Studio Air Journal

Page 1

ARCHITECTURE DESIGN

STUDIO AIR

KELI MURRAY 517928

CONTENTS

02 03

1.0 CASE FOR INNOVATION

05 08 10 11 14 16 18 19

1.1.0 ARCHITECTURE AS A DISCOURSE 1.1.1 EAMES HOUSE 1.1.2 NATURAL HISTORY MUESUM 1.2.0 ARCHITECTURE’S NEW MEDIA 1.2.1 ARCHITECTURE IN THE DIGITAL AGE 1.3.0 PARAMETRIC MODELLING 1.3.1 BLOOMBERG PAVILION 1.3.2 MUESUM OF CONTEMPORARY ART WARSAW PROPOSAL

21

2.0 GROUP RESEARCH + CASE STUDY

23 25 27 30 33 36 37 40

2.1.0 GROUP RESEARCH + ARGUMENT 2.1.1 FAULDERS STUDIO 2.1.2 FERMID 2.2.0 CASE STUDY 1.0 2.3.0 CASE STUDY 2.0 2.4.0 MATRIX 2.4.1 MATRIX SELECTION 2.5.0 SYSTEM DEVELOPMENT + MODEL ASSEMBLY

41 44 47 59 62

3.0 EXPRESSION OF INTEREST

3.1.0 TECHNIQUE FOR CONSIDERATION 3.3.0 DESIGN PROCESS 3.5.0 POST-CRIT EVALUATION REFERENCES

CASE F OR INNOVATION

1.0

04

ARCHITECTURE AS A DISCOURSE EAMES HOUSE NATURAL HISTORY MUESUM ARCHITECTURE’S NEW MEDIA ARCHITECTURE IN THE DIGITAL AGE PARAMETRIC MODELLING

1.1.0

05 ARCHITECTURE Hi, I’m keli, 22 years old and i’m a third year architecture student. This is my second year at melbourne university as i transferred from monash.I grew up on the mornington peninsula but have lived in melbourne for the past two years. i’m interested in design and jewellry making, particularly with the use of laser cutters. I have a very basic knowledge of rhino a various cad programs, but my experience with digital architecture is very limited. I am looking forward to learning more of rhino and grasshopper, though i do find it a bit daunting, especially grasshopper.

this is a project from one of my previous studios in which our task was to explore architectural geometry through digital means. By combining archimedian solids through 3d modellling we were able to create an incredibly intricate physical model seamlessly, along with the use of laser cutters. from this project i began to the see the potential of 3d modelling as it allows for objects that may have been purely conceptual to become a reality, particularly within the architecture context. IMages: own 3d modelling images from previous project

AS A DISCOURSE

Perez , Adelyn . “AD Classics: Eames House / Charles and Ray Eames” 28 Jun 2010. ArchDaily. Accessed 18 Sep 2012. <http://www.archdaily.com/66302> Great Buildings, ‘eames house’, http://www.greatbuildings.com/buildings/ Eames_House.html, accessed 18 sep 2012

EAMES HOUSE 08

1.1.1 Ray + Charles Eames 1945 I find the eames house particularly interesting becuase of the idea of prefabrication and driven by the idea of a ‘kit of parts’. It was built with the intention of using prefabricated materials that would not interfere with the natural site, be easy to construct and showcase the modernist style. i believe this house achieves that through the simplicity of design. i like the idea of designing from a ‘kit of parts’ rather than having a pre-conceived design and figuring out what materials are required to achieve that. I’m also intrigued by the idea of prefabrication off site as a

means of speeding up the construction process. Built straight after the second world war, their idea began from a need for affordable and quickly constructable housing. I think they’ve achieved this by proving that constuction can be done quickly and cheaply, yet does not have to compromise on individuality and design. I feel that exploring parametric design may touch on similar ideals - designing without a pre=concieved idea, with pre-fabrication in mind and trying to find individualism within in mass production.

I find the natural history muesum in london, built between 1860 & 1880, inspiring mainly because of the intricate details used throughout. Built in the german romanesque style, the architect wanted to particularly with this building ‘to clothe over practical

necessities with such beauty as they were capable of recieving’. I think his intention was not to just build a practical building, but to completely dress it with delicate and intricate details as to simply create a purely beautiful building. He does this through his use

Natural History Muesum, ‘History and Architecture’, http://www. nhm.ac.uk/visit-us/history-architecture/, accessed 18 sep 2012 Great Buildings, ‘muesum of natural history’, http://www.greatbuildings.com/buildings/Museum_of_Natural_History.html, accessed 18 sep 2012

NA

of dramatic arches, towers and heavy detailing. I’m intrigued by this as it’s completely opposite to the Eames House in that waterhouse had an idea in mind instead of a way of designing in mind. I think we will explore this further in parametric design, trying to bridge the gap between practical design and beautiful design

1.1.2 Alfred waterhouse London

ATURAL HISTORY MUESUM 10

1.2.0

11

Design is a process in which we engage in activities that are aimed at achieving predefined goals with a specific set of conditions. As architecture moved away from the traditional ‘masterbuilder’ construction method towards a planned process, new ways of communication needed to be developed for an architect to demonstrate their vision. Drawings and scale models were used to communicate these ideas with builders and clients, but also as a means of experimentation to produce alternative design ideas. this also allowed more people to become involved and visualise the building during the design process. The use of computers in architectural design is an extension of this and has many benefits in the design process. Ultimately it allows for fast and effective communication of ideas visually through drawings,

ARCHITECTUR renderings and 3d modelling. as the design process is ongoing and often includes a combination of problem solving and puzzle making, and solutions are constantly being evaluated, often specific aspects of the design or constraints must be changed. computers allow for changes and revisions to be made much faster. computers also allow for complex geometries and ideas to be explored that would not otherwise be possible due to the limits of our imagination. this aspect alone had benefited architecture in the way we construct and explore structure and materials. Projects such as the

BMW Welt by COOP HIMMELb(L)AU in munich,

germany demonstrates the benefits of computer aided design. this project explores the complex geometry of a changing cloud and translates that into architecture.

RE’S NEW MEDIA

Yehuda E. Kalay, Architecture’s New Media : Principles, Theories, and Methods of Computer-Aided Design (Cambridge, Mass.: MIT Press, 2004), pp. 5 - 25 Saieh , Nico . “BMW Welt / Coop Himmelb(l)au” 22 Jul 2009. ArchDaily. Accessed 18 Sep 2012. <http://www.archdaily. com/29664>

ARCHITECTURE

Kolarevic, Branko, Architecture in the Digital Age: Design and Manufacturing (New York; London: Spon Press, 2003), pp. 3 - 28 Rosenberg , Andrew . “Yamaha Ginza / Nikken Sekkei” 20 Feb 2011. ArchDaily. Accessed 18 Sep 2012. <http://www.archdaily.com/112205>

1.2.1

E IN THE DIGITAL AGE 14 The use of computer-aided design has opened architecture up to a way of designing in a non-conventional way. new forms and shapes cane be explored in a way that was previously unimaginable, and from that the representation and construction of the design can be more complex and direct because the information can be extracted, manipulated, exchanged and utilized much easier and quicker. within computational architecture a range of discourses have been developed, including ‘performance architecture’. performance architecture uses building performance as a guiding design principle and focuses on the performance of a building over form-making. this concept of design broadly looks at the financial, social, spatial and technical aspects when designing. it’s as though the building is a shell for activities and experiences,

and is shaped by it’s use. the building is then understood by the effect it has on those experiencing it. this concept is enhanced through the use of digital means as the performance of the building can be analysed and altered to achieve it’s optimal performannce. the

yamaha ginza buildby nikken sekkei

ing architects in tokyo, japan explore perfomance architecture as they try to express the essence of yamaha’s brand. they wanted to design a building that ‘exudes the feel and sound of music.’ they achieved this by calling on the concept image of a woodwind instrument and i glass case, using it as a theme for the building. the facade aims to reflect the rythmn and change in music. internally the building is very acoustically complex as it aims to accomodate a hall, shops and music teaching rooms.

parametric design within architecture involves the process of designing based on relationships and rules using the computer. Through the use of parametric software objects are easily manipulated to quickly generate multiples and form complex free form shapes. instead of designing in a conventional way where parts are added independantly with no lasting relationship between them, designing parametrically takes the bottom-up approach where the relationship by which the parts connect is established first - ultimately creating a system. A design is then built up from this system without an end product in mind. The designer is then able to modify the system based on the results effectively.

way due to the time it takes to do this conventionally. this ongoing generative and reactive process allows for much more design exploration, ultimatley resulting in the best possible outcome. There are also some disadvantages to designing parametrically. Mainly that the focus may become on the logic or system of the design rather than the actual design itself. the idea behind the design may be lost if it is not looked at holistically.

‘For example, think of an elevation with windows, each window must have an area equal to 1/8 of room’s floor area. It’s simple, but when next day You’ll deThere are many advantages to designing parametrically, par- cide that 1/7 will do ticularly within the architec- better, and there are tural discourse. as it allows 1000 windows ? Let the for changes and outcomes to be PARAMETRIC design handle made quickly, unlike a conthis algorithm.’ ventional design method, this does not limit exploration or Ceborski restrict the design in any

Ceborski, jaroslaw, Introduction to parametric design, Rethinking http://www.rethinking-architecture.com/introduction-parametric-design,3

Melbourne University, Architecture Building & Planning departme Design,Lecture

16 PARAMETRIC MODELLING

1.3.0

architecture, 354/, accessed 18 sep 2012 ent Parametric e slides, 2012

Images: Aggregated Porosity DAL WKSHP http://designplaygrounds.com/blog/aggregated-porosity-dal-wkshp/

1.3.1

BLOOMBERG

the bloo trance t rary art from the as is me area. wh angular into a s

design playground, bloomberg pavilion, http://designplaygrounds.com/deviants/bloomberg-pavilion-by-akihisa-hirata-architecture/, accessed 18 sep 2012

G PAVILION 18

AKIHISA HIRATA

MUESUM OF CONTEMPORARY ART TOKYO

omberg pavilion, at the ento the to muesum of contempot in tokyo, borrows its form e structure of trees and acts eant to provide shade for the hite walls grow from a tribase, which begin to unfold series of pleats.

design process of bloomberg pavilion

Hirata uses parametric design techniques as he experiments with growing the surface without an end result in mind. Hirata plays with the surfaces by bending and folding them trying to create an overall tree effect. this is done by using the bottum-up approach as he creates a system which the design follows. this allows for outcomes to be altered and reworked efficently as he desires.

1.3.2

19 MUESUM OF CONTEMPORA

Kycia, Agata, muesum of contemporary art warsaw, http://agatakyc com/2011/12/30/___museum-of-contemporary-art-in-warsaw/, accessed 18 sep 2

ARY ART WARSAW PROPOSAL

This design proposal by a final year architecture student in warsaw looks at parametric design through the use of real time simulation during the design process. the project consists of five crystal-like forms embedded into the ground, around a central courtyard. Kycia looks at controlling different lighting conditions internally specific to their exhibition space use. cia. 2012 Kycia used parametric design

AGATA KYCIA

ARCHITECTURE STUDENT, WARSAW techniques in the form finding process of the crystal shapes as they were defined by by light shafts that were orientated and shaped according to studies done of the sun circulation of the site using a simulation. the form was then dictated by what type of light opening was needed for the internal requirements including sun exposure, accessability and views.

2.0

21 group

GROUP RESEARCH + ARGUMENT

rese

CASE STUDY 1.0

earch + case study CASE STUDY 2.0

EXPRESSION OF INTEREST DEVELOPMENT

2.1.0 PARAMETRIC DESIGN JOURNEY So far we have explored parametric design through studying projects, built and non-built, as well as beginning to understand the basics through rhino and grasshopper tutorials. i have founf the idea of parametric design quite hard to grasp, but after looking at more examples of work i have begun to understand the devolpment of a system with many variables rather than a finished product. Through the tutorials and case stud

ies i have also started to realise the benefits of design parametrically particularly the ease at which you are able to make changes. as we started to research our chosen area of perception and response and have started to play around with the case studies i have become more interested in using parametric design as a technique as i didn’t quite undertstand the potential of using it until now.

23 GROUP

as a group we are interested in pursuing ‘perception’ as a starting point to our expression of interest within the wyndham gateway project. we think perception and illusion are relevant to the project because there will be a moving privileged point of view for the passengers of the car, making it an interactive and memorable architectural experience. even though the structure can be static through the use of different parametric design

techniques it can become visually and physically dynamic through shadows or some sort of interaction between the driver and project. perception and illusion do not necessarily exclude the use of passively responsive design, which coud react to stimuli from the environment or the cars themselves. our key focus would be to create a structure that portrays a message that is reflective of the wyhndam community.

P ARGUMENT + REASEARCH

25 Faulders studio, Moca @ lbc, http://faulders-studio.com/ proj_moca.html, accessed 18 sept 2012

F P

2.1.1 FAULDERS STUDIO DESIGN PROPOSAL this project was a submission for the muesum’s new building that was adjacent to the freeway, allowing the facade to act as a visual icon for the muesum. the design plays of the driver’s perspective as the text, colour and images are made visible from certain views. the facade also plays on the unique geometry of the stacked tubes as hey are sculpted to create varying surface depths, allowing for certain images to be made visible only from certain

view points. designed parametrically it allowed fro effective placing of the tubes, and accurate testing from specific points to see the exposed images. this project specifically relates to ours as it combines parametric design, perception and is also a freeway project. we are particularly interested in the revealing of the images and test as you move past the project, allowing the specific messages to be displayed as we aim to do.

FAULDERS STUDIO DESIGN PROPOSAL FOR MUESUM OF CONTEMPORARY ART

27 FERMID

2.1.2

triangulation, fermid by behnaz babazadeh, http://www.triangulationblog. com/2011/05/fermid-by-behnaz-babazadeh.html, accessed 12 sept 2012

Fermid by behnaz babazadeh this project is a sculpture based on kinetics, which explores the relationship between movement and space. through the use of technology and parametric design principles the artist was able to create piece that mimics the movement based on that of living organisms. the sculpture reacts to movement around it making it seem like a living, breathing object. Though

this project is based on kinetics rather than perception, as a group we decided we would like to pursue the idea of ‘perception evolving from reaction’. this project inspired us to combine both perception and reactive parametric design as we would like to explore the idea of specific messages being being revealed as a result of movement from acrs passing on the freeway.

2.2.0

Using the grasshopper definitions as a starting point we looked at manipulating it in a way that relates our chosen area of perception. firstly we changed the design by refrencing in cylinders and cubes rather than the basic 2d images used in the McCormick design. we then changed the height of the cylinders and cubes so they would create a sort of ‘pinboard’ when the images were overlayed. we then referenced in basic .jpeg images of trees and clouds. the images were created not from shading but rather the positioning of cylinders or cubes of the zaxis.

MCCORMICK TRIBUNE CAMPUS CENTER GRASSHOPPER DEFINITIONS

30 CASE STUDY 1.0

2.3.0

31 CASE STUDY

The BKK pavilion began as an exploration of the translation of ditigal design information into physical construction. they looked at precendants such as the buckminster fuller’s geodesicsphere Toyo Ito’s orthogonal Serpentine Pavilion to create as both projects involve a system of a continuos skin that doesn’t differentiate between the walls and roof. the structure is generated by projecting a geodesicsphere onto a cude which is then projected to a centre point. the cube is then trimmed by a smaller internal cube. we are particularly interested in the BKK pavilion as it have a priveliged point of view when standing within in it looking out.

BKK PAVILION BKK ARCHITECTS

- We will begin trying to reverse engineer the BKK pavilion by firstly creating the the external cube. - From there we will attempt to project a voronoi pattern onto the cube. - we will then extrude the voronoi pattern to a central point - then we will create a smaller internal cube - we will trim the extruded voronoi with the internal cube leaving the area between the smaller and larger cubes

2.0

sial projects, rmit university, BKK pavilion, http://www.sial.rmit. edu.au/Projects/Pavilions_for_New_Architecture.php, accessed 18 spet 2012

2.3.1

33 case study 2.0 reve

As we began reverse engineering the BKK pavilion we realised that our original idea of projecting a voronoi pattern onto the cube and extruding it did not work as we hoped. we realised that we had to use a plugin called ‘geometry gym’ which allowed us to use a geodesicsphere template which we then projected onto a dodecahedrom shape. from this we were able to extrude the geodesic pattern to an internal point. we then created two cubes, an external

BKK PAVILION

one and a smaller internal one. we used this to cut away from the dodecahedron shape, leaving the area between the two cubes. Ultimately this created a structure very similar to that of the BKK, though slightly different as we couldn’t get the extrusion point exactly the same. through this exploration we have learnt a lot, and have become particularly interested in created a self supporting structure from a sytem of a skin. we will be exploring this parametric design method further as we look at our own wyhndam project.

erse engineering

SKINS

SURFACES

2.4.0

As we began exploring perception and response through parametric techniques we realised in relation to the wyhndam site there wasn’t anything particularly interesting on the site that we could direct attention to. From this we decided to explore perception and response through shadows and what interesting outcomes we could get from this technique. our main aim through this developmental matrix was to apply different skins to differnt types of surfaces to find interesting forms and ultimately what shadows could be generated from them which would be seen on the road by drivers. we remapped hexagonal, circular, square and triangular grids onto the surfaces and evaluated the outcomes, then moved forward with the ones that created the best shawdows.

CASE STUDY 2.0

36

MATRIX

HEXAGONAL GRID EXTRUDED TO A SCALED SURFACE

BASIC GRID ON SURFACE

37 CASE

STUDY 2.0

MATRIX SELECTION

2.4.1

D ON SURFACE, SMALLER E

RENDER OF SHADOWS CREATED FROM EXTRUSIONS

from our matrix we developed a system that we felt created the best shadows what would be cast on the road. we did this through testing renders of the extrusions.

We agreed that the hexagonal grig created the best shadows and would be the best for a self supporting structure as all the components fit together without gaps.

2.5.0 curves to create surface

surface from curves

hexagonal g

system development

grid on surface

scaled internal surface grid

extrusions from external surface to internal

+ model assemembly 40

A PROPOSAL IN PERCEPTIVE TECHNIQUES FOR THE C

41

EXPRE

3.0 ESSION OF INTEREST

CITY OF WYHNDAM’S ‘FREEWAY ART’ PROJECT

3.1.0 as the site has nothing particularly interesting to view and fairly unpopulated directing their view to a point of interest would not work, therfore we explored directing their view inwards through the creation of shadows and patterns on the road, made by the structure. as the patterns on the road evolve passively due to the natural movement of the sun, we are interested in pursuing what patterns/shapes would be relevant to for certain times of the day. conversely we As the cars would be travare also interested in what elling at very high speeds slong the highway on a preimages could be made from dicted path we would like the headlights of cars passtheir view to be directed to ing through the structure at night. a privileged point of view. as a group we were interested in pursuing perception and how we could manipulate it in such a way as to create a dynamic, interesting and changing freeway art project for the city of whyndam. as we began our exploration we expanded our field of interest to include response, as we looked at passivley responsive techniques, mainly how the structure would naturally respond to sunlight and creating shadows.

TECHNIQUE

PERCEPTION + RESPONSE 44

FOR CONSIDERATION

3.2.0

Bkk Pavilion our main case study directly influences our design as we aim to direct the viewers eye as this project does through the use of an extruded geodesicsphere pattern. we would also like our projects components to fit together seamlessly as they do in the BKK pavlion.

Buckminster fuller’s biosphere we were particularly intersested in this project as it’s completely self supporting. we would like the components/system to be the supporting stucture as well as the main idea, as sometimes supporting structure detracts from the visual.

45 preced

University of porto constructive geometry pavilion this project directly relates to ours as it uses hexagonal extrusions which we explored in our design proposal. this project is self supporting, and also controls the amount of light it lets through with the size of the extrsions.

Faulders studio muesum of contemporary art proposal this project explores the use of a privileged point of view on a freeway setting, which directly relates to ours. we would like to explore the portrayal of a message or image at a high speed as they successfully did in this project.

dents for argument

3.3.0

47

proof of techni

We began our design process by attempting to reverse engineer the Bkk pavilion. this went on to directly influence our design proposal. using this as a starting point we kept the idea of

a skin system that was extruded to a central point creating a priviliged point of view from within the structure. we then manipulated this exploring the shadows created by it.

REVERSE ENGINEERING BKK PAVILION

ique:design process

3.3.1

49

proof of techni

We set out as a group to create a structure that portrayed a visual image that would relate to wyhndam in an artist sense. we created this as a starting point, a structure with preforations

which would cast a shadow saying wyhndam on the road. after we created this we decided this is exactly what we dont want. we don’t want our image of message to be too literal, becoming tacky.

ique:design process

3.3.2

we developed a matrix of various skins on surfaces. we then made renders from the extruded surfaces to test the shadows that they created. from here we selected the skin and form that created the most dynamic and interesting patterns.

51 proof

of techni

04

matrix development

ique:design process

3.3.3

53 proof

of techn

we generated our design proposal system by firstly lofting three curves to create a surface. a hexagonal grid was then made to conform to the skin of the surface. a second set of float-

ing hexagons was made on an internal smaller scaled skin, at random sizes and spaces. the two skins were then lofted to create cells that can funnel light through, creating shadows.

design system proposal

nique:design system

3.3.4

55

proof of techn

Through this render we were able to explore how light may shine through the structure at night from the headlights of cars

This render shows the patterns created on the road from the natural sunlight

renders design proposal

nique:design system

3.4.0

we produced a physical model through the use of a laser cutter. each cell was assembled seperately, then attached to the overall skin, slowly building up the structure.

our physical model was able to demonstrate in real life the shadows that would be created by the sun from the hexagonal extrusions. it was also able to demonstrate the structural intergrity of the hexagons fitting seamless as a whole.

57 proof

of techn

photographs of physical model

nique:design system

3.5.0

59 pos

following our mid-semester crit we have realised our design technique lacks an overall idea. whilst the panel said we had developed a very complicated and good system, the idea behind it wasn’t showing, particularly what message we wanted to portray. we knew that was our weak point and it was through lack of research or agreement as to what we were trying to show, wyhndam specific, with this system we developed. the panel gave some good suggestions to make it more relevant to this site possibly using a historical basis, or something that reflects the moods or feelings or those travelling through the structure.

ultimately learning/use parametric techniques and programs such as grasshopper has been very challenging, yet eye-opening. whilst there is a lot more to discover on my parametric design journey, i have enjoyed it so far and have really started to understand the concept of designing with a system rather than an overall idea in mind. through this project we have begun to understand some of the possibilties of parametric design, and especially the endless possibilites of grasshopper. I am really looking forward to expanding my knowledge on these programs as their advantages are limitless.

st -crit evaluation

CASE FOR INNOVATION + GROUP RESEARCH

Perez , Adelyn . “AD Classics: Eames House / Charles and Ray Eames” 28 Jun 2010. ArchDaily. Accessed 18 Sep 2012. <http:// www.archdaily.com/66302> Great Buildings, ‘eames house’, http://www.greatbuildings.com/ buildings/Eames_House.html, accessed 18 sep 2012 Natural History Muesum, ‘History and Architecture’, http://www. nhm.ac.uk/visit-us/history-architecture/, accessed 18 sep 2012 Great Buildings, ‘muesum of natural history’, http://www.greatbuildings.com/buildings/Museum_of_Natural_History.html, accessed 18 sep 2012 Yehuda E. Kalay, Architecture’s New Media : Principles, Theories, and Methods of Computer-Aided Design (Cambridge, Mass.: MIT Press, 2004), pp. 5 - 25 Saieh , Nico . “BMW Welt / Coop Himmelb(l)au” 22 Jul 2009. ArchDaily. Accessed 18 Sep 2012. <http://www.archdaily. com/29664> Kolarevic, Branko, Architecture in the Digital Age: Design and Manufacturing (New York; London: Spon Press, 2003), pp. 3 - 28 Rosenberg , Andrew . “Yamaha Ginza / Nikken Sekkei” 20 Feb 2011. ArchDaily. Accessed 18 Sep 2012. <http://www.archdaily. com/112205> Ceborski, jaroslaw, Introduction to parametric design, Rethinking architecture, http://www.rethinking-architecture.com/introduction-parametric-design,354/, accessed 18 sep 2012 Melbourne University, Architecture Building & Planning department Parametric Design,Lecture slides, 2012

62

refrenceS

design playground, bloomberg pavilion, http://designplaygrounds. com/deviants/bloomberg-pavilion-by-akihisa-hirata-architecture/, accessed 18 sep 2012 Kycia, Agata, muesum of contemporary art warsaw, http://agatakycia.com/2011/12/30/___museum-of-contemporary-art-in-warsaw/, accessed 18 sep 2012 Faulders studio, Moca @ lbc, http://faulders-studio.com/proj_ moca.html, accessed 18 sept 2012 triangulation, fermid by behnaz babazadeh, http://www.triangulationblog.com/2011/05/fermid-by-behnaz-babazadeh.html, accessed 12 sept 2012 sial projects, rmit university, BKK pavilion, http://www.sial. rmit.edu.au/Projects/Pavilions_for_New_Architecture.php, accessed 18 spet 2012

EXPRESSION OF INTEREST - PRECEDENTS BKK PAVILION -sial projects, rmit university, BKK pavilion, http://www.sial.rmit.edu.au/Projects/Pavilions_for_New_Architecture.php, accessed 18 spet 2012

Buckminster fuller’s biosphere- Mimoa Modern Architecture, Montreal biosphere, http://www.mimoa.eu/projects/Canada/Montreal/Montreal%20Biosphere, accessed 18 sept 2012

University of porto constructive geometry pavilion

- Suckerpunch daily, constructive geometry, http://www.sucker-

punchdaily.com/tag/university-of-porto/, accessed 18 sept 2012 FAULDERS STUDIO - Faulders studio, Moca @ lbc, http://fauldersstudio.com/proj_moca.html, accessed 18 sept 2012

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