Malmo Konsthall - Precedent Study AR6004 Khuong Vo - K0904563 Jiao Jiao Rong - K0958030 Lea Daniel - K1127969 Mohammed Azam - K1003917
Initial sketch proposals by Klas Anshelm
Malmo Konsthall Location Sweden - Malmo Opened - 1975
Malmo
Malmo Konsthall Malmo Konsthall was opened in 1975 and designed by architect Klas Anshelm. Malmo Konsthall is known for it’s large exhibition halls for contemporary art and believed to be one of the largest around Europe. It is located in center of Malmo in Sweden. Klas Anshelm designed this gallery place thinking about the artwork and how the space could be used with Flexibility. The building construction is made from light and simple materials such as Concrete, glass, wood and aluminum which gives generous space and lighting with in the gallery space. Klas Anshelm intention for Malmo Konsthall was to make a building which is both functional and aesthetic. In 1994 the gallery was restored by White Architects, restoring it back to the original purpose of a large gallery space which is extremely flexible for exhibitions.
SITE PLAN Shown on the sitemap, highlighted in yellow is the Malmo Konsthall located in Sweden. It has a strong presence of light within the gallery, and the western face focused on the park area, highlighted in green.
SITE PLAN - NOT TO SCALE
FLOOR PLAN 1 - Entrance 2 - Main Galllery Floor 3 - Workshop/Staff area 4 - Cafe 5 - Smak Malmo Konsthall (Restuarant) Labelled as shown are the individual purposes for each of the areas. The Malmo Konsthall is essentially only one giant gallery space, with joining buildings not being part of the original scheme of Klas Anshelm. The Smak Malmo was named shoutrly after, given its purpose connected to the Malmo Konsthall, but the architecture and functions differ greatly from the intentions from the gallery.
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FLOOR PLAN - NOT TO SCALE
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Exterior of the 3 joining buildings As seen from the exterior photos on the left, the Malmo Konsthall was built as an individual gallery, and was originally intended to be a large open bus like space, with numerous possible arrangements from within.
Malmo Konsthall - Gallery 4
Another structure was later built by White Architects, during the restoration of the Malmo Konsthall in 1994, with the intentions of the connection between the neighbouring building, which is currently a restuarant. The restoration’s attempt in which was at the planning stages in 1990, was the “purify” the gallery, with Jan Holmfren (White Architects) and Sune Nordgren, reading Klas Anhelm’s earlier design concepts in an attempt to clean it from the growing restuarant and the profitable bookshop.
Malmo Konsthall - Cafe 5
Malmo Konsthall - Restuarant
Exterior/Interior Photos Top left image showing concrete cladding and glass roof. Bottom left image displays the interior columns which support the flat and pitched parts of the roof. Inside each of these white painted, timber cladded walls, exist the steel I beams encased in concrete, which we will later show in detail further along the document.
Floor Plan - Structure I beams encased in concrete showing primary structure of the ground floor.
NORTH LIGHT
East facing section - not to scale
GALLERY ROOM
PLANT ROOM
STATIC LOADS: Dead Loads: From the weight of the structure itself and that of other fixed parts of the building such as cladding , finishes, partitions, equipmnent permanently attached to it, etc. These loads act vertically downward on a structure. In this case, the timber cladding on the facade of the building, the roof ( one side window frames) roof act, and the suspended ceiling also act as dead loads. Live Loads: Moving or movable loads on the structure comprising of occupancy, collected snow or water, or moving equipment. A live load typically acts vertically downwardsbut may act horizontally. Imposed loads/Occupancy Load: People, furniture and of materials stored in the building Snow Loads Rain Loads. Part of the roof is pitched and wont allow rain to accumulate therefore the risk of rain loads is low. Rain drainage pipes on all sides of buildings. Artwork: Paintings, sculptures .. etc
DYNAMIC LOADS: These are of many origins. The commonest dynamic load on a building is that caused by wind, which can produce horizontal and vertical pressures, and also suctions. Other horizontal dynamic laods are produced by earthquakes, and by moving machinery and moving machinery. GROUND PRESSURE: Horizontal force a soil mass exerts on a vertical retaining structure WATER PRESSURE: Hydraulic force groundwater exerts on a foundation system
Primary Structure The Malmo Konsthall is a steel frame building with concrete cladding on the exterior. The foundations are concrete load bearing, with the primary structure consiting of I beams which are encased in in-situ concrete.
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The Malmo Konsthal is a steel frame building with concrete cladding on the exterior. The foundations are concrete loadbearing. The primary structure consists of I Beams, encased in insitu concrete.
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Beam spans : 15 meters 10 meters 5 meters 3
Secondary Structure Structural steel girders, beams and columns are used to construct the skeleton frame of the Malmo Konsthall. The secondary structure consists of thinner I beams spanning across the walls and roof frames. They are framed into the primary structure I beams, Both primary and secondary structures support the site cast concrete and the concrete cladding on the exterior. The whole steel structure distributes the load imposed by a beam, and bears on the concrete floor and concrete foundation.
Structural steel girders, beams and columns are used to construct the skeleton frame of Malmo Konsthall's structure. The secondary structure consists of thinner I beams spanning across the walls and roof frames. They are framed into the primary structure I beams. Both primary and secondary structures support the site cast concrete and the concrete cladding on the exterior. The whole steel structure distributes the load imposed by a beam, and bears on the concrete floor and concrete foundation.
Historic Photo of Malmo Konsthall
Judging from the historic photograph of the Malmo Konsthall under contruction. The picture captures the top of some completed skylights, as well as the secondary structures in which they rest upon.
Ventilated cavity and counter battens
Structure
Thermal insulation and battens Waterproofing membrane Insulation Vapour Barrier Steel I-beam
Vapour control layer Structural deck Glulam planks
I Beam
Plasterboard
Roof detail 1:50 Skylight detail 1:50
concrete cladding Insitu concrete Rigid insulation
Baseplate Anchors Vapourproof
Foundation detail 1:50
Interior photos of ceiling skylights
Ceiling Plan - Light/Electricity
Electricity power and lighting Despite having a large amount of natural light, from both the large spanning roof structure, in addition to the hundreds of domed roof lights, which is a most significant tectonic element of the gallery interior. “He wanted to create an even lightning that gives no shadows and is sufficient to do full justice to the objects you are showing. This roof is about 550 cupolas where each one functions like a reflector in a work lamp. In each cupola there are two 60 watt bulbs and the light falls as an obliquely directed north light.�
Floor Plan - Electricity
The electricity cables run from the plant room in the basement, up inside the space of timber cladded columns, towards the beam, and then distributed to the bulbs on the roof lights, as well as spotlights and other ceiling lights. The risers are hidden are within the timber cladded columns. Highlighted as yellow rectangular.
Interior photos showing electrical services This page shows the sockets and panels used to access the electric wiring running through the columns down to the plant room underground. Visible within the smaller grid like roof lights are air supply diffuser, socket outlet and simple exposed lightbulbs further emphasise that this is an independent floating layer, enclosing a structure and services zone, rising up to meet the glazing elements and providing a ceiling to the gallery.
Infloor Heating
Underfloor heating pipes
Parquet flooring
From the rennovations made by White Architects, gallery spaces are generally heated from the floor to provide a controlled environment for the pieces of artwork, heated by the gas boilers and pumped through the pipes, via the underground plantroom.
Screed Waterproofing Rigid-foam thermal insulation Reinforced concrete floor slab Lean-concrete blinding layer
Risers for the heating are hidden within the timber cladded columns. Floor Detail 1:25
Natural Heating
Ventillation
Here highlighted in blue displays where there are ventillation present within the gallery, as shown, it spans to the whole area of the gallery floor, and through the floor as well. The extraction pipe/ducts take the air to and from the gallery through the basement level, in addition to the air diffusing system installed in the celing (not shown), which will be further explained on the following pages.
Ventillation - Short Section
Ventillation - Long Section
Ventillation
ROUND CEILING DIFFUSERS
Upon a close look of the smaller roof skylight, a air distiller is noticeable within the picture. Another method in which to keep the gallery well ventillated, upon research and examination of this particular air distiller, it is quite a good model/make for architectural use as well as engineering.
ROUND CEILING MODEL 12345-10 DIFFUSERS SQUARE ROUND NECK SQUARE ROUND NECK • ARCHITECTURAL PLAQUE SQUARE FACE ROUND NECK
• ADJUSTABLE HORIZONTAL PATTERN • ALUMINUM FACE
An air distribution outlet, usually located in the ceiling and consisting of deflecting vanes discharging supply air in various directions and planes, and arranged to promote mixing of the supplied air with the air already in the room.
Model: R-UNI
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Model R-UNI
CEILING DIFFUSERS
The Nailor Model R-UNI Round Plaque Ceiling Air Diffuser has been designed to provide both the appearance required for architectural excellence as well as high engineering performance. These diffusers are suitable for both architectural ceilings and exposed duct applications. The diffusers deliver the air in a true 360° air pattern and provide excellent performance in variable air volume systems. The discharge setting is simply adjusted by sliding the inner face plaque assembly up or down. The diffuser provides higher inducti and more air movement in the higher position while maximum capacity at minimum NC levels can be obtained in the lower position.
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FEATURES: • Smooth heavy duty face plaque is 1/8" (0.125) thick aluminum for strength and lightness. • A spring clip arrangement permits quick, easy installation and removal of the inner cone assembly. • The core is retained by a spring loaded friction arrangement. There are no screws to reposition.
• An optional radial opposed blade damper with an operating arm to adjust the damper without removing the core is available. • Available for duct sizes 6" – 16" (152 – 406) diameter.
Material: Corrosion-resistant steel outer cone and bracketry with an aluminum face. Finish: AW Appliance White baked enamel finish is standard. Other finishes are available.
• High neck collars for solid connection.
Dimensional Data Listed Imperial Units (inches) Metric Units (mm) Size A C E A C E
E = OUTSIDE DIAMETER MIN. CEILING OPENING = NOM. + 4" (102) D = NOMINAL DUCT DIAMETER D - 1/8" (3) 1 1/8" (29) C
B (UP) A (DOWN POSITION)
6
1 1/4
32
25
365
8
1 7/16
1 1/4 17 15/16
1
14 3/8
37
32
456
10
1 7/8
1 1/2
21 5/8
48
38
549
12
2 1/8 1 11/16 25 1/4
54
43
641
14
2 3/8
2
29
60
51
737
16
2 3/4
2 1/4
33 1/2
70
57
851
Ventillation
Showing the various pipes inside and outside of the Malmo Konsthall.
Envelope
“Architect Klas Anshelm has created an exhibition hall with great flexibility, generous space and fantastic light. The construction materials are light and simple: concrete, glass, wood and aluminum.� The concrete exterior cladding gives the impression and weight and strength to the building, in contrast to the interior which is very spacious and covered in timber panels giving a impression of lightness. The whole experience of the space is the journey to the gallery, and within the gallery.
Envelope - Facade
Juxtaposition between exterior facade and interior further emphasises the experience for the visitor. “This lack of mediation between the space of the city and the gallery interior is only possible because of the protective carapace of the closed concrete exterior, an enclosure which serves to insulate the art within it from the unacceptably large and complex scale of the city.” Caruso St John.
Exterior before entry
Interior upon entry
We feel the experiences and the juxtaposition between the materiality between exterior and interior. The interior attempts to replicate the rustic feel of a factory or a workshop due to the wooden floorboards and large open spaces, allowing the viewer to experience artwork within a “working” space.
Envelope - Insulation
Parquet flooring Screed Waterproofing Rigid-foam thermal insulation Reinforced concrete floor slab Lean-concrete blinding layer
Floor Insulation
The Malmo Konsthall is insulated with foam-core insulation panels. The foam panels are sandwiched betweenthe layers of plywood and reinforced concrete in the walls and floors, and between steel deecks in the roof.
Insulating layers
Waterproofing membrane Insulation Vapour Barrier
Glulam planks
Steel I-beam Plasterboard
Roof Insulation
Reinforced EPDM Membrane Vapour Control Layer Thermal Insluation Bolt
concrete cladding Insitu concrete Rigid insulation Baseplate Anchors Vapourproof Thermal Insulation Vapourproof
Foundation Insulation
Roof Insulation
External Window Construction Double glazed window facade with thermal break Glass elements attached to aluminum frame Wooden threshold
Envelope - How Floor meets External Wall The front facade of the malmo konsthall offers views onto the park, and thereby has its facade constructed out of glass and aluminium, to provide a wide view from inside to outside. This facade provides a “shop window� experience which provides the view into the gallery and from the gallery.
OUTSIDE
Window Glass Wooden Threshold Aluminium Glass Frame
Paving Tiles
INSIDE
Ground Floor
Materials - Timber Floor
Spruce Wood Planks Screed Floor Joists Insulation Concrete Slab
Basement/Plant Room
Internal Floor Construction Wooden floorboards Space with under floor heating impact sounds insulation Water proofing Concrete slab with 'I' shape beam
25mm 50mm 200mm
The timber floor adds a warehouse/factory atmosphere to the gallery, gallerys often have under floor heating, and this gallery is no exception, with underfloor heating, it allows this large gallery to be heated and have a controlled environment.
Envelope - Roof Detail Roof Construction Concrete topping Chippings Water proofing Thermal insulation Vapor barrier Concrete Slab
Drainage Timber holder Water proof Timber support
Shutter
50mm 60mm 150mm 200mm
Envelope - Roof Detail Roof Construction
Slates Battens Ventilated cavity and counter battens
Thermal insulation and battens Vapour control layer Structural deck
Slates 3.5 mm Battens 24 mm Ventilated cavity and counter battens 48 mm Water proofing 6 mm Thermal insulation 178 mm Vapour control layer 6 mm Structural deck 40 mm Reinforced concrete approx 300 mm Plywood sheet 30 mm Plaster 20 mm
Envelope - Where building meets ground The concrete foundation structure is supporting the I beam encased with concrete. We suspect the floor to be thickened concrete slabs to accomodate for the interior columns which also require support from the foundations. Sketches - Study of possible ground structure/walls
Basement Wall Construction Porous boards Vapor barrier Concrete wall Water proofing Thermal insulation Separating layer Wooden board Plaster
60mm
Envelope - Where building meets ground
250mm 100mm 25mm 15mm
Thickened concrete slab is used as the slab, for the interior walls that requires additional support. The exterior concrete formwork insitu wall is anchored to the encased concrete which provides the facade for the concrete exterior.
Diffusion of multiple smaller skylights
Lighting
The main concepts and aspects of the Malmo Konsthall is its exceptional lighting. Using both natural and artificial lighting to its advantage to display the artwork within the gallery. There are two different type of natural lighting used within the gallery, one of the methods in which the gallery obtains a large quantity of natural and even light is through the use of many skylights which provide even light throughout the whole gallery as there are skylight openings on nearly everypart of the ceiling. There is guaranteed natural light from these angled north facing skylights. This reduces the cost for lighting requirements as the gallery mainly focuses on the use of natural light. The other method is through the use of the very large, long and noticeable skylight which faces north (for the even daylight). This provides a great amount of natural light over a wider space as well.
Diffusion of the large singular skylight
Both of the lighting features of the gallery adds to the atmosphere the light creates onto the white painted timber panels and the rustic floors, in which the light compliments.
Lighting
He wanted to create an even lightning that gives no shadows and is sufficient to do full justice to the objects you are showing. This roof is about 550 cupolas where each one functions like a reflector in a work lamp. In each cupola there are two 60 watt bulbs and the light falls as an obliquely directed north light. Although the gallery does mainly intend to use natural light to give atmosphere to the spaces and artwork, there are many installments of 60 watt light bulbs and various sockets throughout the gallery for use of exhibitions. The 60 watt light bulbs are used to create different patterns of light distribution within the gallery, to focus on a certain piece of artwork or area within the gallery, or to just use generally when it gets dark and natural light is not strong enough to display the artwork fully. These lightbulbs are all controlled in many zones and can be turned on or off. The shape of these skylights are also designed at a unique angle. Bulbs within the skylight of the Malmo Konsthall
Other lighting fixtures within the Malmo Konsthall 550 Bulbs x 60 Watts = 33,000 Watts or 3 kW an hour. Total = 1100 Bulbs (skylight) + various other bulbs/light fixtures around the gallery.
Steel construction sustainability: Malmo Konsthall uses steel as its main framing material. It as also used as concrete reinforcement. Steel is a sustainable material for construction; it is entirely recyclable, and offers durability and quality. With steels high strenght-to-weight ratio, allowing Durability: «Constructional steel can last much longer than the building it is part of. Thereby, steel products often can be reused as new products. Steel system durability and strength brings safety and long lasting functionality for the occupants, which is an important part of sustainable use of constructions.» Energy: «The energy associated with the occupation of buildings, the operational energy, is the key issue of life-cycle environmental performance. The framework itself has insignificant influence on the operational energy, but the thermal efficiency of the building envelope in combination with adapted building services is important. Steel-based envelopes can provide well-insulated and airtight solutions, possible to combine with optional energy-saving efforts.» Reference : Sustainability of steel-framed buildings, www.sbi.nu
Number of I beams in primary structure according to length: I beams of 12 meters: 24 I beams of 15 meters: 9 I beams of 5 meters: 5 Number of I beams in secondary structure according to lenght: I beams of approx. 4.80 meters high : 86 Total lenght of I beams: 860 meters = 33889,7 inches Volume in cubic inches: lengthxheightxwidth of each of the 3 parts of an I beam: (15 cm x 2 cm x 86000 cm) + (18cm x 2 cm x 86000 cm) + ( 15 cm x 2 cm x 86000 cm) Volume in cubic inches = 3250387.2 cubic inches = 1881,01 cubic feet Standard construction weight density= 490 pounds per cubic foot Weight of the steel= 490 x 1881.01 = 921 695.4 pounds = 418 tonnes According to a table from Tatasteelconstruction, 1 ton of section steel = 0.76 C02 C02 emission/ (t) = 317,68 tonnes
Reference: Tata Steel Construction /www.tatasteelconstruction.com/en/sustainability/carbon_ and_steel/
Ventilation Ventilation config. single sided, single opening single sided, multiple opening cross ventilation
Depth to floor/ceiling ht H. 1.5 H 2.5 H 5H
Natural Ventilation has many benefits from low running cost, to zero energy consumption and mostly low maintenance. Natural Ventilation could also be a factor of lower energy cost towards a building. As having these benefits natural ventilation is known to be healthier as it has less hygiene problems due to ducts and filters. Ventilation in a building has three main purposes: To maintain a minimum air quality (1-2 ac/h) To remove heat (2-15 ac/h) To provide perceptible air movement to enhance thermal comfort (0.5- 2 m/s)
In winter, typically only (1) is required, though in highly insulated buildings (2) will also be required sometimes. (2) is the typical summer condition in the UK, and (3) would be required when the outside air temperature is already at the lower comfort limit. The air change rate (ac/h) is indicative only, and for (3), the required air movement will often lead to very high air change rates of 50 to 100 ac/h. Wind-induced ventilation can provide types (1), (2) and (3).
Ventilation efficiency: For ventilation to work you need the airflow to be directed to the location of the source of heat. To calculate air changes you usually assumed that there is perfect mixing of heated air with the fresh air throughout the whole building. http://www.architecture.com/SustainabilityHub/Designstrategies/Air/1-2-1-2-Naturalventilation-stackventilation.aspx
Reinforced Concrete Sustainable Materials Malmo konsthall is built with reinforced concrete and steel framing. The steel used in reinforced concrete utilises 100 percent recycled scrap steel as feedstock. At the end of its life, all reinforcing steel can be recovered, recycled and used again. The embodied energy values of reinforcing steel are based on the energy used to melt and reform itunlike those for structural steel which are mostly converted in a very energyintensive process from iron ore. The energy input per tonne of reinforced steel is less than half of that for structural steel. Listed on the table is the energy consumptions of the materials we assumed to be used in the construction of the Malmo Konsthall and the carbon emissions produced during the process of making these materials.