 d = 1 M2 d2

v2 M1 d1 = = v1 M2 d2 d &6 &# 8 ( / (ภ9 G ภ>'$'0- ! > ภ(- / (ภ9 G $

+ $ ภ#) ! <24 s v= t v 2 s 2 t1 M1 d = â‹… = = 1 d2 v 1 t 2 s1 M2 s = + $ $'0 ภ2ภ(- / ,t = #) $'0G.4G ภ(- / 14 (ภ9 (- /G + $ $'0 $/ ภ! 8)6 &# - ZO v 2 t1 M1 d = = = 1 v1 t 2 M2 d2 8 6 G ภ>'$'0(ภ9 (- /G #) $'0 $/ ภ! <24 v 2 s2 M1 d = = = 1 v 1 s1 M2 d2 ! 87 <24#/ ภ(- / (ภ9 % ' /# ภ'0+# 4 ?2+

ภ#)? )ภA) (ภ9 (ภ9 $'0 ' #)? )ภA) ; ! (- /<24.4 ภ#/ (ภ9 $'0 ' #)? )ภA) 0" ภfภ(- / ภ(] ภ! ภ! G.4&" #> ภ'0+#ภภ(- / (ภ9 ()4# + 1G.4 &" #>&# 8 ( / 8 6 #)? )ภA) (ภ9 <2424#+ " 8 & 60 6 $'0G.4G ภ# 2 ภ(- / (ภ9 '+ภ#/ effusiometer 2 %

$ 63 5.10 14 ภ(- / (ภ9 3 , &HภH ภภ$'0 #)? )ภA)PC0 '+ ; <242 '% 1 vâˆ? M 14 ! $" ภ$2) G84 87 #/ (ภ9 X (- /<24 7#ภ#/ (ภ9 Y 3 $/ #)? )ภA) (ภ9 Y &# ภ'0 $/ (ภ9 X

200

vX MY = vY MX vX 3 = ! ภ?!$+O vY 1 3 MY M 9 ∴ = ⇒ Y = 1 1 MX MX #)? )ภA) Y 4 9 $/ X

Properties of Substances

! ภภfภ(- /

$ 63 5.11 (ภ9 CO2 (- /H/ effusiometer & 60 8 C0 G.4 #) 16 # $' 2 % (ภ9 # $ (C4H10) ! (- / H/ effusiometer 2'+#ภ'%G #) ภ'0# $'

! ภt1 = t2 = M1 = M2 =

C4H10

v 2 t1 M1 = = ( 60 G.4 + $ G ภ(- / $/ ภ) v1 t 2 M2

+ #) $'0 CO2 G.4 = 16 # $'

+ #) $'0 C4H10 G.4 = ? # $' #)? )ภA) CO2 = 44 #)? )ภA) C4H10 = 58 16 44 ∴ = ⇒ t 2 = 18.4 s t2 58 4 G.4 #) G ภ(- / 18.4 # $'

IJภ% 5.7 1. (ภ9 G 4 G2$'0 '&# 8 ( / - $ZO ภ$'0 A2 ภ. ( ? '+ (NH3) . & O <2 ภ<P2O (CO2) &. < ? ! <2 ภ<P2O (NO2)

. <]?2 P )E; ภ(H2S) 2. , +G 4&# ภ22 () A>8,; 2'+#ภ(ภ9 P$ )' (C2H2) '&# 8 ( / ภ'0 $/ (ภ9 ]' )'+ (He) (6.5 $/ ) 3. ภ(- / (ภ9 G 4 G2$'0.4 ) )" 2 . Ar ,O2 ,NO ,N2 ,Ne ภ. Ne ,N2 ,NO ,O2 ,Ar 201

Properties of Substances

&. Ne ,Ar ,N2 ,O2 ,NO

. Ne ,N2 ,O2 , Ar ,NO 14 '+ $'+ &# 7#G ภ&)60 $'0 CH4 () SO2 60 G.4 #) $/ ภ() $2) $'0 A>8,; () &# 2 2'+#ภ&# 7#G ภ&)60 $'0 (ภ9 CH4 ภ'0 $/ SO2 (2 $/ )

4.

5.

14 (ภ9 X ' #)? )ภA) $/ ภ81 &)60 $'0G , . 8 C0 <24 + $ 30 P . G #) 2 # $' (ภ9 Y ' #)? )ภA) $/ ภ25 ! &)60 $'0<24 + $ ภ'0 P . G #) 4 # $' (108 P .) (ภ9 X (- /<24.4 ภ#/ (ภ9 H2 5 $/ $'0 , # A>8,; () &# 2 2'+#ภ! &" #> #)? )ภA) (ภ9 X (50) 14 ภ(- / (ภ9 . 28 C0 1 G 4 $/ C2H2 , +G 4 , # 2'+#ภ#) ? )ภA) (ภ9 '% $/ G2 (416) ! ภ(ภ9 / < '% (ภ9 G2$'0 ' 7# ภ(- / 3 $/ ภ(- / < %" (H2O) ภ. ]' )'+ (He) . <]?2 ! (H2) &. & O <2 ภ<P2O (CO2)

. & O ภ<P2O (CO)

6. 7. 8.

5.6

5 :$ 1. 2. 3.

4.

<24(ภ/ 8)# 1 8 C0 ภ24#+? )ภA)$'0 +;/. 2ภภภ#/ ? )ภA)

(ภ9 ( / 4 +ภ#/ ( 7 () '(

+C2 8 '0+# ภภ#/ (ภ9 8)# 1$" G84 ( 7 <24 ?2+ภ)2 A>8,; ) () $" G84 < 8 6 (ภ9 <24 ?2+ภ- 0 A>8,; G841C !A2 26 2 8)# ' ; / < /( / 60 ! ภG 8)#+ '$'0#/ +;/ $" G84? )ภA) 1 &)60 $'0< G + Gภ)4 ( / 60 ! ภ'(

+C2 8 '0+# 8#/ ? )ภA) ภ- &# !C

+ & +;/, +G , . () <8)< <24 $" G84 ; / )'0+ < , . $'0

!A 8)# ' & $'0 > A>8,; 8 C0 B 60 ! ภ? )ภA) '(

+C2 8 '0+# $" G84< / 1 &)60 $'0<24 +/ !C & $'0

202

Properties of Substances

5. ? )ภA) 8)#. 28 C0 !(- / 4 < ภ? )ภA) 8)# 'ภ. 28 C0

<24 ( /24#+ $'0.4 ภ#/ (ภ9

5.7

ภ5 : 6 [ ;7 ภ5 :$5 \ ŕ¸

60 ? )ภA) 8)# '-)

!) O ; C% ! 1 . (

+C2 8 '0+# 8#/

? )ภA) 4 &'+ <24 ? )ภA)ภ7! 8)A2 ภ< +;/G 1 (ภ9 <24 PC0 ภ)'0+ 1 ! ภ8)# (ภ9 ' 2 ( &6 5.7.1 ภ(Evaporation) ! ภ2 C% I- $'0 #>H #8 4 8)# ภ2! ภภ$'0? )ภA). ภ8 6 . H , . 8 6 ? )ภA) ภ@ #>H #B 8)# # 0

. ภ? )ภA) 8)# #>H #B % ()4# 'ภ1/ + $-)

$" G84? )ภA) 8)# #>H # % '-)

!) O ; C% ! . (

+C2 8 '0+# 8#/ ? )ภA) 4 &'+ <24 ()4#8)A2 ภ< +;/G 1 (ภ9 A>8,; $'0 ภ2ŕ¸

8+< /!" 4 !A2 26 2 ŕ¸

8+! 4 G.4-)

!" # 8 C0 !C ภ)'0+ ( ) ,$2;2&# 4 ! 87 <24! ภ#) 8 60 8+ ภ! ภH #8 ! ;4 Cภ+7 I<< 678 7J C ภ<24(ภ/ -6% $'0H # A>8,; () &# 2 + 0 8)# '-6% $'0H # ภ$/ G2 ภ7! + 0

8+<24 ภ$/ % $ % '% - ŕ¸

8+ ภ2$'0H #8 4 8)# ภ! ภ'%14 A>8,; ; 8 6 &# 2 0" ภ7 1$" G84 8)# 8+<24 / + ./ 2'+#ภ5.7.2 ภK (Boiling) 60 8)#<24 &# 4 ? )ภA)! '-)

!) O ;

ภC% 60 +B ! ภ$ 0 . (

+C2 8 '0+# 8#/ ? )ภA) 4 &'+ <24 60 ภ2$ 0#$ % ภ4 8)# ! $" G84 ภ2E ภ26 2-)/ $ 0#$ % ภ4 8)# '+ภภ3ภ>O ./ '%#/ ŕ¸

26 2 A>8,; > $'0 8)# 26 2 '% '+ภ#/ (Boiling point) ?2+$ 0#< !A2 26 2! )'0+ ( ) < &# 2 G ภภ!A2 26 2$ 0#< !C 4

A &# 2 24#+ 14 ภ)/ #1C !A2 26 2 ?2+< / A&# 2 8 +1C !A2 26 2$'0&# 2 1

+ ภ@ '+ภ#/ ภI<< 678 7J C < K <24(ภ/ &# 2 () (

+C2 8 '0+# 8#/ ? )ภA) 60 ! ภ&# 2 < 8)#$'0!A2 26 2 ! $/ ภ&# 2

+ ภ@ B 8)# 2 % &# 2

+ ภ@!C 'H)?2+

/ !A2 26 2 + 0 &# 2 0" ภ!A2 26 2 8)#ภ7! 0" ภ$'0&# 2 ; B !A2 26 2 8)# ภ7! + 0 ;

203

Properties of Substances

" 8 (

+C2 8 '0+# 8#/ ? )ภA) 8)#$'0 '(

+C2 8 '0+# 8#/ ? )ภA) ภ./ ' #)? )ภA) ; ' , - %# ภ! '!A2 26 2 ; G > $'0 8)#PC0 '(

8#/ ? )ภA) 4 + ./ ' #)? )ภA) 0" ? )ภA)< / ' %#ภ7! '!A2 26 2 0"

5.8

A (Vapour pressure) 8 +1C &# 2 < 8 6 8)# > , #

2A)( <2 ภ(, # 2A)( <2 ภ&6 , # $'0 ภ2 C% G ƒ2 2 8)#() &# 8 ( / < & $'0 '$ % ŕ¸

8+() ภ&# ( / ภ2 C% 24#+ 7#$'0 $/ ภ) ภ)/ #&6 60 " 8)#G /G , . ƒ2() % $ % <#4 8)#! 0 8+ภ) + < () > < ! ' - 0 ภC% 60 #) H/ < ( / 60 ! ภ< 8)#+ & +;/, +G , . 60 . ภ4 () . ภ, . 4 ภ7! ภ2ภ&# ( / # #ภภ) < 8)#G8 / ภ)'0+ ( ) G ) ภ=> $'0 8)#ภ) + < () < ภ) 8)#! ภ2 C% +/ / 60 ภ< ! 1C

+ #) 8 C0 ภ)'0+ ( ) $ % ! $/ ภ'+ภ#/ +;/ G , # 2A) I<< 678 7J C A <24(ภ/ A>8,; () (

+C2 8 '0+# 8#/ ? )ภA) !" 14 A>8,; ; C% &# 2 < 8)#! - 0 C% &# 2 < 8)# C% ภA>8,; ?2+< / C% ภ> 8)# ! G.4 8)# ภ8 6 4 +ภ7 14 A>8,; & $'0 60 1C , # 2A) 8)# % ! '&# 2 < $/ ŕ¸

? 78 C = ภ8)#$'0 '(

+C2 8 '0+# 8#/ ? )ภA) ภ! '&# 2 < 4 + () 8)#$'0 '(

+C2 8 '0+# 8#/ ? )ภA) 4 + ! '&# 2 < ภ(

+C2 8 '0+#

8#/ ? )ภA)! C% +;/ภ#)? )ภA) 2 % 8)#$'0 ' #)? )ภA) ภ! '(

+C2 8 '0+#

8#/ ? )ภA) ภ$" G84 '&# 2 < 0" #$ % B 7; #3 ภ8 6 ]< 6-3ภ1. - 8)#G2 '(

+C2 8 '0+# 8#/ ? )ภA) ภ! 8++ ภ&# 2 < 0" - 8)#G2 '(

+C2 8 '0+# 8#/ ? )ภA) 4 + ! 8+ / + &# 2 < ;

2. !" - 8)#G2 ' A>8,; ; ! ภ) + < <24 ภ&# 2 < ;

- 8)#G2 ' A>8,; 0" ! ภ) + < <24 4 + &# 2 < 0" $'0!A2 26 2 &# 2 < 8)#! $/ ภ&# 2

+ ภ@ > % - 8)#G2 $'0 '&# 2 < ; ! '!A2 26 2 0"

204

Properties of Substances

- 8)#G2 $'0 '&# 2 < 0" ! '!A2 26 2 ;

8)#! 26 2 60 '&# 2 < $/ ภ&# 2

+ ภ@ 2 % 14 &# 2

+ ภ@ 760 mmHg 8)#! 26 2ภ7 4 '&# 2 < $/ ภ760 mmHg 24#+

- 5.7 ภA % #$ E FD ; $3 #$ % B ภ*+ ,-

! ภภE! 87 #/ !A2 26 2 $ ) ' $ O = 34.6OC !A2 26 2 $ )( )ภ] )O = 78.4OC !A2 26 2 %" = 100.0OC

5.9

B P ภภA

8 +1C >&# 4 $'0 4 G.4G ภ$" G84 8)#ภ) + < > $'0!A2 26 2 8)# % ! 87 <24#/ G > $'0 8)#ภ" ) 26 2 A>8,; !A2 26 2! & $'0$ % B$'0+ 'ภG84 &# 4 (ภ/ 8)# % ) 2 #) 60 ! ภ&# 4 $'0G84 % < /<24G.4G ภ- 0 A>8,;

8)# ( /G.4G ภ)'0+ 1 I<< 678 7J C B P ภภA ') ภ=> 8 6 ภˆ!!! +$'0 'H) / !A2 26 2 8)# &6 8)#$'0 '(

+C2 8 '0+# 8#/ ? )ภA) ภภ7! '&# 4 (‰ ภภ2< ;

8)#$'0 '(

+C2 8 '0+# 8#/ ? )ภA) 4 + ! '&# 4 (‰ ภภ2< 0" ภ! ภ'% &# 4 (‰ ภภ2< 8)# + C% +;/ภA>8,; $'0 8)# ภ) + < 24#+ $'0 A>8,; ; 8)#! '&# 4 (‰ ภภ2< 4 +ภ#/ $'0 A>8,; 0" ./ &#

4 (‰ ภภ2< %" $'0 40OC ภ120OC '&/ 43.18 () 39.71 kJ/mol )" 2

5.10 9 205

1. 2. 3. 4. 5.

Properties of Substances

<24(ภ/ A, & ( 7 +;/G " (8 / $'0( / !C ' ; / ( / < / )'0+ ( ) <

; / , . $'0

!A () ' & $'0 A, & ( 7 +;/. 2ภ!C '(

+C2 8 '0+# 8#/ ? )ภA) ภภ#/ 8)# () (ภ9 &# 2 'H) / ( 7 4 + ภA>8,; ภ7 'H) / ภ)'0+ ( ) ( 7 -'+

)7ภ4 + ( 7 '&# 8 ( / ภภ#/ 8)#() (ภ9 . 2 " &# 4 () " <EEF <24 ภ(- / ( 7 ภ2<24.4 ภ60 '+ $'+ ภ8)#() (ภ9

5.10.1 ภ5ภ%G:]ภ9 ( 7 1! 2 '+ A, &G ภ4 ( 7 G84 '+ ' ; $

$ &> $'0 ( / '+ภ#/ H)Cภ( 7

H)Cภ( 7 ( /) . 2 ภ! ' H #8 4 $'0 '+ () $" A ภ24#+&/ $'0( / PC0 ) ภ=> I- # ( 7 ( /) . 2 H)Cภ( 7 ! '!A28) 8)#& $'0 () ./# ŕ¸

8) 8)# % ( 7 . 28 C0 B !! 'H)Cภ<248) + ; ( '+ภ#/ ' + ; 8 6 ' ; ./ ภ" 1 'H)Cภ; ภ() ; ? ? &) ภ& O 'H)Cภ; (ภ<E O() ; -. E E 'H)CภE E (2 () E E # 4 5.10.2 ภ;5 % 9 8 +1C ภ$'0 ( 7 )'0+ 1 ภ) + < ?2+< / 4 H/ 1 8)# ./ ŕ¸

8 2 );ภ8 7 () H)Cภ< ? 2' ŕ¸

8 2 ภ)'0+ ( ) ,$2;2&# 4 () ! ภ2 C% $'0H #8 4 ( 7

./ 2'+#ภŕ¸

8+$'0 ภ2 C% $'0H # 8)# 2 % ( 7 $'0! 8 2<24 14 '-6% $'0H # ภŕ¸

8 2ภ7! ภ2 C% ภภ! ภ'%ŕ¸

8 2+ C% +;/ภA>8,; 24#+ $'0 A>8,; ; ภ#/ ! 'ŕ¸

8 2 ภภ#/ $'0 A>8,; 0" ภ#/

206

Properties of Substances

5.11 # :: 5ภA :;: 6 ภ67Q 8 +1C $ ภ+, - ) ) +$'0 C% +;/ภ!" # A, & #1;ภ) ) +G ) ) + ?2+< / C% +;/ภ. 2 #1;ภ) ) + & )) ภ$'E ( / ภ4 ,$&6 1. !A2 +6 ภ( 7 $'0)2) (Freezing point depression) 2. !A2 26 2$'0 - 0 C% (Boiling point elevation) 3. &# 2 < $'0)2) (Vapour pressure lowering) 4. &# 2 ? P (Osmotic pressure) / . 2ภ60 ) ) + +;/G #$" ) ) +. 2 2'+#ภ14 '&# 4 4 $/ ภ! '!A2 +6 ภ( 7 )2) $/ ภ'!A2 26 2 - 0 C% $/ ภ'&# 2 < )2) $/ ภ() '&# 2 ? P $/ ภ$ % '% 60 ! ภ& )) ภ$'E ) ) + C% ภ!" # A, &8 6 &# 4 4 ( / < / C% +;/ภ. 2 A, & & )) ภ$'E ! G.4<242'ภ,$ - )7ภ?$ <) O$'0

8++ ภ5.11.1 < K ภ678 < / A$Z ‹! '!A2 +6 ภ( 7 8 6 !A2 8) 8)# 0" ภ#/ A$Z ‹ + 0 ' < / A$Z ‹ !6 ภ$/ G2 !A2 +6 ภ( 7 ภ7! )2) ภ$/ % 60 ! ภ!A2 +6 ภ( 7 $'0)2) ) ) + & )) ภ$'E 2 % ) ) + )7ภ?$ <) OG #$" ) ) +. 2 2'+#ภ$'0 '&# 4 4 $/ ภ! 4 '!A2 +6 ภ( 7 )2) $/ ภ./ ) ) +ภ);?& () ) ) +P;?& G %" 4 4 1 mol/kg $/ ภ! '!A2 +6 ภ( 7 1.86OC $/ ภ5.11.2 < K 678 ; 8 ?@ ./ 2'+#ภภ!A2 +6 ภ( 7 !A2 26 2 & )) ภ$'E +/ 8 C0 ) ) +! '!A2 26 2 ; ภ#/ #$" ) ) + 5.11.3 A 678 #$" ) ) + A$Z ‹$'0 8+<24! '&/ &# 2 < PC0 &# 2 $'0, # 2A)&/ 8 C0 60 #1;ภ) ) +) < ! - #/ ) ) + '&# 2 < )2) &# 2 < $'0)2) '% C% +;/ภ!" # #1;ภ) ) + + 0 ' ภ&# 2 < ! + 0 )2) ภ&# 2 < ) ) +$'0)2) G.4&" #> #)? )ภA) #1;ภ) ) +<24 5.11.4 = ภ67Q /# G8}/G.48 #)? )ภA) ?2+ I- $'0 ' 2G8}/ #)? )ภA) ภB PC0 ภ! 8 #)? )ภA)24#+# Z' 60 B < / 2#ภ14 8 H) / !A2 26 2 ) ) +$'0 '&# 4 4 1 mol/kg ภ!A2 26 2 #$" ) ) + A$Z ‹ ! - #/ &/ & $'0 '+ภ#/ &/ & $'0 ภ- 0 !A2 26 2 (Kb = molal boiling

207

Properties of Substances

point elevation constant) ./ ) ) +$'0 ' %" #$" ) ) + 4 4 1 mol/kg ! '!A2 26 2 - 0 C% $/ ภ100.512OC ÂŒ 100OC = 0.512OC 2 % Kb %" = 0.512OC 14 8 H) / !A2 +6 ภ( 7 ) ) +$'0 '&# 4 4 1 mol/kg ภ!A2 +6 ภ( 7

#$" ) ) + A$Z ‹ ! - #/ &/ & $'0 '+ภ#/ &/ & $'0 ภ)2) !A2 +6 ภ( 7 (Kf = molal freezing point depression constant) ./ ) ) +$'0 ' %" #$" ) ) + 4 4 1 mol/kg ! '!A2 +6 ภ( 7 )2) $/ ภ0OC ÂŒ (1.86OC) = -1.86OC 2 % Kf %" = 1.86OC

5.3

% #3 # ภ5E 7*%5%8 % (Kb) :;#3 # ภ:%: 7*%568 ภ9 (Kf)

:;: 6 Acetic acid Benzene Comphore Carbon tetrachloride Chloroform Ethyl alcohol Naphthalene Water

7*%5%8 % (OC) 118.1 80.1 76.8 61.2 78.4 100.0

Kb (OC/m) 3.07 2.53 5.02 3.63 1.22 0.512

7*%568 ภ9 (OC) 16.6 5.5 179.0 - 22.8 - 63.5 - 114.6 80.2 0.0

Kf (OC/m) 3.90 5.12 39.7 29.8 4.68 1.99 6.80 1.86

! ภ'% 1 " < G.4&" #>8 #)? )ภA) $'0 #1;ภ) ) +<24 PC0

ภ&" #> !$" <248) +# Z' 2 '% 1. }} < + @O

208

Properties of Substances

∆Tb = K b m ∆Tf = K f m 5.11.5 ก #= $+5ก 6$ก 7*%568 ก 9 :%: :;: 6 ! กก $2) - #/ !A2 +6 ก( 7 $'0)2) ) ) +! ( H ?2+

ก &# 4 4 ) ) + ∆Tf ∝ m 2. G.4 ;

∆Tf = K f m 60

∆Tf m Kf

= = = =

!A2 +6 ก( 7 $'0)2) ) ) + !A2 +6 ก( 7 #$" ) ) + !A2 +6 ก( 7 ) ) + &# 4 4 mol/kg ) ) + &/ & $'0 ก )2) !A2 +6 ก( 7 ) ) +

Qm =

W2 1000 × W1 M 2

W2 1000 × W1 M 2 60 W1 = #) #$" ) ) + W2 = #) #1;ก) ) + #)? )กA) #1;ก) ) + M2 = ! ก ; 2 ก)/ #! 87 <24#/ 1G.4&" #> #)? )กA) <24 ! ก ∆Tf = Kfm ! 87 <24#/ !A2 +6 ก( 7 $'0)2) ) ) + ( ∆Tf ) C% +;/ก &# 4 4 ) ) + (m) < / C% ก . 2

" 8 &/ Kf &/ & $'0 I- # #$" ) ) + < / C% ก . 2 #1;ก) ) + < / C% ก A>8,; &# 2 () &# 4 4 #1;ก) ) + 14 G.4 m = l ∆Tf = Kf !C ก)/ #<24#/ Kf ก7&6 !A2 +6 ก( 7 ) ) +$'0)2) 60 G.4 ) ) + 4 4 1 mol/kg ∴ ∆Tf = K f m = K f ×

5.11.6 ก #= $+5ก 6$ก 7*%5%8 % 5E ]< :;: 6 &" #><24G $" 2'+#ก !A2 +6 ก( 7 $'0)2) ?2+G.4 ; $'0 ') ก=> 8 6 ก !A2 26 2 ) ) +$'0 - 0 C% ∝ &# 4 4 ) ) + 209

∆Tb � m 60

∆Tf Kb m W1 W2 M2

∆Tb = = = = = =

∆Tb = K b Ă—

Properties of Substances

W2 1000 Ă— W1 M 2

= K bm !A2 26 2$'0 - 0 C% ) ) + &/ & $'0 ภ- 0 !A2 26 2 &# 4 4 mol/kg ) ) + #) #$" ) ) + #) #1;ภ) ) + #)? )ภA) #1;ภ) ) +

Kb &/ & $'0 I- # #$" ) ) + ./ 2'+#ภKf &/ Kb ! C% +;/ภ. 2() Z

. #$" ) ) + ?2+< / C% ภ. 2 #1;ภ) ) + A>8,; &# 2 () &# 4 4 #1;ภ) ) + G $" 2'+#ภKf &/ Kb ภ7&6 A>8,; !A2 26 2$'0 - 0 C% 60 G.4 ) ) + 4 4 1 mol/kg $ 63 5.12 %" '&/ Kf = 1.8OC 14 " %" )ภ);?& 0.1 ? ) ) ) +G %" 200 ภ! <24 ) ) +$'0 '!A2 +6 ภ( 7 ภ'0 OC

∆Tf = K f m

! ภ$" &# 4 4 %" )G84 mol/kg ()4#!C ($ &/ ) G ;

1000 ภ);?& 0.1 mol/200 g = 0.1 Ă— = 0.5 mol/kg 200 ∆Tf = 1.8 Ă— 0.5 = 0.9 O C ∆Tf = !A2 +6 ภ( 7 #$" ) ) + - !A2 +6 ภ( 7 ) ) + 2 % !A2 +6 ภ( 7 ) ) + '% = 0O ÂŒ 0.9O = -0.9OC ! <24 ) ) +$'0 '!A2 +6 ภ( 7 -0.9OC $ 63 5.13 ภ" 8 2 Kb %" = 0.51OC ! &" #>!A2 26 2 ) ) +$'0 ภ2! ภ%" )$ + (C12H22O11) 15.0 ภ) ) +G %" 200 ŕ¸

210

Properties of Substances

W2 1000 Ă— W1 M 2 K b = 0.51O C , W2 = 15.0 g W1 = 200 g , M 2 = 342 15.0 1000 ∆Tb = 0.51Ă— Ă— = 0.11O C 200 342 ∆Tb = !A2 26 2 ) ) + ÂŒ !A2 26 2 #$" ) ) + 2 % !A2 26 2 ) ) + '% = 100O + 0.11O = 100.11OC

! ŕ¸

∆Tb = K b

$ 63 5.14 14 ) ) ++; '+ (NH2)2CO 6.0 ภ/ %" 1 ภ?)ภ'!A2 +6 ภ( 7 -0.2OC ) ) ++; '+ 4 4 2 mol/dm3 ! '!A28) 8)#$'0 A>8,; G2

?!$+Oภ" 8 2&/ Kf G84$ 4 4 8 &/ Kf ภ/ !C ! " < 8 !A2 +6 ภ( 7 <24 6.0 (NH 2 ) 2 CO 6.0 g = = 0.1 mol 60 (NH 2 ) 2 CO 6.0 g / H 2 O 1 kg = 0.1 mol/kg ∆Tf = K f m ∆Tf = 0.2 O C , m = 0.1 mol/kg 0.2 = K f Ă— 0.1 ⇒ K f = 2.0 ) ) ++; '+ 4 4 2 mol/dm3 = 2 mol/kg - %" 1 cm3 = 1 g 2 % %" 1 dm3 = 1 kg ∴∆Tf = 2.0 Ă— 2 = 4.0 O C !A2 +6 ภ( 7 ) ) + = 0 - 4.0 = -4.0OC 2 % ) ) + '!A28) 8)#$'0 -4.0OC

211

Properties of Substances

IJภ% 5.8 1. ภ" 8 2G84 P' '!A2 26 2 = 80.10OC , !A2 +6 ภ( 7 = 5.50OC , Kb = 4.90OC , Kf = 2.53OC 60 " ( -Z )' (C10H8) 2.0 ภ) ) +G P' 100 ภ! <24 ) ) + $'0 '!A2 26 2() !A2 +6 ภ( 7 $/ G2 ( !A2 26 2 = 80.87OC , !A2 +6 ภ( 7 = 5.10OC) 2. %" 1 kg ' %" )$ + (C12H22O11) ) ) + +;/ 342 ภ) ) + '% '!A2 +6 ภ( 7 -1.8OC 14 '+; '+ CO(NH2)2 90 g 4 ภ) ) +G %" G84<24 ) ) +$'0 '!A2 +6 ภ( 7 -1.8OC ./ ภ! &4 G.4 %" ภ'0 kg (1.5 kg) 3. X 5.0 ภ) ) +G %" 200 ภภ3#/ <24 ) ) +$'0 '!A2 +6 ภ( 7 -0.5OC !

&" #> #)? )ภA) X (90) 4. ! 4 G.4ภ);?& ภ'0ภ) ) +G %" 100 ภ()4#$" G84 ) ) + '!A2 26 2 $/ ภ) ) +$'0 ภ2! ภภG.4+; '+ 2.0 ภ) ) +G %" 50 ภ(12.06 ภ) 5. 60 G.4 / < '% +/ ) 5 ภ) ) +G P' 100 ภ) ) +G2! '!A2 26 2 ; A2 () ) ) +G2! '!A2 26 2 0" A2 C10H8 , C7H8 , C6H12

5.12 # :: 6%D (Colloid) : ) ) +$'0 ' #1;ภ) ) +PC0 ' 2 4 H/ @; +Oภ)

8#/ 10-7 Π10-4 cm ) ) + +;/ ./ ) ) + %" %" ;/ 4 5.4

ภ5 6 5 6 ; $3 :;: 6 , # :: 6%D :; $ : 6

2 4 H/ @; +Oภ) A, & ภ) 2H/ ภ2 = P)?) E ภ) 2H/ ภ2 =ŕ¸

ภ3ภ>O$ 2 ))O

:;: 6 # :: 6%D 4 +ภ#/ 10-7 cm 10-7 1C 10-4 cm <24 < /<24 <24 <24 < / ภ2 ภ2

5.12.1 ภcภ+D % ::D (Tyndall effect)

212

$ : 6 ภภ#/ 10-4 cm < /<24 < /<24 ภ2

Properties of Substances

ภ3ภ>O$'0 60 ( H/ < G & )) +2O()4# 87 )" ( 60 ! ภA, & $'0ภ! + +;/G & )) +2O! ' 2G8}/- $'0( ! . ()4# ภ2ภภ! ( <24

- 5.8 % [] ภf 6 G3 B 6 :;: 6 :; # :: 6%D

5.5

# :: 6%D 3 [ ; $ = :;: 6 :; $[-ภ:;: 6B% % <

? % # :: 6%D

[ ;

$ภ:

P ) O (Sols ;Suspensoid)

( 7

8)#

). (Emulsion)

8)#

8)#

!) (Gel)

( 7

( 7

8)# (ภ9 (ภ9

8)# (ภ9 (ภ9 8)# ( 7

( ? P ) (Aerosol) ?E 8)# (Liquid Foam) ?E ( 7 (Solid Foam)

213

$ 63 Milk of magnesia (Mg(OH)2 G %" ), AgCl G %" , ภ" 1 & )) +2O (S8 G %" ) %" (< G %" ) %" ) 2 ( %" -6. ( # ) +G %" 4 +.;) %" ( F ? ' !))'0 #A4 ‰Al ) &# <E +O ÂŽ 8 ภE ;/ ;/ภ4 E %"

Properties of Substances

5.12.2 :@ BA5 D ( Emulsifier ) )P <E O 8 +1C PC0 $" 8 4 $'0 ( 7 8 6 8)#$'0< /) ) +ภG84 ภ) + & )) +2O ./ %" ภ%" < / 1! # 6% 2'+#ภ<24 ( /14 %" ;/) < )7ภ4 + ! $" G84 %" ภ%" 1 # ภ) ) +& )) +2O<24 %" ;/!C $" 8 4 $'0 )P <E O # +/ 60 B ./ < /(2 )P <E O %" ) 2 ( %" -6. %" 4 +.; () %" ) &P' ? ' . 28 C0 )P <E O %" (< #O () %" ) %" 2' )P <E O$'0 +;/G / ภ+ A=+O $" G84< 8 6 %" # ภ%" +/ +G +/ + 8 <24 5.12.3 # :: 6%D> ? $ ;7= $ & )) +2OG .'# !" # <24(ภ/ & )) +2O$'0 ' +;/G Z

. ./ ÂŽG $4 EF 8 ภ&# A8 '0 %" 4 0 8)/ '% & )) +2O$'0- 87 ภ+;/ 60 ( $ +OH/ 4 G 84 ! 87 )" ( H/ ( # 4

60 ! ภภ2 ภ3ภ>O$ 2 ))O ( ภ$ ภ‰Al ) G ภ@ PC0 & )) +2O $" G84 'ภภ!

( ภ2 C%

214

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