YAP KHAY BOON
1km/h
2km/h
FOR BEGINNER
YAP KHAY BOON
3km/h
CONTENTS
4km/h
P
R
N
D
010 + + + +
What is a car? When it had started? Types of cars Logos of the cars and its meanings
048 + Why men like cars so much? + what is the symbolic meaning of it?
+ How to buy a good used car? + How to increase your car’s resale value? + What to do if your car brakes down on road? + How thieves break into your car? + How to stay safe on the road? + How to wash your car properly? + How to change a tire?
062
096 + The future of cars
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Introduc tion
Do you know your knowledge in cars? What is a car? Do you know about the history of cars? What would you do if your car suddenly breaks down? By reading this book, you will know much more about cars. This book is specifically for teenagers that just got their driving licenses. For those who just knows how to drive a car but have absolute no knowledge about it. This book is most likely to be a driving instruction manual and is divided into 4 chapters, which are P, R, N and D.
These letters are the initials of Park, Reverse, Neutral and Drive, which you will find at the gearshift of an Automatic car. The first chapter of this book will be talking about the history, types and also the meanings of car logos. At the second chapter, the book shows the symbolic meanings of a car and why men love it so much. As consumers, we are becoming more aware and more cautious when buying a second hand car. At the third chapter you will learn how to choose the best of used cars, the way one protects oneself when accidents happen and also how to protect the car. At the last chapter, the book shows the prediction of the designs of future cars.
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E
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F
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P
10km/h
+ What is a car? + When it had started? + Types of cars + Logos of the cars and its meanings
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What is a car? 13km/h
Car s a re a ut o m o b il e s t ha t c a n trans p o rt p e o p le . It is t h e m a in m ean s o f t ra v e llin g f o r hu n dreds o f m i l l i o n s o f p e o p l e a l l over t h e w o r l d . Cars h a v e c h a n g ed t h e w a y w e l ive p ro b a bly m o r e t h a n a n y other i n v e n t i o n i n h i s t o r y . A t f irst o nly a f e w p e o pl e h a d c ar s b ut a f t e r a w hil e m o r e and mo re p e o p le b o u ght t h e m bec au se t h e y i m p r o ve d t he w a y people l i v e d . F a r m e r s w i t h c a r s wer e a b le t o bri ng t he ir pr o d u c ts t o p la ce s t h a t w e r e f a r ther a w a y . T h e a p p e a r a n c e o f cities a n d t o w n s a l s o c h a n g e d . More a nd m o re w o r k e r s d r o ve to the i r j o bs a nd p e o pl e s t a r t ed to m o v e t o s ub u r b s o u t s id e the to wn ce nt e rs .
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A u t o m obiles give people many j o b s . Millions of people around t he w o rl d wo rk i n fact o ri es w he r e cars are pro duced. M i l l io n s mo re wo rk at g as st at i o n s , restaurants or motels t ha t t rav el ers s t o p at . Ho w e ver, cars al so caus e pro b l e m s . Millions of people die in c a r a c ci dent s ev ery y ear. Au t o m o b i les pollute the air that w e b r eathe and parking space in c it i es i s s carce becaus e ev e r y o n e wants to use their cars t o ge t t o ci t y cent ers .
15km/h
Wiper Blades
Engine
Logo
Headlamp
16km/h
Door
Fuel
Rear Lamp
Tire and wheel
17km/h
18km/h
19km/h
When it had started? 20km/h
In the late 1770s,Nicolas-Joseph Cugnot, a French engineer, built a car that ran on steam. Many American companies also started producing them but they were very expensive to make and cost a lot of money.
As time went on, engineers started experimenting with petrol-driven cars. They could travel faster and over longer distances. They were also safer than steam-powered models which ran with petrol.
Towards the end of the 19 th century, Germany became the centre of carmaking. Nikolaus Otto built the first internal combustion engine, Gottlieb Daimler and Karl Benz also began building petroldriven engines.
Automobile production in the USA began in the 1890s. It was Henry Ford who started producing cars on an assembly line. Workers do only one task and car parts pass on a conveyer belt.
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By 1908 Ford’s Model T became the most popular car in the world and by 1927 the Ford Motor Company had produced over 15 million of them.
Power steering, power brakes and automatic controls became common. More and more big cars were produced in the 1950s and 1960s. They used up a lot of fuel in a time in which oil was still very cheap.
22km/h
After car production had slowed down during the two world wars car makers began adding new features to post - war models.
This changed in the 1970s when Arab oil-producing countries started to raise prices for oil because western countries supported Israel.
In the years that followed much was done to try to save and conserve fuel. Automakers started producing compact cars that were fuel-efficient.
By 1980 Japan became the largest car producing countries in the world.
In the meantime, Japan and Europe had begun to compete with American carmakers.
In 1997, car Manufacturers get green. Manufacturers have acknowledged that oil reserves will dry up in the future. They’re now developing engines that use more than one fuel source – hybrid engines.
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25km/h
Types of cars 26km/h
The te r m ‘ c a r ’ , i n i t s b r o a d e s t sense, i s d e f i n e d a s a v e h i c l e whic h i s us e d p r e d o m in a n t l y for th e p u r p o s e o f p a s s e n g e r transp o r t a t i o n . B a s i c a l l y , c a r s c an be ca t e g o ri z ed in t o va r i ous ty p e s o n t h e b a s i s o f t h e i r shape, s i z e , m e ch a n ic a l s p e c ificati o n s , p e r f o r m a n c e , e t c .
Ho w e ve r , i t i s v ery di ffi cul t t o c o m e up with one specific f o r m u l a and classify all the e x is t in g cars o n t he basi s o f it .
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Convertible = a car with a flexible roof that can be folded together, so that you can drive without it
Coupe = a two-door car with a fixed roof and a smaller back seat.
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Hatchback = incorporate the passenger space with cargo space in such a manner that you get to tuck all your luggage inside through the largehinged door which opens upwards and gives access to cargo space from the tailgate.
Minivan = a taller car that is shaped like a van; it has up to three rows and can carry 8 or 9 people. 31km/h
Sedan = common car type with two rows of seats and four doors. The car has a separate boot (trunk) for luggage
Sports car = low to the ground with only two seats and a powerful engine
32km/h
Sport utility vehicle (SUV) = built like a small truck, it has a four wheel drive and space like a minivan ; it is often an off-road vehicle made for travelling on rough ground.
Station wagon or estate car = longer vehicles for larger families ; most of the time they have an extended cargo area 33km/h
Logos of cars and its meanings 34km/h
Ever y c a r h a s a l o g o . T h e l o g o embod i e s e a c h m a n u f a c t u r e r ’ s missi o n s t a t e m e n t o r h e r i t a g e . Som e lo g o s h a v e a pr e t t y l a m e histo r y a n d a re n o t w o r t h y en ou gh t o b e m e n t io n e d in d e tail, w h i l e o t h e r s ,
l ik e t he o nes o n t hi s l i st , hav e i n t r i g u ing stories behind their l o go ’ s creat i o n.
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Alfa Romeo Founded: 1910 Headquarters: Turin, Italy The red cross celebrates the deeds of Giovanni Da Rio who is reputed to have been the first to climb the walls of Jerusalem and erect a cross there during the first crusade. The other half of the symbol is occupied by a man-eating serpent that reportedly terrified the local populous of Milan in the early part of the 5th century A.D.
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Audi Founded: 1910 Headquarters: Ingolstadt, Germany The four rings which embodies the emblem symbolizes the 1932 merger of the four companies: Audi, DKW, Horch and Wanderer. The Audi name, which is Latin for “Hear!,” disappeared, but was revived in 1965 using the four rings as a logo. Also, “Audi” is a sort of pun on “hoerch”, German for “to listen”, the name of one of the founders.
BMW Founded: 1916 Headquarters: Munich, Germany The Bavarian Motor Works logo is a derivation of the Bavarian flag and representative of BMW’s heritage in which it built engines for German military planes during World War II. One half of the propeller was painted blue and the other half was painted white.
Chevrolet Founded: 1911 Headquarters: Detroit, Michigan Legend has it that the Chevy logo was inspired by a wallpaper in a French hotel where William C. Durant was staying. However, his wife says that the bow tie emblem was first seen by her husband in a Virginia newspaper on a vacation around 1912, upon which he told her that he thought it’d be a very good emblem for Chevrolet.
39km/h
Cadillac Founded: 1902 Headquarters: Detroit, Michigan The Cadillac logo is based on the family crest of the man for whom the company was named, Antoine de La Mothe, Sieyr de Cadillac. The symbolism of the wreath surrounding the crest is uncertain.
40km/h
Dodge Founded: 1900 Headquarters: Auburn Hills, Michigan The Dodge ram logo first appeared as a hood ornament in the 1930s, used on both trucks and cars. The Ram was chosen for the image it portrays: sure-footed and king of the trail.
Ford Founded: 1903 Headquarters: Dearborn, Michigan Harold Wills, a friend of Henry Ford, made lots of money by printing business cards, and when Henry was looking for a logo to mark his car in 1903, Wills was on the job. The typefont of the Ford logo is the same one used by Wills on his business cards. The oval appeared in 1912 and the blue background added in 1927 in conjuction with the launch of the Model A.
Jaguar Founded: 1922 Headquarters: Coventry, England It is believed the leaping jaguar represents the power, speed, and quickness of its cars.
41km/h
Mazda Founded: 1920 Headquarters: Hiroshima, Japan The Mazda logo is more than just a stylish tulip. Developed by Rei Yoshimara, a world-renowned corporate image-maker, the “V” represents outstretched wings, and in Mazda’s words, “The creativity, the sense of mission, the gentleness and flexibility that are Mazda.”
42km/h
Mercedes-Benz Founded: 1871 Headquarters: Stuttgart, Germany The star in three corners represents the MercedesBenz dominance on land, sea and air. The star appeared for the first time in 1909 on a Daimler. In 1926 the crown of laurel was added to mark the union with Benz. The current logo with a star in a circle was used for the first time in 1937.
Mitsubishi Founded: 1970 Headquarters: Tokyo, Japan The three diamonds of the Mitsubishi logo represents the three ship fleet owned by the company founders and the first activity of the Nippon manufacturer.
Peugeot Founded: 1882 Headquarters: Sochaux, France The lion from the logo of Peugeot comes from the Belfort city emblem, the place where the first Peugeot model was manufactured. Bartholdi, Belfort city’s logo creator is the same sculptor that designed the Statue of Liberty.
43km/h
Renault Founded: 1899 Headquarters: Boulogne-Billancourt, France The Renault diamond had a functional purpose in its early life. The badge was placed on the hood and the center of the badge cut out to allow sound from the car’s horn, positioned directly behind the logo, to escape.
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Toyota Founded: 1937 Headquarters: Tokyo, Japan The Toyota logo contains three ellipses which represent the heart of the customer, the heart of the product and the heart of technological progress and limitless opportunities of the future. In Japanese, Toyo signifies abundance, and ta means rice. In some Asian cultures, the rice represents wealth.
Volkswagen Founded: 1938 Headquarters: Wolfsburg, Germany The Volkswagen logo story is simplistic. The logo contains the letters V and W: “Volks” means people and “Wagen” means car.
Volvo Founded: 1927 Headquarters: Gothenburg, Sweden Volvo means “I go” in Latin and the circle with the arrow is a conventional sign for iron; the best known richness of Sweden. The circle represents a shield and the arrow is the arrow of Mars, another symbol for iron.
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E
46km/h
F
47km/h
R
48km/h
+ Why men like cars so much? + what is the symbolic meaning of it?
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Why men like cars so much? 51km/h
Men l o v e ca rs . W hy? B e c a u s e they’r e p a r t o f t h e m . M e n t a l k abou t t h e i r ca rs a s if t a l king a b o u t t h e m s e l v e s . E x c e p t f rom g a d g e t s a nd e l e c t r o n ic s , m otor b i ke a nd c a r s a r e o n e m en ’s b a by . A s t o w o m e n , t he y l ove c lo t h e s , s h o es , b a gs a n d ac c ess o ri e s . W o m en a r e m o r e comfo r t a b l e e x p r e s s i n g t h e i r f eel in g s d i re ct ly a n d s e e t he car a s s e p a r a t e . A n d w o m e n give n a m e s t o t h e i r c a r s . As Pe t e r M a r s h , o n e o f t h e author o f T h e S e c r e t L i f e o f Cars a n d W h a t T h e y R e v e a l A bou t U s , s a i d t h a t t he a t t a c h m en t o f m e n t o t h e ir c a r s w a s often t r a n s l a t e d i n t o f e e l i n g s of ann o y a n c e a t t h e t h r e a t , o r potent i a l , o f s o m e o n e d a m a g i n g the ve h i cle s . A nd a s t he s u r vey s h o ws t h a t m e n l o ve t h e ir c ar mo re t h a n t h e ir w if e . M e n . . . I know y o u r n o d d in g t h e r e . L O L . Yes! 3 % o f m a le d r ive r s w o u l d c on side r g i v i ng u p t he ir w if e or pa r t n e r r a t h e r t h a n t h e i r car.
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An d in UK ’s bi g g es t dedic a t e d mo ni t o ri ng panel s ho w t h a t dri v ers are st i l l v ery d e p e n dent on their cars, 2 % o f w o men would also consider d it c hin g t hei r husband o r bo y f r ie n d rat her t han t hei r car. W h y men are so attached to i t ? A s tudy revealed that cars f e e d s into their mans need for p o s s e s si o n and t he sens e o f b e l o n ging ness and accept ance. I f y o u ’ ll observe, men are very c o n f i d ent when it comes to c a r s t o pic. They can speak and t a l k c o nfi dent l y t o o t her men o p e n l y about their cars. It is t h a t t o p i c t hat eng ag es men i nt o c o n v e r sation. And some men are i n v e s t i ng cars. Men have the h ighe s t number o f v i si t o rs i n o n l in e bl o g s o f cars and as k s t h e m o st number of inquiries a b o u t car sal es and car mo dels.
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Normally men have very serious orgasm when they are looking at their favourite cars.
SPEED LIMIT oo
Sometimes they like speed, and the excitement. It was the only toy for them to play.
54km/h
A sign of a man’s success.
$$ $$ $ $$$$$ $$ $ $$ $ $$ $ $$ $ $$$$$$$ $ $ Show off! 55km/h
What is the symbolic meaning of it? 56km/h
With ca rs , y o u w e a r yo u r s t a tus on t h e r o a d . E v e r y o n e k n o w s whic h o ne s a re t h e m o s t e x pen sive . Th e b ra n d m a r k in g is c l ear . O f co urs e , m a n y p e o pl e bu y ex p e ns i v e car s ( e ve n if they ca n’ t a f f o rd it ) ju s t t o show- o f f o r p r o j e c t a n i m a g e or wea lt h o r i m p o r t a n c e . Howev e r, no t a ll w e a l t hy p e o ple p r e f e r d r i v i n g e x p e n s i v e c ar s. F o r S a m W a l t o n , f o u n d er of W a l - M a r t , h e p r e f e r r e d prac tica l o v e r s h o w y. He c o m m en ted o n h i s c ho ic e o f ve hic l e: “W h y d o I d r ive a p ic kup tr u c k ? W h a t a m I s u p p o s e d to hau l m y d o g s a r o u n d i n , a Rol l s-Ro y ce ? ”
B e s id e s buy i ng a car fo r st a t u s , n o w people buy cars for t h e i m age or message it makes. T a k e t he To y o t a Pri us , fo r ex a m p l e . It has become a rolling b u m pe r s t i ck er fo r t he env i r o n m e n tal mo v ement . D ri v i ng o n e m a kes a st ro ng s t at ement , p r o vin g t he o wner pract i ces w h a t t hey preach. N o m a tt er y o u buy a car fo r s t a t u s , fashion, comfort, or t h e e n v i ro nment , y o u are what yo u d r i v e.
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59km/h
E
60km/h
F
61km/h
N
62km/h
+ How to buy a good used car? + How to increase your car’s resale value? + What to do if your car brakes down on road? + How thieves break into your car? + How to stay safe on the road? + How to wash your car properly? + How to change a tire?
63km/h
How to buy a good used car? 64km/h
1
Choose the type of car you are interested in, then become familiar with its operation, the type of equipment it comes with, and the general history of it.
2
Check online for customer feedback on the models you are looking for.
3
Look for cars that have features you need to suit your purposes.
4
Check the prices of comparable cars at local used car lots, the want ads in the local newspaper, and any other sources you have.
11
Take a test drive. The best place to start this is on a quiet back street or in a relatively empty parking lot. You will want to try some pretty sharp turns and brisk braking, and you won’t want to have to deal with traffic while you pay attention to the results of this testing.
12
Take the car out on a street that will allow you to put it through some paces. You will want to see how it corners, accelerates, and handles in various different conditions. Feel for drift, wobbles, or steering wheel vibrations.
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5
Be model specific when you have chosen a car.
Bring the car back to the seller’s home and park it. Get out, and walk around slowly, smelling for any burning lubricants or fluids which may have leaked out on your test drive.
6
14
Learn what you can about the car’s history when you go to check it out. Look the outside over. You may be able to see signs of abuse, accidents, or other problems by walking around taking a good close look at the paint and finishes.
Look at the tail pipe for water or oil droplets that may have accumulated there, as well as any black, soot material inside the pipe. In cool weather, after a very brief drive, some water may be condensed on the surface of the tail pipe, but it should be clear looking, with no sign of antifreeze or oil in it.
8
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7
Take a look in the trunk, checking to be sure a usable spare tire, jack, and tire tool are there. If you can, pull up the edges of the carpet and look for rust or peeling paint.
9
Look under the hood. The engine may be foreign to you, but there are still some things even an inexperienced person can look for without too much trouble.
10
Look at the “creature comfort” features inside the car.
Take a look underneath the car. Using a flashlight, lay down beside the car and look at the transmission, the rear of the engine, beneath the radiator, and for rear wheel drives, the back differential, to see if there are any signs of leaks.
16
Look at the results of these inspections, and ask honest questions to the seller, both in terms of your observations and what he or she thinks is the cause of them, and their willingness to work with you to off set the cost of possible repairs in negotiating the price of the car. 65km/h
How to increase your car’s resale value?
66km/h
1
Buy a c a r t h a t w i l l h o l d i t s value . R e s a l e v a lu e i s b a s e d o n m any f a ct o rs , in c l u d in g d e sir abi li t y a nd r e l ia b il it y.
4
D o n ’ t crash.
5
K e e p it clean.
2
F ol l o w t h e m a i nt e n a n c e s c he d ule a n d k e e p a l l r e c e i p t s .
3
Resist t h e urg e t o c u s t o m iz e . Spen d i n g m o n e y o n y o u r c a r c an a ct ua lly d e c r e a s e it s va l u e.
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What to do if your car breaks down on the road? 68km/h
Try t o co a s t a lo n g t h e s ho u l der u n t i l y o u ’ r e a w a y f r o m any c urv e s i n t h e r o a d b e hin d you. T h i s p l a c e m e n t p a y s o f f when y o u’ re re a dy t o ge t b a c k onto t h e ro a d b e c a u s e yo u c a n spot o n c o m i n g t r a f f i c b e f o r e it’s on y o ur t a i l. If the e n g i n e d i e s r i g h t o n t h e highw a y a nd y o u c a n ’ t ge t o f f the ro a d , d o n ’ t g e t o u t o f t h e car! S i t t i n g i n a d e a d v e h i c l e with t ra f f i c p i lin g u p b e hin d you is unne rv i ng , b u t a t t e m pt ing to cro s s a h i g h - s p e e d f r e eway on f o o t i s s u ic id e . If it’s a f t e r d a rk , pu t t h e interior l i g h t o n s o t h a t y o u ’ r e more v i s i b l e . I f t h e e n g i n e i s operab l e , k e e p i t r u n n i n g s o that y o u d o n ’ t r u n t h e b a t t e r y d own. Rol l do wn t h e w in d o w o n t he drive r ’ s s i d e , h a n g o u t a w h i t e cloth o r p i e c e o f p a p e r , a n d rol l th e wi nd o w b a c k u p t o s ecure i t i n p l a c e : T h e c l o t h o r paper a l e r t s d r i v e r s t h a t y o u r vehicl e i s i n t r o u b l e a n d t h a t they s h o u l d p r o c e e d a r o u n d you .
If yo u k no w t hat y o u’re g o i ng t o n e e d roadside assistance, u s e y o ur cellphone to call your a u t o c l ub o r t he hi g hway pa t r o l : I f you have no phone, and yo u c a n s ee an emerg ency cal l b o x o n l y a few feet away , use t h e c a l l box to call for help, g e t r i ght back in the car, and l o c k t h e doors. T o a vo i d bei ng hi t by a passi n g v e hicle, never work on your v e h i c l e from the side that’s e x p o s e d to traffic. If it ’ s day l i g ht , put o n y o ur e m e r ge ncy bl i nk ers t o al ert o n c o m i n g traffic to the fact that y o u r v ehicle isn’t moving. I f i t ’ s night time and you’re not s t u c k i n traffic, quickly place w a r n i n g lights or reflective m a r k e r s abo ut si x feet behi nd t h e ve hi cl e t o al ert t raffi c, a n d t h en g et back i n t he car.
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71km/h
How to avoid thieves breaking into your car? 72km/h
1
Park y o u r c a r i n a c r o w d e d pl ac e.
2
P ark y o ur ca r w e r e e ve r yo n e can se e i t ( o r r a t h e r : s e e t h e thief) .
3
6
D o n o t attach stickers showing t h e m a ke of your alarm, this m a k e s it easy for thieves to e l im in a te y o ur al arm.
7
H i d e t he true identity of your c a r o n a s ho w.
P ark y o ur ca r n e x t t o n ic e r l ookin g ca r h o p i n g it w il l b e the vict i m i ns t e a d .
8
4
9
Take your detachable pl ate w i t h y o u!
face
B e c a r e ful even at home (do not s h o w o ff i n y o ur o wn s t reet ). I n s u r e the car and the audio s ys t e m .
5
Instal l a n a la rm s ys t e m , it w il l at l eas t m a ke y o ur c a r l e s s a t trac tiv e t h a n ca rs w it h o u t o n e .
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74km/h
You will never open these doors!
75km/h
How to stay safe on the road? 76km/h
1
Stay a le rt a nd bu c k l e u p .
2
F oc u s o n y o ur d r ivin g,
3
Keep a s a f e d i s t a n c e b e t w e e n your v e h i c l e a n d t h e v e h i c l e i n f ront o f y o u.
4
Dr ive ca ut i o us ly . S t a y a t a safe s p e e d t o a l l o w y o u t i m e to stop .
5
Respe c t o t h e r s .
6
Tu r n y o ur ra d i o o r c a r s t e r e o down.
7
M a k e s ure that you have a good s p a r e t i re and t i re j ack i n yo u r t r unk , as wel l as a j ump e r c a b le and any other tools t h a t m ay be needed. It is also a g o o d idea to carry a warning t r ia n gl e.
8
Pa y a t t ent i o n and o bey ro ad s i g n s , such as STOP signs; c o m e t o a complete stop, and l o o k b o th way s , befo re adv anc i n g . K eep an eye out for the p e o pl e t hat may no t o bey ro ad s ign s .
9
S l o w d own, below normal speed, w h il e dri v i ng on wi ndi ng r o a d s . . . meaning lots of curves in t he ro ad.
10
P u l l o ver to the shoulder of t h e r o ad: If y o ur car i s dri v in g h ars hl y o v er t he ro ads , a n d is ev en caus i ng a pro bl em w i t h y our power steering, then t h e f i rst thing to look into is yo u r t i res . It i s po s s i bl e t o h a v e s ubstantial damage to the t r e a d without it being visible f r o m t he si de as a fl at wo ul d be.
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79km/h
How to wash your car properly? 80km/h
To ke e p y o u r c a r s c l e a n , t h e only s o l u t i o n i s t o g e t y o u r cleani n g equipment out and give y o u r c a r s a g o o d s c r u b . Howev e r, s o m e o f yo u m a y ha ve accide n t a l l y g i v e n y o u r c a r s a scratc h o r t w o i n t h e p r o c e s s . When i t c o m e s t i m e t o w a s h your c a r , y o u m a y t h i n k t h a t a tough, h a r d s c r u b i s i n o r d e r , but b e i n g g e n t l e t o y o u r c a r and u s i n g s o f t , h i g h q u a l i t y prod uct s i s a ct ua l l y t he b e s t way to w a s h y o ur c a r .
T h e s e are the materials needed f o r w a shi ng y o ur car pro per l y: - Water - T w o buck et s - W a s h i ng mat eri al (best t o u s e a n at ural s ea s po ng e o r a m it t m ade o f sheeps k i n o r mic r o f ib er cl o t h) - D r yi ng t o wel s (preferabl y w a f f l e weav e) - C a r wash s o l ut i o n - W he e l cl eaner - W he e l brus hes
81km/h
Hose off the car to loosen the dirt. Don’t use a strong jet, as this can rub grit over the paint and scratch it.
Soak a large wash mitt or sponge in the soapy water, being certain to wash out any dirt in it, and begin applying it to the car. Do not use a brush on the car body -- this will leave little scratches.
82km/h
Wash the car section by section, starting at the top. Circle around the car several times, washing lower areas with each round.
Rinse the dirt out of the wash mitt or sponge in the bucket with plain water frequently.
83km/h
After one section is washed, rinse it with the hose before moving on. You don’t want the soap to dry on the paint and stain it.
As you progress, keep the entire car wet, as this will prevent droplets from drying on the paint and leaving waterspots. You want to be able to dry the car with towels before it air-dries.
84km/h
Scrub the lower body and the wheels last, as these are the dirtiest, grittiest parts. It’s a good idea to use a separate wash mitt or sponge on the bottom.
Use a long, skinny wheel-brush for cleaning the openings of the wheels. If the wheels are very glossy, instead use a sponge or a mitt to clean them just as you would the car body after hosing off as much of the extra dirt.
85km/h
Clean the tire sidewalls with a plastic brush.
At some point rinse the bottom of the car, from various angles, with a spray nozzle. This is particularly important when the car has been exposed to salt.
86km/h
Dry the vehicle with fresh towels.
87km/h
How to change a tire? 88km/h
Have y o u e v e r g o t t e n s t u c k o n the si d e o f t h e r o a d w it h a flat t i r e ? D o y o u w a n t t o b e abl e t o ch a ng e a t ir e w it h o u t havin g t o a s k f o r h e l p ?
F o r t u n ately, changing a tire is a p r e t t y simple task, provided y o u ’ r e prepared and willing to e x e r t a l i t t l e effo rt .
89km/h
90km/h
91km/h
1
Find a f l a t , s t a b l e a n d s a f e place t o c h a n g e y o u r t i r e . You ne e d a s o li d , l e ve l s u r face t h a t w i l l r e s t r i c t t h e c a r from r o l l i n g . I f y o u a r e n e a r a road , p a rk a s f ar f r o m t r a f f ic a s p o s s i ble a n d t u r n o n you r e m e rg e ncy f l a s he r s ( h a z ard l i g h t s ) . A v o i d s o f t g r o u n d and hi lls .
5
R a is e t he j ack unt i l i t i s sup po r t in g (but no t l i ft i ng ) t he c a r . T he jack should be firmly i n p l a ce against the underside o f t h e v ehi cl e. Check t o mak e s u r e t h at t he j ack i s perpen d ic u l a r t o t he g ro und.
6
A ppl y t h e p a rki n g b r a k e a n d pu t c a r i nt o “P a r k ” p o s it io n . If you ha v e a s t a nd ar d t r a n s m is sion, p u t y o u r v e h i c l e i n f i r s t or r eve rs e .
R e m o ve t he hub cap and l o o sen t he n u t s by t urni ng co unt er c l o c k w ise. Don’t take them all t h e w a y off and just break the r e s i s t ance. Having the wheel on t h e g r ound means that you’re t u r n in g t he nut s i nst ead o f t he w h eel .
3
7
2
Place a h e a v y o b j e c t ( e . g . , r o c k , concr e t e , s p a r e w h e e l , e t c . ) i n f ront o f t h e f r o n t a n d b a c k tires.
4
Take o u t t h e s p a r e t i r e a n d t h e jac k. T a k e o ut t he s pa r e t ir e and t h e j a c k . P l a c e t h e j a c k u n d er t h e f ra m e n e a r t he t ir e that y o u a re g o i n g t o c h a n ge . E nsu re t h a t t h e j a c k is in c o n tact w i t h t h e m e t a l p o r t i o n o f you r ca r’ s f ra m e .
92km/h
P u m p or crank the jack to lift t h e t i re off the ground. You n e e d t o lift it high enough to r e m o ve t he fl at t i re and re pl a c e i t wi t h a s pare
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R emov e t h e nut s t he r e s t o f the w a y . T u r n t h e m c o u n t e r clockw i s e u n t i l t h e y a r e l o o s e . Repea t w i t h a l l l u g n u t s , t h e n r emov e t h e nut s c o m pl e t e l y.
9
Remov e t h e t i r e . P l a c e t h e f l a t tir e u nd e r t h e v e hic l e s o in t h e event o f a j a ck fa il u r e t h e ve hicle w i l l f a l l o n t h e o l d w h e e l , hopef u l l y p r e v e n t i n g i n j u r y . If the j a ck i s p la c e d o n a f l a t , solid b a s e , y o u sh o u l d n ’ t h a v e an y p ro b le m s ..
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Pl ac e t h e s p a re t ir e o n hu b. T a k e ca re t o a l ign rim of t h e s p a r e t i r e w i t h wheel b o l t s , t h e n p u t o n l u g n ut s .
t he t he the the
11
T i g h t e n the nuts by hand until t h e y a re all snug. They should t u r n e asi l y at fi rst .
12
L o w e r the car without applying f u l l w ei g ht o n t he t i re. Ti g ht en t h e n u ts as much as po s s i bl e.
13
L o w e r t he car t o t he g ro und f u l l y and remove the jack. F i n i s h tightening the nuts and r e pl a c e t he hubcap.
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P u t t h e old a n d t a ke it t h e o l d tire t a k e it t o a
tire in your trunk to a mechanic. Put in your trunk and mechani c.
93km/h
E
94km/h
F
95km/h
D
96km/h
+ The future of cars
97km/h
98km/h
The future of cars 99km/h
Even t h o u g h t o d a y ’ s c a r i s a gr eat m a ch i ne t h a t is f a s t , e l egant a n d b e a u t i f u l t o l o o k a t , en gin e e rs a re co n s t a n t l y w o r k ing on a ca r t h a t w il l m a k e tod ay’s a ut o m o bi le l o o k o l d . E x perts s a y t h a t f u t u r e c a r s w i l l be mad e o f p l a s t i c s a n d c a r b o n fibers t h a t w i l l b e s t r o n g e r and l i g h t e r t h a n s t e e l . A s oil i s be co m i n g e x p e n s ive , al terna t i v e p o w e r s o u r c e s a r e bein g e x p lo re d . B io d ie s e l , hy d rogen f ue l ce lls , e l e c t r ic c a r s and hy bri d s a re e n e r gy s o u r c es tha t c a r m a k e r s m a y u s e i n the f ut ure .
100km/h
C a r s are beco mi ng co mput er i z e d machines. Some day they m a y d ri v e t hemsel v es. H i g h w a ys a n d o t her ro ads co ul d be b u il t s o t hat cars can be pro gr a m m e d t o dri v e al o ng t hem b y a u t o pi l o t whi l e pas s eng ers s i t i n the back and relax. Such c a r s c o uld be radar controlled t o a vo id co nt act wi t h o t her v e h ic l e s o n t he ro ad.
101km/h
A hybrid vehicle is a vehicle that uses two or more distinct power sources to move the vehicle.
Biodiesel is a clean burning renewable fuel made using natural vegetable oils and fats.
102km/h
An electric car is an automobile that is propelled by one or more electric motors, using electrical energy stored in batteries or another energy storage device.
An autonomous vehicle capable of fulfilling the human transportation capabilities of a traditional car. As an autonomous vehicle, it is capable of sensing its environment and navigating on its own.
Hydrogen vehicle is a vehicle that uses hydrogen as its onboard fuel for motive power.
H2
103km/h
104km/h
Emergency Services Numbers Police & Ambulance 999 Fire Brigade 994 Civil Defense 991 St.John’s Ambulance 03-9285-1576 Red Cresent Society 03-4257-8726 Accidents 991 PLUS line 1800-88-0000
105km/h
106km/h