Design Thinking | K.Mojica | M.Arch-II | Washington Univ. in St. Louis | Fall '21 by Kevin Gonzalez Mojica

[RE]·IMAGINING THE URBAN RIVERFRONT

Kevin Gonzalez Mojica Instructor: Don Koster | FA: Carmen Chee Washington University in St. Louis l Design Thinking: Research and Design Methods l Fall 2021

[RE]·IMAGINING [RE]·IMA GINING THE URB URBAN AN RIVERFRONT — ST. ST LOUIS THE RIVER CITY

“ Without the Mississippi River there would be no St. Louis. The river has been vital to the city’s life from the moment it was founded in 1764. But as Louisans, we have to admit that the river is something we usually forget about from day to day. We drive across its bridges, watch barges drift along its surface, and bring out-of-towners to the 630-foot-tall Arch standing proud on its bank, but overall we don’t spend much time pondering how the Mississippi River seeps into our daily lives.”

— Andrew Wanko Great River City: How the Mississippi Shaped St. Louis (2019)

[RE]·IMAGINING THE URBAN RIVERFRONT — ST. LOUIS THE RIVER CITY

TABLE OF CONTENTS [RE]·IMAGINING [RE]· IMAGINING THE URBAN RIVERFRONT — ST. LOUIS THE RIVER CITY

[RE]·IMAGINING THE URBAN RIVERFRONT — ST. LOUIS THE RIVER CITY

PREMISE Pt. I — Project Summary Pt. II — The History of St. Louis & the Mississippi River Pt. III — Design Provocations Pt. IV — Experiencing the Mississippi Riverfront

PROGRAM PR OGRAM Pt. I — Precedents for Riverfront Programming Pt. II — Riverfront Typologies Pt. III — The Heritage of Breweries, in St. Louis Pt. IV — A Riverfront Micro-Brewery

SITE SELECTION Pt. I — Laclede’s Landing: A Stagnant Riverfront Pt. II — Activating the Riverfront, in St. Louis Pt. III — Connecting to Chouteau’s Landing

ARCHITECTURAL POSSIBILITIES Pt. I — Conceptualizing Various Schemes Pt. II — Visionary Microbrewery

[RE]·IMAGINING THE URBAN RIVERFRONT — ST. LOUIS THE RIVER CITY

Chapter 01

P R E M

[RE]·IMAGINING THE URBAN RIVERFRONT — ST. LOUIS THE RIVER CITY

I S E

[RE]·IMAGINING THE URBAN RIVERFRONT — ST. LOUIS THE RIVER CITY

Ch.01 — PREMISE

Part I Project Summary

[RE]·IMAGINING [RE]·IMAGINING THETHE URBAN RIVERFRONT RIVERFRONT — ST. —LOUIS ST.. LOUIS THETHE RIVER RIVER CITY CITY

Figure 02: An aerial view of the St. Louis riverfront, from the St. Louis Dispatch (1933)

Ch.01: PREMISE

Pt. I — Project Summary

e begin on the Mississippi River. To truly understand allowed for incredible commerce, agriculture, recreation, St. Louis, Louis, Missouri, Missouri we must ﬁrst analyze the impact and transportation. It connected northern cities with the

the Mississippi River has had on our city over the course of history. The river system is the largest drainage basin network in the US, draining 59% of the country’s rivers,

Gulf of Mexico, an outlet to international trade via sea. However, in recent times, we have lost our connection with the riverfront.

including 31 US states and 2 Canadian Provinces. Before European settlement, the land was inhabited by several Native American groups named the “Illinois Confederacy”, consisting of 12-13 Native American tribes. Before St.

Louis, the Native settlement was called, “Cahokia Cahokia”. Between 800-1400 AD, their population rose to 20,000. Their civilization left behind sacred earth-mounds and nicknamed the later St. Louis city the “Mound City”. The location/site was selected by French monarchies, in 1764, as a fur-trading post because of its resistance to ﬂooding and location on the conﬂuence of three major river systems: the Mississippi, Missouri, and Illinois. The French settlement became a part of the United States through the Louisiana Purchase of 1803 and the city of St. Louis was established, in 1823. A variety of triumphs and challenges faced the city’s economic and societal growth. The Mississippi River was once the main factor shaping this city and its most characterizing asset. The mighty Mississippi River

e: Imagining the Riverfront seeks

to understand the Mississippi River System through text and personal photography. It will examine the history of St. Louis, and the inﬂuence of the Gateway Arch National Park (then the Jefferson National Expansion Memorial). The research will also present case studies from various other river cities facing similar obstacles— to observe how they have responded. The intent of this analysis will be to propose an architectural intervention that will help to re-imagine the St. Louis riverfront and further activate it.

Figure 03: Map of the Mississippi River system and its drainage basin, from the US-EPA (Environmental Protection Agency) (2016)

[RE]·IMAGINING THE URBAN RIVERFRONT — ST. LOUIS THE RIVER CITY

Ch.01: PREMISE

Pt. I — Project Summary

his research project aims to discover a proposal for an architectural/urban intervention near the St. Louis

downtown riverfront. Searching for clues of what can be re-imagined will be backed by the existing infrastructure, past developments, and the challenges that came with it.

heritage, prosperity, and ecological awareness with our tarnished mighty Mississippi River, and enhance the identity of St. Louis as a major river city once again.

here is a lost relationship with the

Three areas will be critically explored: Laclede’s landing, Mississippi River, in our city. With the Chouteau’s Landing, and the Gateway Arch National Park. signiﬁcant recent investments made to All of these areas once being the dynamic backbone of the St. Louis city, now appear stagnant and two remain improve the connectivity and experience dilapidated despite redevelopment efforts. For the scope at the Gateway Arch National Park, the of this research, a near 100,000 square foot adaptive re-use riverfront areas immediately adjacent project will be proposed onto an abandoned parking garage

remain stagnant and dilapidated. This research will explore an architectural the public and the Mississippi Riverfront. The site for this project is located in the Old Historic Riverfront of St. Louis, intervention to enhance the city’s connection Laclede’s Landing, a mixed-use neighborhood with retail, to the Mississippi River and further housing, restaurants, entertainment, history, and the celebrate and activate the waterfront with city’s 2nd oldest craft brewery after the Prohibition the public, in Laclede’s Landing— the Old era. To discover this site we first experience, understand, Historic Riverfront of St. Louis. But first, then critically analyze the region with a socio-economic lens to determine the most suitable programs for future what makes up the identity of our postengagement and appreciation for the lost riverfront of St. industrial city of St. Louis? inundated by recent flooding and now a barrier between

Louis. This project will aim to embody cultural identity,

Figure 04: Image of the old Gateway Arch grounds in the downtown area of St. Louis, from the STL Dispactch Newspaper (1900s)

[RE]·IMAGINING THE URBAN RIVERFRONT — ST. LOUIS THE RIVER CITY

Ch.01 — PREMISE

Part II History of St. Louis & the Mississippi River

[RE]·IMAGINING THE URBAN RIVERFRONT — ST. LOUIS THE RIVER CITY

Figure 05: St. Louis, Missouri, waterfront, from a woodcut by Julius Hutawa (1849)

Ch.01: PREMISE

Pt. II — The History of St. Louis & the Mississippi River

Mississippi’s First Metropolis

The Great Fire

In the early 1200s, Cahokian Indians established an early Native American settlement in the region of St. Louis and further east into Illinois. At this time their population peaked 20,000, and were the second largest Pre-European settlement north of Mexico. A notable landscape feature they constructed were earth mounds, with a few of these manmade constructions remaining to the East of St. Louis, MO.

On May 17th of 1849, a paddle boat called “White Cloud” caught on ﬁre and along its drift down the St. Louis Riverfront set 22 other steamboats on ﬁre. The total devastation after 11 hours resulted in the destruction of the riverfront, 15 city blocks, 430 buildings, 23 steamboats, and three lives. This calamity led to a new building-code restricting new development to be constructed of stone, brick, or other forms of masonry.

The First Steamboat In the August of 1817, the ﬁrst steamboat arrived in St. Louis, traveling upriver from Louisville, Kentucky. Known as the “Zebulon M. Pike”, . Revolutionizing the economy of the city with future transportation of commerce and people, and the riverfront’s land development. This was St. Louis’s ﬁrst step into the industrial age, as a small fur-trading town into a city-factory able to navigate America’s largest river

1200

1817

1849

1764

1837

1849

In the February of 1764, the commerce with fur led a small group of French traders searching for a strategic location for a fur-trading outpost. Attracted by a bank of limestone, 18 miles south of the Mississippi-Missouri Conﬂuence on the Mississippi River’s west bank, the land was cleared for construction and named St. Louis— in honor of early King Louis IX, of France.

Founding of Saint Louis

In 1837, the young engineer, Robert E. Lee, was the ﬁrst person to attempt to tame the Mississippi River using a dike system of 200 60-foot tall wooden pikes to divert the water ﬂow back to St. Louis from Illinois. Later a Confederate General, Robert E.Lee paved the way for US Army Corps of Engineers to continue the taming of the Mississippi River and the system now has a series of 43 dams, locks, dikes, and levees.

Before the Great Fire, an inlfux of immigrants in early 1849 brought the disease Cholera. Later in the year, the disease broke out due to poor unsanitary conditions in the city’s sewage-waste treatment. Raw sewage ravaged the water networks of the early St. Louis, becuase of the lack of a proper sewage network. An estimate of 4,500-9,000 people died within three months— most from the “lower class”. St. Louis wouldn’t start construction on a porper sweage system untill 1955, and completion until 1889.

The Cholera Epidemic

Eng. Lee, Taming the River 16

[RE]·IMAGINING THE URBAN RIVERFRONT — ST. LOUIS THE RIVER CITY

— What major events Transformed the Mississippi

Riverfront in St. Louis?

Removing the “Slums” The Eads Bridge In 1867, Illinios granted a Chicago developer the oopurtunity to build a bridge linkning St. Louis to it’s Illinois side. After contesting, the project was given to James Eads, a St. Louisian familiar with the ferocity of the Missisiippi River from his expeditions as a ship-wreckage salvager and iron-clad boat building. He would later design and build the 6,400 foot long bridge using steel, lmiestone, and wrought iron. The bridge would be the first in the world using steel trusses, and first to stretch over the Mississippi River south of its Confluence... The end of river commerce.

1874 1904

Informally known as the St. Louis World’s Fair, this international exposition displayed history, cultures, architecture, foods, arts, sciences, agriculture, and entertainment to 19.6 million visitors across the world. This event also hosted the Summer Olympic games of 1904, the ﬁrst of its kind in the US. This also marked the beginning of a revolutionary water puriﬁcation method by chemist John Wixford, transforming the muddy Mississippi River water crystal clear.

Louisiana Purchase Exposition 17

The beginning of an end. By 1939, city leaders were dissapointed by “dirty” and “outdated” buildings along the central riverfront of downtown St. Louis, between Poplar Street and Washingston Ave, and west to Third Street. Nearly 40 blocks and 486 buildings were demolished, totaling 5 million square feet This area housed some of the earliest buildings from the original 1764 settlement, but lacked a “connection” to the riverfront.Yet no one knew what would take its place until design competitons and proposals would resume in 1947.

1939 1965 A Finnish architect named Eero Saarinen ultimately won the Jefferson National Expansions Memorial (JNEM) design competition to take the place of the 40-block riverfront landremoval. His submission, a 630 foot tall steel-arch carried with it the chargest dark history of the ground it rose from. However, to the masses, this represented the “Gateway” to the west, and the future for the City of St. Louis.

Jefferson National Expansion Memorial

The Great Flood Torrential rains in the upper Midwest along with the constriction of the upper Mississippi River, led to in an inevitable flood in the summer of 1993. The Mississippi River crested at a record height of 49.7 feet, over 19 feet above flood stage. The flooding broke 51/90 levees in the St. Louis district, resulting in incredible flooding and damage. Overall, 31,000 square miles of land flooded, 10,000 homes were destroyed, affected 9 states, and resulted in $15-20 billion in damage.

1993 2010—

Decades after the completion of the JNEM, now recognized as the Gateway Arch, the grounds it rested on were a concern regarding its inaccessiblity and disconnect from the riverfront to downtown. A competition, like the 1947 JNEM, resulted in landscape ﬁrm Michael Van Valkenburgh’s winning submission of the Gateway Arch. The $380 million project boasted new bike paths, walking paths, landscaping, and museum renovation... Was this enough to activate the riverfront?

The Gateway Arch Grounds

[RE]·IMAGINING THE URBAN RIVERFRONT — ST. LOUIS THE RIVER CITY

Ch.01 — PREMISE

Part III Design Provocations

[RE]·IMAGINING THE URBAN RIVERFRONT — ST. LOUIS THE RIVER CITY

Figure 06: An image of the Lot by the Landing, outdoor pavilion event space. Photographed by Kevin Mojica (2021)

Ch.01: PREMISE

Pt. III — Design Provocations

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[RE]·IMAGINING THE URBAN RIVERFRONT — ST. LOUIS THE RIVER CITY

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— Why should we Reconnect with the Mississippi

SOCIAL GOALS

ECONOMIC GOALS

River in St. Louis?

ENVIRONMENTAL GOALS

•

Connectivity

•

Economy Booster

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Natural & Ecological Awareness

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Live, Work, Play

•

Urban Renewal Re-Development

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Natural & Ecological Restoration

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Embracing Local Identity

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Public Attraction

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Habitat Restoration Biodiversity

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Community Building

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Employment

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Flora & Fauna Conservation

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Tangible Heritage

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Government, Civic Revenue

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Flood Mitigation

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Accessibility

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Retail + Entertainment Tourism

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Management: Water & Waste

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Social Equity

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Real Estate Values

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Pollution Control

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Marketing & Branding

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Water Quality

ACTIVATING THE RIVERFRONT On the Mississippi River, in St. Louis

Figure 07: Images of the Mississippi Riverfront across the St. Louis downtown, East St. Louis, MO. Photographed by Kevin Mojica (2021)

[RE]·IMAGINING THE URBAN RIVERFRONT — ST. LOUIS THE RIVER CITY

Ch.01: PREMISE

Pt. III — Design Provocations

H A L

E N

G E S

everal major challenges that impact the development of building near the Mississippi River, in St. Louis, are listed below. These challenges are the result of human alteration to the natural conditions of a river. Two major consequential transformations are channelization and dams. The deepening and lining of natural riverbanks with impermeable materials alters the natural tendencies of a river. This action alongside the existence of several dams upstream the Mississippi River has constricted the river waters down-stream, after the confluence point near St. Louis, and result in severe consequences— such as increased flooding and sediment depletion/excess in certain areas. Among the other challenges of building near a riverfront deal with ecological health: water quality, habitat depletion, bio-hazards from industrial effluent and agriculture runoff— to name a few few. Lastly, it is controlled by the masses of barges transporting goods across the country... An indomitable river highway.

Water Quality Degradation

4 Removal of Riparian Vegetation

Low-Flows & Increased Flood Frequency

6 Sediment Movement

Dams & Locks

50 ft

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Commerce Obstruction

— Common Ground Level

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of 1993

Channelization

The Great Flood

49.7 ft

9-12 ft — Average River Level

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of 1993

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South Section — A

The Great Flood

East St. Louis Illinois

North St. Louis Riverfront

9-12 ft — Natural River Level

Downtown St. Louis Riverfront South Section—B 22

[RE]·IMAGINING THE URBAN RIVERFRONT — ST. LOUIS THE RIVER CITY

East St. Louis Illinois 22

What factors Challenge development on the Mississippi Riverfront in St. Louis?

here are numerous challenges with building near or atop the Mississippi River. It’s mighty waters move with a volumetric force

of 12,000 cubic feet per second at the Upper Mississippi near Lake Itasca; to the south in the Gulf of Mexico, the river moves close to 600,000 cubic feet of water per second. The rate at which this volume of water is based on the width and depth of the river, but typically ranges from 1.5 miles per hour to 6 miles per hour, throughout its entire 2,350 mile length. In St. Louis, the Mississippi River is normally at a depth of 9 feet, maintained by numerous dikes and levees, and flows with an average volumetric force of 145,000 cubic feet of water per second, or forty-one 48 foot long semitrucks filled with water. The rate at which the river flows in the St. Louis region is typically between 1-3 mph. However, the river can change its

Figure 10: Site Plan of Downtown St. Louis, MO. Figur

1. 2. 3. 4.

Channelization: Water Quality Degradation: Removal of Riparian Vegetation: Low-Flows and Increased Flood Frequency

5. 6. 7. 8. 9.

Sediment Movement Dams & Locks Agriculture Run-off Commerce Obstruction Habitat Depletion

ferocity at any time based on the conditions of the upper region such as rainwater, glacial melting, or simply the over capacity in the river’s volume and its inability to release water through its concrete lined banks. St. Louis is positioned in a tough location because upstream are a series of 43 dams that swell the water but also divide it in nearly half, this causes the water to only travel one way during excess— up. On 1993, this proved to be fatal when torrential rains during that summer caused the river to crest at a height of 49.7 feet, and engulf entire towns... Destroying 31,000 square miles of land and impacting 9 US states.

Figure 11: The Gateway Arch levee after the Great Flood of 1993, photographed by STL Dispatch (1993)

[RE]·IMAGINING THE URBAN RIVERFRONT — ST. LOUIS THE RIVER CITY

Ch.01: PREMISE

Pt. III — Experiencing the Mississippi Riverfront

Figure 12: Landsat 5 TM false-color images of the St. Louis area, on August, 1991, from NASA Earth Observatory.

“The Mississippi River, 1991”

[RE]·IMAGINING THE URBAN RIVERFRONT — ST. LOUIS THE RIVER CITY

— The Great Flood, lood, 1993

Figure 13: Landsat 5 TM false-color images of the St. Louis area after ﬂooding from the Mississippi and Missouri Rivers, on August, 1993, from NASA Earth Observatory.

“The Great Flood— The Mississippi River, 1993”

[RE]·IMAGINING THE URBAN RIVERFRONT — ST. LOUIS THE RIVER CITY

ENVIRONMENTAL

RESILIENCY

ECONOMIC

I L

MITIGATION

ADAPTABILITY

SOCIAL

I E S R

Pt. III — Design Provocations

Riverbank

E N

Ch.01: PREMISE

ith the inclement dangers of climate change comes more intense weather, both freezing winters and scorching summers. This rapid fluctuations in temperature causes instability in the water ecosystems, in the forms of ocean acidification, higher tidal waves, glacial retreat, sea-level rise, higher water temperatures, and more frequent and intense rainstorms— just to name a few. These dangers pose a threat to coastal societies, with nearly 26% of the global population, or 2.2 billion, living in the “at-risk” areas prone to flooding— the coastal urban population

continues to grow exponentially. However, with the growing threat of sea-level rise, the Mississippi River Valley is actually safe because of its location inland and high elevation to sea-level, but as previously illustrated,

must undergo, mitigation and adaptation. Mitigation means to prepare for obstacles by creating programs, regulations, and plans to reduce the severity of the problems presented. Adaptation means to learn to

this doesn’t mean various other factors related to climate change and humans can still catastrophically affect it...The case for St. Louis is much more an anthropogenic problem.

build and coexist with said problems, and transform qualities to be more suitable to the conditions. Together these two factors create the concept of resiliency, to be capable of reverting to suitable conditions after

he vast 43 lock and dam system in the Upper Mississippi, from Lake Itasca to the MississippiRiver Confluence, swells the river. Heavy rainstorms, therefore, can cause catastrophic flooding because the river is segmented, constricted, and walled in by its concrete levees and banks. This can be exemplified by the Mississippi River’s Great Flood of 1993. Inability to permeate outwards forces the water to only go one direction, up. Instead of more concrete walls, we must learn to acknowledge the river. To acknowledge living by the river there are three two major actions we

moments of distress— in this case climate change. 26

[RE]·IMAGINING THE URBAN RIVERFRONT — ST. LOUIS THE RIVER CITY

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[RE]·IMAGINING THE URBAN RIVERFRONT — ST. LOUIS THE RIVER CITY

Ch.01 — PREMISE

Part IV Experiencing the Mississippi Riverfront A Series of Observations and Personal Photography

[RE]·IMAGINING THE URBAN RIVERFRONT — ST. LOUIS THE RIVER CITY

Figure 15: Two men resting on a canoe after paddling upstream the Mississippi River, near Chouteau’s Island, in North St. Louis. Photographed by Kevin Mojica (2021)

Ch.01: PREMISE

Pt. IV — Experiencing the Mississippi Riverfront

Edward “Ted” & Pat Jones-Conﬂuence Point The Origins of St. Louis, 1764

Figure 16: — Looking out East from the Conﬂuence peninsula at the intersection of the Mississippi River (left) and the Missouri River (right) at the Edward “Ted” and Pat Jones Conﬂuence Point State Park, between 15-25 miles north of St. Louis, MO. Photographed by Kevin Mojica (2021)

“Where the Rivers meet, Missouri-Mississippi Conﬂuence Point.” 30

[RE]·IMAGINING THE URBAN RIVERFRONT — ST. LOUIS THE RIVER CITY

— Understanding the dynamics of the rivers, at the Missouri-Mississippi River Conﬂuence

Figure 17: — The Edward “Ted” & Pat Jones-Conﬂuence Point, about 10-15 miles north of downtown, St. Louis, MO

Site Plan 31

[RE]·IMAGINING THE URBAN RIVERFRONT — ST. LOUIS THE RIVER CITY

Ch.01: PREMISE

Pt. IV — Experiencing the Mississippi River

Figure 18: On the Missouri state-side looking north across the Missouri River to the Melvin Price Locks and Dam, in Alton, Illinois. Photographed by Kevin Mojica (2021)

t the convergence of the two mighty Midwest rivers, the Missouri and the Mississippi, lies rich agricultural land ruled by men and machine. What once was an obstacle of dangerous encounters, has been tamed by vast locks and dams. These structures of concrete and steel allow the travel of goods to move easily throughout the year, despite the rivers natural ﬂuctuations. We’ve harnessed the ﬂow of the second longest river in America, and tamed it’s ferocity with other systems such as dikes, swallowing entire lands and creating some anew. Have we acknowledged this in how we live? Or are we distant from the fact we lie at the banks of an incredible river system carrying over half of our country’s waters? o understand the existence of St. Louis, we travel back to its beginnings. In the early 1700s, three

French merhcants with the familiar names Gilbert Antoine de St. Maxent, Pierre Laclède and Auguste Chouteau,

traveled downstream the Mississippi River and stumbled across the its conﬂuence with another great American River, the Missouri. Idealized for its potential for river commerce, the french fur traders sought land nearby and found high ground in what is now the downtown St. Louis area— atop high limestone they named their new trading post St. Louis, after King Louis IX of France. n the following series of photographs, I attempt to

capture the various qualities of the Missouri-Mississippi Conﬂuence. From its abundant fertile land being harvested, to its last downstream concrete dam holding back the might of the Mississippi to its North. The stillness of the ecosystem is only interrupted by the series of barges and frequent machinery along its banks, and an entire town to its North— Alton, Illinois. It is difﬁcult to imagine a place like this exists outside of metropolitan areas like St. Louis, only 10-15 miles away... But this here, is our origin.

[RE]·IMAGINING THE URBAN RIVERFRONT — ST. LOUIS THE RIVER CITY

— Understanding the dynamics of the rivers, at the Missouri-Mississippi River Conﬂuence

Figure 19:

Figure 20:

Figure 21:

— The entry road to reach the Missouri-Mississippi Conﬂuence Point.

— A river barge making entry through the Melvin Price Locks system.

— The Missouri-Mississippi Conﬂuence peninsula, looking north.

“Three Landscapes Meet.”

“Who owns the River? Pt.01”

“Middle Ground.”

Figure 22:

Figure 23:

Figure 24:

— Remnants of decaying agricultural architecture, past warehouses for machinery and equipment storgage.

— Heavy farming machinery harvesting crop, miles west of the Conﬂuence point.

— Heavy construction machinery removing ground near the conﬂunce point for new land construction.

“Rural Architecture at the Conﬂuence.”

“Fertility on the Conﬂuence.”

“Who owns the River? Pt.02.”

Figure 25:

Figure 26:

Figure 27:

— The Missouri-Mississippi Conﬂuence peninsula, looking south.

— Large organic debris washed up ashore by the turbulence and ﬂuctuations of the conﬂuence,

— A framed view back to Northern-most St. Louis county, from the trail to reach the Missouri-Mississippi Conﬂuence point.

“Meeting the Mississippi River, at the End of the Missouri River.”

“River Debris.”

“Framing the New River City.”

[RE]·IMAGINING THE URBAN RIVERFRONT — ST. LOUIS THE RIVER CITY

Ch.01: PREMISE

Pt. IV — Experiencing the Mississippi Riverfront

T he M ississippi Rive r Canoeing down St. Louis’s Urban Artery

Figure 28: — View from the Mississippi River to the Gateway Arch, in downtown St. Louis, MO. Photographed by Kevin Mojica (2021)

“The Gateway Arch, from the Mississippi River.” 34

[RE]·IMAGINING THE URBAN RIVERFRONT — ST. LOUIS THE RIVER CITY

— Observing the Natural & Man-Made varieties of the Mississippi Riverbanks

Figure 29: — Canoeing downstream from North St. Louis on Mosenthein Island, to downtown, St. Louis, MO

Site Plan 35

[RE]·IMAGINING THE URBAN RIVERFRONT — ST. LOUIS THE RIVER CITY

Ch.01: PREMISE

Pt. IV — Experiencing the Mississippi River

Figure 30: A crumbling set of concrete stairs down to the riverbank is still utilized as a ﬁshing platform for a local, in North St. Louis, Mo. Photographed by Kevin Mojica (2021)

“An Escape from Chaos.”

Figure 31: Preliminary Sketch for areas of interest

o understand St. Louis, we must experience the mighty Mississippi River. The 2,350 mile stretch of water, beginning from Minnesota’s Lake Itasca and ending near New Orleans’s delta at the Gulf of Mexico, runs as the spine of an older America, linking 10 states. The revolution of railroad transportation and commerce, in the late 1800s, left the memory of the Mississippi River’s array of steamboats, especially on the St. Louis Riverfront. The absence of the river boats brought misfortune to the St. Louis riverfront, quickly decaying and serving little purpose to its existence besides a dumpsite. Continuously exploited by the vastness of industrialization and anthropogenic related-activities, it is underutilized by its people. Notorious for its toxicity, pollution, and color, it is a direct inﬂuence from our own actions. Have we neglected the river into a wasted memory? One weekend I decided to venture out onto the waters. Beginning from home, in SkinkerDebaliviere neighborhood, I drove east to the banks of the Gateway Arch to meet a team of canoe enthusiasts and drive to north St. Louis. We then unloaded our gear and prepared to paddle down the river from Mosenthein Island back to the Arch’s riverfront levee. The following photographs depict a story of St. Louisians, nature, engineering, and industries, framing the realities of our riverfront—good and bad.

[RE]·IMAGINING THE URBAN RIVERFRONT — ST. LOUIS THE RIVER CITY

— Observing the Natural & Man-Made varieties of the Mississippi Riverbanks

Figure 32:

Figure 33:

Figure 34:

— Two locals help a canoe tour guide in anchoring the canoe onto the shore, near Chouteau’s Island, MO

— A riverside glimpse of an afﬂuent street in the neighborhood of Riverview, in St. Louis, MO

— Remnants of the US Army Corps of Engineers’ dikes river infrastructure, from the early 1900s, on Mosenthein Island, MO.

“Engaging with the Mississippi River.”

“Prime Real Estate, View to the River.”

“Engineering Coasts.”

Figure 35:

Figure 36:

Figure 37:

— Dilapidated river levee and concrete stairway leading down to the river banks, near Old North St. Louis, MO

— Remnants of agricultural industrialization on the banks of the Mississippi River, ignorantly dumping or toxiﬁcying the waters with pollutants.

— An icon for the birth of rail transit and the sprawl of the city’s economy and infrastructure, Eads Bridge, in downtown St. Louis.

“Remembering the Riverfront.”

“Polluting the Mississippi River.”

“The ﬁrst steel truss bridge in the world, Eads Bridge est. 1874”

Figure 38:

Figure 39:

Figure 40:

— A far glimpse of the Gateway Arch and the St. Louis skyline, about 5 miles north on the Mississippi River.

— The riverside facade of the Union Electric Company, the old natural gas provider for the majority of the St. Louis City.

— Arrival to the Gateway Arch, only a quarter of a mile from its eastern riverbanks.

“A New Icon, Pt. 01”

“The Ugly Side, On the River.”

“A New Icon, Pt.2”

[RE]·IMAGINING THE URBAN RIVERFRONT — ST. LOUIS THE RIVER CITY

Ch.01: PREMISE

Pt. IV — Experiencing the Mississippi River

Lac le de ’s Landin g Walking the Forgotten Streets of the Historic St. Louis Riverfront

Figure 41: — Standing at the entry of the Laclede’s Landing Riverfront Parking Garage, in downtown St. Louis, Mo. Photographed by Kevin Mojica (2021)

“St. Louis’s Historic Riverfront, forgotten.” 38

[RE]·IMAGINING THE URBAN RIVERFRONT — ST. LOUIS THE RIVER CITY

— Understanding the historical context of the Historic Riverfront, in Old St. Louis

Figure 42: — Laclede’s Landing, the Old Historic Riverfront of St. Louis, north of the Gateway Arch Grounds, in downtown, St. Louis, MO

Site Plan 39

[RE]·IMAGINING THE URBAN RIVERFRONT — ST. LOUIS THE RIVER CITY

Ch.01: PREMISE

Pt. IV — Experiencing the Mississippi River

Figure 43: Image of a River Barge traveling upstream the Mississippi River, in downtown St. Louis, MO. Photographed by Kevin Mojica (2021)

h what a wonderful sight, to arrive at the historic riverfront of St. Louis, a neighborhood named after one of its founders Pierre Laclède. Over 250 years ago, this small area was established as a new French fur trading post, and decades later grew outwards to accommodate the inﬂuxes of European immigrants, industrial giants, steamboats, trains, and so on. It is difﬁcult to imagine the

buildings and cobblestone streets create an aurora of a river community, absent of vehicular trafﬁc, people are encouraged to bike and walk. The river is framed at every turn and the neighborhood even offers several stairs and terraces to cherish the river and its commercial activities from constant barges. There is a connection to the river, but a disconnect to the rest of the city. The connection

city we recognize today began at this point, difﬁcult in the sense of disappointment. Laclede’s Landing has not been maintained over its years. The area, upon arrival, is

to the river, however, is only minimal. No recreational or ecological opportunities such as parks, boating, canoeing, kayaking, or more-developed social spaces exit. Instead

hidden between the glamour of the Gateway Arch Park Grounds, and the Lumiere Hotel to its north. Most visitors and colleagues don’t even know of its existence, but there is undoubtedly a charm to this little neighborhood.

there are abandoned historic buildings and parking lots serving little to no people. There is an opportunity here to enhance the neighborhood into a riverfront destination. The Gateway Arch and Busch Stadium to its south, and scattered retail businesses and restaurants in the

Most of these buildings and streets in Laclede’s Landing are some of the last remaining buildings of the historic riverfront of St. Louis, of the mid 1800s. Ironclad 40

neighborhood, set up a foundation to catalyze potential for growth, with just the right architectural intervention...

[RE]·IMAGINING THE URBAN RIVERFRONT — ST. LOUIS THE RIVER CITY

— Understanding the context of the Historic Riverfront, in Old St. Louis

Figure 44:

Figure 45:

Figure 46:

— Standing at the intersection of N 1st St. & Morgan St, looking south to the Gateway Arch.

— Standing at the intersection of N. Commercial St. & Laclede’s Landing Blvd, looking north towards.

— Raeder Place (Old Spaghetti Factory) on N. 1st St.

“Prime Real Estate, View to the Arch.”

“Restricted Access to the Riverfront.”

“Ironclad Building Facades, the Forgotten Beauties.”

Figure 47:

Figure 48:

Figure 49:

— Decaying remnants of sea life on the riverbanks east of Laclede’s Landing.

— The existing connection to the Mississippi River from Lacelde’s Landing, a crumbling hardscape withered by the ferocity of the river and lack of public maintainence.

— Standing north of the Riverfront Parking Garage, the Gateway Arch protrudes past its center-point.

“Is the River Water Safe?”

“Maintaining the Riverfront Levee.”

“An Abandoned Parking Garage.”

Figure 50:

Figure 51:

Figure 52:

— Standing at the intersection of N 1st St. & Morgan St, looking east to the Mississippi River.

— In the Gateway Arch National Park’s series of walkways and paths, under-utilized and empty.

— Viewing the St. Louis metro train ride through the Eads Bridge overpass, across the river to Illinois.

“View to the River, a Crossroads of Transportation and Commerce.”

“Gateway National Park, in Solitude.”

“The Eads Bridge, the Transformation of Rail Transit in St. Louis.”

[RE]·IMAGINING THE URBAN RIVERFRONT — ST. LOUIS THE RIVER CITY

Ch.01: PREMISE

Pt. IV — Experiencing the Mississippi River

Ch ou te au’s Landi ng Walking the Industrial Porch of the Historic St. Louis riverfront,

Figure 52: — Looking north towards the entry signge of the past Crunden-Martin factory complex, south of downtown St. Louis, MO. Photographed by Kevin Mojica (2021)

“Industrial Remnants, Crunden-Martin MFG. CO.” 42

[RE]·IMAGINING THE URBAN RIVERFRONT — ST. LOUIS THE RIVER CITY

— Understanding the context of the Historic Industrial Riverfront, in Old St. Louis

Figure 53: — Chouteau’s Landing, south of the Gateway Arch Grounds, downtown, St. Louis, MO

Site Plan 43

[RE]·IMAGINING THE URBAN RIVERFRONT — ST. LOUIS THE RIVER CITY

Ch.01: PREMISE

Pt. IV — Experiencing the Mississippi River

Figure 54: Tons of concrete, steel, and iron permeate the grounds to support a series of bridges and overhead rails, in Chouteau’s Landing, St. Louis, Mo. Photographed by Kevin Mojica (2021)

imilar to the previous experience at Laclede’s Landing, in the north riverfront of St. Louis, is the unfortunate decay of Chouteau’s Landing. Also named after one of the city’s earlier french founders, Auguste Chouteau, this

Crunden-Martin MFG. Co., the company struggled and ﬁled bankruptcy. Most of its buildings were not demolished and remained as was. One of its buildings caught ﬁre and its robust exterior still stands today, preserved by the

neighborhood is quite different from its northern sibling. South of the Gateway Arch Grounds Park, Chouteau’s landing was once the industrial riverfront to old St. Louis.

National Historic Landmarks organization. Other of its buildings weren’t so lucky and have withered away, or have even been demolished for visitor parking to the Busch

The majority of the ownership came from the early company Crunden-Martin, a manufacturer of household wood and metal products. Beginning in 1890, the company thrived in array of different products and boasted several blocks of facility in St. Louis’s southern riverfront. The

Stadium neighborhood to its west. This neighborhood is one without sufﬁcient market forces or existent social infrastructure to intervene with a single architecture. The audacious idea to redevelop this area and connect it back to the downtown fabric has failed various times in

area, as seen in the photographs, is ﬁlled with iron and steel structures permeating the landscape to accommodate rail transit for the earlier beneﬁt of the company, a maze

recent developer concepts. There is resistance in removing the identity of this historic industrial rivefront, and hesitance on reusing some of the older structure. One can

of bridges and railways. What remains in the area today isn’t’ charming, 100 years later after the beginning of

only speculate urban possibilities, for now it remains the dilapidated buffer we are all too familiar with...

[RE]·IMAGINING THE URBAN RIVERFRONT — ST. LOUIS THE RIVER CITY

— Understanding the context of the Historic Industrial Riverfront, in Old St. Louis

Figure 55:

Figure 56:

Figure 57:

— Wild vegetation has been overtaking the hardscape of the historical neighborhood for decades now.

— Existent mechanical systems accompany the withering built environment and vegetative landscapes.

— Structural constructions are the most common feature in this neighborhood, a glimpse into its past industrial hustle.

“Vegetative Ground.”

“Mechanical Ground.”

“Industrial Ground.”

Figure 58:

Figure 59:

Figure 60:

— Grafﬁti and vandalism cover the faces of buildings, some demand your time to ponder its message,

— The industrial neighborhood also temporarily housed its factory workers, here remain a set of emergency stairs.

— A view between two large monolithic industrial buildings, to a clear blue sky.

“Lost Hope...”

“Escape from/to What?”

“Slither of Sky.”

Figure 61:

Figure 62:

Figure 63:

— On Choutea Ave., driving east towards the Mississippi Riverfront, framed by various railways and overpasses.

— There are plans for this neighborhood, but for now they remain at a standstill, with demolition beginning to slowly clear some areas for potential development. Potential...

— The Mississippi Riverfront Art Mural Mile sparks a splash of creativity and color to the decaying condition of Chouteau’s Landing.

“Erasing the Past.”

“Creativity on a Wasteland.”

“View to the Mississippi River.”

[RE]·IMAGINING THE URBAN RIVERFRONT — ST. LOUIS THE RIVER CITY

Ch.01: PREMISE

Pt. IV — Experiencing the Mississippi River

St. Louis Nor th Ri ve r fr ont The Industrial Engine of St. Louis

Figure 64: — Standing at the southern edge of the Cotton Belt Freight Depot, north of downtown St. Louis, MO. Photographed by Kevin Mojica (2021)

“The Cotton Belt Freight Depot, St. Louis’s Largest-Continuous Linear Building.” 46

[RE]·IMAGINING THE URBAN RIVERFRONT — ST. LOUIS THE RIVER CITY

— Understanding the North St Louis Riverfront existing site and program conditions

Figure 65: — Near North Riverfront, in North St. Louis, MO

Site Plan 47

[RE]·IMAGINING THE URBAN RIVERFRONT — ST. LOUIS THE RIVER CITY

Ch.01: PREMISE

Pt. IV — Experiencing the Mississippi River

Figure 66: View from the southern edge of the Cotton Belt Freight Depot, north of downtown St. Louis, MO. Photographed by Kevin Mojica (2021)

orth of Laclede’s Landing, between MLK and Veteran’s Memorial Bridge, lies the longest linear building in all of St. Louis, the Cotton Belt Freight Depot. A 750’ x 30’ long ﬁve-story building, built to handle freight

here is sadness here. Scattered throughout the Cotton Freight’s concrete legs, and the various other abandoned buildings are homeless encampments. On the northern edge of the area is a correctional facility

movement from increased rail transit and commerce, began ‘Community Release Center’ with a dark history of abuse, its operations in the early 1900s and was soon discontinued social injustice, unsanitary conditions, and so many more by 1959. Its presence in the area is powerful, the impact secretes. The North Riverfront is charged with helplessness art can have on decaying buildings is perfectly represented here. Surrounding the Cotton Belt is only abandonment and intense industries. Directly south of this block are several abandoned buildings, vacant green lots, and the old Ashley Union Electric Company who at one point powered

and stories of grief. It isn’t difﬁcult to recognize your arrival to the North Riverfront— whether by car, boat, air... The moment you witness a historic church being bordered by a gas station and factories, and buildings crumbling at your feet on every street, you’ve arrived. It

the entire city of St. Louis in the 1900s, and converted its electrical generation from coal, to oil, to natural gas today. The facility doesn’t operate nearly as much generation for

feels hopeless to imagine a new future for such a neglected area, but the highways to its west prevent any moment to pause, when semi-trucks are weaving throughout the

the city of St. Louis, it still plays a role for some residents and for the downtown area.

narrow streets and forcing you to leave. Always in a rush, forgetting its past, ignoring its future— the possibilities.

[RE]·IMAGINING THE URBAN RIVERFRONT — ST. LOUIS THE RIVER CITY

— Understanding the North St Louis Riverfront existing site and program conditions

Figure 66:

Figure 67:

Figure 68:

— Abandon houses overtaken by wild vegetation, in the North Riverfront residential neighborhoods.

— Abandon retail buildings overtaken by wild vegetation, in the North Riverfront industrial neighborhoods.

“Nature Reclaims, Pt. 01.”

“Nature Reclaims, Pt. 02.”

“Nature Reclaims, Pt. 03”

Figure 69:

Figure 70:

Figure 71:

— A culturally signiﬁcant memorial and landmark dwarfed by a cement factory and bridge to its west.

— Industrial architecture typologies vary here, the most common in the shape of warehouses corroded by rusted aluminum and faded exterior paint.

— There is an attitude of disrespect or ignorance. Here, a historical church lies behind a gas station, highway, and bustling daily operations of semi-trucks.

“Industrial Typologies.”

“Remnants of Cultural Artifacts.”

Figure 72:

Figure 73:

Figure 74:

— Despite the intensity of industry, there lies a darker presence here, barricaded by fences and surveillance. A socially unjust correctional facility, in between the river and a culturally signiﬁcant memorial ground.

— Homelessness utilizes the abandoned vacancy in this area, adding color and life to the dilapidated structures.

— The scale and presence of the North St. Louis riverfront levee and ﬂood wall, separating any interaction with the river... But offering its protection.

“Industrial Landmarks.”

“Stay out.”

“Shelter me.”

“The Riverfront Flood Wall & Levee, Barrier of St. Louis”

[RE]·IMAGINING THE URBAN RIVERFRONT — ST. LOUIS THE RIVER CITY

Chapter 02

P R O G

[RE]·IMAGINING [RE]·IMAGINING THETHE URBAN RIVERFRONT RIVERFRONT — ST. —LOUIS ST.. LOUIS THETHE RIVER RIVER CITY CITY

R A M

[RE]·IMAGINING [RE]·IMAGINING THETHE URBAN RIVERFRONT RIVERFRONT — ST. —LOUIS ST.. LOUIS THETHE RIVER RIVER CITY CITY

Ch.02 — PROGRAM

Part I Precedents for Riverfront Programming

[RE]·IMAGINING THE URBAN RIVERFRONT — ST. LOUIS THE RIVER CITY

Figure 75: Looking southwards on the Gateway Arch grounds, in downtown St. Louis, Missouri. Photographed by Kevin Mojica (2021)

Ch.03: PROGRAM

Pt. I — Precedents for Riverfront Programming

Minneapolis, MN Minneapolis — on the Mississippi River

Figure 76: Sunrise on the Mississippi Riverfront by the Minneapolis Parks Foundation, in downtown Minneapolis, Minnesota (2019)

Figure 77: Minneapolis’s Water Works project. Photographed by design ﬁrm HGA (2021)

HISTORY

EDUCATION

Figure 78: Diagrammatic map for the city boundary of Minneapolis, MN.

CULTURE

HEALTH & WELL-BEING

RECREATION

Cost: $24 million Completion Date: 2021 Size: 4 acres Lead Designers: HGA Associates

inneapolis Water Works Park & Pavillion, “Reusing the Industrial Remnants of Old Minneapolis,”—

Minneapolis’s Downtown River District has undergone much change and one of its latest initiatives to attract residents back to the riverfront in its upper historic industrial riverfront is the Water Works Park & Pavilion project The urban project began in 2010 with the support from the Minneapolis Parks Foundation and the Minneapolis Park and Recreation Board, and was designed by design + engineering ﬁrm HGA. The city’s connection to the river is incredibly cherished, with a 72 mile long national park running through its core and the adjacent St. Paul, MN. A parcel of vacant industrial remnants is the beginning to an 11-mile stretch of riverfront proposals. The Water Works project will be reusing an old Flour Mill and converting it into a restaurant, public space, and educational opportunity for industrial and ecological history. Aside from the pavilion will be outdoor terraces, spaces, and an upstream observatory.

[RE]·IMAGINING THE URBAN RIVERFRONT — ST. LOUIS THE RIVER CITY

Ch.03: PROGRAM

Pt. I — Precedents for Riverfront Programming

Chicago, IL Chicago — on the Chicago River

Figure 79: Riverwalk marina aerial, photographed by design ﬁrm Sasaki, in Chicago, IL (2016)

Figure 81: Chicago’s Riverwalk marina. Photographed by design ﬁrm Sasaki (2016)

ECONOMY

HEALTH & WELL-BEING

Figure 82: Diagrammatic map for the city boundary of Chicago, IL.

CULTURE

EDUCATION

RECREATION

Cost: $419.5 million Completion Date: 2016 Size: 3.5 acres Lead Designers: Sasaki Associates

hicago Downtown Riverwalk development, “the Jetty, Water Plaza, River Theater, Cove, and Marina”—

Chicago’s Downtown Riverwalk was designed and engineered in three phases, from 2009 to 2016. Its latest phase, completed by design + engineering firm Sasaki Associates, lines the downtown Chicago riverfront at an area of 3.5 acres. The Chicago River was once notorious for its pollution and uncontrollable flow, it was then engineered and ultimately reversed in its direction to flow downstream towards the Mississippi River System— through channelization. With a grand vision to transform the river into an ecological, economic, and recreational benefit for the city, the area underwent development in different phases and zones. Sasaki Associates worked on a six block riverfront development that was composed of five different zones: The Jetty, the Water Plaza, the River Theater, the Cove, the Marina, and the Riverbank. Each of these zones offers a different focus ranging from retail to recreation.

[RE]·IMAGINING THE URBAN RIVERFRONT — ST. LOUIS THE RIVER CITY

Ch.03: PROGRAM

Pt. I — Precedents for Riverfront Programming

Cincinnati, OH Cincinnati — on the Ohio River

Figure 83: Downtown riverfront, photographed by design ﬁrm Sasaki, in Cincinnati, OH (2010)

Figure 83: Cincinnati’s Smale riverfront. Photographed by design ﬁrm Sasaki (2010)

CULTURE

ECONOMY

Figure 84: Diagrammatic map for the city boundary of Cincinnati, OH.

HEALTH & WELL-BEING

RECREATION

Cost: $80 million Completion Date: 2010 Size: 13 acres Lead Designers: Sasaki Associates

incinnati’s John G. and Phyllis W. Smale Riverfront Park, “reconnecting downtown to the Ohio River”—

The Smale Riverfront Park was planned since 1997, and its first phase opened to the public in 2012. Led by the Cincinnati Park Board and Parks, the riverfront was designed by design + engineering firm Sasaki Associates. The intent of this environmental & cultural riverfront was to reconnect Cincinnati with the Ohio River and protect the downtown from imminent river flooding. The 32 acre development is engulfed by vegetation and greenscape, acting as a environmental buffer and sponge in case of flooding. Across the 32 acre development are an array of different activities including an amphitheater, pavilions, parks, open public spaces, bike trails, walking trails, restaurant, 1000’ long riverfront promenade, and seasonal riverfront docking. The development’s guiding principle was to connect downtown Cincinnati’s cultural and historic architecture with a sense of community in the shape of a waterfront district.

[RE]·IMAGINING THE URBAN RIVERFRONT — ST. LOUIS THE RIVER CITY

Ch.02 — PROGRAM

Part II Riverfront Typologies

[RE]·IMAGINING THE URBAN RIVERFRONT — ST. LOUIS THE RIVER CITY

Figure 85: Looking southwards to the Gateway Arch grounds from N. 1st St. Laclede’s Landing on, in St. Louis, Missouri. Photographed by Kevin Mojica (2021)

Ch.02: PROGRAM

Pt. II — Riverfront Typologies

CULTURAL RIVERFRONT

ENVIRONMENTAL RIVERFRONT HEALTH

CULTURE

ECONOMY

RECREATION RECRE ATION

HISTORY

WELL-BEING

Cincinnati, OH

RECREATION RECRE ATION

Cincinnati, OH

Figure 86: Riverfront Aerial, photographed by Sasaki Associates

Figure 87: Smale Riverfront Project, photographed by Sasaki Associates

sense of community, festivities, recreation, commercial/retail bustle, and artistic expression as the prominent design feature of the riverfront’s development.

RECREATIONAL RIVERFRONT RECREATION RECRE ATION

HEALTH &

WELL-BEING

esign with and for nature, can include landscape parks that incorporate local ecosystems like wetlands, prairies, mangroves, and others to permeate the urban-scape and offer shore stabilization.

RESIDENTIAL RIVERFRONT

CULTURE

RESIDENTIAL

HEALTH &

WELL-BEING

Minneapolis, MN

CULTURE

St. Louis, MO

Figure 90: North Minneapolis riverfront, photographed by the MRPF

Figure 91: North St. Louis County riverfront, photographed by Kevin Mojica

pen spaces s and physical structures that allow for community gathering. Examples can be parks, gardens, walking trails, biking trails, and water-front activities.

INDUSTRY

EDUCATION EDUCA TION

riverfront maximizing its real estate for residential developments, to cater to nearby retail, recreation, and public spaces.

[RE]·IMAGINING THE URBAN RIVERFRONT — ST. LOUIS THE RIVER CITY

HISTORICAL RIVERFRONT HISTORY

CULTURE

EDUCATION EDUCA TION

RESIDENTIAL

MIXED-USE RIVERFRONT RESIDENTIAL

ECONOMY

St. Louis, MO

EDUCATION EDUCA TION

INDUSTRY

HEALTH HISTORY

CULTURE

Figure 89: Riverwalk Project, photographed by Sasaki Associates

INDUSTRIAL RIVERFRONT INDUSTRY

ECONOMY

ll riverfront typologies intertwined to create a holistic view of the city’s character. Various opportunities of different focuses, in the forms of parks, buildings, or installations.

RE-DEVELOPING RIVERFRONT HISTORY

St. Louis, MO

INDUSTRY

CULTURE

Figure 93: Chouteau’s Landing, photographed by Kevin Mojica

ECONOMY

St. Louis, MO

Figure 92: North St. Louis Riverfront, photographed by Kevin Mojica

ctive riverfront with industries as controllers of the area for commercial beneﬁt to the adjacency of the river, such as ﬁshing, water intake, waste disposal, and ship commerce.

RECREATION RECRE ATION

Chicago, IL

Figure 88: Laclede’s Landing, photographed by Kevin Mojica

ncluding an array of educational experiences to display the cultural heritage, identity, and character of the riverfront’s city— a sense of place.

WELL-BEING

vailable and ﬂexible vacant lands with opportunity to develop into other typologies. Historic and dilapidated riverfronts.

[RE]·IMAGINING THE URBAN RIVERFRONT — ST. LOUIS THE RIVER CITY

Ch.02 — PROGRAM

Part III The Heritage of Breweries, in St. Louis

[RE]·IMAGINING THE URBAN RIVERFRONT — ST. LOUIS THE RIVER CITY

Figure 94: One of several factory buildings at the Anheuser Busch complex in St. Louis, MO. Photographed by Kevin Mojica (2021)

Ch.02: PROGRAM

Pt. III — The Heritage of Breweries in St. Louis

o connect with the river as previously discussed, a program that touches on several, if not all, of the values in social, economic, and environmental categories

elcome to the Home of the Budweiser,

the legacy of the heritage and culture of this beer mecca is embodied by the core

must be fully explored to ensure an accessible and beneﬁcial of St. Louisians identity. The brewing scene amenity to the public of the St. Louis City. The societal in the greater city has over 60 breweries values, in recollection, are: History, Culture, Education, Economy, Industrial, Recreation, Residential, and of various scales, but the Anhesuer-Busch Environmental. Each of these values are equally, but some have the potential to catalyze an area’s identity to further enhance other urban opportunities. In reconnecting with

Brewing Co. tops the list in city and world—

and it is here in our backyards! St. Louis’s rich history in beer brewing dates back to the river, inclusivity is a priority because this proposed 1800, owing much of it to its earlier German architectural intervention should allow for all types of demographics. The intervention should be designed for the immigrants who begun the popular-styled public, therefore open to all demographics to build a lager beer and three of America’s largest sense of community. Economically, a seasonal operation breweries in history. The city’s brewing would only serve the residents or visitors on a limited basis history is not only told by these large and lack the attraction as a destination for a larger area. brewing behemoths, but its 100s of smaller Year-round operations for the selected program allows for ﬂexibility if seasonal adjustments are required, breweries pre and post the Prohibition meaning multi-purpose spaces and activities can take place era. We owe alot to beer, technological when the main program is inactive. Aside from social and advancements, water quality treatment and economic requirements for the architectural intervention, an emphasis on environmental awareness is critical because of its proximity to the river. To act as an environmental steward for the Mississippi River would promote advocacy for its water quality, climate resiliency, and recreation. The proposed intervention should ultimately activate the site

Figure 95: AB Complex, photographed by Kevin Mojica (2021)

advocacy, but most important— social space. The identity of St. Louis as a beer mecca has grown recently with an emerging craft beer scene, and with it stories of new arts, festivities, culture, and joy.

Figure 96: AB Complex, photographed by Kevin Mojica (2021)

[RE]·IMAGINING THE URBAN RIVERFRONT — ST. LOUIS THE RIVER CITY

— The Beer-Brewing Scene in St. Louis

Figure 97: Inside the Anheuser Busch welcome center, St. Louis, MO. Photographed by Kevin Mojica (2021)

[RE]·IMAGINING THE URBAN RIVERFRONT — ST. LOUIS THE RIVER CITY

Ch.01: PREMISE

Pt. III — The Heritage of Breweries in St. Louis

John Coons Brewery

Anheuser-Busch Brewing Assoc.

Where the Gateway Arch now stands, once stood St. Louis’s oldest brewery, from 1809 to 1811. The Pre-Prohibition brewery was one of 108 small brewery pubs in the city of St. Louis at the time, This primitive brewery was owned by a man named John Coons, and it was believed “strong” Ales (x>5% ABV) and Porter beers were served. This was all before the inﬂux of German immigrants.

Soon after the introduction of the Anheuser Budweiser, the company finally changed its name to AnheuserBusch Brewing Association— the international name we recognize today. The years following after were full of lawsuits regarding other breweries use of the name Budweiser, but also filled with technological advancement. AB introduced the first methods of artificial refrigeration, radically transforming the brewery process world-wide.

The Bavarian Brewery Co. By the 1850s, St. Louis was home to 17 breweries, totaling a near 60,000 BBL per year. Among these was George Schneider, whose brewery at the time only produced 500 BBL per year. Facing severe ﬁnancial crises, the Bavarian Brewery declared bankruptcy and were taken over by then soap and candle manufacturing company E. Anheuser & Co.

1809

1852

1879

1840

1875

1904

Johann Adam Lemp, of Eschwege, Germany, immigrated to the United States, in 1836. He arrived in Cincinnati, Ohio, but later moved to St. Louis, Missouri, in 1838. By 1840, Lemp established his ﬁrst brewery on the block of 6th St. and Morgan St. He was recognized as “the Father of Lager Beer in St. Louis,” the ﬁrst brew-master to introduce lager beer to the United States.

Lemp/Western Brewery

It wasn’t long after the succession of the Bavarian Brewing Co. that the mega-brewery we famously recognize today as Anheuser-Busch, was born. It began with the arrival of Adolphus Busch to St. Louis in 1857, then marrying Anheuser’s daughter Lilly, by 1861. Busch began working under the Anheuser Brewery and patented the ﬁrst Budweiser by 1876, alongside friend Carl Conrad, at the time where the brewery operated at a capacity of 45,000 BBL per year.

Upon the arrival of the St. Louis World’s Fair, Adolphus Busch and Adam Lemp were appointed as members of the Board of Directors. Together with several smaller breweries they created the largest dining and entertainment venue at the fair— a six acre biergarten called the “German Tyrolean Alps.” At this time, St. Louis was among the top three top producers of beer in the US, around 1.7 million BBL per year.

Louisiana Purchase Exposition

Anheuser Co.’s Brewing Assoc. 68

[RE]·IMAGINING THE URBAN RIVERFRONT — ST. LOUIS THE RIVER CITY

—

Why a Brewery on the Mississippi Riverfront in St. Louis? AB, National Historic Landmark

Prohibition Era The end of the glory days following the success of various breweries, large and small, and the St. Louis World’s Fair, the United States announced a ban on all alcoholic beverages above 0.5% ABV. This ban occurred during the WWI and efforts to conserve grains, and reduce crime and social instability nationwide. However, some breweries like AB and Lemp maintained operations on other products like near-beer, malt tonic, soda, ice, malt, wagons, refrigerated cabinets,and even cured hams!

1920 1933

Thirteen years after the declaration of prohibition on alcoholic beverages, beer was back. By 1948, the companies AB and Falstaff (formerly known as the Lemp Brewery) breweries, were at the forefront of being the largest producers in the United States. Anheuser-Busch ranked 4th with a staggering 4 million BBL annually, Falstaff was in 5th with 2.3 million BBL per year.

End to Prohibition 69

By the 1950s, AB’s successes led to the opening of new brewing facilities in Newark, Los Angeles, Houston, Tampa, Jacksonville, Merrimack, and more. This placed AB above all American breweries with a staggering capacity of 13.5 million BBL in 1966, they were ofﬁcially the, “King of Beers”. A year later, Anheuser-Busch’s Company Headquarters, in St. Louis, is declared a National Historic Landmark by the United States Department of the Interior.

1967 1991 On December 26th of 1991, the first new brewery to rise since prohibition, in St. Louis, was created by owners Dan and Charles Kopman, Tom Schlafly, and Joe Tennant — the St. Louis Brewery (later Schlafly). This was no ordinary brewery, a new state law allowed for food to also be served along with a retail liquor license with a production cap of 2,300 BBL — these kind of establishments called “brewpubs” began popping up everywhere and with it rose the microbrewery scene of craft beers.

Arrival of Craft Breweries

STL Brewers Heritage Festival Sponsored by Anheuser-Busch, a cultural event called the “St. Louis Brewers Heritage Festival” occurred between May 10-12 in Forest Park. The new annual event featured beer from 7 existing St. Louis area breweries, including: Morgan Street Brewery, O’Fallon Brewery, and The Saint Louis Brewery (later Schlaﬂy). This was another major milestone in acknowledging the St. Louisian identity with the heritage of beer.

2007 2017—

By 2017, nearly 60 breweries of various sizes now operate in the city of St. Louis and the Greater Region. There is undoubtedly a foundation for growth, in a vast market of independent craft breweries and cultural signiﬁcance... Although in recent problematic times with climate change, have they kept environmental promises and helped with environmental stewardship for the quality of the Mississippi River?

Sixty Breweries to Date....

[RE]·IMAGINING THE URBAN RIVERFRONT — ST. LOUIS THE RIVER CITY

Ch.01: PREMISE

Pt. III — The Heritage of Breweries in St. Louis

ver two hundred years ago, not too long after the founding of St. Louis in 1764, the introduction of beer brewing occurred in the early city of St. Louis. The

ordinary banks. The Karst Topography meant there were underground caverns at much cooler temperatures during the warmer months at ground level. This was an

man who introduced beer was named John Coon, and in 1809 opened up the ﬁrst primitive brewery, on the current location of the Gateway Arch grounds. Since then there has been a tremendous rich history of culture and

advantage for brewing lager-styled beers because they were meant to be fermented at colder temperatures for its targeted distinct woody ﬂavor. Additionally, when the river froze over the breweries would extract large chunks

sciences for the beer-brewing scene in St. Louis, starting with the more renowned large companies like the Lemp Brewery, Falstaff Brewing Co., and the internationally

of ice to store in ice houses or underground cellars for maintaining a cool beer storage. The successes of the breweries at its origin was short lived, when a federal ban

recognized Anheuser-Busch Brewing Co.— then the

on alcohol products above 0.5% was imposed in 1920.

Bavarian Company. As noted in the history timeline of brewing in St. Louis, some major events that transformed

The years that followed after the end of prohibition saw a different type of brewery operation erupt, the brewpub

the scene occurred with the arrival of German ﬁgures such as Adam Lemp, Eberhard Anheuser, and Adolph Busch. Within the ﬁrst 100 years, St. Louis witnessed over a 100 breweries rise and fall in their operations to appeal to the growing market, at one point not meeting the demand of the city at its peak population of nearly a million! Many breweries, like the primitive John Coon brewery, built their facilities by the river because of various reasons, including proximity to ship commerce and transportation, water source intake, wastewater discharge, bustling communities with plenty of people, but most notable because of the topography underneath. St. Louis was found as a large limestone bank above the Mississippi River’s

and craft breweries. These new types of breweries were legally allowed to operate as both taprooms and manufacturers, with the possibility of serving food, as long their beer barrel (BBL) annual yield was 2,300 BBL or less. It began with the ﬁrst post-Prohibition brewery, thats widely recognized in St. Louis, the Schlaﬂy Brewing Co., in 1991. Years later, microbreweries are now allowed to operate at a maximum of 15,000 BBL per year, and are allowed to hosts plenty of other social and retail spaces, with the exception of direct distribution of product.

-róst!

Figure 99: Inside the bottling center for the AB factory in St. Louis, MO. Photographed by Kevin Mojica (2021) Figur

[RE]·IMAGINING THE URBAN RIVERFRONT — ST. LOUIS THE RIVER CITY

—

Why a Brewery on the Mississippi Riverfront in St. Louis?

“There has been a great tradition and deep-rooted culture to beer-brewing in St. Louis, only rivaled by a few other cities on the eastern seaboard—— we begin to envision a new microbrewery with various other activities to catalyze a stagnant neighborhood and bring people back to the riverfront.”

60+ Breweries

in the Greater St. Louis Area

30+ Breweries in St Louis City

Over 200-Years of History since the earliest recorded brewery in the city Home to the Largest Brewing Company in the world, Anheuser-Busch Home to the ﬁrst Lager Beers produced in the United States Figure 100: Site Plan locating all the breweries in the St. Louis County area, by Kevin Mojica

[RE]·IMAGINING THE URBAN RIVERFRONT — ST. LOUIS THE RIVER CITY

Ch.02 — PROGRAM

Part IV A Riverfront Micro-Brewery

[RE]·IMAGINING THE URBAN RIVERFRONT — ST. LOUIS THE RIVER CITY

Figure 101: An old bar and restaraunt in Laclede’s Landing, downtown St. Louis, Missouri. Photographed by Kevin Mojica (2021)

Ch.02: PROGRAM

Pt. IV— A Riverfront Micro-Brewery

Component

Steeping Tank

Dimensions

Description

(l x w x h) After malting the grains, or soaking them in water for 40 hours, after germinating for ﬁve days, the grain is dried in a kiln. Depending of the recipe, the various types of grains are measured, mixed, and ground in coarse grist in a mill.

•

Approx. 40’ x 40’ x 4’

After malting the grains, or soaking them in water for 40 hours, after germinating for ﬁve days, the grain is dried in a kiln. Depending of the recipe, the various types of grains are measured, mixed, and ground in coarse grist in a mill.

•

Approx. 3.5’ x 5’ x 9.5’

The grist is augured into the mash-lauter tun and combined with hot water to form a thick porridge, called the mash. This soaks at 149°F for about an hour. During this time, the starch in the malt is being broken down and converted into sugars by enzymes in the grain. These malt sugars are what the yeast will ferment later on. After the mash has sat for forty minutes, sparging begins: 168° water is sprayed

•

Approx. 6’ x 6’ x 11.5’

•

Approx. 7’ x 7’ x 11.5’

•

Approx. 10’ x 10’ x 14’

The chilled wort leaves the heat exchanger and is pumped into a unitank fermenter. A pure, liquid yeast slurry and oxygen are injected as the wort enters the tank. Lager beers ferment at 55° with a “bottom-fermenting” yeast; ales ferment at 68° with a “top-fermenting” yeast.

•

Approx. 5’ x 5’ x 15’

After fermentation, the beer is chilled in the unitank to 34° and allowed to settle for several days to months, depending on the beer style. Our lager beers generally are passed through a plate-and-frame filter. However, most of our ales remain unfiltered, clarified by allowing the yeast to settle out naturally at a cold

•

Approx. 5’ x 5’ x 12’

Grain Mill

Mash Mixer

Lauter Tun

Kettle Brewing The wort is boiled in the brew kettle for ninety minutes. Bittering hops are added at the onset of the boil and ﬁnishing (aromatic) hops are added at the end. A typical seven-barrel batch of beer would use between two and ten pounds of hops, depending on the style of beer.

Fermenting Tank

Maturation Tank

[RE]·IMAGINING THE URBAN RIVERFRONT — ST. LOUIS THE RIVER CITY

Micro- B re w ing — 7

Filtration Tank

Component

Eq u ip m e nt + Pro c esses

Dimensions

Description

(l x w x h)

•

Approx. 7’ x 1.5’ x 9’

•

Approx. 30’ x 4.5’ x 4.5’

•

Approx. 30’ x 4.5’ x 4.5’

•

Approx. 1.25’ x 1.25’ x 2’

Pasteurization After fermentation, the beer is chilled in the unitank to 34° and allowed to settle for several days to months, depending on the beer style. Our lager beers generally are passed through a plate-and-frame filter. However, most of our ales remain unfiltered, clarified by allowing the yeast to settle out naturally at a cold temperature, a process known as cold conditioning.

Dispensing

Keg / Bottle

* Beer Waste = Excess Yeast, Hot Trops, Spent Grain * Beer Waste Water = 5-8 gallons of wastewater per gallon of beer 75

[RE]·IMAGINING THE URBAN RIVERFRONT — ST. LOUIS THE RIVER CITY

Ch.01: PREMISE

Pt. IV— A Riverfront Micro-Brewery

Pre-Chlorination Dosing System

If the water intake contains heavy metals or known contamination, it is encouraged to supply chlorination before the ﬁltration process.

Raw Water Storage Tank

For larger RO systems, antiscalant dosing systems are used to prevent membrane damage.

Some RO Systems can draw water right out of a well or pipe feed, most reverse osmosis system begin with a large contaminated water tank. Not having enough feed water can damage a pump, so having a large storage tank for your intake water is common to ensure machine longevity.

Feed Water Pum

Multi-Layer or Media Filter

Activated Carbon Filter

Automatic Water Softener Automatic water softeners are designed to remove water hardness, calcium and magnesium ions, for smaller RO systems, we usually recommend water softeners instead of antiscalant chemical dosing.

Post-Chlorination Dosing System If the permeate water is expected to be stored for more than one day, it is strongly recommended to dose some additional chlorine to maintain clean and non contaminated water.

Re-Pressurization, Product Water Pump This pump re-pressurizes the permeate water to the point of use ends. This is selected based on the overall traveling distance and required head. This pump must be selected in stainless steel to prevent any contamination to the permeate resulting water.

Activated carbon ﬁlters are good solutions to reduce organic, bad taste, smell and chlorine from the water.

Product Water Storage Tank The permeate from the RO system will usually go to a large tank, where it is held for future use. Sometimes, a RO system pumps water directly into a well or aquifer for recharging instead of being used immediately.

There are some things membranes can’t purify. Nitrates, a common contaminant found in fertilizers and animal waste, are a good example of particles that dissolve too well in water for reverse osmosis to catch them. A Multi-Layer filter can be filled with media that specifically targets the things a RO system can’t filter, along with foul odor and taste.

Reverse Osmosis System The RO system can produce up to one million gallons of product water a day from a steady intake, as well as a sizable amount of waste. Usually the wastewater can be dumped down the drain, but should be checked with your local water authorities.

A commercial or industrial pump provides the initial pressure for the Treatment System. This motor normally provides enough water pressure for pretreatment.

Antiscalant Chemical Dosing System

UV-Sterilizer Product Water A UV sterilizer is placed after the storage tank, and as a ﬁnal disinfection phase device. Post-Chlorination can also be performed in its place.

* 7 GALLONS OF WATER = 1 GALLON OF BEER 76

[RE]·IMAGINING THE URBAN RIVERFRONT — ST. LOUIS THE RIVER CITY

Wa ter Treatm ent : C o nt aine riz e d Re v e rs e Os m o s is

ADVANTAGES • • • 77

Plug and Start unit Mobile /+ Portable Small Footprint

• • • •

Easily Transportable Limited Construction: Container Foundation Quick Installation Turnkey Delivery: piping, cables, air conditioning

[RE]·IMAGINING THE URBAN RIVERFRONT — ST. LOUIS THE RIVER CITY

Ch.02: PROGRAM

Pt. IV— A Riverfront Micro-Brewery

* Micro-Breweries limit production to x < 15,000 BBL per year * Approx. 1,000 sqft per BBL of Brewhouse operating at capacity * 1 — 1.5 sqft per BBL produced yearly

Recieving Area Beer Production 2,000 sqft

Packaging & Distribution

Tap Room 2,000 sqft

2,500 sqft

Cooler 400 sqft

Office Storage Restrooms 400 sqft 400 sqft Flexible Space 225 sqft

Case Study 01

900 sqft

Bar Kitchen

Retail

625 sqft

Outdoor Space

Outdoor Parking

5,625 sqft

12,000 sqft

400 sqft

Circulation ··· Interstitial Space

625 sqft

Outdoor & Parking Space 18,750 sqft

15 bbl Brew-House System | Operating at 780 BBL per year |

15,000 sqft

* Case Study 01: Based on Rockwell Beer Co., in St. Louis, MO, USA * Case Study 02: Based on Urban Chestnut Brewing Co., in Tower Grove, in St. Louis, MO, USA

[RE]·IMAGINING THE URBAN RIVERFRONT — ST. LOUIS THE RIVER CITY

Pro gram m ing the S paces

— Mic ro -Bre w e r y L a y o u t

Kitchen 2,025 sqft

Cooler 2,500 sqft

Beer Production 14,440 sqft

Tap Room 3,600 sqft

Bar 2,500 sqft

Outdoor Parking

Outdoor Space

Retail 4,000 sqft

Warehouse Packaging & Distribution 12,000 sqft

Offices 1,600 sqft

Restrooms 900 sqft

Interstitial Space

900 sqft

Circulation

Case Study 02

14,000 sqft

70,000 sqft

150-200 bbl Brew-House System | Operating at 25,0000 BBL per year |

96'

48'

Scale — [RE]·IMAGINING THE URBAN RIVERFRONT — ST. LOUIS THE RIVER CITY

24'

72'

Ch.02: PROGRAM

Pt. IV— A Riverfront Micro-Brewery

Floor 3 Outdoor Space 12,000 - 18,000 sqft

Storage

Warehouse

Nano-Brewery

Restrooms

900 sqft

2,000sqft

400 sqft

Bar

900 sqft

Recieving Area 1,400 sqft

Tap Room

Beer Production 4,600 sqft

4,600 sqft

Cooler

Packaging & Distribution

Interstitial Space

Retail

Flexible Space

1,400 sqft

2,025 sqft

5,625 sqft

Circulation

(based on existing building paramters)

Proposal Layout

900 sqft

Kitchen

Offices

1,400 sqft

1,300 sqft

100 bbl Brew-House System | Annual Capacity of 10,000 bbl |

30,000 sqft 48'

24'

Scale — * Proposal Layout: Based on the Riverfront Parking Garage in Laclede's Landing, in Downtown St. Louis, MO, USA

[RE]·IMAGINING THE URBAN RIVERFRONT — ST. LOUIS THE RIVER CITY

12'

36'

Pro gram m ing the S paces

— Mic ro -Bre w e r y L a y o u t

* Represents three total floors of the existing parking garage, programs will aggregate accordingly

Educational + Historical

Parking + Flexible

30,000 sqft

Floor 2

30,000 sqft

Floor 1

Figure 107: Diagrammatic Cross section labeling the potential program breakdown of the existent parking garage.

BREWERY EDUCATIONAL

+ Historical

PARKING

+ Flexible

[RE]·IMAGINING THE URBAN RIVERFRONT — ST. LOUIS THE RIVER CITY

A djacencies

— Beer Bre win g, Wa t er Trea t m e n t, & So cial Sp ac e s Scale — (1/4”) : (1’-0”)

Chapter 03

S I T E

S E L E C T I O N

[RE]·IMAGINING [RE]·IMAGINING THETHE URBAN RIVERFRONT RIVERFRONT — ST. —LOUIS ST.. LOUIS THETHE RIVER RIVER CITY CITY

Ch.03 — SITE SELECTION

Part I Laclede’s Landing, A Stagnant Riverfront

[RE]·IMAGINING THE URBAN RIVERFRONT — ST. LOUIS THE RIVER CITY

Figure 109: Looking southwards to the Gateway Arch grounds, in downtown St. Louis, Missouri (2021)

Highway 4

Pt. I — Laclede’s Landing, A Stagnant Riverfront

uther Ki

e t.

ng Bridg

Morga n

Memorial Dr.

Highway 44

Lumiere Blvd.

N.4th

Martin L

Lucas

St.

N. 1st. S

Ch.03: SITE SELECTION

Ave.

Highway 44

Ead’s B ridge

150

300

450

US Feet 600

Site Plan

[RE]·IMAGINING THE URBAN RIVERFRONT — ST. LOUIS THE RIVER CITY

Laclede’s Land 88

uther Ki

ng Bridg

Leono

r K. Su

llivan B lvd.

Martin L

Ead’s B ridge

Legend BldgFootprints Modern Hydro-Flow Routes STL Floodplain Impervious Surface St. Louis City Parks Parcels Blocks Metro St Louis transit routes - stops

ding

St. Louis, MO, USA

Metro St Louis transit routes - directions Major Roads/Highways MississippiRiver Green Space

[RE]·IMAGINING THE URBAN RIVERFRONT — ST. LOUIS THE RIVER CITY

Ch.03: SITE SELECTION

Pt. I — Laclede’s Landing, A Stagnant Riverfront

Figure 111:

Figure 112:

“Northern Face of the Riverfront Garage”

“Eastern Face of the Riverfront Garage”

Figure 115:

Figure 116:

“From L.K. Sullivan Road, Looking South to the Eads Bridge.”

“From L.K. Sullivan Road, Looking South to the Gateway Arch.”

[RE]·IMAGINING THE URBAN RIVERFRONT — ST. LOUIS THE RIVER CITY

Figure 113:

Figure 114:

“View into the Abandoned Riverfront Parking Garage.”

“Central Stairs from the Riverfront Garage.”

Figure 117:

Figure 118:

“Eastern Entry Point to the Abandoned Riverfront Parking Garage.”

“From Lucas Ave, Looking West to the Mississippi.”

[RE]·IMAGINING THE URBAN RIVERFRONT — ST. LOUIS THE RIVER CITY

Ch.03 — SITE SELECTION

Part II Activating the Riverfront, in St. Louis

[RE]·IMAGINING THE URBAN RIVERFRONT — ST. LOUIS THE RIVER CITY

Figure 119: Aerial view of St. Louis riverfront, showing progress on demolition of the Jefferson National Expansion Memorial, by P.R. Papin Aerial Surveys. Missouri Historical Society Collections (1941)

Ch.03: SITE SELECTION

Pt. II — Activating the Riverfront, in St. Louis

Figure 120: Aerial view of St. Louis riverfront, showing progress on demolition of the Jeﬀerson National Expansion Memorial, by P.R. Papin Aerial Surveys. Missouri Historical Society Collections

[RE]·IMAGINING THE URBAN RIVERFRONT — ST. LOUIS THE RIVER CITY

Adjacent Green Vacant Space

110

’ Riverfront Parking Garage

270

’

— Laclede’s Landing, St. Louis, Mo

Adjacent Riverfront Levee

[RE]·IMAGINING GINING THE URB URBAN RIVERFRONT — ST. LOUIS THE RIVER CITY

Ch.03: SITE SELECTION

Pt. II — Activating the Riverfront, in St. Louis

2 1

Gateway Arch Park Riverfront Parking Garage

Adjacent Green Space

Adjacent Riverfront Levee

Great Rivers Greenway Project

MI SS ISS IP

North Riverfront Historic District in Downtown St. Louis,

RIV ER

LACLEDE’S LANDING

Ch.03 — SITE SELECTION

Part III Connecting to Chouteau’s Landing

[RE]·IMAGINING THE URBAN RIVERFRONT — ST. LOUIS THE RIVER CITY

Figure 122: Image of the St. Louis Riverfront Art Mural Mile, in Chouteau’s Landing, south of downtown St. Louis, MO. Photographed by Kevin Mojica (2021)

Ch.03: SITE SELECTION

Pt. III — Connecting to Chouteau’s Landing Interco Plaza

Lucas Gardens Park

Aloe Plaza West Extension Aloe Plaza

Civic Center Memorial Plaza Kaufmann Park

Poelker Park Washington Square Park

Serra Sculpture Park Gateway Mall Plaza

M Amphi

Mestres Park

100

0.07

0.15

0.3 Miles

Ray Leisure Park

Site Plan

[RE]·IMAGINING THE URBAN RIVERFRONT — ST. LOUIS THE RIVER CITY

Downtown St. Lo 100

May itheater

Laclede’s Landing — Historic Riverfront of St. Louis, MO

Chouteau’s Landing Kiener Plaza

— Historic Industrial of Riverfront Jefferson National Expansion Memorial

of St. Louis, MO

Legend BldgFootprints Modern Hydro-Flow Routes STL Floodplain Impervious Surface St. Louis City Parks Parcels Blocks Metro St Louis transit routes - stops

ouis

St. Louis, MO, USA

Metro St Louis transit routes - directions Major Roads/Highways MississippiRiver Green Space Historic Sites Vacant Lots

101

[RE]·IMAGINING THE URBAN RIVERFRONT — ST. LOUIS THE RIVER CITY

101

Chapter 04

A R C H I T E P O S S I B I L I T I E S

102

[RE]·IMAGINING [RE]·IMAGINING THETHE URBAN RIVERFRONT RIVERFRONT — ST. —LOUIS ST.. LOUIS THETHE RIVER RIVER CITY CITY

102

C T U R A L

103

[RE]·IMAGINING [RE]·IMAGINING THETHE URBAN RIVERFRONT RIVERFRONT — ST. —LOUIS ST.. LOUIS THETHE RIVER RIVER CITY CITY

103

Ch.04 — ARCHITECTURAL POSSIBILITIES

Part I Conceptualizing Various Schemes

104

[RE]·IMAGINING THE URBAN RIVERFRONT — ST. LOUIS THE RIVER CITY

104

Ch.04: ARCHITECTURAL POSSIBILITIES

Pt. I — Conceptualizing Various Schemes

Existing Section - Sectional Rendering

Alley

Riverfront Garage

Railroad Road

Bike

Riverfront Levee

Mississippi River

Path

POSSIBILITY 01 - Ground Connection | Connecting to the Riverfront | Sectional Sketch

POSSIBILITY 02 - Above-Ground Connection | Connecting to the Riverfront | Sectional Sketch

A POSSIBILITY A - Removal of the Center | Adaptive Re-Use | Axonometric Sketch

N EE E R C G A SP

AN B URARK P

B POSSIBILITY B - Removal of the North-Half | Adaptive Re-Use | Axonometric Sketch

N EE E R G AC SP

AN B URARK P

POSSIBILITY C - Adding a Fourth Floor | Adaptive Re-Use | Axonometric Sketch

N EE GR ACE SP

D D

107

N BA K R U AR P

[RE]·IMAGINING THE URBAN RIVERFRONT — ST. LOUIS THE RIVER CITY

107

Ch.04: ARCHITECTURAL POSSIBILITIES

Pt. I — Conceptualizing Various Schemes

1A SCHEME 1A - Axonometric Sketch

1B SCHEME 1B - Axonometri

N EE E R C G A SP

AN B URARK P

AN B URAR P

Gro

Ground Connection + Center Cut

2A SCHEME 2A - Axonometric Sketch

2B SCHEME 2B - Axonometri

N EE GR ACE SP

N BA K R U AR P

BA URAR P

High Connection + Center Cut

108

[RE]·IMAGINING THE URBAN RIVERFRONT — ST. LOUIS THE RIVER CITY

108

ic Sketch

1C SCHEME 1C - Axonometric Sketch

N EE GR ACE SP

N EE E R C G PA S

N RK

D D

AN B UR ARK P

w Floor Ground Connection + New

ound Connection + Half Cut

ic Sketch

2C SCHEME 2C - Axonometric Sketch

N EE E R C G A SP

N EE E GRPAC S

AN RK

High Connection + Half Cut

109

D D

AN B UR ARK P w Floor High Connection + New

[RE]·IMAGINING THE URBAN RIVERFRONT — ST. LOUIS THE RIVER CITY

109

Ch.04 — ARCHITECTURAL POSSIBILITIES

Part II A Visionary Micro-Brewey

110

[RE]·IMAGINING THE URBAN RIVERFRONT — ST. LOUIS THE RIVER CITY

110

Figure 137: Aerial view of St. Louis riverfront, showing progress on demolition of the Jeﬀerson National Expansion Memorial, by P.R. Papin Aerial Surveys. Missouri Historical Society Collections

Ch.04: ARCHITECTURAL POSSIBILITIES

Pt. II — A Visionary Microbrewery

Diagram 01 - Photo Collage

WE E R B

Ecological Connection w/ River

Portable Water Treatment Facilities

here is an opportunity here in Laclede’s Landing. An existing context of several retail and housing buildings provide support for an architectural intervention based on leisure and recreation. In this diagrammatic collage, the existent riverfront garage has a fourth level added atop its highest ﬂoor. In this added space, there can be a new micro-brewery that acts an environmental steward and utilizes the Mississippi River water in small amounts. In front of the new intervention is also a proposed ecological wetlands to provide educational and recreational opportunities to visitors of the re-imagined Laclede’s Landing— in return creating a natural buffer in ﬂooding events.

112

[RE]·IMAGINING THE URBAN RIVERFRONT — ST. LOUIS THE RIVER CITY

112

BREWERY

Ecological Connection w/ River

Diagram 02 - Photo Collage

imilarly, this one also utilizes the existent riverfront levee and its banks to create a natural buffer zone andﬁlter wastewater back to the river. Unlike the ﬁrst collage, this possibility removes one half of the existent garage and intervenes with he micro-brewery, to accommodate for machinery required ceiling heights and provide for visual atria opportunities. Another possibility is an adjacent green space, as noted earlier in the site plan studies, that can also be used as ecological wetlands, or in this case, a biergarten outdoor social space connected to the brewery... Laclede’s Landing can help the Gateway Arch expansion and attract its visitors to explore an older St. Louis, the river city.

113

[RE]·IMAGINING THE URBAN RIVERFRONT — ST. LOUIS THE RIVER CITY

113

Ch.04: ARCHITECTURAL POSSIBILITIES

Pt. II — A Visionary Microbrewery

Figure 140: View to Laclede’s Landing from the Mississippi River. Photographed by Kevin Mojica (2021)

114

[RE]·IMAGINING THE URBAN RIVERFRONT — ST. LOUIS THE RIVER CITY

114

fter explorations of various typologies along the St. Louis riverfront, it was understood the scale and complexity of its programmatic uses can limit imagination of interventions. The near North Riverfront is a chaotic

industrial zone and to bring public inwards would disrupt major commerce and transportation logistics already in place. Oppositely, Chouteau’s Landing requires a major redevelopment scheme to provide ample support to any proposed businesses, the shells for growth are there but one architectural intervention cannot perform on its own. These examples lead to the site proposal and promise for Laclede’s Landing. There was once much more life here, especially as a night-time destination for social spaces— but that has gone. There are current incremental efforts occurring that have slowly begun to revitalize the neighborhood, such as repaving the cobble stone streets it is historically known for. Is it enough? The neighborhood needs a destination. A place to mark the historical signiﬁcance of the founding of St. Louis, and what the city stand for. Tangible heritage is a powerful statement and can embody various values for a society, or city, in the forms of physical structures, art, buildings, but ultimately a sense of place. There is the Gateway Arch only steps away from Laclede’s Landing that attempts to do just that, but its dark history is difﬁcult for many and represents St. Louis for things aside its cultural history— westward expansion is obviously notable yet it doesn’t quite relate to the common St. Louisian. So to intervene in already historically and culturally charged area like Laclede’s Landing, we discussed what St. Louis values or has valued the most, aside from its sports, foods, arts, music, there are two major characteristics unique to the city: Beer Breweries and the Mississippi River System.

roposing a beer micro-brewery for its cultural and social implications is just the beginning. Although a sense of place that embody the St. Louisian lifestyle is exactly the goal, there is a major opportunity to dive into ecological connections with the Mississippi River. Beer generates vast waste and requires even larger amounts of water. The river can supply the required amount of water needed for beer production with proposed auxiliary water treatment systems, in return bridging the connection for its visitors on how the river has been a vital component to the city’s founding and progress. An environmental stewardship, to maintain water quality, care, recreation, and so on with the riverfront. As for the beer waste, an opportunity to collaborate with nearby farmers or gardeners to use its waste as feed or fertilizer can create various connections back into the city and county. It should be understood that for a project of this scope, based on ecological beneﬁts, the intervention will be an adaptive reuse of an exiting structure in Laclede’s Landing. An existing Riverfront Parking Garage will be converted or partially demolished to provide the spaces for the brewery and supporting spaces. The project will not cut off the connection to the river by proposing new physical river barriers, but instead design with the water and take advantage of its proximity to the dynamic natural body of water for both water source, but also recreation. Water will be welcomed into the structure in events of ﬂooding, the structure will strive to accommodate its intrusion as an opportunity for public interaction or simply acceptance... We begin to remove the boundaries of avoidance and ignorance to the riverfront of the Mississippi River, we design with it in mind.

T 115

o re-imagine a new urban riverfront, beginning with Laclede’s Landing, in St. Louis, MO, the river city.

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A ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

would like to thank my instructor Don Koster and faculty advisor Carmen Chee for their guidance throughout the

semester’s research. I would also like to thank my family and friends for their continued support throughout my academic endeavors in architecture design school. Thank you. — Kevin G. Mojica

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