`eñdr
B_ynmbZ ì`dñWmnZ boIH lr. amOy nmQ>rb (E_.E.~r.ES>.)
JmoS>dm àH$meZ
JmoS>dm H¥$fr àH$meZ,nwUo-9 `eñdr B_y nmbZ ì`dñWmnZ / 1
"`eñdr B_y nmbZ ì`dñWmnZ' àH$m{eH$m : gm¡.hfm© aqdÐ H$mQ>mobo, JmoS>dm H¥$fr àH$meZ, âb°Q> Z§ 5, {Vgam _Obm, bú_rZmam`U AnmQ>©_|Q>, ñdmaJoQ>,nd©Vr, nwUo-9. \$moZ Z§:020-24448554/55 ,9422083095 E-mail : godwa1@rediffmail.com, Website : www.godwa.com
Aja OwiUr : JmoS>dm H¥$fr àH$meZ _wÐH$ : JmoS>dm H¥$fr àH$meZ ,nwUo-9
© àH$meH$ Amd¥Îmr 1 br : 11 Am°ŠQ>mo~a 2010, ynwZ©_wÐU-10 {S>g|~a 2011 àH$meZ H«$_m§H$ - 85 (GKP-1000102010)
_yë` : 165 ê$. ISBN
© "`eñdr B_y nmbZ ì`dñWmnZ' `m nwñVH$mVrb _OHy$a ,Ë`mMm H$mhr ^mJ,g§nyU© dm A§eV: ^mJ, boIH$-àH$meH$mÀ`m nadmZJr{edm` H$moUË`mhr ^mfoV d _mÜ`_mV nwZ©_wÐrV qH$dm à{gÜX H$aVm `oUma Zmhr, Vgo AmT>ië`mg g§~§{YVm§da H$m`Xoera H$madmB© H$aÊ`mV `oB©b. gXa nwñVH$ H$m°nramB©Q>Zo g§a{jV Amho. `eñdr B_y nmbZ ì`dñWmnZ/ 2
_ZmoJV eoVH$ar ~§YZ§w mo,B_y nmbZ hm ì`dgm` ^maVmV ~më`mdñWoV AmO Amho. øm ì`dgm`mH$S>o AZoH$ eoVH$ar diV AgboVar Ë`m§À`mOdi øm{df`rMr VQ>nO §y r _m{hVr CnbãY Amho. _r B_y nmbZ H$aUmè`m eoVH$è`m§Zm ^oQ>bmo, Ë`m§Zm B_y{df`r {dMmabo. Var Ë`m§Zr \$ŠV EdT>rM _m[hVr {Xbr H$s, Amåhr XmoZ doi ImÚ XoVmo, nmUr XoVmo d Xwnmar H$mhr nmbo^mÁ`m XoVmo. \$ŠV A§S>o CËnmXZ EdT>rM Anojm R>do Zy B_y nmbZ Ho$ë`m OmD$ eH$V Zmhr. B_y hm H$mVS>r, Vob, _m§g d A§S>r Aer CËnmXZo XoUmam H$ënd¥j Amho Am{U ~aoM bmoH$ Agohr AmhoV H$s, B_y nmbZmgmR>r gmhg H$ê$ eH$V Zmhr. H$maU n¡gm Amho. EH$ åhUOo AmnU newnmbZmV EH$-XmoZ åh¡g, Jm` KoVmo, Ë`mà_mUo B_y nmbZ Ano{jV Zmhr. ì`mnmar VÎdmda B_y nmbZ H$am`Mo åhUOo H$_rV H$_r Xhm OmoS>çm M§mJbr Am{W©H$ àmár H$ê$Z XoDo $ eH$VmV. Amnë`m eoVH$è`mbm B_yMo gImob kmZ àmá ìhmdo d Ë`m§Zm BVam§da Adb§~Zy amhVm H$m_m Z`o Ë`mgmR>r neynmbZm{df`r gImob d emñÌewÕ kmZ AgUo JaOoMo AgVo. ho emóewÕ B_y nmbZmMo kmZ _mÂ`m _hmamï´>mVë`m eoVH$è`m§n`ªV nmohMbo Va, B_y nmbZmMr dmT> doJmZo hmoBb © d eoVH$ar Hw$Umdahr Adb§~Zy amhUma Zmhr. øm nwñVH$mV lr _rZma `m§À`m nwñVH$mVyZ g§X^© XoÊ`mV Ambobo AmhoV. ñdV:À`m AZw^dmVyZ emóewÕ B_y nmbZmMo V§Ì {MÌm§g{hV dU©Z Ho$bobo Amho. AmVm Amnë`m eoVH$è`mZo B§JO « rMo kmZ Oo_Vo_ Amho. ì`mdhm[aH$ B§JO « r g_OUo Ë`mÀ`m ÑîQ>rZo H$R>rU qH$dm Á`m§Zm B§JO « r `oV Zmhr Ë`m§Zm BVam§da Adb§~Zy ahmdo bmJVo. åhUyZ _amR>rV Ago n{hbo nwñVH$ V`ma H$aÊ`mV Ambobo Amho. øm nwñVH$mÀ`m {Z{_©Vr_Ü`o _m. A{Zb ^moH$ao ,(Cn{d^mJr` H¥${f A{YH$mar, OiJm§d) `m§Mo gImob _mJ©Xe©Z d àmoËgmhZ, Ë`mMà_mUo Am_Mo {_Ì lr. A{PP^mB© bH$S>mdmbm d lr A{Zb JwaMi `m§Mo A_mob ghH$m`© bm^bo. øm nwñVH$mÀ`m {Z{_©Vr_wio AZoH$ eoVH$ar d Vê$Um§Zm B_y nmbZmMr g§nUy © _m{hVr {_iyZ àmoËgmhZ {_iob,Aer Anojm ì`º$ H$aVmo. Amnbm {d{ZV amOy nmQ>rb,^dVm[aUr B_y \$m_©, _w.nmo.H$mhÿaIoS>,o Vm.^wgmdi,{O. OiJmd. `eñdr B_y nmbZ ì`dñWmnZ / 3
"`eñdr B_y nmbZ ì`dñWmnZ' àH$m{eH$m : gm¡.hfm© aqdÐ H$mQ>mobo, JmoS>dm H¥$fr àH$meZ, âb°Q> Z§ 5, {Vgam _Obm, bú_rZmam`U AnmQ>©_|Q>, ñdmaJoQ>,nd©Vr, nwUo-9. \$moZ Z§:020-24448554/55 ,9422083095 E-mail : godwa1@rediffmail.com, Website : www.godwa.com
Aja OwiUr : JmoS>dm H¥$fr àH$meZ _wÐH$ : JmoS>dm H¥$fr àH$meZ ,nwUo-9
© àH$meH$ Amd¥Îmr 1 br : 11 Am°ŠQ>mo~a 2010, ynwZ©_wÐU-10 {S>g|~a 2011 àH$meZ H«$_m§H$ - 85 (GKP-1000102010)
_yë` : 165 ê$. ISBN
© "`eñdr B_y nmbZ ì`dñWmnZ' `m nwñVH$mVrb _OHy$a ,Ë`mMm H$mhr ^mJ,g§nyU© dm A§eV: ^mJ, boIH$-àH$meH$mÀ`m nadmZJr{edm` H$moUË`mhr ^mfoV d _mÜ`_mV nwZ©_wÐrV qH$dm à{gÜX H$aVm `oUma Zmhr, Vgo AmT>ië`mg g§~§{YVm§da H$m`Xoera H$madmB© H$aÊ`mV `oB©b. gXa nwñVH$ H$m°nramB©Q>Zo g§a{jV Amho. `eñdr B_y nmbZ ì`dñWmnZ/ 2
_ZmoJV eoVH$ar ~§YZ§w mo,B_y nmbZ hm ì`dgm` ^maVmV ~më`mdñWoV AmO Amho. øm ì`dgm`mH$S>o AZoH$ eoVH$ar diV AgboVar Ë`m§À`mOdi øm{df`rMr VQ>nO §y r _m{hVr CnbãY Amho. _r B_y nmbZ H$aUmè`m eoVH$è`m§Zm ^oQ>bmo, Ë`m§Zm B_y{df`r {dMmabo. Var Ë`m§Zr \$ŠV EdT>rM _m[hVr {Xbr H$s, Amåhr XmoZ doi ImÚ XoVmo, nmUr XoVmo d Xwnmar H$mhr nmbo^mÁ`m XoVmo. \$ŠV A§S>o CËnmXZ EdT>rM Anojm R>do Zy B_y nmbZ Ho$ë`m OmD$ eH$V Zmhr. B_y hm H$mVS>r, Vob, _m§g d A§S>r Aer CËnmXZo XoUmam H$ënd¥j Amho Am{U ~aoM bmoH$ Agohr AmhoV H$s, B_y nmbZmgmR>r gmhg H$ê$ eH$V Zmhr. H$maU n¡gm Amho. EH$ åhUOo AmnU newnmbZmV EH$-XmoZ åh¡g, Jm` KoVmo, Ë`mà_mUo B_y nmbZ Ano{jV Zmhr. ì`mnmar VÎdmda B_y nmbZ H$am`Mo åhUOo H$_rV H$_r Xhm OmoS>çm M§mJbr Am{W©H$ àmár H$ê$Z XoDo $ eH$VmV. Amnë`m eoVH$è`mbm B_yMo gImob kmZ àmá ìhmdo d Ë`m§Zm BVam§da Adb§~Zy amhVm H$m_m Z`o Ë`mgmR>r neynmbZm{df`r gImob d emñÌewÕ kmZ AgUo JaOoMo AgVo. ho emóewÕ B_y nmbZmMo kmZ _mÂ`m _hmamï´>mVë`m eoVH$è`m§n`ªV nmohMbo Va, B_y nmbZmMr dmT> doJmZo hmoBb © d eoVH$ar Hw$Umdahr Adb§~Zy amhUma Zmhr. øm nwñVH$mV lr _rZma `m§À`m nwñVH$mVyZ g§X^© XoÊ`mV Ambobo AmhoV. ñdV:À`m AZw^dmVyZ emóewÕ B_y nmbZmMo V§Ì {MÌm§g{hV dU©Z Ho$bobo Amho. AmVm Amnë`m eoVH$è`mZo B§JO « rMo kmZ Oo_Vo_ Amho. ì`mdhm[aH$ B§JO « r g_OUo Ë`mÀ`m ÑîQ>rZo H$R>rU qH$dm Á`m§Zm B§JO « r `oV Zmhr Ë`m§Zm BVam§da Adb§~Zy ahmdo bmJVo. åhUyZ _amR>rV Ago n{hbo nwñVH$ V`ma H$aÊ`mV Ambobo Amho. øm nwñVH$mÀ`m {Z{_©Vr_Ü`o _m. A{Zb ^moH$ao ,(Cn{d^mJr` H¥${f A{YH$mar, OiJm§d) `m§Mo gImob _mJ©Xe©Z d àmoËgmhZ, Ë`mMà_mUo Am_Mo {_Ì lr. A{PP^mB© bH$S>mdmbm d lr A{Zb JwaMi `m§Mo A_mob ghH$m`© bm^bo. øm nwñVH$mÀ`m {Z{_©Vr_wio AZoH$ eoVH$ar d Vê$Um§Zm B_y nmbZmMr g§nUy © _m{hVr {_iyZ àmoËgmhZ {_iob,Aer Anojm ì`º$ H$aVmo. Amnbm {d{ZV amOy nmQ>rb,^dVm[aUr B_y \$m_©, _w.nmo.H$mhÿaIoS>,o Vm.^wgmdi,{O. OiJmd. `eñdr B_y nmbZ ì`dñWmnZ / 3
AZwH«$_{UH$m _ZmoJV 3 àH$aU 1. B_y nmbZ AmoiI 7 1.1 : B_yMr gd©gm_mÝ` _m{hVr 1.2 : ì`mdgm{`H$ ÑpîQ>H$moZmVyZ B_ynmbZ àH$aU 2. ì`dñWmnZ 10 2.1. Mm§Jbo ì`dñWmnZ 2.2 njm§Mr {ZdS> 2.3. n[aga Am{U gw{dYm 2.4 AmoiI 2.5. BVa àmÊ`m§Mo B_y nmbZmda hmoUmao n[aUm_ 2.6. g§g{J©V njm§Zm doJio R>odUo àH$aU 3. njr hmVmiUo Am{U hb{dUo 22 3.1 : nwîQ> njm§Mr hmVmiUr 3.2 : AmOmar njm§Zm H$go hmVmimdo 3.3 : {nbm§Zm d _moR>çm njm§Zm hmVmiUo 3.4 : Vê$U njm§Mr hmVmiUr 3.5 :nH$S> _YyZ Jobobm njr 3.6 : B_yMm H$in 3.7 :Amdí`H$ AmdmOmMr gyMZm àH$aU 4. B_yMo earaemó 30 4.1 njm§Mm gmnim 4.2: ñZm`y 4.3 B_y Am{U CS>Umè`m njm§_Yrb aMZmË_H$ ~Xb/\$aH$ 4.4 nMZ{H«$`m 4.5 : _w»` B§{Ð` 4.6 ZwH$VoM OÝ_bobo B_yMo {nby àH$aU 5. B_yMo qbJ narjU 45 5.1 àm¡T> njmMo qbJ narjU 5.2 {nbmMo qbJ n[ajU 5.3 b¢{JH$ {dH$mg Am{U d¡{eîQ>ço àH$aU 6. nmofH$ Amhma 49 6.1 AmoiI 6.2.AmhmamMm nMZ{H«$`oer Agbobm g§~§Y 6.3 O§JbmVrb B_yMm Amhma 6.4.B_y d H$m|~S>çm_Yrb gmaIonUm d ^oX 6.5 g§Vw{bV Amhma 6.6 B_y_Vrb emar[aH$ AnyU©VoMr bjUo `eñdr B_y nmbZ ì`dñWmnZ/ 4
6.7 AZwd§{eH$VoMo n[aUm_ 6.8 Cƒ nmofH$ Amhmam§Mr AË`§V Amdí`H$Vm 6.9 B_yÀ`m CËH¥$ï> ImÚmV g_m{dï> Agbobo KQ>H$ 6.10 Cƒ nmofH$ Ðì`m§Mm B_y AmhmamVrb dmna d YmoHo$ 6.11 ì`mdhm[aH$ nmVirda njm§Zm Amhma XoUo 6.12 : ImÚ XoÊ`mÀ`m _moR>çm ^m§S>çmMm Cn`moJ 6.13 : AÞ XoÊ`mMm Xwgam àH$ma/{dMma/nÕV 6.14 ~Xb àH$aU 7 A§S>r F$VwH$mi 7.1 gm_mÝ` dñVwpñWVr 7.2 A§S>çmgmR>r gdm}Îm_ OmoS>r ~Z{dUo àH$aU 8. A§S>çmMm _mJ© 8.1 gwédmV 8.2 nwZ©CËnmXZj_Vm, B_y _mXrMm OZZ_mJ© 8.3 A§S>çmMm àdmg àH$aU 9. C~dUrnyd© A§S>çm§Mr H$miOr 9.1 A§S>r hmVmiUr 9.2 A§S>o - Amamo½`emó 9.3 ì`{º$JV nmVirdarb A§S>çm§_Yrb ~Xb àH$aU 10. C~dUr Am{U {nbo {Z{_©Vr 10.1 A§S>çmVrb OrdZ_mZ 10.2 C~dUr `§Ì 10.3 C~dUr à{H«$`m 10.4 A§S>r _moO_mn 10.5 B_y A§S>çmVrb dOZmMr KQ>/VmoQ>m 10.6 gr gr Eg - B_y A§S>çmMo dOZmMo {Z`moOZ H$aÊ`mMr 10.7 {nbm§Zm OÝ_mbm `oÊ`mgmR>r Ho$bobr _XV 10.8 Á`m A§S>çmVyZ {nbo OÝ_V Zmhr 10.9 {nby OÝ_ë`m Z§VaÀ`m g_ñ`m/ {nbm§Mm _¥Ë`y 10.10 ~bH$ {nedr àH$aU 11. {nbm§Mr H$miOr 11.1 gd©gm_mÝ` H$miOr 11.2 h°Ma_Ü`o `eñdr B_y nmbZ ì`dñWmnZ / 5
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131
AZwH«$_{UH$m _ZmoJV 3 àH$aU 1. B_y nmbZ AmoiI 7 1.1 : B_yMr gd©gm_mÝ` _m{hVr 1.2 : ì`mdgm{`H$ ÑpîQ>H$moZmVyZ B_ynmbZ àH$aU 2. ì`dñWmnZ 10 2.1. Mm§Jbo ì`dñWmnZ 2.2 njm§Mr {ZdS> 2.3. n[aga Am{U gw{dYm 2.4 AmoiI 2.5. BVa àmÊ`m§Mo B_y nmbZmda hmoUmao n[aUm_ 2.6. g§g{J©V njm§Zm doJio R>odUo àH$aU 3. njr hmVmiUo Am{U hb{dUo 22 3.1 : nwîQ> njm§Mr hmVmiUr 3.2 : AmOmar njm§Zm H$go hmVmimdo 3.3 : {nbm§Zm d _moR>çm njm§Zm hmVmiUo 3.4 : Vê$U njm§Mr hmVmiUr 3.5 :nH$S> _YyZ Jobobm njr 3.6 : B_yMm H$in 3.7 :Amdí`H$ AmdmOmMr gyMZm àH$aU 4. B_yMo earaemó 30 4.1 njm§Mm gmnim 4.2: ñZm`y 4.3 B_y Am{U CS>Umè`m njm§_Yrb aMZmË_H$ ~Xb/\$aH$ 4.4 nMZ{H«$`m 4.5 : _w»` B§{Ð` 4.6 ZwH$VoM OÝ_bobo B_yMo {nby àH$aU 5. B_yMo qbJ narjU 45 5.1 àm¡T> njmMo qbJ narjU 5.2 {nbmMo qbJ n[ajU 5.3 b¢{JH$ {dH$mg Am{U d¡{eîQ>ço àH$aU 6. nmofH$ Amhma 49 6.1 AmoiI 6.2.AmhmamMm nMZ{H«$`oer Agbobm g§~§Y 6.3 O§JbmVrb B_yMm Amhma 6.4.B_y d H$m|~S>çm_Yrb gmaIonUm d ^oX 6.5 g§Vw{bV Amhma 6.6 B_y_Vrb emar[aH$ AnyU©VoMr bjUo `eñdr B_y nmbZ ì`dñWmnZ/ 4
6.7 AZwd§{eH$VoMo n[aUm_ 6.8 Cƒ nmofH$ Amhmam§Mr AË`§V Amdí`H$Vm 6.9 B_yÀ`m CËH¥$ï> ImÚmV g_m{dï> Agbobo KQ>H$ 6.10 Cƒ nmofH$ Ðì`m§Mm B_y AmhmamVrb dmna d YmoHo$ 6.11 ì`mdhm[aH$ nmVirda njm§Zm Amhma XoUo 6.12 : ImÚ XoÊ`mÀ`m _moR>çm ^m§S>çmMm Cn`moJ 6.13 : AÞ XoÊ`mMm Xwgam àH$ma/{dMma/nÕV 6.14 ~Xb àH$aU 7 A§S>r F$VwH$mi 7.1 gm_mÝ` dñVwpñWVr 7.2 A§S>çmgmR>r gdm}Îm_ OmoS>r ~Z{dUo àH$aU 8. A§S>çmMm _mJ© 8.1 gwédmV 8.2 nwZ©CËnmXZj_Vm, B_y _mXrMm OZZ_mJ© 8.3 A§S>çmMm àdmg àH$aU 9. C~dUrnyd© A§S>çm§Mr H$miOr 9.1 A§S>r hmVmiUr 9.2 A§S>o - Amamo½`emó 9.3 ì`{º$JV nmVirdarb A§S>çm§_Yrb ~Xb àH$aU 10. C~dUr Am{U {nbo {Z{_©Vr 10.1 A§S>çmVrb OrdZ_mZ 10.2 C~dUr `§Ì 10.3 C~dUr à{H«$`m 10.4 A§S>r _moO_mn 10.5 B_y A§S>çmVrb dOZmMr KQ>/VmoQ>m 10.6 gr gr Eg - B_y A§S>çmMo dOZmMo {Z`moOZ H$aÊ`mMr 10.7 {nbm§Zm OÝ_mbm `oÊ`mgmR>r Ho$bobr _XV 10.8 Á`m A§S>çmVyZ {nbo OÝ_V Zmhr 10.9 {nby OÝ_ë`m Z§VaÀ`m g_ñ`m/ {nbm§Mm _¥Ë`y 10.10 ~bH$ {nedr àH$aU 11. {nbm§Mr H$miOr 11.1 gd©gm_mÝ` H$miOr 11.2 h°Ma_Ü`o `eñdr B_y nmbZ ì`dñWmnZ / 5
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131
11.3 ~«wS>a _Ü`o 11.4 {nbm§Mm Amhma 11.5 BVa JaOm àH$aU 12. A§S>r KmbUmè`m _mÚm§_Yrb g_ñ`m 137 13.1 àñVmdZm 13.2 {T>gyi A§S>r H$dM 13.3 A\${bV A§S>r 13.4 _mXrVrb A§S>mdamoY 13.5 A§S>o ~bH$ AdamoY 13.6 {ZIiyZ nS>bobo ~rOm§S>/JwXme` àH$aU 13. amoJ Am{U OI_m§da CnMma 143 14.1 AmOmanUmMr bjUo/{MÝh AmoiIUo 14.2 newd¡Úm ~amo~a 14.3 njm§_Yrb OI_m 14.4 nm`mVrb AYyVm Am{U hmS> _moS>Uo Ë`mda CnMma 14.5 nMZ{H«$`o_Ü`o Agboë`m g_ñ`m 14.6 _|X,y S>mi o o B. ídgZmg§~Y§ r,_Ü` _‚mmg§ñWoVrb amoJO§VM§y m àmXw^m©d 14.7 Mmdo Am{U OI_m 14.8 VUmd 14.9 {dîR>m {ZarjU 14.10 ZirZo ^a{dUo 14.11 aº$ Jmoim H$aUo àH$aU 14. B_y-à{H«$`m 169 15.1 à{H«$`m nÕVr 15.2 A\${bV A§S>çmMo Cn`moJ àH$aU 15. B_yMo _m§g d Vob 174 16.1 B_yMo _m§g 16.2 B_yMo Vob àH$aU 16. _mPo `eñdr B_ynmbZ 178
`eñdr B_y nmbZ ì`dñWmnZ/ 6
àH$aU 1.
B_y nmbZ AmoiI B_y eoVrMo `e ho njmÀ`m CËnmXZmÀ`m (OÝ_mnmgyZ) `mo½` ì`dñWmnZmda Adb§~Zy AgVo. A§S>r C~{dUo d njm§Mm nmofH$ Amhma, g§JmonZ H$m_mMo {Z`moOZ nÌH$ Am{U nú`m§À`m ~marH$ gmarH$ hmbMmbtda bj R>do Zy ZomX§ r H$aUo Amdí`H$ AgVo. 1.1 B_yMr gd©gm_mÝ` _m{hVr : 1) hm _yiMm AmñQ´>{o b`mMm Amho. 2) CSy> Z eH$Umè`m aoQ>rQ> OmVrer `mMm g§~Y§ Amho, Omo Am{\«$Ho$VyZ ehm_¥J, X{jU A_o[aHo$VyZ aohm,Am°ñQ´>{o b`m Am{U Ý`y-{J{Z`mVyZ H$¡gmdar B_y Am{U {H$dr Ý`y{Pb±S>Mm Aer øm njm§Mr AmoiI Amho. 3) hm njr A_o[aHo$V _moR>çm à_mUmV AmT>iVmo. hm njr `oWo àmUr g§Jh« mb`m§gmR>r AmUÊ`mV Ambm. n§aVw AmO nmird àmÊ`m§_Ü`o n`m©` åhUyZ Ë`mMr AmoiI Amho. 4) d`mV Amboë`m Za d _mXr njr F$VyH$mimV 30 Vo 40 A§S>r XoVmV. 5) XrK© Am`wî`_mZ : àmUrg§Jh« mb`mÀ`m Zm|XrZwgma 30 df}. 6) hm njr em§V,{_iyZ{_giyZ g_yh{à` ,H$YrH$Yr AmnmngmV ^m§S>Umam gwÕm Amho. 7) H$moUË`mhr dmVmdaUmer g_m`moOZ gmYUmam Amho. 8) ømMm AmH$ma : 5 Vo 6 \y$Q> C§Mr, dOZ 40 Vo 50 {H$. J«.° EH$ dfm©V njr nyU© C§Mr d n[an¹$Vm àmá H$ê$Z KoVmo. 9) CËnmXZj_ d` : 2/3 df© d`mMm. 10) OÝ_ë`mnmgyZ nyU© dmT> hmoBn© `ªV VrZ a§J ~XbVmo. OÝ_mnmgyZ 2 _{hZo : _mZoH$Sy>Z nmR>rH$S>o H$mio nm§T>ao nÅ>.o 3 _{hZo Vo 1 df© _mZo g^modVr H$mim a§J Agbobo Ho$g, Va Vn{H$ar a§JmMm BVa ^mJ AgVmo. n[an¹$ njr : nyU© {Ziga _mZ AmOy~mOybm nmVi Ho$g AgVmV. earamdarb BVa Ho$g Vn{H$ar H$mù`m a§JmMo AgVmV._mXr d Za njmV a§JmMm Hw$R>bmhr ~Xb ZgVmo. 1.2 : ì`mdgm{`H$ ÑpîQ>H$moZmVyZ B_ynmbZ : A_o[aHo$V Ho$ë`m OmUmè`m B_y nmbZ ì`dgm`mbm Vgm _moR>m B{Vhmg Zmhr. 1989À`m _Ü`mdYrV AZoH$ eoVH$ar EH$ Ì `oD$Z Ë`m§Zr Q>Šo gmg `oWo Z°eZb Agmo{gEeZMr ñWmnZm Ho$br. newnmbZmbm EH$ n`m©` åhUyZ d B_y nmbZmbm _hÎd XoÊ`mgmR>r, g§emoYZmgmR>r d gwYmaUoÀ`m `eñdr B_y nmbZ ì`dñWmnZ / 7
11.3 ~«wS>a _Ü`o 11.4 {nbm§Mm Amhma 11.5 BVa JaOm àH$aU 12. A§S>r KmbUmè`m _mÚm§_Yrb g_ñ`m 137 13.1 àñVmdZm 13.2 {T>gyi A§S>r H$dM 13.3 A\${bV A§S>r 13.4 _mXrVrb A§S>mdamoY 13.5 A§S>o ~bH$ AdamoY 13.6 {ZIiyZ nS>bobo ~rOm§S>/JwXme` àH$aU 13. amoJ Am{U OI_m§da CnMma 143 14.1 AmOmanUmMr bjUo/{MÝh AmoiIUo 14.2 newd¡Úm ~amo~a 14.3 njm§_Yrb OI_m 14.4 nm`mVrb AYyVm Am{U hmS> _moS>Uo Ë`mda CnMma 14.5 nMZ{H«$`o_Ü`o Agboë`m g_ñ`m 14.6 _|X,y S>mi o o B. ídgZmg§~Y§ r,_Ü` _‚mmg§ñWoVrb amoJO§VM§y m àmXw^m©d 14.7 Mmdo Am{U OI_m 14.8 VUmd 14.9 {dîR>m {ZarjU 14.10 ZirZo ^a{dUo 14.11 aº$ Jmoim H$aUo àH$aU 14. B_y-à{H«$`m 169 15.1 à{H«$`m nÕVr 15.2 A\${bV A§S>çmMo Cn`moJ àH$aU 15. B_yMo _m§g d Vob 174 16.1 B_yMo _m§g 16.2 B_yMo Vob àH$aU 16. _mPo `eñdr B_ynmbZ 178
`eñdr B_y nmbZ ì`dñWmnZ/ 6
àH$aU 1.
B_y nmbZ AmoiI B_y eoVrMo `e ho njmÀ`m CËnmXZmÀ`m (OÝ_mnmgyZ) `mo½` ì`dñWmnZmda Adb§~Zy AgVo. A§S>r C~{dUo d njm§Mm nmofH$ Amhma, g§JmonZ H$m_mMo {Z`moOZ nÌH$ Am{U nú`m§À`m ~marH$ gmarH$ hmbMmbtda bj R>do Zy ZomX§ r H$aUo Amdí`H$ AgVo. 1.1 B_yMr gd©gm_mÝ` _m{hVr : 1) hm _yiMm AmñQ´>{o b`mMm Amho. 2) CSy> Z eH$Umè`m aoQ>rQ> OmVrer `mMm g§~Y§ Amho, Omo Am{\«$Ho$VyZ ehm_¥J, X{jU A_o[aHo$VyZ aohm,Am°ñQ´>{o b`m Am{U Ý`y-{J{Z`mVyZ H$¡gmdar B_y Am{U {H$dr Ý`y{Pb±S>Mm Aer øm njm§Mr AmoiI Amho. 3) hm njr A_o[aHo$V _moR>çm à_mUmV AmT>iVmo. hm njr `oWo àmUr g§Jh« mb`m§gmR>r AmUÊ`mV Ambm. n§aVw AmO nmird àmÊ`m§_Ü`o n`m©` åhUyZ Ë`mMr AmoiI Amho. 4) d`mV Amboë`m Za d _mXr njr F$VyH$mimV 30 Vo 40 A§S>r XoVmV. 5) XrK© Am`wî`_mZ : àmUrg§Jh« mb`mÀ`m Zm|XrZwgma 30 df}. 6) hm njr em§V,{_iyZ{_giyZ g_yh{à` ,H$YrH$Yr AmnmngmV ^m§S>Umam gwÕm Amho. 7) H$moUË`mhr dmVmdaUmer g_m`moOZ gmYUmam Amho. 8) ømMm AmH$ma : 5 Vo 6 \y$Q> C§Mr, dOZ 40 Vo 50 {H$. J«.° EH$ dfm©V njr nyU© C§Mr d n[an¹$Vm àmá H$ê$Z KoVmo. 9) CËnmXZj_ d` : 2/3 df© d`mMm. 10) OÝ_ë`mnmgyZ nyU© dmT> hmoBn© `ªV VrZ a§J ~XbVmo. OÝ_mnmgyZ 2 _{hZo : _mZoH$Sy>Z nmR>rH$S>o H$mio nm§T>ao nÅ>.o 3 _{hZo Vo 1 df© _mZo g^modVr H$mim a§J Agbobo Ho$g, Va Vn{H$ar a§JmMm BVa ^mJ AgVmo. n[an¹$ njr : nyU© {Ziga _mZ AmOy~mOybm nmVi Ho$g AgVmV. earamdarb BVa Ho$g Vn{H$ar H$mù`m a§JmMo AgVmV._mXr d Za njmV a§JmMm Hw$R>bmhr ~Xb ZgVmo. 1.2 : ì`mdgm{`H$ ÑpîQ>H$moZmVyZ B_ynmbZ : A_o[aHo$V Ho$ë`m OmUmè`m B_y nmbZ ì`dgm`mbm Vgm _moR>m B{Vhmg Zmhr. 1989À`m _Ü`mdYrV AZoH$ eoVH$ar EH$ Ì `oD$Z Ë`m§Zr Q>Šo gmg `oWo Z°eZb Agmo{gEeZMr ñWmnZm Ho$br. newnmbZmbm EH$ n`m©` åhUyZ d B_y nmbZmbm _hÎd XoÊ`mgmR>r, g§emoYZmgmR>r d gwYmaUoÀ`m `eñdr B_y nmbZ ì`dñWmnZ / 7