Solving The Pulses Crisis
edited by Anil Kumar Singh B. Gangwar
2013
Published by Sumit Pal Jain for
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PREFACE
As a result of concerted multi-agency efforts focussing on R&D and technology with effective policy and institutional mechanism, India could harvest a record production of foodgrains of about 250 million tonnes during 2011-12. However, low production/ productivity and almost stagnant production of pulses remained a matter of concern for the researchers and planners of the country. Backed up with higher support prices and technological backstopping by developmental agencies, pulses production could also be achieved to a record levels of 18.24 million tonnes in 2010-11 and 17.28 million tonnes in 2011-12. In spite of the record production, the country still imported 3.5 million tons of pulses (2010-11) costing about Rs.7,000 crores in foreign exchange, being the biggest importer with close to 20 percent share of the world. Whenever availability of pulses fell short of domestic demand, there has been a spurt in prices causing widespread concerns among the planners and policy makers because pulses are considered a major source of proteins and play an important role in improving food and nutritional security particularly for the poor and small and marginal farmers in India. To alleviate protein-energy malnutrition in the country, a minimum of 50 gm of pulses per capita per day is required in addition to other sources of proteins such as cereals, milk, meat, egg, etc. To make up this shortfall, about 27 million tonnes of pulses are required by 2015 and 32 million tons by 2030. To meet this target, the overall pulses production must increase at the rate of around 4 percent per annum. Though the latest data shows that pulses productivity has reached a record level of approximately 700 kg/ ha, the present productivity growth is still not sufficient enough to meet the diversified pulses demand of the rising population. This seems a herculean task in the light of the past trends in pulses production. India's dependence on global market to meet the domestic demand for pulses would increase in future. Completely relying on imports would not be a good strategy for a country with a large vegetarian population. Therefore, a well thought strategy is urgently needed to meet future demand of pulses and avoid crises situations. The key elements of such a strategy should aim at providing technological backstopping for managing biotic and abiotic stresses and achieving a breakthrough in pulse productivity on sustainable basis alongwith remunerative price support for the farmers. It must be remembered that pulses are going to play crucial role not only for nutritional security but also for improving human- livestock- soil health and also for saving water resource. Experiences from farming system research reveal that opting for specific cropping pattern for different regions and adopting improved agronomic practices provide us with substantial scope for incorporating pulses in the prevailing farming systems, and realising the target of pulses production is not difficult if location-specific strategies vii
Preface / viii are implemented effectively. The content of the present book addresses all the relevant issues by dovetailing the region-specific strategy and options for solving pulses crises in the country. It is expected that the book would serve to sensitise the planners and policy makers as well as the local agricultural development officials to explore and implement region-specific strategy for enhancing pulses production by incorporating these in the prevailing farming systems by harnessing the available technological potential. Moreover, various technological options and strategies presented in this book would also be useful for all the stakeholders to realise the target of pulses production in near future. Anil Kumar Singh B. Gangwar
M.S. SWAMINATHAN RESEARCH FOUNDATION 3rd Cross Street, Taramani Institutional Area Chennai (Madras)-600 113, India Ph.: +91-44-2254 2790, 2254 1698 Fax: 91-44-2254 1319 Email: chairman@mssrf.res.in, swami@mssrf.res.in
M.S. Swaminathan Chairman
FOREWORD
I congratulate the Indian Council of Agricultural Research, Dr. A.K. Singh and the authors and editors of this timely publication, which provides a roadmap for enduring the demand- supply gap in pulses production. A Panchsheel for farmers producing Pulses is urgently needed. The five components are:
Soil health enhancement
Water harvesting and efficient use
Technology, including appropriate seeds, and inputs
Credit and insurance
Assured and remunerative marketing
On my suggestion, the Finance Minister of India provided funds in Union Budget of 2011-12, for initiating 60,000 Pulses Villages based on integrated attention to conservation, cultivation, consumption and commerce. This programme is being continued during 2012-13. The impact of such an end-to-end approach is evident for the fact that Pulses production reached a level of 18 million tonnes during 2010-11, thus breaking the era of stagnation in pulse production. Thus, there is hope for ending the protein hunger in our country. There is no time to relax. It has been estimated that pulses production should reach 27 million tonnes by 2015 and 32 million tonnes by 2030. This will call for an annual growth rate 4% in pulses production. Fortunately, we have a large untapped yield reservoir considering the gap between actual and potential yields even with the currently available varieties and yields. "A bridge the yield gap movement" needs to be launched in the 60,000 Pulses villages. This publication shows how this can be done. v
Foreword / vi Year 2012 marks the 150th anniversary of the establishment by President Abraham Lincoln of the US Department of Agriculture and the US Land Grant University System. This marked the beginning of the scientific transformation of agriculture in the US. 2012 also marks the 50th anniversary of the publication of Rachel Carson's book, "The Silent Spring", which stimulated the development and adoption of environmentally sound integrated pest management procedures. Science is the prime mover of change. Mahatma Gandhi said over 80 years ago that agricultural stagnation can be ended if intellect and labour are united. Abraham Lincoln also said in 1859, "no other human occupation opens so wide a field for the profitable and agreeable combination of labour with cultivated thought, as agriculture". This book shows how we can marry intellect and labour in pulses production, so that our small farm families can derive, to quote Abraham Lincoln "a comfortable subsistence from a small area of soil". Our gratitude goes to the editors and authors of this book for their dedication to the cause of ending protein hunger in our country.
M.S. Swaminathan
ABOUT THE EDITORS
Dr. Anil Kumar Singh is presently working as Deputy Director General (NRM) in the Indian Council of Agricultural Research (ICAR). Earlier he held the charge of Director, IARI (2005-06) and was the Project Director of Water Technology Centre (WTC) from 1999 to 2007. A recipient of National Science Talent Scholarship from 1967-76, Dr. Singh has been recognized for his professional achievements by several awards, fellowships and memorial lectures. He was/is President, Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, 91st Session of the Indian Science Congress 2004; Vice-President, Indian Society of Soil Science, 2001-2002; President, Indian Society of Agricultural Science since 2010; President, Delhi Chapter Dr. Anil Kumar Singh of the Indian Society of Soil Science, 2001-02 to 2004-05; and Secretary, Indian Society of Water Management since 1999. He has been awarded the 11th D.P. Motiramani Memorial Lecture Award, 2004; IARI Best Teacher Award, 2005; Soil Conservation Society of India Gold Medal, 2006; 33rd Dr. R.V. Tamhane Memorial Lecture Award, 2006; 6th Prof. S.C. Das Memorial Lecture, 2008; 19th Dr. S.P. Raychaudhary Memorial Lecture, 2008; Platinum Jubilee Lecture - Indian Science Congress, 2009; 8th Dr. P.G. Krishna Memorial Oration, 2009; 19th Nehru Memorial Lecture, 2009; Prof. S.K. Mukherjee Commemoration Award, 2009, Indian Science Congress Association; Dr. C. Subramanium Outstanding Teacher Award 2007-08; Xth Shri Hari Krishna Shastri Memorial Award for outstanding contribution in the field of Natural Resources Management 2009; 20th Dr. Daroga Singh Memorial Lecture, 2011; and Rajesh Pilot Memorial Award 2011 for lifetime contributions to Agricultural Sciences. Dr. Singh is a Fellow of National Academy of Agricultural Sciences; Indian Society of Soil Science; Indian Water Resources Society; Bhoovigyan Vikas Foundation Foundation for Earth Sciences Development and Indian Society of Water Management. For his outstanding contributions to the field of Soil Science, he was awarded "Honorary Membership" in 2011, which is the highest recognition given by the Indian Society of Soil Science (ISSS) to any individual. Dr. Singh has more than 300 publications in the form of research papers, books/ bulletins, seminar/symposia proceedings, popular articles, manuals and technical reports on various aspects of soil-water-nutrient-plant relationships, remote sensing applications
About the Editors / x and use of modern tools in water management. Out of these, 150 research papers are in peer reviewed journals. Dr. B. Gangwar is presently working as Project Director, Project Directorate for Farming System Research, Modipuram, Meerut. He has served as Project Coordinator (Agronomy/ Diaraland) for 5 years (1994-1999) and Principal Scientist (Agronomy)/ Programme Facilitator (Cropping System Management) for 10 years 2000-2009. Having served in various positions in Andaman-Nicobar Islands for 18 years, Dr Gangwar, is a recipient of Fakhruddin Ali Ahmad Award (1986-87) for outstanding Agronomic contributions in Remote area of Andaman Nicobar Islands; Bharat Excellence Award for outstanding contributions in Agricultural Research and Management (2009) and Meerut Ratan Award (2009) for distinguished Dr. B. Gangwar services to society at large. Three times SHRIRAM PRUSKAR (2001-02, 2009-10 & 2011-12) for best scientific articles contributed in Hindi for “Khad Patrika”. He has series of recognitions to his credit such as Fellow of Indian Society of Agronomy for outstanding contributions in the field of agronomy, Fellow, Indian Society for Coastal Agricultural Research, for outstanding scientific contributions in coastal areas, Fellow of Society for Recent Developments in Agriculture, for outstanding contributions in cropping systems research and Honorary Fellow of Hi-tech Horticultural Society, for outstanding contributions in Farming Systems Research (2009). He has served as founder “General Secretary”, Andaman Science Association for 10 years, Joint Secretary, Indian Society Agronomy (199902); President, Modipuram Chapter of Indian Society of Agronomy (2008 to date); Editor-in Chief, J. Andaman Science Association (1996-99), Journal of Farming Systems Research and Development (1999-2005); Chief editor, Agricultural Reviews (201012); Editor, Agronomy News (1999-2000); Agronomy digest (2002); Member, Editorial Board, 2nd International Agronomy congress (2002), Indian J. Agronomy (2003 & 2004, 2011&2012), and member of Advisory Board, Indian Farming (2010). He has served as Course Director, Winter School on “Improving Land, Water and Energy Productivity through Cropping System Management” during 2009, “System-based Integrated Nutrient Management for Sustained Productivity and Soil Health” during 1-21 October, 2010 and system based conservation Agricultural for enhanced productivity and soil health during 3-23rd october, 2012 at PDFSR, Modipuram. He has also served as Organizing Secretary of two National Symposiums in Bay Islands and Chairman of one at Meerut. He has handled a research project on “Resource Management” as a Principal Investigator under NATP. He has 284 scientific contributions in his credit involving 118 research papers, 104 popular articles, 15 chapters in books, 15 books/ manuals, 15 research/ extension bulletins and 33 edited publications. Moreover, he has contributed 110 radio talks and 3 TV talks for the benefit of farmers at large.
SYNONYMS
1.
Pigonpea/Redgram (Cajanus cajan (L. Millsp.): Arhar dal (Bengali/Hindi/ Kashmiri), Tuvara parippu (Malayalam), Thugare bele (Kannad), Tur dal (Marathi), Harada (Oriya), Tuvaram paruppu (Tamil), Tuver (Gujarati).
2.
Greengram/Mungbean (Vigna radiate L. R. Wilczek): Mug (Gujarati/Bengali), Hesare kalu (Kannad), Muang (Kashmiri), Moongi (Punjabi), Cheru pararu (Malayalam), Mung (Hindi/Marathi), Muga (Oriya), Pasipayir (Tamil), Pesalu (Telugu).
3.
Blackgram/Urdbean (Vigna mungo L. Hepper): Mashkalair dal (Bengali), Uddina bele (Kannad), Kaha (Kashmiri), Mah-di-dal (Punjabi), Uzhunnu parippu (Malayalam), Urd dal (Hindi), Biri (Oriya), Ulutham paruppu (Tamil), Minapa pappu (Telugu), Uddachi dal (Marathi), Aalad (Gujarati).
4.
Chick pea (Cicer arietinum L.): Chana (Gujarati/Hindi), Kadale (Kannad), Kadala (Malayalam), Chanu (Kashmiri), Buta (Oriya), Harbara (Marathi), Chole (Punjabi), Kothu kadalai (Tamil), Sanagalu (Telugu), Chola (Bengali).
5.
Lentil (Lens culinaris): Masoor (Bengali), Masur dal (Hindi/Gujarati/Marathi), Masur bele (Kannad), Masur parippu (Malayalam), Musur (Kashmiri), Masura (Oriya), Mysore paruppu (Tamil), Misur pappu (Telugu).
6.
Field pea (Pisum sativum L.): Matar (Bengali/Hindi), Vatana (Gujarati/Marathi, Batani (Kannad/Telugu), Pattani (Malayalam/Tamil), Matara (Oriya), Kara (Kashmiri), Kabli chole (Punjabi).
7.
Lathyrus/Grass pea (Lathyrus sativus L.): Khesari (Hindi/Bengali/Oriya), Lakh (Marathi), Khesari parippu (Tamil), Lanka pappu (Telugu).
8.
Cluster bean (Cyamopsis tetragonoloba L. Taub): Gaur (Hindi/Bengali), Gori Kayi (Kannad), Guwar (Marathi), Kothavarnkai (Tamil).
9.
Mothbean/Dew gram (Vigna aconitifolia Jacq. Marechal): Moth (Hindi), Matki (Marathi), Kancha muga (Oriya), Thanni kaalu (Kannad), Bobbarlu (Telugu), Thatta payaru (Tamil).
10.
Cowpea (Vigna unguiculata L. Walp.): Barbati (Bengali), Lobia (Hindi), Alasande (Kannad), Payteluguar (Malayalam), Chavli (Marathi), Chani (Oriya), Karamani (Tamil), Bobbarlu (Telugu). ix
Synonyms / x 11.
Horsegram (Macrotyloma uniflorum L. Verdc.): Kulthi-kalai (Bengali), Kuleeth (Gujarati/Marathi), Hurule (Kannad), Muthira (Malayalam), Kulthi (Hindi), Kolatha (Oriya), Kollu (Tamil), Ulavalu (Telugu).
12.
Rajmash/Common Bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.): Rajma (Hindi), Rajmah (Assamese), Raajma (Bengali, Gujarati, Kannad), Rajama (Oriya), Rajma phalli (Urdu), Kidney Beans (Tamil), Van Payar (Malayalam).
Fi r s tf e wp a g e so ft h i sb o o ka r ep u b l i s h e d o nk i s a n . c o mb yi t sp u b l i s h e r . I fy o uwi s ht op u r c h a s eah a r d c o p y o ft h i sb o o k , p l e a s ec o n t a c tt h ep u b l i s h e r .
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