行星模拟景观： 景观、太空探索、虚构场景设计
Terrestrial Analogues: Landscapes, Space Exploration, and Design Fiction 肯·崇苏瓦特 哈佛大学设计研究院研究生
© USGS
Ken CHONGSUWAT Master of Landscape Architecture, Graduate School of Design, Harvard University
1
136
5-p126-147-cs6.indd 136
Volume 4 / Issue 1 / February 2016
16-3-4 下午3:55
行星模拟景观： 景观、太空探索、虚构场景设计
Terrestrial Analogues: Landscapes, Space Exploration, and Design Fiction 肯·崇苏瓦特 哈佛大学设计研究院研究生
© USGS
Ken CHONGSUWAT Master of Landscape Architecture, Graduate School of Design, Harvard University
1
136
5-p126-147-cs6.indd 136
Volume 4 / Issue 1 / February 2016
16-3-4 下午3:55
收稿时间 Received Date: 2015-08-19 中图分类号 / TU986.2
1.
1.
1967~1972年间，对亚 利桑那州火山渣湖坑场 进行的规划、建造及实 地测验。 Planning, construction, and field tests of Cinder Lakes crater field in Arizona, 1967 ~ 1972.
行星模拟景观
在阿波罗号宇航员成功登陆月球之前， 美国国家航空航天局（N A S A）的科学家们
从古巴比伦空中花园这样的历史景观，
不得不依靠行星模拟景观进行模拟实验。在
到当代英式花园，景观移用的手法贯穿人类
这些行星模拟景观中，阿波罗号宇航员对
历史。数十年来，“景观再造”一直被视作
登月之后的每一秒都进行了演练和模拟，在
景观设计的重要理念。这一理念源于分类
包括室内、室外、太空服内、水下、航天器
学—这是一门基于共同特征来定义群组的
内、离心机内、游泳池中、海洋中等不同环
[1]
学科 。博物馆、植物园及动物园等机构在各
境进行插旗标记。宇航员进行了所有的应急
自领域内收集与展示人造或自然之物，具有
演练，包括在预设的水面环境着陆，以及在
重要的历史意义。
航天器因无法在海洋着陆而被迫进行陆地着
本项目对被称作“行星模拟景观”的一
陆时所需的沙漠和丛林生存演练。他们还对
类景观展开研究；该分类从属于公共领域中
行星地质情况展开研究，其演练项目包括在
景观的“收集”和“展示”。本文探讨了在
低重力和零重力环境下如何应对变速作用
地球上设计与营造诸如月球这类天体所具有
力、如何操作探测器，以及如何使登月舱着
的景观、地面环境和大气环境。本项目的场
陆—这一切都在地球上的行星模拟景观中
地将被运用于太空探索（培训）、研究（教
进行。如今，在前往月球或火星执行机器人
育）及旅游业等领域，通过研究在其他星球
或载人任务的过程中，模拟场地都发挥着优
上观察到的地质和生物过程，加深我们对人
化科技需求和探索战略的重要作用。[2]
类所生活的地球的了解。 行星模拟景观可以被定义为：在地球上
“前世”：阿波罗登月模拟场地
拥有与在其他天体观测到的地质或大气相似
景观设计学 / 探索与过程
5-p126-147-cs6.indd 137
特征的景观，其被用于进行包括测试取样和
阿波罗号6次远征月球是人类最伟大的成
钻探设备、航天服，或者宇航员在低重力情
就之一。1963~1973年，位于弗拉格斯塔夫
况下表现等航天任务模拟。因此，一些场地
市的美国地质勘探局（USGS）的天文地质
适于测试用于外太空生物学研究的仪器，或
学研究小组的一群年轻的地球学家为此做出
适于训练外太空探索取样流程；另一些场地
了重要的贡献。“天文地质学”是研究地球
则为宇航员提供了为日后执行艰巨太空任务
及太阳系其他天体地质情况的一门科学，在
进行准备的极端环境。图3是各个航天机构所
这门相对年轻的科学的发展过程中，弗拉格
使用的行星模拟景观的分布地图。
斯塔夫市一直扮演着领航者的角色。地质学
Landscape Architecture Frontiers / EXPERIMENTS & PROCESSES
文献标识码 / B
摘要 在地球上模拟月球或火星等天体在过去或现在某一特定 时期的地质特征、环境属性和生物条件的景观，称为“行星 模拟景观”。这类模拟场地被用于进行太空探索领域内的相 关活动，包括研究在其他星球上观察到的地质和生物过程， 以及为宇航员在天体表面活动进行准备。 本项目以距离亚利桑那州弗拉格斯塔夫市19.3km处的 火山渣湖坑场为研究对象。该场地曾为美国国家宇航局提供 了一个绝佳的“月球模拟景观”，即地球上某一块与月球的 地质条件和地形特征极为相似的区域。该地区地表覆盖的玄 武岩火山渣与阿波罗11号选定的月球着陆点“静海”的地表 物质完全相同。1968年，美国地质勘探局的天文地质学研 究小组参照卫星照片，在此模拟打造了月坑群。 本文将探讨该项目的历史、场地的重新规划与设计：从 一个为模拟月球环境及登月演习而诞生的场所，到其伴随阿 波罗计划的衰落与重启而变迁的历史，再到如今以露天博 物馆公园这种独特形式吸引公众参与的新生场地— “月 球公园”。 关键词 行星模拟景观；月球地质学；虚构场景设计；天文地质学 Abstract Terrestrial Analogues are sites on Earth with an assumed past or present geological, environmental or biological conditions of a celestial body such as the Moon or Mars. Analogue sites are used in the frame of space exploration to study geological or biological processes observed on other planets and to prepare astronauts for surface activity. The project focuses on the Cinder Lakes crater field, a terrestrial analogue located 13 miles from Flagstaff, Arizona which offered NASA the perfect location for a lunar analogue, a portion of Earth used to simulate lunar geology and topography. The area is covered in basaltic cinders, the same material that covers Mare Tranquillitatis, the landing site for the Apollo 11 mission. In 1968, using satellite photographs, the USGS's Astrogeology Division sculpted lunar craters within the site. This article will explore the project from its history to the reprogramming and design of the site. From a site that once used for simulations and routine fieldwork rehearsal to the dissolution and rejuvenation of the Apollo program and how in its new form, will engage the public through an open-air museum park, the “Lunar Field.” Key words Terrestrial Analogues; Lunar Geology; Design Fiction; Astrogeology 译 刘姝 陆小璇 Translated by Shu LIU Xiaoxuan LU
137
16-3-4 下午3:55
家尤金·M·休梅克（1928-1997）首先提
2.
出了“天文地质学”这一名词。1960年，他 在加利福尼亚州门洛帕克市创建了USGS天
3.
文地质学研究小组。 到1963年，休梅克将研究小组的常设总
2.
部迁至亚利桑那州的弗拉格斯塔夫市。搬迁 之后，研究小组在NASA1960年以后的所有 项目中都发挥了不可或缺的作用。通过对地 外行星进行广泛测绘，研究小组参与了全部6 次登月任务。研究小组绘制的月球表面详细
3.
石山衬托下的阿波罗16 号登月舱西侧（摄于 1972年） 包括NASA在内的全球 航天机构曾经或目前所 使用的行星模拟场地地 理位置。
Terrestrial Analogue Sites Preperation and Training 行星模拟景观场地准备及训练 Terrestrial Analogue Sites (also called “Space Analogues”) are places on Earth with assumed past or present geological, environmental or biological conditions of a celestial body such as the Moon or Mars. Analogue sites are used in the frame of space exploration to either study geological or biological processes observed on other planets, or to prepare astronauts for surface Extra-vehicular activity.
Apollo 16 Lunar module west, with backdrop of Stone Mountain, 1972. Global map of past and existing analogue sites used by the worlds space agencies including NASA.
在地球上模拟月球或火星等天体在过去或 现在某一特定时期的地质特征、环境属 性和生物条件的景观，称为“行星模拟景 观”。这类模拟场地被用于进行太空探索 领域内的相关活动，包括研究在其他星球 上观察到的地质和生物过程，以及为宇航 员在天体表面活动进行准备。
Spaceports / Cosmodromes Launch Sites 航天站/（前苏联的）人造卫星发射基地
地图能够辅助宇航员确定最佳着陆点并协助 其进行训练（图4）。休梅克非常看重弗拉格
A spaceport or cosmodrome (Russian: kosmodrom) is a site for launching (or receiving) spacecraft, by analogy with seaport for ships or airport for aircraft. The word spaceport, and even more so cosmodrome, has traditionally been used for sites capable of launching spacecraft into orbit around Earth or on interplanetary trajectories.
斯塔夫市位于众多天然地理奇观中心这一特 点，其独特的地貌非常适合训练宇航员熟悉 一般性的地质场地操作程序。此外，弗拉格
航天站或（前苏联的）人造卫星发射基地 是用于发射（或接收）航天器的场地，这 与轮船所使用的港口、飞机所使用的机场 相似。航天站，尤其是（前苏联的）人造 卫星发射基地曾经都具备将宇宙飞船发射 到绕地轨道或星际轨道的能力。
斯塔夫地区还拥有一项无与伦比的优势— 这里是研究由火山喷发和陨石撞击形成的地 貌的一手场地。由弗拉格斯塔夫市前往流星 美国佛罗里达州卡纳维拉尔角空军基地
陨石坑、日落火山坑、霍皮巴特火山坑群以 及本项目的设计场地—火山渣湖等地质奇 观都非常便捷（图5）。[3] 20世纪六七十年代，火山渣湖在美国 与前苏联的“太空竞赛”中扮演了重要的角
美国佛罗里达州肯尼迪航天中心
色。火山渣湖拥有的火山地貌和地质构成使 得N A S A将阿波罗登月计划的月球培训中心 设在了火山渣湖附近。1064年左右发生的 一次火山爆发，使这一地区覆满玄武岩火山 渣，这与阿波罗11号选定的月球着陆点“静 海”的地质特征十分相似[4]。参考选定的月球 着陆点卫星照片，天文地质学研究小组的工 程师和科学家们在此“再造”了月球景观：
前苏联哈萨克斯坦拜科努尔航天中心
© NASA
中国酒泉卫星发射中心
2
138
5-p126-147-cs6.indd 138
Volume 4 / Issue 1 / February 2016
16-3-4 下午3:55
加拿大帕维湖 加拿大德文岛
美国基拉韦厄火山
挪威斯瓦巴特群岛
加拿大萨德伯里陨石坑
加拿大格罗莫讷国家公园
美国犹他州火星沙漠研究站
美国亚利桑那州流星陨石坑
美国极端环境任务行动计划
法国马赛湾航天训练基地
西班牙泰德国家公园
西班牙红河火星模拟场地
西班牙拉古娜德拉 太空模拟场地
法国留尼旺圣罗斯月球火星模拟场地
智利阿塔卡马沙漠
南极洲康弘站
© Ken Chongsuwat
南极洲麦克默多 干河谷航天训练基地
3
景观设计学 / 探索与过程
5-p126-147-cs6.indd 139
Landscape Architecture Frontiers / EXPERIMENTS & PROCESSES
139
16-3-4 下午3:55
© NASA
4
140
5-p126-147-cs6.indd 140
Volume 4 / Issue 1 / February 2016
16-3-4 下午3:55
4.
4.
1977年，由大卫·斯科 特、约翰·麦考利和玛丽 塔·N·韦斯特绘制的月球 西面地质图。 Geological map of the West Side of the Moon by David Scott, John McCauley, and Mareta N. West, 1977.
通过人工爆破手段，他们创造了由数百个不
域。该项目由一系列模拟月球表面崎岖地形
科学家能够在新的地形环境中进行操作和模
同尺寸的“月坑”组成的火山渣湖坑场，从
的人造景观组成（图6）。场地北侧模拟月
拟，此种设计旨在增加景观的表面积以满足
而为宇航员提供了理想的训练场地。随着阿
球的“近地点”—在古老明亮的地壳高地
游客的游览需求。通过场地土方挖掘，基站
波罗计划落下帷幕，宇航员和地质学家最终
与明显的撞击坑之间分布着深色的玄武岩平
将被隐藏在陨石坑中以实现基础设施的“隐
离开了火山渣湖。1972年，阿波罗17号的
原，即“月海”（图7）。而场地南侧则模拟
形”设计，形成一片看似未曾开发的空旷景
宇航员在这里进行了最后一次模拟训练。此
月球的“远地点”，这里地形崎岖，撞击坑
致。场地内设置的6个基站既能够为游客提供
后，风力和人为作用使坑场遭受了严重破
比北侧小些但却更为密集。尽管从地球上看
观景平台，又可使其隐藏于其他基站营造的
坏，尤其是2号坑场，如今已成为越野车和全
到的月球呈明亮的白色，但月球表面实际上
视野之中，从而保持场地的纯粹性。通过对
却是深色的，其反射比只较磨损的沥青稍高
天空和地表进行框景设计，游客可以体验到
[5]
地形车爱好者的热门目的地。
[6]
“今生”：月球公园 叙述、地平线和大气环境
一些。 为与月球时间同步，园区允许夜间参
月圆之夜时，在月球上呈现的景象（图9）。
观，在夜晚幽暗的环境中，公园得以呈现类
实现模拟和常规实地考察是该项目的任务之
似月球的景观效果。
一。宇航员能够身着模拟航天服，在此进行
本项目深受宇航员巴兹·奥尔德林对
在对该项目相关地图、照片、描述的研
月球的描述的影响：“这里是一片荒原，一
究和现场考察之时, 我萌生了重新设计亚利桑
切精细而又无序。它的精细由灰尘、岩石和
景观历史学家约翰·迪克逊·亨特的数
那州弗拉格斯塔夫市行星模拟景观的想法。
清晰的地平线所营造。地平线的消逝明确可
篇探讨设计学中“触发点”和“提示点”的
本设计试图将场地改造为一个向公众开放的
辨。没有阴霾，没有掩盖，远方的景物因而
论文，对本项目的设计有所启发。一系列剧
“后阿波罗计划”试验场，以露天博物馆公
如此清晰。这里要么是山石岩崖，要么是一
场设计手段在该项目中被借用，如入场和过
园这种独特形式吸引公众的参与。该公园将
马平川。只要望向远处，就能一览无余。不
渡空间、由外入内的通道、戏剧性的框景和
以构想的未来环境为叙事主线—所讲述的
管你是否意识到或注意到，你正真切地凝视
场景设置、视觉错位和画面拼接、线路引导
未来是不久的未来，所构想的环境也非远远
着与月球表面相交的地平线，而你也正立足
和标记等 [7] 。这些触发点和提示点的精准设
跳脱现实。受到真实事件的启发，在项目
其上。”该设计的挑战之一是如何在不破坏
置，将游客带入另一个世界，强化了场地的
虚拟的故事情节中，N A S A接受私营部门投
景观连续性的前提下嵌入基站，营造出奥尔
特殊魅力与独特之处。在这里，游客们既是
资，两方将共同开发完成阿波罗登月任务。
德林所描绘的“无场”感和清晰的地平线。
参观者也是表演者，因而能够深度融入月球
和开发过程，正是本项目的基本设计要素。
5-p126-147-cs6.indd 141
参观者将能够观看宇航员的一举一动。
景观的戏剧化风格之中（图10）。“设计叙
向公众展现曾被列为机密科学计划的内部运作
景观设计学 / 探索与过程
月球车运行模拟以及土壤采样技术练习，而
想象出的景观
述”与“基于设计的研究”是设计学中的新
在公众得以体验私营项目（NASA研究
项目场地将用于营造和展示月球景观，
趋向；对于设计与研究的兴趣把我引向这一
和培训）的假象前提下，“月球公园”将自
并随之对月球着陆器和遗留在月球上的物体
新兴方向，以探索其在景观设计学中的潜在
身定位为科学、艺术与景观设计学的交叉领
等历史航天器进行更新（图8）。宇航员和
价值。
Landscape Architecture Frontiers / EXPERIMENTS & PROCESSES
141
16-3-4 下午3:55
詹姆斯·图 莱尔的罗登 火山口项目
日落火山坑国家遗址
火山渣湖坑场
© Ken Chongsuwat
美国国家宇航局/美国地质勘探局
亚利桑那州弗拉格斯塔夫市
5
项目场地/典型场地/穿越路径
Terrestrial Analogues
and displaying of artifacts or objects in each fields respectively.
Transpositions of landscapes have been
The project explores the collection
present throughout history, from historical
of landscapes in the form of a terrestrial
landscapes such as the Hanging Gardens of
analogue site, a typology in the realm of
Babylon to the contemporary English garden.
collecting and displaying in the public
The concept of re-creating landscapes has
realm. The thesis proposes the design of
been a key design component for landscape
landscapes, environments and atmospheres
architects for decades. This concept can
of a celestial body such as the Moon within
be dated back to the history of taxonomy,
the confinements of Earth. The site will
the practice of defining groups on basis of
be used in the frame of space exploration
shared characteristics[1]. Institutions such as
(training), research (education), and tourism
museums, botanical gardens and zoos have
to study the geological and biological
been historically significant in the collection
processes observed on other planets to
142
5-p126-147-cs6.indd 142
5.
包括日落火山坑和詹 姆斯·图莱尔的罗登 火山口项目在内的周 围场地分布图。这一 地区覆满玄武岩火山 渣，这与阿波罗11号 选定的月球着陆点的 地质特征十分相似。
5.
Surrounding sites include Sunset Crater national monument as well as James Turrell's Roden Crater. The surrounding area is covered in basaltic cinders, a material similar to that found on Mare Tranquillitatis Apollo 11 's landing site.
Volume 4 / Issue 1 / February 2016
16-3-4 下午3:55
enhance the understanding of our own
module... all of these were conducted
landing spots as well as in training (Fig. 4).
planet.
on Earth on or in analogue sites. Today
Shoemaker strongly weighed the fact that
analogue sites play an important role in
Flagstaff had important attributes, it was
as places on Earth that exhibit geologic or
optimizing scientific and technological needs
centrally located near a number of natural
atmospheric characteristics which are close
and exploration strategies in both robotic or
landmarks which would be well-suited
Terrestrial analogues can be defined
to those observed on other celestial bodies,
[2]
manned missions to the Moon or Mars.
simulations to test sampling or drilling
Past: Simulation Field of Apollo Mission
as impact cratering. The landmarks within
of astronauts in reduced gravity. Some sites
From 1963 to 1973, a group of young
are therefore suited to test instruments for
geoscientists working for the U.S. Geological
easy reach of Flagstaff included Meteor
exobiological research or to train sampling
Survey (USGS) Branch of Astrogeology
Crater, Sunset Crater, Hopi Buttes and the
procedures for field explorations. Other
in Flagstaff played a major role in one of
project’s site the Cinder Lakes (Fig. 5).[3]
sites offer an extreme environment that can
Mankind’s greatest achievements — the six
From the 1960s to 1970s, the Cinder
be used by astronauts to prepare for the
Apollo expeditions to the Moon. The City of
Lakes played a large part in the Space Race,
difficulties in future space missions. A map
Flagstaff has long played a distinguished
its volcanic terrain and geologic composition
of analogue sites on earth used by different
role in hosting the development of the
put it near the center of the lunar training
space agencies is shown as Figure 3.
relatively new science of “Astrogeology”
program for NASA’s Apollo Missions. The
Before NASA was able to land the
— the geologic study of the Earth and
area, covered in basaltic cinders from a
Apollo crew on the moon, scientists had
other solid bodies in the Solar System. The
volcanic explosion that took place around
to rely on terrestrial analogues to conduct
geologist Eugene M. Shoemaker (1928 ~
1064, its material characteristics are similar
simulations. Apollo astronauts rehearsed
1997), who coined the term “Astrogeology,”
to that found on Mare Tranquillitatis, the
and simulated every second of their
first established the USGS’s Astrogeologic
chosen landing site for Apollo 11 [4]. Using
mission on these analogues, planting the
Studies Unit in Menlo Park, California, in
satellite photographs of the selected area,
flag indoors, outdoors, in space suits,
1960.
engineers and scientists from the USGS's
underwater, in planes, in centrifuges,
5-p126-147-cs6.indd 143
provided an unsurpassed first-hand study of landforms resulting from volcanism as well
equipment, space suits, or the performance
景观设计学 / 探索与过程
for training NASA’s astronauts in general geologic field procedures. The region also
these sites are used for space mission
By 1963, Shoemaker had moved the
Astrogeology Division transformed the site
in pools, in the ocean. Astronauts were
branch’s permanent headquarters to
into a re-creation of the Moon, blasting
prepared for every contingency and trained
Flagstaff, Arizona. While in Flagstaff the
hundreds of different-sized craters in
for water planned landings as well as desert
branch played an integral part in NASA’s
the earth to form the Cinder Lake Crater
and jungle survival in case their capsule
missions since 1960, through extensive
Field, forming an ideal training ground for
missed the ocean and hit land. They also
mapping of extraterrestrial planets,
astronauts. As the Apollo program came to a
studied geology, how to withstand g-forces,
working on all six missions to the Moon.
close, astronauts and geologists eventually
maneuver in low and zero gravity conditions,
Detailed mapping of the lunar surface have
left the Cinder Lakes. The last training
and how to drive rovers and land the lunar
aided astronauts in discovering the best
simulation took place at the site in 1972 with
Landscape Architecture Frontiers / EXPERIMENTS & PROCESSES
143
16-3-4 下午3:55
© Ken Chongsuwat
01号基站停留点
01号西入口
© Ken Chongsuwat
6
7
6. 7.
6. 7.
月球公园总平面图 月球公园地形图及基站 所在位置标注（对应总 平面图中1号地块）。 Overall map of the Lunar Field Topographic map of the Lunar Field and locations of field stations (Zone 1).
the crew of Apollo 17 . The craters have since
terrestrial analogue site in Flagstaff, Arizona
moon will be developed hand in hand with
been seriously degraded by wind and human
as a proving ground for the post-Apollo
the private sector. This need to expose the
use, especially at Crater Field 2, now a popular
program that is accessible to the public,
inner workings and development of what
engaging the public t hrough an open-air
used to be a confidential program was the
museum type park. A proposed narrative
primary design factor for the thesis.
destination for off-roaders and ATVs.
[5]
Present: Lunar Park
Envisioning a project in which private
a future just a little farther along than we
operations (NASA research and training)
are now, a fiction not too far from reality.
would be accessible for the public to
Inspired by true events, the storyline
experience, “The Lunar Field” positions
photographs, descriptions and the site
envisions NASA being invested by the private
itself in the intersection of science, art,
visit led me to the idea of re-designing a
sector, where post-Apollo missions to the
and landscape architecture. The project
Narrative, Horizons, and Atmospheres The culmination of research of maps,
144
5-p126-147-cs6.indd 144
situates the project in a speculative future,
Volume 4 / Issue 1 / February 2016
16-3-4 下午3:55
8.
肉眼可辨的登月舱及历史文物在 某一小山、坑地和基站的战略性 位置轴测图。 1：阿波罗5号登月舱（发射于 1968年1月22日）； 2：阿波罗10号登月舱（发射于 1969年5月18日）； 3：阿波罗9号登月舱（发射于 1969年3月3日）； 4：阿波罗11号登月舱（发射于 1969年7月16日）； 5：阿波罗12号登月舱（发射于 1969年11月14日）； 6：阿波罗13号登月舱（发射于 1970年4月11日）； 7：阿波罗17号登月舱（发射于 1972年12月7日）； 8：阿波罗16号登月舱（发射于 1972年4月16日）； 9：阿波罗14号登月舱（发射于 1971年1月31日）。
8.
Axonometric drawing showing the strategic placement of the lunar modules and artifacts on certain hills and depressions as well as the design of the field stations to be discrete to the naked eye. 1: LM-1 in Apollo 5 (1968-0122); 2: LM-4 Snoopy in Apollo 10 (1969-05-18); 3: LM-3 Spider in Apollo 9 (1969-03-03); 4: LM-5 Eagle in Apollo 11 (1969-07-16); 5: LM-6 Intrepid in Apollo 12 (1969-11-14); 6: LM-7 Aquarius in Apollo 13 (1970-04-11); 7: LM-12 Challenger in Apollo 17 (1972-12-07); 8: LM-11 Orion in Apollo 16 (1972-04-16); 9: LM-8 Antares in Apollo 14 (1971-01-31).
景观设计学 / 探索与过程
5-p126-147-cs6.indd 145
Landscape Architecture Frontiers / EXPERIMENTS & PROCESSES
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
© Ken Chongsuwat
1
8
145
16-3-4 下午3:55
consists of lunar landscapes constructed to
disappearing of the horizon, it is distinct.
simulate the rugged terrain of the moon (Fig.
There is no haze, no nothing obscuring it,
6). The northern part of the site simulates
and that makes distant objects appear clear,
the near side of the moon, marked by dark
very clear. And then there is the rock, and
volcanic maria that fill between the bright
then there is nothing. You look out and you
ancient crustal highlands and prominent
see that. Whether you realize or not, you are
impact craters (Fig. 7). While the southern
looking at the edge of a ball, and you are on
part of the site simulates the far side of the
it.” One of the design challenges was how
moon with it is rugged terrain with smaller
to embed the stations in a way that will not
but more abundant amount of impact
disrupt the continuous landscape, retaining
craters. While the moon can appear to have
the sense of a “no-place” and its distinct
a very bright white surface, its surface is
horizon.
9.
从其中一个基站向外 看，可以看到阿波罗17 号登月舱的复制品。基 站经过策略性设计，来 观察如月圆或日落等特 殊时刻的景观。 10. 将 基 站 设 置 为 不 同 形 态，以观察公园景观和 训练中的宇航员。
9.
View from one of the field stations. In the image a replica of the Lunar module from Apollo 17 is on view. Viewing stations are strategically placed to observe the landscape at specific moments such as during a full moon or sunset. 10. Different typologies of field stations that are used to observe the landscape and astronauts in training.
actually dark, with a reflectance just slightly higher than that of worn asphalt[6]. In
Imagined Landscapes
synchronization with the moon the park will
The site will be used in framing and
operate on a schedule that allows the terrain
displaying lunar landscapes. Historical
to be viewed during night times. This will
artifacts such as lunar landers and objects
allow a similar effect to be replicated within
left on the moon will be updated accordingly
the park.
(Fig. 8). Astronauts and scientist will be able to operate and simulate in this new terrain,
Buzz Aldrin’s description of the moon
designed to augment the lunar surface in
is a starkness. There is a precision, and
conjunction to visitors coming to the site.
yet there is a disorder. It is the precision of
Cuts and excavations will create stations
dust and rocks and definitive horizon. The
pocketed within the craters that allow the
© Ken Chongsuwat
was one that influenced the project: “There
9
146
5-p126-147-cs6.indd 146
Volume 4 / Issue 1 / February 2016
16-3-4 下午3:55
© Ken Chongsuwat
10
infrastructure to be hidden, forming an
and prompts in design. By using a number of
exploring the potential value of new design
undisturbed, object-less terrain. These
theatrical devices such as entry thresholds
work within landscape architecture.
six stations provide visitors with viewing
and liminality, the passage from outside
platforms that allow them to be hidden
to inside, dramatic frames and scenes,
from the other users on the site. Framing
displacement and collage, inscription and
the sky and the terrain users will be able to
markings[7]. These precisely designed
experience a lunar like experience during
triggers and prompts are all concentrations
the night on days with a full moon (Fig. 9).
of an effect that draw the visitor into
Simulations and routine fieldwork are
another world, heightening the allure and
among the tasks being performed on the
distinctiveness of a special place. The visitor
landscape. Astronauts will be able to run
becomes as much a performer as viewer,
lunar rover simulations and practice soil
more deeply engaged in participating in the
sampling techniques wearing replica space
theatricality of the lunar landscape (Fig. 10).
suits, while visitors will be able to observe
My interest in design and research led me to
the astronauts in action.
embrace the emerging design disciplinary
The design of the project takes queues from John Dixon Hunt’s essays on triggers
景观设计学 / 探索与过程
5-p126-147-cs6.indd 147
Landscape Architecture Frontiers / EXPERIMENTS & PROCESSES
that emphasizes on “design narratives” and “research through design” as a technique for
REFERENCES [1] Atran, S. (1993). Cognitive Foundations of Natural History: Towards an Anthropology of Science. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. [2] Richard, L. (2009). Validation D'instrumentation Spatiale Dans Les Sites Analogues, Canadian Space Agency. [3] Bailey, N. G. (1967). Cinder Lake Crater Field Location Test. United States Geological Survey Interagency Report: Astrogeology 2, November 1967. [4] Beattie, D. A. (2001). USGS Astrogeology: Astronaut Training. Taking Science to the Moon: Lunar Experiments and the Apollo Program, 58-77. [5] Beattie, D. A. (2001). Taking Science to the Moon, 256-8. [6] Wieczorek, M. A. et al. (2006). The Constitution and Structure of the Lunar Interior. Mineralogy and Geochemistry, 60, 1, 221-364. [7] Walker, C. (2014). From "The Landscape Imagination" — James Corner's Essay on the High Line. Retrieve from http:// www.archdaily.com/516847/from-the-landscape-imaginationjames-corner-s-essay-on-the-high-line/
147
16-3-4 下午3:55