Newcastle University Stage 3 Architecture Portfolio 18-19 by Karen Leung

Legacies of Modernism

Akademisches Portfolio der Architektur und verwandter Gebiete Text dresprachig (ebglisch)

Academic Portfolio of Architecture and related subjects Issued in English

Portefeuille académique de l’architecture et des domaines annexes Publié en anglais

Ausgabe 2018/19 Inhalt

Issue for 2018/19 Contents

Édition de 2018/19

Studiobrief Reflektierender Bericht

Studio Brief Reflective Report

Dossier de studio Rapport de réflexion

Grundierung Exkursion- Frankreich Inszenierung

Primer Field Trip- France Staging

Apprêt Field Trip - France Mise en scène

Woche durchdenken Realisierung und Verfeinerung

Thinking Through Making Week Realisation And Refinement

Semaine de réflexion Réalisation Et Raffinement

Wagen Illustrierte Kulturbibiographie Blinddarm Bibliographie Liste der Abbildungen

ARC 3001 Architectural Design Ka Ching Leung 160012716

Charrette Illustrated Cultural Bibiography Appendix Bibiography List of Illustration

Table des matières

Charrette Biographie culturelle illustrée appendice Biographie Liste d’illustration

Legacies of Modernism

Akademisches Portfolio der Architektur und verwandter Gebiete Text dresprachig (ebglisch)

Academic Portfolio of Architecture and related subjects Issued in English

Portefeuille académique de l’architecture et des domaines annexes Publié en anglais

Ausgabe 2018/19 Inhalt

Issue for 2018/19 Contents

Édition de 2018/19

Studiobrief Reflektierender Bericht

Studio Brief Reflective Report

Dossier de studio Rapport de réflexion

Grundierung Exkursion- Frankreich Inszenierung

Primer Field Trip- France Staging

Apprêt Field Trip - France Mise en scène

Woche durchdenken Realisierung und Verfeinerung

Thinking Through Making Week Realisation And Refinement

Semaine de réflexion Réalisation Et Raffinement

Blinddarm Bibliographie Liste der Abbildungen

ARC 3001 Architectural Design Ka Ching Leung 160012716

Appendix Bibiography List of Illustration

Table des matières

appendice Biographie Liste d’illustration

Pages with new / amended work is marked with

Contents Studio Brief Reflective Report

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Primer Field Trip- France Staging

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Thinking Throught Making Week Realisation And Refinement

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Appendix Bibiography List of Illustration

130 140 141

Studio Brief

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Studio Brief

Studio 8 Legacies of modernism

The studio of legacies of modernism aims to understand the emergence of early European modernism and British Brutalism through architectural analysis and creative design process. Modern architecture is considered to constitute a radically altered approach to design which emerged in response to the rapid industrialisation of Europe in the early 20th century. Artists and Architects wanted to eliminate of the ‘old spirit’ – the individual and pursued the embodiment of a ‘new spirit’ – the universal. Modernist groups, such as The Bauhaus and De Stijl, emerged with a ‘new’ energy.

Primer

At the start of the year, the studio read these movements closely as a whole, aim to develop our own personal theoretical positions to take forward to the realisation phase of our graduation projects. We are focused on engaging with the role of theory and idea, exploring how they can drive the formation and realisation of an architectural project. As well as looking at early European modernism, we shall also be looking at the British manifestation of Brutalism, leading us to investigate what we could term, a ‘northern modernism’.

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Staging

our approach in line with our chosen site and exploration of theoretical ideas. Our personal manifestos will lead us to declarations on a social and political standpoint, considering how a building might address the concerns of user groups, ownership, management and realisation. More specifically we are required to address the criteria of providing: •Spaces which facilitate the access to and sharing of information •Spaces for production or knowledge production •A public programme: gallery/ exhibition space or commercial space

•External public space •Space for gathering performance

Realisation + Refinement or

We will be responding to the analytical and propositional site explorations of the Staging phase and the theoretical manifesto of the Primer to develop a scheme for a 21st Century civic building for one of the studio sites. The spatial approaches introduced earlier in the year are expected to be adapt in the design process.

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Reflective Report

During the summer after Stage 2 ended, I continued to work on my dissertation – an ethnographic report on Filipinos domestic helper in Hong Kong, it investigates how human movements and society influences each other. I travelled to Tokyo, Japan; in early September. I visited an exhibition called “Japan in Architecture: Genealogies of Its Transformation” at Mori Art Museum, which is about the transformation of Japanese architecture since the Meiji Restoration in 1868. The exhibition included drawings, models, and videos; introducing numbers of architecture done by notable Japanese architects such as Taniguchi Yoshio, Ando Tadao, Kuma Kengo and Sejima Kazuyo. I always appreciate and enjoy the simplicity and pureness of the form and colour used in Japanese Architecture. Also, bringing natural light into the building gives a soft and calm atmosphere to space, it could even make a cold concrete building pleasant. The exhibition brings the idea of using wood widely in a building interior and furniture. The exhibition showed a set of modernist furniture designed by Tange Kenzo Laboratory; it is a set of chairs and bookshelves that are still in use at the Kagawa Prefectural Government Office. Also, the exhibition gave the concept of incorporating the building with nature and the community. It is introduced through some architecture I have studied before, such as LT Josai which is a case study in Stage 2 and Church on the water by Tadao Ando. Additionally, I visit teamLab’s Borderless exhibition in Tokyo during the stay; it is a museum for interactive art. Visitors could interact with the artwork by

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using a mobile application or just a simple gesture to change the atmosphere of the space or temporarily alter the artwork. It takes me to think how an installation or an artwork in an area could bring people closer and how does an artwork use light to define a space. Coming back to Newcastle at the end of September and getting ready for the final year of the degree, I have chosen Legacies of Modernism as one of my studio preferences. We start the year with primer project which introduces the core idea of the studio and gaining knowledge of modernism through reading the de Stijl manifesto and explore the three essential elements in modernism; planar, grid and volumes, through physical models. Looking back to the exhibition I visited in summer, it ensures the simplicity and the pureness in architecture is a priority that I would like to archive in my design. Also, the Borderless exhibition inspired that space should not be defined for a specific function; it should be defined by the users. So, I combined these thoughts and it has become the manifesto of the project. After primer project, I visited France with the studio which is a venerable experience. We visited series of Le Corbusier’s design, including the famous Villa Savoye in Paris, Le Tourette and Unite Unité d’habitation in Firminy. Other than these two famous architectures, we also visited some his early work, such as Maison La Roche, Maison Jeanneret, Le Corbusier Studio Apartment in Paris, and the Le Corbusier UNESCO world heritage site at Firminy. Visiting the classics of modernism in person, I have learnt a lot more of the style

and the rationale behind the movement. Le Corbusier’s Apartment surprised me a lot; it shows his personality and design principles. His attempt colours on the wall to test out how the colours affect the atmosphere of a space and the rotation walls shows how he transform a door as a wall which improves the spatial experience within the space. Coming back from France, the studio as a whole visited the site; Killingworth and Peterlee, learning the early development of modernism in North East England. Also taking a step forward to research a suitable programme for the selected site, I first thought of something that influences our daily life and could bring people closer, which is food. And I look back the history of Killingworth and modernism, trying to look for their commons. Modernism influenced by the Bauhaus school and developed as an Avantgarde style that influences every daily life. Also, Killingworth was the Headquarter of Norgas, its research centre was situated there in the 1960s to early 2000s. They are connected at the aspect of innovation; however, Killingworth has already lost this identity. Thus, I tried to incorporate these elements together as my programme. Following Staging, we are into the realisation phase. I started to set out my structure that is suitable for Killingworth since the site is situated in a park, I would like to respond to the trees surrounded by the lake. By the same time, I was starting research for the theory into practice essay, I am looking at Peter Einsmens’s design approach and philosophies, he thinks a building should begin with the context and follow the trace of history on the site.

So, I started to lay the design onsite to suit the landscape and access route to the site. Also, Einsmen mention that places will become interesting when it seems boring outside, but they would prove you are wrong when you get in. During the refinement phase, I set up the pod system and the flexible walls, which make space become flexible and changing throughout the year. A detail section drawing was developing since the start of the realisation phase, by improving the drawing, I start to consider the ventilation, structural elements, and the environmental aspect of my design. Eventually, the 1:20 detail section helps to design the space in detail. For Examples, the kitchen and laboratory are ventilated and how the flexible wall situated in the structure. Also the Professional studies essay enhance my understanding of the process and other aspect of within the industry, such as the relationship between the exist residents and architect, relationship between the architect and contractors. After having these three fruitful years in architecture, it enhanced my understanding of space and how the arrangement of space affects the interaction between humans. I would like to attempt these experiences in a non-architecture field in the future, such as organising an exhibition. From the experience of visiting some art museum in summer enhance my interest in exhibition design. In a limited space, how the layout, lighting and atmosphere could help the visitors to understand and connect with the artwork. Most importantly, how can we create human interaction within a space just with artworks. Academic Portfolio 18/19

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Studio Brief

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PRIMER

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De Stijl (The Style) De Stijl stands for the style in Dutch. the movement was founded in 1917, expresses the utopian idea of harmony and order through ultimate simplicity and abstraction in art. The utopian idea was established through pure geometric forms and primary colours. Theo van Doesburg as a painter, writer and critic, Piet Mondrian as a painter and

Piet Mondrian

Composition No.II (1920) Piet Mondrian Primer

Gerrit Reitveld as an architect are the most notable artist with the movement. De stijl has a major influence on Bauhaus architecture and design, as some members of De stijl, including Theo van Doesburg taught in Bauhaus. De stijl’s main idea in architecture; Form follow function, as well as its geometric visual language, has

developed further in Bauhaus architectural style and became “International style” that everyone knows.

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Theo van Doesburg

Counter-Composition V (1924) Theo van Doesburg Academic Portfolio 18/19

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Primer

Manifesto

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“There is no limitation for space. Space should be driven by occupants. ‘Less is more’. Simplicity and purity of modernism breaking down the social hierarchy, breaking down the social barriers, universal space brings occupants together, create a more fluid social relation. It is vague but addictive; the less you see, the more you found. With imagination, there should be no boundary for architecture.”

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Three Elements 10x10 models Pick a piece of two-dimensional modern art which implies three-dimentions. Specifically, The studio will be choosing from one of Theo van Doesburg and Cornelis van Eesterenâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s De Stijl counter-construction axonometrics and use it to generate three 10cm x 10cm study models. Capture what is being expressed in these paintings on paper spatially in

Contra-Construction Project (1923) Theo van Doesburg

013 physical models. The painting is expressing three essiential elements in the modernist architecture ehich is; planar, grid and volumes. Three testing models are expressing the qualities that found on a two dimension painting.

Construction in Space-Time II (1924) Theo van Doesburg Academic Portfolio 18/19

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20 x 20 model Thurs, the scale of the physical three dimension model goes up to 20 x 20, and it allows to include more elements and enrich the complexity of the model. The model uses series of planes to create different scale of social interaction, in 1:20, 1:100 and 1:200. The model shows the interaction between humans in different

Primer

spaces. 1:20 is trying to show the moment of chatting, the 1:100 is capturing how human interact across different levels. And 1:200 is representing the moment when people interact at the entrance.

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Primer

Axonometric drawing

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Composite drawing

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Pamphlet design The pamphlet is an A3 size document, offer basic background information of the studio to the visitors; including an introduction of the studio, Plan of the exhibition pod, participants in the studio on one side. Primer brief, manifesto, three spatial languages, composite drawings, also a preview of our next stage â&#x20AC;&#x201C; staging. The pamphlet will be folded in a smaller size, so then it could be placed on the entrance shelf, also, the visitors will be reading it in order from a wide context into the details as they are unfolding the pamphlet.

Primer

...

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It is through close reading of these movements that we as a studio, aim to develop our own personal theoretical positions to take forward to the realisation phase of our graduation projects. We are focused on engaging with the role of theory and idea, exploring how they can drive the formation and realisation of an architectural project. As well as looking at early European modernism, we shall also be looking at the British manifestation of Brutalism, leading us to investigate what we could term, a ‘northern modernism’. The somewhat controversial sites of New Towns in the North Killingworth and Peterlee, give us opportunity to spatial and temporally anchor our investigations as we consider them as potential sites of realisation for our projects. Careful evaluation of their contemporary value and their role as legacies of modernism will lead us to the realisation of a project which is socially and politically relevant as well as responsive to their formative ideas.

EXHIBITION 1 2 3 4 5

Manifesto Wall T-shirt designs Studio Film Exploring models 10x10cm & 20x20cm Composite Drawings

Anna Volkova

Anna Moncarzewska

Anastasia Ciorici

Faith Hamilton

Zhong Zheng (Eric)

PRIMER BRIEF

MANIFESTO

“Pick a piece of two-dimensional modern art which implies three-dimentions and therefore architecture as your starting point. Specifically, you will choose one of Theo van Doesburg and Cornelis van Eesteren’s De Stijl counterconstruction axonometrics and use it to generate three 10cm x 10cm study models. Your task is to capture in physical models what is being expressed in these drawings/ paintings on paper spatially. Each of your study models will demonstrate a variaton on what is to be found in the original counter-construction.”

From our initial discussions and readings as a studio, it has emerged that as individuals, we have varied opinions on the theory and aesthetic of modernist architecture, its success, and its relevance in today’s society. As did the trailblazers of the early modernist groups, we feel the best way to move forward is by the fostering of our individual visions; influenced by our theoretical readings, an understanding of the world around us and to some extent, personal taste. By developing our own personal manifestos in response to the Primer tasks, we present a continuum of reactions; establishing an environment in which conflictions produce opportunities to push us to the limits of our critical rigour.

20 x20

Abbey Hawkins

Taking one line from each individual’s personal manifesto, we have created a collage of manifestos, indicating some of the themes the studio will be exploring further. 1924- Theo van Doesburg Construction in Space Time I 20 by 20 spatial explorations

Sophie Tilley

Oliver Harrington

Yun Tak Tam (Kenny)

Sofia Turner

Huyen Anh Do (Sophie)

Rodrigo Domingos

Ka Ching Leung (Karen)

Patricia Prayogo

Yee Kwan Lam (Elsie)

Erya Zhu (Shirley)

MASTERS

We are the legacies of modernism. Modern Architecture is considered to constitute a radically altered approach to design which emerged in response to the rapid industrialisation of Europe in the early 20th century. Artists and Architects sought the eradication of the ‘old spirit’ – the individual and pursued the embodiment of a ‘new spirit’ – the universal. Modernist groups, such as The Bauhaus and De Stijl, emerged with a ‘new’ energy.

08 LEGACIES OF MODERNISM

WHO ARE WE?

APPRENTICES

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James Longfield

SPATIAL LANGUAGES Planes: are one of the simplest architectural elements that can create spaces. No architectural planes can stand alone; they always intersect other planes. One wall meets two other walls, the floor, and the ceiling, and a facade wall meets the ground, the roof, and two other walls. The total composition of one plane must be harmonised with the composition of other planes to create a three-dimensional whole. Grid: a regular framework of reference lines to which the dimensions of major structural components of the plan of a building are fixed. It was first used by the Greeks as an expression of social order and rationality. Then in the Machine Age, grids were used as means of coordinating the dimensions of a building and the elements which are built and assembled in a factory leaving little room for adjustment on site. Although in Modernism, the grid became means of allowing freedom in the organization in space. Volume: is a defining characteristic of architecture. It is the one quality that distinguishes it from sculpture, painting, and the other arts. Volume is what makes architecture, but this does not mean that more volume is better architecture. Big spaces have the potential to inspire, but without the added element of human scale, they can be intimidating or, worse, banal. Volume is simply space. Architecture — almost by definition — is the enclosure of space.

Elizabeth Baldwin Gray

Architecture should start from nature because nature provides the infinite possible variations of light, temperature, and noise. Modernism somehow becomes a new standard for capital city but the buildings might only provide a unique appearance

circulation and interaction for the users. With all the colours available to us, to paint

with terrible

your walls white is an insult. Beauty in architectural design lies in the careful

thoughtfulness of

the mundane. An aesthetic which will not fail like those previous, yet where both form and function coexist in harmony, both with equal weighting in a design’s realization. Architecture is gradually turning away from the arbitrary and picturesque, the capricious and

constructs a form, evolving into a geometrical composition for a purely functional space. ‘Exploring the infinity ‘and ‘it is what is inside

in this modern period where form is followed by function, the strive for beauty is deceived by profits,

uniqueness

is replaced by

generic.

There should be no boundary in architecture. Architecture of modernist era has a strong political language to it and idea expression. Art in any of its

form is a true form of political expression and

manifestation.

key sentences of manifestos 10 by 10 spatial explorations

It is inspiring to see the growth and development of each individual model. We all started with the same starting point, which was a 2D De Stjil painting by Theo Van Doesburg, which we then turned into a 3D abstract volumetric model, and transformed back into completely distinct 2D composite drawings, that are radically unlike our original 2D paintings.

disorderly, and is turning towards constructive

above form. Architecture finds itself in every bricks, tiles, sculpture, book and painting. Function should be capital and bold. Art may seem to be lost

nclstudio08

necessity and mathematical order. The correlation between modern architecture and art lies in the same principle of following a grid that

practice, it’s mechanization has come at the inexplicably detrimental erasure of its multiplicities. I urge you to consider an architecture that holds function

STAY IN TO U C H AND U P DAT E D

COMPOSITE DRAWINGS

NEXT STEP

[STAGING]

The brief challenges us to consider what a civic building for the 21st century would look like. Politically contextualised, considering the impact of reduction to social provision and the welfare state, we are required to draw from our readings of the sites at Killingworth and Peterlee to develop appropriate responses to task of realising this. Requires us to propose a series of thematic spaces, the brief dictates a focus on either a single primary use or a series of disparate uses coming together to produce a complimentary mix. We shall be expected to develop our approach in line with our chosen site and exploration of theoretical ideas. Our personal manifestos will lead us to declarations on a social and political standpoint, considering how a building might address the concerns of user groups, ownership, management and realisation. More specifically we are required to address the criteria of providing: •Spaces which facilitate the access to and sharing of information •Spaces for production or knowledge production •A public programme: gallery/exhibition space or commercial space •External public space •Space for gathering or performance

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Exhibition Space

The whole studio work as a whole designed and turned the pod space into an exhibition space for the primer celebration. Referencing to the Proun Room by El Lissitzky, it used timber planks and volumes to define the room into different space. Different design ideas and arrangements of the pod are collected and discussed during the tutorial. We designed the space based on the route and the experience. The visitor will be experiencing the space from looking at the manifesto wall which will be place at the entrance of the pod. The wall

will be blocking the sight of the inside space. The visitors could take a studio pamphlet from the left entrance and start their experience of the pod. A series of models are placed on the planks and the timber cube. An introduction video of our studio was playing at the back of the manifesto wall, our exploration drawings are mounted on a grid frame and placed on the wall on the right as the last part of the exhibition.

Primer

term, a â&#x20AC;&#x2DC;northern modernismâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;.

EXHIBITION 1 2 3 4 5

Manifesto Wall T-shirt designs Studio Film Exploring models 10x10cm & 20x20cm Composite Drawings

08 OF MODERNISM

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The somewhat controversial sites of New Towns in the North Killingworth and Peterlee, give us opportunity to spatial and temporally anchor our investigations as we consider them as potential sites of realisation for our projects. Careful evaluation of their contemporary value and their role as legacies of modernism will lead us to the realisation of a project which is socially and politically relevant as well as responsive to their formative ideas.

Manifesto Wall

T-shirt deisgn

Studio film

Exploring models 10x10cm & 20x20cm

Composite Drawings

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Primer

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Studio Brief

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Field Trip

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Villa Savoye Paris, France

The studio visited France; Paris and Firminy, on the end of November. We visited and did case study on some Le Corbusierâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s work; Le Corbusier Studio Apartment, Maison La Roche, Maison Jeanneret, Villa Savoye around Paris, Le Tourette and the Le Corbusier UNESCO world heritage site at Firminy.

Field Trip- France

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Field Trip- France

Maison La Roche, Maison Jeanneret Paris, France

Le Corbusier Studio Apartment Paris, France

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“There is no limitation for space.” Field Trip- France

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Field Trip- France

Unité d’habitation Firminy, France

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La Tourette Ă&#x2030;veux, France A group case study report for La Tourette is carried out as a part of the firld trip.

Field Trip- France

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Location La Tourette located in Ă&#x2030;veux, a small village in eastern France. It is at the outskirts of Lyon; the third-most-populouscity in France. just 40 minutes drive from the central station of Lyon; Gare de Lyon Part-Dieu, to La Tourette. La Tourette is sitting on the slope of The Massif Central foothills and at the time of construction, the young friars travelled by train from Lyon for 25 kilometres, and go to the top of the foothill from the closest train station; Lâ&#x20AC;&#x2122; Arbresle.

Field Trip- France

La Tourette

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LYON

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Site Analysis

La Tourette is next to the chateau which is now used as a bed and breakfast accommodation. The chateau is owned by the family of the Marc Antoine Louis Claret of La Tourette, and the originally owned the land which La Tourette is now built. There are two routes access La Tourette, Vistors to La Tourette usually use the main access route which surrounded by trees at two sides and leads to the main entrance. The service route from chateau usually used by staffs, this route will lead them to the kitchen and the basement of La Tourette. Field Trip- France

Access route to La Tourette

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Site Analysis

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Entrance

The entrance and reception of La Tourette is the only place that public could access back in the 1960s. They defined the area as the outside, “the outside” of the inside, and the inside. The area defined as outside is highlighted in orange. The entrance is the gate the followed the proportion of the modulor man which is 2.26m tall and welcoming everyone to enter. The area defined as “the outside” of the inside is highlighted in brown. This is the only place that the friars could meet visitors and the only area that the visitors can access. The visitors’ room and porter are designed in an organic form to indicates its unique function. The four pods are designed with benches, then the friars could sit in the pod to meet the visitor. Other remaining areas of La Tourette are defined as the inside, which is not open to the public.

Entrance - onsite sketch Field Trip- France

The Gate - Photo (Henze, A. & Moosbrugger, B., 1966)

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Inside

“Outside” of Inside

Outside Entrance Plan

Entrance - Water Colour Drawing

La Tourette - Axonometric Academic Portfolio 18/19

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Roof Terrace La Tourette has a special roof terrace, instead of looking out for the view. The roof terrace is wrapped up by walls that are1.83m tall; same height as the modulor man that Le Corbusier designed. So then the monks will be restricted from gazing out to the surrounding Landscape, thus ensure the friars are concentrate on the spiritual task. However, during the visit to La Tourette, we are not allowed to visit the roof terrace.

Roof terrace - Water Colour Drawing Field Trip- France

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Roof terrace - Photo (Ariza, H. 2014)

Roof terrace - Photo (Henze, A. & Moosbrugger, B., 1966)

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Cells The cells that the friars live are spread over the top two floors, linked by three sets of stairs; on the east-side, the south-side and the west side of the building. Each friar will have their own living cell, they are connected by a public corridor; whose squared section 2.26m, this is the height of the modulor man with its arm raised. The corridor creates a sense of common and individual. The design for each cell refers to the proportion of modulor man, which is 1.83m x 2.26m (width x height).

The corridor - Photo Field Trip- France

The cell is designed to occupy by one person with a working space that connects to a balcony at the end of the room. This balcony provides natural light into the cell; as the cell is not designed with any ceiling lights. The balcony at the end of the room bringing nature into the room by framing the view.

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The Cell - Sketch (Eckersley, C. 2017)

The Cell - Photo (Henze, A. & Moosbrugger, B., 1966) Academic Portfolio 18/19

Staging

“To create, one must first question everything.”

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Bauhaus movement Bauhaus was a German art school operate in the early 20th Century that combined crafts and the fine arts. It is founded by Walter Gropius in Weimar. Modernism influences Bauhaus the most, the designs are in simplified forms and functional. The school act as a hub for artists and the fellows to learn, it was operating in three cities; Weimar (19191925), Dessau (1925-1932), and Berlin (1932-1933), the school then close permanently in 1933 due to mounting pressures from the Nazis. The Bauhaus curriculum is formed by a half year basic course;

Staging

teaching elementary study of form and study materials in the workshop. Thus, the student will be spending 3 years on advance courses, exploring different materials, develop design skills and study on construction methods. The Bauhaus movement aim to bring art into peopleâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s daily life. So, Bauhaus movement involved in various areas, such as, painting, architecture, interior design and furniture. The style of Bauhaus movement focused on abstracted shapes, balanced form and featuring with minimal ornamentation. The influence of the Bauhaus

movement is endless and has been perceived in our daily life, from a lamp to a house.

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List of Workshops in Bauhaus Printing/Druckerei Stained Glass / Glasmalerei Metal / Metallwerkstatt Joiner / Tischlerei Weaving / Weberei Photography / Fotografie Mural / Wandmalerei Stage / BĂźhne Bookbinding / Buchbinderei Pottery / TĂśpferei Arcitecture / Architektur Exhibition design / Ausstellungsgestaltung Harmonization teaching / Harmonisierungslehre Walter Gropius Academic Portfolio 18/19

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Northern Powerhouse From a statement published in November 2016, it explained how the Northern Powerhouse strategy would boost the local economy. The government will invest in infrastructure to improve connections within the Northern England; work with local areas to raise education and skills levels across the North; ensure the North is an excellent place to start and grow a business; and ensure the Northern Powerhouse is recognised worldwide as an excellent opportunity for trade and investment.

Staging

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Killingworth

Population: 20,079 (2011)

Killingworth was built as a planned town in the 1960s, it is built to attract people to move to the north due to the economy decline in 1950s. The North sea gas Headquaters are located in Killingworth until 1995. And some of the buildings are demolished in 2013 and replaced by new home for families.

Newcastle upon Tyne

Peterlee

Population: 20,164 (2011)

Peterlee

Peterlee was built under the New Towns Act 1946, founded in 1948. The town is first designed by George Grenfell-Baines, and Victor Pasmore who incharged for the landscape design joined the design team later in 1955.

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â&#x20AC;&#x153;Any beginning is preceded by a trace or series of traces. There is no one truth, there is no one absolute beginning. Everything is open to traces of beginnings. Before there was something there was a trace of something.â&#x20AC;?

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Mordernism in North East

The modernism influences the north east after the world war II, since the economy in the north east has to be improve, new infrastructure, health services, education services are needed to attract people to move into the new towns. Ryder and Yates play a big part in the development of Modernism in North East England. Peter Yates and Gordon Ryder; they met in the office of Berthold Lubetkin whilst working for the masterplan of Peterlee. They formed Ryder and Yates in 1953. Bringing the experience

Staging

of working with Le Corbusier and Ove Arup, they aim to improve the living quality and peopleâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s lives. They design and build based on the principle of simplicity, elegance and usefulness which connecting the people to places, from a single room to the city. Ryder and Yates designed and built plenty modernist architecture in the North East, starting from designing some small exhibition stand, then grown bigger to design the North Kenton Housing Scheme in 1962 and several buildings in Killingworth in the 1960-70s,

including Ryder and Yates office which just sit next to the site is one of the notable example of modernist architecture in the North East England. Also, they design a series of building for the Northern Gas, including Norgas House in 1965, Engineering Research Station in 1967 and Norgas Computer Centre in 1974.

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Ryder and Yates Office

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Northern Gas developments

Norgas House 1965-2013

In Killingworth township, Ryder and Yates challenge to bring an architectural response to the disused mine shafts that they discovered. So then, the symbolic Minoan horns were placed on the roof of the restaurant building. The entrance hall, reception, auditorium and plant room in the main building, together with a linked restaurant building were on the ground floor. The glazed plant room adjacent to the main entrance, three gas boilers were clearly displayed to visitors. The offices were located on two floors around a central courtyard and raised above the ground on pilotis, providing space for extension. The Minoan horns and a number of internal features were removed in refurbishment in 1990, the building was demolished in 2013.

Staging

Engineering Research Station

Norgas Computer Building

The Engineering Research Station was designed to carry out research for North Sea Gas and completed in 1967. The research department was rapidly expanded, over 200 scientists within two years. The building was designed to respond the need of expansion and internal flexibility. The main building contained the offices, canteen and car park, and the extendable part that contain the laboratories for research. As the research was changing constantly, a flexible partitioning system was applied for the internal walls and an open plan layout; they could adjust the layout according to the usage. The building was listed as Grade II* in 1997.

The Norgas Computer Building was built next to Norgas House and completed in 1974. Linked to Norgas House containing storage bays. It was a 47 mÂ˛ singlestorey structure, but could be expanded up to three storeys. A completely glazed facade allowed partitions to be placed almost anywhere, makes the building internally flexible. The building was demolished in 2013.

1967

1974-2013

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From top to bottom Norgas House (1965-2013) Engineering Research Station (1967) Engineering Research Station (1967) Norgas Computer Building (1974-2013) Academic Portfolio 18/19

Killingworth site plan scale 1: 5000

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Site Former Norgas House Engineering Research Station Industrial / Office Education Reacreation Residential

Staging

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Site Panoroma

Staging

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Killingworth Lake Panoroma

Staging

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Killingworth Food Institution

The Institution aims to provide Higher education covering any topics related to food, including Culinary art, future food, sustainable food source. The marketplace and restaurant are open to the community and provide the opportunities for both the students and local to experiment and experience different food. Cookery is art, technology, science and craft of preparing food for consumption. Food contribute a huge part in our daily life which support our lives. However, the education for food now focused on certain

Staging

area, such as, nutrition and cookery, and without a proper education system. From the Bauhaus education system, it provides a complete curriculum that student could explore a diverse range of topic about craft and art. If the same system is applied to the Food Institution, it could be giving a chance for students to explore food in various area. The institution is giving foundation year providing basic cookery class and science class, teaching basic knowledge about nutrition, agriculture and ingredients. And then students

would spend three years on learning advance knowledge and joining research group in different areas depends on their preference.

069

Bugs

Lab-grown meat

3D printed food

PART B. PROGRAMME ANALYSIS Killingworth Food Institution Schedule of Accommodation

CafĂŠ 50m2 Archival stores 100m2

Staff and Admin office 50m2

Foyer 40m2

Services 130m2

Marketplace 180m2

Library stack 200m2

Computer cluster

60m2

Material delievery and storage

Study rooms 70m2

80m2

Kitchen 80m2 Private Area Supervised Area

Classrooms 200m2

Restaurant 160m2

Cookery school 300m2

Public Area Flexible combination Private Route Supervised Route Public Route

Laboratory 200m2

Brewery 200m2

Planting Area 150m2

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Nest We Grow (2014) Hokkaido, Japan Kengo Kuma & Associates + College of Environmental Design UC Berkeley The Nest We Grow building is located in Japan, and used as a hub for food production within a community. Therefore, the building included a tea room for people to stay and connect with each other. Its design allows fresh air come into the building and ventilate

Staging

the space, so then it allows plant to be grow in the air and meat to be dried. The building uses a tranditional Japanese timber joint incorporate with screws which could make sure the stability of the structure.

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The Fair & Exhibition Hall is located at the outskirt of Paris. This exhibition hall implied a double skin structure to provide a sustainable environmental strategy which use less enery to maintain indoor temperature. Also, the double skin space is used as a greenhouse, it could be used to plant flowers, herbs, vegetables, and at the same time it creates a facade that changing depends on the season and plants inhabited

Staging

Fair & Exhibition Hall (2007) Paris Nord Villepinte, France LACATON & VASSAL

The Dulwich Pavilion (2017) London, United Kingdom IF_DO

073

The Dulwich Pavilion is located in London and provide space for concerts or exhibitions, the structure of the pavilion is a series of movable walls. so then the pavilion can be arrange freely depends on the activties.

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Thinking Through Making Week

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Thinking Through Making Week

During thinking through making week, we investigate a structure or detail closely in a smaller scale (1:1/1:5/1:10). Taking the grid element from primer and research related structure or details. Exploring the traditional Japanese joinery which could produce a constant grid and a stable structure without using any bolt or screw. The structure detail of a 5*5m grid is clearly shown by a detail model in 1:20 scale, also shown the potential where a wide-range of walls and doors can be placed.

Thinking Through Making Week

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Thinking Through Making Week

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Realisation And Refinement

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Realisation + Refinement

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“it always begins with the context.”

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Masterplanning The design is started from arranging the programme of the institution, linking programmes are related together and place the grid of columns that match the landscape of the site. Firstly, I tried to lay out the arrangement of the programme on the site. Then, I organise the composition of the programmes as a master planning. At the very first, I

Realisation + Refinement

separate the space by its usage and target users. I prioritise the privacy of the school, so the school was planning to be in a single building, and the market and restaurant will be siting by the lake, capturing the view. In the second master plan, it was trying to get through the forest and reach the lake. The trees surrounded by the lake could be used as a natural blind that hide the structure

behind. Creating an unknown journey that visitor have to explore inside the building to reach the restaurant.

Massing Draft #1 #2

085

After having a fundamental concept of creating an unknown journey to the visitors, arrangement of different spaces is tried to lay out on plan. On draft #1, the kitchen is hided underground in the basement, visitors couldnâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;t see the restaurant until the start to walk down the stairs.

The ground floor is arranged gradually by the level of privacy of the space, so the market is placed right at the entrance so then it could be reach easily. The cafĂŠ is located on top of the market so then public spaces are concentrated to the same annex, the school would be place at the main building

and ensure the privacy of it. On draft #2, a grid is added to assist the form of the building, the restaurant is still placed underground along with the kitchen, cookery school and brewery. But on ground floor, the building will be separated by its usage, as the public and private.

Draft #1 Floor -1

Draft #1 Floor 0

Draft #1 Floor 1

Draft #2 Floor -1

Draft #2 Floor 0

Draft #2 Floor 1

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Massing Draft #3 Draft #3 replaced the restaurant at the other end of the building, so then the visitors have to go the restaurant through a long tunnel from a different entrance. In this scheme the school and civic part of building is still separated

Floor -1

Realisation + Refinement

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Floor 0

Floor 1

Floor 2

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Floor 0 Realisation + Refinement

Massing Draft #4

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â&#x20AC;&#x2DC;Architects can talk about function, program, meaning, structure, society, context, etc., but not about form.â&#x20AC;&#x2122;

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In draft #4, a grid of columns spanning 5m each side are drawing as a plan imaging the composition of the whole building. The building is now fitted into the landscape of the site. So the ground floor is completely open and used for all the public spaces, including the market, restaurant and cafĂŠ. The school remains to be on the 1st and 2nd floor. The timber grid structure provide spaces for vertical planting within the building, and it could be used as a blind for preventing excess sunlight. Also, the flexible wall that rotate as a door is applied into the design. Realisation + Refinement

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Floor 1

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Massing Draft #5

Floor 0

Draft #5 is in a smaller size compare to Draft #4, trying to shrink down the size of the building in general, but it has lose the idea of reach out to the lake from the other end of the site. Also, this draft implied Realisation + Refinement

the double sink wall as a green house that provide space to grow plants. This draft also imaging if the brewery is on top of the restaurant, and beer could be send to the restaurant diresctly through pipes.

Floor 1

Floor 2

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Massing Draft #6 Draft #6 decided to develope based on draft#4, it has a similar arrangement for the school and other spaces. Only the kitchen is changed to be merge with the restau-rant and separate into 10 small pods. Each kitchen responsible for a special tech-nique or technology, such as 3d printing and lab grown meat, and it will be sur-rounded by glass. So

Realisation + Refinement

Floor 0

then the visitors could see how the food are produced with latest technology.

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Massing Draft #7 Draft #7 reduced the amount of columns so it could make the space become more open and transperant. The structure isnow mainly supported by concrete cores and some timber columns with cross bracing.

Floor 0 Realisation + Refinement

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Realisation + Refinement

Le Corbusier’s Five points of architecture

“Le Corbusier's Five Points of Architecture: Pilotis, Free Plan, Free Facade, Ribbon Window and Roof Garden.”

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Le Corbusier summed up his own manifesto as five points of architecture; the Pilotis, Free Plan, Free Facade, Ribbon Window and Roof Garden. He explained it in the journal L'Esprit Nouveau and his book Vers une architecture. He refers the five point of architecture as follow: Pilotis- Using a grid of reinforced concrete columns to replace the solid load bearing wall Free Plan- The ground floor now can be arranged freely, because of the absence of load bearing wall. Free Façade- the exterior façade is separated from the main structure, which means the façade is no longer a structural element Ribbon Window- since the façade is separated from the structure, so windows could be run through the façade and installed without disturbing the internal structure. Roof Garden- The roof garden can be served for domestic purpose and provide protection to the concrete roof. Such design features have been included in the final design, timber columns as pilotis, which support the structure rather than using a load bearing wall. Therefore, free plan and free façade could be implied in the building that the interior structure is flexible and the façade is not rely on the main structure.

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Structure The structure of the building is inspired by the traditional Japanese joinery, which could give a rigid grid and structure for the building. Also, using Glulam as the main construction material, it will give the building a warm and welcome atmosphere.

Realisation + Refinement

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â&#x20AC;&#x153;I am interested in projects that may seem boring at first but when you go there, they prove you wrong.â&#x20AC;?

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study room

teaching chamber

Exhibition space

Research unit

Student Canteen

Resources centre

Foundation classroom

Shop for fresh product from kitchen

Research unit

Community Tasting

Library + Cafe

Group study room + snack store

Library + snack store

Experiment demonstration

Shop for fresh product from Laboratory

Year-end Showcase

Realisation + Refinement

2x2

Grid

2x4

Cookery classroom

The structure is designed with a 4*4m grid and supported by concrete cores and cross bracing cores. The 4*4m grid provided possibility to host various activities, the grid structure could form spaces on demand, from small room - 2 x 2 grid to a larger space â&#x20AC;&#x201C; 3 x 3 grid; these are possible to assemble and organise in the building easily. The space will be seal with external walls that made of plaster board and insulations and became a pod. This pod enables spaces to be pair up with related functions. For examples, it could form a small experiment unit by putting a kitchen and a laboratory together, or grouping a laboratory, kitchen, study room and computer cluster together as a large research unit. Serval types of layout are suggested through the diagrams.

3x3

Celebration space

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Research unit Library Laboratory

2x3

Kitchen/ Cookery school Studyroom Computer cluster Shop

Gallery study room

Classroom/ Common room

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Glass Realisation + Refinement

Flexible internal structure Since the building not rely on heavry load bearing walls to divide the space, within each pod flexible wall can be installed to divide spaces for different functions. The movable walls and doors will be moving along the rail that install on the floor and the beams. The space could be rearranged to alternative layout to fit other purpose. Serval types of

walls and door are suggested to incorporate with different environments.

Washi

Plastic

Timber

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114

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â&#x20AC;&#x153;Simplicity and purity of modernism breaking down the social hierarchy, breaking down the social barriers, universal space brings occupants together, create a more fluid social relation.â&#x20AC;?

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110

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Marketplace Scale 1:100

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Translucent plastic laminate wall panel- 50mm Steel grating Beam for steel grating Secondary column for double skin facade Secondary beam for double skin facade

Steel grating Drainage Channel

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Movable partition wall

Secondary Structure Glulam Joist - 300mm*75mm Primary Structure Glulam Beam - 400mm*700mm

Primary Structure Glulam Column 400*400mm

Steel base plate for timber column Cement 100mm Reinfored-Concrete 200mm Sand leveling 25mm

Reinforced Concrete Pile Foundation till reaching the bedrock Clay soil

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Brewery

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The brewery is situated in between the market and the restau-rant, Visitors usually uses the footbridge running across the brewery to get to the restaurant. In the journey to the restau-rant the visitors could peek down to the brewery and explore. The brewery run linear from the market to the restaurant side, so then it is easier to send products to the restaurant.Iduntecero

HEAT AND MIX, ~1-2 HOURS

SOAK ~40 HOURS

SIT ~5 DAYS

DRY AT HIGH TEMP (>80 Â° C), SEVERAL HOURS

STEEPING

GERMINATION

KILNING

MASHING

BOIL ~1.5-2 HOURS

RINSE AND STRAIN

WHIRLPOOLING

BOILING

LAUTERING

CARBONATION

CASK

GLASS

GRAIN WATER

SPIN RAPIDLY 15~20 MINS

COOLING ~10-30 MINS FERMENTATION

CONDITIONING Realisation + Refinement

FILTRATION

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Realisation + Refinement

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Realisation + Refinement

Restaurant

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First Floor Plan 1-Water-grown Lab 2-Bar 3-3D-Print Kitchen 4-Lab-grow meat Kitchen Academic Portfolio 18/19

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School plan Scale 1:100

121 11

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123

124

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First Floor Plan

First Floor Plan 5-Laboratory 6-Cookery School 7-Classroom 8-Library 9-Studyroom 10-Gallery 11-Greenhouse

5-Laboratory 6-Cookery School 7-Classroom 8-Library 9-Studyroom 10-Gallery 11-Greenhouse

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First Floor Plan 5-Laboratory 6-Cookery School 7-Classroom 8-Library 9-Studyroom 10-Gallery 11-Greenhouse

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First Floor Plan 5-Laboratory 6-Cookery School 7-Classroom 8-Library 9-Studyroom 10-Gallery 11-Greenhouse

11 Realisation + Refinement

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Triple Glazed Low-e Window

Aluminium Trim Damp-proof membrane Mineral-fibre insulating board 30-70kg/m3 35mm Ventilation duct Ventilation duct

Translucent plastic laminate wall panel- 50mm Steel grating Beam for steel grating Secondary column for double skin facade Secondary beam for double skin facade

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Secondary Structure Glulam Beam - 200mm*400mm Mineral-fibre insulating board 80-110kg/m3- 300mm Plasterboard - 10mm

Track for movable partition walls Cement screed - 50mm Damp-proof membrane Mineral-fibre insulating board 80-110kg/m3- 15mm Timber sheating- 21mm EASI-joist timber truss - 230mm*70mm Mineral-fibre insulating board 30-70kg/m3- 80mm 2 No. gypsum fibreboard- 25mm

Movable partition wall

Secondary Structure Glulam Joist - 300mm*75mm Primary Structure Glulam Beam - 400mm*700mm Academic Portfolio 18/19

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Aluminium Trim Aluminium Gut Rigid Insulation Mineral-fibre in Plasterboard ce

Translucent plastic laminate wall panel- 50mm Secondary beam for double skin facade

Mineral-fibre insulating board 80-110kg/m3 300mm Aluminium Trim Ventilation duct Triple Glazed Low-e Window

Triple Glazed Low-e Window

Realisation + Refinement

Aluminium Trim

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Aluminium Window Frame m Doublele Glazed Low-e Skylight Window tter System n System in Gutter- 35mm nsulating board 80-110kg/m3- 70mm eiling finish- 25 mm

Secondary Structure Glulam Beam - 200mm*400mm Mineral-fibre insulating board 80-110kg/m3- 300mm Plasterboard - 10mm

Track for movable partition walls

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Appendix Portfolio design

Le Corbusier Colour Keyboard 1931

32001 blanc

32021 outremer moyen

International Typographic Style

32080 orange

32011 gris 31

32050 vert foncĂŠ

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New graphic design review

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Appendix Full Plans

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First Floor P

5-Laboratory 6-Cookery School 7-Classroom 8-Library 9-Studyroom 10-Gallery 11-Greenhouse

133

Plan

First Floor Plan 1-Water-grown Lab 2-Bar 3-3D-Print Kitchen 4-Lab-grow meat Kitchen

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Studio Brief

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Ground Floor Plan

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Aluminium Window Frame Aluminium Trim Doublele Glazed Low-e Skylight Window Aluminium Gutter System Rigid Insulation System in Gutter- 35mm Mineral-fibre insulating board 80-110kg/m3- 70mm Plasterboard ceiling finish- 25 mm

Translucent plastic laminate wall panel- 50mm Secondary beam for double skin facade

Mineral-fibre insulating board 80-110kg/m3 300mm Aluminium Trim Ventilation duct Triple Glazed Low-e Window

Triple Glazed Low-e Window

Secondary Structure Glulam Beam - 200mm*400mm Mineral-fibre insulating board 80-110kg/m3- 300mm Plasterboard - 10mm

Aluminium Trim Damp-proof membrane Mineral-fibre insulating board 30-70kg/m3 35mm Ventilation duct Ventilation duct

Movable partition wall

Translucent plastic laminate wall panel- 50mm Steel grating Beam for steel grating Secondary column for double skin facade Secondary beam for double skin facade

Secondary Structure Glulam Joist - 300mm*75mm Primary Structure Glulam Beam - 400mm*700mm

Primary Structure Glulam Column 400*400mm

Steel base plate for timber column Steel grating Drainage Channel

Cement 100mm Reinfored-Concrete 200mm Sand leveling 25mm

Reinforced Concrete Pile Foundation till reaching the bedrock Clay soil

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EXHIBITION 1 2 3 4 5

Manifesto Wall T-shirt designs Studio Film Exploring models 10x10cm & 20x20cm Composite Drawings

Abbey Hawkins

Anna Volkova

Anna Moncarzewska

Anastasia Ciorici

Faith Hamilton

Zhong Zheng (Eric)

Sophie Tilley

Yun Tak Tam (Kenny)

Oliver Harrington

Sofia Turner

Huyen Anh Do (Sophie)

Rodrigo Domingos

Ka Ching Leung (Karen)

Patricia Prayogo

Yee Kwan Lam (Elsie)

Erya Zhu (Shirley)

James Longfield

Elizabeth Baldwin Gray

MASTERS

08 LEGACIES OF MODERNISM

WHO ARE WE?

APPRENTICES

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S TAY IN TO U C H AND U P DAT E D nclstudio08

PRIMER BRIEF

MANIFESTO

20 x20

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circulation and interaction for the

users. With all the colours available to us, to paint your walls white is an insult. Beauty in architectural

thoughtfulness of the mundane. An aesthetic which will not fail like

design lies in the careful

those previous, yet where both form and function coexist in harmony, both with equal weighting in a design’s realization. Architecture is gradually turning away from the arbitrary and picturesque, the capricious and

In an attempt to explore new spaces and atmospheres we used a combination of artistic expression and architectural tools such plan, section, and elevation, and elements of various human scales, to turn our 20x20 exploration model into an inhabited composite drawing. It is inspiring to see the growth and development of each individual model. We all started with the same starting point, which was a 2D De Stjil painting by Theo Van Doesburg, which we then turned into a 3D abstract volumetric model, and transformed back into completely distinct 2D composite drawings, that are radically unlike our original 2D paintings.

disorderly, and is turning towards constructive

necessity and mathematical order. The correlation between modern architecture and art lies in the same principle of following a grid that constructs a form, evolving into a geometrical composition for a purely functional space. ‘Exploring the infinity ‘and ‘it is what is inside

that counts’. Art and architecture should have a close relationship to each other but they should not be emerged, as in architecture, ‘form follows function’. Whilst fore-forming the body as a social unit has brought necessary change to our design practice, it’s mechanization has come at the inexplicably detrimental erasure of its multiplicities. I urge you to consider an architecture that holds function above form. Architecture finds itself in every bricks, tiles, sculpture, book and painting. Function should be capital and bold. Art may seem to be lost in this modern period where form is followed by function, the strive for beauty is deceived by profits,

uniqueness

is replaced by

generic.

There should be no boundary in architecture. Architecture of modernist era has a strong political language to it and idea expression. Art in any of its

form is a true form of political expression and

manifestation.

key sentences of manifestos 10 by 10 spatial explorations

COMPOSITE DRAWINGS

NEXT STEP

[STAGING]

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Bibliography Ching, F.D. and Mulville, M., 2014.Building construction illustrated. John Wiley & Sons. Corbo, Stefano, From Formalism To Weak Form: The Architecture And Philosophy Of Peter Eisenman (Ashgate, 2014) Eisenman, Peter, The History of any Discipline is about Conventions (New York City, 2003) Eisenman, Peter, The Formal Basis Of Modern Architecture (Baden: Müller, 2006) Eisenman, Peter, My work is neither Architecture nor is it Nonarchitecture (New York City, 2016) Eisenman, Peter, My Architecture Never Represents Anything (New York City, 2009) Eisenman, Peter, “A Conversation With Peter Eisenman”, Perspecta, Vol. 43 (2010), 44-46 Eisenman, Peter, and Vladimir Belogolovskij, Conversations With Peter Eisenman (Berlin: DOM Publishers, 2016) Eisenman, Peter, and Jeffrey Kipnis, Written Into The Void (New Haven: Yale University, 2007)

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Page 008https://www.piet-mondrian.org/composition-number-2.jsp https://www.theartstory.org/artist-mondrian-piet.htm Page 009https://www.theartstory.org/artist-van-doesburg-theo.htm https://www.theartstory.org/movement-de-stijl-artworks.htm Page 013https://www.museothyssen.org/en/collection/artists/doesburgtheo-van/construction-space-time-ii https://www.moma.org/collection/works/232 Page 050-051https://www.archdaily.com/87728/ad-classics-dessau-bauhauswalter-gropius Page 052-063https://whatconsumesme.com/2012/02/12/lessons-from-bauhaus/ http://www.designishistory.com/1920/herbert-bayer/ https://www.bauhaus100.com/the-bauhaus/people/directors/ walter-gropius/ Page 056-057- http://www.ryderarchitecture.com/story/history/ Page 059https://www.somethingconcreteandmodern.co.uk/ building/ryder-yates-offices/ Page 060-061https://w w w.somethingconcreteandmodern.co.uk /building/ engineering-research-station/ https://www.somethingconcreteandmodern.co.uk/building/norgascomputer-building/ https://www.somethingconcreteandmodern.co.uk/building/norgashouse/ PAGE 070-071https://www.archdaily.com/592660/nest-we-grow-college-ofenvironmental-design-uc-berkeley-kengo-kuma-and-associates Page 072https://www.lacatonvassal.com/index.php?idp=11 Page 073- https://www.archdaily.com/872564/the-dulwich-pavilionif-do Page 099- https://imchadfarley.wordpress.com/2015/07/30/lecorbusiers-five-points/

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Studio Brief

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