Kimberley Whale Watching
Kimberley Cetacean R e p o r t 2 011
w w w. k i m b e r l e y w h a l e s . c o m . a u
O b s e r v a t i o n s o n t h e b e h av i o u r a n d d i s t r i b u t i o n o f H u mp b a ck w h a l e s o n t h e K i m b e r l e y c o a s t
Whale Images
www.kimberleystockphotos.com.au
Two Humpback whales off James Price Point - Image Annabelle Sandes | Kimberley Media 2012
CONTENTS Introduction ................................................................................................................... 4 Kimberley Whales & Reefs Expedition 2011 ................................................................. 8 Survey Results ............................................................................................................ 12 Discussion ................................................................................................................... 14 Maps and Tables ........................................................................................................ 17 Broome Whale Watching .............................................................................................25 Eco Beach Whale Watching ........................................................................................ 29 Marine Protected Areas .............................................................................................. 30 Acknowledgments .......................................................................................................40
KIMBERLEY whale WATCHING
The north west coast of Australia has long been recognized as an important destination for migrating sperm and humpback whales. An analysis of logbook records of American whale ships between 1760 and 1927 by Charles Haskins Townsend revealed that the Indian Ocean from Shark Bay to the Kimberley Coast was an important hunting ground for the American whalers. Townsend showed that humpback whales were taken off the north west coast west of Broome .
Company generating £3000 in export revenue in the first year of operation. In 1944 whaling products comprised nearly 40% of the total value of the state’s exports. In 1845 it was estimated that there were approximately 300 Australian, British and American whale ships operating in Australian waters along with numerous shore stations. In 1860 legislation was passed prohibiting unlicensed whalers from operating in Western Australian waters.
Commercial whaling is considered to be one of Australia's first export industries. In 1837 the Fremantle Whaling Company and Perth Whaling
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KIMBERLEY whale WATCHING
During the twentieth century a number of whaling Perhaps the main reason for the decline in the whaling operations were established along the Western Australian industry worldwide was the discovery of petroleum oil in coast, including operations in Pennsylvania in the 1860s. Whale oil Albany and Point Cloates off the prices crashed as petroleum products Northwest Cape. Norwegian and progressively replaced whale oil. Whales go up to the Tropics Australian factory ships also operated along the The early whalers recognized that the where their breeding grounds coast. main breeding area for the west coast are for breeding purposes. population of Humpback whales (now If they are disturbed there, In 1950 the Australian Breeding stock D) extended from the there is a probability of their government established the Dampier Archipelago to the tropical disappearing altogether. Australian Whaling Commission waters of the Kimberley coast. which established a whaling Captain Gustav Brun Bull, the Gustav Brun Bull station at Babbage Island near manager of the Spermacet Whaling Carnarvon. Company of Albany maintained that it was important not to hunt Humpback The last of the whalers in Western whales in their breeding grounds. Australia was the Cheyne’s Beach Whaling Company which operated out of Frenchman’s Bay between 1952 “In my opinion it would affect the whole industry, and 1978. A ban was placed on hunting Humpback because whales go up to the Tropics where their breeding whales in 1963 to prevent them being hunted to grounds are for breeding purposes. If they are disturbed extinction. there, there is a probability of their disappearing altogether. If they are disturbed in their vital haunts, their breeding grounds, they may go up along the east coast of Australia instead.”
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KIMBERLEY whale WATCHING
The opinions expressed by Captain Bull still have relevance today as the Pilbara and Kimberley coasts face an unprecedented period of industrial development. The rapid expansion of the oil and gas industry and mineral export industries will results in major disturbance which may have the effect of excluding Humpback whales from their main breeding and calving areas. The post whaling recovery of the west coast population has fascinated and been closely followed many scientists over the past 50-60 years. William Dawbin, R.G. Chittleborough, John Bannister, P.J.Clapham, Chris Burton, Nick Gales, Doug Cochrane, and Curt and Micheline Jenner, to name a few, have all helped to unravel some of the mysteries of the West coast migration and recovery. All whales around the Australian coast are now totally protected from whaling under international, national and state legislation and policy. However they are not protected from the threats posed by the industrial development of the Pilbara and Kimberley coast.
In the Kimberley there is still only a limited understanding of the distribution and behaviour of Humpback whales and how they may be affected by the proposed industrial development of the Kimberley coast. There are a number of proposed marine reserves and parks in both state and federal waters under consideration. If these marine reserves are to provide meaningful protection for the main breeding grounds for the Breeding stock D population of Humpback whales, they should encompass a large area of the Kimberley coast.There should be special emphasis placed on minimizing the disturbance to cows and calves.
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KIMBERLEY whale WATCHING
The current planning process should adopt a precautionary approach. Substantial Commonwealth and State funds need to be directed at further research that is not linked to the current industry approvals process or mining offsets. Important questions that need researching include: 1.Has the industrial development in the Pilbara affected
the breeding grounds and migration patterns of Breeding stock D? 2.What are the ecological processes that drive the marine environment along the Kimberley coast? 3.How are current and proposed land and sea management issues affecting those processes? 4.What are the threats to Humpback whales in Kimberley waters?
As naturalists we are fascinated by the Kimberley coast and the annual migration of Humpback whales in Kimberley waters. In 2011 we conducted two extended Kimberley whales and reefs expeditions on SPV Kimberley Escape to record the distribution and behaviour of Humpback whales between Broome, Camden Sound and Adele Island. We also dived and filmed in several select locations to record some of the corals and the marine life through the survey area. The 2011 report summarizes those findings and includes considerations of the whale interactions for the 2011 whale watching season for Broome Whale Watching and Eco Beach.
Over the past six years, Kimberley Whale Watching has been exploring the Kimberley coast and running a community science programme that has been studying the distribution of cetaceans in Kimberley waters since 2006, along with filming and photographing many of the reefs and islands along the coast.
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KIMBERLEY whale WATCHING
Kimberley Whales and Reefs Expedition 2011 In 2011 Kimberley Whale Watching charted SPV Kimberley Escape to record the distribution of Humpback whales between Broome and the Lacepede Islands, the Lacepede Islands and Adele Island and Adele Island and Camden Sound. The first trip ran from 18 - 27 July 2011, and the second from 1- 10 August 2011.
The expeditions were run as a naturalists’ tour and followed the same track as the 2010 Whales and Reefs Expedition. Aims of Trip To obtain reliable data on the number and distribution of whales throughout the survey area to compare with data collected around the peak migration period in 2010 from the 16 - 23 August.
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KIMBERLEY whale WATCHING
To obtain reliable data to compare the relative concentration of whales between Broome and Camden Sound. To compare the relative number and concentration of cows and calves between Broome and Camden Sound. To photograph some of the corals and other marine life through the survey area. Survey Methods
The survey was set up as a single line transect similar to those conducted on Kimberley Quest in 2008, Odyssey Expeditions in 2009 and Kimberley Escape in 2010. The survey station was on the top deck, well shaded by a canvas awning. The boat speed was a constant 10 knots and whale sightings were recorded continuously along the survey track. A minimum of three observers were on deck at most times, with one person recording the data. The survey was continually supervised by Richard Costin, Annabelle Sandes and John Totterdell on rotation. We had all been involved with the boat surveys since 2008. When a whale was sighted the compass bearing and approximate distance to the whales was plotted on a CPlot computer programme, which also recorded the boat’s track and speed. The time, latitutude and longitude, compass bearing and estimated distance were then recorded onto a log sheet which included details of the pod and behaviour. These sightings were recorded either as adults (cows without calves, juveniles or bulls), or cows with calves.
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KIMBERLEY whale WATCHING
The sea state conditions for the 2010 and 2011 surveys were smooth to slight with winds generally less than 5 knots. In considering the data, no attempt has been made to make any adjustments in relation to • • • • •
Time of day Time of tide Phase of the moon (i.e. Spring or Neap tides) Recapture rates The influence of the survey boat through the survey area.
The C-Plot was a useful tool in checking the bearing and estimated distance in relation to the boat. The distance to the horizon was estimated to be around 5 nautical miles and was constantly referenced against the many islands throughout the archipelago. Distance estimates were reasonably accurate within 2 nautical miles of the boat and less accurate outside that distance.
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KIMBERLEY whale WATCHING
Areas of baitfish and bird activity were noted and the number of dolphins were recorded. The surveys were only conducted during daylight hours and the recording period each day varied according to the main charter schedule. The survey ran for 20 days with four transects along the Dampier Peninsula along a similar track over that period. Individual whales recorded on one transect may have been rerecorded on another transect. This should not have affected the mains aims of the survey. Brown boobies and terns fishing
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KIMBERLEY whale WATCHING
Results - Kimberley Whales survey 2011 2011 has been a great year for whales on the Kimberley coast. Kimberley Whale Watching recorded a total of 834 Humpback whales and 84 dolphins in twenty days between 18 July and 10 August 2011. This included 454 pods with 630 adults, 102 cows and 102 calves. The survey results are summarized in the tables on the following pages. The pod sightings were plotted on Google Earth.
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Three whales near Brue Reef, Kimberley coast. Image Annabelle Sandes, Kimberley Media
KIMBERLEY whale WATCHING
TRIP 1
TRIP 2 A total of 432 Humpback whales were recorded. This included 61 cows with calves.
A total of 402 Humpback whales were recorded including 41 cows with calves. Sixteen cows with calves were recorded between the Lacepede Islands and Broome on the 27th July 2011. This compares with only 3 cows with calves in Camden Sound on the 23rd of July 2011. The highest concentration and number of whales was recorded between the Lacepede Islands and Broome on the 27th of July, with a total of 153 whales recorded over a period of five and a half hours.
date
16/08/10 to 23/08 /10
The highest number and concentration of whales was recorded between the Lacepede Islands and Broome on the 10th of August 2011. This included 14 cows with calves. A total of 11 whales were recorded Humpback whale sightings 2010 - 2011 in Camden Sound on hrs of pods adults cows calves total % calves the 7th August 2011, observation including 3 cows with calves. 290 412 21 21 454 4.62 36.2
18/07/11 to 27/07/11
202
320
41
41
402
10.19
41.5
01/08/11 to 10/08/11
252
310
61
61
432
14.12
40.8
Adults include juveniles, cows without calves and bulls. Cows are cows with calves.
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KIMBERLEY whale WATCHING
Discussion The results of the 2011 whale surveys clearly indicate that between the 18th of July and the 10th of August 2011 the highest number and concentration of Humpback whales on the Kimberley coast between Broome and Camden Sound occurred along the Dampier Peninsula between the Lacepede Islands and Broome. The high number of cows and calves in the population again highlights the importance of the Broome area as a calving, breeding and resting area. These results are also supported by data from the Kimberley whale surveys in 2009 and 2010. This is also supported by whale interaction data from Broome Whale Watching for 2009 and 2011, and Eco Beach’s data for 2011. The low number of whales and cows and calves in Camden Sound was surprising as this is considered to be the main calving and resting area on the Kimberley coast. A comparison of data from surveys in 2009, 2010 and 2011 indicates that the area between the Lacepede Islands and Broome should be considered as critical
habitat for the Breeding Stock D population of Humpback whales. Very few pods of whales were observed surface traveling in either a northern or southern direction. The only exception was a large pod of 7 bulls approximately 63km northwest of Pender Bay which were traveling at about 6 knots in a northerly direction. There is a general perception that most of the Humpback whales migrate north along the Dampier Peninsula into Camden Sound. Personal Observations from 2008 - 2011 do not support this view. The Kimberley coast, between Eco Beach and Camden Sound should be considered as the ‘destination’ or the main breeding, calving and resting areas. In 2011 Humpback whales were also reported calving in various locations along the WA coast, between Israelite Bay east of Esperance, to Albany, and north to Exmouth and Broome. Perhaps the most exciting day of the two trips was on the 10th of August 2011. We departed the Lacepede Islands at around 4am, heading across the Baleine Banks south Page 14
KIMBERLEY whale WATCHING
to Talboy’s Rock, past James Price Point and on to Broome. As the day dawned we were all amazed to see that we were surrounded by whales. The recording was fast and furious with a new pod sighted every couple of minutes. One hundred and forty five whales were recorded over a five hour period. Comparisons of accoustic and visual monitoring techniques undertaken along the Kimberley coast in 1989 by W.H. Dawbin indicate that visual monitoring detected about 30% of the whales through their survey area. It would be reasonable to assume that there may have been between 400-500 whales along our survey track. Another interesting interaction was in the Lulim Channel in Camden Sound. SPV Kimberley Escape disturbed a single adult in the channel. The motors were cut and the whale made a beeline for the boat, surfacing just behind the transom. After circling the boat, the whale charged one of the dinghies in tow, butting the dinghy with its nose. Examination of the photos revealed that the whale was still recovering from a propeller or boat strike. The aggressive behaviour may be related to that event.
On both surveys we observed significant concentrations of birds, baitfish and pelagics such as Mackeral, Tuna and Finny scad through many of the outer shoals between Camden Sound and Adele Island, Adele Island and the Lacepede Islands and the Lacepede Islands and Broome. Significant numbers of Humpback whales were recorded in the same areas indicating that this may also be an important feeding area. observations over the past 15 years and numerous anecdotal accounts support this view. Page 15
KIMBERLEY whale WATCHING
The importance of maintaining the integrity of the Kimberley marine environment cannot be overstated. A precautionary approaches to development needs to be adopted whilst further research is carried out. The Kimberley coast should be regarded a critical habitat so that it still remains an important sanctuary area for the Humpback whales.
Dawn, Adele Island. AdelePage is part 16 of the proposed Kimberley Marine Reserve Image - Annabelle Sandes | Kimberley Media
KIMBERLEY whale WATCHING
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KIMBERLEY whale WATCHING date
hrs
18/07/2011
4
19/07/2011
adults
cows
calves
total
% calves
broome to lacepede island
46
3
3
52
5.7
8
lacepede island to cafarelli island
39
21/07/2011
2
collier bay
22/07/2011
2
montgomery reef to hall point
23/07/2011
3
camden sound (incidental)
23/07/2011
2
24/07/2011
5
26/07/2011
27/07/2011
total
survey track
39
whales/hr observation 13
4.8
12
1
1
14
7.1
4.6
camden sound to augustus island
9
2
2
13
15.38
6.5
champagny island to adele island
17
6
6
29
20.68
5.8
10
adele island to lacepede island
76
13
13
102
12.74
10.2
5.5
lacepede island to broome
121
16
16
153
10.45
27.8
320
41
41
402
41.5
10.19
cows are cows with calves adults include juveniles cows without calves and bulls
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KIMBERLEY whale WATCHING calves
total
%calves
5
54
9.2
whales/ hr observation 13.5
10
63
15.8
8.4
2
2
19
10.5
9.5
17
3
3
23
17.6
11.5
5
3
3
11
27.2
3.6
camden sound to adele island
31
8
8
47
17.2
6.7
adele island to lacepede island
38
16
16
70
22.8
7
117
14
14
145
9.6
29
310
61
61
432
14.12
date
hrs
01/08/2011
4
broome to talboys rock
44
5
02/08/2011
7.5
lacepede islands to cafarelli island
43
10
04/08/2011
2
collier bay
15
06/08/2011
2
montgomery reef to hall point
07/08/2011
3
camden sound (incidental)
07/08/2011
7
09/08/2011
10
10/08/2011
5
total
40.8
survey track
lacepede island to broome
adults
cows
cows are cows with calves adults include juveniles cows without calves and bulls
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KIMBERLEY whale WATCHING Comparison of whale sightings Broome to the Lacepede Islands 2009 - 2011
date
pods
adults
cows
calves
total
% calves
hrs
19/07/2009
17
29
29
6
whales/hr observation 9.6
24/07/2009
19
43
43
4
10.7
08/08/2009
18
27
4
4
35
11.47
4
7.8
06/09/2009
12
13
2
2
17
11.76
4.25
4
19/07/2010
17
47
4
11.75
09/08/2010
18
27
2
2
31
6.45
5.3
5.84
23/08/2010
71
92
9
9
110
8.18
7
15.71
18/07/2011
30
46
3
3
52
5.7
4
13
27/07/2011
78
121
16
16
153
10.45
5.5
27.8
01/08/2011
28
44
5
5
54
9.2
4
13.5
10/08/2011
97
117
14
14
145
9.6
5
29
47
cows are cows with calves adults include juveniles, cows without calves, and bulls
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KIMBERLEY whale WATCHING
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KIMBERLEY whale WATCHING Combined Humpback sightings - Kimberley Whale Watching, Broome Whale Watching & Eco Beach
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KIMBERLEY whale WATCHING Combined Humpback sightings - Kimberley Whale Watching, Broome Whale Watching & Eco Beach
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KIMBERLEY whale WATCHING Humpback sightings - Kimberley Whale Watching Trip 2 10 August 2011
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KIMBERLEY whale WATCHING
Broome Whale Watching Interactions
bulls start to move south leaving a higher concentration of cows with calves.
Broome Whale Watching was the first business to offer dedicated whale watching trips out of Broome. Their In September 2009 57% of all the interactions were operation started in 2009 under the banner of Sentosa cows with calves. Charters. This new industry is situated in an area with one of the highest concentrations of Humpback whales in the world. The high number of cows and calves recorded again demonstrates the importance of the month no of trips adults cows calves total %calves Broome area as a july 15 77 9 9 95 9.47 calving, resting and 2011 breeding area. In august 20 119 18 18 155 11.61 September 74% of 2011 interactions were cows with calves. september 7 14 20 20 54 37.03 2011 The higher total 42 210 47 47 304 concentration of cows and calves in average number whales /trip 7.2 September is to be expected. As the note: whale numbers are interactions only and do season progresses, not reflect the total number of whales sighted juveniles, cows without calves and
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KIMBERLEY whale WATCHING
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KIMBERLEY whale WATCHING
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KIMBERLEY whale WATCHING
date
adults
cows
calves
total
% calves
16/07/2009 to 31/07/2009
59
3
3
65
4.6
01/08/2009 to 16/08/2009
62
13
13
88
14.77
17/08/2009 to 31/08/2009
40
7
7
54
12.96
01/09/2009 to 17/09/2009
27
18
18
63
28.57
sentosa charters 2009 whalewatching interactions
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KIMBERLEY whale WATCHING Eco Beach Whale Watching Interactions - Dave and Fiona Harvey
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KIMBERLEY whale WATCHING
Eco Beach Whale Interactions 2011
month
no of trips
adults
july
15
63
august
29
139
september
13
total
57
cows
calves
total
% calves
4
71
5.63
41
41
221
18.55
18
31
31
80
38.75
220
76
76
372
4
average number of whales/trip
6.5
note:whale numbers are interactions only and do not reflect total number of whales sighted
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KIMBERLEY whale WATCHING Combined whale sightings Broome Whale Watching and Eco Beach
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KIMBERLEY whale WATCHING
Injured whale - image Dave & Fiona Harvey
Injured whale - Image Dave & Fiona Harvey
Ship strike - image John Totterdell
Injured whale - Image Dave & Fiona Harvey Page 32
KIMBERLEY whale WATCHING
Marine Protected Areas in the Kimberley There are number of proposals to establish marine protected areas in Kimberley waters that will provide limited protection for the main breeding grounds of the West coast population of Humpback whales. The proposed Camden Sound Marine Park will still allow for trawling and oil and gas development in the
general use area and provide only a small sanctuary area in Camden Sound. The proposed Kimberley marine reserve in Commonwealth waters is by classification (IUCNV1) a multiple use resource reserve. The classification allows for “low level non industrial use of natural resources compatible with nature conservation�. The proposed marine reserves network has been designed to minimize the impacts on the offshore petroleum industry and allows for heavy industrial development in the proposed Kimberley Marine Reserve. The proposed reserve does not meet the requirements for the IUCNV1 classification.
Shiploader Koolan Island - image Annabelle Sandes | Kimberley Media 2012
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The proposed Marine National Park north of Cape Leveque has been placed in what could become a major shipping route. At the moment, heavy industrial shipping moves through the area en route from Koolan and Cockatoo Islands.
KIMBERLEY whale WATCHING
Proposals to mine Irvine and Bathurst Islands will increase the traffic. There is a proposal to develop a major shipping port at Point Torment north of Derby to service the mining and oil and gas industries.This will greatly increase the shipping traffic through that area. There is an huge risk of accidents with bulk carriers moving in and out of Sunday Strait. The proposed Marine National Park is a high density area for Humpback whales between the end of June and the end of October every year. There is a real risk of ship strikes, significant disturbance and acoustic interference that could drive whales from this area.
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Cockatoo Island - Image Richard Costin | Kimberley Media 2012
KIMBERLEY whale WATCHING
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KIMBERLEY whale WATCHING
Jack-up rig James Price Point - August 2011. Image Annabelle Sandes | Kimberley Media 2011
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KIMBERLEY whale WATCHING
Proposed Commonwealth Marine Parks - source DEWHA
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KIMBERLEY whale WATCHING
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KIMBERLEY whale WATCHING
No marine parks have been proposed for commonwealth waters between Gourdon Bay and the Lacepede Islands. This is despite the fact that this area has been recognised as a rich marine environment with high biodiversity values. This strip of coast is also one of the most important resting, breeding, calving and possibly feeding grounds for the Humpback whales. The proposed industrial development at James Price Point and possible development of Gourdon Bay as a mineral exports port, together with a massive increase in service shipping out of Broome will also have a huge impact on migrating Humpback whales. It is imperative that the Commonwealth Government adopt a precautionary approach and establish significant and meaningful Marine Protected Areas along the Kimberley coast to ensure that the breeding and resting grounds and associated marine habitat for Breeding stock D remain intact.
guarantee access to the offshore oil and gas industry. This may also have the effect of removing the requirement to have oil and gas developments in this region assessed under the EPBC Act. There is now sufficient anecdotal information that supports the fact that Humpback whales are feeding in Kimberley waters. This includes the area between Adele Island and Broome,Adele island and Camden sound, the Lynher Banks and an area approximately 60nm northwest of the Lynher Banks. The critical issue is that there is likely to be a cumulative loss of undisturbed habitat for the Humpback whales seeking quiet protected places to calve and rest. The whale sightings of 2011 confirm that the outer shoals from Adele Island to Broome are the most important habitat area for this population of Humpback whales, perhaps more important than Camden Sound.
If the proposed Kimberley Marine Reserve goes ahead in its present form, the legislation that’s put in place will
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KIMBERLEY whale WATCHING
Acknowledgments
Thanks to
For further information and imagery visit:
Passengers and Crew - 2011 Kimberley Whales and Reefs Expeditions The Great Escape Charter Company WA Department of Environment and Conservation Broome Whale Watching - Cam and Val Birch Eco Beach Whale Watching - Dave and Fiona Harvey Special thanks to Gordon and Lucille Sandes and John Totterdell
www.kimberleywhales.com.au www.kimberleymedia.com.au www.kimberleystockphotos.com.au
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Brown boobies (Sula leucogaster) leaving Adele Island at Dawn - image Annabelle Sandes | Kimberly Media 2012