nYn-eXOn
dMeNIreqõaHeTATisxaglic nig
²Nëècink~¬gq~S 2000 [ saklºg ] karp§ayrbs'G~kniBnì rk§asiTì
eVHBumõelIkTI 1 cMnYn 2, 000 cºab' tmûl'Tuktamelx 1162 cuH«c©TI 9 v^ciÏka q~S1970 eVHenA¨kumhußneragBumõExµr
Bùsù 2514
Kùsù 1970
k
Garm¸kfa v^PaKTand*v^essv^salEdlCnCatiExµrm~ak'@
eTsrbs'xÂçn
Gacp¶l'cMeJHmatu¨b-
edImºI[Catirbs'xÂçnenAKg'vg§Cév^tk~¬gbN¶aPUmiPaKmYyEdl¨b
kbedaye¨KaHf~ak'enaH
saås¶CatixÂçnenHäg .
KWkarsðal't«mÂvbºFmá
Gar´Fmá
nigCaBiess¨bvti¶
¨bvti¶saås¶kt'¨taTuk¨Kb'kMhus EdldUntaeyIgVn¨b¨Bwt¶rYcmkehIy
k~¬gGtItkal ¨BmTSgPaBfû¬÷efûégrugerOgEdlVneFÃI[vasna¨bCaCatiExµr nig vbºFmáExµrGEN¶t¨tEstxõg'xõs' k~¬gBBk«nBnÂW¨tcH¨tcg'. GMeBIɨBwt¶ikarN_
TSgenHeTaHCap¶l'dl'¨bCaCatieyIgnUvekr¶i_eQµaHrnæWsuHsayk¶I Ék*PaBGamas muxBn'¨bmaNk¶I EdlmanEcgenAelI¨Kb'TMB&r«nBg§avtarCati k*GMeBITSgLay enaHägCaekr¶i_mrtk²tkat't«mÂVnEdleyIgTTYlGMBIdUntaeyIgmk .
KWGMeBI ɨBwti¶karN_TSgenHehIy EdlbegûItnUvsmºCJï:Exµr. CnCati
Exµrsm&yenH CalTìpl«nGtItkal ÉCalTìpl«nsmºCJï:ExµrenHäg .
BitEmnehIyEdlfak~¬g¨bvti¶saås¶«n¨beTseyIg eyIgVnqÂgkat'nUv
PaBGamasmuxy"age¨cIn cab'tSgBIstvt§TI13 rhUtdl'sm&ybcͬbºn~kal enH
e¨kayBIVnsðal'PaBrugerOgGs'ry:eBld*yUr
(BIstvt§TI8
mk
stvt§TI13) k¶I, Et¨bCaCatieyIg, BUCsasn_eyIg, vbºFmánigGar´FmáeyIg
minVnrlaysUn´
Vt'¨semalBIsaklelakeLIy.
Gar´FmáCae¨cInk~¬g
elakenH EdlFÂab'Vnsðal'PaBrugerOg¨tcH¨tcg'k~¬gGtItkal xÂH¨tèvTTYl vasnaGa¨kk'FÂak'cuHeTAk~¬gBiPBggwt«nkarePÂcPÂSgrbs'mnus§ Ék*rlayVt'
¨semalsUn´sugBIsmºCJï:mnus§Cati
dUcmanGar´Fmákaled
Gas§¬IrI (Assyrie), ¨kik (Grèce), É rU"m (Rome) .l.
(Chaldée),
dUec~H ¨bCaCatieyIg Gar´FmáeyIg EdlVntsUßTb'Tl'nwgkarQÂanJn
²tQb'QrGMBIG~kC^txag²tsbº¬rsFmá tSgBICag 6 stvt§rYcmkehIy
Etmin¨BmcuHcaj'
min¨BmTmÂak'GavuFcuHj"mvasnaGP&BÃrbs'xÂçnenaH
enHCa
x vasnad*Ót¶¬gðÓt¶mmYyNas'eTAehIy . enAstvt§TI19, ¨bCaCatiExµreyIg
manbN¶aCnminVndl'mYylannak'pg ( ¨bEhlCa 800, 000 nak' ebItam
Gs'elakG~k¨VCÆVrSg EdlVnmkTs§nanigsik§a¨beTseyIgCaelIkd÷-
bUg ) sm&yenaH eyIgsµanEteyIgVnsðal'TIbMput«nCév^trbs'¨bCaCatieyIg rYceTAehIy EteyIgEbrCars'ranmanCév^teLIgv^j. ehIymin¨twmEtrs'eLIg v^jbu"eNöaHeT
EfmTSgVnerobcMrd½eyIgGnuelameTAtamsm&yTMenIbv^T´a-
saås¶eTotpg. ehIyfµé@enHeTot rbbsk¶iPUmiraCaniymp¶ac'karEdlCaTm©n'
mYyF©n'Bn'¨bmaNmkelIvasnaExµr¨Kb'@rUb nigCa¨bPB«nPaBeGanfyrbs'
¨bCaCatieyIgenaHeTot, ²LèveyIgVnvaykMeTcbMpÂajrbbc«¨genH ykC&y CMnHCae¨scelIrbbenaHrYceTAehIy .
m¶genH eyIgnwgsðal'Cafµém¶geTot nUvBnÂW«nesck¶I«fÂf~èr «nesck¶IkÂahan
nigesrIPaB. eyIgGs'ÓbsKðGÃImkrarSgk~¬gdMeNIreyIgeTAkan'karcab'kMeNIt rs'eLIgv^j «n¨bCaCatieyIgeTotehIy .
mYycMENkeTot, ¨bCaCneyIgk~¬gsm&yenHmanrhUtdl' 8 lannak',
enaHebIeyIgminrab'ExµrenAeyokNamxagtºèg nigenA«fLg' EdlmancMnYnBI 3
eTA 4 laneTotpg . k~¬g 30 q~SeTot ¨bCaCnenAk~¬gEdndIkmõ¬CasBëf©enH
nwgekIneTAdl' 15 lannak'ehIy. ebIy"agdUec~H, etIs¨tèvNa G~kC^txag äNa ÉmhaGMNacäNak~¬gelaknwgGackab'smÂab' bMpÂicbMpÂajCatiExµrBI 8 eTA 15 lanGs'VnEdrÉ ?
vasnarbs'¨bCaCatieyIgk~¬gGnaKtkal
KWeyIg¨tèvEtrs'.
Et¨tg'
cMNucfars'EbbNa@ enaH KW \rs'¨Kan'Etrs'| Érs'k~¬gesck¶IcMerInk~¬gPaB«f f~èrenaH enHCabJúamYyeTotd*FMEdleyIgral'K~a¨tèvEtKitedaH¨say e¨JHebI
\rs'¨Kan'Etrs'| eday¨tehb¨thb esæIrrs'esIærsÂab' rs'k~¬gbN¶akarxÃH esck¶I«fÂf~èr Gyuti¶Fmá evTnafyefakùùù bu"eNöaHeT, enaHsÂab'eTAva¨besIrCag
edImºIkuM[esck¶IlMVkevTna
QWcab'exÂacp§a
stvt§eTAehIyenaHecHEtbn¶eTAeTot .
EdlFÂab'manGs'ry:Cag
6
K karerobcM¨bCaCatiExµr rd½ExµreLIgv^j ¨sbeTAtameKalkar«nlTiì¨bCa
Fibety´ tampÂèvneyaVy (Démocratie Politique) nigtampÂèvsgðm (Démocratie sociale) KWCakarcSVc'CamUld½an «n¨beTskmõ¬Casm&yfµé .
G~kniBnì«nesovePAd*tUcenHyl'fa drabNaKMnit¨bCaFibety´ esrI
PaB sÄitenAEtelI¨kdas min¨BmkÂayeTACakarBitCak'Es¶gk~¬gkicÍkar¨btibt¶i k~¬gCévPaBral'«f©rbs'raås¶Exµr¨Kb'rUb
ÉenAtamPUmiCnbTeTenaH
drabenaH
eyIgminGacrMedaHCnCatiExµr ɨbCaCatiExµrBIPaBVk'sºattk's¬t cuHj"mmun ¨byuTì esck¶Il©g'exÂA ÉkarKµanCMenOeTAelIxÂçnägenaHVneLIy .
eVHbg'p~t'KMnitcas'mYyEdlmanGayurab'
KµanGÃIBiVkCagkarpÂas'b¶èr
stvt§rYcmkehIyenaHeT. EtenaHk*minEmnkicÍmYyEdleKminGacse¨mcVn enaHk*eTEdr . esck¶IkÂahan bUknigkarbuin¨bsb'rbs'G~kneyaVyExµr k~¬g ¨kbxNë«nyuTìv^FImYy Edlt¨mèvnwgcit¶KMnitExµr sgðmExµrBit¨VkdCakarBiVkNas' EtCakarcSVc'CabzmedImºIsMercnUvbd^vt¶n_Exµr . X
X
X
KMnitEdlelakG~kGannwgeXIjk~¬gesovePAd*tUcenH
¨bEhlCaelOn
eBk Ék*hßaneBk ÉmYyk*GacbN¶al[mankar¨sgakcit¶xÂHk*swgman . G~k GanxÂHGacecaTG~kniBnìfa CaG~kmanKMnitTuTid½^niym .l.
G~kniBnìTMB&rTSgenH CaExµrmYyrUbmankMeNItenAcm©ay 6 KILèEm"¨tBI
Ggðrvt¶ VnTTYlkarGb'rMminq©aybu"nµanBIGgðrvt¶ Vnsðal'ehIy¨sLaj'Ggðr vt¶dUcCa¨TB´smºti¶rbs'xÂçnpæal' VnFMeBjv&ycMeNammha¨Vgðsila Ca kMNb'«nvbºFmá Gar´Fmá ¨bvti¶saås¶Exµr suTìswgCaekr¶i_mták«nPaBrugerOg sm&yedImmhanKr . CakarFmµta karsðal'nigkar¨sLaj'¨bPB«nGar´Fmá
Exµr nig¨bCaCatiExµrenH C¨mujcit¶[mankarnwk¨seNaHdl'GtItkal cg' eXIj¨bCaCatiExµrkÂayeTACaBiPBmYyrugerOg¨tcH¨tcg'dUcEdlExµrFÂab'sðal' k~¬gGtItkalsm&y \mhanKr| dUec~aHEdr .
X k~¬gKMnitenH G~kniBnìKµan¨beyaCn_GÃI nwgkarJrÓt¶mKtiäNaEdlpæ¬y
nwg¨beyaCn_xõg'xõs'rbs'CatipgxÂçnenaHeLIy .
KW BIe¨JHEtCakarmYyEdlTak'Tgdl'GnaKtCati dl'GnaKtBUCGmºèr
ExµrenHehIy EdlG~kniBnìGtÄbTenHminxÂacGÃInwglat¨tdagnUvKMnit Éeyabl'rbs'xÂçnEdlCalTìpl«nkar¨tiHriH¨sav¨Cavrbs'xÂçnsuTìsaF CUndl'mti saFarNCnCati¨Kan'CakarBicarNa. äkarBitscÍ:enaH e¨scEtkarv^nicÏ&y
yl'eXIjrbs'mtisaFarNCnCaticuH .
G~kniBnìesovePAd*tUcenH manC÷enOy"agmSfa ¨bsinebIkarGanesovePA
enH bN¶al[mankarBicarNa eFÃIkarv^nicÏ&yEmnenaH enaHeKaledAbMNgG~k
niBnìVnsMercehIy . eKaledAFMrbs'G~kniBnì KWelIkykbJúaGnaKtExµr ykmkecaTcMeJHsmºCJï:Exµr KWbegûIt[manCabJúaeLIgedImºIKit kuM[ePÂc xÂçn k~¬gzan:xÂçnCaExµrrs'enAelIEdndIsuvNöPUmienH .
sUmelakG~kGanemt¶aGP&yeTas ¨bsinebIenAelITMB&rTSgenH mankar
GFibºayedaymanlaytNúaxÂH e¨JHeyIgminGacbMePÂc[sUn´QwgnUvmena seJÍtnarbs'eyIg cMeJHvasnaCatiVneLIy. KWCakarFmµtaeT EdlebHdUg mnus§m~ak'¨sJb'¨seJn kalebI¨semal«nGtItkal EdlCa¨semal«n
karQWcab'rbs'CatixÂçn elceFÂamkk~¬gsmºCJï:mnus§enH bUkbJÍèlCamYy nwgPaBrnìt'jab'j&renAcMeJH muxGnaKtkalxÃHTIedA . cMeJHvasnaExµrk~¬gGnaKt,
CamYypgEdrnUvesck¶Isgôwm
G~kniBnìesovePAd*tUcenHEtgEtEckrMElk
EdldUntaeyIgBIe¨BgnayrEmgVnciJÍwmTuk
k~¬gsn¶ancit¶Exµr . esck¶IsgôwmnigC÷enOenH sÄitk~¬gJk´esÂak É Jk´TMnay
mYyXÂa EdldUntaeyIgFÂab'VneJlt@K~amkfaÐ \ ¨sukExµrminEdlsUn´! | ( Le Pays Khmèr ne périra jamais ! )
P~MeBj Ex F~è 1970
nùXù
g
"Qu'il soit du Nord ou du Sud, il n'est pas un Vietnamien qui ne se sente solidaire du frère dont on l'a arbitrairement séparé, singulier couronnement de l'indépendence recouvrée alors que le « colonialisme » français avait poursuivi le rêve d'hégémonie de l'empereur Gia-Long et que tout son effort avait tendu vers la mise en commun de richesses inégalement réparties mais complémentaires les unes des autres. Comment nourrir la population du Nord-Vietnam sans les réserves alimentaires du Sud et comment mettre en valeur les terrains du Sud sans l'excédent de main d'œuvre du Nord? Pour comprendre le problème, imaginons, une ligne de démarcation qui couperait en France le grenier à blé de la Beauce et les paturages normands, des houillères du Nord et de la métallurgie de l'Est. Pour une superficie de rizières trois fois moindre, le Tonkin a deux fois plus de bouches à nourrir, mais il détient le charbon, le fer, les matières et les sources d'énergie nécessaires à la grande industrie. Que l'on n'objecte pas les tendances particularistes du Nord et du Sud, maintes fois relevées au cours de l'histoire. Ce serait oublier que l'Allemagne et l'Italie ont connu les mêmes dissensions intérieures et que leur unification aux XIXe siècle a conditionné leur accession au rang de grande puissance. Le problème se l’avenir du Vietnam".
pose
dans
les
mêmes
termes
pour
André MASSON in « Histoire du Vietnam » P.U.F, Paris, 1960
c
nYn-eXOn
dMeNIreqõaHeTATisxaglic nig ²Nëècink~¬gq~S 2000 ekItenA«f©TI 29 Exmkra q~S 1944 enAesomrab-Ggðrvt¶, elak nYn eXOn Vn
bMeBjv^CØamF´mPUmienAv^T´al&y«nTIrYmext¶
rYceTAbn¶karsik§aenAmhav^T´al&yKruekasl´
nig enAmhav^T´al&yGk§rsaås¶ nig mnus§saås¶«nsaklv^T´al&y¨kugP~MeBjeTot . Vn¨bLgCab'Casis§salaKruekasl´Can'xõs' ( Ecole Normale Supérieure ) CMnan'TI1 k~¬gq~S
1965
rYcCab'briJïab&¨txag¨bvti¶saås¶enAq~S
1968
.
sBëf©Casaås¶acar´
¨bvti¶saås¶ . k~¬gBiPBelakmYyEdlxÃHesck¶IBit nigxÃHesÄrPaBCaGci«ån¶y_pgenaH sÄanPaBPUmisaås¶«n¨beTskmõ¬Ca Ca¨beTsmYytUcruMB&TìCMuv^jeday¨beTsC^txagFM @ manbN¶aCne¨cIn elIslb'EbbenH KWBitCasÄanPaBmYy¨bkbedaye¨KaHf~ak'Cak'Es¶g ehIyCakarKMramkMEhg mYyd*sahaveTAelICév^t«n¨beTseyIgeTotpg . Ga¨s&yehtuenH bJúakarKg'vg§Cév^t«nrd½ Exµrk~¬gPUmiPaK²temt¶aenH rbs'xÂçn .
¨tèvEtCnCatiExµrm~ak'@cab'GarmµN_elIsGÃI@TSgGs'k~¬gqakCév^t
edayVneXIjcºas'nUvmhn¶rayEdlXÂScS¨bl&yCév^t¨bCaCatiExµr
elak
nYn
eXOn VnsresrGtÄbTenHk~¬gbMNgEtmYy KWp¶l'karriHrkeXIjCaKMnitpæal'rbs'elakCUn dl'smºCJï:CatiExµr edImºIkarBicarNaelIvasnamatu¨beTsExµrterogeTA .
1
- esck¶Iep¶ém etI¨beTseyokNam nwgkÂayeTACa¨beTsGalWÂm"ajÉCb"unTI 2 k~¬gPUmi PaKGasIuEb"kGeK~y_ k~¬gGnaKtenHÉ? k~¬gzan:xƬMCaCnCatiExµrmYyrUb
ekItrs'sÂab'enAelImatuPUmiExµr
nigk~¬g
zan:CaG~ksik§a¨bvti¶v^T´a xƬMsUmÓTæisGtÄbTenH dl'karPÆak'r®k«nsmºCJï: «nCnCatiExµr nigdl'esck¶IcMerInlUtlas' «nkareyaKyl'rvagCatinigCati EdlCakt¶aEtmYyKt' elak .
etICneyokNam
«nkarrYmrs'edaysn¶iPaBk~¬gPUmiPaKeyIgenH«nBiPB
nwgkÂayeTACaCnCatiGalWÂm"gd_k~¬gPUmiPaKGasIuEb"k
GeK~y_ ehIyCaBiess cMeJHkmõ¬CaeyIgÉ? xƬMBuMGacnwgecaTnUvbJúaenHeLIg
CJï:rbs'xƬMVneLIy .
edayxÃHkarQWcab'exÂacp§ak~¬gsmº
menaseJÍtnalnÂg'lenÂac¨segH¨segac s¶IBuMecj EtgEtekIteLIg
k~¬gsmºCJï:xƬM kalebIyUr@m¶g xƬMnwkKiteTAdl'bJúad*FMeFgnigsµ¬KsµajenH CaBiessKWbJúa«nkarKg'vg§Cév^trbs'kmõ¬CaeyIg
k~¬gzan:Ca¨bCaCatimYy
(Nation) k~¬gPUmiPaKGasuIEb"kGeK~y_enH . m´"ageTot, enHCabJúa«nGnaKt kal
EdlBiVknwg¨bemIlemIledayBit¨VkdTukCamun
eTot ¨bvti¶saås¶GacmankrNIelIkElgEdrù ù ù ù .
ehIymYycMENk
EtebITukCay"agdUcem¶cm¶ak¶I eyIgGac¨tiHriHVncMeJHbJúaenH edayGag
eTAelIFmµPaB«n¨bvti¶saås¶mnus§Cati P&s¶¬tag¨bvti¶saås¶ EdlknÂgrYcmk ehIy
nigehtukarN_Casarvn¶xÂH@
bcͬbºn~kalenH .l.
EdleyIgVneXIjk~¬g{kasfµé@
Ék~¬g
2
emeron«n¨bvti¶saås¶KWGÃI? eyIgBuMmanbMNgykTMB&renHmkbe¨gonGMBI Ts§nv^CØa«n¨bvti¶saås¶ (Philo-
sophie de l'Histoire) eT EtKbºIeyIgeFÃIkarrM®kxÂH EdlmanGtĨbeyaCn_ cMeJH karyl'rbs'eyIg eyIg¨tèvecosvagnUv kareJledaymWugm"at' (le dogmatisme)
EteyIg¨tèvEtCa G~k¨Vkdniym . Ts§nv^TUCae¨cInVnecaTsYrcMeJHemeron«n
¨bvti¶saås¶enHfa Ð
etI¨bvti¶saås¶manemeronp¶l'mk[eyIgeT? Ék*¨bvti¶saås¶man¨beyaCn_eT? . ebI
e¨sceTAtamelak EhßEhðl (Hegel) É b"Ul vaeLrI (Paul Valéry) ¨bvti¶saås¶Gac manÉKµan¨beyaCn_GÃITal'EtesaH. cMeJHeyIg eyIgyl'fa¨bvti¶saås¶man
¨beyaCn_pg ehIyKµan¨beyaCn_pg ¨bvti¶saås¶EdlKµan¨beyaCn_ Edl hßanGHGagy"agenH KWedayehtufa KµanVtuPUt¨Bwt¶ikarN_¨bvti¶saås¶äNa (Phènomènes
ou
évènements
historiques)
GacekIteLIgv^jBIrdg
ehIyman
lkÅN_dUcK~aeLIy (Les évènements historiques ne se répètent pas, ou tout du moins de la même façon) .
karBn´l'enH Ga¨s&yedayehtufa k~¬gsm&ymYy mansÄanPaB É
lkÅn¶ik: (Conditions) sgðmkicÍneyaVy vbºFmáesd½kicÍù ù ù ù EbÂkBIsm&y mYyeTot . dUec~HehIy eyIgBuMGacrkBIsÄanPaBBIr [manlkÅN:dUcK~aVneT
ya"gNamij
eyIgk*BuMGacTajnUvemeronGÃImYy[¨Vkd¨bCaGacykGÃICaKMrU
VneLIy .
KYreyIgykÓTahrN_mkBn´l' :
sågðamelakelIkTI1 TukNaCaTmÂak'karxus¨tèvd*F©n'eTA¨beTsGalÂW-
m"ajk¶I k*mUlehtuEdlbN¶alenHsµ¬KsµajNas' minEmnEt¨beTsGalÂW-
m"ajm~ak'ägeT KWTÃIbGWrubenHägCaG~kTTYlxus¨tèv, edaybegûIt[mannUvkar ¨bNSg¨bECg (Rivalités) xagpÂèvesd½kicÍ Ós§ahkmµ JNiCØkmµ, ehIycug
3
e¨kaybgís' kar¨bNSg¨bECgpÂèvneyaVyTUtnigeyaFa ehIyTSgGs'k*Ca plv^Vk«nkarlUtlas'Év^vDón_ «nrbbmUlFnGn¶rCatiEdr (développement du capitalisme
International)
.
dl's¨gðamelakelIkTIBIrpæ¬HeLIg
hak'dUcCayl'fa ¨bvti¶saås¶fye¨kayv^j¨cMEdl (se répéter) . ¨beTsGalÂWma"jbgûsågðamelakeTotehIy
BiPBelak
EtebItamkarBiteTA,
sågðamelakelIkTIBIrenH KWbN¶almYyPaKd*FMGMBIkarqûçtlIla (la folie)
«n
mnus§m~ak' KW hIuEt (Hitler) enHäg . rIäsgðmGalÂWm"gd_v^j BIsm&y hðIeyam
TI2 (Guillaume II) mksm&y hIuEtÂr KWmankarE¨b¨bYle¨cInNas'eTAehIy. ä
cMENksÄankarN_Gn¶rCatiEp~kesd½kicÍneyaVy v^T´asaås¶k*dUec~aHEdr .
etITSgenHÉ EdleKsn~id½anfa¨bvti¶saås¶Kµan¨beyaCn_? enHKWCamti É
CaniekÅbbT(Thèse) mYyEdr. EtebIeyIgBicarNa[e¨CA¨CHedayykFmµPaK«n karv^vDón_enHCaTIGag, eyIgBuMGackat'p¶ac'¨bvti¶saås¶Cakg'duM@(Morceaux)ecj BIK~aeLIy . bcͬbºn~kaleyIgenHCalTìpl«nGtItkalsm&yburaN.l.
ehIyeKfyeTAe¨kayrhUteTAdl'kMeNIt«nBiPBelakù ù ù . CakarBitNas' vtĬk~¬gelakenH GÃI@k*edaymankarTak'TgK~ay"agC^ts~iTì (Tout est lié à tout) . y"agNamij
eyIgBuMGacp¶ac'GtItkalfµé@
ÉburaNnigbcͬbºn~kal
nig
GnaKtkalVneLIy . dUec~H ¨bvti¶saås¶¨VkdCaBnÂWbJÍSgmkelIbcͬbºn~ kalnigGnaKtkal .
KWk~¬gn&yenHehIy
EdleyIgKYrelIkykbJúaedImrbs'eyIgmkedaH¨say
KWbJúa«nkarKg'vg§
Cév^t¨bCaCatieyIgk~¬gPUmiPaKenH«nBiPBelak, bMPÂWdl'smºCJï:eyIgral'K~a. X X
X
4
¨beTseyokNamnigeyIgk~¬gGtItkal k~¬g¨bvti¶saås¶«nmnus§Cati manclna eTsn¶r¨bevsn_ (Migration) mYyEdlmanlkÅN:CaTUeTA
ehIyeKsegûtmanmkehIy
k~¬gsm&yGtIt
kalbUraN nigfµé@enH KW \dMeNIreTATisxagtºèg| (La marche vers le sud) «nCn CatiTSgLay Edlrs'enAEp~kxageCIg«nEpndI (Hémisphère Nord) . dUcenH
enATÃIbGWrub
CnxageCIgdUc
n&rm"g'
(Normands)
Eh§rma"nIk
(Germaniques) Vnruj¨cancuHmkxage¨kam cab'tSgBIstvt§TI5-6 rhUtmk dl'stvt§TI11-12 . enATÃIb²Nëa CnCati Gayin (Aryens) smº¬rs VncuH
mkBIEb"kxagtºèg«n¨beTsrus§I mktSgenAxagtºèg«nCYr P~MhimJn¶ k~¬gTIval «n TenÂsinì¬ nig TenÂKgða (Plaine indo gangetique)
ehIyruj¨canCati ²Nëa edIm
smº¬rexµA (Les dravidiens) [cuHmkenAEp~kxagtºèg (Le Dekkan) .
enAxageCIg nigxaglic«n¨beTs kmõ¬Ca CnCatiesom EdlmankMeNIt enAk~¬gGaNaEx¨t yUNan (Yunnan) «n¨beTscin, Vncab'ep¶Ims¨mukcuHmk xagtºèg tSgBIstvt§TI12 mkemÂ"H edayVnmktSgenAk~¬gGaNaEx¨tExµrTSg Lay
xaglic¨beTs
kmõ¬Ca sm&ybcͬbºn~ ehIyruj¨canrhUtdl'eTA
m"aLayU rYctSgTIenAelIext¶ ma"LayU enHpg. k~¬gÓbTIÃb ²Nëècin dEdlenH Cn Cati eyokNam EdlmanedImkMeNIt enAPUmiPaK tugkwg (Tonkin) k*VneFÃIkar s¨mukcuHmke¨kamEdrÐ mkdl'cugstvt§TI14 CnCatieyokNam Vnvay deN¶ImehIytSgTIrbs'xÂçnk~¬gGaNaext¶xageCIgTSgLay
«nnKr
cam
(Champa) manext¶ kÃagbßéj (Quang Binh) kÃag¨TI (Quang Try) ev" (Hué) ehIyrhUt mkdl' TUr"an (Tourane) sBëf© . BIstvt§TI15 mkdl'stvt§TI17 nKr cam TSgmUl
rhUtmkdl'
bßIjfaj' (Binh Thuan) Eb"kxagtºègbMput ¨tèvrlay
Vt'eQµaHBIEpnTI«nBiPBelak (1696) .
5 karvatTItSgenAk~¬gnKr cmº"a minTan'TSgcb'e¨scVc'ehIypg, niKm Cn \ yYn | k*cab'ep¶ImrulsMrukcuHmke¨kameTot edImºImkdl'Tl'Edn kmõ¬Ca
e¨kam Etm¶g . EdndId*manCéCati smºèNáeTAedayFnFanxagksikmµ man ¨sUv ¨tI nigdMNS¨Kb'Ebby"agenAEdndIsN¶ (Delta) CnCatiExµrEdlmancMnYnticenAeLIy
«nTenÂemKgð nigbN¶a
(tamsiÄtiEdlmannacugstvt§TI
17
manCnCatiExµr¨bEhl 40, 000 ¨KYsar KW¨bEhl 200 000 nak' Et
bu"eNöaH elI«pædICag 60, 000 Km2)(1) ehtuTSgenHäg VnTak'TajGarmµN_ dl'GaNaniKmyYnCaxÂSg EdlCae¨cInstvt§mkehIy VnXÂatkan'Etq©ay eTAGMBIEdndIsN¶«nTen¨khm (Delta du Fleuve Rouge)
CaPUmiPaKkMeNItrbs'
xÂçn ¨bkbedayFnFanksikmµ dUcCaEdndIsN¶TenÂemKgðEdr . Ga¨s&yehtuenHehIy
eKalbMNgykPUmiPaKxagtºèg«nkmõ¬Ca
¨tèv
cat'CaKMeragkarEdl¨tèvGnuvt¶PÂam@ «nCnCatievotNam cab'tSgBIstvt§TI 17 mkemÂ"H. enAedImstvt§TI17 eKk*cab'ep¶ImcUlmktSgenAedayes©¿ms©at'
CaFmµta k~¬gcMeNamGaNaext¶Exµr Eb"kxagekIt«nEdndI kmõ¬Cae¨kam KWPUmiPaK Vero (Baria) ebonhÃa (Bien Hoa) , «¨BnKr sBëf©enH. kartSgTIenH eFÃIeTAVnk*
edaysarEtkareFÃs¨bEhs «nraCkarExµreyIgk~¬gext¶TSgLayenaH, ehIy Ga¨s&ym´"ageTot mkGMBIsågðamk~¬g¨sukrvagK~aäg k~¬gkarv^vaTdeN¶ImblÂ&gû raC´«nk§¨tExµr. k~¬gq~S 1651 CnCatiExµrVneTAsUmC÷nYyGMBIes¶c egÿg ev¯g
(Hien Vuong) edImºITb'Tl'nwgk§¨tdeN¶ImraC´mYyGgð . egÿg ev¯g k*¨bjab'
¨bjal'bJØènkgT&BmYyBlFMeTACYy ehIyeq¿t{kasenaH eFÃIkarbgÅMdeN¶Im
ykGaNaext¶Vero nigebonhÃaEtm¶geTA TukCasKuN«nC÷nYyenaH. neya-
VyGn¶raKmn_«pæk~¬g«nCnCatiyYn
ecHEtmanbn¶eTAeTot¨sbtamclacl
Edlmanjy@ k~¬g¨beTs kmõ¬Ca . ehtuenHehIy k~¬gq~S 1696 GaNaext¶«¨B (1) eyageTAtamesovePArbs' (Lế Thánh Khōi, Le Viet-Nam, Editions de Minuit, Paris, 1955.)
6 nKr k*¨tèvFÂak'eTAk~¬gkN¶ab'«dCnCatiyYn ehIymkdl'edImstvt§TI18 kar vatTItSgenH Vnmkdl'TenÂemKgðCae¨sc. naedImstvt§TI18 edaysMGag eTAelIkicÍkarJrrbs'xÂçn¨bqSgnwgesom eTAelIGaNaext¶ExµrEb"kxaglic «n
kmõ¬Cae¨kam ext¶ Jm (Ha Tien) raCa (Rach Gia) sBëf©enH CnCatiyYnk*mkeFÃI Gn¶raKmn_fµéeTot eTAelIext¶TSgenaH . q~S 1739 ¨BHmhak§¨tExµr¨Tg'VneFÃI sågðamykext¶Jmmkv^j EtBuMVnse¨mcdUcbMNg . tBIenHeTA GaNaext¶ Eb"kkN¶al«nkmõ¬Cae¨kam manext¶ ems (My Tho) v^jL¬g (Vinh Long) (1731)
p§arEdk (Sa Dec) nig mat'¨Cèk (Chau Doc) (1757) k*rebHBImatuPUmiExµrm¶gmYy@ FÂak'eTAk~¬gkN¶ab'«d«nCnCatiyYn, GaNaniKmB¨gIkTwkdI fÃIebImankartva" nig tsUßGMBIraCblÂ&gû¨kugÓt¶¬gðk*eday . naq~S 1765 EdndIkmõ¬Cae¨kamTSgmUl FÂak'eTACaEdndIGaNaniKmyYn elIkElgEtext¶¨TSg (Soc Trang) nig e¨Cay TwkexµA (Camau) EdlTal'EtC^tmYystvt§eTot KWq~S 1840 eTIbFÂak'eTAk~¬g GMNacyYnCadac'e¨sc .
ù ù ù BIeBlenaHmk ¨bvti¶saås¶«n kmõ¬Cae¨kam dUcCa¨bvti¶saås¶«n nKrcmºa" Edr k*rlaycUlCamYynwg¨bvti¶saås¶«n¨bCaCatievotNamrhUtmkTl'«f©enH . X X
X
7
GaNaniKmniymTSg3 b"HTgðicK~aenA²Nëècin karEdleyIgykGtItkald*CUrct'enH
bMNgmYycºas'las'Nas'
mkrM®kk~¬gTIenHeqÂIynwgeKal
KWedImºIbMPÂWdl'karv^vDón_«n¨bvti¶saås¶k~¬gPUmi
PaK«nBiPBenHEtbu"eNöaH ¨Kan'CaBnÂWdl'smºCJï: «neyIgral'K~a. karv^nicÏ&y [t«mÂÉdak'eTas
eTAelICnNam~ak'
¨bCaCatiNamYy
Épæ¬yeTAv^j
kar
sresrk¶I ÉkarjSug[mankarsíb'exõIm rvagCatimYynigCatimYyeTotùùù TSg
Gs'enHminEmnCaeKaledA«n¨bvti¶v^TUeT.
dUcenH
karrM®kCakarcSVc'xagpÂèv
bJïa (Besoins de l'intelligence) edImºIBn´l'Etb"ueNöaH . tSgBIedImerogmk
GaNaniKmniymnigkarB¨gIkTwkdIniym
«n
esom
ehIynig yYn CakarKMramkMEhgd*e¨KaHf~ak'bMput dl'GayuCév^t«n¨beTs kmõ¬Ca
nig lav . munkarmkdl'«nCnCatiEsºksk~¬gPUmiPaKenH enAedImstvt§TI 19
kmõ¬Ca nig lav swgEtsðal'nUvvasnaGP&Bën cmº"a nig¨beTsd*e¨cIneTot«n
BiPBelakeTAehIy. EteBlenaH ¨bvti¶saås¶hak'dUcCaedIrelOn, ¨sbeTA tamelº¯n«n¨bvti¶saås¶ nigbecÍkeTs«nbcÍwm¨beTs.
k~¬graC´¨BHVT mij m"ag (Minh Mang) (1820-1841) ¨beTskmõ¬Ca
TSgmUl¨tèvEbgEckCaBIrPaK EdlmanTl'EdnenA¨tg'Ex§bnæat'x&NëEx¨teJFi
sat'nigVt'dMbg ehIyEx§enHqÂgbwgTenÂsabeLIgeTAdl'mÂ諨B munnwgt¨mg' eqõaHeTAsæwgE¨tg eTAdl'¨BM¨beTsExµr-evotNamsBëf©enH. dUcenH dI1PaK3 «nkmõ¬CaPaKxageCIgTenÂsabkÂayeTACaGaNaEx¨tesom. 2PaK3 «nEpndI Exµr e¨kamEx§bnæat'dEdlenaHkÂayeTACaGaNaEx¨tyYn eQµaH ¨tan tay faj' (Tran Tay Thanh) EdlmanemT&B e¨TOg mij y"ag (Truong Minh Giang) Caes¶c ¨taj'manFanIenA NSy"ag (P~MeBj) .
enH¨VkdCa dMeNIreqõaHmkTisxaglic v^j edayehtu dMeNIrsMrukcuHmke¨kam
Vnse¨mcdl'eKaledA e¨JHeday TwkexµA (Camau) CaEdndIxagtºègbMput«n
8 ²Nëècin Vn¨tèvFÂak'eTAk~¬gkN¶ab'«dyYnrYceTAehIy. EtGaNaEx¨tfµé ¨tan
tay faj' enHBuMmanGayuyWnyUreT e¨JHkarGnuvt¶n_neyaVytwgruwg bJÍèl Exµr[eTACayYn (politique d'assimilation forcée) bN¶al[man¨btikmµy"agxÂSg BIsMNak'mhaCnExµr. karbHeVr¨bqSgbMVt'yYnC^HCan'dwknSeday ¨BHGgðdYg
edaymanCMnYyesompg VneFÃI[GMNacyYnmankarxUcxaty"age¨cIn ehIy e¨TOg mij y"ag k*dkxÂçnfyeTAenA Gan y"ag k~¬gq~S 1841 . neyaVyeFÃI Exµr
[eTACa yYn k*¨tèvTTYlbraC&yy"agCak'Es¶g . CamYyK~aenH karmkdl'«n
BYkVrSgcab'BIq~S 1858 eTA, enAEdndIkUsSgsIunVnebIkyuKfµémYyeTot k~¬g ¨bvti¶saås¶«n²Nëècin. GaNaniKmniymyYn k*¨tèvQb'esÂHmYyGenÂIsinùùùù, e¨JH¨beTsyYnxÂçnäg ¨tèvkÂayeTACaEdndIGaNaniKmVrSgm¶gv^j .
cMENkäPUmiPaKesom«n kmõ¬Ca manVt'dMbg esomrab mÂ諨B TenÂreBA
nigsæwgE¨tg esom¨tçt¨tarhUtdl'q~S 1907 eTIb¨bKl'mk[Exµrv^j eday sarkarsgût'sgû^nxagpÂèvTUtnigpÂèveyaFa«n¨beTsVrSgGaNaniKm Edlb¶èr EdndITSgenaHCamYynwgEx¨t¨tatnigcnætabßun CaGaNaEx¨tesom Tl'muxnwg Ex¨tekaHkugbcͬbºn~enH .
cMeJHälavv^j k*sÄankarN_minxusBIkmõ¬CaEdr . BITl'Edncinmkdl'
Exµr ¨beTslav¨tèvEbgEckenAedImstvt§TI19 eTACaGaNaext¶esom nig yYn ehIyenAsl'EtraCaNac¨ktUc «n hÂçg¨BHVg nig cMV"sak' EdlenArg'cS karEbgEckbn¶eTAeTotbu"eNöaH . k*bu"En¶dUc kmõ¬Ca Edr karmkdl'«nGaNaniKm
niymVrSgVne¨sac¨sg' lav [putBImhn¶rayù ù ù .
enHCakarBit, GaNaniKmniymVrSg KWCa¨hÃSgd*sk¶isiTìi Tb'GaNa
niKm B¨gIkTwkdIesomnigyYnenAstvt§TI19 min[elbEdndIExµrniglavteTA eTotVn .
X X
X
9
äNae¨KaHf~ak' ? etIe¨KaHf~ak'eyIgenAäNa ? yYnÉesom ? etI¨beTsesomCamhae¨KaH
f~ak'dl'GnaKt«n kmõ¬Ca EmnÉ ? ¨beTsesomsm&ybcͬbºn~enH Ca¨bCaCati mYyFM ( Cag 30 lannak' ) EdlmanTItSgenAkN¶al«nÓbTÃIbGasuIGeK~y_dI eKak elIEdndImYyEdlmanTenÂemNam (= emTwk) hUrkat'CakN¶al ehIy
Edl¨bkbeTAedayCICati
ehIynigFnFanksikmµy"agFMeFg
kN¶aly"agenH «n¨beTsesomelIvalTMnabs¶¬ks¶m¸
.
TItSgenA
(au milieu d'une plaine
riche) Gacp¶l'[¨beTsesomnUvnaTImYyy"agFM k~¬gPUmiPaKenH«nBiPBelak . EtkarBit hak'dUcmindUec~HesaH . ¨beTsesommanlkÅN:CaEdndI mYy
EdlmankarlatsnìwgCaGtibrmaeTAehIy BIxageCég KWTl'Ednesom lavPUma
mkdl'xagtºègTl'Ednesom-ma"LayU
KILEè m"¨t
mancm©ay¨bEhl
ehIy¨beTsenHxÃHäkPaBxagPUmisaås¶
(absence
de
2000 l'unité
géographique) neyaVynigesd½kicÍpg . PUmiPaK¨bkbedayFnFanKWdIsN¶ «nTenÂemNam EdlmanbeN¶ay¨bEhl 460 Kùmù nigTTwg 200 Kùmù . dIenH KWCaC¨guk¨sUv«n¨beTsesom, CaebHdUgesd½kicÍCati . PUmiPaKep§gBIenH
CaPUmiPaKbnæab'bn§M
cMeJHCnCatiesomehIyG~k
Edlrs'enAenaH minEmnCaCnCatiesomsuTìsaFpg- tMbn'xageCIg KWBBYkCn
CatiPaKtic kaern, cam, lav xageCIgeqogxagekIt KW lav nig Exµr xagtºègeqog
xagekIt KW Exµr yYn nig cin äxagtºègmanCnCati ma"LayU kan'sasna²sÂam . CnCatibreTsTSgenHEdlrs'enACuMv^jTenÂemNam
mankarGak'Gn'cit¶CaxÂSg
edayCnCatiesomTukBYkTSgenH Ca \Blrd½bnæab'bn§M
(Citoyens de second
zone) | ehIykarlUtlas'xagesd½kicÍeTotesat k*yWtyUrfyefakCae¨cIn ebIe¨bobeFobnwgPUmiPaK¨kugVgkk nigtam«dTenÂemNam EdlCnCatiesom nigcinrs'enAedaykkkuj . ehtukarN_TSgenaHbN¶al[manclnaG~kCati niym (Mouvements Séparatistes)
enAtamEdndITSgenaH Cae¨KaHf~ak'mYyy"agFM
cMeJHäkPaBxagneyaVy«n¨beTs .
10 bJúaFM
EdlecaTsBëf©
KWkarekInd*qab'rh&s
(une
démographie
galopante) «nCnCatiesom . EdndIsN¶«nTenÂemNamnwgBuMGacTb'Tl'dl' Tm©n'd*kan'EtF©n'eLIg@enHeT . dUec~H edImIºedaH¨saybJúaenH eK¨tèvB¨gIknUv FnFanksikmµ ädIEdlenACuMv^jEdndIsN¶ CadI¨kTSgGs' . enHehIyEdl eFÃI[CnCatiesomnwkKiteTAdl'TIvalTMnab«nTenÂemKgð nigTenÂsabmanEx¨t Vt'dMbgExµrCaedIm EdlsmºèreTAedayFnFanksikmµ GacciJÍwmmnus§e¨cIn
lannak' . fÃIebIsm&ybcͬbºn~enH Ke¨magEpnkarenHhak'dUcGnuvt¶minse¨mc edayehtufa esommanbJúa«pæk~¬gù ù ù k*bu"En¶eTAGnaKteT ebIesd½kicÍesom minVnlUtlas'[¨sbeTAtamkarekIny"agqab'rh&s«nbN¶aCneT karvay deN¶ImykEb"kxaglic«n¨beTskmõ¬Ca GaceTACakarBitVn .
enHe¨sceTAelIkarv^vDón_«n¨bvti¶sa¨s¶ . k~¬gbcͬbºn~enH esomenATn'
ex§ayxag«pæk~¬g
BuMGaclatsnìwgVneToteT
ebImindUec~aHeT
äkPaBesom
cºas'Ca¨tèvTTYlkarKMramkMEhg BICnCatiPaKticy"agF©n'F©rminElgeLIy . karlatsnìwghYsmaD nwgnSmk[esomnUvPaBTn'ex§ayv^jeT . Ga¨s&y ehtuenHehIy
ebItameyabl'rbs'eyIg
xaglic KWxagekItCa¨Vkd .
e¨KaHf~ak'rbs'eyIgminEmnenATis
¨beTseyokNamrYbrYmK~aùùù e¨KaHf~ak'dl'kmõ¬Ca ! ebI¨beTseyokNamxageCég nigxagtºègrYbrYmK~av^j ¨beTsenHnwgeTA
Ca¨beTsCatiy"agFM«nGasuIPaKGeK~y_ (40 lannak') .
ebI¨bsinNaCacMnYnbN¶aCnCakt¶amYybnæab'bn§M cMeJHmhiTiìriTìneya
Vy (la puissance politique) «nrd½nImYy@ KuNsmºti¶«n¨bCara¨s¶ (les qualités
d'un peuple) nigkarv^vDón_«nbN¶aCn (L'évolution de la population) ¨VkdCakt¶a
EdlsMxan'CageKbMput
.
cMENkäkt¶aTSg3enH
CnCatievotNammanTSg
Gs' eday²t¨bEkkVn -TI1 bN¶aCne¨cInGacelb²NëècineTAGnaKtVn,
TI2 karekInd*elOnrh&s«nbN¶aCnenH, nigTI3 sMxan'bMputKWKuNsmºti¶Ca Biess«n¨bCaraås¶evotNamenHäg . cMeJHkrNIxage¨kayenH ebImanCn
CatiäNa EdleKGac¨bdUcVnCamYynwgCnCatiyYn KWCnCatiCb"unnigGalÂW-
m"g'enHäg . CnCatieyokNam Ca¨bCaraås¶mYy¨bkbeday¨VCÆafamBl
11 esck¶IkÂahannigBiessbMputcit¶tsUß .l. ¨bvti¶saås¶«nCnCatieyokNamenH Ca ¨bvti¶saås¶«nsågðamEdl¨bCaraås¶eyokNamVneFÃIeday²t¨sak¨san¶CamYynwgbreTs
enACitxag man cin cmº"a lav esom ExµrnigrvagK~anigK~axageCIgTl'nwgxag
tºèg . karenHekItmaneLIgCae¨cInstvt§mkehIy ehIyhak'dUcCaKµansJïa äNabJØak'fa sågðamenHnwgQb'esÂHehIy eTaHCae¨kaykarbJÎb'sågðam enAeyokNamsBëf©enHk¶I . vasna«n¨beTseyokNamCavasna«n¨bCaCatimYyEdl
B¨gIkTwkdIedaysågðam ehIyEdl¨tèveKeFÃIsågðameTAGnaKteTot . sågðamjwkjy
y"agenH Vnse¨mceFÃI[CnCatieyokNammancritrwgbwug ecHGt'Fµt'esck¶I lMVk mankartsUßedaysÃitsÃaj KWlkÅN:TSgenHäg EdlCaPaBGnue¨KaH dl'kar¨byuTeì dayv^FIhig§a . enHCakt¶axagpÂèvcit¶saås¶ Edlsar:sMxan'
cMeJHkaryl'rbs'eyIg .
cUreyIgnwkKiteTAdl'¨bvti¶saås¶ etICn¨bePTNaEdlmkvatTItSgenA
cmº"a nigenA kmõ¬Cae¨kam? KWCnGanafa¨klMVketaky"ak G~keTasEdleKedj BIEb"kxagelI
[cuHmkrkTItSgdIfµéenAPUmiPaKxage¨kam
Tahanpg CaniKmCn (Colons) pg .
mundMbUgmktSgenAedayes©¿ms©at'
mÍas'dIdkxÂçnecjBITIenaHeTAùùù.
G~kTSgenHmkCa
rYcehIyk*tSgbgûerOgehtuTal'Et
²LèvenH¨Bwti¶karN_enHcab'manCafµéeLIgv^j
ehIy sBëf©enHenAkmõ¬CaeyIg, y"agenHKYrEteyIgmanbuBÃehtu«nesck¶I¨Bçy
Vrm¸rbs'eyIg(1) .
(1)-GtÄbTenHsresrk~¬gq~S1969
«f©TI18mIna1970
KWmunGn¶raKmn_«nkgT&BeyokNamxagtºègk~¬g¨beTskmõ¬Cae¨kay
12
GaNaniKmniymB¨gIkTwkdI É GaNaniKmniymesd½kicÍ ( Colonialisme territorial ou Colonialisme économique ? ) karQÂanJnvaydeN¶ImykTwkdI
edaykmÂSgT&Bk~¬gsm&ystvt§TI
20 enH hak'dUcCahYssm&yniymeTAehIy . nabcͬbºn~kalenH sÄab&nCa
e¨cIn«nmnus§Cati manGgðkarsh¨bCaCati, mtisaFarNCnGn¶rCati Ggðkar
karJrsn¶iPaB neyaVysmõnìmit¶ .l. suTìswgEtCakmÂSgxagpÂèvcit¶ Ca ÓbsKðdl'karrMelaPdeN¶ImykTwkdIeday¨sYl GMBIsMNak'CatimYy eTAelI CatimYyeTot .
k*bu"En¶GaNaniKmniymsm&yfµé
EdleyIgKYrVrm¸
KWGaNaniKmtam
ry:esd½kicÍ . eyokNamxageCég ¨bkbedayÓs§ahkmµd*xÂSgkÂa nig eyok
NamxagtºègsmºèrN_FnFanksikmµ GacbMeBjK~aeTAv^jeTAmk ehIykÂay
eTACaesd½kicÍmYylUtlas'elOn«nGasIuPaKGeK~y_ . PaBsmºèNáeTAeday vtĬFatuedImCatiEr" nigfamBl PaBcMerInlUtlas'«nv^T´asaås¶ p§ard*FMeFg KuNsmºti¶rbs'ksikmµ .l. EdleKsegûteXIjmanenA¨beTseyokNam
sBëf©enH suTìswgCakt¶a«nkarrIkcMerInlUtlas'«nÓs§ahkmµCati «n¨beTs enH . fÃIebIb"unµanq~SenH ¨beTseyokNam¨tèvxUcxatexæcxæIswgEtTSgGs' nUv sgÅarN:¨Kb'Ebby"agk¶I shrd½GaemrikminGaccakecjBIeyokName¨kay Edlsågðamcb' eLIy
.
sùrùGaù
ehIyedayTuk[¨beTsenHsÄitk~¬gsÄanPaBdundabdUec~H ¨VkdCasÄabnaeyokNameLIgv^j
cMeJH¨bvti¶saås¶mnus§Cati
.
dUec~HehIy
edImºIlublagxÂçn
esd½kiceÍ yokNammuxCaelb
esd½kicÍ«n¨beTsd«T@ CitxagminElgeLIy . enHCaCMhaneTAkan'karVt'
bg'nUväkraCPaB«neyIg . KWeBlenHehIy
Edl¨bvti¶saås¶nwgEcgnUv
lic| «n¨bCaraås¶eyokNamCaBit¨Vkd . X X
X
\dMeNIreqõaHmkkan'Tisxag
13
neyaVy Çmha¨beTseyokNamÈ ? La politique du Grand Vietnam? eyIgBuMhßansn~id½anGÃITukCamun
[¨Vkd¨bCa
nwgGacykCakºçnt¨ma
¨twm¨tèv cMeJHGnaKt«nvasnaCatieyIg enaHvaBitEmnehIy EteyIg¨tèvEt
mankatBÃkicÍeBjeljk~¬gbJúaenH edImºITajnUvemeronxÂH@ Edl¨bvti¶sa¨s¶ VnFÂab'sðal' mankarBiesaFn_rYcmkehIy . ÓTahrN_ EdlmanlkÅN:
Casarvn¶enaH minxÃHeTk~¬g¨bvti¶saås¶ «nBiPBelakeyIgnasm&yGtItkal fµé@enH
.
eyIgenAcSy"agCak'Es¶g
k~¬gsµartIeyIgm~ak'@
enAeLIyfa
k~¬g
sm&ymunsågðamelakelIkTI2 ¨beTsGalÂWma"j (Allemagne) Vnp¶l'cMeJH mnus§CatinUvemeronmYyCadMNM.
karGÃIEdleKsµanfaBuMGacekItmaneLIgesaH
eLIgVnEdr
CYnkalk*GacekItman
ehIykarenHvae¨sceTAelIeTs:kal:nakalsm&ypg
e¨sc
eTAelIqnæ:«nG~kneyaVyCatienaHpg . ¨beTsGalÂWm"aj VnGnuvt¶nUv¨Tws¶I
neyaVyrbs'G~kdwknSeQµaHhIuEtÂr (Hitler) TamTar[¨bCaCatiGalÂWm"gð man siTìirs'enAelIEdndImYyFM
(Théorie de l'Espace Vital) .
ehIyEdleKcat'EdndIenH
CaGayuCév^trbs'eK
clna«nkarTamTarB¨gékTwkdéenH CnCatiGalÂWm"gðeKVneFÃIeLIg eday
GageTAelIKMnitxusmYyEdlEcgfa ¨bCaCatiGalÂWm"gð Ca¨bCaCatixÂSgBUEkxõg' xõs'dac'eKäg
eTAelICnCatid«TeTot
manCnCatisÂav
(Latins) TSgLayEdlrs'enAk~¬gTÃIbGWr"ubEb"kxagekIt
(Slaves)
nigLatSg
nigGWr"ubEb"kxaglicCa
edémenH . ebI¨bsinCaCnCatiGalÂWm"gð CaCatixÂSgBUEky"agenHehIy FmµCati
¨tèvEt¨bKl'eTA[¨bCaCatiGalÂWm"gðnUvEdndémYyFMlµm eday¨sçl
(Lebensraum)! .
Gac[¨bCaCatirs'
kt¶aCasarvn¶mYyeTot KWkarcMerInlUtlas'd*
GsÍar´ nigmhiTìiòTì «nÓs§hkmµnigesd½kicÍTUeTA «n¨beTsGalÂWm"gðenHäg ehIyCamYynwgkmÂSgesd½kicÍenH
kmÂSgeyaFaKYr[¨BWxÂac«n¨beTsenHeTot
pg EdlC÷ruj[G~kdwknSneyaVyGalÂWm"gðsm&yNasuIs¶ Gnuvt¶edayKµan
14 xÂacrEGg nUv¨Tws¶I B¨gékTwkdéniym d*c«¨gGBmgðlenH . edémºIse¨mcnUveKal bMNgGP&BÃenH
G~kneyaVyGalÂWm"gð
cUlmkk~¬gmha¨KçsarGalÂWm"gð
cab'ep¶ém¨bkasTamTart¨mèv[v^l
nUvEdndIbreTs
naGWr"ubEb"kkN¶alnigxag
ekItTSgLayNa EdlmanCnCatiPaKticGalÂWm"gðrs'enA ehIyEdlniyay PasaGalÂWm"gðpg . KWk~¬gKMnitd*exµAggwtenHäg EdlG~kneyaVyGalÂWm"gð bMbHbMeVrbgûbegûétCaclacl
ÉKNbk§GalÂWm"gðNasIu
k~¬gcMeNamBBYk
GalÂWm"gðTSgLay EdlenAäbreTs KWk~¬g¨beTsC^txagenHEtm¶g . kalebI manCaGgðkarTamTarsÃ&yt (Mouvements autonomistes) ÉclnaTamTarkarp¶ac' ecj (Mouvements séparatistes) EdlmansJØatiGalÂWm"gð ehIyclnaTSgenH
EtgVnGMJvnav[matu¨beTsGalÂWm"aj
Gn¶raKmn_pÂèvswk neyaVyÉTUtCaedém . KWeTs:kal:enHägehIy
nUvbMNgd*Ga¨kk'«n¨Tws¶Irbs'xÂçn
CYye¨CamE¨CgGgðkarxÂçnedayeFÃI
Edlhuc{kaslí[G~kdwknSGalÂWm"gðsMerc .
k~¬gn&yenH
¨beTsGU¨TIsTSgmUl
(l'Autriche) ¨tèvFÂak'eTAk~¬gkN¶ab'«d«nBYkNasuIs¶niymk~¬gq~S 1936 . Edndé
Eb"kxaglic«n¨beTseqkUsÂèva"KI KWtMbn'sußyEdt (La région des Sudètes) Edl manCnCatiGalÂWm"gðrs'enA BIcMnYnCag 3 lannak' ¨tèvkÂayeTACaGaNaEx¨t GalÂWm"gð . e¨kaymk KW¨beTseqkUsÂèva"KITSgmUleTot k*¨tèvkÂayeTACaEdndé GaNaB´aVlGalÂWm"gðeTot .l. ÓTahrN_enH
manlkÅN:Cak'Es¶gNas'ehIy.
etIeyIgGacsYrfa
etI¨Bwti¶karN_d*exµAggwtenH EbbGacekIteLIgsafµéeTot É k~¬g¨bvti¶saås¶«n
mnus§Cati . CakarBitNas' CYnkal¨bvti¶saås¶v^lcuHv^leLIg ¨tLb'mk
e¨kayv^jk*manù ù ù ù . karEdleyIg¨Kan'Et¨keLkemIleTACnCatiGasIu Eb"k kN¶al (Les Peuples de l'Asie Centrale)
EdlsBëf©enH sÄitenAe¨kamkar¨Kb'
¨KgTSg¨sug«n¨kugmU"sðè (Moscou) b"ueNöaHeyIgk*GacmanKMnitxÂHEdrehIy GMBI ehtu«nkmÂSgesd½kicÍneyaVynigeyaFa «nmha¨beTsmYyeTAelI¨bCaCati tUctac .
cuHenAÓbTÃIb²Nëècinv^j etIÓTahrN_ \GalÂWm"gð|GacmaneLIgsaCafµéeT enAk~¬g
tMbn'eyIgenH ? karenHe¨sceTAelI¨bvti¶saås¶¨Vb'eyIgk~¬gGnaKtcuHù ù ù eyIg
15 ¨Kan'EtsUmp¶l'nUv v^PaK «nsÄankarN_neyaVynigesd½kicÍk~¬ge¨Cay²Nëècin Etb"ueNaH edImIºCakarBicarNateTA Ð
¨bCaCati É ¨bCaraås¶eyokNam Ca¨bCaCatimYyEdleKGaccat'Tuk
edayKµanlak'elomfa man famBl
(dynamisme) manKuNsmºti¶xagpÂèvbJïa
(les qualités Intellectuelles) ¨Kb'¨Kan' .l. esd½kicͨbeTsevotName¨kaysågðam Ca
esd½kicÍEdlnwgmankmÂSgek¿vkÂa
¨sbCamYynwgkMritxõg'xõs'xagkarGb'rMv^T´a
saås¶ nigbecÍkeTs«nCnCatienH . m´"ageTot xagpÂèveyaFa, ¨beTseyokNamnwgmankgT&Bd*xÂSgBUEk k~¬gcMeNam¨bCaCatiTSgLay enAe¨Cay²Nëè
cinnigk~¬gGasuIPaKGeK~y_enH . k*bu"En¶ehtukarN_mYyeTot EdleyIgmankar Vrm¸Bn'eBkenaH
KWCakarEdlmanGaNaniKmCnCatiyYn
(les
colonies
vietnamiennes) y"agsMxan' k~¬g¨beTsC^txagTSgLay : enA¨beTskmõ¬Ca - Cag 500 000 nak'
(1)
¨beTslav-Cag50 000nak' (ebIbUkrYmnwgTahaneyokNamxageCég) ¨beTsesom - Cag 50 000 nak' .
enA¨beTskmõ¬CaeyIg ¨Kan'EtcMnYn«nCnbreTsyYnenH
karVrm¸enaHBn'eBkNas'eTAehIy e¨cInbn¶eTAeTot
.
eFÃI[eyIgman
ehIy¨bsinebIkarlYccUlmkkan'Et
eKBiVknwgsn~id½anNas'cMeJHplv^Vk
xagpÂèvesd½kicÍk*
dUcCaxagpÂèvneyaVyEdl¨beTseyIg¨tèvTTYlrge¨KaH . CaBiessNas' eTAeTot CnCatiyYnTSgenHBuMgaynwgrlaycUleTAk~¬gsgðmCatinanaTSgenaH eLIy eKenAEfrk§a¨b«BNI TMenomTmÂab'yYn nwgbMNgxagpÂèvcit¶ÉneyaVy CamYynwgmatu¨beTsedémkMeNIt . KWk~¬gKMnitenHehIy EdleK¨tèvcat'TukCn CatiyYnfaCa e¨KaHf~ak'y"agFM mYyxagEp~kneyaVy . karEdl¨beTsev¿tNam
nwg¨tèvlUtlas'duHdale¨kaysm&y
sågðamenHeTA nwgGaceFÃI[bMNgpÂèvcit¶nigpÂèvneyaVy«nCnCatiyYnTSgenH rwtEtmanlkÅN:mSTSxÂSgeLIgCaBuMxan . äcMeJHbJúaCnCaticink~¬g¨beTs (1) e¨kay«f©18 mIna1970, CnCatiyYnCag 100 000 nak' ¨tLb'eTA eyokNamxagtºègv^j .
16 eyIg
manlkÅN:ep§g
edaysarsÄanPaBPUmisaås¶neyaVy«n¨beTs
eyIg (La situation géo-politique) nigedaysarCnCaticinTSgenaH yUrÉqab'Gac ¨Cçt¨CabrlaycUlnwgsgðmCatieyIgbn¶icm¶g@
eyIgGacGHGagedayKµanrEGgfa eyIgk~¬gGnaKtxagmux
.
ehtudUec~HehIy
VnCa
mhae¨KaHf~ak'dl'GayuCév^t¨bCaCatiExµr
BIkarlUtlas'duHdalCasafµéeLIgv^j
«n¨bCaCatieyok
NamenHäg ( la renaissance nationale vietnamienne ) ehIyCabzm, k~¬gbcͬbºn~
kal k*dUck~¬gGnaKtkalC^t@enH, snæ¬H«nesd½kicÍ nigkareXasnap§BÃp§ay
«nmenaKmv^CØabd^vt¶enHEtm¶g .
X X
X
17
etIeyIg¨tèveFÃIdUcem¶c ? karEdleyIgelIkyke¨KaHf~ak'd*FMeFgenH
mkBicarNaBn´l'bMPÂWdl'smº-
CJï:«neyIgral'K~ay"agdUec~H minEmnVnesck¶Ifa eyIgcat'¨bCaCatieyokNam
Cas¨tèvBIdUntaGs'mYyCév^tCatieyIgeLIy (Ennemi hériditaire) . äeyIgv^j k*
dUec~aHEdr eyIgmin[¨bCaraås¶yYndEdlenH cat'eyIgTukCas¨tèvGs'mYyCév^t
dUcK~aEdr . GtItkalKWGtItkal eyIgmin¨tèv¨cLMGtItkal CamYynwgbcͬbºn~ kalÉGnaKtkalesaHeLIy . Ót¶mKtieyIg k*dUcCaÓt¶mKtiCnCati manGar´-
Fmánanak~¬gelakEdr eyIgedAeTArkkarksag GnaKtmYyEdlPÂWsÃag Edllí
¨b«B edayBwgEpíkeTAelIkareyaKyl'K~aeTAv^jeTAmkrvagCatinigCati . kar TSgenHnwg¨tèvse¨mceLIgedayeyageTAtamemeron¨bvti¶saås¶ EdleyIgmin cg'[¨bvti¶saås¶enH vilfye¨kayesaHeLIy . eyIghak'dUcCaVnTTYlkar kk'ek¶Ae¨cInNas'
GMBIsMNak'G~kneyaVy¨beTsyYnsm&yenH
edayeK
Vnsn´afanwgmineFÃI \GukL¬k| dl'¨beTseyIgeLIy(1) eKnwgeKarBTTYl sðal'GFibety´PaBnigbUrNPaBTwkdIeyIg . eyIgk*yl'EdrnUvsn¶ancit¶«n G~kC^txageyIgenH
.
EtKYrKbIºeyIgyl'faenHCa
bcͬbºn~kal
cuHdl'
GnaKtkal yUreTA ? etIyuvCnɨbCaraås¶yYnenH enAEtrk§anUvesck¶IeKarB nigkarTTYlsðal'enHteTAeTot ? sm&ymYyxussm&ymYyeTot ehIykar
edaH¨saybJúak*sMerceTAelI karvivt¶n_ enHEdr . k*bu"En¶CakarBitNas' Tuk
NaCaG~kdwknSyYnTSgLayenHmansn¶ancit¶lídUcem¶cm¶ak¶I cMeJHeyIg k*G~kTSgenH
BuMGacrarSgXat'XSg min[e¨KaHf~ak'enHmancMeJHmatu¨beTseyIgVneLIy e¨JHenH Cacºab'FmµCati CalTìpl«nkarvivt¶n_Gar´FmáBIr Edlmant«mÂmindUcK~a
(Ce serait
l'aboutissement logique d'un long processus d'évolution de deux civilisations voisines de valeur inégale). (1)- GtÄbTenHsresrmun«f©18mIna1970
18 ehtudUec~H ¨bsinebIe¨KaHf~ak'enHmanPaBCak'Es¶g ehIyEdlGackÂay
eTAfakarKMramkMEhgd*kacsahavcMeJHvasnaCatieyIg
eyIg¨tèvEtykbJúa
enH mkcgcSp¶^tCab'k~¬gsµartInigk~¬gsmºCJï:«n¨bCaCatieyIg . GavuFEdl v^essv^saläNa BuMGaceFÃI[eKalbMNgmnus§se¨mceCaKC&yVneLIy ebImnus§Edlkan'GavuFenHxÃH
smºCJï:
¨Kb'¨Kan'
cMeJHe¨KaHf~ak'EdlGac
¨bl&yCév^txÂçnnigcMeJH katBÃkicÍ Casarvn¶rbs'xÂçnägy"agenH . dUec~HehIy
cMeJH¨bCaCatieyIg GavuFEdlsk¶isiTì bMputGacCYyeyIg[putBImhn¶rayVn
KW \ smºCJï:Cati | enHägehIy (la conscience nationale) . mansmºCJï:Cati KW sðal't«mÂd*v^essv^sal«nCatixagpÂèvvbºFmák*dUcCaxagpÂèvsgðm (la valeurs socio-culturelles) es~haCati
.
m´"ageTot
(le patriotisme)
nationalisme) enHeTot .
mansmºCJï:Cati
b"ueNöaHeT
KWmin¨Kan'EtB¨géknUvkar
EfmTSgB¨géknUvlTìi
Catiniym
(le
lTiìCatiniymxagpÂèvneyaVy nigpÂèvesd½kicÍCaGavuF«nkarKg'vg§Cév^t
«n¨bCaCatieyIg (le nationalisme politique et économique constitue l'unique arme de notre survie en tant que nation dans cette partie du monde) lTiì CatiniymCa¨Tws¶I neyaVy minEmn¨Kan'EtVnesck¶Ifa kars~haCati Edl¨Kan'EtCamenaseJÍtnamYy
k~¬gcMeNammenaseJÍtnaTSgLay
«n
mnus§m~ak'@eLIy . lTiìCatiniym CalTiìEdledAeTAelIkar elIkt«mÂxõg'xõs'«n
lkÅNCati «nmenaKmv^CØaCati nigGÃI@TSgLayEdlTak'TgcMeJH¨bCaCati . TSg Gs'enH KWeFÃI[se¨mcnUv Ót¶mKtid*xõg'xõs'rbs'CatidUcCakar lUtlas' karrIk
duHdal«nkmÂSgrbs'Cati xagpÂçvneyaVydUcCaxagpÂèvesd½kicÍÉeyaFaEdr .
KWk~¬gÓt¶mKtienHehIy EdlkatBÃkicÍCabzmrbs'eyIg KW karB¨gwg«n
lTiìCatiniymrbs'eyIg (Renforcer notre nationalisme) eFÃI[lTiìenHman¨KwHmSmYn (Fondements solides) GackÂayeTACamenaKmv^CØaCati¨bkbeday¨bsiTìiPaBCak' Es¶g . KWebIniyay[xÂé KWeFÃI[Jk´ ÇCatiniymÈ man n&yeBjelj . m´"ageTot
lTiìenHGaclUtlas'elOneTAmuxVn
k*Ga¨s&yeTAelIkarlUt
las' lTiì¨bCaFibety´ (la démocratie) EdlGnuJïat[¨bCara¨s¶GaccUlrYb
rYmBit¨Vkd k~¬gkicÍkarrd½ (la participation réelle et profonde du peuple dans les
19 affaires de l'Etat ) ehIyGa¨s&yeTAelIkarduHdal«nyuti¶FmápÂèvsgðm ( la justice
sociale ) Cak'Es¶g . ebIkt¶aCasarvn¶TSgBIrKµaneT Jk´Catiniym ɨsLaj' Cati¨Kan'EtCasðrkMEbkEtbu"eNöaH BuMGacykCaduMkMPYnGÃIVneLIy . kt¶a \mnus§|
( le facteur humain ) Cakt¶aFMbMputku~¬gkicÍkarksagCatieTArk
esck¶IcMerIndl'kMritxõg'xõs'«nGar´FmáCati .
kalebIkt¶amnus§mansPaB«fÂfÂaehIy karsÄabnaesd½kicÍCati CakatBÃkicÍ
cuge¨kaybgís' . eFÃI¨beTskmõ¬Ca[kÂayeTACa¨beTslUtlas' mankmÂSg esd½kicͨKb'¨Kan' CitxageyIg
GacQmmuxTb'Tl'nwgkmÂSgp§BÃp§ay«nesd½kicͨbeTs
enHehIyEdlCaesck¶I¨Vf~acuge¨kay«n¨bCaCatieyIg
.
eK
niyayfa esd½kicÍdwknSneyaVy ( L'économie dirige la politique ) . ehIyeK niyayeTotfa ebIesd½kicÍeyIgex§ay eyIgBuMGacnwgse¨mcVnnUv äkraC´ neyaVy VneLIy ( L'indépendance politique )
. Vnesck¶Ifa ebIesd½kicÍ
eyIgex§ay \ Jk´äkraC´neyaVy | enH KW¨Kan'EtJk´TeT Kµansar: sMxan'GÃIesaH . eyIgkuMniyayeLIydl'eTAcg'se¨mc[man \ äkraC´esd½kicÍ ( L'indépendance économique ) eBjelj bu"eNöaH
.
sm&yenHminEmnsm&y
BIe¨JHenH¨Kan'EtJk´esÂakEt
Edlrs'enABwgEpíkeTAelIxÂçnägTSg¨sug
(L'autarcie) bMVt'karTak'TgxagpÂèvesd½kicÍCamYybreTs ù ù ù . manEtmha GMNacmYy
É BIrbu"eNöaHk~¬gelakenHeT EdlGacse¨mcnUväkraC´esd½kicÍ
enHVn edayGageTAelIePaK¨TB´d*²tKNna EdlFmµCatielakVn¨bTan mk[¨beTsTSgenH . cuHcMeJH¨beTseyIg EdlKµanFnFanBIFmµCatiGÃIb"unµan e¨kAGMBI dIlºb'TenÂemKgð ¨bkbeTAeday CICati nig Twkd*bribUNá ²tKNna nig kMedA¨BHGaTit´ KWeyIgmanEt FnFanTSg 3 bu"eNöaHesaH (dI Twk kMedA) . ehtu y"agenHehIyVnCa mUld½an«nesd½kicÍCatieyIg KW ksikmµenHäg .
eyIgmanFnFan 3 ehIy xÃHEtmYyeTotbu"eNöaH edImIºse¨mcnUvkar
lUtlas'Vn
KWkarGb'rMksikreyIgeTAtambecÍkeTs
nigv^T´asa¨s¶TMenIb
(l'information technique des agriculteurs) ¨bsinebIksikmµeyIglUtlas'eBj TMhwgehIy ¨beTsnwgGackÂayeTACa ÇkMBUlÈ k¬~gPUmiPaKGasuIGeK~y_eyIg
enH ( le Cambodge serait "roi" de l' Asie du Sud-Est ) . etIVtuPUtTSgenHÉ EdlCa
20 mUld½and*v^essv^sal
¨T¨Tg'nUvlTiìCatiniymesd½kicÍrbs'rd½ExµreyIg
?
eyIgman¨Kb'¨Kan'ehIymUld½anTSgenH eyIgenAxÃHEtqnæ: e¨bobVnnwgEdk É
kareb¶CÆacit¶TSg¨sugEtbu"eNöaHeToteT
Edlesd½kicÍksikmµeyIgnwg¨tèvcab'
ep¶émedIreTAmux . 10 É 20 q~SeTot neyaVyenH¨VkdCa[plCak'Es¶gCa Bit¨Vkd .
m´"ageTot 30q~SeTot bN¶aCneyIgekIndl'eTA 15lannak' ¨beTs
eyIgnwgkÂayeTACa¨beTsFMsmºèrsbºaymYy Camha¨beTsmYyk~¬gPUmiPaK GasuIEb"kxagtºègminElgeLIy . eBlenaHehIy
Edl¨bCaCatieyIgQb'mane¨Bob
eGanfyCageK
(Complexe d'infériorité) manmuxmat'Ca¨beTsmYy EdlmanC&yCMnHeTAelIPaB
x§t'ex§ay VnerIb¨mHecjBInwm«n¨bvit¶sa¨s¶ e¨kaysm&ymhanKr ( Ce sera la libération définitive de notre peuple de tant de siècles de décadence et d'écrasement physique et moral ) . eFÃIy"agenH
KW¨VkdCaeyIg¨bKl'eTA[¨bCaCatieyIgv^jnUvesck¶IkÂa
han famBl nigesck¶I«fÂf~èrEdlVt'bg'Gs'ry:eBlCag 6 stvt§rYc mkehIy .
X X
X
21
esck¶IbJÍb' enAk~¬gBiPBmYyEdlkmÂSgesd½kicÍ
E¨bkÂayeTACakmÂSgelIslb'k~¬g
kar¨T¨Tg'nUvkarKg'vg§Cév^t ( la survie ) Cati, ehIym´"ageTot enAk~¬gPUmiPaKenH
EdlsPaBrMeBItrMeBInxÃHesÄrPaBCaGci«ån¶y_ eFÃI[eyIgBiVk¨bemIlnUvGna-
Ktkal ¨beTskmõ¬CasÄitenAk~¬gsÄanPaBPUmisa¨s¶nigneyaVymYy Edl manlkÅN:sµ¬Ksµaj rkGÃI¨bdUcminVneLIy . sÄanPaBenH BitCae¨KaHf~ak'
mYyEdlKMramkMEhg¨beTseyIgral'CMhan «nkarv^vt¶n_«n¨beTs . edImIºnwg karJrmatu¨beTs¨bqSgnwge¨KaHf~ak'enH eyIg¨tèvEt¨bmUlnUvkmÂSgcit¶kmÂSg
kay edImIºsÄabna¨beTskmõ¬Ca[kÂayeTACa ¨beTsmYylUtlas' mankmÂSg esd½kicͨKb'¨Kan' Citxag
GacTb'Tl'nwgkarp§BÃp§ay«nkmÂSgesd½kicÍrbs'¨beTs
EdlsuTìswgEtCa¨beTsFM@
eyIgmankar¨BYyVrm¸ .
mankmÂSgesd½kicÍnigneyaVyKYr[
karKg'vg§Cév^t«n¨bCaCatieyIg k~¬gsÄankarN_d*lMVkenH vae¨scTSg
¨sugeTAelImUld½anEdlmanlkÅN:¨Vkdniym ehIymSTSrwgbuwgeTotpg . ämUld½anenaH eyIgrM®km¶gehIym¶geTotcuH KWKµanGÃIe¨kABIFnFanksikmµ eLIy.
ksikmµeyIglUtlas' Vnesck¶Ifaesd½kicÍCatieyIglUtlas' Vnesck¶I eTotfa eyIgmanGavuF¨Kb'¨Kan' edImIº¨byuTì¨bqSg niwg karsgût'sgûin xag pÂèvesd½kicÍGMBIsMNak'
«nc¨kBti¶niym
sMNak'«nG~kC^txageyIg .
nig
GaNaniKmsm&yfµé
eyIgsUmdk¨sg'Jk´bNëitenru ( Nehru ) edImIºbJÍb'GtÄbTenH Ð
nigGMBI
22
Ç drabNaesd½kicÍeyIgenATn'ex§ay drabenaH eyIgrs'enA hak'bIdUcCaKµan neyaVye¨kA¨beTseLIy
e¨JHeyIgminTan'tSgxÂçnCaecAhÃayelIxÂçneyIgVnenA
eLIy . ä \äkraC´neyaVy| enaHesateTot ¨Kan'EtCaÓt¶mKtienAeLIys¨mab' lYgcit¶eyIg kuM[eyIgxkcit¶Etb"ueNöaH È .
nYn eXOn P~MeBj «f©TI 24 kJïa 1969
dMeNIreq<a¼ (1) eTATisxaglic
23
k~¬gelxe¨kaybgís'«nTs§navd¶é (Etude Cambodgienne) EdlVneVHBumõ eLIgeday¨ksYgeXasnakarCati, elak súal Emeyor ( Charles Meyer ) k~¬g TMB&rv^carNkfaVnsresrk~¬g¨kbx&Në «nkarTak'Tg Exµr eyokNam Ca
GaTidUcteTAenH : Ç vt¶man«nCnCatiyYn eTAelITwkdIExµrCae¨KaHf~ak'xagpÂèv neyaVy ehIyplv^Vk«nehtukarN_enHVnelceFÂa [eXIjrYcmkehIy enAtamtMbn'xÂH@ . eKVnsegûteXIjfaBBYkG~keFÃIkareXasnayYnmanskmµ PaBy"agsMxan' enAtamPUmiCnbTExµrnana ehIyEfmTSgVn ENnSnigdwknS
dl'BBYkbHeVrEdl¨bkan'menaKmv^CØaEbbyYnenHeTotpgù ù ù È . q©aymk eTot G~kniBnìdEdlenH VnsresreTotfa Ð Ç lkÅN:d*F©n'F©rmYyeTot «n
bJúa Exµr-yYn KWkarmktSgenAedayes©¿ms©at'
«nCnCatiyYnenAelITwkdI«n
kmõ¬Ca ( L'implantation pacifique des émigrés Vietnamiens en territoire Khmer ) È
Ç ¨Kçsarrab'ry¨Kç edaysarkarTmÂak'¨Kab'Ebk«nyn¶ehaHGaemrikSg
bgÅ÷[eKcakecallMenAkMeNItrbs'xÂçn,
Vnmks~ak'Ga¨s&yenA¨beTs
kmõ¬Ca . mYyPaKFM«nG~kTSgLayenH VnxitxMvatTItSg enAe¨kaykarbJÍb' sågðameTot ehIykarEdlKYr¨bhak'¨bEhlmYyeTot KWfanwgmanCnCatiyYn xÂH
EdlFÂab'Vn¨tèvr"UvCamYynwgGaemrikSg
nigGaCÆaFr«n¨kug«¨BnKr
kal
sågðamcb'ehIy nwgqÂgkat'¨BMEdnmk¨CkenAelIEdndIExµreTotù ù ù ehIykar
TSgenHnwg¨VkdCabegûét[mannUvesck¶I¨BçyVrm¸mYyy"agFMeFg ¨bCara¨s¶ExµrenAtam¨BM¨bTl'Edn È .
k~¬gbN¶a
esck¶IEtbu"eNöH eyIgGacyl'Vne¨sceTAehIyfa etIe¨KaHf~ak'PÂam@
nigeTAGnaKtrd½ExµreyIgKW¨tg'Na ? dUceyIgFÂab'VnykbJúa«ndMeNIreqõaH mkTisxaglic «nCnCatiyYnenHmkecaTrYcmkehIy clnamkTisxaglic enH min¨twmEtmanlkÅN:neyVy nigmenaKmv^CØaeT KWEfmTSgCalTìpl
y"agCak'Es¶g «nkarv^vd¶«n¨bvti¶sa¨s¶«nEpndIGtIt²NëècinVrSgess . mun
(1) GtÄbTenHVncuHp§ayk¬~gsarBátman ÇnKrFMÈ BI«f© 20 eTA 28 F~è 1969 - KW 5 ExmunsågðamekIt eLIgk~¬g¨beTseyIg . nùXù
24 dMbUg
CnCatiyYnTSgenHVneFÃIdMeNIrmkBITisxagtºègCahUrEh
tamCYrP~M
GNöam ( Les Cordilières annamitiques ) ehIyk~¬gdMeNIrenH EdlmanGayue¨cIn
stvt§ VnelbVt'eTAehIy nKrcmº"a¨BmTSgEdndIkmõ¬Cae¨kameTotpg enA edImstvt§TI19 (k~¬grvagq~S1840) . ehtuy"agenHehIy VnCae¨CayTwkexµA
( Camau ) CadIxagtºègbMput«n²Nëècin ¨tèvCnCatiyYnmkvatTItSgenA .
dUec~HebI«f©mux mankarvatTItSgeTot KWdMeNIreqõaHeTATisxaglic ehIy
mkb"Hnwg¨beTskmõ¬CaeyIgEtm¶g . ²Lèv¨Bwti¶karN_enH edaysarmansågðam enAeyokNam
tSgBIq~S1945
rhUtmkdl'bcͬbºn~kalenH
Cakt¶ay"agFM,
VnmanrYcmkehIy ehIy¨VkdCanwgmankan'EtFMeLIg@ eTA«f©muxeTot ebI v^FankarEdlnwgcat'BuMman¨bsiTìPaB¨Kb'¨Kan'eTenaH .
lkÅN:F©n'F©rmYyeTot«nbJúasµ¬KsµajenH KWkarEdlbN¶aCnyYnenH
mankarbegûéncMnYnmYyy"agelOnKYr[¨beTsC^txag
mankar¨BçyVrm¸CacS
Vc' . ebI¨bsinCaeyIgyksÄiti EdleKVneFÃIeLIgedayv^FIv^T´asaås¶mk Binit´karN_enH rwtEtKYr[eyIgeXIjCak'Es¶gNas'eTAeTot Ð PaKry«n kMeNIncMnYn¨bCaCnExµreyIg man¨twmEt 2,5 eTA 2,6 PaKryEtb"ueNöaH ( le
taux d'accroissement démographique ), äcMENkyYn ebItamG~kCMnajkar PaKry
enHeLIgdl'eTA 3 PaKryelIseyIgeTAeTot . m´"ageTotdl'e¨kaysågðam cb' PaKry«nkarbegûInenH¨bhak'¨bEhlCanwgeLIghYsBI 3 PaKryenHeTA
eTot . ehtukarN_enH Gacmanplv^VkCaF©n'F©rBn'eBk mkelI¨beTseyIg
nig¨beTsC^txag : m´"ageTotk~¬g¨beTsyYn karekInd*elOn«nbN¶aCnenH GacecaT[manCabJúadIFÂI
( problèmes agraires ) Edl¨tèv[manTMhM¨Kb'¨Kan'
edImIºGacciJÍwmmnus§kan'Ete¨cIneLIg@
.
¨Kan'EtsBëf©enH
cMnYn¨bCaCn
xageCIgnigxagtºègbJÍèlK~a Cag 40 lannak'eTAehIy ehIybJúadIFÂImanecaT xÂH@rYcmkehIy, cuHdl' 20 É 30 q~SeTot ¨bCaCnenH¨tèvKuNnwgBIr BI 70
eTA 80 lannak' ! etIbJúaenHnwgmanTMhMFMdl'NaeTA ? elIkElgEtGnaKt esd½kicÍyYn kÂayeTAeTACaesd½kicÍÓs§ahkmµy"aglUtlas'xÂSgNas' eTIb
GacedaH¨saybJúaenHVn
ebIminy"agenHeT
CnCatiyYnTSgenHnwg¨tèvcak
ecjBI¨beTsxÂçnmkenAelIdITSgLayEdlenATMenr ehIydIEdlenATMenrTSgenaH
25 KWEdndIExµreyIgEtm¶g
.
äcMENkEdndI¨beTslavCadIP~M
ehIyebItam¨bvti¶
saås¶eTot CnCatieyokNamenH Camnus§EdlcUlcit¶rs'enAelIvalTMnab ( l'homme de la plaine ) KWEdndIsN¶«nTenÂemKgðEtm¶g ( le Delta ou la vallée du Mékong ) . m´"agv^jeTot cUreyIgkuMePÂcfa ebIdl'q~S 2000 ¨bCaCnExµreyIgekIn
dl'eTA15 lannak' enHebItamkarsµantamkmµv^FIv^T´asaås¶, ä¨beTseyok
Nam nwgekIndl'BI70eTA80lannak'eTAehIy . m´"ageTot ebIkar¨saybJúa¨bCa CnenHBMuVn¨sçleT
enaHeyIgVrm¸xÂacE¨kgEtnwgmankarbegûétk~¬gcMeNam
bJïavn¶yYnEdlmanKMnitCatiniymhYsehtu ( l'ultra-nationalisme ) nUv¨Tws¶I
B¨gIkTwkdIniym edImIº[¨bCaraås¶eKGacrs'enAVn ( une nouvelle théorie de l'Espace Vital ) . ehIyebI¨Tws¶IenHekIteLIgEmnenaH, plv^VknwgmanlkÅN:
F©n'F©r«¨kElg mkelIGnaKt¨beTskmõ¬CaeyIg .
m´"agv^jeTot äk~¬g¨beTseyIg CnCatiyYnEdlrs'k~¬g¨sukExµr eyIg
k*ekIneLIgmindac'Edr .
sBëf©enH GaNikCnCatiyYnTSgenaH mancMnYnBI 450,000 eTA 500,000 nak'
eTAehIy(1) KWCiteTA 7 PaKry«nbN¶aCnExµreyIgTSgmUl . ehIyPaKry«n karekIncMnYn¨bCaCnyYnenAk~¬g¨sukeyIgeTot
k*elIsPaKry«nkMeNIt¨bCa
CneyIgEdr dUec~HehIy karekInenH¨tèvEtelOneTAmuxCadrab edaybUkbJÍèlCa
mYypgnUvkarlblYccUlmkenA elIdIExµreyIg eday²tcºab'TmÂab'enaHeTot. eyIg
VnsegûteXIjCaTUeTAfa CnCatiyYnEdlenA¨sukExµreyIg PaKe¨cInCaG~k¨kI ¨k ehIyPaB¨kI¨kenH GacbegûéteLIgnUvbJúaxagpÂèvsgðmy"agF©n'F©r manecar kmµ Xatkmµ PaB²tkareFÃI ElºgsIusg karlk'sm¹s§xÂçnedImIºrs' .l. ehIyedayehtufaExµrnigyYnrs'enAC^t@K~a eTAmkpgk*man
plv^VkenH
CYnkalmankarTak'TgK~aeTAv^j
nwg¨tèvFÂak'mkelIsgðmExµreyIg²tebI¨bEkk
VneLIy. enHCabJúaxagsgðmv^T´a ( un problème sociologique ) KbIºEteyIg
cab'GarmµN_edImIº[sgðmExµrrk§anUvPaBsíatsíMPaBbrisuTì .
¨Bwti¶karN_mYyeTot EdleyIgKYrcab'GarmµN_CaBiess karbegûéncMnYn
kan'Ete¨cIn
«nGaNikCnbreTsyYnelIEpndIeyIg
(1) mun 18mIna 1970 .
ehIyebIeyIgbUkbJÍèl
26 TSgGaNikCnbreTscinmkeTotpg
nwgGacmanplv^VkmYyeTotF©n'F©r«¨k
Elg k~¬gGnaKtkal. ¨Kan'EtsBëf©enH CnbreTsTSgLayenH mancMnYn C^t ÉCagmYylannak'eTAehIy k~¬gcMnYnbN¶aCneyIgTSgGs'Cag8lannak' . ebIeyIg niyay[Vncºas'eTAeTot KWk~¬gExµrTSgGs' 7 nak' manbreTscin-yYn 1
nak' . ehtukarN_enH GacnwgbN¶al[maneLIgCa bJúasasn_ ( un problème racial
)
ehIyEdlnwgmanlkÅN:CabJúapÂèvsgðmeTotpg
.
enA¨beTs
ma"LayUfµé @ enH manpæ¬HerOgsasn_enH bN¶al[mankarvwkvr xUcxatnUvesÄr PaBxagpÂèvneyaVy ehIyEdr
.
ehIysBëf©enHk¶I
GaNikCnbreTsCatiyYn
bJúaenHk*minTan'cb'sBèKb'eTA
enA¨sukeyIgsBëf©enH
BuMEmnenA
es©¿ms©at'bu"nµaneLIy eKmanGgðkarsm©at'¨Kb'Ebby"ag xagpÂèvsasna k*dUc CaxagpÂèvneyaVy . erOgGs'enHnrNak*dwg¨Kb'@ K~aehIyEdr .
sBëf©enH eKeXIjBYkeK enAhak'dUcCaes©¿ms©at' BIe¨JHeBlenH yYn
kMBugCab'eFÃIsågðam enA¨beTsev¿tNam ehIyCa ¨beyaCn_rbs'eKFMNas' Edlt¨mUv
[eKmankarTak'Tgy"ag¨b«B CamYyGaCÆaFrExµreyIg . cuHdl'eKcb'sågðameTA
¨beTseKrYbrYmK~av^jÉeT ?
ebIminrYbrYmxagpÂèvneyaVyk*xagpÂèvesd½kicÍ vbºFmáEdr ehIy¨beTs
eKnwgkÂayeTACamhaGMNacGasIumYy
EdlBiPBelakVnTayrYcmkehIy
enaH CnCatiev¿tNamenA¨sukExµr cºas'CanwgmansmºCJï: cMeJHkmÂSgrbs' xÂçnminElgeLIy ( La prise de conscience de leur force en tant que minorité ethniquement et politiquement dominante ) pÂèvsgðm ÉpÂèvneyaVyminElgeLIy .
ehIynigmankarTamTarGÃIep§g@ xag
enHCae¨KaHf~ak'mYyFMGenk BIe¨JHnwgGacbN¶al[karlík' k~¬gkarTak'
TgExµr-yYn eTAGnaKtkalminecHcb' minecHehIy. VnCaeyIghßanGHGag y"agenH minEmnedayeyIgmanKMnitsíb'CnCatiyYnBIdUnta ( une haine hérédi-
taire ) enaHmkeT KWmkGMBIkarEdleyIgeFÃIv^PaKk~¬gbJúaExµr-yYnenHEtm¶g. enH
Cakarv^vt¶imYy EdlmanlkÅN:CakarcSVc' e¨JH¨bvti¶saås¶mnus§Cati Vn
¨bTHbJúaEbbenHe¨cInNas'mkehIy k~¬gstvt§TI 20 enHEtm¶g .
27
äNakaredaH¨say ? karedaH¨sayEdl¨b«B minEmnkare¨bI ÇFmáek¶AÈ enaHeT e¨JHfaebI e¨bIFmáek¶A nwgbN¶al[man¨btikmµlkÅN:Ca ÇFmáek¶AÈ tbmkv^j mincb' minehIy
nigeFÃI[e¨CaHrvag
ExµrnigyYn
kan'EtmanTMhMFMeLIg@
Gs'man
esÄrPaBneyaVy k~¬g²NëècinCa¨Vkd . eyIgniyay ÇFmáek¶AÈ enH KWcg'
niyaydl'karbgÅM[GaNikCnyYnTSgenH v^l¨tLb'eTA¨sukkMeNItv^j (le
rapatriement forcé) . . v^FankarenH bN¶al[manplv^VkGa¨kk'eTAelIesd½kicÍ Cati Ð eyIgnwgVt'bg'nUv¨kbxNëesd½kicÍ nigbecÍkeTse¨cIn, EfmTSgp§ar k~¬g¨beTseyIgy"agsMxan'eTot EdlCakarcSVc'cMeJHGnaKt karlUtlas' Ós§ahkmµnigesd½kicͨbeTskmõ¬CaeyIg . ehIyeTaHbIkarbgÅM[v^leTA¨suk
kMeNItv^j GaceFÃIeTAekItvanwgbN¶al[manbJúad*FM EdlnwghYssmtÄPaB
rbs'eyIgeTotpg. dUec~H v^FankarEdleyIgGacGnuvt¶eTAVn edayminbegûét CabJúaF©n'F©reBkeT
KWkar¨tçt¨ta[Vnditdl'
dl'skmµPaB¨Kb'Ebby"ag
xagpÂèv sasna k¶I xag pÂèvsgðm É neyaVy k¶I EdlGaNikCnCatiyYnTSgGs' mank~¬g¨beTseyIg edImIºGac[eyIgrMgab'Tan' ( neutraliser ) nUv¨Kb'bMNg
Ga¨kk'TSgLay EdlnwgGaccab'p¶çcep¶émeLIg .
ehIysMxan'CagenHeTAeTot KWkarbiTTl'Edn[Vnrwgbwug KYr[mankar
Tukcit¶ Qb'[mankarlYcnScUlbreTsmktamv^FIJNiCØkmµ É edaykarsuß÷ ¨KlMxÃHsmºCJï: . eyIgKYryl'fa ebImankarlblYccUlmkm¶gmYykal
(Temporaire) enaHminEmnCae¨KaHf~ak'xÂSgkÂabu"nµaneT e¨KaHf~ak'EdlFM KWkarmk
tSgTIlMenACanicÍkal ( Implantations permanentes ) edaymankarsg'pæHsEmºg cab'¨bkbksikmµ ÉmuxrbrGÃIep§g@eTot e¨JHCn¨bePTenH Edlman ÇòsÈ
Cab'nwgdIeyIgehIy nwgmankUnecA mit¶Pk¶i mingay¨tLb'eTAv^jäg@ eLIy. ehIyebIy"agenHeTA
Tl'EdneyIgnwg¨tèvbreTsyYnmktSgenAkkkuj
ehIyk*bN¶al[manCemÂaH
rkerOgehtuCamYynigbgbíènExµreyIg
rYc
begûét[
mankarBiVkrs'enA äExµreyIgCaCatisÂèt¨tg' minCaG~krkerOgehtueK k*¨tèv
28 eVHbg'ecalTIenaH rt'mkenAq©ay@eTot .l. enH¨VkdCakardeN¶ImTwkdI edayv^FIes©¿ms©at' EdleyIgKYrcab'GarmµN_[VnCak'cºas' .
dUceyIgVneFÃIkarEvkEjkrYcmkehIy esck¶IsgwômeyIgTSg¨sugsÄit
enAelIrd½aPiVle¨sac¨sg' Cati EdlnwgmansmºCJï:cºas'las' cMeJHe¨KaHf~ak'd* FMeFgenH dl'matu¨beTskmõ¬Carbs'eyIg . ebIbJúaTSgenHminVnTTYlkaredaH¨say KYrCa
TIkk'ek¶AeT GnaKtrbs'eyIgnwgmanBBkexµAggwtmkVMgminxaneLIy k~¬g¨kbxNë«nkarv^vt¶i neyaVyTUeTA k~¬gPUmiPaK²Nëècind*rMeCIbrMCYlenH .
sù m"anI P~MeBj «f©TI23 F~è 1969
29
}NÚÐcin kñúgqñaM2000¿¿¿
30 KMnit ɨTws¶IEdlEcgfa bN¶aCn ( la population ) nigkarv^vt¶n_«nbN¶aCn
enHman naTId*sMxan' mYyenAk~¬gCévPaB neyaVyCati nigGn¶rCatienHminEmn CaKMnit ɨTwsI¶efµagfµéeT . CakarBitEmnehIy EdleKeJlfa Çmnus§È CamUld½ansarvn¶«n¨Kb'rbb¨Kb'¨KgneyaVy«n¨bCaCati Ésgðmmnus§TSg
Lay . ehtudUec~HVnCacMnYnmnus§eJlKWbN¶aCnk~¬g¨beTsnimYy@ Ék~¬g tMbn'PUmiPaKnimYy@, ¨tèvEtman²TiìBlCakarcSVc'eTAelIsÄanPaB ÉkicÍdwknS
neyaVy k~¬g¨beTsÉk~¬gPUmiPaKEdl¨bmUlp¶¬÷¨beTsTSgenaH . dUec~H ebI eyaleTAtam¨Tws¶IenH cMnYnbN¶aCnnigkardwknSneyaVy BuMGac¨tèveKGar
kat'p¶ac'ecjBIK~aVneLIy .
bN¶aCne¨cInhYsmaD La surpopulation
edayeyageTAtam¨Tws¶IxagelIenH ¨bvti¶v^TUnigsgðmv^TU ( Sociologue )
PaKe¨cInVnBn´l'GMBIbuBÃehtu«nsågðamrvagCatinigCati ( Causes des guerres )
nig clnabd^vt¶n_ (mouvements révolutionnaires) EdlVncab'kMeNIteLIgk~¬g ¨beTsÉPUmiPaKnimYy@ «nBiPBelak edayBwgEpíkeTAelIsÄanPaBnigclna «nkarv^vt¶n_«nbN¶aCnenHEtm¶g . ¨bvti¶saås¶rbs'mnus§Cati hak'dUcCaVn kt'sMKal'nUv¨Bwt¶ikarN_ CaKMrUxÂHrYcmkehIy EdlGac[eyIgykmkbJØak'
bk¨sayBn´l'nUv¨Tws¶IxagelIenH Ð k~¬grvagq~S 1930, ¨beTsGalÂWm"aj sm&yhuIEtÂr enATÃIbGWru"b, nig¨beTsCb"unsm&yeyaFaniymenATIÃbGasuI, Vn eFÃIneyaVyeyaFaniymd*eXareXA
bgûbegûIt[mansågðamk~¬gBiPBelak
¨BmTSgVnp§BÃp§aynUvesck¶Ie¨kom¨kM nigkarexÂacp§aGs'ry:Cae¨cInq~S mk
elImnus§Cati .
¨beTsTSgBIrenH k¬~gsm&yenaH suTìswgCa¨beTsEdlmanbN¶aCn
e¨cInhYsmaDhYssmtÄPaB«nkaredaH¨saysamJï«n¨beTsTSgBIr
Ð
ä
31 neyaVyB¨gIkTwkdIniym nigsågðamQÂanJneTAelI¨bCaCatiCitxag Edl
¨beTsTSgenHVnbgûbegûéteLIg y"agcºas'las'
KWBitCaenAk~¬geKalbMNgneyaVymYy
KWvaydeN¶ImykTwkdIbreTsmkeFÃICarbs'xÂçn
edImIºCa
meF´aVyGac[¨beTsxÂçnmanEdndI¨Kb'¨Kan' ( Espace vital ) sMrab'ciJÍwm bN¶aCnrbs'¨beTseK Edlkan'EtekIncMnYne¨cIneLIg@CalMdab'erogral'q~S@
KWk¬~geKalbMNgenHehIy EdldMbUgeLIg¨beTs Cbu"n VncºSgvaydeN¶Im ykEdndI kUer" ( Corée ) nig m"g'CUrI ( Mandchourie ) na¨beTscinEb"kxageCIg,
¨BmTSgKMramkMEhgdl'GaNaext¶xÂH«nshPaBsUevotpg
ehIybN¶al[
ekItmansågðamy"agyUr BIq~S 1936 eTATl'nwgq~S 1945 rvagcinnigCb"un . ä¨beTsGalÂWm"ajv^j
k*VnGnuvt¶neyaVyQÂanJnTwkdItSgBIq~S
1938 mkdl'q~S 1945 edayVnvaydeN¶Imyk¨beTs GU¨TIs, b"ULèj nig1PaKFM«nmha¨beTs rus§I .l. CaBiesseTAeTot eKVnkt'sMKal'fa mankMeNIncMnYnbN¶aCneTÃk~¬g TIÃbGWru"bBIq~S 1814 mkdl'q~S 1914 ehIy¨sab'EtenA
edImstvt§r_TI20enHEtm¶g
TÃIbGWru"bVnqÂgkat'nUvsm&ymYyd*rMeCIbrMCYl
ehIy
¨bTHnUvmhasågðamdl'eTABIrelIk ¨Kan'Etk~¬gry:Jk'kN¶al«n stvt§r_TI20
Etb"ueNöaH .
CaTIbMputeKsegûteXIjm´"ageTotfa k~¬gsm&ybcͬbºn~enH ¨Kb'¨beTs
x§t'ex§ayTSgLay«nttiyelak ( les pays sous développés ) EdleTIbnwg Vnsðal'nUvkMeNIncMnYnbN¶aCn
d*elOnhak'bIdUcCasnæ¬H¨Bçj
kMBugEtCYb
¨bTHnUv clnabd^vt¶n_ mYyEdlkMBugEtraldalp§BÃp§ay¨Kb'TisTI edayman Ggðkar kumµ¬ynis¶niymGn¶rCati CYye¨CamE¨Cgpg . ehIyclnarMeBItrMeBInTSg enH ¨tèvVneKerobcMeLIgk~¬geKalbMNgnwgrMlMrbb neyaVyesd½kicÍ sgðm
cas'TamTar[manrbbfµé ¨bkbedaylkÅN:bdivt¶n_ EdleKyl'fanwgGac
edaH¨saybJúasgðmmnus§Vneday¨bsiTìPaB Biess bJúaEdlTak'Tg eTAnwgkMeNInd*elOnhYs¨bmaN «nbN¶aCnenHäg . KWk~¬g¨kbxNë«n¨Tws¶I enHägeTot EdlmanG~k¨VCÆxÂHmanelak kúass¶¬gbßUFul ( Gaston Bouthoul ) Casgðmv^TUnig¨bvti¶v^TUCatiVrSg Vncat'Tuk ÇsågðamÈ CaVtuPUtmYyd*sMxan'
32 mannaTICaG~keFÃI[sMerceLIgnUvsmta ( l'équilibre ) k~¬gsgðmmnus§TSgLay «nBiPBelak .
enA²Nëècin bN¶aCnExµrGacTb'
nwgbN¶aCnyYnnigesomVnÉeT ?
edImIºyl'[Vncºas'las' nUvTMhM«ne¨KaHf~ak'CaGci«ån¶y_ EdlKMram
kMEhg¨beTskmõ¬Ca k~¬gGnaKtkalxagmuxenH KbIºeyIgrM®kdl'sÄankarN_ ¨bvti¶saås¶Cak'Es¶g
(Situation de fait ) xÂHTukCaeKaledACabzm . k~¬gkar
v^vt¶n_CahUrEhmkehIy
k~¬g¨bvti¶saås¶«n¨beTsTSgbI
Exµr
esom
yYn
TMnas'Exµr esom, rYcTMnas'Exµr-yYn ehIycuge¨kaybMput KWTMnas'esom-yYn
Ca¨Bwti¶karN_mYymanlkÅN:CaGci«ån¶y_ ( Une permanence historique ) k~¬g ¨bvti¶saås¶«n¨bCaCati²Nëècin Gs'kale¨cInstvt§r_rYcmkehIy . ¨beTs
esomCa¨bCaCatimYy¨bkbedayyuvPaB ( ¨beTsesomcab'kMeNIteLIgna stvt§r_TI 14 ) e¨kayBIVnvatTItSgelIEdndIExµr mYyPaKy"agFMenAEb"kxag
eCIg nigxaglic¨beTskmõ¬Cabcͬbºn~ rYcehIyk*VnxitxMeFÃIneyaVy¨bTak' ¨bTaj¨beTsExµr
[cUleTAk~¬gkar¨Kb'¨KgpÂèvneyaVyrbs'esom
¨beTsExµr[eTACaGaNaB´aVlesomEtm¶g
KWeFÃI
( Faire du Cambodge un
protectorat Siamois ) edImIºTukEdndIenHCa¨Tnab'Tb'Tl' nwgkarvatTItSgrbs' s¨tèvfµémYy«nxÂçn KWyYnenHäg . dUec~HTMnas'esom-Exµr manlkÅN:CaCemÂaH
rvag¨bCaCatiekµg nig¨bCaCatiburaNmYy ehIyCakarFmµtaGar´FmáEdlman yuvPaBEtgEtmanfamBl e¨bobeTAelIGar´FmámYyeTotEdlmanv&ycas' .
ehtuenHehIyVnCaeyIgVt'bg'Gs'GaNaext¶Cae¨cIn . pæ¬yeTAv^j CnCati
yYnk~¬gdMeNIrrbs'xÂçncuHmkTisxagtºègtambeN¶ayeq~rsmu¨Tcam nigkmõ¬Ca e¨kam maneKalbMNgnwgvatTItSgykEdndI¨tg'@Etm¶g KWminEmn¨Kan'Etcg'
33 ykGaNac¨kExµr eFÃICaEdndIGaNaext¶yYneT EtmanbMNgbMVt'sasn_Exµr Gar´FmáExµr, eJlKWeFÃI¨beTsExµr[kÂayeTACaEdndIfµérbs'yYnenHEtm¶g . enHehIyCaehtukarN_
EdlGacBn´l'eyIg[yl'nUvneyaVyyYn
EdlVn¨b¨Bwti¶mkelICnCatiExµr enAstvt§r_TI 18-19 nigenAstvt§r_TI 20
k~¬gEdndIkmõ¬Cae¨kamsBëf©enH . buBÃehtuCaCe¨mA «nneyaVyB¨gIkTwkdI yYn enAEdndI²Nëècin KWkMeNIncMnYnbN¶aCnyYn ehIynigkgÃHxatEdndIEdl
manCICatis¨mab'ciJÍwmbN¶aCnEdlrIkcMerIny"agqab'rh&s. KYr[kt'sMKal'
pgEdrfa k~¬gkar ÇEhkdIExµrEckK~aÈ enHehIyEdlesomnigyYnb"HTgðicK~a ä karb"HTgðicK~aenHk*manCahUrEhmkehIyEdrelIEdndIlav. CnCatiesomk*kan' EtmankarminTukcit¶xÂSgeLIgcMeJHKUs¨tèvfµé KWyYnenHäg . k~¬gkrNIenH k~¬g GnaKtkal ebIesomnigyYnmanCemÂaHK~a KWenAelITwkdIExµr ÉlavenHEtm¶g .
X X
X
34
15ù000ù000 nak'dl' Kùsù 2000 ! eyIgVnniyayCa¨tçs@rYcmkehIy GMBIEdndIPUmiPaKxÂHk~¬gBiPBelak
eyIgenH
EdlVnsðal'nUvkMeNInbN¶aCnCaGtibrma
¨BmTSgplv^Vk«n
¨Bwti¶karN_enHeTotpg. eyIgk*GacBicarNadl'plv^VkEbbenHEdlnwgGac ekItmaneLIg enAelIPUmiPaK²Nëècin ebI¨bsinCakarv^vt¶n_bN¶aCnenAelIEdndI enHmanlkÅNCaFmµta ( un évolution normale ) KWfaebIKµansågðamÉGsn¶isux ɨBwti¶karN_d«TeTot mkeFÃI[sÄankaB«nkarv^vt¶n_enHpÂas'b¶èreT .
EdleyIgrM®kdl'bJúaenH minEmneyIgyl'sb¶ienaHeT, KWeyIgniyay
k~¬gzan:Camnus§
EdlmansmºCJï:¨Kb'¨Kan'Camnus§
ÇFmµtaÈ
Edl
BicarNarkehtupl .
eyIgGacKn'KrU eFÃIelxrkcMnYnbN¶aCnExµreyIg k~¬grvagq~S 2000 Vn
edayykG¨ta«nkMeNInbN¶aCn ( le taux d'accroissement démographique ) 2,5
É 2,6 PaKry(1) mkeFÃImUld½an. ehtudUec~HeyIgGacsµantamv^FIv^T´asaås¶ fa rvagq~S 2000 bN¶aCneyIgnwgeLIgeTAdl' 14 É 15 lannak'ehIy enH ¨bsinebIKµansågðamelak ÉGsn¶isuxNamYymkrMxankarv^vt¶n_enHeTenaH. ä
cMnYnbN¶aCneyIgnwgeLIgeTAdl'80nak'k~¬g 1 Kùmù eTÃKuN . ebIy"agenHEmn
eyIgGacsn~id½anVnfa k~¬g30q~SeTotEdndIeyIgmincegí¿tcgíl'enAeLIyeT. m´"ageTotEdndIeyIgCavalTMnab smºèreTAedayClFa manTenÂemKgðCaedIm, eyIgnwgGaceFÃIrebobGaCévkmµksikmµ( méthodes d'exploitation agricole ) rwtEt ¨besIreLIg edayeFÃI[se¨mcnUvkarVcTwkbJÍèlE¨s ( l'irrigation )
dMNSeyIgenAesssl'e¨cIn . sBëf©enH dIdSdMNSeyIgmanEt 18%
ädIdS «n«pæ
(1) eyageTAtamsÄitiq~S 1962, G¨taenHman 2,3% Etb"ueNöaH EtebItamG~kC÷najkar G¨taEdl¨twm
¨tèvCag KW 2,5% É 2,6% enHäg sUmemIl ( Les facteurs de croissance démographique au Cambodge thèse de doctorat de 3e cycle, Sorbonne Paris 1967.)
35 ¨kLaTSgGs'Etb"ueNöaH . e¨cIneLIg@ .
eyIgnwgGacbegûéneTAeTot ebIbN¶aCneyIgekIn
ehtudUec~HeyIgsgwômfa EdndIeyIgminTan'cegí¿tcgíl'eT k~¬g 30 q~S É
50 q~SxagmuxenH, eyIgnwgGacB¨gIkplitplksikmµEfmeTot . e¨JHfa k~¬g GnaKtkal meF´aVybecÍkeTseyIgk*kan'EtmanlkÅN:¨besIreLIgCahUr
EhEdr . eyIgnwgminrnìt'cMeJHGnaKteyIg e¨JH¨beTseyIgnwgGacciJÍwm
eday¨Kb'¨Kan'nUvbN¶aCnrbs'eyIgVnCa¨Vkd
.
¨beTseyIgmincSVc'
nwgGnuvt¶n_ neyaVyB¨gIkTwkdIniymeTAelI¨beTsC^txageLIy .
EtkarEdleyIgKYrP&yVrm¸ KWeyIgecaTsYrxÂçneyIgfa : etIG~kC^txag
eyIg, xagekIteyIgk¶I xagliceyIgk¶I, nwgTuk[eyIgsðal'sn¶iPaBCaerogdrab É ? ebI 30 É 50 q~SeTot EdndIrbs'eKnwgeBje¨Bob, e¨bobhak'dUcCaTwk
EdleBjlíageTAehIy @ hUrehorecjmke¨kA t¨mg'eTArkTITMnabd«TeTot.
etIeyIgKYrcat'Tukfa TITMnabEdlminTan'dk'TwkTSgenH man valTMnabTenÂemKgð nigTenÂsab ( la vallée du Mékong ) eJlKW¨beTskmõ¬CaeyIg GaceCosputBI e¨KaHf~ak'enHÉ ?
X X
X
36
37
e¨KaHf~ak'rbs'eyIgenATisxagekIt Cag 80ù000ù000 nak'rs'enAelIEpndImYyy"agcegí¿tcgíl' enATisxagekItnigxagtºèg¨beTskmõ¬CaeyIg CnCatiyYnVncuHs¨muk
mkBITisxageCég
tameq~rsmu¨TGtItnKrcmº"a
ehIyVneFÃIkarTånæanluk
luydeN¶ImdIFÂIBIdUntaeyIg tSgBIcugstvt§r_TI 17 mkemÂ"H ¨Kan'Etk~¬gry:
150 q~SVÂyEtb"ueNöaH yYnVnmkvatTItSg ¨BmTSgkÂayxÂçneTACamÍas'TwkdI kmõ¬Cae¨kam eBjTICae¨sc (k~¬g Kùsù 1840). KYrEteyIgrM®kEdrfa CnCati yYnTSgenHEdlVnelbsIuTwkdIeyIgmYyPaKy"agFM manTMhM 64ù000 Kùmù
eTÃKuNKWesµInwg¨beTslgûa (Ceylan) TSgmUlenHVn k*edaysarsm&yenaH bN¶aCneyIgenAkmõ¬Cae¨kam mancMnYnticBn'eBkNas' fÃIebIEdndItMENldUn taeyIgenH
CaEdndImYyEdl¨bkbeTAedayCICatid*v^essv^sal
mk¨bdUcBuMVneLIyk*eday .
rkdIäNa
cMENkäkarEdlyYns¨mukcuHmkxagtºègenaH bN¶almkBIbuBÃehtufa
bN¶aCnekIte¨cIneBk
yYnBuMGacmandIlí¨Kb'¨Kan's¨mab'ciJÍwmK~aeKVn
eLIy . ehtuenHehIyVnCayYnVneFÃIneyaVyB¨gIkTwkdIniym mkelI raCaNac¨kExµr²tQb'Qr rhUtdl'sm&ybcͬbºn~kalenHeTot k*yYnBuM¨Bm bJÎb'GMeBIlYccUlmktSgenAelIdIEdlTMenrrbs'eyIgeLIy .
sBëf©enH ¨beTsevotNamman«pæ¨kLa¨bEhl 330ù000 Kùm2 KWFM
Cag¨beTseyIgcMnYnC^t2dg. KWCa¨beTsmYyEdlmanbeN¶ayd*EvgcMgay
BIxageCIgmktºègC^tEt 2ù000 Kùmù . naq~S 1970 bN¶aCnTSgGs'«n¨b
eTsenH mancMnYnC^teTA 40ù000ù000 nak' KW 20 lan Eb"kxageCIg nig 18
lan Eb"kxagtºèg . ¨beTsevotNam CaEdndImYysmºèreTAeday«¨B¨Bwk§a nigP~M. «¨BnigP~MenH¨KbdN¶b'elI«pædI 80% «n«pæ¨kLaTSgGs' KWesµInwg«pæ ¨kLa 260ù000 Kùmù eTÃKuN . ehtudUec~HehIyVnCa, mnus§TSg 38 lan
nak'enHrs'enAelI«pædIEt 20% Etb"ueNöaH KWesµInwg«pæ¨kLa 60ù000 Kùm
38 eTÃKuN . k~¬gkrNIe¨kayenH dg'suIet ( densité ) eLIgeTAdl' 600 nak' k~¬g 1
Kùm2 . dUceyIgeXIj¨sab' sBëf©enH dI¨beTseyokNamenHcegí¿tcgíl' Nas'eTAehIy. cMENkplitpl¨sèvGgûr k*swgEtmin¨Kb'¨Kan'pg . C¨guk ¨sèvd*FM«n¨beTsenHKWEdndIsN¶ ( le Delta ) «nTenÂemKgð nigdIsN¶Ten sug«k ( le Delta du Fleuve Rouge ) . EdndIsN¶TenÂemKgðGacp¶l'¨sèvGgûrCa mF´m 6 lanetank~¬gmYyq~S ehIydIsN¶TenÂsug«kp¶l'[ 4 lanetanCa mF´mEdr . bUkeTAVn¨twmEt 10 lanb"ueNöaH, dUec~HeTA «f©mux¨sèvGgûrenH
¨VkdCaminGacbMeBjesck¶I¨tèvkarrbs'bN¶aCnyYn y"agelOnesaHeLIy .
k~¬gcMeNam¨beTsGasIuTSgLay
EdlkMBugekIncMnYn
yYnmanG¨ta«nkMeNIn¨bCaCn
(taux d'accroisement démographique) xõs'CageKäg(1) KWmanrhUtdl'eTACag3% .
ebIeyageTAtamPaKryenH k~¬gq~S 1970 bN¶aCnyYnrYmTSgxageCégnigxag tºèg nwgeLIgdl'eTA 40ù000ù000 nak' . k~¬glkÅN:enH
¨bsinebIkarv^vt¶n_rbs'¨bCaCnenH
manelº¯neTAmux
eTotedayKµan¨Bwti¶karN_FMduMGÃImkrMxaneT bN¶aCn¨beTseyokNamnwgeLIg rhUteTA Cag 80ù000ù000 nak' k~¬g 30 q~SeTot . äkmõ¬CaeyIg dl'q~S
2000 man¨twmEt 15 lannak'b"ueNöaH .
X X
(1)-eyageTAtamesovePA :- Ç ebItamelak B. Fall,
X
Les Deux Viet-Nam, Bernard Fall, Payot Paris, 1967.È
G¨ta«nkMeNInenH eLIgdl'eTA 3,5% ebItamsÄitip¶l'BIkarCMerOn¨bCaCnq~S1960
enA¨beTseyokNamxageCIg. cMeJHeyokNamxagtºèg elak B. Fall
b"ueNöaH .
niyay¨twmEt 3 PaKryEt
39
etInwgmanplviVkF©n'F©rGÃIxÂH -
eyIgKYrecaTsYredayq©l'fa Ð etIdI 20 PaKry«n«pæ¨kLaTSgGs'
330ù009 Kùm2 Ék*dI¨twmEt 60ù000 Kùm2 b"ueNöaH Gacp¶l'Gahar¨Kb' ¨Kan'[dl'mnus§Cag 80 lannak'VnÉeT ?
eqÂIyv^jPÂamfaÐ ¨twmEtsBëf© 40 lannak'b"ueNöaH BiVknwgciJÍwm [
Vnrs'k~¬gPaB¨Kb'¨Kan'eTAehIy cuHdl'eTA 80ù000ù000 etInwgekItCabJúa FMy"agNaeTA ?
etI¨beTseyokNamnwgkÂayeTACa ÇCb"unÈ TI2 k~¬gTÃIbGasIu ÉGalÂWm"ajTÃIbGasIuÉ ? eqÂIy Ð
¡ TI 1 ÉmYyk*¨beTseyokNam nwgB¨gIkkmÂSgÓs§ahkmµnigesd½-
kicÍCaGtibrma e¨bob¨bdUcVneTAnwgCb"unTI 2 k~¬gGasIuPaKGeK~y_ . KMnitenH
¨tèvVnG~ksegûûtkarN_Gn¶rCatinana ykmkKitrYcCamuneTAehIy KWmunkal
bJÍb'sågðameyokNamenHeTAeTot . CaBit¨VkdEmnehIy enHKWv^Fankar ¨b«BNas' . ¨beTseyokNamsmºèreTAedayFnFanEr" elahFatu Efm
TSg¨kbxNëv^T´asaås¶ nigbecÍkeTs ( techniciens, ingénieurs, chercheurs...) ¨bkbedaycMnYne¨cIn¨Kb'¨Kan'
ehIymanfamBleTotpg
bUkrYmnwgp§ark~¬g
GnaKtd*FMeFg (Cag 80 lannak'), nwgGackÂayeTABit¨Vkd CamhaGMNac Ós§ahkmµy"agsMxan'k~¬gBiPBelakeyIgxagmuxenH
.
kalebIeyokNam
kÂayeTACaÓs§ahkmµehIy ¨beTsenHGaclk'ecjeTAbreTs nUvplitpl Ós§ahkmµ edImIºGacTijcUlmkv^jnUvplitplksikmµ edImIºkar¨tèvkarxag
cMNIGaharenAk~¬g¨beTs . KWTal'EteFÃIy"agh~wg eTIbbN¶aCn¨beTsenHGac rs'enAVn
edayecos[putGMBIbJúasgðm
lkÅN:sµ¬KsµajeLIg .
nigneyaVyEdlnwgritEtman
40 cUreyIgnwkKitdl'¨beTsCb"un
Edlk~¬gbcͬbºn~kalenH
man«pæ¨kLa
¨bhak'¨bEhlnigeyokNamEdr ( 370ù000Kùm2 ) ehIymanmnus§rs'enA cMnYnCag 100 lannak'eTAehIy . sÄanPaB«n¨beTsenH BMuxusBI¨beTs eyokNamb"unµaneLIy Ð k~¬gdI 370ù000Kùm2 dI¨twmEt 16 PaKryb"ueNöaH
EdleKGacdSdMNS ehIyrs'enAVn . e¨kABIenH KWsuTìswgEtP~Me¨CaH¨Clg ¨kMfµBuMGac[mnus§rs'VneLIy . kalBIrvagq~S 1930 Cb"unVnsðal'nUv kMeNIn¨bCaCnmYyy"agelOn ehIyedImIºnwgedaH¨saybJúaxÃHdIFÂIenH Cb"un VnGnuvt¶nUvneyaVyB¨gIkTwkdIniym
eyaFaniymQÂanJnvaydeNI¶m
EdndIBI¨beTscin, ¨beTskUer" .l. b"uEn¶neyaVyenHVn¨tèvTTYlbraC&y e¨kaysågðamelakelIkTI 2 Cae¨scrYceTAehIy . ehtuenHehIy VnCa
Cb"unt¨mg'neyaVyrbs'xÂçnmkv^j rhUtdl'kÂayeTACamhaGMNacesd½kicÍ TI 3 k~¬gBiPBelak ( 3
ème
(sUevot) .
puissance économique modiale ) e¨kay sùsùs
dUceyIgeXIj¨sab'ehIy lkÅN:TwkdI nigPUmisaås¶eyokNam nig
Cb"unmansPaB¨bhak'¨bEhlK~a . dUec~H¨bEhlCaKµankmÂSgGÃIGacmkrarSg
min[¨beTseyokNamkÂayeTACamha¨beTsesd½kicÍVneLIy, ehIyp§ar d*sMxan'«nesd½kicÍÓs§ahkmµenH KWEdndIGasuIEb"kGeK~y_Etm¶g .l. ebI¨bsiny"agenHEmnenaH
dMNM
nwgminGaceKcputVneLIg
¨beTskmõ¬CaeyIgnwg¨tèvTTYlrge¨KaHCa
GMBIkmÂSgeyokNamenH
e¨JHkarv^vt¶n_va
¨tèvEty"agdUec~aH ! cMeJHeyIg ebIesd½kicÍenAEteGanfy eyIgnwgkÂayeTACa
p§aresd½kicÍyYnEtm¶g. enHehIyCaTid½PaBfµémYyeTot«nlTìiGaNaniKmniym
sm&yfµé EdlmanPaBsahav minxusBIGaNaniKmniymneyaVy ÉTwkdI enaHesaHeLIy.
enHk*rebobm´"agEdlnwgnS¨beTseyIg[eFÃIdMeNIreqõaHeTA
rkkarVt'bg'äkraC´pgEdr .
Etk~¬gry:evlasBëf©enHk*edaycuH
k*KYrEteyIg¨BYyVrm¸Tuk[ehIy
e¨JH¨Kan'EteyokNamxagtºègb"ueNöaH eKbJØènnis§iteKeTAbreTsk~¬g mYy
q~Srab'Jn'
(1)
nak' [eTAsik§aÓt¶mv^CØaenAGWr"ubÉGaemrik. äeyokNamxageCIg
(1) eyageTAtamesovePAelak B. Fall, <Les deux Vietnam>, Payot, 1967, Paris, TMB&r ( 361 )
41 v^j nis§itbecÍkeTs v^sÃkrrab'Jn'nak'¨tèvbJØèneTAeronenAshPaBsUev¿tÉ
GWru"bEb"kxagekItnigenA¨beTscin .l. TSg¨kum@ Etm¶g. luHdl'sågðamcb' PÂam
¨beTskumµ¬ynis¶TSgLay
ksikmµ
¨beTsenHeLIgv^j
.
rgcSEtCYyksagesd½kicÍ,
Ós§ahkmµ,
karCYyenHCakatBÃkicÍsMxan'Nas'
e¨JH
¨beTskumµ¬ynis¶TSgLay rEmgEtgmanesck¶IsamKðIK~ay"agC^tsi~Tìk~¬gKMnit Gn¶rCatiniym¨bCaBlkr ( dans l'intérêt de l'internationalisme prolétarien ) . m´"ageTot
sågðamenAeyokNamxagtºèg
minTan'cb'e¨scVc'pg
¨sab'EtmUlFnbreTs manCb"unedImeK rYcmkhugkug Gaemrik swgðburI cUl mkeFÃIv^nieyaK ( investissements ) TMrSsågðamcb'eTA
y"agK¨KwkKe¨Kgk~¬g¨beTsenHeTAehIy cuH
etImUlFnbreTsnwghUrcUlmky"agNaeToteTA
?
cuH
cMENkGaemrikSgv^j ¨VkdCaminEmncakecjBI¨beTseyokNam edayTuk
[¨beTsenHVk'EbkexæcxæIy"agdUec~HeT, ebIBuMenaHesat sùrùGaù enHnwg¨tèv Gamasmuxy"agGaeNacGaFmµ cMeJHmtisaFarNCnBiPBelak . Gaemrik ¨tèvEtlublagkiti¶ysrbs'xÂçn
.
k~¬gq~S
1969
knÂgeTAehIyenHsPa
GaemrikSgVnTSge¨Kagfv^kacMnYn 2ù000ù000ù000 dulÂar ( KW¨tèvCa¨Vk' erolCag 100 ekadi ) sMrab'sÄabna¨beTseyokNameLIgv^j .
ehtudUcxagelIenHehIy VnCamtiG~ksegûtkarNGn¶rCatixÂHVnTay
fa Ð karrYbrYmK~aeLIgv^j«n¨beTseyokNam Camhn¶ray²tGÃI¨bdUcVn cMeJHP&BÃ vasna«nmatu¨beTskmõ¬CaeyIg . ebI¨bsinCay"agenHEmn
etIeyIgnwgGacmanGÃIGacTb'Tl'rMgab'kmÂSg
esd½kicÍyYn kuM[vacUlmkelbesd½kicÍeyIgVneT ? ebIminVneTenaH, etI
rvag 30 q~SeTot eyIgnwgKg'vg§Cév^tbn¶eTAeTotVnÉeT ? cMeJHkmõ¬CaeyIg
maKáamanEtmYyKt' s¨mab'karedaH¨say[VnKg'
vg§Cév^t . maKáaenaH KWkarB¨gIkkmÂSgesd½kicÍeyIg[VnelOnqab'rh&sTan'kal
sm&y E¨kgGacrMgab'VnxÂHnUvkmÂSgesd½kicÍyYnenH . karbgíg'[yWtya"vteTAeTot
KWCaGMeBIGt¶Xatkmµ
KWCakMhusFMNas'cMeJH¨bvti¶saås¶
rbs'matuPUmiCaTIes~ha«n
eyIgral'K~a . ¨bvti¶saås¶manEP~k . ¨bvti¶saås¶nwgdak'eTasmkelIeyIgral'K~aEdl eFÃs¨bEhsk~¬gbJúaenH .
42 TI 2 - ÉmYyk*¨beTseyokNam nwgGnuvt¶neyaVybnÄycMnYnekµgkuM
[ekIte¨cIneBk ( limiter les naissances ) karenHGacnwgse¨mcVn k*e¨sceTA elIkaryl'eXIj«nG~kneyaVyyYnk~¬gGnaKtEtb"ueNöaH
.
ebITukNaCa
neyaVyCayfaehtuEbbenH Gnuvt¶eTA¨bkbedayeCaKC&yk¶I, k*cMnYnbN¶a CnenAe¨cInCadrab. ¨beTseyokNamenAEtB¨gIkkmÂSgesd½kicÍ Ós§ahkmµ dEdl e¨JHenHCakatBÃkicÍxanBuMVn . ehtudUec~aH e¨KaHf~ak'enAEtmanlkÅN:
F©n'F©rdEdl mkelIvasna«nkmõ¬CaeyIgeTAGnaKt .
TI 3 - Et¨bsinCapæ¬yeTAv^j kmÂSgesd½kicÍrd½eyokNamBuMVnlUtlas'[
¨Kb'¨Kan'eTenaH ehIyneyaVybnÄykMeNItkUnekµg k*BuM¨tèvVnGnuvt¶eTot
enHmhn¶rayrwtEtmanTMhMKuNBIrdgùùù db'dg .l. xÂSgNas'eTAeTot mk elIGnaKt¨beTskmõ¬CaeyIg .
ehtudUcem¶cVnCakarenHvaeTACay"agdUec~aHv^j ?
ÇsågðamÈ nwg ÇGacÈ pæ¬HeLIgrvagExµrnigyYn BiVknwgecosvagVn
e¨JHbN¶aCnyYnkan'EtekIneLIgCalMdab'lMeday 50 60 70 80 90 lan
nak'k~¬g30q~SeTot. äFnFanxagesd½kicÍ nigxagksikmµenAdEdlÉlUtlas' yWteBk CaehtuBuMGacnwgGnuJïat¶[ciJÍwmmnus§Vnk~¬gPaB¨Kb'¨Kan'eLIy .
karenHnwgbegûIt[manv^bti¶pÂèvsgðm rYcv^bti¶pÂèvneyaVy bgûbegûéteLIg
edayesck¶Iminsbºaycit¶ ÉPaB¨kevTnarbs'CnCatiyYnenaHäg. eBlenaH ehIy
nwgmanG~kneyaVyyYnxÂH
Vietnamiens Ultra-nationalistes )
EdlCaG~kCatiniymhYsehtu
(
Les
bgûbegûét[man¨Tws¶IB¨gékTwkdIniym tam
rebobGalÂWm"ajC÷nan' hIuEtÂr ( Hitler ) TamTarnUvTwkdImYyEdleKnwgsnµtfa
¨Kb'¨Kan' s¨mab'karrs'enArbs'¨bCaCneK ( une nouvelle théorie de l'Espace Vital ) . ehIyEdndIEdleK¨tèvkarenaH KWmanEtkmõ¬Ca-lav Éesom(?) Et b"ueNöaH . edImIºnwgse¨mcnUvKe¨magkarenHVn neyaVyQÂanJnbgûerOg ehtu [ekIteTACasågðam²Nëècin ÇTI 3È(?) eKBuMgaynwgecosvagVneLIy. ggwt
ebIy"agenHEmn
enAäeCIgemX«nGnaKtEdndI²NëècinnwgmanBBkexµA
mkbiTVMgesck¶Isgwômrbs'eyIgrlt'esaHsUn´
eNacGaFmµ«¨keBk.
KYr[¨seNaHGa
43 ¨bsinebIneyaVyB¨gIkTwkdIniym edImIºrs'enH¨tèvGnuvt¶EmnenaH Edn
dIeyIg
bN¶aCneyIgnwg¨tèveKelbbn¶icm¶g@
ehIyTIbMputnwgrlayrUbVt'
eQµaHecjBIEpnTI«nBiPBelak dUc¨bvti¶saås¶«nraCaNac¨kcmº"a ÉEdndI kmõ¬Cae¨kam²tebI¨bEkkVneLIy .
KWeBlenHägehIy Edl¨bvti¶saås¶nwgEcgGMBI Ç dMeNIreqõaHeTATisxag
lic È «n¨bCaCatieyokNam e¨kamsnæ¬H«nkMeNItCaGtibrma«nbN¶aCnmYy EdlXÂScS{kas¨bl&yCév^teyIg Gs'ry:kale¨cInstvt§mkehIy .
rYmesck¶I Ð EdndI²NëècinCaEdndImYyEdl xÃHesÄrPaBCanirn¶r_ . enAelI
EdndIenH ¨beTskmõ¬CaeyIgk~¬gGnaKtkalxagmuxenH nwg¨tèvqÂgkat'nUve¨KaH
f~ak'd*FMeFge¨cInEbby"ag dUcCakarKMramkMEhgdl'karKg'vg§Cév^t ( la survie )
«n¨bCaCatieyIgeTotpg . ebITukCakarv^vt¶n_enA¨beTseyokNameTACay"ag Nak*eday, mhn¶ray¨Kb'EbbenAcSXÂSCév^teyIg¨Kb'C÷han . eBlevlaedIr elOneTAmuxq©ayeTA@ mhn¶rayk*elcrUbragkan'EtFMcºas'eLIg@ CalMdab' . KWmanEtneyaVy
B¨gIkkmÂSgesd½kicÍCati[Vnqab'rh&sb"ueNöaHeT
EdlGac[eyIgmanmeF´aVyTb'Tl'nwgyfaehtu¨Kb'Ebby"agVn
.
Et
enHKW¨Kan'EtCaniekÅbbT ( des thèses ) Ca¨Tws¶IÉmti ( l'opinion ) rbs'mnus§m~ak'
Etb"ueNöaH dUec~HBuMTan'cat'TukCa¨twm¨tèvVnkareBjeljenAeLIyeT . äkar
BitsÄitenAelI¨bvti¶saås¶k~¬gGnaKtkaläenaHv^jeT EdlGacv^nicÏ&yVnùùù.
k*bu"En¶ eyIgminEmnmanEt ÇyYnÈ eTEdlXÂScS¨bl&y enAäTisxag
lic ÇesomÈ k*cSEt{kaslínwg ǨkejcÈ EdndIeyIgdUcK~aEdr .
X X
X
44
¨beTsesomnwgmanbN¶aCn 70 lannak' enABIxageCIg nig xaglic¨beTskmõ¬CaeyIg bN¶aCn¨beTsmYyeTotnwgGac kÂayeTACaTm©n'd*F©n'mYyfµéeTotsgût'mkelIEdndIeyIg ù ù ù . kalebIeyIgVnelIkbJúayYnmkBicarNa
CatieyIgrYcehIy
Bn´l'bMPÂWdl'smºCJï:
eyIgBuMGacbMePÂcVnesaHeLIyfa
yayImatu¨beTsExµreyIg
e¨KaHf~ak'EdlnwgGac
minEmnFÂab'manEtmkGMBITisxagekItnigxagtºèg
b"ueNöaHeLIy, enHKW Çs¨tèvÈ cuge¨kayrbs'eyIg EdlVnelbrYcmkehIy
nUvEdndIeyIg Edlman«pæ¨kLaCag 60ù000 Kùm2 esµInwg¨kLa«pæ¨beTs GuI¨saEGlbIdg. eyIgenAmanG~kC^txagrbs'eyIgmYyeTot EdlCaÇs¨tèvÈ cas'BIbrmbUraN
ehIyEdlVn¨tVk'elbCae¨cInstvt§r_mkehIy
nUv
GaNaEx¨trbs'eyIgy"age¨cInGenk Ð Çs¨tèvÈ enH, EdleyIgminTan'Gac bMePÂcVnfa munq~S 1907 VnmkvatTItSgenAelI 1/3 «nEdndIeyIgsBëf© enH ehIyEdlkalBIq~S 1941 dl' 1945 VnmkcºSgdeN¶Imtamv^FIkmÂSg
VynUvEx¨tesomrab, kMBg'FM, Vt'dMbgCasafµIeTot KW¨beTsesom É «fLgð enHäg .
ebIenAk~¬gBg§avtaExµreyIg CnCatiyYn CaCnCati¨bkbedaye¨KaHf~ak'
y"agCak'Es¶gcMeJHeyIgy"agNa
CnCatiesomk*CaG~kC^txag¨bkbeday
e¨KaHf~ak'EdlmansPaBsahavmincaj'K~ay"agenaHEdr .
dUec~HehIy, karEdleyIgcab'GarmµNe_ TAelIe¨KaHf~ak'TSgBIrenH¨BmK~a
CameF´aVyEtmYy
Gac[eyIg¨buge¨bobeCIgkarN_TukCamun[ehIy
enH
¨VkdCa Ót¶mKtid*¨besIr v^essv^sal«¨kElgNas'eTAehIy ¨bvti¶saås¶
BIGtItkalfµé@ enHCaemeron¨sab', karEdl Ç cS[TwkeLIgdl'¨cmuH È sim
¨bevr¨bvarkTIC¨mk
nwgkÂayeTACaesck¶Iep¶ém«nkarliclg'
Gs'sgwômminxaneLIy . X X
X
ÉTIbMput«nPaB
45
etIbN¶aCnesomGacnwgman²TìiBl GÃIeTAelIGnaKt«nEdndIrbs'eyIg
cemÂIyk~¬gPaB¨twm¨tèvmYyryPaKry tbeTAsMNYrenHv^j, KµanCnNa
mYyGaceFÃIVneLIy EteKGaceFÃIesck¶Isn~id½ank~¬gPaB¨bhak'¨bEhl man EbbEpnCaniekÅbbT ( des thèses ) VnxÂH@ .
tamäksarsresredayelak LalUEbßr ( La Loubère ) k~¬grvagq~S
1693 bN¶aCnesomman¨twmEt 1ù900ù000 nak'Etb"ueNöaH . CagmYyst-
vt§r_knÂgmkeTot KWk~¬gKùsù1841, bN¶aCnenHekIndl'eTA 5ù200ù000nak' (enAry:eBl¨bEhlK~aenaH ExµreyIgman¨bEhl 800ù000 nak'). rYcehIy bN¶aCnenHk*ekIncMnYneTACa 8ù200ù000 nak'naq~S 1910, rYc 14ù500ù000
nak'naq~S 1937, rYc 22ù800ù000 nak'naq~S 1956 . ¨Kan'Etk~¬gq~S 1965
Etb"ueNöaH bN¶aCnenHekIndl'eTA 30 lannak'e¨sceTAehIy . tamkarKn' KUrtamrebobv^T´asaås¶ dl'q~S 1975 xagmuxenHnwgeLIgdl'40lannak'
(1)
.
dUcCaeyIgVneXIjenH¨sab' bN¶aCnesomekInelOnrh&sCaBn'eBk
ehIyCaBiesseTAeTot KWcab'tSgBIe¨kaysågðamelakelIkTIBIrmk . kMeNInd*elOnenH
k~¬gmYyq~S@
bN¶almkGMBIkarcuHfyCae¨cIn«ncMnYnmnus§sÂab'
ehIypæ¬yeTAv^j cMnYnmnus§ekItkan'Etmansnæ¬Helº¯neTAmux
²tQb'QresaH . munq~S 1950 eKVncat'Tuk¨beTs«fLgðenH Ca¨bCaCati Edlsmºèrsbºayrs'k~¬gesck¶I
Çs©b's©at'È
KµanbJúaecaTesaHeLIy
.
²LèvenH, Gs'ehIyPaBsmºèrsbºay Gs'ehIyPaB Çs©b's©at'È bJúad* e¨cInEsnkMBugEtecaTeLIg
qab'«nbN¶aCnesomenHäg
KWbuBÃehtu«nbJúaenH
KWbN¶almkGMBIkMeNInd*
¨BmTSgkarv^vt¶n_«nsÄanPaBneyaVyGn¶rCati
k~¬gPUmiPaKGasIuEb"GeK~y_enHmkbUkbEnÄmeTot .
(1) eyageTAtamesovePA <l'Evolution de la Thailande contemporaine> Cahier de la Fondation Nationale des Sciences, Politiques, P. Fistié, Paris, 1967, et " la Thailande", Q.S.J., P.U.F., Paris, 1963.
46
¨beTs«fLgð Ð 70ù000ù000 dl'q~S 2000 ! ebItamsiÄtiEdl¨tèvVneKse¨mceLIg
G¨ta«nkMeNInbN¶aCnesomeLIgdl'eTA
2,6% Etb"ueNöaH .
ehtudUec~HehIy
tamEbbbTv^T´asaås¶
3,00%(1)
kMrit
äExµreyIgman¨twmEt
ebI¨bsinCaKµan¨Bwti¶karN_äNamkrMxandl'karv^vt¶n_
enHeT ¨beTsesomnwgGacmanmnus§dl'C^teTA 70 lannak' naedImstvt§ TI 21 xagmuxenH ( äkMeNInbN¶aCnExµreyIgnwgeLIgdl' 15 lannak'Et b"ueNöaH ) .
ehtuEdlbN¶aCnesomenH ekInk~¬g 30 q~SxagmuxenHdl'eTA 70 lan
nak'enH minEmnCakarmYyKYr[eyIgenAes©¿m¨Begéyken¶IyesaHeLIy. EdndI
²Nëècin
nwgkÂayeTACaEdndIEdlmanbN¶aCne¨cInhYsmaD
(
Une
région
surpeuplée ) . ¨Kan'EtesomnigyYnbUkbJÍèlK~aekIndl'eTACag 150 lannak' eyIgEdlman¨twmEt 15 lan KW 1 ¨bqSgnwg 10 nwgmanmeF´aVy¨Kb'¨Kan' GacttSgnwg ( s¨tèv ) eyIgVneT, ebIeKrYmK~aCaF¬gmYyehIyGnuvt¶nUvbMNg
Ga¨kk'mkelI¨beTseyIg . ¨beTseyIgKWCaEdndImYyEdlman sÄanPaBPUmi saås¶neyaVy ( Une position géo-politique centrale ) enAkN¶aleK, ehIyEdl eK ( ¨bsinebIeK¨tèvr"UvK~a ) ekobsgût'BI¨Kb'TisTIVnedaygay . ebIeyIgnwg erIsykÓTahrN_k~¬gelakenHmkBn´l'Vn
KWsÄanPaBPUmisaås¶¨beTs
b"ULèj enHEtm¶g . cUreyIgemIlcuH ¨beTsb"ULèjenH, CYnkal¨tèvVt'bg'Edn
dI, Vt'eQµaHBIEpnTI«nBiPBelak, CYnkaleTot ¨beTsGalÂWm"ajBIxaglic
nig¨beTsrusI§BIxagekIt¨suH¨sYlK~a ÇEhkEdndIEckK~aÈ dUckalBIsm&y
sågðamelakelIkTI 2 enH¨sab' .l.
dUec~HehIy, k~¬gGnaKtkalenH bJúaFMEdlecaTmkelI²Nëècin KWbJúacegí¿tcgíl'
«nEdndI EdlbN¶almkBIbN¶aCne¨cInhYsmaDenHägCa¨Vkd .
(1) eyageTAtamesovePA : <L'Evolution de la Thailande Contemporaine> dEdlnig <L'Economie de l'Asie du Sud Est> Lè Thanh Khoi, P.U.F. Paris, 1964.
47
plviVk bN¶almkGMBIkMeNIn bN¶aCnk~¬g¨beTsesom
etIrd½aPiVlesomnwgedaH¨sayEbbNa
CnenH ?
cMeJHbJúakMeNIncMnYnbN¶a
¨Kan'Etk~¬gsBëf©enH EdlbN¶aCnminTan'TSgekIndl' 40 lannak'pg
enaH VnbegûIn[mankar¨BçyVrm¸mYyy"agFMeFgk~¬gcMeNamG~kdwknSesom.
naq~S 1957-58, tamesck¶IsuMBIrd½aPiVlesom ebskkmµmYy«n FnaKar BiPBelak ( la B.I.R.D. ) VnmkeFÃIkarsik§anigesck¶IraykarN_mYy GMBI
sÄanPaBesd½kicÍesom . eyabl'rYm«nesck¶IraykarN_enH Vnbgúaj[ eXIjnUvkgÃHxat nig PaBx§t'ex§ayCae¨cIncMeJHGnaKtesd½kicÍesom . pæ¬yeTAv^j,
karB¨gékFnFanesd½kicÍ
KWbegûénplitplksikmµnig
Ós§ahkmµCakarcSVc' edImIºedaH¨saybJúakMeNInbN¶aCnenH, edImIºrk§akuM [kMritCévPaB«n¨bCaraås¶FÂak'cuHCalMdab' rhUtdl'PaBevTna¨kx§t' xÃHcMNI GaharbriePaK .
sm&ybcͬbºn~enH FnFanesd½kicÍxÂH@ EdlBImunGac¨tèveKnSecjeTA
breTsVn
k*kan'EtmancMnYneGanfyCalMdab'
maneQI«m"sak',
V"hSg, ekAsUß, ehIyBiesseTAeTot KWGgûrenHEtm¶g . ehtudUec~HehIy
VnCakarB¨gIkesd½kicÍ[VnelOnqab'rh&s
kÂayeTACaGaTiPaBTImYy «nneyaVyesom . KWk~¬gKMnitenHehIy
Edlrd½aPiVlesomsBëf©enH
sMN, Vn
kMBugEtsÄabna
Ke¨magkarN_FM@ Cae¨cIn mansMNg'TMnb'ClaKðIsnI EdlGac[se¨mcCa mYypg nUvkarVcTwkbJÍèlE¨s
( l'irrigation ) nwgGagGacB¨gIknUv«pædIdS
dMNSfµé@eTot . rIäxagv^s&yÓs§hkmµv^j mUlFnbreTs (les capitaux
étrangers) Cae¨cInVn¨tèveKe¨bI¨Vs'k~¬g¨beTs edImIºse¨mc[mannUvkarcMerIn lUtlas'. k~¬gcMeNammUlFn¨beTsEdleKVneFÃIv^nieyaKk~¬g¨beTsenH KW
manmUlFnCb"une¨cInCageK, bnæab'mkmUlFncintay-va"n' ehIyTI3 KWmUl
48 FnGaemrikSg . k~¬gneyaVyesd½kicÍenH rd½aPiVlVneFÃIkars¨mçl[Ca
Gtibrma dl'karnScUlmk«nmUlFnbreTsTSgenH .
k*b"uEn¶ bJúaEdlsMxan'CageK KWbJúa¨sUvGgûrenHäg . valTMnab«n
TenÂemNam CamhaC¨guk¨sUv«n¨beTsesom . k~¬gkalsBëf©enH «pæ¨kLa dIdSdMNS mancMnYnEt 1/4 Etb"ueNöaH «nvalTMnabTenÂemNam EdlsmºèNá eTAedayClFar . dUec~HbJúa«nkarB¨gékdIdMNSminEmnecaTk~¬glkÅN:F©n'F©r dUcenA¨beTseyokNamenaHeT . EdndIesomEdlman«pæ¨kLaTSgGs'Cag
500ù000 Kùm2 ehIyEdlmYyPaKy"agFMCadITMnab nwgminTan'kÂayeTACadI cegí¿tcgíl'enAeLIyeT k~¬gry:kal 30 É 50 q~SeTAxagmuxenH . ¨beTs enH GacnwgbegûénplitplksikmµVnEfmeTot edImIºGaceqÂIytbeTAnwgesc k¶I¨tèvkarkan'EtFMeLIg@«n¨bCaraås¶ eLIg
nUvrebobGaCévkmµksikmµ
edaysarneyaVyeFÃI[rwtEt¨besIr
mankarVcTwkbJÍèlE¨s
kare¨bICéKImI
É
e¨bIe¨KOgyn¶ksikmµ . KWk~¬gbMNgenHägehIy edayrd½aPiVlesomkMBug EtGnuvt¶Ke¨magkarFM@ Cae¨cIn xagTMnb'Twk Cék¨bLaybJÍèlE¨s tSgBIq~S
1950 mkemÂ"H edaysarC÷nYyBiPBelak . Ke¨magkarenH GacB¨géknUv
«pæ¨kLadIdSd÷NS ¨BmTSgfamBlGKðIsnIeTotpg . ¨bsinebIKe¨magkarB¨gékplitplksikmµ
nigFnFanÓs§ahkmµenH
maneCaKC&yEmn bJúav^bti¶pÂèvsgðmGacnwg¨tèvVnedaH¨say[VnFUr¨sal
xÂH, k*bu"En¶kmÂSgesd½kicÍesom nwgrwtEtmanTMhMFMeLIgCalMdab' Ga¨s&yeTAelI PaBFMeFg«np§ark~¬g¨beTsesomenHCa¨Vkd (BI 65 eTA 70 lannak' dl'
cugstvt§TI 20) . k~¬gkrNIenH karB¨gékkmÂSgesd½kicÍesomenH k*GackÂay eTACae¨KaHf~ak'mYyFMEdr
eTAelIGnaKt¨beTskmõ¬CaeyIg
Edlmanp§ark~¬g
¨beTsex§ayenAeLIy . CakarBitEmnehIy kmÂSgesd½kicÍk~¬gtMbn'nimYy@
«nBiPBelak e¨bobVneTAnwgkmÂSgTwkEdlhUrehor BItMbn'mYyxõs'eTAtMbn'
mYyeTotEdlTabCagdUec~HEdr .
ä¨beTskmõ¬CaeyIg EdlsÄitenAkN¶al¨beTsTSgBIrenH TukCaeyIg
eFÃIy"agNa @ k¶I k*BuMGacecosputGMBIkarsgût'sgû^nkan'EtF©n'F©reLIgxagpÂèv
esd½kicÍ nigbN¶aCn ( les pressions d'ordre économique et démographique
49 grandissantes ) «n¨beTsTSgsgxagVnrYceLIy edayGa¨s&yeTAelIehtufa
eKBuMGaceFÃI¨BM¨bTl'EdnäNa[biTC^tsUn´QwgVneLIy xagK~a .
rvag¨beTsC^t
etI¨beTskmõ¬CaeyIg EdlmanlkÅN:CaEdk¨Tnab'mYytUc Gac¨T¨Tg'
Tb'Tl'nwgjjçrFM@ dl'eTABIrEdlFÂak'mkelIxÂçn¨Bm@ K~aVnÉeT k~¬gGnaKt xagmuxenH ? vaCakarBitNas'eTAehIy, edImIºnwgGac¨TS¨TVn luH¨taEtEdk ¨Tnab'enH ¨tèveKbEnÄm¨sTab'Edk[Vn¨kas'mSCagmuneTIbVn . m´"ageTot
cMeJHkrNIesomenHeTotesat
ebIsinCa¨beTsenHGac
sMercedayeCaKC&yxagkarB¨gékkmÂSgesd½kicÍVn enaHCakar¨besIrehIy .
EtebIpæ¬yeTAv^j, etInwgmankaredaH¨sayäNaeTot ? cºas'CaG~kdwknSesom enHnwgecalEP~kjy@ mkelI EdndId*manCéCati«next¶Vt'dMbg nigvalTMnab«nbwg
TenÂsab EdlsmºèreTAeday¨tIsac' nig¨sUvGgûrminxaneLIy . cuHebIeKXubXitCa mYyCnCatiyYneTot edImIºEbgEckEpndIeyIg, dUcenAstvt§r_TI 19 naq~S
1840 etIeyIgnwgQmmuxTb'Tl'nwgKe¨magkarGkuslenHtamv^FINa ?
X X
X
50
esck¶IbJÍb' TSgGs'enH, KW¨Kan'EtCakarsn~id½an kar¨bDit EdlCalTìpl«n¨VCÆa nwgkaryl'Etb"ueNöaH minTan'manCakarBit«n¨bvti¶saås¶enaHeLIy . Et, etI nrNaeLIyEdlGachßanGHGagfa k~¬gGnaKt, kar¨bDitenHminGackÂayCa dac'xat eTACakarBitk~¬g¨bvti¶saås¶Vn ? ¨bvti¶saås¶Gac[emeronpg min
[emeronpgcMeJHeyIgral'K~a . GnaKtkalKWCarUgggwtmYyEdleKt¨mèv[
eyIgcUleTAk~¬g
eday²t¨bEkkVneLIy
EtebIeyIgdwgmunfarUgenHmanPin
PaKy"agem"c@ xÂHehIy, eyIgk*Gac¨buge¨bobxÂçneyIgVne¨cInEdr edImIºQm
muxnwgyfaehtu¨Kb'y"ag .
ehtudUcVnGFibºayeday¨tçs@
BIxagelIenH
eyIgGacsnµteday
mankarPan'¨cLMCaGbºbrmafa cMeJHGnaKtkal«n¨beTskmõ¬CaeyIg, änay
eCégemXäeNaH suTìEt¨bkbeTAedayduMBBkexµA@ e¨cInCaGenk kmÂSg«nkarsgût'sgû^n xagpÂèvesd½kicÍCamYyK~anwgpÂèvbN¶aCn
KMramkMEhgmYyy"agFM²te¨bobpæwmVn
nigpÂèvneyaVyEfmeTotpg
Edl¨beTseyIg¨tèvEtTTYlrge¨KaH
BIsMNak'«nGnaKt¨beTsC^txageyIg . k~¬glkÅn¶ik:EbbenH,
Cakar
maKáaEdleyIg¨tèvedIr
KWeyIg¨tèvmankatBÃkicÍCa
bzm erobcMesd½kicÍCatieyIg[edIrelOnTan'sm&yniym, eFÃIesd½kicÍenH[rIk cMerInCaGtibrma
edImIºGac[mankmÂSg¨Kb'¨Kan'
kmÂSgsgût'sgû^nBIG~kC^txageyIg
Cév^teyIgmanTMhMy"agtUcbMput .
GacQmmuxTb'Tl'Vnnwg
edayeFÃI[karKMramkMEhgdl'karKg'vg§
ebIesd½kicÍmankmÂSg¨Kb'¨Kan'ehIy, neyaVyk*edIrtamesd½kicÍBIe¨kayx~gEdr sm
nwgJk´Edlfa KWesd½kicÍeTEdlnSneyaVy . KMnitTSgGs'enH KW¨Kan'EtCalTìpl«n kar¨tiHriHBicarNas¶çces¶Ig«nmnus§m~ak'Etb"ueNöaH dUcenHBMuTan'manlkÅN:CasakleLIy. ehtudUec~HehIy karPan'¨cLMmincºas'las'EtgmanCakarFmµta . bMNgrbs'eyIgKW karsaklºgbMPÂWGnaKtkalnigsmºCJï:Etb"ueNöaH .
51
cuH .
¨tg'bJúaB¨gIkesd½kicÍ[VneC¯nelOnenH e¨scEtsmtÄkicÍbecÍkeTs xagEp~kenH ù ù sUm¨beTskmõ¬Ca CamatuPUmiCaTIes~ha Kg'vg§CanicÍù ù ù k~¬gPaBfû¬Mefûég .
kMBg'cam «f©TI 20 mkra 1970
nYn eXOn
vaysaeLIgv^j nigrcnaGk§r¨kb : XunBImU"c
EksMrYlJk´VrSg nigrUbPaBEpnTIfµé : man'¨Bwk
CYyBinit´GkÅrav^ruTìExµr : cinexµA sùrùGaù, 7emsa2008ù