Breeding of garden flowers, vol 2 by Kisan Forum Pvt. Ltd.

Breeding and Biotechnology of Flowers VOLUME – 2: Garden Flowers

Anil K. Singh Professor and Head Department of Horticulture Institute of Agricultural Sciences Banaras Hindu University Varanasi, Uttar Pradesh, India

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Feedback at feedbacks@nipabooks.com ÂŠ Author, 2014 ISBN: 978-93-83305-40-7 (Volume -2) ISBN: 978-93-83305-35-3 (Volume -1) ISBN: 978-93-83305- 61-2 (Set) All rights reserved, no part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise without the prior written permission of the publisher or the copyright holder. This book contains information obtained from authentic and highly regarded sources. Reasonable efforts have been made to publish reliable data and information, but the author/s, editor/s and publisher cannot assume responsibility for the validity of all materials or the consequences of their use. The author/s, editor/s and publisher have attempted to trace and acknowledge the copyright holders of all material reproduced in this publication and apologize to copyright holders if permission and acknowledgements to publish in this form have not been taken. If any copyright material has not been acknowledged please write and let us know so we may rectify it, in subsequent reprints. Trademark notice: Presentations, logos (the way they are written/presented), in this book are under the trademarks of the publisher and hence, if copied/resembled the copier will be prosecuted under the law. Composed, Designed and Printed in India

 Dedicated to my relative

Late Prof. S.P. Singh

University of Newfoundland Canada

Whose every statement was lession for me



Foreword Flowers are bestowed with God’s grace to give a precious bouquet of happiness, peace, beauty, love, fragrance which beautifies the nature, outdoor landscapes and interiorscapes through its different colours. For more than 5000 years, people have cultivated flowers although there is no known reward for this costly behaviour. In studies it has been proved that flowers are a powerful positive emotion “inducer”. Apart from our traditional gardens, “community gardens” conceptualized worldwide due to urbanization. As an urban renewal strategy in disadvantaged neighbourhoods, community gardens are perceived by public housing authorities as a cost effective strategy for community renewal, empowerment and capacity building. Research demonstrates, they offer much more. Community gardens provide active participants with significant physical and psychological health benefits. These outcomes encompass exercise in the fresh air which maintains and builds good health and can reduce depressive conditions. India is well endowed with an incommensurable climate ranging from tropical to temperate that it is possible to grow an array of flowers in one or other parts of country. Globally important garden flowers are Azalea, Bougainvillea, Camellia, Lagerstroemia, Hibiscus, Hydrangea, Ixora, Nerium, Rhododendron, Lotus, Orchid, Clematis, Sweet pea. The demand of F1 hybrid seeds of Ageratum, Balsam, Cosmos, Impatiens, Pansy, Petunia, Phlox, Salvia and Zinnia are high. These flowers are grown as bedding plants. In the city dwellers importance of potted plants like Begonia, Cacti, Dahlia, Geranium, Poinsettia, etc. increased tremendously. In India, these flowers grown widely and breeding of most of these flowers have been initiated earlier.

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Foreword

FAO conceptualized “School Garden Concept” and emphasized the “educational” role of school gardens. Education in floriculture initiated in different universities in the world. In India, higher education in “Floriculture and Landscaping” has been initiated in various universities and institutes at M.Sc. (Ag.) and Ph.D. levels. Courses on Breeding of Ornamental Crops are running. Breeding programmes on flowers and ornamental plants have been taken up in many ICAR institutions and Agricultural Universities. However, good literature on breeding of flowers is scanty. This book “Breeding and Biotechnology of Flowers, Vol. II: Garden Flowers” will vividly highlight breeding of all above flowers covering wide range of aspects. The author provides crop-specific history, flower morphology & biology, genetics, breeding objectives, stateof-the-art breeding/genetics, classical/molecular technologies, interspecific hybridization, mutation, biotechnology, etc. This book also includes fundamental chapters, Germplasm acquisition and conservation, Heterosis breeding in flower crops, Synthetic seed production in ornamental plants, Flower seed production and Genetic engineering in floriculture. The present publication has been organized in such a way that it will be useful to everyone interested in the flowers and ornamental plants particularly to students, flower breeders, scientists, gardeners and hobbyist. It gives me immense pleasure to compliment and appreciate the efforts of Dr. Anil K. Singh, Prof. & Head, Department of Horticulture, Institute of Agricultural Sciences, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi in bringing out this excellent book “Breeding and Biotechnology of Flowers, Vol. II: Garden Flowers”.

Panjab Singh

Preface

It was the flower that first ushered the idea of beauty into the world the moment long ago, when floral attraction emerged as an evolutionary strategy. A handful of flowering plants that manage to manufacture chemicals with the precise molecular key needed to unlock the mechanism in our brain governing pleasure, memory and may be even transcendence. In cultures around the world as far back in history as we have any records, flowers provided emotional information among peoples. Hence, flowers find prime place in the gardens. It has been increased tremendously due to urbanization and change in the life styles of people. Gardens are increasingly recognized as place of happiness and valued for their therapeutic and restorative qualities. Happiness in human facilitates both immediate and long-term social and cognate functions and may lead to long-term survival benefits. India prevail varied agro-climatic conditions and opens door to grow wide range of flowering plants. In the garden flowering plants, attractive and novel flowers have paramount importance. Same time cost and pollution reduction of landscape and garden plants may be achieved by development of insect pests and disease resistant varieties. It is possible through genetic engineering. Novelty is an important driver of new variety development in the garden flowering and bedding plant industry. Colour modification with different hue, enhancement of flower life in the garden and manipulation of plant and flower form are all attractive traits from a marketing point of view. Petunia is the first plant where successful genetic engineering of flower colour is done. Pot plants are also held by consumers longer and so potential traits of interest also extend to any modifications that will add value to the end product. These would be challenges before breeders. Hence, information collected and compiled in a book form â&#x20AC;&#x153;Breeding of Garden Flowersâ&#x20AC;?. The present book contains information on breeding of 27 flowering plants including shrubs, bedding plants, aquatic plant, climbers and potted plants. The book dealt with 5 fundamental chapters and Glossary of breeding terms. Efforts made by various workers/scientists have been compiled by citing more than 2100 references. Achievements have also been depicted in 122 tables. I trust this book will be helpful to the M.Sc. & Ph.D. students, scientists, teachers, breeders, hobbyists and gardeners.

Preface

I feel indebted to Dr. Panjab Singh, Ex- V.C., BHU, Varanasi, JNKVV, Jabalpur and Secretary (DARE) & DG (ICAR) for his inspiring guidance, encouragement and blessings. Author express his gratefulness to Dr. Lalji Singh, V.C., BHU, Varanasi for creating working atmosphere and support. I have great pleasure in acknowledging moral support, encouragement and valuable critical criticism received from Prof. Ravi P. Singh, Director & Plant Breeder, Institute of Agricultural Sciences, BHU, Varanasi. I must remember and pay regards to my Guruji Dr. Chetan Singh and Dr. O.P. Chhonkar, who inspired me to do some landscaping work to improve the environment. Support and help received from Late Prof. J.N. Singh, Ex- Head Horticulture, Prof. A.N. Maurya, Prof. B.P. Singh, Prof. M.M. Syamal, Prof. S.P. Singh, Prof. B.K. Singh, Dr. Anand K. Singh and Dr. A.K. Pal, Department of Horticulture, Prof. A.K. Singh, Dept. of Extention Education, Prof. S.K. Singh, Dept. of Soil Science & Agril. Chemistry, Institute of Agricultural Sciences, BHU, Varanasi are duly acknowledged. It gives me immense pleasure in extending my appreciation to my Ph.D. student Ms. Anjana Sisodia for her dedication in collection of literature, compilation and valuable suggestions regarding the manuscript. The author is thankful to Dr. J.P. Tiwari, Ex- Dean & Registrar, Prof. Santosh Kumar, Prof. K.K. Misra, GBPUA&T, Pantnagar, Prof. V.B. Singh, Ex- Dean Agriculture, Nagaland University, Prof. D.B. Singh, Ex- Dean Agriculture, SHIATS (Allahabad Agril. Institute), Allahabad, Dr. R.L. Misra, Ex- Coordinator, AICRP on Floriculture, Dr. S.K. Singh, Dr. T. Janakiram, Dr. Kanwar P. Singh, Dr. Krishna P. Singh, Dr. K.V. Prasad, Dr. A.K. Tiwari, IARI, New Delhi, Dr. F.U. Khan, SKUAS&T, Srinagar for providing literature and materials. I must appreciate the efforts made by my Ph.D. students Ms. Jaymala Singh and Mr. R.S. Reddy and PG students Ms. Raimani, Ms. Hemlata and Ms. Asmita in collection of literature and compilation. I am thankful to the staff of M/s New India Publishing Agency, New Delhi for printing the book in the nice form. In the end, I feel indebted to my parents and relatives Mrs. Suman Singh (Canada), Mrs. Kamla Singh, Dr. D.K. Singh & Mrs. Kiran Singh, Dr. Manoj & Tanu (USA), Praveen & Atishi, Rahul & Nimesh for their encouragement and support. I must express my appreciation for my wife Leela, brother Ashok, daughter Suchi and son Praveen who have been affectionate, understanding and patient during the long hours I spent on the manuscript.

Varanasi

(Anil K. Singh)

Contents

Dedication ................................................................................................................ v Foreword ................................................................................................................ vii Preface .................................................................................................................... ix Glossary ................................................................................................................ xix

Section I: Fundamentals of Breeding 1. Germplasm Acquisition and Conservation ................................. 1-12 Plant Genetic Resources (PGR) Conservation in India 2Objectives of NBPGR 2A. Steps in Germplasm Acquisition and Conservation 31. Germplasm acquisition 3   2. Establishment and regeneration 4  3. Germplasm characterization and evaluation 4   4. Germplasm conservation 4 5. Documentation and information management 6B. Centres of Origin 7 C. Core Collection Concept 8D. Passport Data Availability of Various Floricultural Crops 9References 12

2. Heterosis Breeding in Flower Crops .......................................... 13-31 Introduction 13Heterosis14Heterosis and hybrid vigour 14Luxuriance 14Heterosis in Cross and Self Pollinated Species 15  Estimation of Heterosis 15   Manifestations of Heterosis 15   Fixation of Heterosis 16  1. Asexual reproduction 16   2. Genetic fixation 17   3. Chromosomal mechanisms 17   4. Polyploidy 17  Exploitation of Heterosis for Various Aspects in Flower Crops 17African marigold 18Antirrhinum 19Balsam 19   Calendula 20   California poppy 20   Carnation 21   Celosia 21  China aster 21   Chrysanthemum 22   Gerbera 22   Geranium 22

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Contents

Gladiolus 22Helichrysum 22Hollyhock 23Iris 23Lotus 23Lupin 23Pansy 24Petunia 24Portulaca 25Rose 25 Salvia 25Statice 26Sunflower 26Tulip 27Zinnia 27Summary 28Conclusion 29 References 29

3. Genetic Engineering in Floriculture ........................................... 33-57 Genetic Engineering vs. Traditional Breeding 33Transgenic Breeding 34  Methods For Introducing Transgenes Into Elite Plant Material 36   Transformation of Floriculture Crops 38   Floriculture crops with traits introduced by genetic modification 39Genetic engineering of novel flower colours 41Cost reduction of garden flowering plants 45Plant architecture 45Flowering time 47Modification of floral scent 49Postharvest quality 51Summary 51References 52

4. Synthetic Seed Production Technology in Ornamental Plants 59-78 Introduction 59History 60Need for Artificial Seed 61Advantages of Artificial Seeds 61   Types of Artificial Seeds 62   Production of Artificial Seeds 63Induction of somatic embryogenesis 63Suspension culture 63 Somatic embryo development 63Encapsulation 64I. Explants used for encapsulation 64II. Encapsulating agents 65  III. Synthetic endosperm 66  Encapsulation of Somatic Embryos 66  Desiccation 68   Germination and Field Planting 68   Applications of Artificial Seeds in Ornamental Plants 69Synthetic Seeds Containing Protocorms or Protocorm Like Bodies 71Conclusion 73References 74

5. Flower Seed Production ............................................................. 79-99 Introduction 79Indian Scenario in Flower Seed 80Status of Flower Seed Export from India 80Nature of Pollination 831. In breeders 832. Out breeders 83Different Groups of Seeds 84F1 hybrid seed 84F2 hybrid seed 84Open pollinated seed 84Formula mix 84Commercial Uses of Annual Flowers 84Seed Production System in India 85Breeder Seed 85 Foundation Seed 85Certified Seed 85Causes of Genetic Deterioration 861. Developmental variations 862. Natural out-crossing 86  3. Mechanical mixtures 86 4. Use of seed in self pollinated crops 86 5. Cross-fertilization for hybrid vigour 876. Use of seeds of vegetatively propagated crops 87 7. Cross-fertilized crops 878. Mutations 87  Categories of Seed Producers 87Production areas 88Procedures for Seed Production 89 1. Parental plant culture 89    2. Maintenance of genetic purity 90 3. Pollination 904. Seed harvesting and seed extraction 905. Seed cleaning 916. Storage 91Seed Production of Open-Pollinated Varieties 92 Challenges 96Constraints 97References 98

Section II: Shrub Plants 6. Azalea ...................................................................................... 101-122 Origin and Distribution 101Species 103Flower Morphology and Biology

Contents

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105Genetics 107Inheritance of flower colour 107Flower colour and inheritance of the hose-in-hose character 108   Breeding Objectives 108 Breeding Methods 109Selection 109Hybridization 110Azaleadendrons and their types of crosses 110Breeding for yellow-flowered azaleas 115  Mutation 117Biotechnology 117Tissue culture117Molecular breeding 118Genetic engineering 119Summary 119References 120

7. Bougainvillea ........................................................................... 123-143 Origin and Distribution 123Species 124Flower Morphology and Biology 125Genetics 126Colour inheritance 126Self incompatibility and male sterility 127Breeding Objectives 128Breeding Methods 128Introduction 128Selection 129Hybridization 132Interspecific 132Polyploidy 133 Mutation 134Biotechnology 140Tissue culture 140Molecular breeding 140Genetic engineering 141References 141

8. Camellia ................................................................................... 145-172 Origin and Distribution 145Species 146Flower Morphology and Biology 147Flower parts 147Mode of pollination148Pollen viability and stigma receptivity148Pollen tube growth 149   Fruit set 149   Genetics 150 Camellia variegation 151Breeding Objectives 152Breeding Methods 152Introduction 152Selection 152   Hybridization 156   Breeding of yellow flowered camellias 160Breeding of throughout the year flowering camellias 161Breeding of fragrant camellias 161Mutation 162Polyploidy 164Biotechnology 165Tissue culture 165Somatic embryogenesis 166 Molecular breeding 166Genetic engineering 167References 168

9. Crape Myrtle (Lagerstroemia indica) ..................................... 173-194 Origin and Distribution 174Species 174Plant and Flower Morphology 175   Genetics 176   Breeding Objectives 177   Breeding Methods 177   Selection 178   Hybridization 180   Mutation 187   Polyploidy 190 Biotechnology190 Tissue culture 190 Polyploidization 190 Molecular breeding 191 Summary 191References 192

10. Hibiscus ................................................................................... 195-214 Origin and Distribution 195 Species 197 Flower Morphology and Biology 199 Mode of pollination 199 Pollen morphology 200 Pollen sterility and fertility 200   Pollination 201   Seed set 201  Genetics 201  Cross compatibility 202   Breeding Objectives 203   Breeding Methods 203  Introduction 203   Selection 204  Hybridization 205  Interspecific hybridization 208 Mutation 209 Biotechnology 210 Tissue culture 210 Molecular breeding 211 Genetic engineering 212 References 212

11. Hydrangea ............................................................................... 215-231 Origin and Distribution 215   Species 215   Subgeneric classification of Hydrangea from McClintock (1957) 216 Section Hydrangea 216 Section Cornidia 216 Flower Morphology and Biology 216 Pollination ecology and mode of pollination 218   Pollen germination and pollen tube growth 219 Stigma receptivity 219 Genetics 219 Inheritance of inflorescence 220 Self incompatibility 220 Heritability and genetic advance 220 Breeding

Fi r s tf e wp a g e so ft h i sb o o ka r ep u b l i s h e d o nk i s a n . c o mb yi t sp u b l i s h e r . I fy o uwi s ht op u r c h a s eah a r d c o p y o ft h i sb o o k , p l e a s ec o n t a c tt h ep u b l i s h e r .

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