Varsa – Development of fort precinct | Khyati Antrolia Design Dissertation – 2019 - 2020
LIST OF CONTENT LIST OF ABBREVIATION ………………………………………………………...1. LIST OF IMAGES ……………………………………………………….………….1. CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION…………………………………………….……...4. 1.1 Indian Context ………………………………………………………………..5. 1.2 What is heritage? ………………………………………….………………….5. 1.3 What is Archaeological Survey of India? ……………………………….…...6. 1.4 What is fort and fort precinct? ………………………………………………..6. 1.5 Development of fort precinct as a key factor. …………………………….…..7. 1.6 Heritage Tourism ……………………………………………………….….....7. 1.7 Background Study ………………………………………………………..…...7. 1.7.1
Current situation of heritage sites. ……………………………………7.
1.7.2
Lack of facilities at forts of Mumbai as Heritage sites. …...………….8.
1.7.3
Economic Development. ………………………………….……..……9.
1.8 Topic Justification……………………………………………………………10. 1.9 Aim …………………………………………..………………………………10. 1.10 Objective ……………………………….……………………………………10. 1.11 Scope………………..……………………………………………………….10. 1.12 Limitation…………………………………..………………………………..11. CHAPTER 2: METHODOLOGY …………………………………….……….…...12. 2.1 Analysis of the image ………………………………………………………14. CHAPTER 3: LITERATURE REVIEW ……………………………….…….…….15. 3.1 What is conservation, preservation, restoration, reconstruction & adaption..16. 3.1.1
Conservation …….………………………………………….………16.
3.1.2
Preservation ………………………………..……..…………………16.
3.1.3
Restoration ……………..……………………………………………16.
3.1.4
Reconstruction …………………..…………………………………..16.
3.1.5
Adaption ……………..……………………………………………...16.
3.2 What is architectural history? ……………………………………………….16. 3.2.1
The relationship of history and present and future. …….……….…..16.
Varsa – Development of fort precinct | Khyati Antrolia Design Dissertation – 2019 - 2020
3.2.2
The evidence of history ……………………………….………..……17.
3.2.3
The relationship between architecture and history. …………..……..17.
3.3 Challenges in conservation and its solution …………………………..…….18. 3.4 History of forts in India ……………………………………………...………19. 3.4.1
Forts and Palaces ……………………………...………………..……19.
3.4.2
Types of forts …………………………..……………………………20.
3.4.3
Methods used for construction of forts ………………..…………….20.
3.5 Development of forts over years ……………………..………..……………20. 3.6 Development of fort precincts ……………………………..…………….….21. 3.7 The Process of Stone Conservation ……………………………..…………..22. 3.8 Factors considered for development of such a space …………………….…22. 3.9 Space Development ………………………..……………………………......23. 3.10
Guidelines of ASI …………………………...……..………………..24.
3.10.1 The amended act ………………………………………………..…...24. 3.10.2 Prohibited and Regulated areas …………………………..…………24. 3.10.3 Restriction on construction and site …………………….…………..24. CHAPTER 4: CASE STUDIES ……………………………………………….……25. 4.1 Criteria for Selecting Case Studies …………………………………….……26. 4.2 Chhatrapati Shivaji Maharaj Vastu Sangralaya ………………………...……26. 4.2.1
Background …………………………………………...……………..26.
4.2.2
Criteria for Selection ……………………………...…………………27.
4.2.3
Design Credentials …………………………………..………………27.
4.3 Ajanta Visitors’ Center ………………..………………………………….....35. 4.3.1
Background ……….…………………………………………………35.
4.3.2
Criteria for Selection ………………………………………………..36.
4.3.3
Design Credentials …………………………………………………..36.
4.4 Virasat – e – Khalsa …………………………………………………………43. 4.4.1
Background …………………………………………………….……43.
4.4.2
Criteria for Selection ………………………………………………...44.
4.4.3
Design Credentials ……...…………………………………………...44.
4.5 Ellora Visitors’ Center ………………...……………………………………54. 4.5.1
Background ……………………………………………………...…..54.
4.5.2
Criteria for Selection …………………………………………......….55.
Varsa – Development of fort precinct | Khyati Antrolia Design Dissertation – 2019 - 2020
4.5.3
Design Credentials …………………………………………………55.
4.6 Interpretation Center & Underground Museum at Humayun’s Tomb Complex……………………………………………………………………..60. 4.6.1
Background…...…………………..…………………………………60.
4.6.2
Criteria for Selection…………………………………………………61.
4.6.3
Design Credentials ..…………………………………………………61.
CHAPTER 5: SITE STUDY ………………..………………...…………………..…68. 5.1 Introduction …………………………………….…………………………..69. 5.2 Justification ……………………………..…………………………...……..69. 5.3 Proposal for Conservation of fort and developing the precinct ……………70. 5.4 History and Architectural Style ……………………………………………71. 5.5 Connectivity ………………………………………………………………..72. 5.6 Demography ………………………………………………………..………73. 5.7 Site Surroundings …………………………………………………………..73. 5.8 Climatic Study ……………………………………………………………...74. 5.9 Bylaws applicable on site …………………………………………………..75. CHAPTER 6: DATA COLLECTION ………………………………………..…….77. CHAPTER 7: DESIGN BRIEF AREA STATEMENT …………………………….81. APPENDIX …………………………………………………………………………86. BIBLIOGRAPHY …………………………………………………………………..87.
Varsa – Development of fort precinct | Khyati Antrolia Design Dissertation – 2019 - 2020
LIST OF ABBREVIATION UNESCO - The United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization ASI – Archaeological Survey of India CPWD - The Central Public Works Department of India WHS – World Heritage Site MTDC - Maharashtra Tourism Development Corporation CSMVS – Chhatrapati Shivaji Maharaj Vastu Sangralaya AVC – Ajanta Visitors’ Center EVC – Ellora Visitors’ Center
LIST OF IMAGES Fig 1. Condition of Worli Fort. Fig 2. Condition of Ghodbunder Fort. Fig 3. Share on economy of heritage tourist complexes. Fig 4. Image of Flow Chart of Methodology used. Fig 5. Examples of Forts in India – Chittorgarh fort. Fig 6. Examples of Forts in India – Amber fort. Fig 7. Examples of Forts in India – Gwalior fort. Fig 8. Development of Forts – examples from Hill forts of Rajasthan. Fig 9. Chhatrapati Shivaji Maharaj Vastu Sangralya Fig 10. Location of Chhatrapati Shivaji Maharaj Vastu Sangralaya. Fig 11. The entrance to the museum. Fig 12. The Dome at CSMVS. Fig 13. The entrance vault. Fig 14. The wooden railing. Fig 15. The Dome Fig 16. The Doorway Fig 17. Ticket counter and security check Fig 18. Museum shop Fig 19. Ground floor plan of the museum Fig 20. First floor plan of the museum Fig 21. Second floor plan of the museum Fig 22. Arches as members Fig 23. Wall cladding Fig 24. Supporting beams in passage. Fig 25. False Ceiling at the galleries. Fig 26. Lighting in the galleries. Fig 27. Landscaping at Chhatrapati Shivaji Maharaj Vastu Sangralaya. Fig 28. Pillars and way to garden at CSMVS. 1
Varsa – Development of fort precinct | Khyati Antrolia Design Dissertation – 2019 - 2020
Fig 29. Street section at CSMVS. Fig 30. Entrance at AVC. Fig 31. Location of Ajanta Visitors’ Center Fig 32. Ajanta Visitors’ Center Site map Fig 33. View of the dome of AVC. Fig 34. Conceptual sketch done by architect. Fig 35. Initial models of AVC. Fig 36. Plans of AVC. Fig 37. Zoning map of AVC. Fig 38. Sections of Ajanta Visitors’ Center. Fig 39. Entrance to auditorium below the Dome. Fig 40. Back Entry. Fig 41. Entrance Foyer. Fig 42. Stone clad walls. Fig 43. RCC columns and beams. Fig 44. View of Back entry and pergolas. Fig 45. Driveway at the entrance of AVC. Fig 46. Pergolas in open space. Fig 47. View of Virasat – e – Khalsa. Fig 48. View of roof and water body. Fig 49. Location of Virasat – e – Khalsa. Fig 50. The complexes of virasat – e – Khalsa. Fig 51. The arcaded pathways. Fig 52. Sitting besides the ticket counter. Fig 53. Security check below the bridge. Fig 54. Zoning Plan of the entire Complex. Fig 55. Plan of Complex A. Fig 56. View of the bridge. Fig 57. Reading Space. Fig 58. Temporary exhibition space. Fig 59. Passage besides library. Fig 60. Plan of Complex B. Fig 61. View of Cafeteria. Fig 62. Plan of Complex C. Fig 63. Terrace Plan of Complex C. Fig 64. Entrance Lobby. Fig 65. Murals on walls. Fig 66. Partition walls in galleries. Fig 67. Terrace and sloping roofs. Fig 68. Audio – visuals in museum walls. Fig 69. Lighting in galleries. Fig 70. Supporting beams for sloping roof. Fig 71. Bridge Connecting over water body. Fig 72. Pathways. 2
Varsa – Development of fort precinct | Khyati Antrolia Design Dissertation – 2019 - 2020
Fig 73. Amphitheater. Fig 74. Entrance at EVC. Fig 75. Location of Ellora Visitors’ Center. Fig 76. Ellora visitors’ center site map. Fig 77. Initial model of EVC. Fig 78. Plan of EVC. Fig 79. Restaurant and cafeteria. Fig 80. Spill of for students. Fig 81. Entrance Block. Fig 82. Pergolas over corridor. Fig 83. RCC columns and beams. Fig 84. Parking area. Fig 85. Driveway till Drop off. Fig 86. Interpretation Center at Humayun’s Tomb Complex. Fig 87. Location of Interpretation Center and underground museum at Humayun’s Tomb Complex. Fig 88. Site plan showing underground museum. Fig 89. The vision for developing a Mughal garden on the roof of museum. Fig 90. The vision for developing spaces inspired from Mughal and Contemporary Architecture. Fig 91. Floor plan of underground museum. Fig 92. Section through the site museum. Fig 93. Excavation on site. Fig 94. The structural system on site. Fig 95. RCC framing. Fig 96. Site location. Fig 97. Portuguese Arches. Fig 98. Storage areas. Fig 99. Courtyard of fort. Fig 100. Connectivity map. Fig 101. Metro map. Fig 102. Portuguese church. Fig 103. Creek view – point. Fig 104. Climatic study. Fig 105. DP sheet of Ghodbunder.
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Varsa – Development of fort precinct | Khyati Antrolia Design Dissertation – 2019 - 2020
CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 1.5 1.6 1.7 1.8 1.9 1.10 1.11 1.12
Indian Context What is Heritage? What is Archaeological Survey of India? What is fort and fort precinct? Development of fort precinct as a key factor Heritage Tourism Background Study Topic Justification Aim Objective Scope Limitation
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Varsa – Development of fort precinct | Khyati Antrolia Design Dissertation – 2019 - 2020
CHAPTER 01: INTRODUCTION
1.1 Indian Context “In India, we relate to the past through the cultural remains. Heritage is the cultural identity of our country. The past which for the other nations is dead and buried is for the Indian people who are living and throbbing with life. Indians look at the past with great reverence because it is a source of identity, pride and self-confidence.”1 The culture and heritage of India helps us to navigate through our present. Our present is largely depended on the values and the thoughts that we have got from the past. The reason for this is that the traditions of the past have originated from the scientific and philosophical knowledge. A belief system is involved with this knowledge. The monuments and heritage sites are an evidence of this past and hence are very important in our culture. These monuments of India attract a large number of visitors for different purposes. These monuments are the wealth of India. Today, the ruins of all these past evidences i.e. art, architecture, historical sites, etc. are located in different parts of country. Most of them are degraded and many others are not maintained properly. As a result of which they are in state of demolition and not a part on the identity of the place. To maintain these sites, it is important to develop awareness amongst people and involve these sites in the present lifestyle of people around it.
1.2 What is Heritage? Heritage is a range of inherited traditions, monuments, objects, culture and a range of contemporary activities through which draw meanings and behavior. Heritage includes preserving, excavating, displaying or restoring a collection of old things or buildings. Heritage should be a subject of public refection and discussion that is worth saving. They are the memories of the past generations and societies that speak to us through their existence. It is a valuable facet of public life in our multi – cultural world that needs to be preserved and developed. It is also the basis that forms for political
1
Refer the page 6 of the thesis book (Kothari, 2008)
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Varsa – Development of fort precinct | Khyati Antrolia Design Dissertation – 2019 - 2020
recognition of a space, the medium for inter – cultural dialogue and a potential basis for local economic development.
1.3 What is Archaeological Survey of India (ASI)? The Archaeological Survey of India (ASI) is an attached office in the Ministry of Culture. It was set up in 1861 with the primary object of surveying antiquarian remains in this country and their study. ASI's function is to “explore, excavate, conserve, preserve and protect the monuments and sites of National & International Importance.”2 Its main functions are: 1. Preservation, conservation and environmental development of centrally protected monuments and sites, including World Heritage Monuments and antiquities. 2. Maintenance of gardens & development of new gardens surrounding centrally protected monuments and sites. 3. Exploration and excavation of ancient sites. 4. Specialized study of inscription and various phases of Indian architecture. 5. Maintenance of Archaeological site Museums. 6. Operation of the Antiquities and Art Treasures Act. 7.Research and Training in different areas Of Archaeology.
1.4 What is fort and fort precinct? A fort, also named as a fortress or fortification, is a large structure or a series of structure that have been strongly defended with thick walls (generally constructed of stone) and other elements protecting them form invaders. There have been different types of forts in India having different purposes. Some of them are – water forts, hill forts, dessert forts, etc. used as a place where people resided in or as an administrative body in an area or as a trading centre, etc.
2
Refer (Significance of Archaeological Survey of India, n.d.)
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Varsa – Development of fort precinct | Khyati Antrolia Design Dissertation – 2019 - 2020
A fort precinct is a district or an area that is marked out for public usage. It is a visual or physical boundary or limit, enclosing a certain area around the fort. The precinct is the ground immediately surrounding the fortification wall of the heritage structure. It can be developed in numerous ways around the fort for the use of public (museums, interpretation centres, shopping areas, public spaces, areas for collection of historical objects and artefacts, etc.)
1.5 Development of fort precinct as a key factor The area surrounding the fort plays a key role in development and conserving the heritage inside the fort and also in developing the heritage site as an important element of local economic growth. A heritage site remains important as a public urban space only if its surrounding is well maintained and is developed in a way that is public friendly and inviting. This space can be used to develop the cultural life of the local people and also to showcase the heritage and culture to the external world. The heritage site gains importance due to its well-developed precinct and also loses its importance if the precinct is not developed and maintained properly.
1.6 Heritage Tourism Heritage tourism is the practice of travelling to places of cultural and historical interest to study its history and past. It includes travelling to places, meeting people and experiencing the culture that authentically expresses the past and its connection to today. “Heritage tourism is travelling to experience the places and activities that authentically represent the stories and people of the past.”3
1.7 Background Study 1.7.1
What is the issue? The issue over here is the current situation of heritage sites in India. This is topic is chosen to develop the spaces around heritage sites to preserve or conserve them, to be used by local people for development of culture and also to give the heritage site importance and a place for developing local economy. In India there are many monuments and heritage buildings that
3
Refer the website (Robinnete, n.d.)
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Varsa – Development of fort precinct | Khyati Antrolia Design Dissertation – 2019 - 2020
are ignored and neglected by the government and the ASI. As per a survey done in 2015, there are more than 700 heritage sites and monuments that are not included in ASI. According to reports, ASI also admits that 35% of the monuments and relics under its supervision have disappeared due to its negligence.4 There are also many other that are included in ASI but are not maintained well and are in a very dilapidated condition as its not maintained properly. This has led to degradation of these heritage site. It is important to maintain these sites as historical and cultural centre. The best way in which this can be done is through developing the surrounding area in a way that the locals can celebrate their culture in that place and the outsiders can also visit the place to view the history and culture of that area. All of this helps to gain importance to the heritage site and also helps in maintaining the heritage site as it is of public value and recognition of that place now. 1.7.2
Lack of facilities at forts of Mumbai as heritage sites. It has taken the State government and ASI many years to realise the effects of mass construction and urban decay on the heritage of Mumbai. The forts of Mumbai are worst examples of neglecting the city’s cultural heritage. Some forts of Mumbai which had rich history and culture are Mahim fort, Bandra fort, Godhbunder fort, Worli fort, etc. The government officials are now realising the importance of forts and planning for restoration and conservation of forts of Mumbai. Forts are Mumbai are now being focused to develop well – planned and well – designed access points and heritage tourism around it.
Fig 1. Condition of Worli Fort (Source - https://www.freepressjournal.in/cmcm/mumbai-worli-fort-is-now-a-forgotten-historicalsite-read-why) 4
Refer the article (Archaeological Survey of India documents 732 Unprotected Monuments, 2015)
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Varsa – Development of fort precinct | Khyati Antrolia Design Dissertation – 2019 - 2020
Fig 2. Condition of Godhbunder Fort (Source - https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/mumbai/fort-fought-over-for-centuries-by-3powers-to-rise-from-ruins/articleshow/67984600.cms)
1.7.3
Economic Development The development of precinct of a heritage site not only helps in gaining importance for the heritage site but also creates a place for cultural dialogue and display which will in turn produce economic benefits for the area. Economic benefits include the finances produced from tickets and entry fees, fees from cultural centre, etc. These economic benefits further help in development of employment in the surrounding area.
Fig 3. Share on economy of heritage tourist complexes (Source - https://www.livemint.com/Politics/V7LYZ50788KVI2BXL9qVAI/How-the-Taj-Mahal-andAgra-define-Indian-tourism.html)
As Per the above graph, the shares of heritage tourism are high in North India and are very low in Maharashtra. The number of monuments that Mumbai and Delhi has are the same and yet the share in economy of heritage tourism produced by Mumbai is very low. The reason for this is that the monuments in Mumbai are not preserved and conserved properly and the surroundings are not developed in a way that it can attract tourists. 9
Varsa – Development of fort precinct | Khyati Antrolia Design Dissertation – 2019 - 2020
1.8 Topic Justification This is an issue-based project as mentioned in the Background study. The topic is chosen so that the current situation of degradation of heritage sites can be solved and spaces can be developed which promote culture and heritage of a place. The development of such a place around the heritage site will help in maintain the site, bring recognition to culture and heritage, will help in celebration of the same, bring awareness among people and promote historical education and heritage tourism which will in turn produce economy for the area.
1.9 Aim Developing a space in the precinct of a fort which helps in the maintenance of the fort itself and in the cultural development of the area around the heritage site.
1.10 Objective 1. To maintain the history, develop the culture and promote the recognition of heritage of a place. 2. To explore the relationship between heritage, culture and public spaces. 3. To analyse and research the means through which such a space can be developed near a heritage site that provides a platform for social, cultural and economical development of the area.
1.11 Scope It is a project integrating public spaces of development in the fort precinct like shopping areas, museums, interpretation centres, collection of history for research, cultural areas, etc. The spaces are to be developed for the maintenance of history and culture of the area.
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Varsa – Development of fort precinct | Khyati Antrolia Design Dissertation – 2019 - 2020
1.12 Limitations 1. The project will not cover the area under heritage site or the area surrounding the heritage site that is reserved by ASI. 2. The project will not include conservation of heritage site.
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Varsa – Development of fort precinct | Khyati Antrolia Design Dissertation – 2019 - 2020
CHAPTER 2: METHODOLOGY 2.1 Analysis of the Image
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Varsa – Development of fort precinct | Khyati Antrolia Design Dissertation – 2019 - 2020
CHAPTER 02: METHODOLOGY
Identification of Subject of Interest
Subject of Interest was identified as Heritage and Development of its surrounding.
Identification of Issues related to the Subject
Inference of the issue & solution
The issues related to heritage sites today were identified.
Study of situation of forts in Mumbai and its surrounding.
the Subject
Case Studies
Literature Study Case Study with inference
Data Collection & Site Analysus
Study about history & architecture
Inference & Analysis Analysis of above
Design brief Preparation of Design brief and Requirements
Fig 4. Image of Flow Chart of Methodology used (Source – Author)
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Varsa – Development of fort precinct | Khyati Antrolia Design Dissertation – 2019 - 2020
2.1 Analysis of the Image The process began with identifying what are the subjects on my interest for Design Dissertation topic where I concluded with developing the surroundings of a heritage site as my topic. After the identification of the topic, the issues related to the topic in India at present were studied. The current scenario of heritage sites and monuments in Mumbai, Maharashtra and India were studied. Various newspaper articles, surveys and websites were referred for this purpose. On the basis of these identified issues, I read books and articles related to heritage and conservation to find out the possible solutions of this issue. Thus, there was a need for development of precincts around the heritage sites as a probable solution to the problem.
After identifying the above, I started studying about the case studies required for the above subject, the selection of site and the literature review. The literature review consists of the research and the data collected for this topic and about the heritage sites of India. It also includes the restrictions in such a project and the elements of design that can be applied there. The site selection mentions why that particular site was chosen, its study and climatic analysis. Similar projects mere studied as case studies to understand the development of design, structural elements, landscaping elements and other credentials.
The above data that was collected, was analysed and an inference was removed on the same. On the basis of this inference, the design brief and solution is proposed. The solution includes the spaces that can be developed and the area statement as a conclusion to my research.
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Varsa – Development of fort precinct | Khyati Antrolia Design Dissertation – 2019 - 2020
CHAPTER 3: LITERATURE REVIEW 3.1 What is Conservation, Preservation, Restoration, Reconstruction and Adaption? 3.2 What is Architectural History? 3.3 Challenges in conservation & its solutions 3.4 History of forts in India 3.5 Development of forts over years 3.6 Development of fort precincts 3.7 The process of Stone Conservation 3.8 Factors considered for development of such a space 3.9 Space Development 3.10 Guidelines of ASI
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Varsa – Development of fort precinct | Khyati Antrolia Design Dissertation – 2019 - 2020
CHAPTER 03: LITERATURE REVIEW
3.1 What is Conservation, Preservation, Restoration, Reconstruction and Adaption? 3.1.1
Conservation All the process of looking after a place so as to retain its cultural significance. It includes maintenance and may, according to circumstances include preservation, restoration, reconstruction and adaption and is often a combination of more than one of these.5
3.1.2
Preservation Preservation is defined as the act or process of applying measures necessary to sustain the existing form, integrity and materials of an historic property.6
3.1.3
Restoration Restoration is defined as the act or process of accurately depicting the form, features and character of a property as it appeared at a particular period of time by the means of the removal of features from other periods in its history and reconstruction of missing features from the restoration period.7
3.1.4
Reconstruction Reconstruction is defined as the act or process of depicting, by means of new construction, the form, features, and detailing of a non – surviving site, landscape, building, structure, or object for the purpose of replicating its appearance at a specific period of time and in its historic location.8
3.1.5
Adaption Modifying a place to suit imposed compatible uses within the parameters of a prescribed methodologies.9
3.2 What is Architectural History? 3.2.1
The Relationship of History and present and future. History is a term that has a relation with the past, the present and the future. History is something that is the narrative of the past that is existing in the
5
Refer the page 20 of the thesis book (Kothari, 2008) Refer section A1 of (National Historic Preservation Act, n.d.) 7 Refer section C1 of (National Historic Preservation Act, n.d.) 8 Refer section D1 of (National Historic Preservation Act, n.d.) 9 Refer page 20 of thesis book (Kothari, 2008) 6
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Varsa – Development of fort precinct | Khyati Antrolia Design Dissertation – 2019 - 2020
present for the future generation to know. History is a narrative that exists from the moment the subject was created to the moment now when it tells its story, thus producing a dialogue between the past and the present. It exists to tell its story to the future generation too, thus creating a dialogue between the past and the future. “History can be seen as a process of evaluation whereby the past is always coloured by the intellectual fashions and philosophical concerns of the present.”10 3.2.2
The evidence of history. History in all forms proposes facts and statements, facts and statements that are no longer accessible for inspection directly. All these facts need to be examined and need evidence that the narrative did happen and what its consequences were. These historical statements cannot be simply tested on the basis that they exist in the present and have some meaning in the present. The meaning of this history and its consequences might be different in the past. Though direct inspection of history is not possible, there are many traces of the past through which this can be done. Some examples of this are documents, architecture, coins, etc.
3.2.3
The relationship between architecture and history. Architecture and history are two different terms and two different worlds that come together to show a variety of possibilities that existed in the past. Architecture is one of the evidences that bridges the gap between past and present. “Architecture can be explained in so many ways other than art forms.”11 As the above statement says, there are varied ways in which architecture can be explained. One of them is the historic way. There are three categories in which architecture can be explained in historic terms. The first one is the building of historic interest that exists in the present. This is the prime location through which the ‘evidence’ can be collected. The second one is the immediate area surrounding the building. This area reveals the social and cultural meaning and interpretation of the site. The third one is the area
10 11
See the chapter - Reading the past in (Arnold) See the chapter – Architecture and history in (Arnold)
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Varsa – Development of fort precinct | Khyati Antrolia Design Dissertation – 2019 - 2020
beyond the entire complex from where information can be collected. This is the area where locals are found and this is also the area which defines the condition of the other two areas mentioned above. These three categories show interactions, tensions and interconnections not only between history and architecture but also in many other disciplines related to the both of them. Inference – Heritage forms a relationship between the past, present and future. It is a place having socio – cultural impact on its surrounding. It is an evidence of the past that proves our assumptions about the evolution of one part of society or society as a whole. It is also a link that is formed between history and architecture that needs to be preserved for the future generation.
3.3 Challenges in conservation & its solutions “Currently, a challenge is faced by Indian conservators in their increasingly diverse and complex urban centers. The size, scope and the number on India’s metropolises, and the rate at which they are expanding demands new solutions for conserving built forms ranging from indigenous religious sites to colonial infrastructure.”12 As per the above statement, due to rapid urbanization and unwanted construction, problems are arising in maintaining and conserving the heritage buildings. The solution to this is development of areas in the surrounding that helps in the conservation of this architecture. For example – the Kala ghoda district in Mumbai fort area contains many historic buildings and these buildings are conserved by developing art galleries in and around them, developing information centers near them, etc. It is revealed that these areas have the largest concentration of art galleries and historical museums which help in this process. Another example is the David Sassoon Docks library. One more example is Humayun’s Tomb Complex which includes a nursery, traditional crafts training centers, public toilets and many other developments. A new proposal also includes development of a public park in the precinct.
12
See the section – Colonial challenges and solutions in urban areas of India in (Thomson)
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Varsa – Development of fort precinct | Khyati Antrolia Design Dissertation – 2019 - 2020
Inference – Conservation of heritage has become an urban process due to the development in construction since the past few years. It is a challenge which needs simple and complex solutions. One of them is developing the surroundings of the heritage in a manner that the heritage is maintained and there is socio – cultural development.
3.4 History of Forts in India 3.4.1
Forts and Palaces Forts and Palaces are one of the most fascinating Indian monuments. India is the home to numerous forts. Some of the most famous ones are in the states of Rajasthan, Madhya Pradesh and Karnataka, thus building a tourist circuit of visiting these old forts. These forts were built with the purpose of defending particular areas of the state against the enemies. “The notable feature about each of the forts and palaces is the exquisite carving work that has survived till date and still receives appreciation from people worldwide.”13 Some prominent examples of forts in India are Amber fort, Jaipur; Chittorgarh fort, Udaipur; Red fort, Delhi; Gwalior fort, Madhya Pradesh, etc
Fig 5. Examples of forts of India - Chittorgarh Fort (Source - https://blog.karlrock.com/the-6-oldest-forts-inindia/)
Fig 6. Examples of forts of India - Amber fort (Source - https://blog.karlrock.com/the-6-oldest-
Fig 7. Examples of forts of India - Gwalior Fort (Source - https://blog.karlrock.com/the-6-oldest-forts-in-
forts-in-india/)
13
india/)
Refer the online article (Cultural India)
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Varsa – Development of fort precinct | Khyati Antrolia Design Dissertation – 2019 - 2020
3.4.2
Types of Forts Jal Durga – Such water forts are developed near a water body or within a water body. Example – Murud – Janjira. Maru Durga – These desert forts are surrounded by arid areas up to at least 73 km. Giri Durga - Such hill forts are located on a flat hill summit, hill slopes or hill valleys. Example – Chittor. Van Durga – Such forest forts are surrounded by tall trees, thorny plants, etc. and may also lack a proper water source.
3.4.3
Methods used for construction of forts in India “Often materials from demolished forts were reused in the building of new forts.”14 Ancient forts were constructed using three major methods. The first method included construction using earthen ramparts in which sand which was dug out from a ditch surrounding the fort was used for construction. The second method was construction using rubble and earth mortar. The third method of construction was with stone and masonry work. The third method of construction formed the strongest forts.
Inference – Forts have been built in India for defense mechanism using India’s diverse geographical context. They are a very important historical evidence in Indian context. Many forts even show the evidence on how society was developed in that area. They also show different construction techniques and architectural forms that were used to sustain this form of development.
3.5 Development of forts over years “The eclectic architecture of forts is the historical evidence of the princely states and royalty of ancient India from 8th to 18th centuries.”15
14 15
Refer the article from (Forts in India, 2019) Refer the webpage (World Heritage List, 2013)
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In the defensive walls of the forts, cities and urban centers developed. These forts had the residences of the royal families, general people, administrative buildings, temple complexes and even trading centers. Eventually, these forts became the economic centers. Some of the forts had storages efficient enough to take care of the entire city for months. This was the planning that developed in case of a disaster. In time to come, the forts that had high economic development turned out to be capitals for the princely states. From public markets to revenue collection areas everything was developed inside fortification walls. Thus, in time, these forts became the social, cultural and economic centers of the states.
Fig 8. Development of forts – examples from hill forts of Rajasthan (Source - https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/247/)
3.6 Development of fort precincts The function of developing such a place is to spread awareness among people about the rich heritage and culture of the heritage site, informing the visitors about the significance of the site, increasing public participation in cultural activities and providing spaces for exhibiting the disappearing culture. To serve these purposed the following areas can be developed in fort precincts – 1. Entrance areas for tourism experience. 2. Accommodation facilities. 3. Libraries 4. Administrative systems. 5. Cultural centers. 6. Research Centers. 21
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7. Interpretation center. 8. Souvenir shops. 9. Trading areas, etc. 10. Museums. Inference – The areas to be developed in the fort precinct should themselves help in maintaining the heritage of site and should also be an important feature through which the fort gains economic importance.
3.7 The Process of Stone Conservation The first step in conservation of any stone structure is its assessment which brings the essential understanding of the features of stone and its problems. Once the assessment is done, the next step is taking the survey of the structure. Various techniques can be used for taking this survey. Some of them are photogrammetry in which aerial photographs are used to make maps and drawings, stereophotogrammetry which is used for more precision, etc. After that, the existing situation of the site is documented. After the above process, the treatment phase begins. It includes cleaning the interior and exterior of the building, rebuilding the destroyed or damaged part, removal of layers of paint, cement, etc. accumulated on the walls, replacement of stone work, maintenance of building, cleaning and repairing stone work, etc. It should be noted that in this process, the interventions made should be minimum as they usually involve the loss of value in heritage sites but are done as they are necessary to maintain the site.16
3.8 Factors considered for development of such a space While designing such a space, it should be kept in mind that the architecture of the place doesn’t overpower the architecture of the heritage site. The importance of the heritage site should not be reduced due to its surrounding. Such a place should help in spreading awareness about the heritage site. Also, the designing elements and the materials used
16
Refer page 24 of the book (Torraca, 1982)
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in such a place should be the one that complement the heritage site. The place should benefit the locals as well as the tourists.
3.9Space Development 3.9.1
Entrance Areas The Entrance and exit areas develop a tourist experience with ticket windows and transition space. They provide with a viewpoint for the people to view. They are also access to the site.
3.9.2
Accommodation Facilities Accommodation facilities around the site increase the economics of the site and surrounding. Hotel having views of the heritage site could generate more income.
3.9.3
Libraries The library will help in providing information for research and references on the area. It will have selection of books, and audio visuals that will help enhancing the information provided in museums and interpretation centers.
3.9.4
Cultural Centers Cultural Centers are the areas which help in preserving and exhibiting the local culture and art forms. It includes workshop areas, workstations and areas for local festivals.
3.9.5
Research Centers Research centers are facilities provided to work and learn about the history of the area. This is a facility that can be provided for professionals as well as students to carry out their work.
3.9.6
Interpretation centers An interpretation center in an institution for distribution of knowledge of cultural heritage. They are generally associated with visitors’ center or museums. They use different means of communication to enhance the understanding of heritage site.
3.9.7
Museums Museums are the key features which will help in gaining importance for the heritage site. They help in providing information to locals and visitors about
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the heritage site through displays and projections. These are the places where education is provided through entertainment. 3.9.8
Trading Areas and Souvenir shops Trading areas and souvenir shops help in economic development of surrounding and are income generating areas.
3.10
Guidelines of ASI
3.10.1 The Amended Act The Ancient Monuments and Archaeological Sites and Remains (Amendment and Validation) Act, 2010 hereinafter referred to as the Amendment Act has been enacted to amend the Ancient monuments and Archaeological Sites and Remains Act, 1958 and to make provision for validation of certain actions taken by the Central Government under the said Act.17 3.10.2 Prohibited and Regulated Areas Declaration of prohibited area and carrying out public work or other works in prohibited area.-- Every area, beginning at the limit of the protected area or the protected monument, as the case may be, and extending to a distance of one hundred metres in all directions shall be the prohibited area in respect of such protected area or protected monument.18 3.10.3 Restriction on Construction and Site No permission for construction of any public projects or any other nature shall be granted in the prohibited areas of the protected monument and protected area.19 Inference – The heritage site and the area surrounding the heritage site up to a distance of 100 meters come under prohibited area and nothing can be constructed in that area.
17
Refer Section 1 and 2 of (The Ancient Monuments and Archaeological Sites and Remains Act, 2010) Refer Section 20 A of (The Ancient Monuments and Archaeological Sites and Remains Act, 2010) 19 Refer Salient features in (Handbook of Conservation Buildings, 2013) 18
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CHAPTER 4: CASE STUDIES 4.1 Criteria for selecting case studies 4.2 Chhatrapati Shivaji Maharaj Vastu Sangralaya 4.3 Ajanta Visitors’ Center 4.4Virasat – e – Khalsa 4.5 Ellora Visitors’ Center 4.6Interpretation Center & Underground Museum at Humayun’s Tomb Complex
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CHAPTER 04: CASE STUDIES
4.1 Criteria for selecting the Case Studies The case studies are chosen on the basis of the areas that can be developed in the surrounding of a heritage site. All of the following case studies that are chosen are such that they play a significant role in spreading the awareness about the history and culture of the place. They are studies to understand the development of architectural spaces and how it defines the user experience, the use of technology in these places and how such a structure developed. In this process the case studies that are chosen are as follows – •
Chhatrapati Shivaji Maharaj Vastu Sangralaya
•
Ajanta Visitors’ Center
•
Virasat – e – Khalsa
•
Ellora Visitors’ Center
•
Interpretation Center and Underground Museum at Humayun’s Tomb Complex
4.2 Chhatrapati Shivaji Maharaj Vastu Sangralaya 4.2.1 Background: Introduction: Chhatrapati Shivaji Maharaj Vastu Sangralaya formerly known as Prince Wales Museum is one of the premier art and history museum of India located in Mumbai. It was erected to commemorate the visit of the Prince of Wales. Presently the building is a Grade I Heritage Building and has been awarded the '2010 UNESCO Asia – Pacific Heritage Award' for Cultural Heritage Conservation.20
Fig 9. Chhatrapati Shivaji Maharaj Vastu Sangralya (Source – author) 20
Refer (Chatrapati Shivaji Maharaj Vastu Sangralaya, n.d.)
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Location: It is situated on the southern tip of Mumbai on a crescent site. It is located at Mahatma Gandhi road, Kala Ghoda, Fort, Mumbai.
Fig 10. Location of Chhatrapati Shivaji Maharaj Vastu Sangralya (Source – google maps)
Architects and Planning Members: Architect – George Wittet Built up area: 2750 sq. m. Years of Construction: 1909 to 1914
4.2.2 Criteria for Selection: Chhatrapati Shivaji Maharaj Vastu Sangralaya is one of the major museums belonging to the colonial times. It is one of the most significant and conserved museums of the world and helps spreading the awareness about Indian, Japanese and Chinese history and also the pre – historic times. It is one of the places due to which there is increase in visitors in the Kala Ghoda area of South Mumbai.
4.2.3 Design Credentials: An open competition was held in 1909 for the selection of architect for designing this museum through which George Wittet was selected. He designed this museum in Indo Saracenic style which is a combination of Hindu, Saracenic and Western architectural forms.
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“The museum of Western India is an Indian composition. The real reason why it is so is because it was instructed that the design should be Indian in Character.” – George Wittet21
Fig 11. The entrance to the museum. (Source – author)
Fig 12. The Dome at CSMVS (Source – author)
The concept: Indo – Saracenic architectural style is applied in the building. The pillared hall at the entrance, the dome arising above it over the intersecting arches, the formation of geometric patterns, the jail work, etc. are examples of this form. The building is aligned in such a way that the entrance to the building is through the south – west façade. Polished serpentine marble pillars are used to support the dome. The wooden arched pavilion used as a railing on the first and second floor is purchased from a wada at Nashik in Maharashtra. The dome of the ceiling is
21
Written on one of the boards sharing information at Chhatrapati Shivaji Maharaj Vastu Sangralaya.
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inspired from Gol Gumbaz at Bijapur and the Finial is copied from the one at Taj Mahal.22 Inference - + Innovative and aesthetically appealing form. --New construction does not match the older one and creates a contrast.
Fig 14. The wooden railing (Source – author)
Fig 13. The entrance Vault (Source – author)
Fig 15. The Dome (Source – author)
Fig 16. The doorways (Source – author)
Circulation and areas provided: Beside the entrance is the ticket counter, baggage store and security check. Museum shop and plazas are also present near the entrance. Through the entrance, landscape area and pathway, there is the entry to museum. After the entrance foyer and information desk, there is three storied atrium which leads to different galleries and staircases. Some amongst the many galleries provided in the museum are sculpture gallery, pre – historic gallery, print gallery,
22
Written on one of the boards providing information at CSMVS.
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etc. Interactive spaces are provided where people can participate and create gift cards, paintings, etc. Audio – visual information spaces are also provided. On the third floor, two galleries are provided where students can come and practice sketching and painting. Inference - + It is one of the most important and well-maintained museums in India of the
colonial time period. The center has many areas where
locals can participate, school children can interact and visitors can participate in activities. Well Displayed history and artifacts. A selected circulation pathway is developed through which the visitors go through. Development of transition spaces for better visitor experience. -- Absence of Security sitting and cabin. Information center and libraries can’t be accessed by general public.
Fig 17. Ticket Counter and Security Check (Source – author)
Fig 18. Museum Shop (Source – author)
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Fig 19. Ground Floor plan of the museum (Source – Displayed on the walls of museum)
Fig 20. First Floor plan of the museum (Source – Displayed on the walls of museum)
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Fig 21. Second Floor plan of the museum (Source – Displayed on the walls of museum)
Structural System and Services: The entrance foyer of the building consists of nine domed ceiling which is supported by stone (marble) pillars. The octagonal atrium of the museum has a dome covering it which is supported by eight stone pillars. The entrance to different galleries in museum is through arches and partition walls. Brick and plaster are used for partition walls. All the galleries have natural ventilation. The displays are shown on glass, platforms, partition walls, etc. The lighting in the galleries is done through the false ceiling. Spot lights, wall washers and row lights are used for the purpose of lighting. Fans are present either above or below the false ceiling. Beams are used to support the slab above. The beams are decorated using moldings. At some places the electrical ducting and cctv lines are covered because of the false ceiling below. In some galleries internal wall cladding is also done. Modern technology is used inside the building right from ticketing to displaying artifacts. The galleries are under cctv surveillance. Audio – visual techniques are used to enhance participation of people. 3d models and visual displays of map are also present. Information desk and libraries are also present to spread information about the museum.
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Inference - + Use of new technologies to encourage public participation. Use of natural ventilation. -- Heat development in some of the galleries.
Fig 22. Arches as members (Source – author)
Fig 23. Wall Cladding (Source – author)
Fig 25. False ceiling at the galleries (Source – author)
Fig 24. Supporting beams in passage (Source – author)
Fig 26. Lighting in the galleries (Source – author)
Landscaping: The building has large landscaping space in front. The concept of Mughal gardens is used while developing the landscape. Statues and ornamented 33
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pillars are present here. These spaces are utilized for activities that are conducted in the museum premises on weekends. The landscaping part forms 40% of the site area. Inference - + Utilization of landscape area for public activities. -- Not well developed sitting and resting spaces.
Fig 27. Landscaping at Chhatrapati Shivaji Maharaj Vastu Sangralaya (Source – author)
Fig 28. Pillars and way to garden at CSMVS (Source – author)
Fig 29. Street section at CSMVS (Source – author)
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4.3 Ajanta Visitors’ Center 4.3.1 Background: Introduction: The Ajanta caves are a UNESCO world heritage site located in Aurangabad district of Maharashtra. A visitors’ center has been constructed at Ajanta whose construction is funded by Maharashtra Tourism Development Corporation (MTDC) as a part of state development plan. The aim behind developing this center was to conserve the cultural heritage and its surrounding and to promote tourism development. It is an effort made by the government of Maharashtra to spread information about the Ajanta caves to wider audience.23
Fig 30. Entrance at AVC (Source – author)
Location: The Ajanta Visitors’ Center is situated near the Ajanta caves which is approximately 120 km north of the Aurangabad city. The site is located at MH, MSH 8, Thana, Aurangabad.
Fig 31. Location of Ajanta Visitors’ Center (Source – Google maps)
23
Refer the page 1 of report (Assistance to the Formulation of Management Plan for Visitor Centers under the Ajanta Ellora Conservation, 2010)
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Architects and Planning Members: Architects - Chaya and Chaya Architects Area: 3,23,695 sq. m. Years of Construction: 2006 – 2013
4.3.2 Criteria for Selection: There is lack of facilities near the caves and in Aurangabad also. The visitors’ center was developed to increase the amount of local and foreign visitors to the caves. The facilities provided like restaurants, shops, spaces for events exhibition and interpretation spaces would not only attract people but also help in spreading the information about the history and culture of the caves. All these are important criteria for this design dissertation also and hence this case study was selected.
4.3.3 Design Credentials: The interpretation center is located near the Ajanta caves parking. The Ajanta market, ticketing counter and bus facilities to go to the caves is located besides the center. The center has three levels and multiple domes. All the spaces developed in the center are designed for all age groups including senior citizens and disabled. This is done so that the people who cannot visit the caves can also visit this place and experience it and get information about it.
Fig 32. Ajanta Visitors’ Center site map (Source – One of the boards at the center)
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The center includes entrance foyer, galleries, museums, shops, student areas, restaurant, Amphitheatre, museum shops, cafeteria, auditorium and live size replicas of four caves (no. 1, 2, 16 & 17). The center acts as a place of continuous learning of Buddhist culture. Activities like handicraft making, entertainment activities like dance and music performances in relation to Buddhist culture are conducted inside the center thus promoting Buddhist culture present in the Ajanta caves. The area of one floor plate is approximately 20,422 sq. m. The total area of exhibition spaces if 6,697 sq. m.
Fig 33. View of the dome of AVC (Source – author)
The Concept: The concept behind the built form of the building comes from the shape of the Ajanta caves. The spiral shape in which the visitors’ center is built originates from the horse – shoe shape form of the Ajanta caves. The form of the caves and the center run parallel to each other.
Fig 34. Conceptual Sketch done by architect (Source – One of the boards at the center)
Fig 35. Initial Models of AVC (Source – One of the boards at the center)
Inference - + The form of the built mass is inspired from the form of the Ajanta caves. This interpretation center will help in spreading information and 37
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maintaining culture in Aurangabad and its surrounding area. Areas are planned for the local artisans which will help in preserving the culture of the surrounding area, will help in gaining attention towards it and form a means of earning for local artists. Innovative and aesthetically appealing form which is visible and appreciated from a distance also. -- Lack of public participation in the area to develop the space. Located faraway from the city area with no accommodation areas in the surrounding which leads to lack of public participation. Circulation and areas provided: At the entrance foyer, there is ticketing counter, travel agency, ATM, office and guide room. Beside the main entrance, a museum is located which serves the purpose of attracting tourists. The museum exhibits Indian heritage, Buddhist heritage in India and world and Buddhist heritage in Maharashtra. Display panels and small sculptures are present here. It also includes a gallery where short films are projected. In continuation of the circuit from the museum, serves the depiction of wall scriptures. This gallery also has the provision of meditation for monks. Student areas are also present to facilitate studying. It also has a digital library. Right next to student area, there are cafeterias, restaurants and shops where locals can sell handicrafts and local art. There is a open air amphitheater present in the site which is used for cultural programs. Other than this, a painting gallery and auditorium is also present which gives information about pigments and type of colors used in Ajanta cave paintings and showcases documentaries respectively. Inference - + A series of interactive pathways are created for the visitors to participate in. Large population can be catered in this area. Is developed
as
a
major
museum
and
interpretation center near Ajanta caves. Is user friendly for all age groups and all people. Live size replicas of caves, paintings and sculptures are provisions where people can learn and get information through interactive means. -- Lack of signage.
Fig 36. Plans of AVC (Source – one of the boards at the center)
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Fig 37. Zoning map of AVC (Source – one of the boards at the center)
Fig 38. Sections of Ajanta Visitors’ Center (Source – one of the boards at AVC)
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Fig 39. Entrance to auditorium below the dome (Source – author)
Fig 40. Back Entry (Source – author)
Fig 41. Entrance foyer (Source – author)
Structural System and Services: The entire structure is a RCC structure composed of circular RCC columns. Except the main dome, all other domes are also RCC. The main dome illuminates at night and has a diameter of 27 m over the entrance hall. Wall cladding is done for aesthetic purpose. Stone is used for wall cladding. One third of the floor area is occupied by live size replicas of the caves. The replicas are constructed of thermocol, mesh and concrete mixture. Modern technology is used inside the building right from ticketing to displaying artifacts. Audio – visual techniques are used to enhance participation of people. Live size replicas of caves are used to enhance visitor experience. Information desk and libraries are also present to spread information about the museum. Auditoriums 40
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and digital libraries are also used. Almost all the galleries have digital areas where information and documentaries cane be projected. A space named Quest hall is also developed where students can come and play games related to the history of Ajanta caves. This serves the purpose of education and entertainment. Inference - + Use of new technologies to encourage public participation. Technologies like innovative gaming systems are used for education and entertainment purpose. The entire site is under CCTV surveillance. -- High maintenance project and hence difficult to maintain by the government. No fees were taken from the people visiting and hence no revenue was generated which made maintenance of site even more difficult leading to its shutting.Less use of natural lights and hence dark corridors are formed.
Fig 42. Stone Clad walls
Fig 43. RCC columns and beams
(Source – author)
(Source – author)
Landscaping: Driveways are formed at the entrance that takes one to the entrance (drop off point) to the parking area. Car parking and bus parking areas are provided. There is separate entrance for VIPs and special parking is also provided for them. Multiple gardens and pathways are present inside the complex. There is presence of two water bodies also inside the complex. The first water body is raised and water from it flows to the second one through an artificial slope. Many pergolas are formed over the pedestrian pathways. 41
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Inference - + The landscaping elements will help developing an experience pathway through the entire center for the visitors. Dedicated areas are provided for students where they can study.
Fig 45. Driveway at the entrance of AVC (Source – author)
Fig 44. View of Back entry and pergolas (Source – author)
Fig 46. Pergolas in open space (Source – author)
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4.4 Virasat – e – Khalsa 4.4.1 Background: Introduction: The museum was conceptualized by the government of Punjab to showcase the heritage of Khalsa and as a tribute to the heroic past of the Sikhs and Punjab. It was commemorated to mark the tercentenary year of the birth of Khalsa. The virasat – e – Khalsa is the first of its kind where the drama of Sikh heritage is unfolded. The aim of the museum is being visitor – friendly, interactive and telling the stories of Khalsa heritage through multimedia exhibits. “For the Sikhs, this Complex would serve as a reaffirmation of roots. For the nonSikhs, it will be an inspiring journey into a spirited culture, providing a fascinating insight into the Sikh faith and its history.”24
Fig 47. View of Virasat – e- Khalsa (Source – author)
Fig 48. View of the roof and water body (Source – author)
Location: The complex is located at Anandgarh – kesgarh road, near Qila, Khalsa heritage memorial complex, Anandpur Sahib, Punjab.
24
Refer (Foundation, n.d.)
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Fig 49. Location of Virasat – e - Khalsa (Source – Google maps)
Architects and Planning Members: Architects – Moshe Safdie and Associates, Associate Architect – Ashok Dhawan, Construction – Larsen & Toubro. Area: 4,04,686 sq. m.; Built – up area – 1,61,874 sq. m. Years of Construction: 1998 – 2010
4.4.2 Criteria for Selection: The complex was developed to celebrate Khalsa heritage. It has been developed in a way that it attracts visitors to know about the culture of the place. The interactive spaces developed invite visitors and add to the economy of the place too. The facilities provided are cafes, museum, galleries, Amphitheatre, library, exhibition places, etc. All these are important criteria for this design dissertation also and hence this case study was selected.
4.4.3 Design Credentials: Anandpur Sahib is an area which is held sacred by all Punjabis. It is a place where pilgrims halt for their pilgrimage to Kiratpur Sahib. The museum is built to celebrate 500 years of Sikh heritage and 300th anniversary of Khalsa. The museum has two complexes: the western complex and the eastern complex which are
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connected by a 164 meter bridge which is a pedestrian walkway. A series of reflecting pools are created around which arcaded pathways are formed. Multiple overlooking spaces are formed in the entire complex.
Fig 50. The complexes of Virasat – e - Khalsa (Source – https://www.scribd.com/document/336155299/6-virat-e-khalsa-pdf)
Fig 51. The arcaded pathways (Source – author)
The center includes entrance foyer, pathways, water bodies, library and reading spaces, exhibition galleries, amphitheater, museum, meeting rooms, heritage shops, etc. The complex acts as a place of learning for Sikh culture and heritage. Due to
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its interactive spaces and user friendly exhibits, around 10 million visitors have visited Virasat – e- Khalsa in the past five years out of which 20% are foreigners. The concept: Architect Moshe Safdie drew his inspiration in designing this complex from the history and heritage of Punjab. The initial ides for this concept came from the historic Golden temple, the hills, valleys and streams of Punjab, the Anandgarh fort and the gurudwara of Keshgarh sahib. The complex has direct relationships with all of these. The museum building is shaped in the form of hands offering prayers as in Sikh culture. The eastern complex, also known as the flower and the boat building houses the galleries of Sikh heritage. The roof of this complex is in the shape of five petals and a boat. The five petaled roof depicts the five tenets of the religion. Each petal houses galleries depicting the lives of all gurus of Sikhism. 25 Inference - + Natural beauty of location is utilized. Innovative form and use of geometric forms. Circulation and Areas provided: After entering the complex, the vehicular parking is situated on the left side and the ticket counter on the right side. Beside the ticketing counter there is sitting space and landscaping area. A pathway connecting the ticketing counter takes the visitor till the security check which is situated below a bridge. From the security check, one goes through a pathway around the water body and enters the Complex B which takes the visitor to the bridge as shown in Fig. 54.
Fig 52. Sitting besides Ticket counter (Source – author)
25
Fig 53. Security check below the bridge (Source – author)
Refer (Bagha, 2017)
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Fig 54. Zoning Plan of the entire Complex (Source - https://www.scribd.com/document/336155299/6-virat-e-khalsa-pdf)
Through the bridge one connects to the Complex A of Virasat – e - Khalsa. This complex forms the gateway to the town of Anandpur Sahib. The complex A houses an auditorium, library, temporary exhibition spaces, meeting rooms and mechanical rooms. The bridge has a canopy above it partially covering it. From the bridge, a visitor can view the entire complex. The pedestrian entry to the entire heritage complex is through complex A. Security checks and entrance lobby is also present at Complex A. Inference - -- The canopy on the bridge is in the wrong direction and doesn’t provide shade. The walk on the bridge in two opposite directions can be tiring. There is no lighting on the bridge.
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Fig 55. Plan of Complex A. (Source - https://www.scribd.com/document/336155299/6-virat-e-khalsa-pdf)
Fig 56. View of the bridge (Source – author)
Fig 58. Temporary Exhibition Space (Source – author)
Fig 57. The reading space (Source – author)
Fig 59. Passage besides library (Source – author)
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The complex B consists mainly of the Cafeteria, Kitchen block and the bridge. The bridge consists of four independent arches joint together for support. The cafeteria is in the shape of an arc and has huge glass windows throughout the curved wall. Inference - + Well maintained Cafeteria and Kitchen. Provision of lifts and ramps to reach the bridge which is beneficial for people of all age groups and even differently abled people.
Fig 60. Plan of Complex B. (Source - https://www.scribd.com/document/336155299/6-virat-e-khalsa-pdf)
Fig 61. View of the Cafeteria (Source – author)
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The vehicular entry connects to the complex C. It consists of entrance lobby, permanent gallery exhibits, multi – media galleries, heritage museum, reception, conference rooms, lounge, terraces, etc. The five petals tell the life stories of different gurus. It consists of multiple galleries. These galleries have ramps in them to take to different levels. There are three levels that are formed in total. The walls surrounding these ramps are filled with murals, displays, objects and audio – visuals depicting the Sikh culture. Partitions are created within the galleries to differentiate the areas. Arches and panels are created along the walls to display artifacts and visuals. Platforms are created for viewing different walls. Inference - + Interactive Spaces and use of technology. Development of terraces and viewing points. Use of materials in the interiors. --Too many ramps can be tiring. No sitting space in the entire circuit. Concrete areas on terraces trap more heat in the structure.
Fig 62. Plan of Complex C. (Source - https://www.scribd.com/document/336155299/6-virat-e-khalsa-pdf)
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Fig 63. Terrace Plan of Complex C. (Source - https://www.scribd.com/document/336155299/6-virat-e-khalsa-pdf)
Fig 64. Entrance Lobby
Fig 65. Murals on walls
(Source – author)
Fig 67. Terrace & sloping roof (Source - author)
(Source – author)
Fig 66. Partition walls in galleries (Source – author)
Fig 68. Audio – Visuals in museum walls (Source – author)
Structural system and Services: The structure is designed to cover all Seismic aspects in India. The structure of the complex A is made of RCC columns, concrete walls and virendeel trusses. Water resistant Sandstone is used for wall cladding. 51
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False ceiling is present in the library and temporary exhibition space. Spot lights are used in the temporary exhibition space. In most of the interior spaces, the materials used are kept exposed. Drainage lines are present on the sides of the bridge. The complex B is also made of RCC columns and beams. Circular walls are used for support. Row lighting in used in the Cafeteria. The cafeteria also has false ceiling made of Gypsum boards. The Complex C has waffle slab at the entrance foyer area. It has sloping roofs made of stainless steel. The exteriors of this complex are also clad in sandstone. The sloping roofs are supported by concrete beams. Skylights are present in these roofs. The partition walls are made of cloth and wood. Different types of lightings are used in the galleries including, uplighting, chandeliers, etc. Interactive means of technology is used to display the heritage. Some of them includes, audio visual displays, live – size statues depicting scenes, live size sceneries, moving murals, text and graffiti walls, colourful lighting with music, etc. Inference - + Focus on the display of culture using innovative technology. --Sloping roofs could be utilized for generating solar energy. Too much of energy consumption in the entire complex.
Fig 69. Lighting in galleries (Source – author)
Fig 70. Supporting beams for sloping roof (Source – author)
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Landscaping: Water, which is abundantly available on the site has been incorporated as a major landscaping element. Pathways are developed around the water body. Natural landscape and topography has been maintained. Slopes are used wherever possible. Bridge supported by arches forms a major attractive element in the landscaping part. Sitting area are also developed on the sides of the pathways. Bollard lights are used to illuminate the pathways. Inference - + Abundance of Sitting space. -- Less amount of Shade.
Fig 71. Bridge connecting over water body. (Source – author)
Fig 72. Pathways
Fig 73. Amphitheater
(Source – author)
(Source – author)
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4.5 Ellora Visitor Center 4.5.1 Background: Introduction: The Ellora caves are a UNESCO world heritage site located in Aurangabad district of Maharashtra. A visitors’ center has been constructed at Ellora whose construction is funded by Maharashtra Tourism Development Corporation (MTDC) as a part of state development plan. The aim behind developing this center was to conserve the cultural heritage and its surrounding and to promote tourism development. It is an effort made by the government of Maharashtra to spread information about the Ellora caves and its surroundings to wider audience.26
Fig 74. Entrance at EVC (Source – author)
Location: The Ellora Visitors’ Center is situated near the Ellora caves which is approximately 30 km west of the Aurangabad city. The site is located at NH 211, Talyachi wadi, Aurangabad.
Fig 75. Location of Ellora Visitors’ Center (Source – Google maps)
26
Refer the report (Assistance to the Formulation of Management Plan for Visitor Centers under the Ajanta Ellora Conservation, 2010)
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Architects and Planning Members: Architects - Chaya and Chaya Architects Area: 2,10,000 sq. m. Years of Construction: 2006 – 2013
4.5.2 Criteria for Selection: There is lack of facilities near the caves and in Aurangabad also. The visitors’ center was developed to increase the amount of local and foreign visitors to the caves. The facilities provided like restaurants, shops, spaces for events exhibition and interpretation spaces would not only attract people but also help in spreading the information about the history and culture of the caves. All these are important criteria for this design dissertation also and hence this case study was selected.
4.5.3 Design Credentials: The interpretation center is located near the Ellora caves and Grishneshwar temple. The Grishneshwar temple forms a major pilgrim destination for Hindus and hence the number of local visitors coming to this area are more than the ones visiting AVC. Between the Ellora visitors’ center and the caves, there is a tree avenue adorned by the old fig trees. The center has flat roofs and curved walls. All the spaces developed in the center are designed for all age groups including senior citizens and disabled.
Fig 76. Ellora Visitors’ Center site map (Source – One of the boards at the center)
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The Concept: The main aim of this center was to educate people about the Ellora caves and attract visitors. It is a provision where locals can exhibit their culture and earn income too. The form of the center is evolved from circles and curves. Flat roofs are used. The view of the pergolas can be seen even from a long distance and attracts visitors towards it.
Fig 77. Initial Model of EVC (Source – One of the boards at the center)
Inference - + This interpretation center will help in spreading information and maintaining culture in Aurangabad and its surrounding area. Areas are planned for the local artisans which will help in preserving the culture of the surrounding area, will help in gaining attention towards it and form a means of earning for local artists. Innovative and aesthetically appealing form which is visible and appreciated from a distance also. Located along the way to pilgrimage to Grishneshwar temple. -- Lack of public participation in the area to develop the space. No entry fee and ticketing cost is taken leading to issues in which maintenance of the center is not covered. Circulation and areas provided: At the entrance foyer, there is ticketing counter, travel agency, ATM, admin office, reception, information center and book shop. From the book shop, books related to Ellora caves and Buddhism can be issued. The Reception has a large display area where audio visuals related to the caves and center are shown. Auditorium and two museums are located besides the reception. 56
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From here one passes to the second complex where an amphitheater and open plaza is located at the center. Besides the plaza there are craft centers and shopping areas for locals to display their art and culture. After this, there is a spill over space through which one can visit the restaurant and cafeteria. Besides the restaurant, a student center and library is also present to facilitate education and research. Inference - + A series of interactive pathways are created for the visitors to participate in. Large population can be catered in this area. Is developed as a major museum and interpretation center near Ellora caves. Is user friendly for all age groups and all people. -- Lack of signage. Closed presently.
Fig 78. Plan of EVC (Source – one of the boards at the center)
Fig 79. Restaurant and cafeteria (Source – author)
Fig 80. Spill of for students (Source – author)
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Fig 81. Entrance block (Source – author)
Structural System and Services: The major materials used for the building are local stones, exposed concrete and wood. At some places, stone is used for cladding the walls. The structure is RCC framed. Columns and beams are used as support system. It has long corridors with natural light and ventilation. Pergolas are also used in the corridors. Modern technology is used inside the building right from ticketing to displaying artifacts. Information desk and libraries are also present to spread information about the museum. Auditoriums and digital libraries are also used. Almost all the galleries have digital areas where information and documentaries cane be projected. Inference - + Use of new technologies to encourage public participation. -- High maintenance project and hence difficult to maintain by the government.
Fig 82. Pergolas over corridor (Source – author)
Fig 83. RCC columns and beams (Source – author)
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Landscaping: Driveways are formed at the entrance that takes one to the entrance (drop off point) to the parking area. Car parking and bus parking areas are provided. There is separate entrance for VIPs and special parking is also provided for them. Multiple gardens and pathways are present inside the complex. Many pergolas are formed over the pedestrian pathways. Inference - + The landscaping elements will help developing an experience pathway through the entire center for the visitors.
Fig 84. Parking Area (Source – author)
Fig 85. Driveway till Drop off. (Source – author)
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4.6 Interpretation Center and Underground Museum at Humayun’s Tomb Complex 4.6.1 Background: Introduction: The Humayun’s Tomb complex at present receives almost 2 million visitors annually including students and pilgrims. The museum and interpretation center is being built to enhance the visitors’ experience and for the better understanding of Mughal architecture. Another aim of building this center is understanding the building, craft and sufi traditions and the Hindustani culture of five centuries. It is built to inform the visitors of the cultural and historical influence of the complex.27 Fig 86. Interpretation Centre at Humayun’s Tomb Complex (Source - http://www.nizamuddinrenewal.org/conservation/ humayun-tomb/interpretation-centre.php)
Location: It is a part of the Humayun’s Tomb Complex located at Mathura Road, Nizamuddin East, Delhi.
Fig 87. Location of Interpretation Centre and Underground museum at Humayun’s Tomb Complex (Source - http://www.nizamuddinrenewal.org/conservation/humayun-tomb/interpretation-centre.php) 27
Refer page 156 of the book (Culture A. K., 2017)
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Architects and Planning Members: Architect – Vir Muller Architects, Landscaping Architect – Shaheer and Associates, Project Management – Aga Khan Trust for Culture28 Built up Area: 9000 sq. m. Year of Commencing: November 2015
4.6.2 Criteria for Selection: The interpretation center is being developed to spread awareness among the city population about the significance of site and enhance the historic character of the complex. It will help in informing the visitors about the area and the its evolution historically and culturally. It will also help in protecting the disappearing art and culture of the area and also in exhibiting them. All of this will create a space for appreciation of heritage. These being one of the aims of this design dissertation, this center was chosen as a case study.
4.6.3 Design Credentials: The museum is located at the entrance of the world heritage site and forms a bridge between three sites of Nizamuddin Sunder Nursery and the tomb. It is the first underground museum of India, also known as the “sunken museum.” The underground museum is built using 21st century modern technology and Mughal – era craftmanship in its design. “The principal structure, where galleries will be locates, is six meters below the ground level while the gallery block rises four feet above the ground level. The roof is treated like a Mughal garden.”29 Fig 88. Site Plan showing underground museum. (Source - https://archnet.org/sites/14746/media_contents/98906)
28 29
Refer the section “our team” from the website (Culture A. K., n.d.) Refer the newspaper article (Sunken museum at Humayun's Tomb, 2015)
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Fig 89. The vision for developing a Mughal garden on the roof of museum. (Source - https://archnet.org/sites/14746/media_contents/98906)
The museum includes galleries, library, seminar halls, craft center and cafeteria. Finials, sandstone and marble elements, terracotta pipes and many other elements found at Isa Khan’s tomb nearby will be exhibited here. This center will provide as a visual link between the areas around the tomb and the museum. It will serve the purpose of interpreting the historic development around the site since centuries. The temporary galleries at the museum will host travelling exhibitions. The museum will also establish exchange programs with other leading museums of world. It will be a major museum in the national capital.30 The Concept: The center will incorporate Mughal traditions like stone carving, tile making and incised plaster work along with contemporary architectural forms. The concept of the center is inspired from the geometric forms of Mughal Architecture. The arrangement of galleries is by sequencing a number of intersecting squares. Courtyards are developed which will be used to display Mughal architectural forms, ornamental traditions and landscaping elements. The areas are designed and developed under the foliage of a number of trees. The many existing trees found on
30
Refer the article (Sunken museum at Humayun's Tomb, 2015)
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site will be utilized to develop pathways, gardens, plazas and other landscaping elements. This will help in developing a pleasant experience for the visitors.31 Inference - + The entire structure is built using contemporary architectural materials but in co – relation with Mughal architectural tradition. This interpretation center will be one of a kind in the national capital and will help in spreading awareness about the history of site. Innovative and aesthetically appealing form. -- The entire stretch of museum could turn out to be a long linear walk which can be tiring.
Fig 90. The vision for developing spaces inspired from Mughal and Contemporary Architecture. (Source - https://archnet.org/sites/14746/media_contents/98906)
31
Refer the architecture section in the website (Humayun's Tomb Site Museum, 2015)
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Circulation and areas provided: The two storey structure begins at the northern end of the complex where the entrance plaza is located. It comprises of a ticket counter, public amenities and a cafĂŠ. The entrance plaza works as a threshold from where the visitors can orient themselves towards library, auditorium, seminar rooms, souvenir shop and craft galleries. Open courtyard and skylights are present which illuminate the galleries and provide ventilation. Temporary gallery spaces are present in the structure to promote the cultural understanding of Mughal era.32 Inference - + The center has many areas where locals can participate, school children can interact and visitors can participate in activities. Large population can be catered in this area. The things excavated from sites nearby will also be exhibited thus showing the rich history and culture. -- No provision for parking spaces.
Fig 91. Floor plan of the underground museum. (Source - https://archnet.org/sites/14746/media_contents/98906)
32
Refer the facilities and programs section of (Humayun's Tomb Site Museum, 2015)
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Fig 92. Section through the site museum. (Source - https://archnet.org/sites/14746/media_contents/98906)
Structural System and Services: RCC construction is used on the site. The columns are placed at a span of 8 meters. The entire center is planned on one straight axis throughout the length of the center. The engineering systems of the museum are woven around each other through the gallery creating service corridors. These service corridors are used for managing the services like lighting, firefighting, cctv, etc. The ceiling is plastered and reflects the geometry used in planning. The digital technology that is used in museum allows the visitors to plan virtual tours around the complex. It also allows the visitors to experience the construction of Humayun’s Tomb and other monuments of the surrounding area. The musical compositions of the 14th century and the description of India and Delhi in the old times will be displayed using this technology.33 Inference - + Use of new technologies to encourage public participation. -- The provision of services like water supply and drainage is difficult to manage due to the museum being underground. Less use of natural light and ventilation.
33
Refer the exhibits and collections section of (Humayun's Tomb Site Museum, 2015)
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Fig 93. Excavation on site. (Source - http://www.nizamuddinrenewal.org/conservation/humayun-tomb/interpretation-centre.php)
Fig 94. The structural system on site. (Source - http://www.nizamuddinrenewal.org/conservation/humayun-tomb/interpretation-centre.php)
Fig 95. RCC framing. (Source - http://www.nizamuddinrenewal.org/conservation/humayun-tomb/interpretation-centre.php)
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Landscaping: The roof of the sunken museum is used as a landscaping element. It has multiple walkways, gardens and plazas that provide shade, shelter and visual interest. The trees on site are used for this purpose. There are three main courts designed to exhibit a distinct landscape character. The principal entrance court is a sunken garden where an existing tree is present. The court at the exit to sunder nursery has a water cascade as a landscape element. This forms the connection between the museum and the sunder nursery. The court at the approach to Humayun’s tomb is a wide pathway with grass at an inclined slope. The concept of landscape design is to depict the traditions of planting of the Mughal period.34 Inference - + The landscaping elements will help developing an experience pathway through the entire center for the visitors. The trees on site are utilized for landscaping purpose and form a major part of the conceptualization process. A series of interactive pathways are created for the visitors to participate in. -- Pathways and area development for disable is not planned.
34
Refer the Landscape section of (Humayun's Tomb Site Museum, 2015)
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CHAPTER 5: SITE STUDY 5.1 Introduction 5.2 Justification 5.3 Proposal for conservation of fort and developing the precinct 5.4 History and architectural style 5.5 Connectivity 5.6 Demography 5.7 Site surroundings 5.8 Climatic study 5.9 Bylaws applicable on site
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CHAPTER 05: SITE STUDY
5.1Introduction The site is located in the precinct of Ghodbunder fort. The Ghodbunder fort is a fort built on the southern bank of Ulhas river at the mouth of Vasai creek in the village of Ghodbunder. The fort was built my the Portuguese, later occupied by the Marathas and then became the British East India Company’s district headquarters. The precinct of the fort is under a proposal for development of a museum and other tourism infrastructure. The tenders for the same will be soon invited. Location: The site is located at a distance of 60 meters to the noth of Ghodbunder fort at Ghodbunder village, Ghodbunder, Mira – Bhayandar, Maharashtra. Area of the site: 7362.93 sq. m. (1.81 Acres; 0.74 Hectares; 72.78 Gunthas)
Fig 96. Site location. (Source - author)
5.2 Justification As per an article published in Deccan Herald, the development and construction happening in Mumbai has taken a heavy toll of the heritage sites in and around Mumbai. As mentioned in background study, the heritage sites are degrading. The situation in Mumbai is worse. Mumbai has around more than a dozen of forts including forts on land, sea and hill; there are also numerous caves that shape the history and heritage of 69
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Mumbai. All these sites are of immense importance because of their historical value and Mumbai is losing them. The Maharashtra Tourism Development Corporation has taken various steps to protect these forts.35 One of these forts is the Ghodbunder fort. It is a grade 3 heritage site which needs to preserved and conserved. It is one of the forts of architectural, historical and tourism importance. Three different architectural styles are seen in this fort – Portuguese, Maratha and British. The fort could be developed as a beautiful place for history and heritage lovers with tourism developed around it. A proposal is also passed for conserving and restoring the fort and developing its precinct. In regards of the proposal, this site is chosen.
5.3 Proposal for conservation of fort and developing the precinct The proposal for conservation and restoration of Ghodbunder fort is passed and the work is proposed to be completed by 2020. Under the proposal, the fort has been adopted by Mira Bhayandar Municipal Corporation for the restoring process. The conservation and restoration process will be carried out by Sankranam Design Studios. Tejas Wde, director of State directorate of archaeology and museums will be co – operating with the same. The conservation work will take approximately 18 months to finish. In the initial months, the fort will be cleaned and unwanted items will be removed. Cementing done previously will be removed. Later it will be restored using Basalt stones present in the site. The stairs will be redone and the fort from the Chhatrapati Shivaji Maharaj’s era will be restored.36 The fort precinct will also be developed. Landscaping will be developed in the fort precinct. Landscaping will be related to Portuguese gardens. Museum and other tourism infrastructure will also be developed in the fort precinct as a part of the proposal. The tenders for this project will soon be invited. The development will be done as per the guidelines of ASI and the historical essence of the structure will be maintained. The first installment for the project has been sanctioned for the conservation of fort. The second installment will soon be sanctioned for the development of the precinct. A road is also proposed under this proposal besides the Vasai creek.37
35
Refer the article (Bose, 2016) Refer the article (Christopher, 2019) 37 Refer (Fernandes, 2017) 36
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5.4 History and architectural style Ghodbunder fort is a coastal fort built by the Portuguese alongside Ulhas river in 1730. It was later captured by Marathas under the leadership of Chimaji Appa in 1737. The Marathas controlled the fort till 1818, after which it was captured by the British and converted into district headquarters for British East India Company. Ghod means horses and Bunder means fort. The fort was used for trading horses initially and hence the name. The fort was used as a watch tower by the Portuguese to keep the entire area under control. It was used for defensive purposes. It was also used for storage and has multiple rooms that were designed to keep weaponry. The fort was built in European architectural form. The fortress is made of stones that are mined from the same area where the fort is built. At the entrance of the fort, there is a corridor of Portuguese arches that lead to a courtyard. The courtyard is centrally placed with pillared verandahs on the sides. These verandahs lead to storage places. There is a huge open space in the center with a tree. This center was used for celebration of festivals during the Maratha time period. A watch tower is built at the highest point of the fort. Maratha stairs are built through archways to reach this point. From here, the entire view of city and vasai creek can be seen. There is an European church present inside the fort. The church was locally accessed by the civilians living in the villages.
Fig 97. Portuguese Arches. (Source - author)
Fig 98. Storage area. (Source – author)
Fig 99. Courtyard of fort (Source – author)
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5.5 Connectivity The site is located on one of the hills near Ulhas river in the precinct of Ghodbunder fort. It is located on Ghodbunder road at a distance of 24.4 km. from Thane railway station. Buses go up to Ghodbunder junction from Thane. The nearest airport is Chhatrapati Shivaji Maharaj International airport. It is located at a distance of 24.5 km from the airport. The nearest railway station is Bhayandar Railway Station. Bhayandar station is located at a distance of 7.1 km from the site. Development is happening in Mira – Bhayandar region for metros, bridges and coastal road. The metro line will be further connected to Mira – Bhayandar region from Dahisar which will add transport access in this region. The coastal road will also be extended from Bandra – Worli sea link to Ghosbunder, thus adding to the means to transpotation and connectivity to this region. Passenger terminal is also going to be developed near Reti Bunder at Ghodbunder village for Inland Ferry Transportation. The site proposed for this is connected to Ghodbunder road.
Fig 100. Connectivity map
Fig 101. Metro map
(Source – author)
(Source – Tanvay Vartak)
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5.6 Demography Ghodbunder comes under Thane district. The population is 1,841,488. It belongs to Konkan region. It comes under Mira – Bhayandar Municipal Corporation. Marathi is the local language here. The average literacy here is 89.41%. Hinduism is the major religion that is followed here followed by Islam. The major festivals celebrated here are Diwali, Gudi Padwa and Ganesh Chaturthi. Ghodbunder annual fest will also be celebrated in some years. Thane City
Total
Male
Female
City Population
1,841,488
975,399
866,089
Literates
1,458,796
797,342
661,454
Children (0-6)
209,879
110,004
99,875
Average Literacy (%)
89.41 %
92.14 %
86.33 %
Sexratio
888
5.7 Site surroundings The maximum surroundings of site is in residential and hill zone. Some part of the surrounding is also in industrial and no development zone. The site is located in the precinct of Ghodbunder fort. The access road to the fort and the site is surrounded by gaothan and local villages. On the north – east of the site vasai creek is located and on the south – east, there is a proposal for development of picnic spot or civic and cultural center. There is a Church near the fort which is now abandoned known as Portuguese Church. From the site, a pedestrian path also goes up to the view – point of Vasai creek.
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Fig 102. Portuguese Church
Fig 103. Creek view - point
(Source – https://bijoor.me/2013/05/05/cycling-expedition-to-ghodbunder-fort-thane/)
5.8 Climatic study The climate of the region is sub – tropical and characterized by high humidity throughout the year. It has heavy rainfall and the monsoon winds come from the south – west direction. The place experiences the onset of the monsoon in the month of June to September with an average rainfall of 1500 mm to 2000 mm. The mean daily maximum temperature is 32.9°C and mean daily minimum temperature at 26.8°C. The average humidity varies from 67% to 86% throughout the year and the average windspeed is 6.5 km/hr. in monsoon the windspeed increases to an average of 12 km/hr. Monsoon Winds Prevailing Winds
Sun Path
Fig 104. Climatic Study (Source – author)
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5.9 Bylaws applicable on site
Fig 105. DP sheet of Ghodbunder (Source – Mira Bhayandar Municipal Corporation)
The site is located in the MTDC proposal zone for development of fort precinct in the DP Sheet. The FSI allowed on the site is 1. The site is located in CRZ - II: Construction of buildings for residential purposes, schools, hospitals, institutions, offices, public places, etc. shall be permitted only on the landward side of the existing road, or on the landward side of existing authorised fixed structures: Provided that no permission for construction of buildings shall be given on landward side of any new roads which are constructed on the seaward side of an existing road.
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Buildings permitted as in (ii) above, shall be subject to the local town and country planning regulations as applicable from time to time, and the norms for the Floor Space Index (FSI) or Floor Area Ratio (FAR) prevailing as on the date of this Notification38 The site is a heritage precinct: No permission for development, alteration, modification, etc. shall be granted to any person in respect of any heritage precincts or listed buildings, except with the advice of heritage conservation of committee. The Municipal Commissioner may grant the permission for development, alteration, modification, etc. subject to provisions made under special regulations framed for heritage precincts of listed buildings. Buildings included in heritage precincts shall maintain the skyline in the precincts (without any high – rise development) as maybe existing in the surrounding area so as to not demolish or destroy the value or beauty of the heritage building. Heritage grade III comprises of buildings and precincts of importance of townscape, they evoke architectural aesthetic or social interest. Heritage grade III deserves intelligent conservation and protection of unique features and attributes. External and internal changes and adaptive reuse is allowed. Changes can include extension or additional buildings in the same plot or compound. However, any changes done should be such that they are in harmony with existing heritage building and precinct.39
38 39
Refer page 35 of (The Gazette of India, 2019) Refer page 125, 126 and 127 of (Draft DCR of MMR, 2017)
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CHAPTER 6: DATA COLLECTION
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CHAPTER 06: DATA COLLECTION Entrance Lobby Approximately 50 people at a time requiring 1 sq. m. of area per person at the entrance lobby. (Source – Time Saver Standards) Reception & Waiting Area The reception area with desk and waiting area requires around 35 sq. m. of area. 6 to 8 people will be utilizing this area. (Source – Time Saver Standards) Ticket Counter The ticket counter will receive approximately 100 people at a time. The 100 visitors will be catered to by 6 Staff people. This will require 75 sq. m. (Source – Time Saver Standards) Admin Office Approximately 2 to 3 staff members will be using the admin office at a time. Each person will require an area of 6 sq. m. The total area given is 20 sq. m. Director’s Cabin It will include the Director’s workstation, his seating area, storage and cabinets. It will require an area of 42 sq. m. (Source – Time Saver Standards) Information Center and Display Area Information center will be used by 10 to 15 people at a time. The display area will be used by 10 people at one time. This area will include seating, information desk, catalogue, display of cultural and heritage information. The areas for information center and display area are 45 sq. m. and 20 sq. m. respectively. (Source - Time Saver Standards)
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Exhibition Galleries 2 Exhibition galleries are provided each catering to 50 people. The galleries will display local art and culture of present time and of the Portuguese and Maratha times. Each person requires 2.5 sq. m. The total area provided for Exhibition galleries is 250 sq. m. (Source - Time Saver Standards) Workshop The workshop area will be used for teaching the students of architecture schools in the surrounding areas the process of stone conservation and local artists to practice their art. It has a capacity of 25 people and the total area of 100 sq. m. 4 sq. m. of area will be utilized by one person. Cultural Center The cultural center will be used for celebration of local festivals and annual Ghodbunder festival that the government is going to start in coming years. Other than that, it will be used to host cultural activities. The area provided for cultural center is 250 sq. m. Museum A building in which the culture and heritage of an area are exhibited is called a museum. The museum will display the history of fort and its development in terms of architecture. Factors that are important for a museum are circulation spaces, lighting, humidity and temperature. Circulation Spaces – In the museum there should be enough space that allows the movement of crowd and also proper view of the displays. Lighting – There should be no direct lighting on exhibited objects. The point of illuminating the objects should be done through indirect lights. Humidity and Temperature – The humidity inside the museum should be maintained constantly. The temperature inside the museum for summers should be 15 to 18 degree Celsius and that for winter should be 20 to 22 degree Celsius. (Source- Case Studies and Time Saver Standards)
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Library A library is a building or room having a collection of books, periodicals, music and films for use or borrowing by public or members of the library. The library will cater to 100 people at a time. Each person requires 3.5 sq. m. of area. The total area of library is 350 sq. m. (Source – Time Saver Standards) Cafeteria & Kitchen Cafeteria is a type of food service location in the complex. The cafeteria can be enclosed, semi – enclosed or open type. Kitchen service is also provided alongside the cafeteria. The cafeteria will cater up to 100 people at a time with each person occupying 4 sq. m. of area. The total area of cafeteria is 200 sq. m. the kitchen should be 30% of cafeteria area which is 60 sq. m. (Source – Case Studies and Time Saver Standards) Shops 15 shops are provided for selling the local materials and objects. The area for one shop is 4.5 sq. m. Total area given for shops is 70 sq. m.
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CHAPTER 7: DESIGN BRIEF AND AREA STATEMENT
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Varsa – Development of fort precinct | Khyati Antrolia Design Dissertation – 2019 - 2020
CHAPTER 07: DESIGN BRIEF AND AREA STATEMENT
Design Brief Introduction – India is a land of culture and heritage. This heritage has evidences in the form of many monuments in different corners of India. There is the immortal Taj Mahal, the temples of south, the havelis of Rajasthan and innumerable forts. All these monuments tell age old stories and the lifestyles of people then.
The Issue - Due to the constant development in construction and urban areas, we are losing these heritage sites. Many of them are not being maintained and are on the verge of dilapidation. Mumbai and Mumbai Metropolitan Region is an example where we can see this issue. Mumbai is a place that has rich culture and heritage but has lost its culture due to rapid urbanisation. It has innumerable forts of the Portuguese and Maratha times but they are now becoming unknown to the world. Today, Mumbai is in the state where we need to take measures to maintain these heritage sites or we will lose them forever.
The Solution - To solve this issue, it is important that these heritage sites become a part of public participation and get the importance they should get. Hence, the surroundings of such sites should be developed in a way that this can be achieved. Such a project will help in exploring the relationships between culture, heritage and public spaces. The development of a project like this will not only help the place to retain and maintain its heritage but will also give the locals and the surrounding areas a platform to display their lifestyle. It will help in the economic development of the place and in turn generating employment. Such a place will promote the importance of heritage site.
The Site – Ghodbunder fort is one the important heritage sites in Mumbai Metropolitan Region. It has a rich heritage but is now in the state of dilapidation. Measures are being taken by the government to conserve the fort when such proposals and requests were made by the locals and educated people of Mumbai and surrounding area. The precinct is also going to be developed in this process. This design proposal talks about the development of the precinct. 82
Varsa – Development of fort precinct | Khyati Antrolia Design Dissertation – 2019 - 2020
The site is located at a distance of 60 meters to the noth of Ghodbunder fort at Ghodbunder village. The area of site is 7362.93 sq. m. The site comes under MTDC proposal zone of precinct development. The FSI on site is 1.
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Varsa – Development of fort precinct | Khyati Antrolia Design Dissertation – 2019 - 2020
Area Statement Sr. No.
Activity
No. of People
1
Security Cabin
2 to 3
2
Entrance Lobby
50
3
Waiting Area
4 to 5
4
Reception
2 to 3
5
Bag Store
2 to 3
6
Ticketing Counter
20
7
Admin Office
2 to 3
8
Back Office
4 to 5
9
Director's Cabin
1
10
Pantry
10
Area as per standards 3 sq. m. per person 1 sq. m. per person
Areas Proposed 15 sq. m.
Source Case Study 4.4
50 sq. m.
TSS
3 sq. m. per person
20 sq. m.
1 sq. m. per person
15 sq. m.
Admin 6 sq. m. per person 6 sq. m. per person 42 sq. m. per person 4 sq. m. per person Public Areas 3 sq. m. per person 2 sq. m. per person 2.5 Sq. m. per person 4 sq. m. per person 10 sq. m. per person
15 sq. m.
TSS
25 sq. m.
TSS
20 sq. m. 30 sq. m.
TSS Case Study 4.3
45 sq. m.
TSS
40 sq. m.
TSS
45 sq. m.
TSS
20 sq. m.
TSS
250 sq. m.
TSS
100 sq. m.
TSS
250 sq. m.
11
Information Center
10 to 15
12
10
13
Display Area Exhibition Galleries (2 nos)
50 + 50
14
Workshop
25
15
Cultural Center
25
16
Museum
-
-
500 sq. m.
17
Amphitheater
100
300 sq. m.
18
Library
100
3.5 sq. m. per person
TSS Case Study 4.2 Case Study 4.4
350 sq. m.
TSS
19
Reading Space/ Student's Center
20
75 sq. m.
20
Cafeteria
21
Kitchen
TSS Case Study 4.3 Case Study 4.3
75
3.5 sq. m. per person 4 sq. m. per person
300 sq. m.
5
40% of Cafeteria
80 sq. m.
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Varsa – Development of fort precinct | Khyati Antrolia Design Dissertation – 2019 - 2020
22
Shops
15
-
70 sq. m.
23
Storage
-
-
50 sq. m.
24
Toilets
-
-
As required
Case Study 4.3
Total Carpet Area
2665 sq. m.
Area for Circulation Space (15%)
3064.75 sq. m.
Total Built - up Area (20%)
3597.75 sq. m.
Total Area of Site = 7362.93 sq. m. FSI allowed on site = 1. FSI to be consumed = 0.49.
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Varsa – Development of fort precinct | Khyati Antrolia Design Dissertation – 2019 - 2020
APPENDIX Questions asked during case studies. What is the importance of the heritage site for the surrounding area? What was the reason of developing this area? How many people visit this place annually? What is the type of people that visit this place? What activities are developed here and why? How has it helped in preserving the heritage? How has it affected the tourism and economic development? What is the role of government in developing such a place? How has it changed the scenario? Who gives the financial support for the maintenance of this place?
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Varsa – Development of fort precinct | Khyati Antrolia Design Dissertation – 2019 - 2020
BIBLIOGRAPHY Books Arnold, D. (n.d.). Reading Architectural History. Southampton: Routledge Taylor & Francis Group. Bose, M. (2016). Developments take heavy toll on forts. Mumbai : Deccan Herald. Culture, A. K. (2017). Humayun's Tomb Conservation. Ahmedabad: Mapin Publishing Pvt. Ltd. (2013). Handbook of Conservation Buildings. Delhi: Central Public Works Department. Kothari, R. (2008). Interpretation Center at Hampi. Mumbai. Thomson, J. H. (n.d.). Architectural Conservation in Asia. Routledge Taylor and Francis Group.
Reports and Journals Archaeological Survey of India documents 732 Unprotected Monuments. (2015). The Economic Times. (2010). Assistance to the Formulation of Management Plan for Visitor Centers under the Ajanta Ellora Conservation. Aurangabad: Maharashtra Tourism Development Corporation. Christopher, A. (2019). Ghodbunder Fort restoration to begin next month, deadline 2020. Mumbai: The Indian Express. (2017). Draft DCR of MMR. Mumbai: Government of Maharahtra . Fernandes, F. (2017). District sanctions Rs 1cr to beautify Ghodbunder fort. Mumbai : The Times of India. Sunken museum at Humayun's Tomb. (2015). The Hindu. (2010). The Ancient Monuments and Archaeological Sites and Remains Act. Delhi. (2019). The Gazette of India. New Delhi: Ministry of Environment, Forest and Climate change. Torraca, G. (1982). Conservation of historic stone buildings and monumnets. Washington D.C.: National Academy Press.
Internet References Bagha, S. (2017, February 28). ’Virasat-E-Khalsa’ Designed By Moshe Safdie Becomes Most-Visited Museum In India Within 5 Years. Retrieved from India 87
Varsa – Development of fort precinct | Khyati Antrolia Design Dissertation – 2019 - 2020
Architecture News: https://worldarchitecture.org/articles/cvzmc/_virasatekhalsa_designed_by_mo she_safdie_becomes_mostvisited_museum_in_india_within_5_years.html Chatrapati Shivaji Maharaj Vastu Sangralaya. (n.d.). Retrieved from About us : http://www.csmvs.in/about-us Cultural India. (n.d.). Retrieved from Indian Forts: https://culturalindia.net/indianforts/index.html Culture, A. K. (n.d.). Humayun's Tomb Site Museum. Retrieved from Nizamuddin Renewal: http://www.nizamuddinrenewal.org/conservation/humayuntomb/interpretation-centre.php Forts in India. (2019, June 20th). Retrieved from Wikipedia: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Forts_in_India Foundation, A. S. (n.d.). About the Project. Retrieved from Virasat - e - Khalsa: http://www.virasat-ekhalsa.net/index.php?option=article&artid=71&pos=control&menuid=380 Humayun's Tomb Site Museum. (2015). Retrieved from Nizamuddin Urban Renewal Associative: http://www.nizamuddinrenewal.org/conservation/humayuntomb/interpretation-centre.php National Historic Preservation Act. (n.d.). Retrieved from Preservation, Rehabilitation, Restoration, and Reconstruction: Different Treatments for Historic Properties: http://hisp102.umwblogs.org/preserving-historicamerica/study-guides/preservation-rehabilitation-restoration-andreconstruction-different-treatments-for-historic-properties/ Robinnete, R. D. (n.d.). Cultural Heritage Tourism . Retrieved from What is Heritage Tourism: https://culturalheritagetourism.org/what-is-heritage-tourism/ Significance of Archaeological Survey of India. (n.d.). Retrieved from Indianetzone: http://www.indianetzone.com/53/significance_archaeological_survey_india.ht m World Heritage List. (2013, June 21st ). Retrieved from UNESCO: https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/247/
LIBRARIES VISITED VIVA School of Architecture Academy of Architecture Asiatic Society Library
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