ბუნებისმეტყველება, მე-6 კლასი, მოსწავლის წიგნი by გამომცემლობა „კლიო“

moswavlis wigni

moswavlis wigni grifminiWebulia saqarTvelos ganaTlebis da mecnierebis saministros mier 20 __ wels

bunebismetyveleba VI klasi, moswavlis wigni

yvela ufleba daculia

ISBN

sarCevi pirobiTi aRniSvnebi da maTi ganmartebebi ............................................... 5 Sesavali ...................................................................................................................... 6 Tavi 1. adamiani....................................................................................................... 7 1. sunTqva .................................................................................................................... 8 2. guli da sisxlZarRvebi ...................................................................................... 10 3. saWmlis moneleba.................................................................................................. 12 4. COonCxi da kunTebi ................................................................................................. 14 5. organoTa SeTanxmebuli moqmedeba ................................................................. 16 6. Semajamebeli gakveTili ..................................................................................... 18 I Tavis mokle daskvnebi ............................................................................................ 20 Tavi 2. adamiani da janmrTeloba ................................................................... 21 1. sisufTave da janmrTeloba............................................................................... 22 2. vaqcinacia ............................................................................................................... 24 3. pirveladi samedicino daxmarebis elementaruli wesebi ....................... 26 4. kveba da janmrTeloba ......................................................................................... 28 5. puri da parkosnebi ............................................................................................... 30 6. arajansaRi kveba ................................................................................................... 32 7. sasmeli wyali da janmrTeloba ........................................................................ 34 8. xmauri da Zili ...................................................................................................... 36 9. adamiani da mavne CvevebiA ..................................................................................... 38 10. radiacia da garemo .............................................................................................. 40 11. garemos dabinZureba ........................................................................................... 42 12. sayofacxovrebo narCenebis gamoyeneba ......................................................... 44 13. Semajamebeli gakveTili ..................................................................................... 46 II Tavis mokle daskvnebi ............................................................................................ 48 Tavi 3. energia ......................................................................................................... 49 1. energia ..................................................................................................................... 50 2. siTburi energia .................................................................................................... 52 3. sinaTlis energia .................................................................................................. 54 4. sakvebis energia..................................................................................................... 56 5. Semajamebeli gakveTili ..................................................................................... 58 III Tavis mokle daskvnebi .......................................................................................... 60

Tavi 4. nivTierebebi ............................................................................................ 61 1. nivTierebis Tvisebebi ......................................................................................... 62 2. nivTierebis Tvisebebis gamokvleva ................................................................ 64 3. nivTierebis agregatuli mdgomareobebi ...................................................... 66 4. Jangbadi da naxSirorJangi ................................................................................ 68 5. wylis Tvisebebi ..................................................................................................... 70 6. dnoba ........................................................................................................................ 72 7. gamyareba ................................................................................................................. 74 8. aorTqleba da kondensacia ................................................................................ 76 9. Semajamebeli gakveTili ..................................................................................... 78 IV Tavis mokle daskvnebi ......................................................................................... 80 Tavi 5. narevi ........................................................................................................... 81 1. sufTa nivTierebebi da narevebi ...................................................................... 82 2. nivTierebis wyalSi xsnadoba ..................................................................... 84 3. narevis komponentebad dayofa......................................................................... 86 4. usafrTxoebis wesebi nivTierebebis Tvisebebis Seswavlisas ................. 88 5. Semajamebeli gakveTili ..................................................................................... 90 V Tavis mokle daskvnebi .......................................................................................... 92 Tavi 6. siTbosa da sinaTlisganawileba dedamiwaze ............................ 93 1. siTbo da sinaTle dedamiwaze ........................................................................... 94 2. weliwadis droebis cvlileba .......................................................................... 96 3. dakvirveba weliwadis droebis cvlilebaze ........................................................98 4. dRe da Rame ............................................................................................................. 100 5. dedamiwis klimaturi sartylebi ..................................................................... 102 6. klimati da bunebrivi pirobebi ....................................................................... 104 7. klimatis gavlena adamianis saqmianobaze ..............................................................106 8. Semajamebeli gakveTili ...............................................................................................108 VI Tavis mokle daskvnebi ......................................................................................... 110 Tavi 7. xmeleTis reliefis cvlilebebi ..................................................... 111 1. reliefis formebi ................................................................................................ 112 2. mTebi ......................................................................................................................... 114 3. vakeebi ...................................................................................................................... 116 4. reliefis formebis warmoqmna â&#x20AC;&#x201C; Sinagani Zalebis moqmedeba .................. 118 5. reliefis saxecvlileba, garegani procesebi.....................................................120 6. rogor cvlis reliefs bunebrivi movlenebi ............................................... 122 7. rogor cvlis reliefs adamiani ....................................................................... 124 8. Semajamebeli gakveTili ..................................................................................... 126 saqarTvelos fizikuri ruka ........................................................................................ 129 msoflios fizikuri ruka .............................................................................................. 130 msoflios politikuri ruka ......................................................................................... 132

bunebismetyveleba 6

pirobiTi aRniSvnebi da maTi ganmarteba

7. klimatis gavlena adamianis saqmianobaze ifiqre e da jel ims

ilustraciaze mocemul kiTxvaze pasuxis gacemiT winare codnas ukavSireb sagakveTilo Temas.

ra ganapirobebs adamianis saqmianobas?

sur. 30

gaazreba

saazrovno kiTxvebisa da damatebiTi informaciis gamoyenebiT xels uwyob sagakveTilo Temis gagebasa da gaazrebas.

kvebis piramidisa (sur. 22) da mocemuli rCevebis mixedviT imsjele jansaRi kvebis Sesaxeb.

sur. 21

daimaxsovre!

cximi, zeTi, marili, Saqari, tkbileuli

xorci, Tevzi rZe, kvercxi

gaazreba

klasSi atareb eqsperiments mcire jgufTan erTad.

jgufuri eqsperimenti

dakvirveba wvis procesze mocemuli gaqvs: sanTeli, TefSi, minis Wiqa, asanTi.

msvleloba: 1. moaTavse sanTeli TefSze da aanTe (sur. 13 a). 2. Semdeg anTebul sanTels daafare carieli minis Wiqa (sur. 13 b). aRwere damzerili movlena da gamoitane daskvna.

ratom Caqra sanTeli? romeli nivTierebaa aucilebeli wvisaTvis?

asruleb davalebas saswavlo Temis srulyofilad aTvisebisaTvis. werilobiTi samuSaoebi Seasrule saSinao davalebis rveulSi.

sur. 13

saSinao davaleba

Seavse me-4 cxrili da imsjele naxSirorJangisa da Jangbadis Tvisebebis Sesaxeb. nivTiereba

agregatuli mdgomareoba

feri

aucilebelia sunTqvisaTvis

cxr. 4 xels uwyobs wvas

Jangbadi naxSirorJangi eqsperimentuli davaleba

dakvirveba wyalSi Jangbadis arsebobaze

saxlSi atareb martiv eqsperiments.

1. onkanidan minis WiqaSi Caasxi civi wyali. dadgi magidaze ramdenime xniT. daakvirdi Wiqas. ratom Cans wyalSi wvrili buStukebi? 2. SeanjRrie Wiqa da kvlav daakvirdi, amodis Tu ara buStukebi wylis zedapirze. gamoitane daskvna. ivaraude, ra SeiZleba iyos buStukebSi?

sur. 14

Zvirfaso moswavleebo! Tqven ukve VI klasSi xarT da agrZelebT bunebismetyvelebis Seswavlas. bunebismetyveleba erT-erTi saintereso sagania saswavlo sagnebs Soris. igi moicavs yvela mecnierul sagans, romelic arsebobs bunebis Sesaxeb. Seiswavlis rogorc cocxal, ise aracocxal bunebas. adamianebi uZvelesi droidan akvirdebodnen bunebaSi mimdinare movlenebs da swavloben maT. magram bolo dros, mecnierebisa da teqnikis miRwevebma bevr saidumlos axada farda. mecnierebi Tanamedrove mZlavri mikroskopebis saSualebiT swavloben nivTierebis umcires nawilakebs, molekulebsa da atomebs. xolo mZlavri teleskopebiT isini akvirdebian Soreuli kosmosis ukidegano sivrces. Tumca aRmosaCeni da Sesaswavli kidev bevria, risTvisac aucilebelia skolaSi bejiTi swavla. amjerad Cven gTavazobT SeiswavloT: rogoria adamianis agebuleba; ra unda icodeT, rom SeinarCunoT janmrTeloba; ratom aris aucilebeli dazogoT eleqtroenergia, sasmeli wyali da sxva bunebrivi energiis wyaroebi; ra mniSvneloba aqvs nivTierebebis Seswavlas; rogor aris siTbo da sinaTle ganawilebuli dedamiwaze da ra mniSvneloba aqvs mas cocxali samyarosaTvis; ra gavlenas axdens bunebrivi movlenebi da adamiani reliefis cvlilebaze. yvelafer amas Tqven SeiswavliT, Tu yuradRebiT waikiTxavT saxelmZRvanelos da SeasrulebT masSi mocemul saSinao davalebebsa da martiv eqsperimentebs. yuradRebiT gaecaniT saxelmZRvanelos me-5 gverdze mocemul pirobiT aRniSvnebs da gaiTvaliswineT isini gakveTilebis momzadebisas. gisurvebT warmatebebs!

bunebismetyveleba 6

i: wavl s i e S adamianis organizmisa da organoTa sistemebis agebulebas. organoebis urTierTganlagebas adamianis organizmSi. rogor aris sxvadasxva organoTa sistemebi funqciebiT erTmaneTTan dakavSirebuli. adamianis organizmSi organoTa SeTanxmebul moqmedebas.

i: aufleb d a d b e SeZl amoicno adamianis calkeuli organo TvalsaCinoebaze. aRmoaCino Sesabamisoba organoebsa da maT funqciebs Soris. Seadaro organoTa sistema SenTvis nacnob xelovnur sistemas, magaliTad, guli â&#x20AC;&#x201C; tumbos, ConCxi â&#x20AC;&#x201C; saxlis karkass. msjelobas organoebis gamarTuli muSaobis mniSvnelobaze adamianis janmrTelobis SesanarCuneblad.

Tavi 1. adamiani

1. sunTqva ifiqre e da jel i ms ratom uwodeben tyeebs planetis filtvebs? ra rols asrulebs tyeebi planetis JangbadiT momaragebis saqmeSi?

sur. 1. adamianis organizmi organoebisgan Sedgeba. magaliTad, guli, filtvi, RviZli, kuWi – adamianis Sinagani organoebia, cxviri, yurebi, Tvalebi ki – garegani. erToblivad momuSave organoebi sxeulSi organoTa sistemebs qmnis. cxviri, traqea, bronqebi, filtvebi sunTqvis sistemas warmoadgens; piri, saylapavi, kuWi da nawlavebi – saWmlis momnelebeli sistemaa. adamianis sicocxlisaTvis aucilebelia Jangbadi. JangbadiT mdidari haeri pirisa da cxviris gavliT gadadis sasunTq milSi – traqeaSi, iqidan ki bronqebSi da Semdeg filtvebSi (sur. 2).

cxviris Rru

filtvis buStukebi traqea

kapilarebi

bronqebi filtvebi

sisxlZarRvebi

sur. 2. sunTqvis sistema

bunebismetyveleba 6

adamianis filtvebi Sedgeba didi raodenobiT filtvis buStukebisagan (sur. 3). filtvis buStukebi Zalian pataraa. maT Txeli kedlebi aqvT. buStukebi dafarulia uwvrilesi sisxlZarRvebiT, romlebsac kapilarebi ewodeba. CasunTquli haeridan Jangbadi filtvis buStukebis sisxlZarRvebis Txeli kedlebis gavliT sisxlSi gadadis. ZarRvebiT sisxli mTel sxeulSi miedineba. sisxls miaqvs Jangbadi sxeulis yvela organoSi. Jangbadi organoebSi gamoiyeneba nivTierebebis `dasawvavad~. am dros warmoiqmneba naxSirorJangi da gamoTavisufldeba energia. gamoTavisuflebuli energia xmardeba organizmSi sxvadasxva sasicocxlo process: kvebas, moZraobas, gamoyofas da sxva. wvis Sedegad warmoqmnili naxSirorJangi kapilarebis Txeli kedliT gadadis filtvis buStukebSi, iqidan bronqebis, traqeis, cxviris an piris Rrus gavliT gamoiyofa gareT. sunTqvis procesis normaluri warmarTvisaTvis aucilebelia sasunTqi gzebis dacva infeqciisgan, mikroorganizmebisagan, romelic didi raodenobiTaa Cvens garSemo. amisaTvis aucilebelia oTaxis xSirad ganiaveba, sufTa haerze seirnoba da TamaSi.

sur. 3. filtvis buStukebi

1 2 4

gaazreba

1. me-4 suraTis mixedviT imsjele, ra gzas gaivlis Jangbadi garemodan filtvebis buStukebamde. miuTiTe cifrebiT aRniSnuli organoebis dasaxelebebi. 2. sqemis mixedviT imsjele, adamianis garda romeli cocxali organizmebi sunTqaven. sunTqva cocxali organizmebis mTavari Tviseba sokoebi cxovelebi

adamiani

sur. 4

zogierTi mikroorganizmi

mcenareebi

saSinao davaleba

azrobrivad TanmimdevrobiT daalage sunTqvis organoebi â&#x20AC;&#x201C; a) CasunTqvisas da b) amosunTqvisas. traqea

filtvebi

bronqebi

cxviri

Tavi 1. adamiani

2. guli da sisxlZarRvebi ifiqre e da jel s m i ratom ismis guliscema?

venebi arteriebi

sur. 6. sisxlis mimoqcevis sistema

bunebismetyveleba 6

sur. 5. guli da sisxlZarRvebi sisxli adamianis organizmis ZarRvebSi ganuwyvetliv moZraobs. guli sisxlis mamoZravebeli organoa. sisxlis saSualebiT xdeba sakvebisa da Jangbadis miwodeba yvela organosTvis. adamianis mier CasunTquli haeridan Jangbadi sisxlSi gadadis. JangbadiT mdidari sisxli adamianis yvela organos gulis saSualebiT miewodeba. adamianis organizmSi sami saxis sisxlZarRvia: arteriebi, venebi da kapilarebi. me-6 suraTze cisferi feriT gamosaxulia venebi, wiTeli feriT ki – arteriebi. zogi sisxlZarRvi msxvilia, zogi – wvrili. arteriebi iseTi sisxlZRvebia, romlebsac sqeli kedlebi aqvT. arteriebi wvril-wvril kapilarebad ganStovdebian. kapilarebis kedlebi Zalian Txelia. Txeli kedlebis saSualebiT Jangbadi advilad miewodeba nebismier organos. sisxlZarRvebi da guli monawileobas iReben sakvebi nivTierebebis transportirebaSic. saWmlis momnelebel sistemaSi, kerZod nawlavebSi, sabolood gadamuSavebuli sakvebi nivTierebebi kapilarebis Txel kedlebs gaivlis, moxvdeba sisxlSi, iqidan gulSi. gulidan ki organoebSi gadanawildeba. guli Sedgeba gansakuTrebuli kunTis – gulis kunTisgan. igi arasodes iRleba, feTqavs dRisiTac da RamiTac. gulis SekumSvisas sisxli gulidan arteriebSi gadadis. gulis kunTis modunebisas venebiT sisxli gulSi Caedineba. gulis muSaoba SeiZleba SevadaroT tumbos muSaobas. rogorc tumbo gadatumbavs wyals, gulic aseve `gadatumbavs~ sisxls ZarRvebSi. ZarRvebSi sisxlis

dineba SeiZleba SevadaroT datotvil mdinareSi wylis dinebas. gulis yoveli dartyma gulis kunTis SekumSvaa. guli SekumSvisas da modunebisas asrulebs rxeviT moZraobas. radgan yvela sxeuli rxevis dros gamoscems bgeras, amitomac ismis guliscemis xma. SekumSvisas gulidan sisxlZarRvebSi sisxlis garkveuli raodenoba gadadis. am dros ZarRvebis kedeli irxeva (sur. 7). gulidan erTi ulufa sisxlis gadasvlas gulis erT SekumSvas Seesabameba. pulsi Cveni guliscemis sixSiris maCvenebelia. sxvadasxva situaciaSi adamianis pulsis sixSire gansxvavebulia. janmrTeli adamianis guliscema erTi wuTis ganmavlobaSi 70-80-ia. fizikuri varjiSis dros es ricxvi SeiZleba gaormagdes. navarjiSevi adamianis guli SekumSvisas met sisxls gadaisvris sisxlZarRvebSi. varjiSis dros sisxlis mimoqceva umjobesdeba. organizmi ukeT maragdeba JangbadiTa da sakvebiT. pulsis gazomvis sxvadasxva meTodi arsebobs. yvelaze martivia pulsis majaze gazomva. pulsi aseve isinjeba kiserze da safeTqlis midamoebSi, yvelgan, sadac arteriebi kanTan axlosaa.

sur. 7. pulsis gasinjva

gaazreba jgufuri eqsperimenti

dakvirveba guliscemis sixSireze mocemuli gaqvs: drois sazomi xelsawyo. msvleloba: 1. daTvale Seni pulsis sixSire erTi wuTis ganmavlobaSi da Seadare Seni megobrebis pulsis sixSires. 2. gazome pulsis sixSire erTi wuTis ganmavlobaSi 5-jer Cabuqnis Semdeg. 3. Seadare Sen mier gazomili sixSireebi erTmaneTs. gamoitane daskvna, ratom moimata guliscemis sixSirem fizikuri aqtiurobis Sedegad.

cxr. 1 dro (wT)

gulis cemis raodenoba

saSinao davaleba

cxrilis mixedviT daajgufe adamianis organoebi: traqea, guli, filtvi, arteriebi, venebi, kapilarebi, cxviri, bronqebi.

cxr. 2 sasunTqi sistema

gulsisxlZarRvTa sistema

Tavi 1. adamiani

3. saWmlis moneleba ifiqre e da jel s m i ratom unda vReWoT sakvebi nela da didxans?

sur. 8

piris Rru sanerwyve jirkvlebi

organoebi erToblivad moqmedeben. kuWi saWmlis momnelebeli organoTa sistemis nawilia. misi saSualebiT xdeba saWmlis moneleba. saWmlis monelebaSi sxva mravali organoc monawileobs. saWmlis moneleba iwyeba piris Rrudan. ena monawileobas iRebs sakvebis monelebaSi. piris RruSi xdeba sakvebis daqucmaceba. nerwyvi gamomuSavdeba sanerwyve jirkvlebSi (sur. 9). daqucmacebuli sakvebi nerwyviT sveldeba da fafis saxes iRebs. aseTi sakvebs ena mimarTavs saylapavi milisken. me-10 suraTze gamosaxulia enis sxvadasxva ubani, romlis mixedviT adamiani adgens sakvebis gemos. saylapavi mili

xaxa

RviZli

kuWi msxvili nawlavi

mware mJave

naRveli wvrili nawlavi Wia nawlavi

swori nawlavi

sur. 9. saWmlis momnelebeli sistema

bunebismetyveleba 6

mariliani tkbili da mware

tkbili

sur. 10. ena

piris Rrudan sakvebi gadadis xaxaSi, xaxidan â&#x20AC;&#x201C; saylapav milSi. saylapavidan sakvebi kuWSi gadadis. kuWSi sakvebs ereva momnelebeli wveni. kuWidan sakvebi gadainacvlebs Tormetgoja nawlavSi. Tormetgoja nawlavTan dakavSirebulia naRvlis buStisa da kuWqveSa jirkvlis sadinarebi. nawlavis sigrZe bevrad aRemateba adamianis simaRles. igi daaxloebiT 8 metria (sur. 11). fafadqceuli sakvebidan saWiro nivTierebebi nawlavis sisxlZarRvebis Txeli kedliT gadadis sisxlSi da sisxliT sxeulis yvela nawils miewodeba. es nivTierebebi adamians zrdisTvis, sxeulis temperaturis SenarCunebisa da moZraobisTvis Wirdeba. sakvebi fafis narCenebisagan warmoiqmneba masa, romelic swori nawlavidan gareT gamoiyofa. monelebisaTvis aucilebelia piris RruSi kbilebiT sakvebis kargad daReWva. swrafad kvebis dros sakvebs kargad ar vReWavT da kuWSi xvdeba meqanikurad daumuSavebeli da nerwyviT gauJRenTavi lukmebi. amitom swrafad kveba kuW-nawlavis daavadebis mizezi xdeba. igi aferxebs sakvebis monelebas. saWmlis monelebas daaxloebiT 6 saaTi sWirdeba.

300 sm kuWi 250 wvrili nawlavi

200

150

100

msxvili nawlavi

50 swori nawlavi

gaazreba

1. me-11 suraTze sqematurad gamosaxulia saWmlis momnelebeli sistemis saerTo sigrZe. daadgine wvrili da msxvili nawlavebis zomebi. 2. me-12 suraTis mixedviT imsjele sakvebis `mogzaurobis~ Sesaxeb saWmlis momnelebel sistemaSi. miuTiTe cifrebiT aRniSnuli organoebis Sesabamisi dasaxelebebi.

sur. 11. nawlavis sigrZe

1 2

saSinao davaleba

azrobrivad Tamnmimdevrulad daalage sakvebis `mogzauroba~ saWmlis momnelebel sistemaSi. wvrili nawlavi xaxa

msxvili nawlavi saylapavi mili

piris Rru swori nawlavi

kuWi

4 6 sur. 12 Tavi 1. adamiani

4. COonCxi da kunTebi ifiqre e da jel s m i ratom aris ConCxi organizmis sayrdeni?

Tavis qala xerxemali

neknebi

zeda kidurebi menjis Zvali

qveda kidurebi

sur. 14. Zvlebis ganlageba ConCxSi

sur. 15. saxlis karkasi

bunebismetyveleba 6

sur. 13. ConCxi adamianis sxeulis erT-erTi mTavari nawilia. ConCxis gareSe adamiani ver SeZlebda moZraobas. magaliTad siaruls, weras da sxva moqmedebis Sesrulebas. amdenad ConCxi (sur. 14) adamianis sayrdeni organoa. adamianis ConCxi SeiZleba Senobis karkass SevadaroT. iseve rogorc Senobas erTianobaSi kravs karkasi (sur. 15), aseve ConCxi mTlianobaSi kravs adamianis sxeuls. ConCxi Sedgeba erTmaneTTan dakavSirebuli Zvlebisagan. Zvlebi gansxvavebuli zomisa da formisaa. Zvlebis simtkices sxva faqtorebTan erTad maTi milisebri formac ganapirobebs. adamianis zeda da qveda kidurebis Zvlebi milisebri formisaa. siarulis dros adamianis sxeulis simZime qveda kidurebs awveba. amitom fexis Zvlebi sxva Zvlebze didia. qveda kidurebis zemoT brtyeli Zvlebia ganlagebuli (menjis Zvali). menjis Zvals Tasis forma aqvs. igi Sinagani organoebis sayrdenia. kidurebis ConCxi ramdenime Zvlisagan Sedgeba. isini erTmaneTTan saxsrebiT arian dakavSirebuli. rom ara saxsari, kidurebis moZraoba SeizRudeboda. Zvlebi aseve moZravad arian dakavSirebuli xerxemalSic. xerxemali adamianis sayrden-mamoZravebel sistemaSi mTavar rols asrulebs. mozardis xerxemali bolomde ar aris Camoyalibebuli. amitom aucilebelia mozardma icodes swori jdoma da siaruli. roca adamiani zis an dgas, sxeulis simZime xerxemals awveba, gansakuTrebiT welis midamo-

Si; yvelaze naklebad â&#x20AC;&#x201C; zurgze wolisas, am dros xerxemali isvenebs. araswori dgomis an jdomis dros simZime xerxemalze araTanabrad nawildeba. es ki xerxemlis gamrudebas iwvevs (sur. 16). mozardebSi xerxemlis gamrudebas iwvevs rogorc araswori jdoma, aseve mZime tvirTis tareba. xerxemlis sworad Camoyalibebaze aseve uaryofiT gavlenas axdens brtyelterfianoba (sur. 17). Zvlebi Sinagani organoebis dacviT funqciasac asrulebs. magaliTad, qala Tavis tvins icavs travmuli dazianebisagan, xerxemali icavs zurgis tvins, neknebi â&#x20AC;&#x201C; filtvebsa da guls. Zvlebs kunTebis gareSe moZraoba ar SeuZliaT. kunTebi damagrebulia Zvlebze da maTi SekumSvis Sedegad Zvals SeuZlia moZraoba (sur. 18 a, b). kunTebi aseve uzrunvelyofs adamianis vertikaluri mdgomareobis SenarCunebas. ConCxis kunTebs ganivzoliani kunTebi hqvia. ConCxis kunTebis SekumSva adamianis nebazea damokidebuli. Sinagani organoebis kedlebi agebulia gluvi kunTebisagan (sur. 19). gluvi kunTebis SekumSva adamianis nebaze ar aris damokidebuli.

swori xerxemali

gamrudebuli xerxemali

sur. 16.

normaluri terfi

brtyeli terfi

sur. 17

ganivzoliani kunTi

sur. 19. kuWi agebulia gluvi kunTisgan

sur. 18. kunTi amoZravebs Zvals gaazreba

me-20 suraTis mixedviT imsjele, romeli moswavlis xerxemali daziandeba araswori jdomis Sedegad. pasuxi daasabuTe. b

a saSinao davaleba

sur. 20.

daiTvale Zvlebis raodenoba xelis neka da cera TiTze. Seadare isini erTmaneTs. gamoitane daskvna, ratom aqvs cera TiTs erTi saxsari. Tavi 1. adamiani

5. organoTa SeTanxmebuli moqmedeba ifiqre e da jel s m i ratom aris aucilebeli gulsisxlZarRvTa da sunTqvis sistemebis SeTanxmebuli muSaoba?

sur. 21. guli da filtvebi

sur. 22

sur. 23. kbilis aRdgena

bunebismetyveleba 6

organoebi, romlebisganac Sedgeba adamianis organizmi, qmnian organoTa sistemas. adamians 10-ze meti aseTi sistema gaaCnia, magaliTad: gul-sisxlZarRvTa, sasunTqi, nervuli, saWmlis momnelebeli, sayrdenmamoZravebeli, gamomyofi da a. S. TiToeul sistemaSi Semavali organoebi da organoTa sistemebi erTmaneTTan SeTanxmebulad muSaoben. fizikuri datvirTvis dros (sur. 22) sunTqvisa da gul-sisxlZarRvTa sistema SeTanxmebulad moqmedebs. magaliTad, sirbilis dros guliscema Cqardeba da sunTqva xSirdeba, radgan muSaobisTvis kunTebs meti Jangbadi da sakvebi esaWiroeba. guli ufro swrafad iwyebs SekumSvas Jangbadis swrafad miwodebis mizniT, xolo sisxlSi Jangbadis raodenoba matulobs sunTqvis gaxSirebis Sedegad. Tu organoTa sistemaSi romelime organo daziandeba, maSin organoTa sistema da mTlianad organizmi gamarTulad ver imuSavebs da safrTxe Seeqmneba adamianis janmrTelobas. magaliTad, filtvis dazianebis gamo Seferxdeba Jangbadis sisxlSi gadasvla; gulis gaumarTavi muSaoba sisxlis moZraobas SezRudavs. Tu saWmlis momnelebeli sistema dazianda, sakvebis martiv nivTierebebamde daSla ar moxdeba. sayrden-mamoZravebeli sistemis dazianebisas moZraoba SeizRudeba. zogjer SeiZleba organo daziandes da moxdes misi xelovnuri organoTi Canacvleba (sur. 23). magaliTad, dazianebuli kbilis amoRebis Sedegad adamiani piris RruSi srulfasovnad ver aqucmacebs sakvebs, rac aferxebs sakvebis gadamuSavebis process.

organoebis SeTanxmebul muSaobas nervuli sistema akontrolebs. nervuli sistema Sedgeba Tavisa da zurgis tvinisagan da maTgan gamomavali nervebisagan (sur. 24). organoebis srulfasovani muSaobisTvis aucilebelia organizmidan gamoiyos mavne nivTierebebi, aseTi nivTierebebis raodenobis momateba iwvevs organizmis mowamvlas. magaliTad, organizmidan Sardis gamoyofiT xdeba zedmeti siTxis, marilebisa da sxva mavne nivTierebebis gamodevna. gamomyofi sistema Sedgeba Tirkmelebisa da Sardis buStisagan (sur. 25). Tirkmeli sisxls mavne nivTierebebisgan filtravs da wmends (sur. 26). mavne nivTierebebi zedmet siTxesTan erTaAd Sardis buStSi grovdeba, Semdeg ki gareT gamoiyofa. gafiltruli sisxli organizms ubrundeba; es ki organizmSi organoebis muSaobisTvis aucilebel pirobas qmnis. organoTa sistemebi aqtiurad muSaoben dRis ganmavlobaSi. Rame maTi moqmedeba Senelebulia. Zili exmareba organizms aRidginos sasicocxlo Zalebi. aseve aucilebelia dasveneba muSaobis Semdeg.

Tirkmeli SardsawveTi

Tavis tvini zurgis tvini

nervebi

sur. 24. nervuli sistema

sisxli mavne nivTierebebis gareSe

Tirkmeli

sisxli mavne nivTierebebiT

SardsawveTi

Sardis buSti SardsawveTi

sur. 25. gamomyofi sistema

sur. 26. sisxlis gafiltvra TirkmelSi

gaazreba

1. imsjele, ratom iwvevs gulis gaxSirebuli SekumSva organizmis JangbadiT ukeT momaragebas. 2. imsjele, rogor imoqmedebs filtvebis dazianeba sxva organoebis muSaobaze. saSinao davaleba

azrobrivad sworad daalage gamomyof sistemaSi mavne nivTierebebis gamoyofis Tanmimdevroba. Sardis buSti

Tirkmeli

SardsawveTi

Tavi 1. adamiani

6. Semajamebeli gakveTili 1. sqemis mixedviT imsjele adamianis organoTa sistemebze.

sayrdenmamoZravebeli sistema gamomyofi sistema

saWmlis momnelebeli sistema nervuli sistema

adamianis organizmi sunTqvis sistema

gul-sisxlZarRvTa sistema

2. 27-e suraTis mixedviT imsjele romel mdgomareobaSi aqvs swori datvirTva xerxemals?

14 12

bunebismetyveleba 6

sur. 27

3. suraTis mixedviT (sur. 25) imsjele adamianis organoTa sistemebis Sesaxeb. aRwere TiToeuli sistema â&#x20AC;&#x201C; masSi Semavali organoebi da daniSnuleba.

sur. 28

2 1

4. 26-e suraTis mixedviT imsjele da aRwere Sinagani organoebi da maTi adgili organizmSi. miuTiTe cifrebiT aRniSnuli organoebis Sesabamisi dasaxelebebi.

3 5

4 6 7

9 sur. 29 5. azrobrivad isrebis gamoyenebiT daukavSire organoTa sistema masSi Semaval organoebs. gul-sisxlZarRvTa sistema

saylapavi cxviri

kunTi

saWmlis momnelebeli sistema

arteria

ena bronqebi

nawlavi xerxemali

sayrden-mamoZravebeli sistema

sunTqvis sistema

filtvi guli

Tavi 1. adamiani

I Tavis mokle daskvnebi: adamianis sxeuli Sedgeba calkeuli organoebisagan. organoebi qmnian organoTa sistemebs. Zvlebi da kunTebi erTad qmnian sayrden-mamoZravebel sistemas, guli da sisxlZarRvebi â&#x20AC;&#x201C; gul-sisxlZarRvTa sistemas. aseve arsebobs saWmlis momnelebeli, sunTqvis, gamomyofi, nervuli sistemebi. sunTqvis dros CasunTquli haeridan Jangbadi filtvebis saSualebiT xvdeba sisxlSi. sisxli amaragebs organizms JangbadiTA da sakvebi nivTierebebiT. sisxlis moZraobas sisxlZarRvebSi ganapirobebs guli. kuWisa da nawlavebis daniSnulebaa miRebuli sakvebis gadamuSaveba da SeTviseba (Sewova). ConCxi da kunTebi emsaxureba sxeulis moZraobas da qmnis mTliani organizmis sayrdens. TirkmelebiT sisxli ifiltreba da mavne nivTierebebisgan iwmindeba. organoebi da organoTa sistemebi SeTanxmebulad moqmedeben. organoebis gamarTuli muSaoba uzrunvelyofs adamianis janmrTelobas.

bunebismetyveleba 6

i: wavl s i e S daavadebis gamomwvevi mikroorganizmebisagan dac vis wesebs. janmrTelobaze uaryofiTad moqmed faqtorebs. jansaRi kvebis mniSvnelobas adamianis janmrTelobisTvis. sakvebi produqtebis Senaxvis wesebs. pirveladi samedicino daxmarebis elementarul wesebs.

ebi: a daufl d b e l Z Se elementaruli wesebis gamoyenebas daavadebis gamomwvevi mikroorganizmebisagan Tavis dasacavad. daasaxelo adamianis janmrTelobaze uaryofiTad moqmedi faqtorebi gaiazro xmauris, arajansaRi kvebis, nikotinis da narkotikis, dabinZurebuli garemos uaryofiTi moqmedeba adamianis janmrTelobaze. Ggaacnobiero fizikuri aqtivobis mniSvneloba jan mrTelobisaTvis. Seadgino kvebis dabalansebuli racioni (sakvebis ulufa, CamonaTvali) da daasabuTo TiToeuli sakvebis mniSvneloba adamianis janmrTelobisTvis. Ddaadgino sakvebi produqtis etiketis (produqtze dakruli safabriko an savaWro niSani) mixedviT misi vargisianoba da Senaxvis wesi. Ggamoiyeno pirveladi samedicino daxmarebis elementaruli wesebi. imsjelo gadamdebi daavadebebis Tavidan acilebisa da prevenciis (dacviTi, winaswar misaRebi zomebis) Sesaxeb. gamoicno zogierTi gadamdebi daavadeba maTi simptomebis (damaxasiaTebeli garegani niSnis) mixedviT. imsjelo mzis dakvris, sxeulis gadaxurebisa da gadaciebis Tavidan acilebis saSualebebze.

Tavi 1. adamiani

1. sisufTave da janmrTeloba ifiqre e da jel s m i ratom ibanen qirurgebi xels Ooperaciis win didxans da saguldagulod?

sur. 1

sur. 2

sur. 3. mikroorganizmebi

sur. 4. Tvalis anTeba

bunebismetyveleba 6

dedamiwaze daavadebaTa ricxvi mkveTrad Semcirda, rodesac kacobriobam xelis dabana iswavla. adamianebisTvis dResac aqtualuria devizi: sufTa xelebi janmrTelobis sawindaria! kuW-nawlavis infeqciuri daavadebebis umetesi nawili WuWyiani xelebiT gadadis. DxSirad xeldaubaneli daavadebuli adamianebi xels arTmeven, exebian raime nivTebs, magaliTad â&#x20AC;&#x201C; karis saxelurs, CamrTvels, Wiqas, TefSs da sxva. maT am dros gadaaqvT daavadebis gamomwvevi mikroorganizmebi da janmrTeli adamianis aseT nivTebTan Sexeba maT dasneulebas iwvevs (sur. 2). mikrobebi Zalian patara erTujrediani organizmebia. maTi danaxva mxolod mikroskopiT aris SesaZlebeli (sur. 3). mikrobebs miekuTvneba baqteriebi da virusebi. isini TvaliT uxilavni arian. zogierTi maTganis danax va Cveulebrivi mikroskopiTac ki SeuZlebelia. adamianis organizmSi moxvedrili mavne mikroorganizmebi sxvadasxva daavadebebs iwvevs. Dsxeulis dabana aucilebelia sistematurad. daubaneli kanis naoWebSi WuWyTan erTad ibudebs daavadebis gamomwvevi baqteriebi da sxva mikrobebi. Tumca eqimebi gvirCeven, rom sxeulis sapniT sistematuri dabana iwvevs kanis damcavi fenis dazianebas. amitom sasurvelia xSirad miiRoT Sxapi sapnis gareSe. daubaneli xelebiT TvalebTan SexebiT baqteriebi xelidan Tvalze gadadian da iwveven Tvalis sxvadasxva daavadebas, romelic gadamdebia (sur. 4).

piris RruSi, iseve rogorc adamianis sxva organoebSi, didi raodenobis daavadebis gamomwvevi baqteria budobs. isini saWmlis narCenebiT sazrdooben (sur. 5). amitom aucilebelia Wamis Semdeg pirSi wylis gamovleba. daavadebuli kbilebi sxvadasxva baqteriis uSreti wyaroa. drouli mkurnaloba kbilsac gamoajanmrTelebs da baqteriebic moispoba. sur. 5. dazianebuli kbili gaazreba

mocemuli rCevebis mixedviT imsjele piradi higienis Sesaxeb. daimaxsovre!

daibane xelebi dRis ganmavlobaSi sistematurad. xelis dabanis wesi: gaaRe wylis onkani da daibane xelebi sapniT! gadaavle onkanis saxelurs sapniani wyali! K kvlav daibane xelebi sapniT da dakete onkani! daibane xelebi Wamis win. daibane xelebi tualetidan gamosvlis Semdeg. daibane xelebi fulTan Sexebis Semdeg. xelis sawmendi pirsaxoci unda iyos mSrali da aucilebelia misi xSirad gamocvla. sasurvelia, sasapne iseTi iyos, rom saponi dabanidan dabanamde Srebodes.

Wamis dros sasurvelia isargeblo mxolod Seni WurWliT. ar dalio wyali sxvisi danalevi Wiqidan. Tvalyuri adevne Seni tansacmlis sisufTaves. ar gamoiyeno erTi da igive tansacmeli skolaSi, quCaSi da saxlSi. ar aiRo wigni WuWyiani xelebiT. yovelTvis Tan gqondes sufTa cxvirsaxoci an erTjeradi xelsaxoci. gaixexe kbilebi sami wuTis ganmavlobaSi yovel diliT da saRamos. Wamis Semdeg piris RruSi gamoivle wyali. ar gamoiyeno sxvisi savarcxeli. daibane fexebi yovel saRamos, dawolis win.

saSinao davaleba

moiZie informacia Temaze: `Seni janmrTeloba Sens xelSia~. Caatare prezentacia savaraudo gegmis mixedviT: 1. sakuTari higienis dacva. 2. eqimTan drouli viziti (saWiroebis SemTxvevaSi). 3. Tavdacva baqteriebisa da virusebisagan.

Tavi 2. adamiani da janmrTeloba

2. v a q c i n a c i a ifiqre e da jel s m i ratom iyeneben pirbades eqimebi? sur. 6

sur. 7. bavSvs utareben acras

Tavis tkivili sicxe

cxviridan gamonadeni da cxviriT sunTqvis gaZneleba. yelis tkivili

sisuste xvela kunTebis tkivili

gulis reva

sur. 8. gripis simptomebi

bunebismetyveleba 6

Yyovel cocxal organizms aqvs unari, winaaRmdegoba gauwios ama Tu im infeqciur daavadebas. aseT unars imuniteti hqvia. imisaTvis, rom adamianebi ar daavaddnen infeqciuri daavadebiT, imunitetis gasaZliereblad, eqimebi atareben acras, anu vaqcinacias. zogierTi daavadebis acris gareSe `moxdis~ Semdeg, adamianebs bunebrivi imuniteti gamoumuSavdebaT. amitom wiTela, Cutyvavila, yivanaxvela da sxv. e.w. `batonebi~, sicocxleSi erTxel emarTebaT. acris Sedegad ki, aseTi gadamdebi daavadebebiT adamianebi aRar sneuldebian. bevri daavadebis gamomwvevi virusi saqarTveloSi acrebis Sedegad aRar gvxdeba. im qveynebSi, sadac acrebs ar atareben, infeqciuri daavadebebi, gansakuTrebiT bavSvebs, xSirad emarTebaT, magaliTad â&#x20AC;&#x201C; tuberkulozi. es daavadeba saSiSia, amitom axalSobils samSobiaroSive ukeTeben BCG acras. sasurvelia, yvela bavSvs Cautardes Sesabamisi acra (sur. 7). amiT maTi janmrTeloba daculi iqneba. Ggripi erT-erTi veragi virusuli daavadebaa, romelmac bevri adamianis sicocxle Seiwira. gamojanmrTelebis Semdeg adamians araviTari garantia ar gaaCnia, rom gripi xelaxla ar daemarTeba. imunitetis xelovnurad gamomuSavebisaTvis adamianis organizmSi xelovnurad SehyavT dasustebuli virusi. Aam dros avadmyofoba mimdinareobs msubuqad da garkveuli drois ganmavlobaSi adamians umuSavdeba imuniteti gripis mimarT. gripis drouli mkurnaloba Tu ar moxdeba, maSin avadmyofobas SeiZleba garTulebebic mohyves (sur. 8). gripis virusisagan Tavis dasacavad sasurvelia moeridoT daavadebul adamianTan kontaqts pirbadis gareSe. Ppirbade icavs sasunTq gzebs virusisagan. xSi-

rad unda ganiavdes oTaxi. Aavadmyofma unda miiRos didi raodenobiT siTxe. bavSvebSi gavrcelebul virusul daavadebebs miekuTvneba yivanaxvela, ybayura, wiTela, Cutyvavala (sur. 9). TiToeuli es daavadeba gansxvavebulad mimdinareobs. Y yivanaxvela mozards adreul asakSi emarTeba. misTvis damaxasiaTebelia Zlieri xvela. Ddaavadeba iwyeba saerTo sisustiT, SeuZlod yofniT da xSirad xmis CaxleCviT. igi 5-7 dRis ganmavlobaSi mimdinareobs. wiTela advilad gadamdebi mwvave infeqciuri daavadebaa. xasiaTdeba maRali temperaturiTa da piris Rrusa da zemo sasunTqi gzebis anTebiT, wiTelas virusi garemoSi gamoiyofa daavadebuli adamianis lorwoTi xvelisa da ceminebis dros. wiTelasaTvis damaxasiaTebelia gamonayari (sur.10). romelic daavadebis me-4 dRes iwyeba. Tavdapirvelad gamonayari vrceldeba saxis kanze da yurebis ukan, Semdeg ki mTel sxeulze. gamonayari Sedgeba muqi vardisferi, zedapiridan amoweuli mrgvali laqebisgan. dResdReobiT vaqcinaciis gamo yivanaxveliT, ybayuriT, wiTelaTi da CutyvaviliT daavdebuli bavSvebis raodenoba Semcirebulia.

sur. 9. CUutyvavilas gamonayari

sur. 10. wiTelas gamonayari

gaazreba

1. me-8 suraTis mixedviT imsjele gripis maxasiaTebeli simptomebisa da gavrcelebis Sesaxeb. 2. 1-li cxrilis mixedviT imsjele bavSvebSi infeqciuri daavadebebis maxasiaTebeli simptomebisa da gavrcelebis gzebis Sesaxeb. daavadeba

cxr. 1 gavrcelebis gzebi

maxasiaTebeli simptomebi (niSnebi)

haer-wveTovani, SexebiT, cxeleba, zemo sasunTqi gzebis anTeba, dawiTlebuli Tvalebi, avadmyofis wiTela brtyeli wiTeli laqebi gulmkerdsa da saxeze WurWliTa da piradi ybayura ybis Sesieba da yuris tkivili, maRali temperatura moxmarebis sagnebiT Cutyvavila cxeleba, wamoweuli wiTeli gamonayari kanze yviTeli TavebiT sargeblobisas yivanaxvela Zlieri xvela, maRali temperatura

saSinao davaleba

ojaxis mozrdili wevrebis daxmarebiT moiZie informacia Sen mier gadatanili infeqciuri daavadebebisa da acrebis Sesaxeb.

Tavi 2. adamiani da janmrTeloba

3. pirveladi samedicino daxmarebis elementaruli wesebi

zogjer adamianma SeiZleba sxeulis raime dazianeba miiRos. amitom yvelas unda SeeZlos pirveladi samedicino daxmarebis gaweva dazaralebulisaTvis.

sur. 11

Ddidxans mzeze uqudod da damcavi saTvalis gareSe yofna mzis dakvras iwvevs. mzis dakvris SemTxvevaSi dazaralebuli unda moaTavso gril adgilze, gaxado zeda tansacmeli, daalevino wyali, Tavze da gulis areSi daado civi tilo. saWiroebis SemTxvevaSi mimarTo eqims. saxifaToa zRvis sanapiroze mzeze didxans garujva. SeiZleba miiRo damwvroba.

sur. 12

sxeulis cecxliT, mduRare wyliT an orTqliT damwvrobisas (sur.11) aucilebelia damwvar adgilas civi, gamdinare wyali daasxa. mZime damwvrobisas saswrafod unda mimarTo eqims. msubuqi Wrilobis miRebisas Wriloba unda Camoibanos sufTa wyliT, Wrilobis garSemo unda wausva iodi (iodi klavs baqteriebs, romelic SeiZleba SeiWras organizmSi da gamoiwvios am adgilis daCirqeba), gadauxvio Wriloba dolbandiT (sur. 12). Tu Wrilobidan sisxldena ar wydeba, aucilebelia kidurze laxtis SemoWera da saswrafod unda mimarTo eqims.

sur. 13

Tu Wriloba seriozulia, saswrafod unda mimarTo eqims. daJeJil adgilas unda daado civ wyalSi dasvelebuli tilo an yinuli (sur. 13). motexilobisas, motexili kiduri umoZraod unda iyos. amisaTvis saWiroa specialuri artaSani. bunebaSi yofnisas artaSanad SeiZleba gamoiyeno xis toti (sur. 14). artaSanma unda moicvas kiduris rogorc dazianebuli, ise dauzianebeli nawili. kiduri ise unda moaTavso artaSanze, rom adamianma Sveba igrZnos da ar hqondes zedmeti moZraobis saSualeba. AamisaTvis artaSanze raime naWeri (dolbandi) mWidrod gadaaxvie.

sur. 14

bunebismetyveleba 6

uxerxulma moZraobam SeiZleba, saxsridan Zvlis amovardna gamoiwvios. am drosac unda uzrunvelyo sax-

sris sruli uZraoba (sur. 15). tkivilis Sesamcireblad, civi wyliT dasvelebuli tilo gamoiyene. ar SeiZleba motexili Zvlebis gasworeba an amovardnili Zvlis fosoSi Casma. es mxolod eqimma unda gaakeTos. gvelis nakbenis SemTxvevaSi Zalze efeqtiania pirvel wuTebSi Sxamis gamodevna. ar SeiZleba nakbenis gakveTa, mowva. dauSvebelia agreTve laxtis dadeba. is auaresebs mdgomareobas. avadmyofs uCndeba gangrena. mniSvnelovania nakbeni kiduris gaCereba srul uZraobaSi, imisaTvis, rom Sxami ar gavrceldes mTel organizmSi. Sxamis gasaneitraleblad aucilebelia, dazaralebuls mieces didi raodenobiT siTxe. igi saswrafod unda iqnas gadayvanili saavadmyofoSi.

sur. 15

gaazreba

CaatareT roluri TamaSi. airCieT erT-erTi amxanagi. igulisxmeT, rom mas aqvs romelime kiduris motexiloba, an RrZoba, an msubuqi Wriloba. aRmouCineT mas pirveladi daxmareba TqvenTvis cnobili meTodebiT. saSinao davaleba

me-16 suraTze gamosaxuli situaciebis mixedviT aRwere, ra saxis pirveladi daxmareba unda Cautardes dazaralebuls.

sur. 16

Tavi 2. adamiani da janmrTeloba

4. kveba da janmrTeloba ifiqre e da jel s m i ratom aris aucilebeli sistematurad xilis mirTmeva? sur. 17

sur. 18. mravalferovani sakvebi

sur. 19. xilis naturaluri wvenebi

bunebismetyveleba 6

swori kveba mozardis zrdisa da janmrTelobisaTvis aucilebelia. sakvebidan miRebul energias kaloriebiT zomaven. A zedmeti sakvebis miReba iseve sazianoa, rogorc SimSili. adamiani, romelic sakvebidan miRebul energias ver xarjavs, wonaSi imatebs da Warbwoniani xdeba. msoflioSi Warbwonianoba awuxebs rogorc mozrdilebs, aseve bavSvebsac. Warbwonianobis Tavidan asacileblad aucilebelia sworad SeirCes, rogorc ulufis zoma, aseve ulufaSi Semavali sakvebis saxeoba. Aadamianis ulufa, gansakuTrebiT ki mozardis, mravalferovani unda iyos. janmrTelobisaTvis sazianoa mudmivad erTgvarovani sakvebis miReba. zrdis procesSi aucileblia xorcisa da kvercxis mirTmeva (sur. 18). xorci, kvercxi Zvirfas cilas (proteins) Seicavs. igi mozards didi raodenobiT sWirdeba. Tumca cximiani xorcis miReba arasasurvelia. radgan cxoveluri cximebi sakmaod kaloriulia. mcenareuli cximebi (magaliTad, mzesumziris, simindisa da zeTisxilis zeTebi) sisxlSi cximis Semcvelobaze dadebiTad moqmedebs. sasurvelia dReSi 65 g cximis miReba. dietologebi gvirCeven, rom Tevzis Wama kviraSi orjer aucilebelia. igi mdidaria sasicocxlo cximJavebiTa da iodiT. xili da bostneuli yvelaze jansaRi sakvebia. isini didi raodenobiT Seicaven vitaminebs. Aaseve sasargebloa naturaluri wvenebis daleva, romelTac advilad iTvisebs organizmi (sur. 19).

rZis produqtebi Seicavs iseT vitaminebs, romlebic xels uwyoben moswavleebSi saswavlo masalis aTvisebasa da yuradRebis koncentracias. rZis produqtebi (sur. 20) aucilebelia mozardis kbilebisa da Zvlebis gasajansaReblad. 30 wlamde adamianis Zvlebi da kbilebi magrdeba da yalibdeba. Yyovelive amas xels uwyobs rZis produqtebi. rZeze momzadebuli burRleulis fafebis (sur. 21) mirTmeva aucilebelia. isini Seicaven didi raodenobiT vitaminebs, rac saWiroa mozardis zrdisa da ganviTarebisaTvis. gansakuTrebiT sasargebloa Svria, wiwibura, brinji.

sur. 20. rZis produqtebi

gaazreba

kvebis piramidisa (sur. 22) da mocemuli rCevebis mixedviT imsjele jansaRi kvebis Sesaxeb.

sur. 21. Svriis fafa

daimaxsovre!

sakvebi unda iyos maqsimalurad mravalferovani. sakvebis miReba unda xdebodes dReSi daaxloebiT 4-jer an 5-jer, saurvelia erTsa da imave dros. yoveldRiur meniuSi unda Sediodes rZe (araumetes erTi Wiqa) da rZis produqtebi. sasurvelia yoveldRe miirTvaT bostneuli da xili. marilis miiReba unda iyos SezRuduli. ar aris rekomendebuli cxare sakvebis mirTmeva. Nar miirTvaT maionezi da ketCupi didi raodenobiT. Saqari, tkbileuli da gansakuTrebiT gaziani wylebi unda maqsimalurad SeizRudos. sasurvelia xorciani sakvebi iyos orTqlze damzadebuli da ara Semwvari.

cximi, zeTi, marili, Saqari, tkbileuli

xorci, Tevzi rZe, kvercxi

bostneuli, xili

puri, fafebi

sur. 22. jansaRi kvebis piramida

saSinao davaleba

cxrilis gamoyenebiT Seadgine jansaRi kvebis erTi dRis reJimi da Sen mier Sedgenili meniu Seadare Tanaklaselebis menius. sauzme

sadili

samxari

vaxSami

sakvebi Tavi 2. adamiani da janmrTeloba

5. puri da parkosnebi ifiqre e da jel s m i ratom unda miirTvaT puri yoveldRe? sur. 23

sur. 24. xorbali

sur. 25. lobio

bunebismetyveleba 6

P uri is produqtia, romelic yvelam yoveldRiurad p unda miirTvas. igi aucilebelia mozardis janmrTelobisaTvis. purSi Semavali nivTierebebi warmarTaven organizmSi mimdinare nivTierebaTa cvlis sasicocxlo procesebs. Ppuri aseve kargi energetikuli wyaroa. TeTri puri sakmaod gemrielia. Tumca eqim-dietelogebi Tvlian, rom TeTri puris sistematuri miReba sazianoa, adamiani SeiZleba diabetiT daavaddes. Aaseve janmrTelobisaTvis sazianoa iseTi puri, romelSic didi raodenobiTaa safuari. sasurvelia miirTvaT usafuaro puri. organizmisaTvis TeTr purze ufro sasargebloa Wvavis, qatosa da muqi feris puri. Tumca zogjer mwarmoeblebi ruxi puris misaRebad FfqvilSi saRebavs ureven. aseTi puri vnebs janmrTelobas. marcvlovani mcenareebis (sur. 24) garda parkosnebs Cvens racionSi gansakuTrebuli adgili uWiravs. sakvebad gamoiyeneba, rogorc mwvane parkiani lobio, aseve mwife da gamxmari marcvali (sur. 25). lobios sagemovno Tvisebebis garda, janmrTelobisTvis sasargeblo uamravi Tviseba aqvs. lobios marcvali Seicavs maRalkaloriul nivTierebebs. eqimebis daskvniT, lobios miReba sasargebloa Saqriani diabetis, revmatizmis, Tirkmlebis, pankreasis da sxva daavadebebis dros. iTvleba, rom lobio aseve Zalian sasargebloa kbilebisTvisac. lobios regularuli moxmareba xels uSlis kbilebze nadebis warmoqmnas. lobios marcvlebi Seicavs didi raodenobiT momwamvlel nivTierebas, romelic sruliad ikargeba lobios moxarSvis dros.

bardac parkosani mcenarea (sur. 26). igi cilebis mdidari wyaroa. bardas cilebi xorcis cilebis msgavsia. mis parkebSi bavSvis zrdisaTvis bevri aucilebeli nivTierebaa. mecnierebma kvlevis Sedegad daadgines, rom Cveulebrivi barda â&#x20AC;&#x201C; namdvili wamalia. gansakuTrebiT faseulia mwvane bardis marcvali, romelsac vitaminebis tablets uwodeben. barda Seucvlelia gulis jansaRi muSaobisTvis. gaazreba

sur. 26. barda

mocemuli rCevebis mixedviT imsjele puris vargisianobaze misi SeZenisas. daimaxsovre!

puri unda iyos mZime. Tu maRaziaSi ori erTi zomis puri devs, arCevani mZime produqtze gaakeTe. puri zewolisas martivad unda ibrunebdes pirvandel formas. purSi ar unda iyos didi nasvretebi â&#x20AC;&#x201C; es mianiSnebs, rom masSi zedmeti safuaria. saukeTesoa puri, romelsac Tanabari, patara nasvretebi aqvs. puris kani unda iyos erTgvarovani, priala da kanis moZrobisas, mas unda gayves gulic. Tu puris kani martivad Zvreba guls, aseTi puri ar aris kargi. kargad daakvirdi purs, gansakuTrebiT zafxulis periodSi. is daZvelebisas unda xmebodes. siZvelis miuxedavad, puri ar unda iyos obiani (sur. 27) da webovani. webovaneba mianiSnebs imaze, rom purSi baqteria kartofilis Cxiria, rac saSiSia Cveni janmrTelobisTvis.

saSinao davaleba

sur. 27. obiani puri

eqsperimentuli davaleba

saRebavis Semcvelobis dadgena rux purSi mocemuli gaqvs: ramdenime saxeobis ruxi da Savi puri, Wiqebi wyliT, kovzi. msvleloba: wvrilad daWrili sxvadasxva saxeobis ruxi puris naWrebi cal-calke Cayare civ wylian WiqaSi, mourie kovziT. daakvirdi TiToeul WiqaSi wylis fers 10 wuTis Semdeg. gamoitane daskvna, Seicavs Tua ara puri saRebavs. moamzade flaerebi, romelSic aRwerili iqneba, rogor unda dadgindes rux da Sav purSi saRebavis Semcveloba. flaerebi gaavrcele skolis moswavleebsa da maswavleblebSi.

Tavi 2. adamiani da janmrTeloba

6. arajansaRi kveba ifiqre e da jel s m i ratom ar unda miirTva obiani sakvebi?

sur. 28

sur. 29

sur. 30

bunebismetyveleba 6

arajansaRi kveba aferxebs mozardis gonebrivi da fizikuri zrdis procesebs da iwvevs sxvadasxva daavadebas. Y yvela sakvebs Tavisi Senaxvis vada da pirobebi gaaCnia. produqtebis umetesi nawili macivarSi unda inaxebodes. isini unda SeifuTos an specialur konteinerSi moTavsdes. sayinuleSi Senaxuli xili da bostneuli ramdenime Tvis ganmavlobaSi inarCunebs gemos da vitaminebs. Semwvari kartofili TiTqmis yvela mozardis sayvareli saWmelia. Tu kartofili didi xniT siTboSi an mzeze inaxeba, igi mwvandeba (sur. 29). aseTi feris kartofili Sxamebs Seicavs da misi miReba organizmisTvis sazianoa. gansakuTrebiT saSiSia obiani sakvebis miReba. obis sokoebi Seicaven simsivnis gamomwvev nivTierebebs. aseTi sakvebi unda gadayaro an gadaasxa. G gatarebuli xorcis (farSi) Senaxva macivarSi (sayinulis gareSe) 12 saaTze met xans arasasurvelia. Aaseve Tavisi Senaxvis vada aqvs rZis produqtebsa da kvercxs. sakvebi rom ar gafuWdes qarxnulad damzadebul produqtebSi iyeneben specialur sakveb danamatebs. es danamatebia konservantebi, saRebavebi, aromatisa da gemos mimcemi nivTierebebi da sxv. konservantebi iseTi danamatebia, romlebic sakvebis Senaxvis vadas axangrZliveben. bunebrivi konservantebia Zmari, marili, Saqari. zogierTi danamati adamianis janmrTelobisTvis sazianoa. SeiZleba gamoiwvios alergia, muclis tkivili an kiboc ki. sakveb danamatebs produqtis etiketze E asoTi gamosaxaven.

SefuTvaze sakvebs aucilebad unda axldes etiketi (sur. 30) saqarTvelos moqmedi kanonmdeblobiT aucilebelia qarTul enaze gamosaCen adgilze eweros Semdegi informacia: P produqtis dasaxeleba; P produqtis wona; P produqtis damamzadebeli qveyana da firmis misamarTi; P D produqtis damzadebis TariRi da vargisianobis vada. zogierT SemTxvevaSi miTiTebuli unda iyos Senaxvis pirobebi, temperatura da sxva; P P produqtis Semadgenloba; P Pproduqtis kaloriuloba, vitaminizireba, janmrTelobisaTvis mavne nivTierebaTa Semcveloba. maRaziaSi nayid kvercxs Stampi artyia (sur. 31), romelzec aRniSnulia kvercxis mwarmoebeli da TariRi. didi xnis kvercxi sakvebad uvargisia. moZvelebul kvercxs arasasiamovno suni aqvs. es kvercxis Semadgeneli nivTierebebis gardaqmnis Sedegia.

sur. 31

gaazreba

imsjele bananis vargisianobis Sesaxeb.

daimaxsovre!

bananis SeZenisas daakvirdi bananze dakrul patara etikets (sur. 32). Tu produqtze dakrul etiketze 5-niSna kodia da es kodi 9-ianiT iwyeba es niSnavs, rom produqti tradiciuli meTodiT aris moyvanili. Tu produqts 5-niSna kodi aqvs, romelic 8-ianiT iwyeba, maSin es niSnavs, rom produqti specialuri meTodebiT aris miRebuli (genetikurad modificirebulia). am meTodiT miRebuli produqtis organizmze uaryofiTad moqmedebis Sedegi eqimebis mier bolomde ar aris Seswavlili.

sur. 32

saSinao davaleba

1. moiZie da gaecani maRaziaSi SeZenili sxvadasxva produqtis SefuTvaze dakrul etikets, magaliTad, bananis, rZisa da araJnis. daadgine am produqtebis Senaxvis vada, Semcveli konservantebi. 2. moiZie informacia da Caatare prezentacia: `jansaRi kveba da janmrTeloba~; `sakvebi danamatebi da maTi gavlena adamianis janmrTelobaze~.

Tavi 2. adamiani da janmrTeloba

7. sasmeli wyali da janmrTeloba ifiqre e da jel s m i ratom svams adamiani wyals? sur. 33

gaufrTxildi sasmel wyals!

sur. 34

bunebismetyveleba 6

wyals organizmisTvis sasicocxlo mniSvneloba aqvs. zogierTi cocxali organizmi Seicavs daaxloebiT 90% sufTa wyals. mecnierebis mtkicebiT, pirveli cocxali organizmebi warmoiSvnen wyalSi. wyals didi raodenobiT Seicavs adamianis organizmic. wylis meSveobiT regulirdeba sxeulis temperatura. adamians SeuZlia, erT Tvemde gaZlos sakvebis gareSe, uwylod ki Cveulebriv garemoSi 7-10 dRes Tu cocxlobs; cxeli, mSrali klimatis pirobebSi ki uwylod 3-5 dReze metxans ver Zlebs. adamiani dRe-RameSi 2 litr wyals gamoyofs, rac daaxloebiT 8 Wiqas udris. sicxisa da fizikuri datvirTvisas gamoyofili siTxis raodenobam SesaZloa 4-5 litrsac miaRwios. kvlevebis Sedegad gamovlinda, rom adamianis organizmi iRebs da gamoyofs erTidaimave raodenobis wyals. amas wylis balanss uwodeben. am balansis darRveva organizmis janmrTelobisaTvis saSiSia. wylis danakargi organizmma garedan unda Seivsos. adamianisaTvis dReRameSi saSualod 6-7 Wiqa anu 2 litramde wylis dalevaa rekomendebuli. amave dros zedmeti wylis miRebac sazianoa. adamianis janmrTeloba didad aris damokidebuli wylis sisufTaveze. garegnulad wyali SeiZleba sufTad gamoiyurebodes, ar hqondes arasasiamovno suni da gemo, Tumca dabinZurebuli iyos (sur. 34). WuWyiani wyali bevri daavadebis wyaroa. kuW-nawlavis infeqciuri daavadebebi ZiriTadad dabinZurebuli wyliT vrceldeba. sasmeli wylis sisufTaves da vargisianobas laboratoriuli analizis Sedegad adgenen.

qimiuri qarxnebidan da maRaroebidan gamoyofili narCenebi xvdeba gruntis (miwisqveSa) wyalSi. es iwvevs sasmeli wylis dabinZurebas. wyali aseve binZurdeba soflis meurneobaSi sasuqebis Warbad gamoyenebisas. janmrTelobisaTvis sazianoa dabinZurebul wyalSi banaoba. aseT adgilebSi aris gamafrTxilebeli niSnebi (sur. 35). sasmel wyals gafrTxileba sWirdeba. dedamiwaze mtknari wylis maragi usasrulo ar aris, amitom saWiroa wylis ekonomiurad xarjva. nu datovebT wylis onkans Rias. 22 marti wylis resursebis dacvis saerTaSoriso dRea.

sur. 35

gaazreba

gaecani da imsjele sasmeli wylis miRebis wesebis Sesaxeb. Tu sanitarul wesebs saTanadod ver icav, an iyeneb bunebriv (wyaros, mdinaris, Wis an WaburRilis) Seumowmebel wyals, saWiroa moxmarebamde is gaasufTavo Semdegi martivi meTodebiT: aaduRe wyali sufTa WurWelSi minimum sami wuTis ganmavlobaSi; Caumate iodis 2 wveTi 1 litr wyals, gaaCere 30 wuTi da mxolod amis Semdeg gamoiyene. gayine wyali -150C-mde. Semdeg gaadne da ise dalie. gasufTavebuli wyali Seinaxe Tavdaxurul WurWelSi.

daimaxsovre!

dabinZurebuli wyliT gamowveuli daavadebis SemTxvevaSi: Sewyvite saeWvo wylis moxmareba. dauyovneblad mimarTe eqims. Seatyobine am SemTxvevis Sesaxeb sxvebsac (mezoblebs, Tanasoflelebs), vinc amave wyliT sargeblobs. sasmel wyalTan dakavSirebuli problemebis Sesaxeb acnobe Sesabamis struqturebs: sanitarul inspeqcias, adgilobriv samedicino dawesebulebebs.

saSinao davaleba eqsperimentuli davaleba

sasmeli wylis gafiltvra

mocemuli gaqvs: wyliani WurWeli, Rrubeli, qviSa (an mananis burRuli), minis wkiri.

msvleloba: 1. wylian WiqaSi Cayare qviSa da wkiriT mourie. 2. daasxi qviSiani wyali Rrubels. aRwere damzerili movlena. gamoitane daskvna: ratom darCa qviSis nawilakebi Rrubelze? rogori wyali miiRe? moifiqre da Caatare analogiuri cda. SearCie masala da filtri (magaliTad, wyali, qato da wvrilbadiani saceri).

sur. 36

Tavi 2. adamiani da janmrTeloba

8. xmauri da Zili ifiqre e da jel s m i

ras iwvevs xmauri?

sur. 37

sur. 38. didxans Zili sazianoa

sur. 39. xmaurmzomi

bunebismetyveleba 6

adamianis janmrTelobaze uaryofiTad moqmedebs Zilis ukmarisoba. normalur pirobebSi sicocxlis mesameds adamiani ZilSi atarebs. Ramis Zili gansakuTrebiT mniSvnelovania mozardisaTvis. Tanamedrove kvlevebis mixedviT 9 wlis mozards 9 saaTi unda eZinos. 12 wlisas ki â&#x20AC;&#x201C; 8 saaTi. Ramis Zils ver Secvlis dRisiT Zili. janmrTeli Zili aris tvinis muSaobis erT-erTi mniSvnelovani funqcia. Rrma Zilis dros xdeba adamianis organizmis sruli dasveneba da Zalebis aRdgena. gamouZinebeli mozardi diliT daRlili iRviZebs. cud xasiaTzea. Znelad swavlobs da uWirs azrovneba. didxans Zili iseve sazianoa adamianisaTvis, rogorc uZiloba. Mmecnierebma daaskvnes, rom gadaWarbebuli Zili moswavleebSi iwvevs aTvisebis unaris daqveiTebas. xmaurSi Zili sazianoa adamianis janmrTelobisaTvis. xmauri is bgerebia, romlis mosmenac adamians ar siamovnebs. xmauri uaryofiTad moqmedebs nerviul sistemaze. Mmozardi xmaurSi Znelad igebs da iTvisebs sagakveTilo masalas. Mmudmivad xmaurSi yofna adamians agresiulsa da gauwonasworebels xdis. xmaurisas, eleqtronuli da rok-musikis sistematurad mosmenisas, imatebs gulis cema, ziandeba nervuli sistema da smena. Ddidma xmaurma siyruec ki SeiZleba gamoiwvios. Mrok-musikis koncertebze xmauri saSualod 110-120 decibelia. mozardebs Zalian uyvarT yursasmenebiT muskis mosmena. yursasmenebis maRal xmaze CarTva azianebs smenas. Aucilebelia yursasmenebis moxsna quCaSi gadasasvlelze gadasvlisas. E eqimebis kvlevis Sedegad dadginda, rom mudmivad xmaurSi yofna iwvevs kuW-nawlavis daavadebas. magaliTad, musikosebisaTvis es daavadeba iTvleba profesiul daavadebad.

mSvidi

normaluri

safrTxisSemcveli

xmamaRali

mecnierebma Seqmnes xmauris gamzomi xelsawyo xmaurmzomi (sur. 39). xmauris done izomeba decibelebSi. 20-30 decibeli xmauri praqtikulad uvnebelia adamianisaTvis. xmauris dasaSvebi zRvari 80 decibelia. 90 decibelis xmauri adamianSi iwvevs mtkivneul SegrZnebas, xolo 130 decibelis xmauri ukve autanelia (sur. 40). mozardebSi Zils xSirad xels uwyobs dabali donis â&#x20AC;&#x201C; 50 decibelis bgerebi. zogjer aseT bgerebs `TeTr xmaurs~ uwodeben. es bgerebia: Citis WikWiki, JuJuna wvimis xma, nakadulis rakraki, klasikuri musika dabal xmaze. `TeTri xmauris~ bgerebiT rig samedicino klinikebSi uZilobasac mkurnaloben. xmauris Sesamcireblad sxvadasxva saSualebebi gamoiyeneba: magaliTad, arsebobs specialuri bgeris CamxSobi masalisgan damzadebuli mowyobiloba, romelic mWidrod ekroba yurs (sur. 41); saxlis aSenebisas bgeris CasaxSobad iyeneben specialur masalebs; metaloplastmasis fanjrebi icaven mobinadreebs quCis xmaurisagan.

100

saziano

110 120

130

140

sur. 40. xmauris done decibelebSi

sur. 41. xmauris CamxSobi

gaazreba

gaecani mocemul rCevebs da imsjele, rogoria Seni Zilis reJimi. dasaZineblad daweqi erTsa da imave dros. daicavi piradi higiena. ar miirTva saWmeli Zilis win. ar dajde didxans kompiuterTan. ar ikiTxo da ar uyuro televizors mwoliarem.

daimaxsovre!

ar aris sasurveli gamoiyeno maRali baliSi, yeli da tani unda iyos TiTqmis erT doneze. Msawoli unda iyos myari da magari. leibi ar unda iyos rbili da fufmfula. gaaniave oTaxi. saZinebel oTaxSi unda iyos sibnele.

saSinao davaleba

me-40 suraTze gamosaxuli diagramis mixedviT aRwere, ra gavlenas axdens sxvadasxva donis xmauri adamianis janmrTelobaze. Tavi 2. adamiani da janmrTeloba

9.adamiani da mavne CvevebiA ifiqre e da jel s m i ras iwvevs sigaretis moweva?

sur. 42

sur. 43

bunebismetyveleba 6

sigaretis moweva janmrTelobisTvis sazianoa. igi zians ayenebs ara marto mwevel, aramed mis garSemo M myof adamianebsac. sigaretis kvamli mraval daavadebas iwvevs. magaliTad: filtvebis kibos, gulisa da kuWis daavadebebs da sxva. mweveli adamianis sicocxlis xangrZlioba 10 wliT naklebia, vidre aramwevelis. jandacvis msoflio organizaciis monacemebiT, dedamiwaze yovel 6 wamSi sigaretis moweviT gamowveuli sxvadasxva daavadebis Sedegad, saSualod erTi adamiani kvdeba. gardacvlilTa ricxvi weliwadSi 10 milions aRwevs. suraTze gamosaxulia janmrTeli da mweveli adamianis filtvebi (sur. 43 a, b). mSoblebis mimbaZvelobiT zogierTi axalgazrda Mmowevas adreul asakSi iwyebs. zogjer mozardebs Tanatolebi aiZuleben erTxel mainc gasinjon sigareti da isinic iwyeben mowevas. moweva adreuli asakidan CvevaSi gadadis da amitom man SeiZleba, damRupveli gavlena iqonios adamianis janmrTelobaze. aseve janmrTelobisTvis sazianoa alkoholuri sasmelebis, magaliTad, Rvinisa da aryis miReba. alkoholis mudmivad miReba sxva organoebTan erTad, gansakuTrebiT azianebs adamianis tvins. narkotikebis miRebac sazianoa adamianis janmrTelobisaTvis. Nnarkotikebi â&#x20AC;&#x201C; wamlebis garkveuli jgufia, romlebic avadmyof adamianze gamayuCebel da Zilismomgvrel moqmedebas axdens. misi TviTneburi miReba Zalian

cudad moqmedebs adamianis janmrTelobaze. narkotikul saSualebaTa jgufs miekuTvneba marixuanac. narkotikebis moxmarebisas adamians uziandeba sxvadasxva organo, romlis gankurnebac Zalian Znelia. 44-e suraTze gamosaxulia janmrTeli adamianis da narkomanis RviZli. narkomanebi xSirad ramdenjerme xmaroben erTsa da imave arasterilur samedicino Sprics, riTac mravali saxis sisxlis daavadeba gadadis, magaliTad: Sidsi, siyviTle (RviZlis hepatiti) da sxv. narkomanebi gamoyenebul Spricebs quCebsa da ezoebSi yrian (sur. 45). zogjer bavSvebi iReben maT da TamaSoben. SpriciT TamaSisas nemsiT SeiZleba, xeli daziandes, infeqcia Sevides organizmSi da bavSvi daavaddes ukurnebeli seniT. amitom SpPriciT TamaSi akrZalulia. visac unda, janmrTeli da bednieri iyos, unda moeridos sigaretis mowevas, narkotikebsa da alkohols!

sur. 44

sur. 45

gaazreba

1. imsjele, ratom krZalaven sazogadoebriv adgilebSi sigaretis mowevas. 2. ra gamafrTxilebel warweras gaukeTebdi suraTebs (sur. 46)?

b sur. 46 saSinao davaleba

1. 43-e suraTis mixedviT Seadare erTmaneTs janmrTeli da mweveli adamianebis filtvebi. gamoitane daskvna, ratom ar unda mowio sigareti. 2. moamzade plakatebi: a) `sigareti da janmrTeloba~. b) `alkoholi da janmrTeloba~. g) `narkotiki da janmrTeloba~. Tavi 2. adamiani da janmrTeloba

10. radiacia da garemo ifiqre e da jel s m i ras iwvevs atomuri sadguris afeTqeba?

sur. 46. fokusimas atomuri eleqtrosadguri

sur. 47. afeTqeba Cernobilis atomur eleqtrosadgurSi

sur. 48. radiaciul zonaSi gazrdili gvirila da pomidori

bunebismetyveleba 6

mzidan dedamiwaze siTbosa da sinaTlesTan erTad, gansakuTrebuli Tvisebebis mqone gamosxiveba â&#x20AC;&#x201C; radiaciac Semodis. kosmosi radiaciis erT-erTi wyaroa. dedamiwas kosmosidan Semosuli radiaciisagan atmosfero icavs, Tumca radiaciis garkveuli nawili mainc aRwevs Cvenamde. garda kosmosidan Semosuli radiaciisa, bunebaSi moipoveba iseTi nivTierebebi, romlebic radiaciis wyaroa. maT radiaqtiur nivTierebebs uwodeben. aseTi nivTierebebia: urani, plutoniumi, radiumi da sxv. radiaqtiuri nivTierebebis energia gamoiyeneba atomur eleqtrosadgurebSi. zogjer atomur sadgurebSi avariebi xdeba, ris gamoc garemoSi imatebs radiacia. 1986 wels ukrainaSi, Cernobilis atomuri sadguri afeTqda (sur. 47). Cernobilis atomuri sadguris garSemo Seiqmna 30 kilometriani zona, sadac momatebuli radiaciis gamo Sesvla dResac akrZalulia. sasoflo-sameurneo samuSaoebisaTvis uvargisi gaxda 5 milioni heqtari miwa. radiacia gavrcelda ukrainis mezobel qveynebSic, belorusiasa da ruseTSi. mogvianebiT 2011 wels iaponiaSi momxdarma miwisZvram gamoiwvia cunami, ris Sedegadac daingra aTasobiT saxli da daiRupa uamravi adamiani, afeTqda atomuri eleqtrosadguri fokusima (sur. 46). fokusimas avariis Sedegad adamianebis garda, dazianda buneba. radiacia kacobriobas did problemebs uqmnis. misi didi doza iwvevs cocxal organizmebSi mavne genetiku-

ri cvlilebebis gaxSirebas (sur. 48 da 49). momatebuli radiaciis Sedegad ziandeba adamianis kani, Sinagani organoebi. matulobs simsivnuri daavadebebi. radiacia adamianis organizmSi sxvadasxva gziT SeiZleba moxvdes. magaliTad, sakvebidan, wylidan, haeridan da kanis dasxivebis Sedegad. radiaciuli dabinZurebis xarisxis dasadgenad gamoiyeneba specialuri xelsawyo – dozimetri (sur. 50). radiaqtiuri nivTierebebi specialur tyviis an rkina-betonis konteinerebSi inaxeba (sur. 51), romelTac specialuri gamafrTxilebeli niSani aqvT. arsebobs radiaciis SedarebiT susti wyaroebi, romelic adamianma xelovnurad Seqmna. magaliTad, samedicino sxivuri Terapiis aparatebi, rentgenis aparati, kompiuterebi, televizorebi da sxva.

sur. 49. radiaciul zonaSi dabadebuli xbo

gaazreba

imsjele radiaciisagan Tavdacvis saWiro wesebis Sesaxeb.

sur. 50. dozimetri

daimaxsovre!

52-e suraTze gamosaxulia garemoSi momatebuli radiaciis gamafrxilebeli niSani, romelic adamianebs auwyebs: „frTxilad, radiaciaa!“ yvelgan sadac aseTi usafrxoebis niSani Segxvdeba, unda gaiTvaliswino, rom mimdebare teritoriaze saSiSi radiaciaa. aseT adgilebs saswrafod unda moSorde. ar SeiZleba radiaqtiur nivTierebebTan xeliT Sexeba. organizmidan radiaqtiuri elementebis ga mosadevnad, sasurvelia Semdegi sakvebis miReba: mandarini, Savi mocxari, qacvi da sxv.

sur. 51. konteinerebi radiaqtiuri narCenebisaTvis

saSinao davaleba

moiZie informacia da qvemoT mocemuli sakiTxebidan erT-erTze moamzade moxseneba. Caatare prezentacia. 1. Cernobilis atomuri sadguris afeTqeba da bunebaSi mimdinare misi Sedegi. 2. iaponiaSi atomuri sadguris afeTqebis mizezi da Sedegi.

sur. 52. momatebuli radiaciis niSani

Tavi 2. adamiani da janmrTeloba

11. garemos dabinZureba ifiqre e da jel s m i ratom binZurdeba garemo?

sur. 53

sur. 54

sur. 55

bunebismetyveleba 6

adamianebi TavianTi saqmianobiT xSirad safrTxes uqmnian bunebas â&#x20AC;&#x201C; abinZureben wyals, haers, miwas. nivTierebebi, romlebic garemos dabinZurebas iwvevs, mravali saxisaa. garemos dabinZurebis erT-erTi mTavari wyaroa fabrika-qarxnebis mier gamoyofili narCenebi da dabinZurebuli wyali (sur. 54). antarqtidaSi, iq, sadac mxolod yinulia da ar aris fabrika-qarxnebi, mecnierebma haerSi momwavlavi airebi aRmoaCines. momwamvleli airi antarqtidaSi atmosferuli haeris nakadis moZraobis Sedegad aRmoCnda. garemodan momwamlavi nivTierebebi adamianis organizmSi sxvadasxva gziT xvdeba. maTi mcire doza Tavis tkivils, gulisrevasa da xvelas iwvevs. Ddidi raodenobiT momwamlavi nivTierebis zemoqmedebis Sedegad adamianebi avaddebian alergiiT, bronquli asTmiT da sxva. fabrikebsa da qarxnebSi, sadac wyali Sesrulebuli samuSaoebis gamo binZurdeba, aucilebelia iyos specialuri wylis gamwmendi mowyobiloba. mecnierebma ukve Seqmnes aseTi danadgarebi, romelTa saSualebiT xdeba wylis gasufTaveba. aseTi wyali SeiZleba sasmelad ar gamodges, magram misi gamoyeneba sxva mizniT SesaZlebelia, magaliTad, sarwyavad. haeri binZurdeba fabrika-qarxnebidan da avtomanqanebidan gamonabolqvi namwvavi airebiT (sur. 55). haerSi arsebuli gamonabolqvisa da mtvris kargi gamwmendia tyeebi. xeebis foTlebi mtvers ikraven, ro-

melic wvimis wyliT irecxeba. tye aseve haerSi arsebul qimiur nivTierebebsac STanTqavs. amitom qalaqebSi aucilebelia skverebisa da baRebis arseboba. tyeebis saSualebiT inaxeba wyali. maTi gaCexvis Sedegad xdeba niadagis wylisgan gamoSroba, mdinareebSi wylis donis Semcireba, qariani amindis momateba. tyis umowyalod Wra dedamiwaze ekologiur katastrofas iwvevs! mouare xeebs da darge isini. es TiToeuli Cvenganis valia. xSirad zRvebisa da okeaneebis dabinZurebas iwvevs navTobiT datvirTuli gemebis katastrofa. am dros navTobi wyalSi iRvreba (sur. 56) ixocebian Tevzebi, frinvelebi da sxva cxovelebi. Ddaxocili cxovelebis lpobac iwvevs wylis dabinZurebas.

sur. 56. okeaneSi CaRvrili navTobi

gaazreba

sqemis mixedviT imsjele atmosferos dabinZurebis Sesaxeb.

atmosferos dabinZureba

fabrika-qarxnebi

transporti

sayofacxovrebo wvis gamonabolqvi

saSinao davaleba

cxrilis gamoyenebiT aRwere, ra raodenobis mtvers filtravs sxvadasxva saxeobis mcenare. gamoitane daskvna: ratom aris sasurveli muxis xeebis gaSeneba? dagirgavs Tu ara xe? ras gegmav momavalSi garemos gamwvanebis TvalsazrisiT? tyis saxeoba

farTobi

gafiltruli mtvris raodenoba weliwadSi

muxnari fiWvnari naZvnari

1 heqtari 1 heqtari 1 heqtari

54 tona 37 tona 30 tona

sur. 57. pingvinebi ekologiuri katastrofisas

Tavi 2. adamiani da janmrTeloba

12. sayofacxovrebo narCenebis gamoyeneba ifiqre e da jel s m i ratom amcirebs garemos dabinZurebas sayofacxovrebo narCenebis meoradi gadamuSaveba? sur. 58

sur. 58. meoradi gadamuSavebis emblema

kacobrioba cdilobs Seamciros garemos dabinZureba. Tanamedrove did qalaqebSi TiTqmis yvelgan aris nagvis sawvavi qarxnebi. aseT qarxnebSi tonobiT nagavs wvaven. wvis Sedegad gamoiyofa siTbo da specialur danadgarebSi cxeldeba wyali. mduRare wyliT ki Tbeba binebi, dawesebulebebi, fermebi da sxva. e.i zamTarSi adamiani Tbeba Tavisive nagvis xarjze. specialuri danadgarebis saSualebiT nagvis gadamuSavebiT eleqtroenergiasac Rebuloben. bunebis damcvelebi miiCneven, rom nagvis sawvav qarxnebSi wvis Sedegad atmosferoSi gamoiyofa momwamlavi nivTierebebi, romlebic abinZurebs haers. amitom mecnierebma Seqmnes nagvis gadamamuSavebeli qarxnebi (sur. 60). gadamuSavebuli nagvidan miiReba axali nivTiereba. magaliTad, rodesac Tqven yriT wakiTxul gazeTebsa da Zvel rveulebs, makulaturis gadamamuSavebel qarxanaSi (sur. 61) maT jer asveleben, asufTaveben da anawevreben. Semdeg misgan boWkovan celulozas iReben. celulozas

sur. 60. nagvis gadasamuSavebeli sawarmo

bunebismetyveleba 6

sur. 61. makulaturis gadasamuSavebeli qarxana TbilisSi

iseve amuSaveben, rogorc xis merqans qaRaldis miRebisas. amdenad, meoradi qaRaldi arafriT gansxvavdeba Cveulebrivi qaRaldisagan da mis misaRebad ar aris saWiro xeebis moWra. aseve izogeba eleqtroenergia, wyali, Jangbadi. nagvis gadamamuSavebeli qarxana mravladaa evropaSi. evropis qveynebSi, sanam nagavs gadayrian, afasoeben da specialur sanagve yuTebSi yrian. qaRalds, polieTilenis boTlebs, liTonebs, sakvebis narCenebs, tansacmels sakuTari yuTi gaaCnia (sur. 62). amdenad, dafasoebuli nagavi qarxnis sxvadasxva saamqroSi nawildeba da gadamuSavdeba. Tanamedrove teqnologiebi saSualebas iZleva moxdes plastmasis, minis, liTonebis meoradi gadamuSaveba. meorad nakeTobebs iseTive Tvisebebi gaaCnia, rogorc axals. iaponia sxva qveynebisagan gansxvavebiT yvelaze warmatebulad da sasargeblod iyenebs nagvis nedleuls. teritoriis gasafarToeblad maT nagvisagan gaakeTes xelovnuri kunZulebi. gaazreba

sur. 62. sanagve yuTebi baTumSi

Jangbads

12 xes

1 tona makulatura zogavs

63-e suraTis mixedviT imsjele resursebis dazogvis Sesaxeb makulaturidan qaRaldis miRebisas. saSinao davaleba

1. 64-e a, b, g suraTebis mixedviT aRwere sayofacxovrebo narCenebis gadamuSavebis wrebrunva.

aanTeEbs 10 00O0 naTuras 1 sT-Si

200 000 litr wyals

sur. 63

2. internetSi moiZie informacia: 1. saqarTvelosa (quTaisSi, saCxersa da baTumSi) da sxvadasxva qveynebSi nagvis dafasoebis Sesaxeb. 2. narCenebis gadamuSavebisa da meoradi gamoyenebis Sesaxeb (mag., bolnisi).

sur. 64

Tavi 2. adamiani da janmrTeloba

13. Semajamebeli gakveTili 1. sqemis mixedviT imsjele jansaRi cxovrebis wesis Sesaxeb.

jansaRi cxovrebis wesi Zili

swori kveba

TamaSi sufTa haerze

piradi higiena

sporti

kompiuterTan mcire xniT muSaoba

sufTa garemo

acrebi

haerze seirnoba

2. plakatis mixedviT imsjele jansaRi cxovrebis wesze. ra warweras gaukeTebdi TiToeul suraTs?

3. Seadare ori mozardis kvebis racioni erTmaneTs. imsjele romeli mozardi icavs jansaRi kvebis wess.

bunebismetyveleba 6

4. imsjele sayofacxovrebo narCenebis niadagSi daSlis vadebis Sesaxeb. sakvebis narCenebi

1-6 Tve

gazeTi da muyaos yuTi

1-4 Tve

sigaretis namwvavi

12 weli

saReWi rezini

30 weli

rezinis saburavebi

polieTileni

140 weli

200-400 weli

erTjeradi qaRaldis Wiqa da paketi

5 weli

10 weli

aguri da cementi

100 weli

konservis qila

folga

batarea

100 weli

110 weli

aluminis qila

sarecxi Rrubeli

300 weli

500 weli

minis qila

1000 weli

5. imsjele adamianis mier garemos dabinZurebis ZiriTAad mizezebze. transporti fabrikebi da qarxnebi

dabinZurebuli wyali

garemos dabinZureba xanZari

navTobis CaRvra wyalSi

soflis meurneobaSi gamoyenebuli qimikatebi

sayofacxovrebo narCenebi

Tboeleqtrosadgurebi

Tavi 2. adamiani da janmrTeloba

me-2 Tavis mokle daskvnebi: D

daavadebis gamomwvevi mikroorganizmebisagan Tavdacvis elementaruli wesebia: xelebis dabana, acra, Hhigienis dacva yoveldRiurad. G

gadamdebi daavadebebis Tavidan asacileblad sasurvelia avadmyof adamianTan kontaqti mxolod pirbadis gamoyenebiT. Ddaavadebis SemTxvevaSi aucilebelia drouli mkurnaloba eqimis meTvalyureobiT. janmrTelobis dacvisTvis sasurvelia oTaxis xSiri ganiaveba. Ffizikuri varjiSebi, monawileoba sportul RonisZiebebSi. dazaralebulebisaTvis daxmarebis gasawevad saWiroa gamoviyenoT pirveladi samedicino daxmarebis elementaruli wesebi. janmrTelobisaTvis saWiroa jansaRi kveba. amisaTvis sakveb racionSi unda Sediodes: bostneuli, marcvleuli, rZis produqtebi, Tevzi. saWiroa wylis balansis dacva. janmrTelobaze uaryofiTad moqmedi faqtorebia arasakmarisi fizikuri aqtivoba. agreTve: dabinZurebuli garemo, xmauri, arajansaRi kveba, nikotini da narkotikebi, momatebuli radiacia. G

garemos dabinZurebis Sesamcireblad saWiroa moxdes sawarmoo da sayofacxovrebo narCenebis gadamuSaveba da maTi gamoyeneba.

bunebismetyveleba 6

i: avl w s i Se sxvadasxva saxis energiebs. energiis bunebriv da xelovnur wyaroebs. ganaxlebad da araganaxlebad energiis wyaroebs. energiis erTi saxidan meoreSi gardaqmnis SesaZleblobas. Tanamedrove miRwevebs mzisa da qaris energiebis gamoyenebaSi.

bi: daufle a d b e l SeZ imsjelo moZraobis, siTburi, eleqtruli da sakvebis energiebis Sesaxeb. ganasxvavo erTmaneTisagan energiis bunebrivi da xelovnuri wyaroebi. imsjelo ganaxlebadi da arganaxlebadi energiis wyaroebis Sesaxeb. moiyvano magaliTebi energiis erTi saxidan meoreSi gardaqmnaze. daajgufo sxvadasxva energiis wyaroebi ganaxlebad da araganaxlebad wyaroebad da daasabuTo sakuTari mosazreba. imsjelo araganaxlebadi energiis wyaroebis dazogvaze da maT Canacvlebaze ganaxlebadi wya roebiT.

Tavi 2. adamiani da janmrTeloba

1. energia ifiqre e da jel s m i romeli energia ganapirobebs sicocxles dedamiwaze?

sur. 1

sur. 2. qaris eleqtrosadguri `qarTli~

sur. 3. wylis miqceva-moqcevis eleqtrosadguri

bunebismetyveleba 6

sxeulebs muSaobis SesrulebisaTvis energia sWirdebaT. energia aramarto muSaobis Sesrulebas sWirdeba, aramed sxeulebis gaTbobas, sasicocxlo da sxva procesebs. energia SeiZLleba iyos sxvadasxva saxis: moZraobis, siTburi, sinaTlis, eleqtruli, sakvebis da sawvavis. yvela es energia mzis energiis gardaqmnis Sedegad aris miRebuli. arsebobs energiis bunebrivi da xelovnuri wyaroebi. mze energiis bunebrivi wyaroa. energiis bunebriv wyaroebs aseve miekuTvneba qari, navTobi, qvanaxSiri da bunebrivi airi. eleqtruli energia energiis xelovnuri wyaroa. energiis wyaroebi SeiZleba iyos ganaxlebadi da araganaxlebadi. ganaxlebadi energiis wyaroebi amouwuravia. magaliTad: mzis, qaris (sur. 2), okeaneebisa da zRvebis wylis miqceva-moqcevis energia (sur. 3), vardnili wylis energia. amitom maT ganaxlebad energiis wyaroebs miakuTvneben. araganaxlebadi energiis wyaroebs miekuTvneba navTobi, qvanaxSiri, bunebrivi airi. maTi maragis Seqmnas dedamiwis wiaRSi milionobiT weli dasWirda, amitom adamianma sasargeblo wiaRiseuli ekonomiurad unda gamoiyenos da dazogos, radgan maTi maragi mcirdeba da amowurvadia. sawvavis wvis Sedegad gamoyofil siTbur energias yoveldRiurad movixmarT. Bbunebrivi airis wvisas gamoyofili siTbos energiis xarjze adamianebi aTboben saxlebs

da iyeneben sxvadasxva sayofacxovrebo saWiroebisaTvis. atomuri energia araganaxlebadi energiis wyaroa. igi miiReba nivTierebis Semadgeneli Zalian patara nawilakebis sxva nawilakebad gardaqmnis Sedegad. Tumca energiis misaRebad yvela nawilaki ar gamodgeba. Aam mizniT iyeneben radiaqtiur nivTierebebs, romlebic miwis wiaRSi moipoveba, magaliTad urans. misi maragi amowurvadia. U1 grami uranis gardaqmnis Sedegad imdeni siTburi energia gamoiyofa, ramdenic 3 tona qvanaxSiris wvis Sedegad. Aatomuri energiis miRebis process Tan axlavs gansakuTrebuli gamosxiveba â&#x20AC;&#x201C; radiaqtiuri gamosxiveba, rac sazianoa adamianis janmrTelobisaTvis. amitom atomur eleqtrosadgurebSi sistematurad amowmeben radiaciuli gamosxivebis dones (sur. 4).

sur. 4. atomuri eleqtrosadguris samarTavi pulti

gaazreba

sqemis mixedviT imsjele energiis bunebrivi wyaroebis Sesaxeb. energiis bunebrivi wyaroebi

amouwuravi mzis energia

amowurvadi ganaxlebadi

qaris energia

mcenareebi

wylis energia

cxovelebi

araganaxlebadi

torfi

sasargeblo wiaRiseuli

qvanaxSiri

navTobi

bunebrivi airi

wyali saSinao davaleba

1. 1-li cxrilis gamoyenebiT daajgufe energiis bunebrivi da xelovnuri wyaroebi: torfi, benzini, qvanaxSiri, eleqtruli energia, atomuri energia, SeSa, bunebrivi airi. 2. me-2 cxrilis gamoyenebiT daajgufe energiis ganaxlebadi da araganaxlebadi wyaroebi. 3. moamzade plakati siTburi da eleqtruli energiis dazogvis RonisZiebebis Sesaxeb ojaxsa da skolaSi.

cxr. 1 bunebrivi

xelovnuri

cxr. 2 ganaxlebadi

araganaxlebadi

Tavi 3. energia

2. siTburi energia ifiqre e da jel s m i romeli energia gamoiyofa sawvavis wvisas?

sur. 5

sur. 6. mzis koleqtori

sur. 7. geizeri

bunebismetyveleba 6

dedamiwaze mze energiis mTavari wyaroa. igi xuTi miliardi welia asxivebs siTbosa da sinaTles. Mmzis energia yvela cocxal arsebas sWirdeba. mzidan gamosxivebuli siTburi energia iwvevs mcenareTa aRmocenebasa da zrdas. Ddedamiwis zedapiri sxvadasxva adgilze gansxvavebulad Tbeba, Aamitom dedamiwa sxvadasxvanairi saxeobis mcenarebiTaa dafaruli. Mmzis siTburi energiis xarjze wyali dedamiwaze Txevad mdgomareobaSia. wylis energia aucilebelia cocxali organizmebisaTvis. rom ar yofiliyo wyali, ar iqneboda sicocxle dedamiwaze. mzis siTbosa da sinaTlis energia SeiZleba gamoyenebuli iqnas uSualod sxva energiad gardaqmnis gareSe. aseTi danadgarebia mzis koleqtorebi (sur. 6). mzis koleqtorebi Sedgeba milebisagan, romlebSic arsebuli wyali cxeldeba mzis siTbos energiis xarjze. cxeli wyali ki gamoiyeneba sayofacxovrebo miznebisaTvis da saxlebis gasaTbobad. siTburi energiis xarjze qarxnebSi adnoben sxvadasxva liTons, awarmoeben minas. medicinaSi siTbur energias iyeneben saoperacio iaraRebis sterilizaciisa da sxva saWiroebisaTvis. siTburi energia gamoiyofa sawvavis (navTobi, qvanaxSiri, bunebrivi airi) wvis Sedegad (sur. 5). Eamgvarad, sawvavis wvis Sedegad miRebuli siTburi energia gamoiyeneba: eleqtruli energiis misaRebad, wylis gasaTbobad da sxv. siTburi energia SeiZleba miviRoT miwis wiaRidan amosuli cxeli wyliT â&#x20AC;&#x201C; geizeriT (sur. 7). zogjer geizeris wylis temperatura 100 graduss aRwevs.

sur. 8. cxeli wylis milebiT dafaruli mSenebare trotuarebi islandiaSi

B evri qveyana, sadac mkacri da xangrZlivi zamTaria, b quCebis gasaTbobad geoTermul (miwisqveSa cxeli wylebi) wyals iyenebs. islandia msoflioSi yvelaze civi qveyanaa. Tumca igi mdidaria geizerebiT. Aam qveynis saxlebi da qalaqebis trotuarebi geoTermuli wylebiT Tbeba. me-8 suraTze gamosaxulia islandiaSi cxeli wylis milebiT dafaruli mSenebare trotuari. saqarTvelo msoflioSi gamoirCeva miwisqveSa wylebis simdidriT. Aam wylebs sxvadasxva Semadgenloba da temperatura aqvT. magaliTad, cxeli gogirdis wyali sayofacxovrebo miznebisTvis miewodeba Tbilisis mraval ubans. gaazreba

1. imsjele energiebis gardaqmnis Sesaxeb kosmosuri xomaldis dedamiwidan kosmosSi gaSvebisas (sur. 9). 2. adamianebs bagirze swrafi Camosrialibisas xelebi ewvebaT. imsjele, energiis ra gardaqmnebi xdeba am dros. sur. 9 saSinao davaleba

eqsperimentuli davaleba

dakvirveba energiis gardaqmnaze mocemuli gaqvs: 5 an 10-TeTriani moneta. msvleloba: 1. swrafad gaaxaxune moneta magidaze 20-30-jer. 2. Seexe monetas meore xeliT aRwere cda. gamoitane daskvna, romeli energiis gardaqmna xdeba monetis xaxunisas.

Tavi 3. energia

3. sinaTlis energia ifiqre e da jel s m i romeli energiis xarjze muSaobs mobiluri telefoni?

sur. 11

sur.12

sur.13. lampionebi mzis batareebze

bunebismetyveleba 6

sur.10

adamianebi mzes saukuneebis ganmavlobaSi Tvlidnen sinaTlisa da siTbos wyarod. isini ver warmoidgendnen, rom mzis energia SeiZleboda eleqtruli energiis wyaroc yofiliyo. me-20 saukuneSi mecnierebma SeZles mzis sinaTlis energia gamoyenebinaT eleqtruli denis misaRebad. maT Seqmnes iseTi mowyobilobebi, romlebic sinaTlis energias eleqtrul energiad gardaqmnis. aseT xelsawyoebs fotoelementebi ewodeba. fotoelementebis erTobliobas uwodeben mzis batareas. mzis batareebze muSaobs mravali xelsawyo, maGgaliTad: naTura, televizori, nouTbuqi, kalkulatori da sxva. me-10 suraTze gamosaxulia mobilur telefonTan SeerTebuli mzis batarea, romelSic mzis sxivebis moqmdebiT eleqtruli deni miiReba da kvebavs mobilur telefons. amJamad Seqmnilia avtomanqanebi (sur. 11), motociklebi da velosipedebi, romelTac saxuravebze damontaJebuli aqvT mzis batareebi. maTSi miRebuli deni akumulators an Zravas miewodeba. jer-jerobiT aseTi manqanebis siCqare didi ar aris, Tumca maT didi momavali aqvT. Mmzis batareebs saxlebis saxuravebzec amontaJeben ufaso eleqtruli denis misaRebad (sur. 12). msoflios bevr qalaqSi saavtomobilo trasebi ganaTebulia mzis batareebze momuSave naTurebiT (sur. 13). aseYTi naTurebi oTaxis gasanaTebladac gamoiyeneba. sinaTlis energia ekologiurad sufTa energiaa. amitom mecnierebi cdiloben maqsimalurad gamoiyenon es energia. suraTze gamosaxulia espaneTSi agebuli mzis eleqtrosadguri (sur. 14 a). igi Sedgeba sarkeebis sistemisagan. sarkeebidan areklili sinaTle koncentrirdeba (Tavs iyris) specialur koSkSi (sur. 14 b). Sekrebili si-

b sur. 14. mzis eleqtrosadguri

naTlis sxivebis energiis xarjze duRdeba siTxe, romlis orTqlis energia specialuri danadgarebiT gardaiqmneba eleqtrul energiad. Kkosmosur xomaldebSi energiis mTavari wyaro sinaTlis energiaa. me-15 suraTze gamosaxul xomaldze damontaJebulia mzis batareebi, romelTa saSualebiTac sinaTlis energia gardaiqmneba eleqtrul energiad. sur.15. mzis batareebi kosmosur xomaldze

gaazreba

me-16 suraTze gamosaxulia mzis eleqtrosadguris sqema. imsjele, mzis sinaTlis energiis eleqtrul energiad gardaqmnis Sesaxeb. energiis gardamqmneli sistema

momxmarebeli mzis batareebi

sur. 16

saSinao davaleba

me-17 suraTze gamosaxulia saxlis saxuravze damontaJebuli mzis batareebi da koleqtorebi. imsjele, romel energiad gardaiqmneba mzis energia. romel energiebs iyeneben am saxlis mobinadreebi sayofacxovrebo miznebisaTvis.

sur. 17 Tavi 3. energia

4. sakvebis energia ifiqre e da jel s m i ratom aris aucilebeli sakvebi cocxali organizmebisaTvis?

sur. 18

sur. 19

cxr. 3. erT wuTSi energiis danaxarji jdoma dgoma siaruli sirbili

1500 kal 2500 kal 3800 kal 9600 kal

1 kkal = 1000 kal

bunebismetyveleba 6

Cven garSemo uamravi sxuli moZraobs. moZraoben adamianebi, manqanebi, mdinareSi gadaadgildebian gemebi, Tavad mdinarec wylis ganuwyveteli moZraobaa. moZraoba SeuZliaT mxolod im sxeulebs, romelebsac energia gaaCniaT. Cven, adamianebic mxolod im SemTxvevaSi SevZlebT moZraobas, Tu energia gveqneba. Eenergia adamianebs sWirdebaT ara mxolod moZraobisaTvis, aramed sxva sasicocxlo procesebisTvisac. Cveni organizmi energias sakvebidan iRebs. Ee.i. adamianis sasicocxlo procesebisTvis aucilebelia sakvebi. Tu miRebuli sakvebis energia aRemateba cocxali organizmebis mier daxarjul energias, maSin igi cximis saxiT grovdeba organizmSi. magaliTad, daTvebs cximis energiis xarjze SeuZliaT didxans gaZlon sakvebis gareSe da iZinon (sur. 19). karaqiani puris patara naWeri 76 kilokaloria (kkal) energias Seicavs. Aam energiis xarjze moswavles SeuZlia ixtunaos 6 wuTis ganmavlobaSi, iseirnos velosipediT 15 wuTis ganmavlobaSi, iZinos naxevari saaTi. M me-3 cxrilSi mocemulia adamianis mier sxvadasxva situaciaSi energiis danaxarji erTi wuTis ganmavlobaSi. Cven sakvebad viyenebT sxvadasxva mcenares. Mmcenareebis zrdisa da ganviTarebisaTvis aucilebelia mzis energia, romelic aseve aucilebelia nebismieri cocxali organizmis zrdisa da ganviTarebisaTvis. adamiani da cxovelebi mcenareuli sakvebidan iReben energias, romelic gardaiqmneba moZraobisa da sxva energiad.

aqedan vaskvniT, rom adamianis organizmSi erTi saxis energia gardaiqmna meore saxis energiad. e.i. sakvebis energia ar ikargeba. igi erTi saxidan meoreSi gardaiqmneba. energia erTi sxeulidan SeiZleba gadaeces meore sxeuls, aA n erTi saxidan gardaiqmnas meore saxed.

gaazreba

1. sqemis mixedviT imsjele sakvebis mzis energiis `mogzaurobis~ Sesaxeb.

2. 12-13 wlis mozardi erTi dRe-Ramis ganmavlobaSi daaxloebiT 1600 kkal energias xarjavs. me-4 cxrilis gamoyenebiT Seadgine K 12-13 wlis mozardis erTi dRe-Ramis meniu da gamoTvale ramden kalorias Seicavs igi. Seadare erTi dRe-Ramis energiis danaxarjis monacemebs.GK 3. me-3 cxrilis mixedviT imsjele sxvadasxva situaciaSi erT wuTSi daxarjuli energiis Sesaxeb. romeli energiis gardaqmna xdeba am dros?

cxr. 4. 100 grami sakvebis kaloriuloba sakvebis saxeoba

kal

TeTri puri

226

yveli

400

karaqi

780

rZEe

Svriis fafa

kvercxi 1 cali

Zroxis xorci

130

Tevzi

130

Zexvi

200

qaTmis xorci

130

Sokoladi

500

vaSli

yurZeni

mandarini

forToxali

namcxvari

420

kartofili

saSinao davaleba

azrobrivad daalage energiis gardaqmnis Tanmimdevroba, rodesac adamiani xerxavs SeSas. SeSis siTburi energia xerxis siTburi energia

mzis energia

sakvebis energia adamianis kunTebis energia

moZraobis energia xerxvisas gamocemuli bgeris energia

Tavi 3. energia

5. Semajamebeli gakveTili 1. sqemis mixedviT imsjele mzis energiis sxva energiad gardaqmnis Sesaxeb.

siTbos sinaTlis

moZraobas mzis energia

sawvavis

sakvebis eleqtruli

2. sqemis mixedviT imsjele sakvebis energiis gamoyenebis Sesaxeb sxvadasxva sasicocxlo procesebisaTvis.

Zili sunTqva

moZraoba organizmis mier gamoyenebuli energia

ujredebisa da qsovilebis ganaxleba

zrda da ganviTareba gamravleba

bunebismetyveleba 6

3. sqemis mixedviT imsjele mzis energiis `mogzaurobis~ Sesaxeb.

qvanaxSiri navTobi gazi uZvelesi mcenareebi

4. azrobrivad isrebiT daukavSire sityvebi erTmaneTs.

sawvavi

mzis batareebi

siTburi energia

eleqtruli energia

sinaTle mzis koleqtorebi mze

eleqtruli naTura

sakvebis energia qari

mcenareebi

sinaTlis energia

televizori

Tavi 3. energia

me-3 Tavis mokle daskvnebi: arsebobs sxvadasxva saxis energia: moZraobis (meqanikuri), siTburi, eleqtruli, sinaTlis, sakvebis. E

energiis yvela saxe mzis energiis gardaqmnis Sedegad aris miRebuli. E

energiis wyaroebi SeiZleba iyos bunebrivi da xelovnuri. M

mze energiis bunebrivi wyaroa, eleqtrosadgurebi, eleqtrogamaxureblebi da a.S energiis xelovnuri wyaroebia. E

energiis wyaroebi SeiZleba iyos ganaxlebadi da araganaxlebadi. G

ganaxlebadi energiis wyaroebia: mze, qari, zRvebisa da okeanis wylis miqceva-moqceva. Aaraganaxlebadi energiis wyaroebia: navTobi, qvanaxSiri, bunebrivi airi.

energia erTi saxidan meore saxeSi gardaiqmneba. magaliTad, mzis energia iwvevs mcenaris zrdas, romelsac sakvebad moixmaren. sakvebis energia gadadis cocxali organizmebis moZraobis energiaSi. E

Mmze, qari, wyali amouwuravia dedamiwis arsebobisas, xolo navTobis, qvanaxSiris, bunebrivi airis maragebi amowurvadia. Aamitom saWiroa maTi dazogva. A E

adamianebi mudmivad eZeben energiis axal wyaroebs, vinaidan yvela saxis energia, gansakuTrebiT eleqtruli, aucilebelia adamianis normaluri arsebobisaTvis.

bunebismetyveleba 6

wav Seis

li:

nivTierebebis daxasiaTebas MmaTi Tvisebebis mixedviT. nivTierebis ra Tvisebebi icvleba erTi agregatuli mdgomareobidan meoreSi gadasvlisas. ra SemTxvevaSi warmoiqmneba axali nivTiereba. ra sargebloba moaqvs axali nivTierebebis Seqmnas. ra uaryofiTi zemoqmedeba aqvs axali nivTierebebis Seqmnas adamianebsa da garemoze.

i: aufleb d a d b e SeZl Caataro cdebi NnivTierebaTa (wylis, Jangbadis da sxva) Tvisebebis gamosakvlevad. Caataro cdebi, aRwero nivTierebis Tvisebebi. GaarCio nivTierebebi maTi Tvisebebis mixedviT yofacxovrebaSi gamosayeneblad. imsjelo wylis magaliTze nivTierebis erTi agregatuli mdgomareobidan meoreSi gadasvlis Sesaxeb.

Seadaro sxeulis mier gaTbobisas miRebuli da gaciebisas gacemuli siTbos raodenobebi erTmaneTs. eqsperimentulad daadgino icvleba Tu ara nivTiereba erTi agregatuli mdgomareobidan meoreSi gadasvlisas.

Tavi 3. energia

1. nivTierebis Tvisebebi ifiqre e da jel ims ra damaxasiaTebeli Tviseba aqvs sunamos da ra TvisebiT xasiaTdeba sunamos minis WurWeli?

sur. 1

sur. 2

sur. 3

bunebismetyveleba 6

Cven garSemo arsebuli fizikuri sxeulebi nivTierebisagan Sedgeba. nivTierebebi SeiZleba iyos bunebrivi – vercxli, oqro, wyali, rkina da sxva. xelovnuri, romelic Seqmna adamianma – mina, plastmasi, rezini, faifuri da sxva. nivTierebis Tvisebebi is niSnebia, riTac sxvadasxva nivTierebebi hgvanan an gansxvavdebian erTmaneTisgan. nivTierebebs gaaCniaT fizikuri da qimiuri Tvisebebi. nivTierebis fizikuri Tvisebebia: feri, bzinvareba, suni, wyalSi xsnadoba, agregatuli mdgomareoba, temperatura, siTbogamtaroba, eleqtrogamtaroba da sxva. nivTierebas aqvs unari garkveul pirobebSi gardaiqmnas sxva axal nivTierebad. es nivTierebis qimiuri Tvisebaa. rZe mJavdeba, rkina iJangeba (sur. 2), SeSis wvisas warmoiqmneba nacari (sur. 3). wva, Jangva, amJaveba, lpoba – es qimiuri movlenebia. qimiur movlenas aqvs garegnuli niSnebi: siTbosa da sinaTlis gamoyofa; naleqis warmoqmna da gaqroba; airadi nivTierebis gamoyofa; feris, sunisa da gemos Secvla. nivTierebis fizikuri Tvisebebi SeiZleba dadgindes grZnobis organoebisa da xelsawyoebis gamoyenebiT. magaliTad, suns SeigrZnoben ynosvis organoTi, sxeulis ferebsa da bzinvarebas arCeven mxedvelobiT. temperatura, eleqtrogamtaroba, siTbogamtaroba Sesabamisi xelsawyoebiT izomeba. nivTierebis Tvisebebzea damokidebuli maTi gamoyeneba yofa-cxovrebaSi.

mecnierebisa da teqnikis ganviTarebis Sedegad Seiqmna xelovnuri nivTierebebi, romlebsac TavinTi Tvisebebis gamo bunebrivi nivTierebis nacvlad iyeneben. xelovnuri nivTierebebis SeqmniT izogeba bunebrivi masala. magaliTad, metaloplastmasiT fanjrisa da karebis damzadebam sakmaod Seamcira xe-tyis moxmareba. xelovnuri masalaa organuli mina. organuli mina ufero, gamWvirvale, msubuqi nivTierebaa. gamWvirvalobisa da simsubuqis gamo misgan amzadeben saTvalis minebs, kontaqtur linzebs da sxv. xelovnurad miRebuli polimerebi ramdenime aTas gradus temperaturas uZlebs. polimerebs farTod iyeneben kosmonavtikaSi, medicinaSi, mSeneblobaSi, sayofacxovrebo nivTebis dasamzadeblad da sxv. Senobis saZirkvlisaTvis iyeneben rkina-betons. rkina da betoni gaTbobis Sedegad erTnairad farTovdeba, gacivebis Sedegad ki â&#x20AC;&#x201C; erTnairad ikumSeba. am Tvisebis gamo Senobis saZirkveli myaria, ar ibzareba da advilad ar ziandeba. xelovnuri nivTierebebis Tvisebebis (simsubuqis, simtkicis, temperaturis mimarT mdgradobis) gamo SesaZlebeli gaxda kosmosuri xomaldebis, kvlevebisaTvis saWiro xelsawyoebis da kosmonavtebis aRWurvilobis damzadeba. xelovnuri nivTierebebis gamoyenebis gareSe SeuZlebeli iqneboda kosmosis kvleva.

sur. 4. organuli minis akvariumi

gaazreba

1. me-5 suraTis mixedviT imsjele, ra nivTierebebia gamoyenebuli sayofacxovrebo nivTebis dasamzadeblad da ratom? 2. Seadgine cxrili da daajgufe nivTierebebi: mina, wyali, haeri, oqro, almasi, vercxliswyali gamWvirvalobisa da bzinvarebis mixedviT. moiyvane am nivTierebebis gamoyenebis magaliTebi maTi Tvisebebis mixedviT.

sur. 5.

cxr. 1

saSinao davaleba sxeuli

1-el cxrilSi Seitane nivTierebebi, romlisganac SeiZleba damzaddes erTi da igive sxeuli. imsjele niv Tierebis ra Tvisebebia gamoyenebuli am sxeulebis dasamzadeblad.

nivTierebebi

magida fanjara karebi

Tavi 4. nivTierebebi

2. nivTierebis Tvisebebis gamokvleva jgufuri eqspermentebi

mocemuli gaqvs: aluminis WurWeli, plastmasis Wiqa, cecxlgamZle minis WurWeli, wyali, asanTi, spirtqura. msvleloba: G1. ivaraude, mocemuli sxeulebidan romeli iwvis, romeli WurWliT SeiZleba wylis gacxeleba. G2. Seni varaudi maswavlebelTan erTaAd Seamowme cdiT. G gamoitane daskvna: romel nivTierebas aqvs wvis unari. romeli nivTierebisagan damzadebul WurWels gamoiyenebdi wylis asaduReblad?

2 mocemuli gaqvs: asanTi, spirti, wyali, ori patara zomis TefSi. msvleloba: G1. erT TefSze daasxi wyali, meoreze â&#x20AC;&#x201C; mcireodeni spirti. G2. maswavleblis daxmarebiT miuaxlove maT anTebuli asanTis Reri. D daakvirdi damzeril movlenas. gamoitane daskvna, romel nivTierebas aqvs wvis unari.

spirtis wva

3 mocemuli gaqvs: 600C

600C

300C

600C

sxvadasxva Tbogamtarobis kovzebi

bunebismetyveleba 6

aluminis, xis da plastmasis kovzebi, WurWeli cxeli wyliT. msvleloba: G1. maswavlebelTan erTad moaTavse kovzebi 3-4 wuTiT cxel wyalSi. xeliT Seexe TiToeul maTgans. D 2. daadgine romeli kovzi gaTba metad. aRwere cda. gamoitane daskvna, romeli nivTierebisagan damzadebuli kovzia kargi Tbogamtari. romel kovzs gamoiyenebdi cxeli Cais dasalevad?

4 mocemuli gaqvs: Wiqa, iodinoli, niSaduris spirti, wyalbadis zeJangi, sufris kovzi. msvleloba: cda aucileblad CaatareT maswavleblis daxmarebiT. G1. Caasxi WiqaSi iodinoli (a). 2. daumate erTi sufris kovzi niSaduris spirti daakvirdi miRebul narevs (b). 3. narevs daumate erTi sufris kovzi wyalbadis zeJangi (g). 4. daakvirdi siTxis feris cvlilebas. aRwere cda da gamoitane daskvna.

saSinao davaleba

1. me-2 cxrilSi mocemuli Tvisebebis mixedviT daajgufe nivTierebebi: Mmina, haeri, navTi, benzini, spirti, Zmari, bunebrivi airi, marili, Saqari, soda, rkina. gaanalize cxrilSi mocemuli nivTierebebis Tvisebebi da imsjele maTi gamoyenebis Sesaxeb. nivTierebebi

gamWvirvaloba

wvis unari

agregatuli mdgomareoba

cxr. 2 2. me-3 cxrilis gamoyenebiT daajgufe suraTze gamosaxuli nivTierebebi: Saqari, soda, samedicino spirti, Rvinis ZMmari, wyali da marili. daaxasiaTe cxrilSi mocemuli Tvisebebis mixedviT ra saerTo da ganmasxvavebeli Tvisebebi aqvT am nivTierebebs. nivTierebebi

wvis unari feri suni

gamWvirvaloba

agregatuli mdgomareoba

cxr. 3

marili

Saqari

spirti

soda

wyali

Zmari

Tavi 4. nivTierebebi

3.nivTierebis agregatuli mdgomareobebi ifiqre e da jel ims

a) romel agregatul mdgomareobaSia yinuli?

b) romel agregatul mdgomareobaSia wyali?

g) romel agregatul mdgomareobaSia haeri? sur. 6

a) myari

b) Txevadi

g) airi sur. 7.

sur. 8

bunebismetyveleba 6

nivTierebis Tvisebebi mniSvnelovanadaa damokidebuli mis agregatul – myar, Txevad da airovan – mdgomareobaze. nivTierebas sxvadasxva agregatul mdgomareobaSi mkveTrad gansxvavebuli Tvisebebi aqvs. am Tvisebebs ganapirobebs masSi arsebuli umciresi nawilakebis – atomebisa da molekulebis urTierTganlageba. Mmyari sxeulis formis cvlileba Znelia, radgan misi Semadgeneli nawilakebi mWidrod arian ganlagebuli. mis molekulebs Soris miziduloba sakmaod Zlieria (sur. 7 a). myar sxeuls sakuTari forma da moculoba gaaCnia. gacxelebiT myari sxeulis forma SeiZleba advilad Seicvalos. magaliTad, samWedloSi nalis damzadebisas rkinas axureben da CaquCis dartymiT aZleven sasurvel formas. am SemTxvevaSi nivTiereba rkina ar icvleba, icvleba mxolod sxeulis forma (sur. 8). gansxvavebiT myari sxeulebisagan, siTxis molekulebs SeuZliaT erTi mdebareobidan meore mdebareobaSi `gadaxtoma~ (sur. 7 b), gadasvla, ris gamoc maT axasiaTebT denadoba. siTxis molekulebi sakmaod axlos arian erTmaneTTan ganlagebuli. siTxeebi Znelad icvlian moculobas. denadobis gamo siTxe advilad icvlis formas da im WurWlis formas iRebs, romelSic asxia. siTxeebi advilad icvlian formas da Znelad icvlian moculobas. airis molekulebi Tavisuflad gadaadgildebian da maT Soris manZilic sakmaod didia (sur. 7 g). airebi advilad icvlian formasa da moculobas.

gaazreba

jgufuri eqspermentebi dakvirveba siTxis formis cvlilebaze.

mocemuli gaqvs: sxvadasxva formis WurWeli, wyali. msvleloba: 1. Caasxi siTxe raime WurWelSi. daakvirdi mis formas. 2. Semdeg igive siTxe gadaasxi sxva WurWelSi. Seadare siTxis formebi da simaRle erTmaneTs (sur. 8). aRwere cda. gamoitane daskvna, inarCunebs Tu ara siTxe formas?

dakvirveba siTxis moculobis cvlilebaze. a

mocemuli gaqvs: erTjeradi samedicino Sprici nemsis gareSe, wyliani Wiqa. msvleloba: 1. amoiRe wyali SpriciT Wiqidan. aamoZrave dguSi ise, rom wylis zedapirze moTavsdes. 2. Semdeg marcxena xelis TiTiT mWidrod daxufe Spricis Ria bolo. marjvena xeliT daaweqi dguSs (sur. 9 a). daakvirdi – SeikumSa Tu ara wyali. aRwere damzerili movlena. gamoitane daskvna, inarCunebs Tu ara siTxe moculobas.

sur. 8

dakvirveba airis formis cvlilebaze.

mocemuli gaqvs: erTjeradi samedicino Sprici nemsis gareSe. msvleloba: 1. marcxena xelis TiTiT mWidrod daxufe Spricis Ria bolo. marjvena xeliT daaweqi dguSs (sur. 9 b). daakvirdi – SeikumSa Tu ara haeri. aRwere damzerili movlena. gamoitane daskvna, inarCUnebs Tu ara airi formas.

sur. 9

saSinao davaleba

azrobrivad daukavSire sityvebi erTmaneTs. magida

karebi

Zmari

zeTi

myari

yinuli

CaquCi

Txevadi Wiqa

airadi

haeri Jangbadi

wyali

Tavi 4. nivTierebebi

4. Jangbadi da naxSirorJangi ifiqre e da jel s m i ratom mcirdeba haerSi Jangbadis raodenoba tyeebis gaCexvisas?

sur. 10

Jangbadi

naxSirorJangi sur. 11

sur. 12. alpinisti Jangbadis baloniT

bunebismetyveleba 6

cocxali organizmebis arsebobisaTvis aucilebeli nivTierebebia Jangbadi, wyali da naxSirorJangi. Jangbadi haeris erT-erTi Semadgeneli nivTierebaa. misi mTavari wyaro mcenareebia. maTi saSualebiT xdeba atmosferoSi Jangbadis raodenobis ganaxleba. amitom, xSirad mcenareebs `planetis mwvane filtvebsac~ uwodeben. rogorc adamianisaTvis aris mniSvnelovani filtvebi, aseve mcenareebi aucilebelia dedamiwaze cocxali arsebebisaTvis. yvelaze met Jangbads alvis xe gamoyofs, SedarebiT naklebs ki â&#x20AC;&#x201C; wiwvovani. tyeebis umowyalo Cexva da tyeebSi gaCenili xanZri amcirebs haerSi Jangbadis raodenobas. cocxali organizmebi sunTqaven JangbadiT. isini CaisunTqaven haers, sunTqvisas SeiTviseben Jangbads da gamoyofen naxSirorJangs (sur. 11). Tevzebi wyalSi gaxsnili JangbadiT sunTqaven. Jangbadi organizmSi mimdinare sasicocxlo procesebisaTvis aucilebeli nivTierebaa. dedamiwis zedapiridan simaRlis matebasTan erTad atmosferoSi Jangbadis raodenoba mcirdeba. amitom alpinistebs mTaze asvlisas Tan miaqvT Jangbadis balonebi (sur. 12). Jangbadi aucilebelia wvis procesisaTvis. naxSirorJangi JangbadTan erTad haeris Semadgeneli nivTierebaa. igi mcenareebs sasicocxlod sWirdebaT. dRisiT mcenareebi `CaisunTYqaven~ naxSirorJangs da fotosinTezis Sedegad gamoyofen Jangbads, rac uzrunvelyofs sicocxles dedamiwaze. zogierT nivTierebas wvis unari gaaCnia. wvas xels uwyobs Jangbadi. kargad iwvis mSrali xe, navTobi, qvanaxSiri, bunebrivi airi. wvis procesis Sedegad atmos-

feroSi sxva nivTierebebTan erTad naxSirJangi (naxSiris monoqsidi) da naxSirorJangi (naxSiris dioqsidi) gamoiyofa. magaliTad, benzinisa da navTobis wvis Sedegad gamoyofili es nivTierebebi sazianoa adamianis janmrTelobisaTvis. bunebrivi airis arasruli wvis Sedegad gamoyofili mavne airebis didi raodenobiT CasunTqvis Sedegad adamiani iwamleba. wvis procesi aseve amcirebs atmosferoSi Jangbadis Semcvelobas da amdeniTve zrdis naxSirorJangis Semcvelobas. naxSiris dioqsidi aferxebs wvis process, amitom mas iyeneben xanZris Casaqrobad. gaazreba

jgufuri eqsperimenti

dakvirveba wvis procesze a

mocemuli gaqvs: sanTeli, TefSi, minis Wiqa, asanTi. msvleloba: 1. moaTavse sanTeli TefSze da aanTe (sur. 13 a). 2. Semdeg anTebul sanTels daafare carieli minis Wiqa (sur. 13 b).

aRwere damzerili movlena da gamoitane daskvna. ratom Caqra sanTeli? romeli nivTierebaa aucilebeli wvisaTvis?

sur. 13

saSinao davaleba

Seavse me-4 cxrili da imsjele naxSirorJangisa da Jan gbadis Tvisebebis Sesaxeb. nivTiereba

agregatuli mdgomareoba

feri

cxr. 4

aucilebelia sunTqvisaTvis

xels uwyobs wvas

Jangbadi naxSirorJangi eqsperimentuli davaleba

dakvirveba wyalSi Jangbadis arsebobaze 1. onkanidan minis WiqaSi Caasxi civi wyali. dadgi magidaze ramdenime xniT. daakvirdi Wiqas. ratom Cans wyalSi wvrili buStukebi? 2. SeanjRrie Wiqa da kvlav daakvirdi, amodis Tu ara buStukebi wylis zedapirze. gamoitane daskvna, romeli nivTierebaa buStukebSi.

sur. 14

Tavi 4. nivTierebebi

5. wylis Tvisebebi ifiqre e da jel s m i ra gansxvavebaa mdinarisa da zRvis wyals Soris?

sur. 15

sur. 16

bunebismetyveleba 6

wyali Cvens planetaze yvelaze gavrcelebuli erT-erTi mniSvnelovani nivTierebaa. igi aucilebelia cocxali organizmebis arsebobisaTvis. dedamiwis zedapiris udidesi nawili (3/4) wyliT aris dafaruli. sufTa wyali gamWvirvale, ufero, usuno siTxea, romelsac gemo ara aqvs, axasiaTebs denadoba, ver inarCUunebs formas, misi SekumSva Zalian Znelia. wylis mniSvnelovani Tvisebaa, rom nela Tbeba da didxans ar civdeba. wylis es Tviseba icavs organizmebs gadaxurebisa da gadacivebisagan. sufTa wyali bunebaSi ar arsebobs. bunebrivi wyali bevr sxva nivTierebas Seicavs. maT minarevebs uwodeben. erT-erTi aseTi minarevia sufris marili. zRvisa da okeanis wyalSi sufris marilis didi raodenobaa, mdinaris wyali ki mtknaria. sasmeli wyali iseT minarevebs Seicavs, romlebic mas sasiamovno gemos aZlevs. zogierTi wyaros wyali minarevis saxiT mineralebs Seicavs. aseT wyals mineraluri wyali ewodeba. saqarTvelo mdidaria mineraluri wylebiT. mineraluri wyali `borjomi~ mTel msoflioSia cnobili. sxva mineraluri wylebi `nabeRlavi~, `sairme, `likani~, `mitarbi~ didi popularobiT sargeblobs mosaxleobaSi. Tbili gogirdiani mineraluri wyali gamoiyeneba samkurnalod. kurort wyaltuboSi mineraluri wylis abazanebiT mkurnaloben sxvadasxva daavadebebs. wyaltubos wyali bevr minarevs Seicavs. wyals aqvs mniSvnelovani Tviseba. igi aris erTaderTi bunebrivi nivTiereba, romelic erTdroulad erTsa da imave pirobebSi (00C) sam agregatul mdgomareobaSi gvxvdeba (sur. 16). wylis agregatuli mdgomareobis

cvlilebisas nivTiereba ar icvleba. Tumca wyals gansxvavebuli fizikuri Tvisebebi aqvs sxvadasxva agregatul mdgomareobaSi.

gaazreba

1. sqemis mixedviT imsjele bunebaSi arsebuli wylis Semadgenlobisa da Tvisebebis Sesaxeb. wyali haeri

minarevebi

baikalis tbis gamWvirvale wyali

2. imsjele, risTvis moixmars adamiani wyals. 3. gamoTqvi varaudi, ramden wyals xarjav dReSi. imsjele wylis ekonomiurad xarjvis Sesaxeb. saSinao davaleba eqsperimentuli davaleba

wylis Tvisebebis gamokvleva

wylis sunis dadgena

mocemuli gaqvs: wyliani, spirtiani, Zmriani da zeTiani Wiqebi. msvleloba: 1. frTxilad, wesebis dacviT daynose TiToeuli maTgani. Seadare siTxeebis suni erTmaneTs. aRwere cda. da gamoitane daskvna, aqvs Tu ara suni wyals.

dakvirveba sufTa wylis gamWvivalobaze

mocemuli gaqvs: sami wyliani Wiqa, qaRaldis samagrebi da saRebavebi. msvleloba: 1. meore da mesame WiqaSi Caasxi sxvadasxva feris saRebavi didi raodenobiT. 2. Caagde samive WiqaSi qaRaldis samagrebi. daakvirdi, romel WiqaSi Cans samagrebi kargad. aRwere cda da gamoitane daskvna, gamWvirvalea Tu ara wyali, aqvs Tu ara wyals feri.

Tavi 4. nivTierebebi

6. dnoba ifiqre e da jel s m i ratom dneba yinuli gazafxulze? sur. 17 cxr. 5. dnobis temperatura, 0C nivTiereba

t0C

spirti

-144

yinuli

kala

232

tyvia

327

alumini

660

vercxli

962

oqro

1064

spilenZi

1085

Tuji

1200

foladi

1500

rkina

1539

volframi

3387

sur. 18

bunebismetyveleba 6

gazafxulze, daTbobisTanave Tovlic da yinulic iRebs siTbos da dnobas iwyebs, anu igi myari mdgomareobidan gadadis TxevadSi (icvlis agregatul mdgomareobas). nivTierebis gadasvlas myari mdgomareobidan Txevad mdgomareobaSi dnoba ewodeba. imisaTvis, rom yinuli gadnes, mas siTbo unda gadaeces. siTbos STanTqmis Sedegad yinuli dnobas 0 0C-ze iwyebs. gamdnari yinulisagan miiReba wyali, romlis temperaturac 00C-ia. dnobis procesSi arc yinulis da arc yinulis dnobis Sedegad miRebuli wylis temperatura ar icvleba, igi mudmivia. Tu garemos temperatura 0 0Cze metia, dnobis Sedegad miRebuli wyali daiwyebs gaTbobas. dnobis procesSi nivTierebis temperatura ar icvleba. garda yinulisa gacxelebiT sxva myari nivTierebebic dneba. nebismieri nivTiereba rom gadnes, igi aucileblad unda gacxeldes dnobis temperaturamde. temperaturas, romelzedac nivTiereba dneba, dnobis temperatura ewodeba. zogierTi nivTierebis dnobis temperatura maRalia, zogierTis ki â&#x20AC;&#x201C; dabali. nakeTobebis misaRebad nivTierebas adnoben, yalibSi asxamen da sasurvel formas aZleven (sur. 18). dnobis procesSi Tavad nivTiereba ar icvleba. icvleba mxolod misi agregatuli mdgomareoba. civ qveynebSi, sadac haeris temperatura Zalian dabalia, yinuli mTeli zamTris ganmavlobaSi ar dneba. amitom aseT qveynebSi awyoben yinulis festivals. festivalebisTvis aSeneben yinulis qalaqebs, sadac aris yinulis sastumroebi da quCaSi yinulis qandakebebia (sur. 19).

sur. 19. yinulis qalaqi da sastumro

gaazreba

yinulis moedanze srialisas mocigurave kvals tovebs (sur. 20), ris gamoc yinulis zedapiri ziandeba da xels uSlis srials. moifiqre, rogor SeiZleba yinulis safaris aRdgena ise, rom misi zedapiri gluvi gaxdes.

jgufuri eqsperimenti

sur. 20

dakvirveba nivTierebis dnobis temperaturaze mocemuli gaqvs: minis Wiqa, yinulis natexebi, laboratoriuli Termometri . msvleloba: 1. WiqaSi moaTavse yinulis natexebi. 2. Termometri moaTavse yinulian WiqaSi. miTiTeba: temperaturis gasazomad aucilebelia, Termometris moTavsebis Semdeg aTvla daiwyo maSin, roca Termometris milSi siTxe gaCerdeba. 3. daakvirdi Termometris Cvenebas yinulis dnobis procesSi (sur. 21). aRwere Catarebuli cda. gamoitane daskvna, icvleba Tu ara dnobis procesSi nivTierebis temperatura.

sur. 21

saSinao davaleba

1. me-5 cxrilis mixedviT Seadare erTmaneTs kalisa da volframis dnobis temperatura. gamoitane daskvna. 2. Seni azriT, Seicvleba Tu ara nivTiereba wylis gayinvisas? 3. SeiZleba Tu ara gavalRoT vercxlis kovzze oqro (sur. 22)? pasuxi daasabuTe.

sur. 22

Tavi 4. nivTierebebi

7. gamyareba ifiqre e da jel s m i ratom iyineba wyali zamTarSi?

sur. 23

yinuli wyali

00C +10C +20C +30C +40C +40C +40C

sur. 24. Tevzebi gayinuli tbis siRrmeSi Tavisuflad dacuraven

bunebismetyveleba 6

nivTierebis gadasvlas Txevadi mdgomareobidan myar mdgomareobaSi gamyareba ewodeba. magaliTad, siciveSi, rogorc ki haeris temperatura 00C dabla daiwevs, wyali iyineba (sur. 23). igi Txevadi mdgomareobidan myar mdgomareobaSi gadadis (icvlis agregatul mdgomareobas). wylis garda, sxva siTxeebic SeiZleba gadavides myar mdgomareobaSi, Tu dnobis temperaturamde gacivdeba. magaliTad, gamdnari rkina 15390C-ze (rkinis dnobis temperatura) isev myar mdgomareobaSi gadadis. sufTa wyali 00C-ze iyineba, yinuli 00C-ze dneba. amitom me-5 cxrilSi mocemuli dnobis temperaturebi Seesabameba imave nivTierebebis gamyarebis temperaturebs. gamyarebisas nivTiereba ar icvleba. zamTarSi roca tbebisa da mdinareebis zedapiri iyineba, wyali maT fskerze Txevad mdgomareobaSia. wylis temperatura fskerze yovelTvis +40C-ia, xolo mis zeviT fena-fenad SeiZleba iyos +30C, +20C, +10C da 00C-ic (sur. 24). garemos aseTi temperatura qmnis sasicocxlo pirobebs okeaneebis, tbebisa da wyalsacavebis binadarTaTvis. wyalsacavis mxolod zeda fena iyineba. igi cudad atarebs siTbos da icavs wylis qveda fenebs gayinvisagan. wylis gayinvis temperatura icvleba, Tu masSi marilia gaxsnili. zRvis wyali masSi marilebis gaxsnis gamo daaxloebiT â&#x20AC;&#x201C; 200C-ze iyineba. gamyarebis procesSi siTxeebi siTbos gamoyofs. amitom civ qveynebSi Semodgomaze, roca wyali tbebsa da mdinareebSi iyineba, mcire droiT daTboba SeimCneva.

gaazreba

1. ratom ar iyinebian Tevzebi wyalSi yinulis safris qveS (sur. 24)? pasuxi daasabuTe. 2. me-5 cxrilis mixedviT, romel temperaturaze myardeba kala, Tuji? Seadare es temperaturebi erTmaneTs. 3. me-5 cxrilis mixedviT, romel temperaturaze xdeba spilenZis dnoba da gamyareba? 4. vercxliswyali myardeba -390C. SeiZleba Tu ara vercxliswyliani Termometris gamoyeneba zamTarSi CrdiloeT polusze? pasuxi daasabuTe. 5. 25-e suraTze mocemul sqemaze `isrebze~ miuTiTe nivTierebis agregatuli mdgomareobebis cvlilebebi.

wyali

yinuli

sur. 25

saSinao davaleba eqsperimentuli davaleba

icvleba Tu ara nivTiereba agregatuli mdgomareobis cvlilebisas

mocemuli gaqvs: mcire zomis plastmasis WurWeli wyliT. msvleloba: 1. wyliani WurWeli moaTavse macivris sayinuleSi. 2. ramdenime xnis Semdeg gamoiRe yinuliani WurWeli sayinuledan. 3. daelode yinulis gadnobas. aRwere cda. gamoitane daskvna, romeli nivTiereba miiRe yinulis dnobisas.

dakvirveba moculobis cvlilebaze wylis gayinvisas

mocemuli gaqvs:

plastmasis boTli, wyali, flomasteri. msvleloba: 1. plastmasis boTli bolomde ar Seavso wyliT. moniSne wylis done boTlSi flomasteriT. 2. moaTavse boTli garkveuli drois ganmavlobaSi macivris sayinuleSi. 3. wylis gayinvis Semdeg moniSne yinulis done boTlSi. 4. Seadare, wylisa da yinulis doneebi erTmaneTs. gamoitane daskvna, rogor Seicvla wylis moculoba gayinvis Semdeg.

Tavi 4. nivTierebebi

8. aorTqleba da kondensacia ifiqre e da jel s m i rogor warmoiqmneba nisli?

sur. 26

qari

wyali sur. 27. qari siTxidan amosul molekulebs swrafad waritacebs

sur. 28. setyva

bunebismetyveleba 6

siTxeSi yovelTvis aris iseTi molekulebi, romlebic sxva molekulebTan SedarebiT swrafad moZraobs. isini mcire mizidulobis gamo advilad toveben siTxes da amodian haerSi, anu xdeba aorTqleba. aorTqleba aris nivTierebis gadasvla Txevadi mdgomareobidan airadSi (icvlis agregatul mdgomareobas). wyali nebismier temperaturaze orTqldeba. erTsa da imave temperaturaze sxvadasxva siTxe gansxvavebuli siCqariT orTqldeba. aorTqlebis siswrafe aseve damokidebulia temperaturaze. zafxulSi wvimis Semdeg gaCenili gubeebi gacilebiT swrafad Sreba, vidre zamTarSi. qariani amindic xels uwyobs aorTqlebas. Aam dros qari aiZulebs siTxidan amosul molekulebs, swrafad moSordes siTxis zedapirs, maT adgils ki siTxidan amosuli axali molekulebi ikavebs (sur 27). aorTqlebisas siTxis temperatura mcirdeba. yvelaze ufro swrafad da didi raodenobiT siTxe orTqldeba maSin, roca igi duRs. wylis duRilis temperatura 1000C-ia. zafxulis cxel dReebSi adamianis organizmidan siTxe oflis saxiT gamoiyofa. es rom ar xdebodes, Cveni organizmi gadaxurdeboda, Tumca didi raodenobiT oflis gamoyofac sazianoa. garSemo arsebuli haeri Seicavs wylis orTqls. xSirad, Semodgomaze, rodesac RamiT garemos temperatura dabla ecema, haerSi arsebuli orTqli wylad gadaiqceva. temperaturis Semcirebisas orTqli yovelTvis siTxed gadaiqceva.

nivTierebis gadasvlas airadi mdgomareobidan Txevad mdgomareobaSi kondensacia ewodeba. orTqlis kondensaciisas siTbo gamoiyofa. okeaneebidan, mdinareebidan da tbebidan mudmivad xdeba didi raodenobiT wylis aorTqleba. aorTqlebuli wylis nawili haerTan erTad miemarTeba zeviT, sadac temperatura gacilebiT naklebia. rodesac orTqli civi haeris fenebSi moxvdeba, wylad gadaiqceva da warmoiqmneba Rrublebi. Tu Rrublebis SigniT didi raodenobiT wylis wveTebi dagrovdeba, igi damZimdeba da wvimis saxiT wyali daubrundeba dedamiwas. roca Rrublebi haeris gansakuTrebulad civ fenebSi moxvdeba, wylis wveTebi gaiyineba. isini Tovlis fifqebis an setyvis saxiT kvlav ubrundeba dedamiwas (sur. 28). zafxulSi diliT adre, roca haeri grili da teniania, masSi arsebuli wylis orTqlis nawilakebi kondensirdeba da warmoiqmneba nisli (sur. 26). xolo foTlebze kondensirebuli orTqli namis saxiT daefineba (sur 29). nisli, wylis nawilakebis garda, mtvrisa da kvamlis nawilakebsac Seicavs, amitom igi zogjer muqi ferisaa. xSirad iseTi nisliani amindia, rom gegoneba, Rrublebi dedamiwaze daeSvao. rodesac RamiT temperatura 00C dabla daiwevs, maSin haerSi arsebuli wylis wveTebi iyineba da warmoiqmneba TrTvili (sur. 30). igi balaxsa da miwas TeTrad efineba. gaazreba

sur. 29. nami foTlebze

sur. 30. TrTvili foTlebze

jgufuri eqsperimenti

dakvirveba siTxis aorTqlebaze mocemuli gaqvs: wyliani da spirtiani Wiqebi. msvleloba: 1. daisvele erTi xeli wyliT. meore xeli spirtiT. aamoZrave xelebi daaxloebiT aTi wamis ganmavlobaSi. ra SeigrZeni xelebis moZraobisas? aRwere cda. gamoitane daskvna. ratom SeigrZni sicive? romeli nivTiereba aorTqlda ufro swrafad?

saSinao davaleba

dakvirveba orTqlis kondensaciaze axlos miitane piri patara sarkesTan da amoisunTqe. daakvirdi sarkes. aRwere damzerili movlena. gamoitane daskvna, ratom gaCnda wylis wveTebi sarkeze. Tavi 4. nivTierebebi

9. Semajamebeli gakveTili 1. imsjele mocemuli sqemis mixedviT nivTierebis Tvisebebis Sesaxeb. nivTierebebis Tvisebebi fizikuri feri

qimiuri amJavebis unari

suni

gamWvirvaloba

bzinvareba

wvis unari

xsnadoba

dnobisa da gamyarebis temperatura

lpobis unari

Tbogamtaroba agregatuli mdgomareoba myari ar icvlis formas da moculobas

Txevadi icvlis formas, moculoba ar icvleba

daJangvis unari

airi icvlis formasa da moculobas

2. sqemaze mocemul isrebze miuTiTe nivTierebis agregatuli mdgomareobis cvlilebebi.

wylis orTqli

wyali

yinuli

bunebismetyveleba 6

3. Seavse cxrili da imsjele wylis, yinulisa da wylis orTqlis Tvisebebis Sesaxeb. nivTierebebi

agregatuli mdgomareoba

feri

gamWvirvaloba

formis cvlileba

moculobis cvlileba

wyali yinuli wylis orTqli

4. daakavSire CamoTvlili nivTierebebi Sesabamis fizikur TvisebebTan. airCie romelime sami nivTiereba da imsjele maTi gamoyenebis SeEsaxeb. ra Tvisebebi ganapirobebs am nivTierebebis gamoyenebas. almasi

gamWvirvaloba

Zmari

mina

spirti

benzini

bzinvareba vercxli

haeri

suni

5. diagramis mixedviT imsjele da Seadare erTi da imave nivTierebis myari da airovani mdgomareoba.

navTi

myari

Txevadi

airovani

airadi

myari

Znelad icvlis formas da moculobas

oqro

Sedgeba erTi da igive molekulebisgan

advilad icvlis formasa da moculobas

6. Seavse venis diagrama da Seadare erTi da igive nivTiereba myar da Txevad mdgomareobaSi. 7. Seavse venis diagrama da Seadare erTi da igive nivTiereba Txevad da airovan mdgomareobaSi. 8. imsjele, icvleba Tu ara nivTiereba rkinis lursmnis moRunvisas.

sur. 31 Tavi 4. nivTierebebi

me-4 Tavis mokle daskvnebi: nivTierebebi xasiaTdebian sxvadasxva TvisebebiT. nivTierebaTa Tvisebebi is niSnebia, riTac nivTierebebi gvanan an gansxvavdebian erTmaneTisgan. nivTierebaTa Tvisebebis gamokvleviT SeiZleba dadgindes maTi gamoyenebis SesaZlebloba sxvadasxva saWiroebsaTvis. nivTierebebs iyeneben maTi Tvisebebis mixedviT. fizikuri gardaqmniT, magaliTad, agregatuli mdgomareobis cvlilebiT, gaxurebiT, WedviT nivTiereba ar icvleba. qimiuri gardaqmniT nivTiereba icvleba da axali nivTiereba miiReba. A

axali nivTierebebis miRebiT adamianebi iumjobeseben sayofacxovrebo pirobebs, magram umravles SemTxvevaSi es iwvevs garemos dabinZurebas.

bunebismetyveleba 6

w Seis

: avli risgan Sedgeba narevi. sufTa nivTierebasa da narevs Soris gansxvavebas. erTgvarovan da araerTgvarovan narevebs. meTodebs narevis komponentebad (Semadgenel nivTierebebad) dayofisaTvis. qimiur nivTierebebTan usafrTxod muSaobis wesebs.

bi: daufle a d b e l SeZ daamzado erTgvarovani da araerTgvarovani narevi. mocemuli narevebi da sufTa nivTierebebi gamoyo erTmaneTisgan. daajgufo sxvadasxva narevebi erTgvarovan da araerTgvarovan narevebad. cdiT daamtkico wylisa (siTxis) da airis narevis arseboba. sxvadasxva meTodebiT narevis komponentebad dayofas. usafrTxoebis wesebis gamoyenebiT eqsperimentebis Catarebas laboratoriaSi.

Tavi 4. nivTierebebi

1. sufTa nivTierebebi da narevebi Jangbadi

naxSirorJangi da sxv.

ifiqre e da jel s m i romeli nivTierebebis narevia haeri? azoti

nivTiereba sufTa

narevebi

erTgvarovani araerTgvarovani sur. 2

mindvris Spati

qarsi kvarci sur. 3. graniti. myari narevi

bunebismetyveleba 6

sur. 1. haeris Semadgenloba

nivTierebebi arsebobs sufTa da narevebis saxiT. Nnebismier sufTa nivTierebas sakuTari, mxolod misTvis damaxasiaTebeli Tvisebebi (magaliTad, dnobisa da duRilis temperatura da sxv.) aqvs. Aam TvisebebiT gansxvavdeba igi sxva sufTa nivTierebisgan. sufTa nivTiereba ar Seicavs sxva nivTierebas. sufTa nivTierebis sakuTari Tvisebebi ucvlelia miuxedavad imisa, ra pirobebSi imyofeba es nivTiereba: dedamiwazea, mTvarezea Tu kidev sxvagan. Aamrigad, sufTa nivTiereba aris nivTiereba, romelic ar Seicavs sxva nivTierebebs da misi Tvisebebi mudmivia. Tu nivTierebaSi Sereulia sxva nivTiereba mas minarevs uwodeben. minarevi nivTierebaa, romelic simciris gamo ver axdens gavlenas nivTierebis ZiriTaAd Tvisebebze. bunebaSi sufTa nivTierebebi ar arsebobs. isini minarevebs Seicaven. magaliTad, TviTnabadi oqros yoveli 100 grami 1 gram minarevs Seicavs. igulisxmeba, rom onkanis wyali aris sufTa, Tumca igi Seicavs iseT minarevebs, romlebic janmrTelobisaTvis saziano ar aris. aseT SemTxvevaSi sisufTavis miTiTeba sayofacxovrebo terminia. B bunebaSi nivTierebebi narevebis saxiT gvxvdeba. narevi ori an meti nivTierebis erTobliobaa, romelSic TiToeul nivTierebas SenarCunebuli aqvs Tavisi, individualuri Tvisebebi. narevi SeiZleba iyos myari (sur. 3), Txevadi da airadi (sur. 1). narevSi Semavali nivTierebebi SeiZleba iyos erTsa da imave an sxvadasxva agregatul mdgomareobaSi.

magaliTad, wyali Seicavs airebs â&#x20AC;&#x201C; Jangbadsa da naxSirorJangs. narevis Semadgenel nivTierebebs komponents uwodeben (komponenti Semadgenel nawils niSnavs). xSirad nivTierebis erTmaneTTan Serevis procesi TavisTavad mimdinareobs. magaliTad, guburidan, zRvebidan, mdinareebidan aorTqlebuli wyali atmosferoSi ereva haers da qmnis narevs (sur. 4). adamianis da yvela organizmis mier amonasunTqi airic narevia. aseve narevia manqanebis mier benzinis wvis Sedegad gamonabolqvi airi. narevi, romelSic Semadgeneli komponentebi calcalke mikroskopiTac ki ar Cans, aris erTgvarovani narevi. araerTgvarovania narevi, Tu Sereuli nivTierebebi narevSi TvaliTac SesamCnevia, magaliTad, marilisa da wylis narevi erTgvarovani narevia. carcis fxvnilisa da wylis narevi araerTgvarovania.

sur. 4. aorTqlebuli wyali atmosferoSi ereva haers cxr. 1

gaazreba

1. 1-li cxrilis gamoyenebiT daajgufe nivTierebebis narevebi da sufTa nivTierebebi. daasabuTe dajgufebis principi. nisli, Rrubeli, niadagi, navTobi, rkina, oqro, sasmeli wyali, mineraluri wyali, vercxli, xilis wveni, samkurnalo preparatebi. 2. me-5 suraTze gamosaxuli sqemis mixedviT imsjele rZis, rogorc narevis Sesaxeb. romel narevs (erTgvarovani, araerTgvarovani) miakuTvnebdi mas? saSinao davaleba

sufTa nivTiereba

narevi

rZe cximi

cila rZis Saqari sur. 5

me-2 cxrilis mixedviT daajgufe narevebi. daasabuTe erTgvarovan da araerTgvarovan narevebad maTi dajgufebis principi. sufris marilis wyalxsnari, carcisa da wylis narevi, Saqris wyalxsnari, naxerxisa da wylis narevi, rkinis naqlibisa da wylis narevi, sodis wyalxsnari, iodis wyalxsnari, qviSisa da wylis narevi, qviSisa da rkinis naqlibis narevi, fqvilisa da qatos narevi. cxr. 2 erTgvarovani narevi

araerTgvarovani narevi

Tavi 5. narevi

2. nivTierebis wyalSi xsnadoba jgufuri eqspermentebi dakvirveba nivTierebebis wyalSi xsnadobaze

1. mocemuli gaqvs: wyali, 2 Wiqa, Saqari da dafxvnili carci, minis wkiri. msvleloba: 1. Caasxi wyali WiqebSi. pirvel WiqaSi Cayare 2 kovzi Saqari, meoreSi ki – amdenive dafxvnili carci. 2. minis wkiriT mourie WiqebSi siTxes. G gamoitane daskvna, romeli nivTiereba gaixsna wyalSi?

2. mocemuli gaqvs: 2 Wiqa, wyali, spirti, zeTi, kovzi,

cxr. 3 wyalSi xsnadi

minis wkiri.

wyalSi uxsnadi

msvleloba: 1. Caasxi wyali WiqebSi. pirvel WiqaSi Caasxi erTi kovzi spirti, meoreSi ki – amdenive zeTi. 2. mourie orive WiqaSi siTxes. G gamoitane daskvna, romeli maTgania wyalSi xsnadi?

sur. 6. nivTierebis wyalSi gaxsnis procesi

sur. 7.

bunebismetyveleba 6

Sedegebi Seitane me-3 cxrilSi.

nivTierebis erT-erTi mniSvnelovani Tvisebaa wyalSi xsnadoba. xsnarebs, romelTa erT-erTi komponenti wyalia, wyalxsnarebs uwodeben. wyali aris gamxsneli, meore komponenti aris gaxsnili nivTiereba (sur. 6). zogierTi nivTiereba ixsneba wyalSi, zogierTi ki – ara. magaliTYad, sufris marili ixsneba wyalSi, rkinis naqlibi ki – ara. wyalSi airebic ixsneba. civ wyalSi ufro meti airia gaxsnili, vidre Tbil wyalSi. amis gamo zogierTi wylis binadari cdilobs JangbadiT mdidar garemoSi icxovros. magaliTad, kalmaxs sufTa da JangbadiT mdidari wyali uyvars. amitomaa igi mTis civi mdinaris binadari. barSi Camosvlisas wyali Tbeba da masSi gaxsnili Jangbadis raodenobac mcirdeba. amitom kalmaxebi baris mdinareebSi ar binadroben (sur. 7). bunebaSi bevri wyalxsnari arsebobs. magaliTad, mcenaris ZirebSi, ReroSi da foTlebSi moZraobs wyalSi

gaxsnili mkvebavi nivTierebebi. aryis xe gazafxulze gamoyofs tkbil wvens, romelsac sasmelad iyeneben (sur. 8). bostneuli da xili Seicavs wyalSi gaxsnil gemriel sakveb nivTierebebs. zRvis wyali sxva minarevebTan erTad Seicavs sufris marilsac. amrigad, wyalxsnarebSi SeiZleba iyos erTi an ramdenime nivTiereba gaxsnili. yoveldRiur cxovrebaSi, magaliTad, Cais dalevisas Cven viyenebT wyalSi gaxsnil nivTierebas â&#x20AC;&#x201C; Saqars. spirtis wyalxsnari gamoiyeneba dezinfeqciisa da kompresebisaTvis. bavSvebs uyvarT e.w. gaziani wylebi, limonaTebi. am siTxeSi xilis wvenebTan erTad gaxsnilia naxSirorJangi. roca boTli daxurulia, Cven gazs (airs) ver vxedavT. roca boTls saxuravs axdian, gazi buStukebis saxiT gamoiyofa (sur. 9). wyalSi ar ixsneba bevri myari da Txevadi nivTiereba â&#x20AC;&#x201C; qviSa, zeTi, navTi, benzini. spirtSi ixsneba cximovani nivTierebebi, magaliTad, zeTi.

sur. 8

gaazreba

isrebiT azrobrivad daukavSire sityvebi erTmaneTs. carci sufris marili qviSa dafqvili yava navTobi Saqari zeTi

wyalSi xsnadi

wyalSi uxsnadi

Jangbadi soda rkinis naqlibi naxerxi naxSirorJangi spirti

sur. 9

saSinao davaleba eqsperimentuli davaleba

dakvirveba nivTierebis wyalSi xsnadobaze mocemuli gaqvs: boTli romelime mineraluri an gaziani wyliT, rezinis buSti. msvleloba: 1. mineralur wylian boTls moxade saxuravi da moarge Tavze rezinis buSti. 2. SeanjRrie boTli da dadgi magidaze. 3. 10-15 wuTis Semdeg daakvirdi buSts. G aRwere cda da gamoitane daskvna, ratom gaibera buSti.

Tavi 5. narevi

3. narevis komponentebad dayofa narevidan sawyisi nivTierebebis komponentebad dayofa SeiZleba sxvadasxva xerxiT. myari narevis komponentebad dayofisaTvis iyeneben magaliTad, gacris meTods, magnits. yvelam icis, simindis fqvilis qatosagan gamosayofad sacers iyeneben. Txevadi narevebis dayofis sxvadasxva meTodi arsebobs: gamoxda, amoSroba, gafiltvra, dawdoma. wylis gamoxda (distilacia) Cveulebrivi sasmeli wyali aris narevi. masSi sxvadasxva nivTierebaa gaxsnili. rodesac misgan sufTa wylis miReba surT, wyals gamoxdian. me-10 suraTze gamosaxulia wylis gamosaxdeli martivi danadgari. igi Sedgeba: kolbisagan (1), macivrisa (2) da WurWlisagan (4). macivari ori erTmaneTSi gamavali minis milia. (3) (2) (1) (4) civi wyali

wylian kolbaSi aTavseben Termometrs (3). Semdeg aduReben wyals. mduRare wylis orTqli Sedis macivris Sida milSi, gareTa milSi ki mudmivad civi wyali miedineba, romelic Sida milSi gamaval wylis orTqls acivebs da wveTebad aqcevs. igi grovdeba WurWelSi (4). aseTia wylis gamoxdis procesi. wylis gamoxdis procesi Zalian hgavs bunebaSi wylis wrebrunvas.

sur.10

narevidan sufTa wylis miReba sufTa wylis misaRebad mniSvnelovania narevidan wylis gamoyofa. suraTze gamosaxulia mowyobiloba, romlis saSualebiT mariliani wylisgan mtknar wyals Rebuloben. Mmarilian wyals asxamen patara auzSi, romelsac aqvs minis daxrilkedliani saxuravi. Mmzeze wyali orTqldeba da daxril minaze moxvedrisas kondensirdeba. wyali daxril zedapirs gayveba da Caedineba WurWelSi, romelSic grovdeba gasufTavebuli wyali (sur. 11). mzis sxivebi

sufTa wyali

sur. 11.

kondensacia aorTqleba

mariliani wyali

bunebismetyveleba 6

gafiltvra

jgufuri eqspermentebi

mocemuli gaqvs: wyali, Wiqa, dafxvnili carci, kovzi, filtris qaRaldi, jami, Zabri, minis wkiri. msvleloba: 1. wylian WiqaSi Cayare dafxvnili carci da mourie (sur. 12). 2. Caafine filtris qaRaldi ZabrSi, daiWire jamis zemoT da Caasxi narevi. 3. daakvirdi Zabridan gamosul wyals da filtris qaRaldze darCenil nivTierebas. G aRwere damzerili movlena. gamoitane daskvna, romel komponentebad daiyo narevi.

amoSroba

sur. 12

mocemuli gaqvs: WuWyiani sufris marili, minis Wiqa, wyali, kovzi, minis wkiri, faifuris jami, spirtqura, filtris qaRaldi, Zabri. msvleloba: 1. aiRe kovziT WuWyiani sufris marili, Cayare wylian WiqaSi. mourie minis wkiriT. 2. Caafine filtris qaRaldi ZabrSi, daiWire jamis zemoT da Caasxi narevi. 3. faifuris jami dadgi Stativis rgolze da spirtquris alze gacxelebiT xsnari aaorTqle TeTri feris kristalebis warmoqmnamde (sur. 13). aRwere damzerili movlena. gamoitane daskvna, romel komponentebad daiyo narevi. sur. 13

dayofa magnitiT

mocemuli gaqvs: rkinis naqlibi (patara lursmnebi) da qviSa (brinji an wiwibura), magniti, jami. msvleloba: 1. jamSi Cayril qviSas Seurie rkinis naqlibi. 2. miuaxlove narevs magniti (sur. 14). G aRwere damzerili movlena. gamoitane daskvna, ratom gancalkevda qviSa da rkina magnitis gamoyenebiT.

dawdoma

sur. 14

mocemuli gaqvs: wyliani Wiqa, carcis fxvnili, minis wkiri. msvleloba: 1. Cayare WiqaSi carcis fxvnili, mourie wkiriT da daayovne. 2. frTxilad gadmoRvare wyali meore WiqaSi da daakvirdi WiqaSi darCenil nivTierebas. G aRwere damzerili movlena. gamoitane daskvna, ratom daileqa WiqaSi carcis fxvnili. Tavi 5. narevi

4. usafrTxoebis wesebi nivTierebebis Tvisebebis Seswavlisas ifiqre e da jel s m i risTvis gamoiyeneba suraTze gamosaxuli usafrTxoebis niSnebi?

aalebadi nivTiereba

feTqebadi nivTiereba

momwamvleli nivTiereba

wvavs kans da qsovils

gamaRizianebeli nivTiereba

radiaqtiuri nivTiereba

sur. 15

sur. 16. qimiuri nivTiereba azotmJava

bunebismetyvelebis laboratoriaSi cdebis Casatareblad gamoiyeneba laboratoriuli xelsawyoebi (minis kolbebi, eleqtroqura, Termometri da sxv.) da qimiuri nivTierebebi. amitom laboratoriuli cdebis Catarebisas aucilebelia usafrTxoebis wesebis dacva. WurWelze, romelSic inaxeba sxvadasxva nivTiereba, aucileblad unda iyos etiketi. etiketze miTiTebuli unda iyos nivTierebis dasaxeleba da usafrTxoebis niSnebi (sur. 15, 16). nivTierebebis uetiketod Senaxva akrZalulia. eqsperimentis msvlelobisas unda gamoiyeno zusti raodenoba im nivTierebebisa, romliTac atareb cdas.

eqsperimentis Catarebis win saWiroa yuradRebiT gaecno eqsperimentis instruqcias.

bunebismetyveleba 6

maswavleblis gareSe ar Seurio nivTierebebi erTmaneTs. daimaxsovre, rom gazqurisa da spirtquris gamoyenebisas unda gamoiCino yuradReba da sifrTxile masze raime WurWlis moTavsebisas da gadmoRebis dros.

cdis Catarebisas xeliT ar Seexo quraze moTavsebul WurWelSi Cadebul Termometrs. mxolod skalaze dakvirvebiT aiRe anaTvali.

nivTierebis sunis gasagebad gamoiCine sifrTxile.

gaazreba

laboratoriuli cdebis Catarebisas sasurvelia moswavleebs Soris amoirCioT `laboranti~ da `inJineri~ usafrTxoebis wesebis dacvaSi. `laboranti~ da moswavleebi maswavleblis miTiTebiT Caatareben cdebs. `inJineri~ ki Tvalyurs miadevnebs, rom cdebi Catardes usafrTxoebis wesebis gaTvaliswinebiT. usafrTxoebis wesebis gaTvaliswinebiT CaatareT Semdegi eqsperimentuli samuSao:

eqsperimentis Catarebis Semdeg aucileblad daibane xelebi. jgufuri eqspermentebi narevidan marilis miReba

mocemuli gaqvs: spirtqura, jami, qviSa, marili, rkinis naqlibi, magniti, wyali. msvleloba: 1. mcire raodenobis qviSa, marili da rkinis naqlibi CayareT jamSi da aurieT. 2. magnitis saSualebiT gamoyaviT rkinis naqlibi. 3. jamSi darCenil narevs daasxiT wyali, mourieT da gafiltreT. 4. gafiltvris Sedegad miRebuli wyali jamiT moaTavseT spirtquraze da amoaSreT wyali. 5. daakvirdiT amoSrobis Semdeg darCenil fxvnils. G aRwere cda. gamoitaneT daskvna, ra xerxebiT SeiZleba mocemuli narevidan komponentebis gamoyofa.

saSinao davaleba eqsperimentuli davaleba

narevebis damzadeba mocemuli gaqvs: wyali, Zmari, zeTi, spirti da wiwibura. mocemuli nivTierebebis gamoyenebiT daamzade erTgvarovani da araerTgvarovani narevebi. aRwere cda. gamoitane daskvna, romeli nivTierebebis SereviT miiRe erTgarovani narevi da araerTgvarovani. Tavi 5. narevi

5. Semajamebeli gakveTili 1. sqemis mixedviT imsjele sufTa da narevi nivTierebis Sesaxeb. Seavse gamotovebuli adgilebi. nivTiereba sufTa

narevi

wyalbadi

haeri

Jangbadi

zRvis wyali

azoti

...... ........ 2. imsjele cxrilis mixedviT, Seadare sufTa nivTierebisa da narevis Tvisebebi.

sufTa nivTiereba

narevi 1. Sedgeba ramdenime nivTierebisagan.

1. Sedgeba erTi nivTierebisagan.

2. narevis dayofa Semadgenel komponentebad SesaZlebelia.

3. sqemis mixedviT imsjele narevis komponentebad dayofis xerxebis Sesaxeb. narevis komponentebad dayofis meTodebi

amoDSroba

gacra gafiltvra

gamoxda

dawdoma magnitiT

bunebismetyveleba 6

4. qviSisa da rkinis naqlibis narevis dasayofad saWiro meTodia a. gafiltvra b. dawdoma

g. magnitiT dayofa d. gacra

5. carcisa da sufris marilis fxvnilis narevidan komponentebis gamosayofad saWiro meTodia 1. gafiltvra 2. dawdoma a. 1, 2, 3

3. amoSroba 4. gacra b. 1, 2

g. 2, 4

d. 3, 4

6. zeTisa da wylis narevis komponentebad dasayofad saWiro meTodia a. gafiltvra b. dawdoma

g. gamoxda d. gacra

7. wylisa da navTis narevis komponentebad dasayofad saWiro meTodia a. gafiltvra b. dawdoma

g. gamoxda d. amoOSroba

8. imsjele, romel usafrTxoebis niSans gaukeTebdi WurWlebs siTxeebiT: navTi, Zmari, iodis xsnari, benzini. 9. me-17 suraTze gamosaxuli usafrTxoebis niSnebis mixedviT imsjele, ra gansxvavebaa samedicino da arasamedicino spirtis xsnarebs Soris.

samedicino (eTilis) spirti

arasamedicino (meTilis) spirti sur. 17

10. imsjele, romel narevs (myars, Txevads, airads) miakuTvnebdi granits, mineralur wyals da haers.

Tavi 5. narevi

me-5 Tavis mokle daskvnebi: sufTa nivTiereba ar Seicavs sxva nivTierebebs da misi Tvisebebi ucvlelia. Nnarevi aris sxvadasxva nivTierebebis erToblioba. N

narevi ori saxisaa: erTgvarovani da araerTgvarovani. NerTgvarovania narevi, rodesac masSi Semadgeneli komponentebi cal-calke mikroskopiTac ar Cans. araerTgvarovania narevi, rodesac masSi Semadgeneli komponentebi SeuiaraRebeli TvaliTac kargad Cans. NTxevadi narevis komponenetebad dayofa SesaZlebelia. Txevadi narevis komponentebad dayofis meTodebia: gamoxda, amoSroba, gafiltvra, dawdoma. Mmyari narevis komponentebad dayofis meTodebia: gacra, magnitis gamoyeneba. nivTierebebis uetiketod Senaxva akrZalulia. laboratoriaSi muSaobisas aucilebelia usafrTxoebis wesebis zusti dacva ubeduri SemTxvevis Tavidan asacileblad.

bunebismetyveleba 6

w Seis

: avli dedamiwaze ekvatoris, tropikebis, polusebis, polaruli wreebis mdebareobas. weliwadisa da dRe-Ramis xangrZlivobas. dedamiwis CrdiloeT da samxreT naxevarsferoSi sezonebis monacvleobas. dedamiwaze klimaturi sartylebis gavrcelebis Taviseburebebs. sxvadasxva klimatur sartyelSi arsebul bunebriv pirobebs. sxvadasxva klimatur sartyelSi mcxovrebi adamianebis saqmianobis tips, cxovrebis wess.

i: aufleb d a d b e SeZl imsjelo dedamiwaze sezonebis monacvleobis mizezebze. dagegmo da Caataro cda, dedamiwaze siTbosa da sinaTlis araTanabari ganawilebis sademonstraciod. Seadaro sxvadasxva klimaturi sartylebis maxasiaTeblebi.

Tavi 5. narevi

1. siTbo da sinaTle dedamiwaze ifiqre e da jel ims ratom cxela ekvatorze?

ek v

at or i

sur. 1

o rb it a

sur. 2

pirdapiri sxivebi

daxrili sxivebi

sur. 3

bunebismetyveleba 6

M zis sistemaSi Semavali yvela planetis msgavsad dem damiwac moZraobs. is erTdroulad sami saxis moZraobas asrulebs: brunavs Tavisi warmosaxviTi RerZis garSemo, moZraobs mzis irgvliv orbitaze da mzesTan erTad gadaadgildeba galaqtikaSi. MCveni planeta mzis garSemo, dasavleTidan aRmosavleTisaken, 30 km/wm siCqariT moZraobs (sur. 2). is xan uaxlovdeba mzes, xan ki Sordeba. dedamiwaze yvela adgili sinaTlisa da siTbos Tanabar raodenobas ver iRebs. Aamis mizezia dedamiwis sferoseburi forma da misi warmosaxviTi RerZis daxriloba orbitis mimarT. Mmzis irgvliv moZraobisas yvelaze didi raodenobiT mzis sxivebi dedamiwis Sua nawils – ekvatorsa da tropikebs Soris teritorias xvdeba. es adgili yvelaze cxelia dedamiwaze (sur. 1). Eekvatori warmosaxviTi xazia, romelic dedamiwas Suaze – CrdiloeT da samxreT naxevarsferoebad hyofs. tropikebi mzis zenituri mdebareobis sazRvrebia. mze zenitSia, roca SuadRisas mzis sxivebi sagnebs pirdapir ecema (sur. 3 a). aseT dros sagnebs Crdili ara aqvs. Ddedamiwis CrdiloeT naxevarsferoSi CrdiloeT tropikia, samxreTSi ki – samxreT tropiki (sur. 3). isini ekvatoridan Tanabrad arian daSorebuli. ekvatoridan tropikebamde mze zenitSi weliwadSi orjer xvdeba, gazafxulsa da zafxulSi mzis pirdapir sxivebs CrdiloeT naxevarsfero iRebs, Semodgomisa da zamTris TveebSi ki – samxreT naxevarsfero. tropikebidan polusebamde mzis sxivebi dedamiwas ufrodaufro daxrilad ecema (sur. 3 b) da siTbosa da sinaTlis raodenoba TandaTan mcirdeba.

polusebi dedamiwis ukiduresi CrdiloeTi da samxreTi yvelaze civi wertilebia (sur. 4). polusebTan axlos warmosaxviTi xazi polaruli wris aRmniSvnelia. CrdiloeT da samxreT polaruli wreebi polaruli dRisa (24 saaTis ganmavlobaSi mze ar Cadis) da Ramis (24 saaTis ganmavlobaSi mze ar amodis) sazRvrebia. polaruli wridan polusebamde polaruli dReebis da Rameebis ricxvi izrdeba. polusebze is eqvsi Tve grZeldeba. polusebze wlis nebismier dros civa. Mmzis sxivebi wlis sxvadasxva dros an daxrilad ecema polusebs, an saerTod ver xvdeba. zafxulisa da zamTris temperaturas Soris sxvaoba didia. dedamiwis sferoseburi forma da warmosaxviTi RerZis daxriloba dedamiwaze xuTi siTburi sartylis arsebobas ganapirobebs. CrdiloeT da samxreT tropikebs Soris cxeli sartyeli mdebareobs, tropikebsa da polarul wreebs Soris – zomieri, xolo polarul wreebsa da polusebs Soris – civi sartyelia moqceuli (sur. 5, 6).

CrdiloeT polusi polaruli wre C. tropiki ekvatori

s. tropiki polaruli wre samxreT polusi

sur. 4 CrdiloeT polusi civi sartyeli

zomieri sartyeli cxeli sartyeli

gaazreba

me-6 suraTze gamosaxuli ferebis mixedviT imsjele da ganasxvave siTburi sartylebi erTmaneTisgan; romel naxevarsferoSi da romel siTbur sartyelSia moqceuli saqarTvelo?

zomieri sartyeli civi sartyeli samxreT polusi

sur. 5

sur. 6. dedamiwis siTburi sartylebis ruka saSinao davaleba

azrobrivad SearCie saWiro sityvebi da winadadebaSi Seavse gamotovebuli adgilebi. sitYyvebi: polusebi, eE kvatori, polaruli wris, tropikebi. .... warmosaxviTi xazia, romelic dedamiwas Suaze – CrdiloeT da samxreT naxevarsferoebad hyofs. .... mzis zenituri mdebareobis sazRvrebia. .... dedamiwis ukiduresi CrdiloeTi da samxreTi yvelaze civi wertilebia. polusebTan axlos warmosaxviTi xazi .... aRmniSvnelia. Tavi 6. siTbosa da sinaTlis ganawileba dedamiwaze

2. weliwadis droebis cvlileba 21 marti

ifiqre e da jel s m i ratom icvleba weliwadis droebi?

22 ivnisi

Crd

tr o ekv piki ato ri tr opi ki

tr op ik i ek v ato ri tr opi ki

sam x

22 dekemberi Crd .

Crd

sam x.

tr opi ki ek v ato r i tr opi ki

sur. 7

sam x.

tr op ik i ek v a to ri tr opi ki

sam x.

23 seqtemberi

dedamiwa mzis garSemo erT srul Semobrunebas 365 dRe-Ramesa da 6 saaTs andomebs. Yyovel oTx weliwadSi erTxel 6 saaTis `dagrovebiT~ 365 dRes erTi dRe-Rame emateba. Ees nakiani weliwadia da 366 dRe-Ramisagan Sedgeba. nakian weliwads Tebervali 29 ricxviT bolovdeba. radgan dedamiwis warmosaxviTi RerZi daxrilia, mze ekvators, CrdiloeT da samxreT naxevarsferoebs sxvadasxvagvarad anaTebs da aTbobs. roca Cveni planetis CrdiloeT naxevarsferoSi zafxulia, maSin samxreT naxevarsferoSi aris zamTari. me-7 suraTze gamosaxulia dedamiwis sxvadasxva mdebareoba mzis garSemo orbitaze moZraobisas. 22 ivnisi C. polaruli wre

22 dekemberi C. polaruli wre

C. tropiki ekvatori C. tropiki

s. tropiki

ekvatori s. tropiki s. polaruli wre

sur. 8

bunebismetyveleba 6

s.polaruli wre

22 ivniss mze zenitSi CrdiloeT tropikze imyofeba, am dRes CrdiloeT naxevarsfero maqsimaluri raodenobis sinaTlesa da siTbos iRebs. 22 ivnisi zafxulis mzebudobaa, am dRes yvelaze grZeli dRe da yvelaze mokle Ramea. CrdiloeT polarul wreze aRiniSneba polaruli dRe. CrdiloeT naxevarsferoSi zafxulia. samxreT naxevarsferoSi ki piriqiT – zamTaria da yvelaze mokle dRe da yvelaze grZeli Ramea. samxreT polarul wreze aRiniSneba polaruli Rame (sur. 8 a). 22 dekembers mze zenitSia samxreT tropikze, am dRes samxreT naxevarsfero iRebs maqsimaluri raodenobis sinaTlesa da siTbos. 22 dekemberi zamTris mzebudobaa, am dRes yvelaze grZeli dRe da yvelaze mokle Ramea. samxreT polarul wreze aRiniSneba polaruli dRe. samxreT naxevarsferoSi zafxulia. CrdiloeT naxevarsferoSi ki piriqiT – zamTaria da yvelaze mokle dRe da yvelaze grZeli Ramea. CrdiloeT polarul wreze aRiniSneba polaruli Rame (sur. 8 b). 23 seqtembers da 21 marts mze zenitSia ekvatorze, am dReebSi dedamiwis CrdiloeT da samxreT naxevarsfero Tanabari raodenobis sinaTlesa da siTbos iRebs. Tu CrdiloeT naxevarsferoSi Semodgomaa, samxreTSi gazafxuli iqneba da – piriqiT. 23 seqtemberi da 21 marti Semodgomisa da gazafxulis dReRamtoloba anu buniobaa. 23 seqtembridan 21 martamde CrdiloeT polusze polaruli Ramea. samxreT polusze ki – polaruli dRe. 21 martidan 23 seqtembramde ki samxreT poluszea polaruli Rame da CrdiloeT polusze polaruli dRe.

ianva

1 kanada -30C

argentina +240C

sur. 9

gaazreba

1. imsjele me-9 suraTis mixedviT, ratom aris aseTi gansxvaveba temperaturebs Soris erTsa da imave dRes dedamiwis sxvadasxva wertilSi. 2. imsjele me-10 suraTis mixedviT, weliwadis romeli droa CrdiloeT da samxreT naxevarsferoebSi. pasuxi daasabuTe. dReebi saSinao davaleba

Seavse cxrili: mocemul TariRebs daukavSire saxelwodebebi da weliwadis droebi.

sur. 10 cxr. 1 weliwadis dro saqarTveloSi

dRis saxelwodeba

22 ivnisi 23 seqtemberi 22 dekemberi 21 marti

Tavi 6. siTbosa da sinaTlis ganawileba dedamiwaze

3. dakvirveba weliwadis droebis cvlilebaze jgufuri eqspermentebi

dakvirveba gazafxulis sezonze CrdiloeT naxevarsferoSi

mocemuli gaqvs: globusi, eleqtronaTura an fanari. msvleloba 1. ganalage globusi da naTura magidaze. mimarTe sinaTlis sxivi ise, rom pirdapir ecemodes ekvators. 2. nel-nela gadaanacvle sinaTlis wyaro ekvatoridan CrdiloeT tropikisaken. 3. naTuris gadanacvlebisas daakvirdi da Seadare erTmaneTs, rogor ecema Suqi globusze ekvatoridan polusebisaken orive naxevarsferoSi. Seadare damzerili movlena weliwadis droebis cvlilebas dedamiwaze da gamoitane daskvna. sur. 11

dakvirveba zafxulis sezonze CrdiloeT naxevarsferoSi mocemuli gaqvs: globusi, eleqtronaTura an fanari. msvleloba 1. ganalage globusi da naTura magidaze. mimarTe sinaTlis sxivi ise, rom pirdapir ecemodes CrdiloeT tropiks. 2. nel-nela gadaanacvle sinaTlis wyaro CrdiloeT tropikidan ekvatorisken. 3. naTuris gadanacvlebisas daakvirdi da Seadare erTmaneTs, rogor ecema Suqi globusze ekvatoridan polusebisaken orive naxevarsferoSi. Seadare damzerili movlena weliwadis droebis cvlilebas dedamiwaze da gamoitane daskvna.

sur. 12

bunebismetyveleba 6

dakvirveba Semodgomis sezonze CrdiloeT naxevarsferoSi

mocemuli gaqvs: globusi, eleqtronaTura an fanari. msvleloba 1. ganalage globusi da naTura magidaze. mimarTe sinaTlis sxivi ise, rom pirdapir ecemodes ekvators. 2. nel-nela gadaanacvle sinaTlis wyaro ekvatoridan samxreT tropikisaken. 3. naTuris gadanacvlebisas daakvirdi da Seadare erTmaneTs, rogor ecema Suqi globusze ekvatoridan polusebisaken orive naxevarsferoSi. Seadare damzerili movlena weliwadis droebis cvlilebas dedamiwaze da gamoitane daskvna. sur. 13

dakvirveba zamTris sezonze CrdiloeT naxevarsferoSi

mocemuli gaqvs: globusi, eleqtronaTura an fanari. msvleloba 1. ganalage globusi da naTura magidaze. mimarTe sinaTlis sxivi ise, rom pirdapir ecemodes samxreT tropiks. 2. nel-nela gadaanacvle sinaTlis wyaro samxreT tropikidan ekvatorisken. 3. naTuris gadanacvlebisas daakvirdi da Seadare erTmaneTs, rogor ecema Suqi globusze ekvatoridan polusebisaken orive naxevarsferoSi. Seadare damzerili movlena weliwadis droebis cvlilebas dedamiwaze da gamoitane daskvna. sur. 14

Tavi 6. siTbosa da sinaTlis ganawileba dedamiwaze

4. dRe da Rame ifiqre e da jel s m i ratom xdeba dedamiwaze dRisa da Ramis monacvleoba?

sur. 15

sur. 16

100

bunebismetyveleba 6

D edamiwa Tavisi warmosaxviTi RerZis garSemo erT d srul Semobrunebas 24 saaTs (23 saaTs da 56 wuTs) andomebs. amas dedamiwis dReRamuri brunva ewodeba (sur. 16). Ddedamiwis sferoseburi formis gamo mze erTdroulad mTel dedamiwas ver anaTebs. rodesac dedamiwis erTi mxare ganaTebulia, misi meore mxare am dros CrdilSia moqceuli. ganaTebul mxareze dRea, meore mxares ki â&#x20AC;&#x201C; Rame (sur. 15). Ddedamiwa Tavisi warmosaxviTi RerZis irgvliv dasavleTidan aRmosavleTisaken, saaTis isris sawinaaRmdego mimarTulebiT brunavs. mzis sxivebi jer dedamiwis aRmosavleT nawils xvdeba (Tendeba), Semdeg ki nel-nela dasavleTisken inacvlebs. sxvadasxva Qqalaqebi dedamiwis sxvadasxva wertilSi mdebareobs. Aamitom drois erTsa da imave monakveTSi am qalaqebis saaTebi gansxvavebul dros uCvenebs. dRisa da Ramis monacvleobas didi mniSvneloba aqvs sicocxlis arsebobisaTvis dedamiwaze. adamiani da sxva cocxali organizmebi dRisiT aqtiur cxovrebas ewevian, RamiT ki â&#x20AC;&#x201C; iZineben. Ees maT dRisiT daxarjuli energiis aRdgenasa da dasvenebaSi exmareba. magram arsebobs cocxali organizmebi, romlebic dRisiT isveneben, RamiT ki sakvebis mosapoveblad gamodian. magaliTad, Tagvi, Ramura, bu. dRisiT ufro Tbila, vidre RamiT, bunebac gamococxlebulia. mcenareebSi fotosinTezi mimdina-

reobs, ris Sedegadac atmosfero JangbadiT ivseba. zRvis sanapiroze, mdinareTa xeobebSi dRisiTa da RamiT sxvadasxva mimarTulebis qari qris. Zvel droSi adamianebs ar hqondaT swori warmodgena dedamiwis dReRamuri brunvis Sesaxeb. isini fiqrobdnen, rom dedamiwa uZravad idga erT adgilas da mze mis garSemo moZraobda. aAm movlenas ukaSirebdnen dedamiwaze dRisa da Ramis monacvleobas. gaazreba

sur. 17 1. imsjele me-16 suraTis mixedviT, rogor traeqtorias Semowers Seni skolis Senoba dedamiwis warmosaxviTi RerZis garSemo brunvisas. 2. imsjele me-17 suraTis gamoyenebiT, romel kontinentzea SuaRame, rodesac evropaSi SuadRea. jgufuri eqsperimenti

dakvirveba dRisa da Ramis monacvleobaze mocemuli gaqvs: eleqtronaTura an fanari, g G lobusi. msvleloba: 1. ganalage magidaze globusi da anTebuli naTura erTmaneTis gaswvriv (sur. 18). 3. daakvirdi globusis naTuriT ganaTebul da CrdilSi moqceul naxevarsferoebs. D4. daatriale xeliT globusi ise, rom @CrdilSi myofi globusis nawili moeqces naTurisken (mzisken). Ddaakvirdi, dedamiwis romeli mxarea ganaTebuli da romeli â&#x20AC;&#x201C; ara. Seadare damzerili movlena dRisa da Ramis monacvleobas dedamiwaze.

sur. 18

saSinao davaleba

me-19 suraTze gamosaxuli saaTebi sxvadasxva qalaqebis dros uCvenebs dRis erTsa da imave momentSi. romeli qalaqi mdebareobs ufro dasavleTiT? aRmosavleTiT? Ppasuxi daasabuTe.

09:00

16:00

sur. 19

Tavi 6. siTbosa da sinaTlis ganawileba dedamiwaze

101

5. dedamiwis klimaturi sartylebi ifiqre e da jel s m i ramdeni klimaturi sartyelia dedamiwaze?

sur. 20

dedamiwis Sua nawili CrdiloeT da samxreT tropikebs Soris yvelaze didi raodenobiT iRebs mzis siTbosa da sinaTles. mas cxel siTbur sartyels vuwodebT. tropikebsa da CrdiloeT da samxreT polarul wreebs Soris orive naxevarsferoSi â&#x20AC;&#x201C; zomieri siTburi sartyeli vrceldeba. polaruli wreebidan polusebamde ki civi siTburi sartyelia. Yyvela maTganSi gansxvavebuli bunebrivi pirobebi da klimatia. klimati amindis mravalwliani reJimia. dedamiwaze gamoiyofa Svidi ZiriTAadi klimaturi sartyeli â&#x20AC;&#x201C; Eekvatoruli, ori tropikuli, ori zomieri, arqtikuli da antarqtikuli sartylebi (sur. 21). yvela klimatur sartyelSi misTvis damaxasiTebeli amindi (temperatura, tenianoba da sxv.) da bunebrivi pirobebia. MmaT Soris mdebare sartylebs ki gardamavals uwodeben, esenia â&#x20AC;&#x201C; ori subekvatoruli, ori subtropikuli, subarqtikuli da subantarqtikuli. Yyvela gardamavali sartyeli, im ori sartyelis Taviseburebebs atarebs, romelTa Sorisac mdebareobs.

ekvatoruli subekvatoruli tropikuli subtropikuli zomieri subarqtikuli da subantarqtikuli arqtikuli da antarqtikuli

sur. 21. klimaturi sartylebis ruka

102

bunebismetyveleba 6

klimatis warmoqmnas siTburi sartylebis garda ganapirobebs reliefi, okeaneebisa da zRvebis siaxlove da sxva fizikur-geografiuli faqtorebi. klimaturi pirobebi dedamiwaze araerTxel Seicvala. Tanamedrove periodSi dedamiwaze mimdinareobs daTboba. mas globalur daTbobas uwodeben. 15 maisi klimatis dacvis saerTaSoriso dRea. gaazreba

1. msoflio klimaturi rukis gamoyenebiT imsjele, ra aris imis mizezi, rom klimaturi sartylebi yvela kontinentze gansxvavebulad vrceldeba. 2. Seadare erTmaneTs sxvadasxva siTbur sartyelSi arsebuli bunebrivi pirobebi (sur. 22). civi siTburi sartyeli

zomieri siTburi sartyeli

cxeli siTburi sartyeli

zomieri siTburi sartyeli

sur. 22

civi siTburi sartyeli

cxr. 2 saSinao davaleba

1. politikuri (gv. 116) da klimaturi sartylebis rukis daxmarebiT moZebne ramdenime qveyana, romelic mdebarobs sxvadasxva klimatur sartylebSi da Seavse me-2 cxrili. 2. moamzade proeqti `Tanamedrove klimatis cvlilebebi dedamiwaze~.

klimaturiKLKL sartyeli KL

qveynebi

ekvatoruli tropikuli zomieri

Tavi 6. siTbosa da sinaTlis ganawileba dedamiwaze

103

6. klimati da bunebrivi pirobebi civi

ifiqre e da jel s m i zomieri

ra gavlenas axdens klimati bunebriv pirobebze? cxeli

notio

sur. 24. junglebi. ekvatoruli sartyeli

sur. 25. udabno. tropikuli sartyeli

104

bunebismetyveleba 6

sur. 23

mSrali

ekvatoruli sartyeli ekvatoris gaswvriv orive naxevarsferoSi mdebareobs. xasiaTdeba mTeli wlis ganmavlobaSi haeris maRali temperaturiT, uxvi naleqebiT da gabatonebuli qarebiT `pasatebiT~. pasatebi okeanidan qrian kontinentze da notio haeri moaqvT. notio hava noyieri niadagebis arsebobas uzrunvelyofs. Naq gavrcelebulia notio-ekvatoruli tyeebi (junglebi). es zona gansakuTrebulad mdidaria floriTa da fauniT. samwuxarod, es tyeebi intensiurad iCexeba. gamoTavisuflebul miwebs ki adamiani sxvadasxva miznebisTvis iyenebs. tropikuli sartyeli CrdiloeT da samxreT naxevarsferos tropikebis gaswvriv vrceldeba, sadac mTeli wlis ganmavlobaSi maRali temperaturaa. hava topikul sartyelSi Zalian mSralia. Nnaleqebi Zalian mcire raodenobiT modis. am sartyelSi ZiriTadad udabnoebi da naxevarudabnoebia gavrcelebuli, zogan savanebi da naTeli tyeebia. dRisiT Zalian cxela, RamiT ki haeri male civdeba, rac udabno adgilebisTvisaa damaxasiaTebeli. Mmiuxedavad simSralisa am sartyelSi cxovelTa da mcenareTa uamravi saxeoba gvxvdeba. zomieri sartyeli CrdiloeT naxevarsferoSi yvela kontinentzea warmodgenili, samxreTSi ki mxolod samxreT amerikaSi. Yyvelaze mkveTrad weliwadis droebi zomier sartyelSia gamoxatuli. zamTari civia, zafxuli ki â&#x20AC;&#x201C; cxeli. Nnaleqebi sezonebis mixedviT zomierad nawildeba, zRvebisa da okeaneebis sanapiroebi SedarebiT uxvnaleqiania da Tbili, vidre Sidakontinenturi nawilebi.

aq gvxvdeba wiwvovani da farTofoTlovani tyeebi, stepebi, tyestepebi, udabnoebi da naxevarudabnoebi. es zona adamianis mier TiTqmis mTlianad aTvisebuli da Secvlilia. A arqtikuli sartyeli CrdiloeT polarul wreSia moqceuli. aAq TiTqmis mTeli wlis ganmavlobaSi temperatura uaryofiTia. Ggabatonebulia mudmivi qarebi. Ees regioni CrdiloeT yinulovan okeanesa da masSi arsebul kunZulebs moicavs. Tovli TiTqmis mTeli wlis ganmavlobaSi ar dneba. niadagi ramdenime santimetris siRrmezea gayinuli. arqtikuli sartyeli gamoirCeva florisa da faunis simciriT. antarqtikuli sartyeli dedamiwaze yvelaze civi adgilia. antarqtidaze dafiqsirebul temperaturebs Soris udablesia â&#x20AC;&#x201C;890C. mudmivi Tovlisa da yinulis safaris miuxedavad, aq mcenareebisa da cxovelebis mcire raodenoba gvxvdeba. am zonaSi mudmivi mosaxleoba ar arsebobs. mxolod samecniero (sur. 29) da turistuli miznebisaTvis stumrobs adamiani am regionebs. Cveni qveyana zomieri sartylis sazRvarTan, subtropikul sartyelSi mdebareobs. Aaq klimatur Taviseburebebs Savi zRva da kavkasionis qedi ganapirobebs.

sur. 26. farTofoTlovani tye. zomieri sartyeli

sur. 27. arqtikuli sartyeli

sur. 29. kvleviTi centri antarqtidaze gaazreba

imsjele 23-e suraTis mixedviT, ratom aris gansxvavebuli bunebrivi pirobebi sxvadasxva klimatur sartyelSi. saSinao davaleba

moiZie damatebiTi informacia internetSi klimaturi sartylebis Sesaxeb. airCie qvemoT mocemuli Temebidan SenTvis sasurveli da Caatare prezentacia Temaze: 1. ekvatoruli klimaturi sartyeli; 2. tropikuli klimaturi sartyeli; 3. zomieri klimaturi sartyeli; 4. arqtikuli da antarqtikuli klimaturi sartylebi.

sur. 28. xavsebi. antarqtikuli sartyeli

Tavi 6. siTbosa da sinaTlis ganawileba dedamiwaze

105

7. klimatis gavlena adamianis saqmianobaze ifiqre e da jel s m i ra ganapirobebs adamianis saqmianobas?

sur. 30

klimaturi sartylebis mravalferovneba dedamiwaze ganapirobebs bunebrivi pirobebis Taviseburebebs. klimatzea damokidebuli florisa da faunis mravalferovneba, niadagis tipebis gavrceleba, sasoflo-sameurneo saqmianobis ganviTareba. klimatur pirobebs iTvaliswineben mSeneblobebis, gzebis gayvanis dros da sameurneo saqmianobis warmarTvisas. amindi da klimaturi pirobebi adamianis saqmianobis erT-erTi ganmsazRvreli faqtoria. bunebriv pirobebzea damokidebuli misi cxovrebis wesi, sacxovrebeli a

sur. 31. ekvatoruli sartyeli a

sur. 32. tropikuli sartyeli

106

bunebismetyveleba 6

sur. 33. zomieri sartyeli a

sur. 34. arqtikuli sartyeli

saxlis tipi, moTxovnebi sakvebis mimarT, tansacmeli da a.S. klimati moqmedebs adamianis janmrTelobaze da ganwyobaze. gansakuTrebulad maRali da dabali temperatura cudad aisaxeba adamianis janmrTelobaze. adamianis organizmis normaluri funqcionirebisaTvis saukeTeso pirobad iTvleba +18 â&#x20AC;&#x201C; +260C siTbo. yvela klimaturi sartyeli met-naklebad aTvisebuli da gardaqmnilia adamianis mier. gansakuTrebiT zomieri da subtropikuli sartylebi. xelsayreli bunebrivi pirobebi, mdidari mcenareTa da cxovelTa samyaro, noyieri niadagi, yovelTvis iyo adamianTa gansaxlebis umTavresi piroba.

gaazreba

1. gamoiyene winare codna, daakvirdi suraTebs (sur. 31-34) da aRwere adamianTa saqmianoba sxvadasxva klimatur sartyelSi. 2. gamoiyene politikuri da klimaturi sartylebis ruka, daasaxele qveynebi, sadac ganviTarebulia 31-34-e suraTebze gamosaxuli meurneobis tipebi.

saSinao davaleba

moiZie informacia, romel qveynebSia ganviTarebuli 35-e suraTze mocemuli sportis saxeobebi.

sur. 35

Tavi 6. siTbosa da sinaTlis ganawileba dedamiwaze

107

8. Semajamebeli gakveTili 1. cxrilisa da suraTis mixedviT imsjele dedamiwis zomebisa da moZraobis Sesaxeb cxr. 3 garSemoweriloba polusidan polusamde 40 007 km

d = 12 756 km

ekvatori 40 076 km

ekvatoris garSemoweriloba

40 076 km

Mmzidan

149 600 000 km

daSoreba

dedamiwis moZraoba mzis garSemo

365 dRe, 6 saaTi, 9 wuTi

dedamiwis moZraoba RerZis garSemo

23 saaTi da 56 wuTi

12 731 km

40 007 km

2. mzis garSemo dedamiwis moZraobis traeqtoriaa: a) swori xazi (wrfe); b) mrudi wiri; g) texili wiri. 3. ipove aramarTebuli mtkiceba: a) dedamiwa moZraobs rogorc mzis garSemo, aseve Tavisi warmosaxviTi RerZis garSemo da mzesTan erTad gadaadgildeba galaqtikaSi; b) cxeli sartyeli mdebareobs CrdiloeT da samxreT tropikebs Soris; sur. 36

g) ekvatori mdebareobs zomier sartyelSi. 4. ipove aramarTebuli mtkiceba: a) samxreT naxevarsfero yvelaze met siTbosa da sinaTles 22 dekembers iRebs; b) dedamiwa Tavisi warmosaxviTi RerZis garSemo aRmosavleTidan dasavleTis mimarTulebiT brunavs; g) dedamiwa orbitaze 30 km/wm siCqariT moZraobs. 5. ipove marTebuli mtkiceba: a) dedamiwa mzis garSemo erT srul bruns 368 DdRe-Ramesa da 6 saaTs andomebs; b) 22 ivniss CrdiloeT naxevarsferoSi yvelaze grZeli dRe da yvelaze mokle Ramea; g) 23 seqtemberi da 21 marti mzebudobis dReebia.

108

bunebismetyveleba 6

6. yvelaze adre Tendeba dedamiwis: a) aRmosavleT nawilSi; g) CrdiloeT nawilSi;

b) dasavleT nawilSi; d) samxreT nawilSi.

7. upasuxe SekiTxvebs: a) ratom aris gansxvavebuli sezonebi CrdiloeT da samxreT naxevarsferoSi? b) ra ganapirobebs dedamiwaze sxvadasxva klimaturi sartylebis arsebobas? 8. imsjele rukisa da sqemis mixedviT dedamiwis klimaturi sartylebis Sesaxeb (sur. 37-38).

dedamiwis ZiriTadi klimaturi sartylebi ekvatoruli tropikuli zomieri antarqtikuli arqtikuli sur. 38

sur. 37 9. Seadare klimaturi sartylebis mier miRebuli mzis energiis raodenoba erTmaneTs. 10. imsjele, ratom gaxda saWiro klimatis dacvis saerTaSoriso dRis daweseba. 11. daukavSire sityvebi dedamiwis klimatur sartylebs. Cai udabno wiwvovani tye mzesumzira xorbali pingvini Sinauri cxovelebi CrdiloeTis iremi hokei

ekvatoruli tropikuli zomieri arqtikuli antarqtikuli

junglebi citrusi Sinauri frinveli farTofoTlovani tye golfi TeTri daTvi banani kakao ananasi pasatebi

Tavi 6. siTbosa da sinaTlis ganawileba dedamiwaze

109

me-6 Tavis mokle daskvnebi: dedamiwaze siTbo da sinaTle araTanabrad nawildeba, radgan dedamiwis warmosaxviTi RerZi daxrilia orbitis mimarT. ekvatori warmosaxviTi xazia, romelic dedamiwas Suaze â&#x20AC;&#x201C; CrdiloeT da samxreT naxevarsferoebad hyofs. tropikebi mzis zenituri mdebareobis sazRvrebia. polaruli wreebi polaruli dRisa da Ramis sazRvrebia. polusebi dedamiwis ukiduresi CrdiloeTi da samxreTi yvelaze civi wertilebia. mzis garSemo orbitaze moZraobisas, dedamiwa xan uaxlov deba mzes, xan Sordeba. dedamiwis CrdiloeT da samxreT naxevarsferoSi sezonebi gansxvavebulia. 23 seqtemberi da 21 marti Semodgomisa da gazafxulis dReRamtolobis anu buniobis dReebia. 22 ivniss zafxulis mzebudobaa, mze zenitSi CrdiloeT tropikze imyofeba. am dRes yvelaze grZeli dRe da yvelaze mokle Ramea CrdiloeT naxevarsferoSi. 22 dekembers zamTris mzebudobaa, mze zenitSi samxreT tropikze imyofeba. am dRes yvelaze grZeli dRe da yvelaze mokle Ramea samxreT naxevarsferoSi. dedamiwis sxvadasxva nawilSi gansxvavebuli droa. dedamiwa warmosaxviTi RerZis garSemo dasavleTidan aRmosavleTisaken brunavs. mze jer aRmosavleT naxevarsferos anaTebs Semdeg ki dasavleTs. dedamiwaze 7 ZiriTadi da 6 gardamavali klimaturi sartyelia. yvela klimatur sartyels Tavisi maxasiaTeblebi aqvs: haeris temperatura, naleqebi, gabatonebuli qarebi rac ganapirobebs niadagis tipebisa da florisa da faunis gavrcelebas. klimatis mravalferovneba dedamiwaze gansazRvravs adamia nis saqmianobis tips.

110

bunebismetyveleba 6

: vli a w s Sei rogor yalibdeba reliefis dadebiTi da uaryofiTi formebi. rogori mTebi da vakeebi arsebobs. ra cvlilebebi xdeba dedamiwis zedapirze, Sinagani da garegani Zalebis moqmedebis Sedegad. dedamiwis zedapirze adamianisa da bunebrivi movlenebis zemoqmedebis Sedegebs.

bi: daufle a d b e l SeZ aRwero da ikvlio nacnobi bunebrivi garemo. aRwero nacnob garemoSi reliefis cvlilebebis magaliTebi. gamoTqva varaudi, ra bunebrivi da xelovnuri procesebis Sedegi SeiZleba iyos dedamiwis zedapiris cvlilebebi. ganixilo dedamiwis zedapirze mimdinare cvlilebebis mniSvneloba cocxali samyarosaTvis.

Tavi 6. siTbosa da sinaTlis ganawileba dedamiwaze

111

1. reliefis formebi ifiqre e da jel ims rogor iqmneba reliefis formebi?

sur. 1. reliefis sxvadasxva formebi – mTa da vake

dedamiwis zedapiri uswormasworoa. misi Camoyalibeba da saxecvlileba Cveni planetis Seqmnidan dRemde SeuCereblad mimdinareobs. xmeleTis zedapiris, okeanisa da zRvis fskeris uswormasworobaTa erTobliobas reliefi hqvia. reliefis ZiriTadi formebia: mTebi da vakeebi. maTi ganlageba dedamiwaze araTanabaria, zogan mTebi Warbobs, zogan – vakeebi. reliefis formebis sidide, warmoSoba, asaki da ganviTarebis istoria gansxvavebulia. reliefis amozneqil formebs dadebiTs uwodeben (sur. 2), Cazneqils ki – uaryofiTs (sur. 3). formaTa sididis mixedviT gamoyofen: planetarul – mega, makro,

sur. 2. reliefis dadebiTi forma

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bunebismetyveleba 6

sur. 3. reliefis uaryofiTi forma

mezo, mikro da nano formebs. es saxelwodebebi reliefis formebis sididezea damokidebuli. planetaruli formebi – kontinentebi da okeaneebis kalapotebia. mega formebi milionobiT kvadratul kilometrzea gadaWimuli, magaliTad, amazonis dablobi, kavkasionis mTebi. makro kidev ufro mcire – aTasobiT kvadratuli kilometris farTobis mqone reliefis formebia da a.S. reliefis sxvadasxva formebis arseboba, dedamiwis qerqze moqmedi Sinagani da garegani Zalebis zemoqmedebis Sedegia. dedamiwis Sinagani Zalebia miwisZvrebi, vulkanebi da dadamiwis qerqis moZraoba. garegani Zalebia qaris, mzis da wylis energia. es ori Zala urTierTsapirispirod moqmedebs. Sinagani Zalebis moqmedebiT dedamiwaze Cndeba uswormasworo formebi – warmoiqmneba mTebi da vakeebi. garegani procesebi ki gardaqmnis da amcirebs dedamiwis uswormasworo formebs – Slis mTebs. es procesebi TiTqmis uwyvetad mimdinareobs, amitom dedamiwis zedapiri cvlilebebs mudmivad ganicdis. reliefs sxvadasxva miznebiT Taviseburad cvlis adamianic. ZvelTaganve kacobriobis mizani Cveni planetis yvela `resursis~ misTvis sasargeblod gamoyenebaa, magram misi zemoqmedeba uaryofiTad ar unda aisaxos bunebaze. reliefis mravalferovneba mniSvnelovani klimatwarmomqmneli faqtoria. is gavlenas axdens florisa da faunis gavrcelebaze, adamianTa saqmianobaze, wes-Cveulebebze da sxv.

Sinagani Zalebis mier Secvlili reliefi

amaRleba

amaRleba, daweva

a) dedamiwis qerqis vertikaluri moZraoba

garegani Zalebis mier Secvlili reliefi

mTebi iSleba

b) daSlili qani gadaadgildeba daxrilobis mimarTulebiT

sur. 4

gaazreba

1. me-4 suraTis mixedviT imsjele, rogor moqmedebs Sinagani da garegani Zalebi dedamiwis reliefis cvlilebaze.

Sinagani

2. Seavse carieli wreebi (sur. 5). romeli reliefwarmomqmneli procesebi miekuTvneba dedamiwis Sinagan da garegan Zalebs?

garegani

sur. 5

saSinao davaleba

msoflios fizikur rukaze moZebne kontinentebi da okeaneebi da daadgine, ramdeni planetaruli reliefis formaa dedamiwaze?

Tavi 7. xmeleTis reliefis cvlilebebi

113

2. mTebi ifiqre e da jel s m i sad mdebareobs dedamiwaze yvelaze maRali adgili? sur. 6. himalais mTebi

sur. 7. apalaCis Zveli mTebi CrdiloeT amerikaSi

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bunebismetyveleba 6

mTebi dedamiwis amozneqili – dadebiTi formebia, isini Cveni planetis yvela kontinentze gvxvdeba. mTebs zedapiris farTobis daaxloebiT 45% ukavia. dedamiwis zedapirze erTnairi mTebi TiTqmis ar arsebobs, radgan gansxvavdebian warmoSobis, asakis, formis, simaRlis da kalTebis daxrilobis mixedviT. mTis Semadgeneli nawilebia – Ziri anu fuZe, kalTa da wvero. simaRlis mixedviT mTebi iyofa, dabal – zRvis donidan 1000 metramde simaRlis, saSualo – zRvis donidan 1000-2000 metramde simaRlis da maRal mTebad, romelTa simaRle 2000 metrs aWarbebs. saSualo da dabali simaRlis mTebs miekuTvneba, magaliTad, uralis mTebi evropisa da aziis sazRvarze, skandinaviis mTebi evropaSi. es mTebi asakiT Zveli mTebia da nel-nela iSlebian da dabldebian. maRalia iseTi axalgazrda mTaTa sistemebi, rogoricaa, magaliTad: kavkasioni, himalai, andebi da kordilierebi. isini dedamiwis qerqis moZraobis Sedegad jerac maRldebian. erTimeoris miyolebiT ganlagebuli mTebi qedebs qmnis. mTebis aseTi jgufebi SesaZlebelia, aseulobiT kilometrzec ki iyos gadaWimuli, magaliTad, kordilierebi da andebi, erTiani mTaTa sistemaa. is ori kontinentis – CrdiloeT da da samxreT amerikis dasavleT wynarokeanur sanapiros miuyveba uwyvetad. misi mTliani sigrZe 18 000 kilometrze metia. alpur-himalauri mTaTa sistema ki afrikis Crdilo – dasavleT nawilidan avstraliamdea gadaWimuli, maT SemadgenlobaSi Sedis kavkasionis mTebi (sur. 8).

evrazia CrdiloeTi amerika atlantis okeane

wynari okeane afrika

wynari okeane

samxreTi amerika

indoeTis okeane avstralia

kordilierebi da andebi, msoflios ugrZesi mTaTa sistema. alpur-himalauri mTaTa sistema.

sur. 8 erTmaneTze gadajaWvuli mTis masivebi mTian mxareebs qmnian. mTiani mxareebi anu mTianeTebi gamorCeulad amaRlebulia mimdebare dablobebTan SedarebiT. aseTia, magaliTad, saqarTvelos samxreT mTianeTi, pamiri aziaSi. qedze arsebul simaRleTa SemaerTebel pirobiT xazs Txemi ewodeba. qedze yvelaze Cadablebul adgils uReltexili hqvia. uReltexilebi mTebze gadasasvlelad mosaxerxebeli adgilebia da maTze gzebi gahyavT. Cvens qveyanaSi bevri uReltexilia, magaliTad, gomboris, goderZis, naqeralas. dedamiwaze yvelaze maRali mTaa everesti (jomolungma), misi simaRle 8848 m-ia, is aziaSi tibetis mTianeTze mdebareobs (sur. 6). saqarTvelos umaRlesi mwvervalia Sxara, romelic svaneTis kavkasionze 5068 m simaRleze mdebareobs (sur. 9). maRal mTebSi klimati gacilebiT civia, amitom aq mcenareTa da cxovelTa samyaro gansxvavebulia.

sur. 9. Sxara

gaazreba

1. imsjele, ratom uwodeben zogierT mTaTa sistemas axalgazrdas, zogs ki â&#x20AC;&#x201C; Zvels. 2. daakvirdi rukas (sur. 8), aRmoaCine alpur-himalaur mTaTa sistemaSi Semavali kavkasionis mTebi. saSinao davaleba

1. saqarTvelos fizikur rukaze moZebne: goderZis, naqeralas, gomboris uReltexilebi. saqarTvelos romel nawilSi mdebareoben isini? 2. moiZie informacia yvela kontinentis umaRlesi mwvervalebis simaRlis Sesaxeb da msoflio fizikuri rukis saSualebiT moZebne isini. Tavi 7. xmeleTis reliefis cvlilebebi

115

3. vakeebi ifiqre e da jel s m i romelia dedamiwaze yvelaze didi dablobi?

sur. 10. amazonis dablobi

vake xmeleTis vrceli ubania, romelsac swori an borcviani zedapiri aqvs. ganasxvaveben ori tipis vakes: brtyels da borcvians. brtyel vakes met-naklebad swori zedapiri aqvs (sur. 11). borcvian vakeze swor zedapirs sxvadasxva zomis borcvebi enacvleba (sur. 12). brtyeli vakeebis magaliTia Siraqis vake Cvens qveyanaSi, dasavleT cimbiris vake aziaSi. borcvian vakeebs miekuTvneba: ivris zegani saqarTveloSi, aRmosavleT evropis vake evropaSi. borcviani vakeebi dedamiwis zedapirze SedarebiT ufro xSirad gvxvdeba. vakeebi sxvadasxva simaRleze mdebareobs. vake, romlis zedapiri zRvis donidan 200 metrade simaRleze mdebareobs â&#x20AC;&#x201C; dablobia. saqarTveloSi aseTia kolxeTis dablobi, amazonis dablobi samxreT amerikis kontinentze. im vakeebs, romlebic zRvis donidan 200-500 metramde mdebareobs, maRlobs uwodeben. magaliTad, imereTis maRlobi saqarTveloSi, volgispira maRlobi evropaSi. vakeebs, romelTa zedapiri zRvis donidan 500 metrze maRla mdebareobs, zegnebs uwodeben. magaliTad, ivris zegani saqarTveloSi, tibetis zegani aziaSi. dedamiwaze arsebobs adgilebi, romlebic zRvis doneze dabla mdebareobs. msoflioSi yvelaze dabali

sur. 11. brtyeli vake

116

bunebismetyveleba 6

sur. 12. borcviani vake

adgilia mkvdari zRva. is zRvis doneze 411 metriT dabla mdebareobs. kaspiispira dablobi zRvis donidan â&#x20AC;&#x201C;28 metrzea. dedamiwis udidesi vakeebia: amazonis dablobi (sur. 10), aRmosavleT CineTis vake, ind-gangis dablobi, didi vakeebi CrdiloeT amerikaSi. dedamiwis mosaxleobis didi nawili vakeebze cxovrobs. vake reliefze ufro advilia sameurneo saqmianobis warmarTva da dasaxlebuli punqtebisaTvis pirobebis Seqmna. msoflios udidesi qalaqebi mdinarispira vakeebzea gaSenebuli (sur. 13 a). marcvleulis mindvrebi, xilis plantaciebi, sasoflo-sameurneo kulturebi umetes wilad vakeebze mohyavT (sur. 13 b). Tumca arsebobs dedamiwaze iseTi vakeebic, romlebic saerTod ar aris dasaxlebuli, an mcired dasaxlebulia. rogorc wesi, aseT adgilebSi bunebrivi pirobebi araxelsayrelia mudmivi mosaxleobis arsebobisaTvis. aseTia Zalian cxeli an civi adgilebi, magaliTad, afrikisa da avstraliis udabnoebi, an dedamiwis CrdiloeT nawilSi arsebuli tundrebi.

sur. 13. sxvadasxvagvarad aTvisebuli vake-reliefi gaazreba

saqarTvelos fizikuri rukis mixedviT imsjele, mTebs ufro meti farTobi ukavia Cvens qveyanaSi Tu vakeebs? saSinao davaleba

1. saqarTvelos fizikur rukaze moZebne Siraqis vake, kolxeTis dablobi, ivris zegani, alaznis vake, Sida da qvemo qarTlis vakeebi. 2. moZebne msoflio fizikur rukaze dasavleT cimbiris vake, aRmosavleT evropis vake, tibetis zegani, kaspiispira dablobi, aRmosavleT CineTis vake, ind-gangis dablobi da amazonis dablobi. Tavi 7. xmeleTis reliefis cvlilebebi

117

4. reliefis formebis warmoqmna â&#x20AC;&#x201C; Sinagani Zalebis moqmedeba ifiqre e da jel s m i romeli Sinagani procesebi qmnis reliefis formebs? sur. 14. vulkanis amofrqvevamde da amofrqvevis Semdeg

sur. 15. miwisZvramde da miwisZvris Semdeg

118

bunebismetyveleba 6

dedamiwas uzarmazari Sinagani energia gaaCnia. mas SeuZlia dedamiwis qerqis didi nawilebis vertikaluri mimarTulebiT awev-daweva da horizontaluri gadaadgileba. es procesebi dedamiwis wiaRSi mimdinareobs da saxes ucvlis mis zedapirs. Sinagani Zalebis moqmedebas ekuTvnis miwisZvrebi da vulkanebi, aseve dedamiwis zedapiris vertikaluri da horizontaluri moZraoba. Sinagani Zalebis moqmedebiT Cvens planetaze warmoiqmneba mTebi, maRlobebi, dablobebi, okeanuri qvabulebi. dedamiwis qerqis da liTosferos zeda fenebis vertikaluri moZraoba, TiTqmis SeumCnevelad, mudmivad mimdinareobs. misi Sedegebi ki drois xangrZliv monakveTSi vlindeba. es moZraoba gulisxmobs dedamiwis romelime ubnis amaRlebas an daZirvas. cvlilebebs dedamiwis nebismieri adgili ganicdis. msoflioSi amis magaliTebi bevria, CaZiruli qalaqebi, tyeebi, an piriqiT zRvebs daSorebuli navsadgurebi. zogjer dedamiwis garkveuli ubani daZirvis Semdeg amaRlebas iwyebs, an piriqiT amaRlebas daZirva enacvleba. miwisZvra dedamiwis wiaRidan momdinare biZgebia, romelic mis zedapirze sxvadasxva siZlieris ryevebs iw vevs. is liTosferuli filebis horizontaluri gadaadgilebisas xdeba. miwisZvrebis gavrcelebis areals seismur sartylebs uwodeben. miwisZvrebis Sedegad mniSvnelovan cvlilebebs ganicdis dedamiwis zedapiri, warmoiqmneba sxvadasxva saxis formebi (sur.15). SesaZloa moxdes zRvis sanapro zolis gadanacvleba qerqis awevis an dawevis xarjze, zedapirze gaCndes Rrma napralebi, mdinaris xeobaSi warmoiSvas tba da a.S.

vulkani mTaa, saidanac dedamiwis siRrmeSi arsebuli lava amoifrqveva. vulkanis amofrqvevis Sedegad saxe ecvleba reliefs, Cndeba axali formebi â&#x20AC;&#x201C; vulkanuri mTebi da vakeebi, okeaneebidan amoimarTeba kunZulebi (sur. 16), vulkanis kraterSi SeiZleba warmoiqmnas tba. vulkanebis gavrceleba dedamiwis seismur sartylebs emTxveva. seismuri sartylebi isevea gavrcelebuli zRvebsa da okeaneebSi, rogorc xmeleTze.

sur. 16. kunZul islandiasTan 1963 wels okeaneSi vulkanuri amofrqvevis Sedegad warmoiqmna kunZuli surtsei

gaazreba

me-17 da me-18 suraTebis mixedviT imsjele dedamiwis qerqis moZraobis Sesaxeb.

sur. 17. Zv. w. aR. VI saukuneSi daarsebuli antikuri qalaqi dioskuriis naSTi dRevandeli soxumis adgilze.

sur. 18. italiis qalaq pocuoliSi `serapisis taZris~ nangrevebi Zv. w. aR. II s. daZirvisa da amaRlebis Sedegad mis svetebze zRvis cocxali organizmebis naSTebia SemorCenili.

saSinao davaleba

1. moiZie informacia da aRwere Sens sacxovrebel adgilTan axlos dedamiwis qerqis awevis an dawevis faqtebi. 2. romeli faqtebiT dasturdeba dedamiwis qerqis mudmivi moZraoba? Tavi 7. xmeleTis reliefis cvlilebebi

119

5. reliefis saxelcvlileba, garegani procesebi ifiqre e da jel s m i romeli garegani procesebi cvlis reliefs?

sur. 19. abraziis Sedegi

sur. 20. gamofituli mTebi

sur. 21. mdinaris xeoba

120

bunebismetyveleba 6

garegani procesebi dedamiwis qerqis zeda nawilSi mimdinareobs. is gamowveulia garegani Zalebis – mzis, qaris, wylisa da cocxali organizmebis moqmedebiT. garegani procesebia: qanebis fizikuri da qimiuri gamofitva, wylis zemoqmedebiT xmeleTis zedapiris gadarec xva – erozia, naSali masalis gadatana da akumulacia (dagroveba), zRvis talRebis damangreveli moqmedeba sanapiroebze – abrazia da miwisqveSa wylebis moqmedebiT miwisqveSa mRvimeebisa da gamoqvabulebis warmoqmna, myinvaris moqmedeba. Qqanebis fizikuri gamofitva sxvadasxva mizeziT xdeba. magaliTad: temperaturis dReRamuri da sezonuri cvalebdoba, wylis gayinva da qaris moqmedeba. mTis qanebs dRisiT mcxunvare mzis sxivebi axurebs da masSi arsebul napralebs afarTovebs. napralebSi wyali Jonavs da RamiT siciveSi iyineba. Aamas emateba qaris moqmedebac. wylis, qarisa da mzis moqmedebiT, mTebi sabolood lodebad imsxvreva (sur. 20). Qqimiuri gamofitvis dros qanebis Semadgenloba icvleba. wylisa da masSi gaxsnili sxvadasxva nivTierebis zemoqmedebiT maRali temperaturis pirobebSi qanebi iSleba da gardaiqmneba. cocxali organizmebi – mcenareebi da cxovelebic zemoqmedeben qanebze. nebismieri zomis Mmcenaris fesvs SeuZlia droTa ganmavlobaSi qanis daSla. mcenareTa da cxovelTa xrwnis dros gamoiyofa mJavebi, romlebic qanebs angreven da Slian. Yyvela es procesi TiTqmis yovelTvis erTdroulad mimdinareobs. maRal mTebsa da civ sartylebSi ufro metad fizikuri gamofitva moqmedebs, cxel da tenian adgilebSi ki – qimiuri.

wyals SeuZlia Secvalos reliefi Tavisi damangreveli ZaliT. Mmdinareebi dinebis procesSi Slian qans, gadaaqvT is erTi adgilidan meoreze (sur. 21). mTaSi mdinareebi swrafad miedineba. dinebis procesSi daSlili qani gadaadgildeba da vake reliefze nel-nela ileqeba, grovdeba da reliefis dadebiT formebs qmnis. zRvebisa da okeaneebis sanapiroebze talRebi nel-nela angreven sanapiro zolze mdebare mTebs da sabolood vaked gadaaqceven (sur. 19). wylebi miwisqveS CaiJOoneba. is advilad fitavs da angrevs zogierTi saxis rbil qans, magaliTad, kirqvas, TabaSirs. aseT adgilebSi nel-nela miwisqveSa Rruebi – mRvimeebi Cndeba. maTi masStabebi gansxvavebulia da damokidebulia rbili qanebis gavrcelebis arealebze (sur. 22). myinvarebis moqmedebiT reliefis formebis cvlileba xSiria. mTian regionebSi myinvarebi moZraoben. isini gadaadgildebian simZimis Zalis mimarTulebiT (sur. 23). moZraobisas Tan didi raodenobiT naSali masala CamoaqvT. rodesac yinuli dneba, CamoSlili qani rCeba da reliefs formas ucvlis. Qqarebi gansakuTrebiT damangrevlad moqmedeben gaSiSvlebul qanze. iq, sadac niadags mcenareuli safari faravs, misi Sedegebi naklebad SesamCnevia. Qqars SeuZlia Sor manZilze gadaitanos qviSa da naSali masala. udabnoebSi qaris saSualebiT warmoiqmneba qviSis moZravi mTebi – diunebi da barxanebi (sur. 24). dedamiwaze moqmedi garegani procesebis Sedegad icvleba (xSir SemTxvevaSi uaresdeba) cocxali organizmebis saarsebo garemo. es ki maTi mravalferovnebis Semcirebas iwvevs.

sur. 22. mRvime

sur. 23. myinvaris moZraoba

gaazreba

1. imsjele sqemisa da suraTis (sur. 22) mixedviT mRvimeebis warmoqmnis procesis da Sedegis Sesaxeb. 2. imsjele, ratom uwodeben udabnos qviSis mTebs moZravs. saSinao davaleba

moiZie informacia saqarTveloSi miwisqveSa mRvimeebis – `axali aTonis~, `promeTes~ Sesaxeb. Caatare prezentacia.

sur. 24. udabnos moZravi mTebi

Tavi 7. xmeleTis reliefis cvlilebebi

121

6. rogor cvlis reliefs bunebrivi movlenebi ifiqre e da jel ims ra iwvevs stiqiur movlenebs?

sur. 25. mewyeri

sur. 26.wyaldidoba

sur. 27. wyaldidobis Sedegebi

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bunebismetyveleba 6

dedamiwaze moqmedebs garegani da Sinagani Zalebi. es Zalebi cvlis dedamiwis zedapirs da reliefis formebs ayalibebs. bunebriv movlenebsac SeaqvT Tavisi wvlili reliefis formebis CamoyalibebaSi. gansakuTrebiT iseTi katastrofuli xasiaTis bunebriv movlenebs, rogoricaa: wyaldidoba, wyalmovardna, mewyeri, Rvarcofi, zvavi, myinvaris moqmedeba da sxva. wyaldidoba sezonuri movlenaa. gazafxulze wvimebisa da Tovlis dnobis gamo mdinare kalapotidan gadmodis. gadmosuli wyali irgvliv mcenareulobiT dafarul adgilebs â&#x20AC;&#x201C; Walas faravs. wyaldidobebis Sedegad Wala mdinaris mier gadatanili masaliT ivseba da saxes ucvlis adgils (sur. 26, 27). wyalmovardna wylis donis swrafi, uecari matebaa, rac Zlieri wvimebiTaa gamowveuli. mas iseTive Sedegebisa da zaralis motana SeuZlia, rogorc wyaldidobas. wvimebis dros dedamiwis zedapiridan Camonadeni wyali recxavs niadagis zeda fenebs. gansakuTrebiT swrafad xdeba es iseT cicabo kalTebze, romelic mcenareulobiT ar aris dafaruli. Camonaden wyals niadagi ereva da simZimis ZaliT eSveba qvemoT, ferdobis daxrilobis mimarTulebiT. am movlenas mewyeri hqvia (sur. 25). mcenareebiT dafaruli zedapiri niadags akavebs, radgan maTi fesvebi wyals iwoven. gaCexil ferdobebze ki niadagi advilad Camoirecxeba. mewyers iseTive damangreveli Zala aqvs, rogorc sxva stiqiebs.

sur. 28. zvavi

sur. 29. kldezvavi

Rvarcofi talaxiani da qvatalaxiani nakadia. igi wylis nakadTan erTad modis. Rvarcofi mTis mdinaris auzebSi Zlieri wvimebisa da miwisZvrebis Sedegad warmoiqneba. mis mier xSirad ifareba dasaxlebebi, naxnav-naTesebi, gzebi da sxva. zvavi mTis ferdobze moZravi Tovlis masaa. igi did manZilze gadaadgildeba (sur. 28). moZraobisas is safrTxes uqmnis adamianebsa da dasaxlebul punqtebs. zvavsaSiSi adgilebi ZiriTadad utyeo, gaCexili ferdobebia. kldezvavi wvimebis an Tovlis dnobis periodSi daxril ferdobebze warmoiqmneba. didi raodenobiT CamoSlili qani simZimis ZaliT qvemoT eSveba da grovdeba (sur. 29). mas SeuZlia avtomagistralebis, xeobis gadaketva da mdinaris dagubeba. amis Sedegad SesaZloa tba gaCndes (sur. 30). ama Tu im stiqiuri movlenis Sedegebisgan mosaxleobis dacva SesaZlebelia winaswari samuSaoebis CatarebiT. am mizniT adamianebi atareben sxvadasxva samuSaoebs: mdinareTa kalapotebSi ageben jebirebs, amwvaneben zvav da mewyersaSiS zonebs, terasebad amuSaveben ferdobebs.

sur. 30. kldezvavis Sedegad gaCenili tba

gaazreba

31-e suraTis mixedviT aRwere, ra dacviTi samuSaoebi tardeba stiqiis Tavidan asacileblad. saSinao davaleba

moiZie informacia, romeli stiqiuri bunebrivi movlenebi Warbobs saqarTveloSi, daadgine maTi gamomwvevi mizezebi.

sur. 31 Tavi 7. xmeleTis reliefis cvlilebebi

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7. rogor cvlis reliefs adamiani ifiqre e da jel s m i mogwonT Tu ara adamianis mier Secvlili garemo? sur. 32. almasis karieri

sur. 33. miwayrili

adamiani Tavisi saqmianobiT uZvelesi droidan cvlis garemos. igi ganviTarebis yvela etapze bunebaze zemoQqmedebiT moipovebs materialur resurss. adamianis zemoqmedeba bunebaze bolo ori aseuli wlis ganmavlobaSi gansakuTrebulad masStaburi gaxda. mosaxleobis siWarbis gamo izrdeba dasaxlebuli adgilebis farTobebi. didi qalaqebis infrastruqturis mosawyobad uzarmazar miwisqveSa afeTqebebs awarmoeben. gahyavT miwisqveSa satransporto gvirabebi, eleqtro, bunebrivi airis, wyalgayvanilobis sistemebi. igeba wyalsacavebi, kaSxlebi, xdeba Waobebis daSroba, xelovnuri kunZulebis mSenebloba, tyeebis gaCexva. es samuSaoebi reliefis xelovnur da swraf cvlilebebs iwvevs. Zvirfasi liTonebis mopovebisas adamiani Txris uzarmazar karierebs (sur. 32). qvanaxSiris maRaroebidan amotanili masala â&#x20AC;&#x201C; uzarmazari miwayrilebi saxes ucvlis reliefs (sur. 33). kaSxlebis Seneba xels uSlis mdinareTa mier naSali masalis gadatanasa da zRvis SesarTavTan dagrovebas. es aisaxeba sazRvao sanapiro plaJebze. isini viwrovdeba da Semdgom maT xelovnuri gziT afarToeben.

sur. 34. iaponia. xelovnuri kunZuli

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sur. 35. jebirebi niderlandebis sanapiroze

adamiani Cexavs tyeebs da am miwebs saxnavad iyenebs. masze zedapiruli wylebis (wvima) moqmedeba niadagis erozias â&#x20AC;&#x201C; gamofitvas iwvevs. niadagis gamofitvis Sedegad mosavali aRar modis. erTi santimetri sisqis niadagis warmosaqmnelad ki daaxloebiT 200-300 welia saWiro. aziis qveynebSi mosaxleobis siWarbis da adgilis simciris gamo xSiria zRvaSi xelovnuri kunZulebis mSenebloba (sur. 34). dedamiwis qerqis zogierTi ubani iZireba an piriqiT zeviT iwevs. adgilebSi, sadac daweva intensiuria, mudmivi napirdacviTi samuSaoebi mimdinareobs. magaliTad, niderlandebis sanapiroebs mudmivad afarToeben, ageben jebirebs (sur. 35). 2014 wlis 13 ivniss, q. TbilisTan adidda md. vere, Camowva mewyeri da sabolood Rvarcoful nakadad Camoyalibda (sur. 37). wyaldidobas Seewira adamianTa sicocxle, ganadgurda Tbilisis zooparki, daingra mravali sacxovrebeli saxli. stiqia gamowveuli iyo mdinaris xeobaSi adamianebis araswori samSeneblo da sameurneo saqmianobiT. adamianis zemoqmedeba reliefze Tavisi masStabebiT, ar CamorCeba bunebriv procesebs. is TiTqmis yovelTvis arasasurvelia. mas Tan axlavs ekologiuri cvlilebebi. ifiteba niadagi, mcirdeba mcenareTa da cxovelTa saxeobebi.

sur. 36. amazonis tye

sur. 37. 13 ivnisis wyaldidoba TbilisSi

gaazreba

miRebuli informaciis safuZvelze imsjele, romeli saqmianoba SeiZleba CaiTvalos bunebaze dadebiT da uaryofiT zemoqmedebad. saSinao davaleba

1. imsjele rukisa (sur. 38) da diagramis mixedviT tyeebis gaCexvis masStabebze da Sedegebze.

tyis farTobi1980 weli

b) tyis farTobi 2005 weli

sur. 38. 2. warmoidgine, rom adgen kanons tyis dacvis Sesaxeb. romel sakiTxebs Seitandi Sens kanonSi? pasuxi daasabuTe.

mln. heqtari

2,0 1,5 1,0 0,5 0 me-20 saukunis bolo

2005 weli

diagrama 1

Tavi 7. xmeleTis reliefis cvlilebebi

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8. Semajamebeli gakveTili 1. azrobrivad SearCie saWiro sityvebi da winadadebaSi Seavse gamotovebuli adgilebi. sityvebi: garegani, uaryofiTs, Sinagani, dadebiTs. reliefis amozneqil formebs ..... uwodeben, Cazneqils ki â&#x20AC;&#x201C; ..... . ..... Zalebis moqmedeba ganapirobebs dedamiwis uwormasworo zedapiris arsebobas. ..... procesebi ki mimarTulia uswormasworo zedapiris Semcirebisaken. 2. imsjele sqemis mixedviT dedamiwis Sinagani da garegani Zalebis moqmedebis Sesaxeb.

Sinagani Zalebi vulkani

garegani Zalebi

miwisZvra dedamiwis qerqis moZraoba

talRebis moqmedeba

mdinareebis moqmedeba

qaris moqmedeba

myinvaris moqmedeba adamianis moqmedeba

3. ipove aramarTebuli mtkiceba a) himalai, andebi, kordilierebi da kavkasioni axalgazrda mTaTa sistemebia, isini dedamiwis qerqis moZraobis Sedegad jerac maRldebian. b) uralisa da skandinaviis mTebi asakiT Zveli mTebia da nel-nela iSlebian da dabldebian. g) vake reliefze rTulia sameurneo saqmianobis warmarTva da dasaxlebuli punqtisaTvis infrastruqturis mowyoba.

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bunebismetyveleba 6

4. aRmoaCine da gaaswore Secdomebi a) wyalmovardna sezonuri movlenaa. gazafxulobiT wvimebisa da Tovlis dnobis gamo mdinare kalapotidan gadmodis. b) wyaldidoba wylis donis swrafi, uecari matebaa, rac Zlieri wvimebiTaa gamowveuli. g) wvimebis dros dedamiwis zedapiridan Camonadeni wyali recxavs niadagis zeda fenebs. Camonaden wyals niadagi ereva da simZimis ZaliT eSveba qvemoT, ferdobis daxrilobis mimarTulebiT. am movlenas Rvarcofi hqvia. d) mewyeri talaxiani da qvatalaxiani nakadia. mewyeri mTis mdinaris auzebSi Zlieri wvimebisa da miwisZvrebis Sedegad warmoiqneba. e) kldezvavi mTis ferdobze moZravi Tovlis masaa. igi did manZilze gadaadgildeba. moZraobisas is safrTxes uqmnis adamianebsa da dasaxlebul punqtebs. v) zvavi wvimebis an Tovlis dnobis periodSi daxril ferdobebze warmoiqmneba. didi raodenobiT CamoSlili qani simZimis ZaliT qvemoT eSveba da grovdeba. 5. 39-e suraTze gamosaxulia erTi da igive myinvari sxvadasxva periodSi. daakvirdi da Seadare erTmaneTs a da b fotoebi. imsjele, romeli garegani Zalebis moqmedebiT Seicvala garemo. 6. me-40 suraTebze gamosaxulia Tbilisis erT-erTi ubani sxvadasxva periodSi. daakvirdi, Seadare erTmaneTs a da b fotoebi da ipove gansxvaveba. imsjele, rogor Secvala adamianma garemo. XX saukunis dasawyisi

Tanamedrove saxe

b sur. 39. myinvari

sur. 40. Tbilisi Tavi 7. xmeleTis reliefis cvlilebebi

127

me-7 Tavis mokle daskvnebi: xmeleTis zedapiris uswormasworobas reliefi hqvia. reliefis ZiriTadi formebia mTebi da vakeebi. dedamiwis amozneqil formebs dadebiTs uwodeben, Caz neqils ki â&#x20AC;&#x201C; uaryofiTs. dedamiwis zedapirze moqmedebs Sinagani da garegani Zalebi, romlebic qmnian reliefis uswormasworo formebs. dedamiwis zedapiri mudmivad ganicdis cvlilebebs . mTebi dedamiwis dadebiTi formebia. yvelaze maRali mTa aris everesti, romlis simaRle 8848 metria. saqarTvelos umaRlesi mwvervalia Sxara. misi simaRlea 5068 metri. dedamiwis ugrZesi mTaTa sistemebia, kordilierebi andebiT da alpur himalauri mTaTa sartyeli. vake xmeleTis vrceli ubania, romelsac swori an borcviani zedapiri aqvs. vakeebs Soris farTobiT yvelaze didi amazonis dablobia. yvelaze dabali adgili dedamiwaze zRvis donidan 411 met riT dabla mdebareobs. dedamiwis qerqi, Sinagani energiis moqmedebiT rogorc horizontalurad ise vertikalurad gadaadgildeba. garegani procesebi dedamiwis qerqis zeda nawilSi mimdinareobs. is gamowveulia garegani Zalebis â&#x20AC;&#x201C; mzis, qaris, wylisa da cocxali organizmebis moqmedebiT. zogierT katastrofuli xasiaTis bunebriv movlenas SeuZlia gamoiwvios cvlilebebi dedamiwis zedapirze. wyaldidoba, wyalmovardna, mewyeri, Rvarcofi, zvavi, kldezvavi is bunebrivi movlenebia, romlebic cvlis dedamiwis zedapirs. adamiani Tavis mxriv cvlis dedamiwis reliefs Tavisi sameurneo Tu sxva saqmianobiT. xelovnuri cvlilebebi cocxali da aracocxali bunebisaTvis xSirad arasasurvelia.

128

bunebismetyveleba 6

saqarTvelos fizikuri ruka

Tavi 7. xmeleTis reliefis cvlilebebi

129

msoflios fizikuri ruka

130

bunebismetyveleba 6

131

msoflios politikuri ruka

132

bunebismetyveleba 6

Tavi 1. adamiani

133

6 moswavlis wigni