BA (HONS) ARCHITECTURE LEVEL 4. ARC4010 History of Modernism. Module leader: Dr Jemma Browne. Kiesha Kumari Patel. S18121126.
Contents. 1-2. What is Modernism? 3-5. Bauhaus- Manifesting the manifesto. 6-7. Le Corbusier: French Modernism & Urban Planning. 8-10. Italian Modernism. 11. Avant Garde. 12-13. Hot Modernism Critical Regionalism. 14. After Modernism UK & USA 1950-1970 15. Frank Lloyd Wright 16. Informal ways of Design & Brazilian Modernism- Transcultural space. 17-19. Bibliography.
Introduction to Modernism. What is modernism? Modernism is an important style of the 20th century. Meaning every creation Is open to new ideas whether it involves designing an analytical building; new furniture and general every used appliances or objects. Modernism is used significantly as the new style when creating something new in the 20th century. The materials and the structure are thought-out effectively to embrace minimalism. What to look for in a modern building is the simplicity of the shape such as being rectangular or cubistic approach; large windows; open plans and the simple materials, e.g. steel and concrete. 20th century architecture has
adopted a language in less is more.
How Pre-Raphaelites started? Pre-Raphaelites was founded in the 1848 by a group of young British painters (and one writer). Their names were John Everett Millais, William Holman Hunt and Dante Gabriel Rossetti. Their inspiration came from John Ruskin who influenced artists to ‘go to nature’. They used subjects of realism throughout and their ideas were mainly religious however they incorporated subjects from literature and poetry specifically exploring those dealing with love and death and explored modern social problems.
A sketch of a stained glass window- By Kiesha Patel.
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John Ruskin Ruskin was the world’s greatest art critic in the mid- and late 19th century. He promoted the work of Turner and the Pre-Raphaelites. Turner who inspired Ruskin. The Pre-Raphaelites were highly influenced by Ruskin’s’ Modern painters (volume 1, 1843); his other early writings on art and architecture. Ruskin supported many Pre-Raphaelites he encouraged many of them and took time to value their art work. Evening though Ruskin did not like Millais’s painting on ‘Christ in the house of his parents’ and was thought to be against god at the time. However, Ruskin carried on supporting the Pre-Raphaelites. Effie fell in love with Millais and asked for the marriage to be annulled. Ruskin’s explanation of his martial duties: “It may be thought strange that I could abstain from a woman who to most people was so attractive. But though her face was beautiful, her person was not formed to excite passion. On the contrary, there were certain circumstances in her person which completely checked it.” Ruskin continued to support the Pre-Raphaelites despite this.
William Morris William Morris and Edward Burne-Jones met at Oxford, in 1853. They both had lectures of Ruskin which influenced their ideas of painting, and they both became involved with the poet and painter of Dante Gabriel Rosetti. Burne-Jones was always determined to become a painter. In 1856, Rossetti had tempted Morris by taking him to London away from the apprenticeship at the Oxford office of the Gothic Revivalist architect on George Edmund street. Later, deciding to abandon Architecture for painting. In 1858, Morris painted Jane Burden, who became Morris’s wife in 1859. The painting he produced of Jane Burden was identified as Queen Guinevere, she wore ornate clothes in an ideal Pre-Raphaelite interior. After that Morris then gave up painting and started designing for his new home, the ‘Red house’ which was built by Phillip Webb, in 1859. Webb also had respect for the sacredness of craftsmanship and for the earth in which both life and architecture were ultimately founded. In many events, the Red house was mentioned which sped up the process in Morris’s destined career, and then two year later he organised an association of Pre-Raphaelite artists including, Webb, Rossetti, Burne-Jones and Ford Madox Brown. They would design anything from murals, stained glass, furniture, embroidery, metal work and carved wood in a studio and executed on commission. 2
BAUHAUS. Furniture- Wassily chair by Marcel Breuer. The chair was made by Marcel Breuer in 1925, who was an apprentice at the Bauhaus. Producing a prototype called Model B3 chair, Wassily Kandinsky was fascinated which led to Breuer producing a chair which was made especially for him. Breuer experimented with tubular steel at Bauhaus. After buying a bicycle, he was inspired by the frame and construction of it and used this to create and redesign the form of a classical club chair incorporating a linear design. Building a chair that was simple to detect with tubular steel and rather than hiding how strong the chair was with the typical materials (they used for a classical club chair). He was also inspired by De Stijl movement, which is an art movement portraying abstraction and simplicity. And focussed on forming rectangular and other geometric shapes, along with primary colours and simple black and white. What I like about this piece of furniture is how it is described exactly how it is shown: you can see the materials used; the simplicity of the design and the way the seat is shaped, making it look very comfortable, relaxing and elegant. The Wassily chair displays the Bauhaus ethos as the chair is constructed with a linear and simple design; obvious materials have been used and is obvious to the eye and simple colours have been used to manufacture this design. Which are now being replicated.
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Building- Barcelona Pavilion- Mies Van Der Rohe- Built in Barcelona. The German Pavilion was renamed Barcelona Pavilion and was built in 19281929 and deconstructed in 1930 by the Barcelona city council. Work began 1983 and then rebuilt on the original site by 1986. The original building was designed to be near to the palace; led there and Mies Van Der Rohe insisted on placing only two of The Barcelona chairs in there representing two thrones for the King and Queen. The building structure it was made up of eight free standing steel columns that supported its flat roof. The materials for the reconstruction used were: pavilion glass, steel, reinforced concrete and four different types of marble, Roman travertine, green Alpine marble, ancient green marble and doré onyx Atlas. I feel like these materials were used to give it a more royal and luxury look reinforcing the two ‘thrones’ that had to be placed inside. Materials used emphasis on royal and ‘luxurious’ and different marbles have been incorporated into the building which make it stand out and look beautiful. This building is extremely appealing to the eye and it manifests the Bauhaus ethos by using a linear and simple style of décor for the structure however filled with simple but discretely over exaggerated windows and marble effect. Its steel structure also plays a big part in manifesting the Bauhaus ethos as it is a strong component of the design and shows the strength in the building just like other pieces of design by Bauhaus, e.g. The Wassily chair.
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Red Balloon (1922) By Paul Klee Paul Klee is one of the most talented artists associated with Bauhaus. This piece of art work contains a combination of translucent geometrical shapes and primary colours that manifesto the ethos of the Bauhaus. With the simple shapes it creates a compositional layout. However, I feel it is also abstract with its shifting shapes and idea of colours and patterns used. 5
Le Corbusier: French Modernism & Urban Planning.
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Italian Modernism- Giorgio de Chirico. • Giorgio de Chirico founded metaphysical movement and his paintings were mainly inspired by surrealism. • In 1910 Chirico began painting; distorting his ideas throughout his paintings reinforced by his subconscious mind. In his art pieces he used empty scenery, mysterious shadows and unusual combinations of everyday objects to portray this.
Mystery and Melancholy of a Street 1914
Mystery and Melancholy of a street (1914) you can see the girl coming out to play out of the carriage; like she was brought there or let out to play and from this painting you can see the sadness in this. Chirico painted this surreal painting with a hidden meaning of how what kids are meant to be doing instead of participating during war, doing anything but playing.
• In 1915, Chirico and his brother enlisted into the Italian Army during the World war. During this period, he was not considered to go into battle because he was mentally and physically unfit. Later suffering a nervous breakdown which he was the taken to the military hospital. • In 1917 met an artist named Carlo Carra. They both worked on the meaning of the term “Metaphysical” and had strong interests in surrealism, significantly defining to be the “hidden meanings behind everyday life”.. • Colours used are similar in all his paintings with signs of mysterious shadows everywhere, seeming very sad; dull and threatening message.
Piazza D'Italia 1913
Piazza D’Italia (1913) the mysterious painting looks happy however Chirico has hidden a message between the shadows and the mysterious unknown people standing in front the painted sunset or sunrise. Again with monuments present
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Aldo Rossi L’architettura Della Città 1966 (The city of Architecture 1966). The aim of ‘The city of Architecture’ is to form a routine of city analysis, by giving his readers a better perspective on architecture and persuading them to understand more than just functional aspects which are promoted by Modern movement. Rossi describes Architecture as a manmade object and as a construction of urban artefacts. Aldo Rossi talks about restoring architecture back to its only valid position of Architecture study. ‘A monuments persistence or permanence is a result of its capacity to constitute the city, its history and art, its being and memory. He emphasises on Urban artefacts and talks about how the architecture of some unique cities is what forms the city, with the characteristics of its time and history; how they bring events together and are considered not just buildings and objects but a work of art. Although he considers that sometimes urban artefacts may need to change depending on time and needs however, Rossi states that the “form of the artefact can persist through transformation” rather than modernising it. He states: “It reflects peoples’ lifestyle and problems of the City and it needs long periods of time to get altered”.
A drawing by Also Rossi of Electra the Ancient Greek Goddess, showing his feelings of the monument. I feel like this shows passion for keeping urban artefacts rather than destroying them. 9
The comparison between Giorgio de Chirico and Aldo Rossi: • Chirico and Rossi are both post war artists who both incorporated their feelings of how they felt about the war. It was said they was both sent to hospital during the periods of the war. • The only difference between Chirico and Rossi is that Chirico had a nervous breakdown during the time he was present at war and his mental and physical illness contributed towards his feelings on a day to day basis about his city having a lot to hide; Rossi wrote about how he felt about monument/buildings and how they are what brings the city together, forming them together, adding culture and keeps the history going in a city. However, he felt this, he understood the reason why it would be replaced due to age and the needs of the people of the city. However, his solution was transformation of a monument rather than a replacement. • Both artists created a hidden meaning into their work mostly adding the sadness, the time and monuments. And also use similar colours in some pieces of artwork.
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Avant Garde. Discussion between Fatima Shakeel and I about Art and polictics: https://youtu.be/d_pdzmC6QOA
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Passion, Love, Talent, Creative, Expressi on, Ambition.
Hot Modernism Critical Regionalism. Regional Modernism • Regional Modernism is an architectural style which is derived from its local settings and is often notice with making use of regional structure; materials that’s surrounds them based on the current design or build and the climate conditions. This includes a mixture of traditional modern styles or several styles incorporated. Critical Regionalism • Critical Regionalism is a style and concept as well as an approach that attempts to capture a condition of being authentic. In which a new architecture in full intent emerges out of the traditional architectural characteristics of a region to withstand the domination of Modernism. Similarities • Water being one of the main elements, making both artefacts more appealing. • Exclusive materials used to construct both artefacts (not simple materials). • The linear and strong structure that they hold. • The idea of a less is more in terms of design, used for the detail and look.
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Fuente De Los Amantes (Lovers’ fountain), Mexico City, Mexico, 1968. By Luis Barragan.
Barragan uses bright colours in his work to symbolise certain elements. For example, he uses the colour pink to represent the sky; the colour yellow for the sun and blue for water. He also does this to add colour and light to the town, giving it life. This automatically distracts tourists and local people from the mutilated surroundings. The material of the fountain is red Cantera stone that Barragan mined from a quarry in Mexico. Architect Tim Campbell stated that Barragans’ Lovers’ fountain: “The fountain is a really powerful element—the fountain and pool itself can function at various speeds. At the highest speeds, the water is a torrent coming down, and it really blocks out any street noises and it runs at a couple of speeds below that. The fountain is a good example of being a regional modernistic building because a local material was used to build it however in some sense it can be a style of critical religionism because it is authentic and is not dominated by modernism.
Barcelona pavilions by Ludwig Mies Van Der Rohe.
The German Pavilion was renamed Barcelona Pavilion and was built in 1928- 1929 and deconstructed in 1930 by the Barcelona city council. Work began 1983 and then rebuilt on the original site by 1986. The building structure it was made up of eight free standing steel columns that supported its flat roof. The materials for the reconstruction used were: pavilion glass, steel, reinforced concrete and four different types of marble, Roman travertine, green Alpine marble, ancient green marble and Doré onyx Atlas. I feel like these materials were used to give it a more royal and luxury look reinforcing the two ‘thrones’ that had to be placed inside. I feel like this is an example of a regional modernism and critical regionalism. As it is a significant building of the Bauhaus. It manifests the ethos of Bauhaus by being simple with a strong and linear structure which are key elements. However, by being an example of critical regionalism it emerges out of the traditional modern style; does not have local materials incorporated into the building, in which materials from all around the world are used and the building is authentic as it is not a royal building however was designed by Van Der Rohe to represent the modern world of architecture and also It was the official reception place for the arrival of King Alphonso XII, thus the building had to made to be luxurious to fit the Kings’ status. 13
After Modernism UK & USA 1950-1970 Demolished• The demolition of the library is to make way for a multi-millionpound scheme of offices and retail to open up the city centre and create a new cultural landscape. • rough unfinished concrete surfaces; unusual shapes; heavylooking materials; massive forms; and small windows in relation to its other parts. • Space for the new tram build.
Keep• Better design to attract more attention. • Bigger space and better facilities with an attachment of the rep theatre. • Re-location- due to needing space for the tram and bigger space for a better build.
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Frank Lloyd. Why is Frank Lloyd Wright’s architecture so strongly associated with the landscape? •
In 1893, Frank Lloyd opened his own practice and developed his own style known as Prairie school which made great efforts to achieve “organic architecture”.
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His inspiration for his architecture being so strongly associated with landscape comes from his home state Wisconsin, which is full of natural landscape with green hills, lakes and natural water spots and great scenery which bloomed through seasons.
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“A building should appear to grow easily from its site and be shaped to harmonize with its surroundings if Nature is manifest there.”
Fallingwater, in the woods of southern Pennsylvania. Lloyd stated that “the idea of architecture is to blend in with the landscape completely, so it becomes whole and the same”. He did this by creating the Fallingwater on a top of a waterfall to emphasis the nature of the surroundings and to build a close relationship with it.
Taliesin, Spring Green, Wisconsin. Taliesin has been the home of Frank Lloyd school of architecture which offers many opportunities regarding education. Welsh name Taliesin to describe the "shining brow" placement of his architecture on land, he stated that “no house should be on the hill but of the hill”.
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• • • • • • • • • • • •
Transcultural Space.
transcultural space that gives me a good representation, is how buildings change with different patterns of social and cultural activity. I also understand how city spaces change as different cultural identities are layered in urban space; the different building types, or events such as carnivals, markets, funfairs and museum collections. how you understand the concept of transcultural space? A good example for very common transcultural spaces in the United Kingdom, are educational buildings such as: Primary, Secondary, Colleges and Universities. This is because they explore a diverse amount of social and cultural activities by allowing students to take part in. Primary and secondary schools: Lessons like religious studies P.E, music. Holiday events where they can take part in special days at school such as: red nose day (supporting comic relief), Remembrance Day (remembering members of the armed forces), Easter holidays, St Patricks day, Halloween, Christmas, Eid and many more. After school classes that allows them to explore their talents or for social purposes. This includes: music, art, dance, various sports, language. Some of these events allow students to bring in cultural foods and wear social or cultural colours instead of school uniform. Colleges and university also explore these activities however in some cases explore more because the number of students and interests increase. Student fairs allow them to join various amount of societies such as: Cultural, where they can meet new people from the same culture; various types of dance, where they can have more of an option to explore their talents; societies that study the course they are pursuing, so they can socialise with students of the same interests etc… Social and cultural events are not the only aspect that contributes to a transcultural space however, the décor and clothing play a big role, as it enables the event to stand out with the colours, symbolism, costumes, cultural garments and the design layout of the event that takes place.
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Architecture.com. (2018). Modernism: an architectural style guide. [online] Available at: https://www.architecture.com/knowledge-and-resources/knowledge-landing-page/modernism [Accessed 1 Oct. 2018].
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Frampton, K. (2010). Modern architecture. London: Thames & Hudson, pp.42, 43,44,45.
Bauhaus: •
Knoll.com. (2018). Wassily Chair | Knoll. [online] Available at: https://www.knoll.com/product/wassily-chair [Accessed 18 Oct. 2018].
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TheCoolist. (2018). History of Design: Wassily Chair by Marcel Breuer. [online] Available at: https://www.thecoolist.com/wassily-chair-by-marcel-breuer/ [Accessed 18 Oct. 2018].
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Artmovements.co.uk. (2018). De Stijl. [online] Available at: http://www.artmovements.co.uk/destijl.htm [Accessed 18 Oct. 2018].
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Italian Modernism: •
The Art Story. (2019). Surrealism Movement Overview. [online] Available at: https://www.theartstory.org/movement-surrealism.htm [Accessed 5 Jan. 2019].
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de Chirico, G. (2019). Mystery and melancholy of a street 1914. [image] Available at: https://www.bing.com/images/search?view=detailv2&iss=sbi&form=SBIIRP&rtpu=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bing.com%2Fimages%2Fsearch%3Fq%3Dmystery%2Band%2Bmelancholy%2Bof%2Ba%2Bstr eet%2B1914%26FORM%3DHDRSC2&q=imgurl:https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bing.com%2Fth%3Fid%3DOIP.t00Jkc8YieNVcCyaHT7ImAHaJF%26w%3D167%26h%3D205%26c%3D7%26o%3D5%26pid%3D1.7 &selectedindex=0&id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bing.com%2Fth%3Fid%3DOIP.t00Jkc8YieNVcCyaHT7ImAHaJF%26amp%3Bamp%3Bw%3D167%26amp%3Bamp%3Bh%3D205%26amp%3Bamp%3Bc%3D 7%26amp%3Bamp%3Bo%3D5%26amp%3Bamp%3Bpid%3D1.7&mediaurl=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bing.com%2Fth%3Fid%3DOIP.t00Jkc8YieNVcCyaHT7ImAHaJF%26amp%3Bamp%3Bw%3D167%26am p%3Bamp%3Bh%3D205%26amp%3Bamp%3Bc%3D7%26amp%3Bamp%3Bo%3D5%26amp%3Bamp%3Bpid%3D1.7&exph=0&expw=0&vt=0 [Accessed 9 Jan. 2019].
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de chirico, G. (2019). Piazza d'italia 1913. [image] Available at: https://www.christies.com/lotfinder/Lot/giorgio-de-chirico-1888-1978-piazza-ditalia-5608658-details.aspx [Accessed 9 Jan. 2019].
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Miller, S. (2019). Aldo Rossi: The City as the Locus of Collective Memory and the Making of the Public City in Cold War Italy. [online] SJSU ScholarWorks. Available at: https://scholarworks.sjsu.edu/etd_theses/4852/ [Accessed 10 Jan. 2019].
Hot modernism: •
TheFreeDictionary.com. (2019). Regional modernism. [online] Available at: https://encyclopedia2.thefreedictionary.com/Regional+modernism [Accessed 14 Jan. 2019].
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Architecture.com. (2019). Modernism: an architectural style guide. [online] Available at: https://www.architecture.com/knowledge-and-resources/knowledge-landing-page/modernism [Accessed 14 Jan. 2019].
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Fu, C. (2019). Regional heritage and architecture : a critical regionalist approach to a new architecture for Taiwan. [online] Era.lib.ed.ac.uk. Available at: https://www.era.lib.ed.ac.uk/handle/1842/8372 [Accessed 14 Jan. 2019].
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edoc.site. (2019). Regionalism in architecture.pdf - PDF Free Download. [online] Available at: https://edoc.site/regionalism-in-architecturepdf-pdf-free.html [Accessed 14 Jan. 2019].
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Anon, (2019). [image] Available at: https://theartstack.com/artist/luis-barragan/fuente-de-los-amantes-mexico-city-mexico [Accessed 14 Jan. 2019].
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Anon, (2019). [image] Available at: https://www.bing.com/images/search?view=detailV2&id=61265200B45A785EF88ABE66A09D4AB0D823C020&thid=OIP.TsXqVjRBTMSDdMtkIAyGmQHaE8&mediaurl=https%3A%2F%2Ffarm6.staticfli ckr.com%2F5284%2F5255085015_fd6f33d53d_o_d.jpg&exph=800&expw=1200&q=barcelona+pavilionsarchitect%3a+ludwig+mies+van+der+rohe+water+view&selectedindex=5&ajaxhist=0&vt=0&c cid=TsXqVjRB&simid=608033094101107191 [Accessed 14 Jan. 2019].
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-pavilion-in-barcelona/ [Accessed 9 Jan. 2019].
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After Modernism UK & USA 1950-1970: •
Bing.com. (2019). birmingham lobrary - Bing. [online] Available at: https://www.bing.com/images/search?view=detailV2&ccid=uQmm7esr&id=CB20CA18F2567D164C826368FECA0A956632134E&thid=OIP.uQmm7esrIdqdi8s7sLbx5QHaFj &mediaurl=http%3a%2f%2fwww.specialdesignconstructions.com%2fpublic%2fdata%2fimage%2freference%2fbirmingham-library-600x45085.jpg&exph=450&expw=600&q=birmingham+lobrary&simid=608033669627578654&selectedIndex=5&ajaxhist=0 [Accessed 15 Jan. 2019].
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Bing.com. (2019). old birminghm library before demolition - Bing. [online] Available at: https://www.bing.com/images/search?view=detailV2&ccid=XQzKeVLE&id=7927EC1385196B9A424CCBEE641435BAC767737D&thid=OIP.XQzKeVLEbXYgTpxev1dRQQHaE 7&mediaurl=http%3a%2f%2fi2.birminghammail.co.uk%2fnews%2flocalnews%2farticle1760829.ece%2falternates%2fs2197%2flibrary.jpg&exph=1463&expw=2197&q=old+birminghm+library+before+demolition&simid=607989233894949460 &selectedIndex=0&ajaxhist=0 [Accessed 15 Jan. 2019].
Frank Lloyd: •
My Modern Met. (2019). Art History: The Iconic Architecture of Frank Lloyd Wright. [online] Available at: https://mymodernmet.com/frank-lloyd-wright-architecture/ [Accessed 13 Jan. 2019].
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ThoughtCo. (2019). Frank Lloyd Wright Architecture - A Complete List of Buildings. [online] Available at: https://www.thoughtco.com/architecture-by-frank-lloyd-wright3573373 [Accessed 13 Jan. 2019].
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Frank Lloyd Wright Foundation. (2019). Create a Landscape Abstraction | Frank Lloyd Wright Foundation. [online] Available at: https://franklloydwright.org/create-alandscape-abstraction/ [Accessed 14 Jan. 2019].
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