ჩვენი საქართველო, მოსწავლის წიგნი, მე-6 კლასი, მე-2 ნაწილი

roland TofCiSvili, elene meZmariaSvili, nodar elizbaraSvili, giorgi avTandilaSvili

Cveni saqarTvelo moswavlis wigni meore nawili

roland TofCiSvili, elene meZmariaSvili, nodar elizbaraSvili, giorgi avTandilaSvili

6

Cveni saqarTvelo moswavlis wigni meore nawili

grifminiWebulia saqarTvelos ganaTlebis, mecnierebis, kulturisa da sportis saministros mier 2018 wels

gam o mce m l o ba `k l i o~

roland TofCiSvili, elene meZmariaSvili, nodar elizbaraSvili, giorgi avTandilaSvili

Cveni saqarTvelo, VI klasi, meore nawili moswavlis wigni

seriis redaqtori

elene meZmariaSvili

mxatvari ivane yifSiZe rukebi

zurab laoSvili manana SeyilaZe

kompiuteruli uzrunvelyofa mamuka lolaZe nana esarTia ydis dizaini elene varamaSvili

© gamomcemloba `klio~, 2018 © roland TofCiSvili, elene meZmariaSvili, nodar elizbaraSvili, giorgi avTandilaSvili, 2018 meore gamocema – 2019 weli yvela ufleba daculia ISBN 978-9941-481-26-0 (orive nawilis) ISBN 978-9941-481-28-4 (meore nawilis)

Sps `gamomcemloba klio~ aRmaSeneblis gamz. #181-2, Tbilisi, 0112 tel.: (+995 32) 234 04 30 EE-mail: book@klio.ge www.klio.ge

Sinaarsi saqarTvelos fizikuri ruka.............................................................4 saqarTvelos istoriul-eTnografiuli mxareebis ruka.................6

kari 6 afxazeTi......................................................................................................... 8 6.1. afxazeTis geografiuli mdebareoba da bunebrivi pirobebi.......10 6.2. meurneobis dargebi afxazeTSi...................................................12 6.3. dasaxlebis tipebi da yoveldRiuri cxovreba afxazeTSi..........16 6.4. afxazeTis mosaxleoba.................................................................18 6.5. kulturis Zeglebi afxazeTSi...................................................22 ra vici da ra SemiZlia.......................................................................25

kari 7 Tbilisi............................................................................................................ 26 7.1. saqarTvelos dedaqalaqi _ Tbilisi..........................................28 7.2. Tbilisis daarseba ......................................................................30 7.3. Tbilisis mosaxleobis eTnikuri Semadgenloba.......................32 7.4. Tbilisis mosaxleobis religiuri Semadgenloba....................36 7.5. TbiliselTa ZiriTadi sameurneo saqmianoba............................38 7.6. vaWroba da savaWro adgilebi TbilisSi....................................40 7.7. transportis saSualebebi TbilisSi..........................................42 7.8. XIX saukunis qalaquri cxovreba................................................46 7.9. wyali TbiliselTa cxovrebaSi Zvelad da dRes......................50 7.10. dasveneba da garToba TbilisSi ..............................................52 ra vici da ra SemiZlia.......................................................................56

kari 8 saxelmwifo – Cveni saqarTvelo......................................................... 58 8.1. saqarTvelos geografiuli mdebareoba ...................................59 8.2. saqarTvelos teritoria da sazRvrebi.....................................60 8.3. saqarTvelos mezoblebi..............................................................62 8.4. saqarTvelos bunebrivi garemo da landSafti.......................64 8.5. saqarTvelos saxelmwifo simboloebi ......................................66 8.6. qarTuli damwerlobis warmoSoba..............................................68 8.7. qarTlis samefos Seqmna..............................................................70 8.8. farnavazis reformebi.................................................................72 8.9. gza erTiani saxelmwifos Seqmnisken..........................................74 8.10. daviT aRmaSenebeli....................................................................78 8.11. saxelmwifo mmarTveloba gaerTianebul saqarTveloSi........80 ra vici da ra SemiZlia.......................................................................83

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7

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am karSi gaigeb, Tu rogoria afxazeTis geografiuli mdebareoba da bunebrivi pirobebi, ra gavlena aqvs amas misi dasaxlebis tipze, nagebobebze, meurneobis dargebze, yoveldRiur cxovrebaze; bunebis ra saocrebebis naxva SeiZleba iq da kulturis romeli Zeglebia am ulamazes mxareSi; rogor da ratom icvleboda afxazeTis mosaxleoba saukuneebis ganmavlobaSi; gaecnobi afxazeTidan devnilTa problemebs da mixvdebi, rom Senc, sxvebTan erTad, yvelaferi unda gaakeTo maT mSobliur miwaze dasabruneblad, im megobrobis aRsadgenad, romelic saukuneebis ganmavlobaSi qarTvelebsa da afxazebs akavSirebda.

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9

6.1

afxazeTis geografiuli mdebareoba da bunebrivi pirobebi rogoria afxazeTis geografiuli mdebareoba da bunebrivi pirobebi?

davaleba

1. saqarTvelos romel wanilSi mdebareobs afxazeTi (saqarTvelos sqematuri ruka, gv. 9)?

2. afxazeTis rukis daxmarebiT (gv. 8-9) daadgine: a) afxazeTis mos­az­Rvre saxelmwifo; afxazeTsa da am saxel­mwifos damakav­Sirebeli uReltexili. b) saqarTvelos romeli mxareebi esaz­Rvreba afxazeTs. g) CamoTvale afxazeTis zRvispira qalaqebi.

3. gaixsene berZnuli kolonizacia da axalSenebis Tanamedrove saxelwodebebi. ipove isini afxazeTis teritoriaze (ruka, gv. 4-5).

afxazeTi istoriuli saqarTvelos ganuyofeli nawilia. igi mdebareobs saqarTvelos ukidures Crdilo-­­ dasavleT nawilSi. dasavleTidan mas Savi zRva, CrdiloeTidan kavkasionis mTavari wyalgamyofi qedi da mdinare fsou, xolo aRmosavleTidan da samxreTidan kodoris qedi da mdinare enguri esazRvreba. afxazeTis dedaqalaqia soxumi. afxazeTi, ZiriTadad, mTagoriani mxarea. iq aris rogorc tyeebiT, aseve myinvarebiT dafaruli qedebi. afxazeTis mTavari mdinareebi _ kodori da bzifi _ wyaluxvobiT gamoirCeva. mTebSi mdebareobs saqarTvelos yvelaze Rrma riwis tba. afxazeTSi zRvis notio da Tbili havaa, ris gamoc iq Tbili zamTari icis. sasargeblo wiaRiseulidan moipoveba qvanaxSiri, vercxliswyali da saSeni masalebi. iq bevri mineraluri wyaroa. afxazeTSi sayovelTaod cnobili sazRvao kurortebi mdebareobs. mxare aseve mdidaria bunebis saocrebebiTac. yvelaferi es damsveneblebsa da turistebs izidavs. afxazeTSi aris msoflios yvelaze Rrma 2197 metri siRrmis karstuli ufskruli kruberi. iqvea msoflioSi yvelaze mokle mdinarec _ reprua. misi saTave zRvidan 18 metriT aris daSo­rebuli. mdinaris sigrZe, zRvis Relvisas, 6-10 metramde mokldeba.

wyaro 1. mTa dombai-ulgeni, afxazeTis kavkasioni

10

Cveni saqarTvelo 6

wyaro 2. kruberis ufskruli

afxazeTis mTian mxareSi bevri CanCqeria. maT Soris, erT-erTi gamorCeulia gegis CanCqeri. wyali 55 metridan sam nakadad vardeba. mzian dReebSi CanCqeri ufro lamazia: milionobiT pawawina wveTi, romlebic gigantur wylis Wavls qmnis, briliantebiviT brwyinavs da sxvadasxva mimarTulebiT ifrqveva. iqvea gegis mRvime. saqarTveloSi yvelaze Rrma riwis tba ulamazesia. tbis feri weliwadis droebis mixedviT icvleba: gazafxulze momwvano ferisaa, zamTarSi _ mocisfro.

wyaro 3. gegis CanCqeri

davaleba

wyaro 4. riwis tba

wyaro 5. axali aTonis mRvime

afxazeTis Savi zRvis kurorts _ axal aTons turistebi misi mRvimis gamoc stumroben. mRvimeSi rva farTo da maRalWeriani darbazia. isini sxvadasxva sididisa da formis stalagmitebiT, stalaqtitebiT, qvis fardebiTa da gaqvavebuli CanCqerebiT aris morTuli. afxazeTSi bzifis qedze kidev erTi saocrebaa _ es aris yvelaze mZlavri miwisqveSa mdinare _ mWiSTa. Savi zRvis sanapiro zolSi biWvinTa-miuseras nakrZalia. aq 100 heqtarze uZvelesi fiWvis tyeebia.

4. Seadgine, rukis daxmarebiT (gv.

8-9), turistuli marSruti afxazeTis SenTvis yvelaze saintereso bunebis saocrebebis sanaxavad.

5. moiZie damatebiTi informacia axali aTonis mRvimeze. gaixsene imereTSi arsebuli mRvimeebi V klasis saxel­ mZRvanelodan „Cveni saqarTvelo“. dawere werili afxazi Tanatolis saxelze da SesTavaze erTob­ livi eqskursia ime­ reTSi am mRvimeebis sanaxavad. aseve sTxove, iyos Seni megzuri axali aTonis mRvimeSi. afxazeTi

11

6.2

meurneobis dargebi afxazeTSi ra gavlena aqvs geografiul mdebareobas afxazeTis meurneobis sxvadasxva dargis ganviTarebaze?

soflis meurneoba

XIX saukunesa da XX saukunis dasawyisSi afxazTa meurneobis wamyvani dargi mesaqonleoba, gansakuTrebiT, wvrilfexa mesaqonleoba _ Txis moSeneba iyo. msxvilfexa mesaqonleobas mxolod barSi misdevdnen. moSenebuli hyavdaT agreTve cxeni, jori, saxedari. cxens ZiriTadad gadaadgilebisTvis da cxenosnobaSi iyenebdnen, iSviaTad, tvirTis gadasazidad. bunebrivi pirobebis gamo, afxazebma sazamTrod Tivis damzadeba ar icodnen. isini CrdiloeT kavkasiis samTo saZovrebs Tavisuflad iyenebdnen maSin, rodesac kodoris xeobaSi jogisTvis, saZovrebis gamoyenebis gamo, maT svanebisTvis gadasaxadi unda gadaexadaT.

wyaro 1. Cais plantaciebi afxazeTSi

afxazebis yofaSi gansakuTrebuli adgili ekava nadirobasa da mefutkreobas. monadireebi mTebsa da TovlSi gadasaadgileblad gansakuTrebul rkinis nalsa da Txilamurebs iyenebdnen. nadirobdnen mwevariTa da sanadiro frinvelebiT. yvela afxazur karmidamos win hqonda safutkreebi. eweodnen tyis mefutkreobasac _ gareuli futkris Taflis Segrovebas. samiwaTmoqmedo kulturebidan mohyavdaT fetvi, Romi, qeri. mogvianebiT, ZiriTadi kultura simindi gaxda. afxazeTSi miwaTmoqmedebaSi, ZiriTadad, qalebi iyvnen dasaqmebuli.

12

Cveni saqarTvelo 6

mexileobis gverdiT, didi mniSvneloba hqonda mevenaxeobas. dasavleT saqarTvelos sxva regionebis msgavsad, afxazeTSic mxolod maRlari vazi iyo gavrcelebuli. XIX saukunis bolos Setanilma vazis uxvmosavlianma amerikulma jiSma izabelam didi konkurencia gauwia adgilobriv jiSebs, amitom zogierTi maTgani gaqra. mohyavdaT agreTve boWkovani kulturebi (seli, kanafi, bamba), aseve Tambaqoc. afxazeTSi saukeTeso bunebrivi pirobebi aRmoCnda, aseve, maRali xarisxis Caisa da citrusebis gasaSeneblad.

wyaro 2. citrusebis baRi afxazeTSi

saqarTvelos sxva istoriul-eTnografiuli mxare­ ebisgan gansxvavebiT, afxazebi meTevzeobiTac iyvnen dakavebuli. isini mTliani morebidan gamoTlili navebiT zRvaSi delfinebze nadirobdnen. davaleba

1. riT axsni afxazeTSi soflis meurneobis sxvadasxva dargis ganviTarebas? pasuxis gasacemad, gaixsene afxazeTis geografiuli mdebareoba da misi hava.

2. ra msgavseba da ra gansxvavebaa afxazeTsa da da­ savleT saqarTvelos sxva istoriul-eTnografiul mxareebSi meurneobis dargebis ganviTarebas Soris? damatebiT romeli dargebia ganviTarebuli afxazeTSi? Seadgine rveulSi venis diagrama da Seavse igi.

3. ra roli hqonda qals afxazeTis sameurneo ganviTarebaSi? 4. Seni azriT, ratom arian afxazebi kargi mocuraveebi (wyaro 3).

5. rogor fiqrob, risTvis iyenebdnen afxazebi daWeril delfinebs. moiZie internetSi informacia delfinebis Sesaxeb. risTvis iyeneben maT dRes?

wyaro 3. rusi oficeri f. tornau delfinebze afxazebis nadirobis Sesaxeb ...navi zogjer iZireba daxocili Tevzis simZimisgan an yiravdeba delfinis dajaxebiT, magram afxazebs es ar aSinebT, vinaidan isini Zalian kargad curaven.

afxazeTi

13

xelosnoba, mrewveloba, turizmi

Zvelad afxazeTSi, ZiriTadad, Sinamrewveloba iyo ganviTarebuli. ojaxisTvis aucilebel yvela nivTs sax­ lSi amzadebdnen, magram iyvnen xelosnebi, romlebic amas bazrisTvis, gasayidad akeTebdnen. amzadebdnen samuSao iaraRs, saojaxo WurWels, qsovilebs, nabdebs, tansacmels, Tofiswamalsa da sxv. afxazeTSi damzadebuli sabrZolo iaraRi sakmaod maRali xarisxis da oqro-­ vercxliT morTuli iyo. iq jaWvis perangebsac akeTebdnen.

XIX saukunis meore naxevramde, anu ruseTis imperiis saqarTveloSi gabatonebamde, afxazeTSi gemTmSeneblobis tradiciac arsebobda.

wyaro 4. soxumis navsadguri XX saukunis dasawyisSi

dRes afxazeTis meurneobaSi wamyvan rols qvanaxSiris mopoveba (tyvarCelSi), aseve, eleqtroenergetika asrulebs. afxazeTis SavizRvispira kurortebi ki, gansakuTrebiT, gagra, biWvinTa, axali aToni da sxv. turizmis ganviTarebas uwyobs xels.

leqsikoni

eleqtroenergetika _ mrewvelobis dargi, romelic eleqtro­ energias gamoimuSavebs. wyaro 5. tyvarCeli

14

Cveni saqarTvelo 6

wyaro 6. gagra

wyaro 7. soxumis navsadguri

wyaro 8. biWvinTis sanapiro davaleba

6. raze metyvelebs afxazeTSi sabrZolo masalisa da iaraRis warmoebis maRali done?

7. gaixsene afxazeTis mezobeli saqarTvelos istoriul-eTnografiuli mxareebis kurortebi da dagegme, rukis daxmarebiT (gv. 6-7), erToblivi turistuli marSruti afxazeTisa da, magaliTad, svaneTis an samegrelos kurortebis mosanaxuleblad da romelime maTganSi dasasveneblad.

8. moiZie internetSi informacia afxazeTSi turizmis ganviTarebis Sesaxeb. dawere werili afxazi Tanatolis saxelze da sTxove rCeva, Tu romel kurortze jobia dasveneba da ratom. afxazeTi

15

6.3

dasaxlebis tipebi da yoveldRiuri cxovreba afxazeTSi ra axdenda gavlenas afxazTa dasaxlebis tipebsa da yoveldRiurobaze?

afxazuri sofeli

leqsikoni

samzadi saxli _ samzareulo. ubixi _ CrdiloeT kav­kasiaSi afxazeTis mezoblad mcxovrebi xalxi, romelic 1864 wels osmaleTis imperiaSi gadasaxlda.

afxazuri sofeli, rogorc wesi, did farTobze iyo gaSlili. igi, ZiriTadad, tyian adgilas iyo gaSenebuli. soflebSi oTxkuTxa an mrgvali, TiviT gadaxuruli TixiT Selesili `facxebi~ (afxazurad, afacxa) idga.

SeZlebul afxazebs ezoSi ori saxli _ didi stumrebisTvis, xolo patara _ ojaxisTvis hqondaT aSenebuli. xSirad iqve idga miwis iatakiani samzadi saxli, romelsac Suacecxli hqonda. ojaxis wevrebi yvelaze met dros iq atarebdnen.

Tu glexis kar-midamos dawnuli an morebiT agebuli Robe hqonda, msxvili miwaTmflobelis did saxls koSkebiani galavani da mis gayolebaze Rrma Txrili icavda.

XIX saukunidan afxazebma iseTive odasaxlebis aSeneba daiwyes, rogoric dasavleT saqarTvelos sxva mxareebSi iyo. davaleba

1. rogor fiqrob, ratom aSenebdnen afxazebi saxlebs tyian adgilebSi. 2. saqarTvelos SenTvis cnobil romel mxareebSi Sendeboda saxlebi tyis piras da ratom?

3. sad Sendeboda saqarTveloSi kidev facxa da ratom?

4. afxazebis romel tradiciaze metyvelebs ezoSi ori saxlis arseboba?

5. ra msgavseba aris afxazur da qarTul tradiciebs Soris? afxazTa tradiciuli sakvebi da samosi

wyaro 1. afxazi qali facxis win, XIX saukunis Suaxanebi

16

Cveni saqarTvelo 6

afxazTa tradiciuli sakvebi iyo Romi, romelsac „absTas“ uwodebdnen. Cveulebriv, mas fetvis burRulisgan xarSavdnen. XIX saukuneSi is simindis fqvilma Secvala. warsulSi Roms civad miirTmevdnen da magidaze naWrebad daWrili mihqondaT. maTTvis es puri iyo. warCinebuli afxazi mamakacis tansacmeli iyo Coxa, romelsac Sinnaqsovi Salisgan keravdnen. qalebs ecvaT grZeli, welSi gamoyvanili kaba (naza). XVI-XVIII saukuneebSi afxazi mamakacis tradiciuli samosis ZiriTadi komponenti iyo qeCis nabadi, romelic saerTo kavkasiu-

ri movlenaa da adamians rogorc sicivisgan, aseve sicxisa da wvimisgan icavda. nabdis qudi, Tavdapirvelad, damaxasiaTebeli viwro, msxvilad wawvetebuli, zemoT aweuli boloTi gamoirCeoda. im periodSi afxazebs, CrdiloeT kavkasieli xalxis _ Cerqezebis msgavsad, Cveulebad hqondaT Tavis gadaparsva da mxolod Txemze grZeli Tmis datoveba. samagierod, isini wvers ar iparsavdnen. TandaTanobiT, qarTvelebTan kulturuli da socialur-ekonomikuri urTierTobis niadagze, Tavis parsvis es Cveuleba maT daiviwyes. rac Seexeba qalebs, isini kabis qveS erTgvar naoWian Sarvals icvam­dnen. is welze da wvivebze TasmebiT ikvreboda da kabis qveS ar Canda.

wyaro 2. afxazi mamakaci

wyaro 3. ubixi da afxazi liderebis Sexvedra soWSi, 1841 weli davaleba

6. raze mianiSnebs is, rom Romi afxazebisTvis puriviT iyo?

7. saqarTvelos kidev romel mxareSi iyenebdnen Roms am mizniT? 8. miuTiTe wyaro 3-ze, ramdeni afxazia Sexvedris monawile. rogor mixvdi?

9. gaakeTe cxrili: ra msgavseba da ra gansxvavebaa saqarTvelos sxvadasxva mxareSi mcxovrebTa samossa da nabdis qudebs Soris (wyaro 3)? Seni azriT, ra aris msgavsebisa da gansxvavebis mizezebi? afxazeTi

17

6.4

afxazeTis mosaxleoba ra iwvevda afxazeTis mosaxleobis cvlilebebs?

afxazeTSi iseve, rogorc mTels saqarTveloSi, mravali erovnebisa da religiis warmomadgeneli cxovrobs _ afxazebi, qarTvelebi, rusebi, berZnebi, somxebi da sxv. saukuneebis ganmavlobaSi misi mosaxleobis Semadgenloba icvleboda. Zvel dros Tanamedrove afxazeTis teritoriaze afxazebi mdinare kodoramde cxovrob­ dnen, kodoris samxreT-aRmosavleTiT _ qarTvelebi, kerZod, megrelebi, kodoris xeobaSi ki _ svanebi. sxva istoriul-eTnografiuli mxareebis mkvidrTa msgavsad, afxazebi maSin qristianebi iyvnen da mezobeli megrelebiviT miwaTmoqmedebas misdev­ dnen. mogvianebiT, daaxloebiT XVIII saukunisTvis, afxazebs Soris muslimebi momrav­ ldnen. miwaTmoqmedebis nac­ vlad, maTSi mecxoveleoba, kerZod, Txis moSeneba _ meTxeoba gabatonda. maTi ena CrdiloeT kavkasiaSi mcxovrebi xalxis _ adiReelebis enis monaTesavea. droTa ganmavlobaSi afxazebs bevri qarTveli (megreli) Seeria, rac maT gvarebzec aisaxa, romelTa naxevarze meti qarTulia. wyaro 2. geografi da istorikosi vaxuSti bagrationi afxazebis qarTvelebTan msgavsebis Sesaxeb afxazebi arian „kacni mgvaneni megrelTa da umetesad cqvitni da tanovanni, werwetni“.

wyaro 1. afxazi mamakacebi

leqsikoni

titulatura _ titulebis erTobiloba.

18

Cveni saqarTvelo 6

qarTul saxelmwifoSi xangrZlivad cxovrebis gamo, afxazebma qarTuli kulturis didi gavlena ganicades. afxazTa Tavad-aznauroba yovelTvis qarTveli Tavadaznaurobis nawilad miiCnevda Tavs. miuxedavad imisa, rom afxazebs sakuTari saojaxo sametyvelo ena hqondaT, maTTvis saliteraturo, saRvTismetyvelo da saxelmwifo ena qarTuli iyo. amas iq arsebuli qristianuli kulturis Zeglebic adasturebs, romlebzedac qarTuli warwerebia. saukuneebis ganmavlobaSi qar­ Tvelebs patar-patara saxelmwifoebi hqondaT: calke iyo afxazTa samefo, romelic garkveul periodSi ukve mTel dasavleT saqarTvelos moicavda da dedaqalaqic quTaisSi hqonda; aseve qarTlis, kaxeTisa da tao-klarjeTis qarTvelTa samefoebi. saqarTvelos gaerTianebis procesSi afxazTa samefoc iyo CarTuli. vinaidan gaerTianebuli samefos mefe pirvelad afxazTa samefoSi ekurTxa, qarTvel mefeTa titulatura ase iwyeboda: „mefe afxazTa, qarTvelTa, ranTa da kaxTa...“

Sesaxedavad afxazebi arafriT gansxvavdebian dasavleT saqarTveloSi mcxovrebi qarTvelebisgan. afxazeTSi afxazuri ena, qarTulTan erTad, saxelmwifo enaa. wyaro 3. qarTveli mecnieri giorgi SarvaSiZeze XIX saukunis meore naxevrisa da XX saukunis dasawyisis cnobili afxazi moRvawe giorgi SarvaSiZe ilia WavWavaZis Tanamoazre iyo; ibrZoda qarTuli enisa da kulturis ganviTarebisTvis; qarTul enaze werda leqsebsa da statiebs. Tbilisis TeatrSi misi piesebi idgmeboda. igi afxazebisa da qarTvelebis keTili urTierTobis SenarCunebas cdilobda. giorgi SarvaSiZe saqarTvelos „Cven samSoblo iverias“ uwodebda.

faqti, romelic adasturebs, rom qarTuli ena afxazebisTvis ucxo ar iyo 1714 wels kunZul maltaze qarTvel mwerals sulxan-saba orbelians daxvda afxazi tyve, romelic qarTulad laparakobda. TviT sulxan-saba orbeliani iseve, rogorc Tamar mefis istorikosi, afxazebs qarTvelebad miiCnevda.

wyaro 4. giorgi SarvaSiZe

xutunia SarvaSiZe saqarTvelos xangrZlivi istoriis manZilze afxazebi saqarTvelos Tavisuflebisa da keTildReobisTvis ibrZodnen. am TvalsazrisiT, gamoirCeoda afxazi Tavadaznauroba. erT-erTi aseTi gamorCeuli pirovneba iyo xutunia SarvaSiZe. 1757 wels imereTis mefe solomon pirveli TurqeTidan SemoWril mters sofel xresilTan SeebrZola. xresilis omSi mtris winaaRmdeg xutunia SarvaSiZec ibrZoda. man am omSi Tavi dasdo. iqamde ki sakuTari xmliT, pirdapiri Setakebis dros, xanSi Sesulma mtris 16 mebrZoli gaanadgura. davaleba

1. rogor icvleboda afxazeTis mosaxleoba sauku­ neebis ganmavlobaSi? Seni azriT, ra iyo am cvlilebebis mizezi.

2. ratom aris afxazuri gvarebis naxevarze meti qar­ Tuli?

3. ra metyvelebs imaze, rom qarTvelebi da afxazebi saukuneebis ganmavlobaSi gverdigverd megobrulad cxovrobdnen? Camowere amis damadasturebeli faqtebi. afxazeTi

19

leqsikoni

muhajiroba _ arabuli sityvaa da niSnavs gadasaxlebas, aris XIX saukuneSi kavkasiis mkvidri muslimi mosaxleobis, ZiriTadad, iZulebiTi gadasaxleba TurqeTis imperiaSi.

afxazeTidan devnilebi

jer kidev 1867 da 1877 wlebSi, ruseTis imdroindeli xelisuflebis iZulebiT, afxazebis didma nawilma mSobliuri kera miatova da ucxo qveyanaSi, TurqeTSi gadasaxlda. amas `muhajiroba~ ewodeba, rac afxazi xalxisTvis tragedia iyo. igi dakavSirebuli iyo e.w. kavkasiis omebTan, romlebsac kavkasielebi damoukideblobisTvis awarmoebdnen ruseTis imperiis winaaRmdeg. mTielTa osmaleTSi gadasaxlebiT ruseTs am mxareSi politikuri simSvidis miRweva, gamoTavisuflebul miwebze ki erTguli xalxis dasaxleba surda.

wyaro 5. mTielebi toveben sofels. petre gruzinskis naxati

davaleba

4. daadgine, wya­roebis 5 da 6 mixedviT, muhajiroba nebayof­ lobiTi iyo Tu iZulebiTi.

20

Cveni saqarTvelo 6

wyaro 6. muhajirebi samsunis navsadgurSi (TurqeTi), XIX saukunis meore naxevari

XX saukunisTvis saqarTvelos Crdilo-dasavleT nawilSi mcxovrebi afxazebis raodenoba Semcirda. 1990iani wlebis monacemebiT, afxazebi 90 aTasi, qarTvelebi ki 300 aTasi iyvnen. imave aTwleulSi, amjerad, ukve Tanamedrove ruseTis xelisuflebam qarTvelebsa da

afxazebs Soris SeiaraRebuli dapirispirebis waqezeba moaxerxa da Tavadac CaerTo saqarTvelos winaaRmdeg omSi. sab­ rZolo moqmedebis gamo, qarTvelebis umravlesobam, sxva erovnebis adamianeb­Tan erTad, iZulebiT datova afxazeTi da sakuTar qvey­anaSi devnilad iqca. amis Sedegad, mosaxleobis rao­denoba ganaxevrda. dRes afxazebi qar­TvelebTan gaucxoebuli arian.

davaleba

5. rogor aisaxa XIX da XX saukuneebSi ruseTis omebi kavkasiaSi afxazebisa da afxazeTSi mcxovrebi qarTvelebis bedze?

wyaro 7. devnilebi uReltexilze (sakeni), 1993 weli

wyaro 8. devnilebi soxumidan gamgzavrebis molodinSi, 1993 w. davaleba

6. moifiqre, rogorc saqarTvelos moqalaqem, ra gziT SeiZleba afxazebis Semorigeba? warmoidgine Seni Tavi maT adgilas. risi gagoneba gagexardeboda qarTveli bavSvebisgan? dawereT koleqtiuri werili Tqveni afxazi Tanatolebis saxelze, romelSic Sesarigeblad `gauwvdiT xels~; gamoaqveyneT klasSi, kedlis gazeTSi, saukeTeso werilebi.

7. gaixsene Tanamedrove gmirebi, romlebic saqar­ Tvelos erTianobisTvis ibrZodnen. ra aerTianebs maT?

Jiuli Sartava _ erovnuli gmiri omis dros afxazeTis mTavrobis meTauri Jiuli Sartava iyo. man ar datova alyaSe­ mortymuli soxumi da movaleobis Sesruleba gaagrZela. daRupvamde cota xniT adre, Sartavam megobars uTxra: `bolomde vibrZolebT, vidre SegviZlia da Tu sikvdili gviweria, arc es unda iyos didi tragedia~.

TavganwirvisTvis mas erovnuli gmiris wodeba mieniWa.

afxazeTi

21

6.5

kulturis Zeglebi afxazeTSi rogor asaxavs afxazeTis teritoriaze arsebuli kulturuli memkvidreobis Zeglebi mxaris istorias?

afxazeTi kulturuli memkvidreobis ZeglebiT mdidari mxarea. aq aRmoCenilia dolmenebi _ uZvelesi qvis samarxi nagebobebi (Zv.w. III-II aTaswleuli). zogierTi qvis wona 50 tonas aRemateboda. wina kedelSi amoWrili xvreli qvis sacobiT ixureboda.

wyaro 1. dolmeni afxazeTSi

afxazeTSi qristianuli kulturis araerTi Zeglia. zRvis sanapirozea X saukunis biWvinTis gumbaTovani taZari. biWvinTas did pitiunts uwodebs berZeni geografi straboni (Zv. w. I saukune). im dros iq romaelTa garnizoni idga da romis imperias momTabare CrdiloelTa Semosevebisgan icavda. iqvea IV saukunis

wyaro 3. mozaikiT Semkuli bazilikis iataki, biWvinTa, IV s. wyaro 2. X saukunis biWvinTis gumbaTovani taZari

22

Cveni saqarTvelo 6

mdidrulad gaformebuli bazilika. dRemde SemorCenilia misi mozaikiT Semkuli iataki. biWvinTa didi xnis ganmavlobaSi dasavleT saqarTvelos saeklesio centri iyo, sadac misi meTauri _ biWvinTis kaTalikosi ijda.

XVI saukunis SuaxanebSi biWvinTis sakaTalikoso rezidencia gelaTSi gadaitanes. gadatanis mizezi teritoriis ucxoelTa mier dapyroba, adgilobrivi qristiani mosaxleobis dasavleT saqarTveloSi, ZiriTadad, samegreloSi gadasaxleba da maT adgilze CrdiloeT kavkasielTa dasaxleba iyo. soxumTan axlos mdinare besleTze SemorCenilia TaRovani xidi, romlis simaRle 6 metria. xidze SemorCenilia qarTuli warwerebi.

leqsikoni

bazilika _ mogrZo, navisebri formis ugumbaTo taZari.

wyaro 4. TaRovani xidi mdinare besleTze Zveli qarTuli damwerlobiT (asomTavruliT)

afxazeTSi qarTuli saeklesio arqiteqturis ramdenime nimuSia. maT Soris aris bediis taZari. is 999 wels erTiani saqarTvelos pirvelma mefem bagrat III-m aaSena. bedia saepiskoposo centric iyo. taZris amSenebeli mefe

wyaro 5. bediis taZari dRes ganad­gurebulia. saqarTvelos kulturuli memkvidreobis dacvis erovnuli saagento ver axerxebs okupirebul teritoriaze Zeglebis dacvas

wyaro 6. bagrat III-is freska wyaro 7. bediis oqros barZimi afxazeTi

23

davaleba

1. ra erqva winaT biWvinTas? romel saxelmwifosTan aris dakavSirebuli misi saxeli?

2. riT aris aRsaniSnavi TaRovani xidi mdinare besleTze (wyaro 4)? kidev sad aris aseTi xidebi saqarTveloSi? 3. ras gvamcnobs bediis taZris freska (wyaro 6)?

4. rogor fiqrob, saidan viciT, rom iloris wminda giorgis salocavi odiSis samTavros SemadgenlobaSi Sedioda (wyaro 8). ra bedi ewia mas dRes?

da misi deda, dedofali guranduxti iq arian dakrZaluli. freskaze, sxvebTan erTad, mefe bagratic aris gamosaxuli. iqve arian gamosaxuli dadianTa gvaris warmomadgenlebic, rac imaze miuTiTebs, rom es teritoria maSin samegrelos mTavrebs ekuTvnodaT. bediaSi inaxeboda oqros barZimi anu Tasi qarTuli warweriT. igi bagrat mesamis SekveTiT daamzades. afxazeTSi qarTuli qristianuli kulturis Zeglebi sxvac bevria. maT Soris aris moqvisa (X saukune) da drandis saepiskoposo taZrebi (VIII saukune). dasavleT saqarTvelos umniSvnelovanesi salocavia iloris wmida giorgi. is Sedioda odiSis samTavros SemadgenlobaSi. damSvenebulia qarTuli warwerebiT. ilorSi salocavad Tavs iyrida mTeli samegrelos mosaxleoba. mas svaneTis mkvidrnic eTayvanebodnen.

wyaro 8. iloris wminda giorgis eklesia rusuli gumbaTiT. restavrirebulia saokupacio xelisuflebis mier

VIII-XI saukuneebSi Tanamedrove afxazeTis teritoriaze agebul taZrebs bevri saerTo aqvs afxazeTidan yvelaze daSorebuli kaxeTis analogiuri tipis ZeglebTan. davaleba

5. moiZie informacia, ra mdgomareobaSia afxazeTis teritoriaze arsebuli qarTuli kulturis Zeglebi. imsjele, Sen da Sens Tanatolebs risi gakeTeba SegiZliaT, rom am problemas sazogadoebam yuradReba miaqcios.

6. raze metyvelebs afxazeTsa da kaxeTSi arsebuli taZrebis msgavseba?

7. daitane drois xazze gakveTilis teqstSi moxseniebuli afxazeTSi qristianobamdeli da qristianuli kulturis Zeglebis Seqmnis TariRebi.

24

Cveni saqarTvelo 6

ra vici da ra SemiZlia moamzade prezentacia PPT-Si Temaze: `meurneobis yvelaze perspeqtiuli dargi afxazeTSi~. prezentaciis sakvanZo kiTxvaa: meurneobis romeli dargis ganviTareba aris ufro perspeqtiuli afxazeTisTvis _ soflis meurneobis Tu turizmis? amisTvis:  gaixsene

a) soflis meurneobis romeli dargebia ganviTarebuli afxazeTSi da rogor? b) romeli kurortebia afxazeTSi? moiZie internetSi maTze informacia, ra RirsSesaniSnaobebia iq?  daxaze cxrili rveulSi da Camowere: `ra upiratesobebi aqvs sof­lis meurneobas da ra turizms~: soflis meurneoba

turizmi

 warmoadgine klasis winaSe prezentacia PPT-Si.  moawyeT diskusia prezentaciis Semdeg, Tu romeli dargis gan-

viTareba aris yvelaze perspeqtiuli afxazeTSi. daasabuTeT Tqveni azri.

wyaro 1. turistebi axali aTonis mRvimeSi afxazeTi

25

kari 7.

Tbilisi am karSi iswavli, Tu sad mdebareobs da rogori bunebrivi pirobebi aqvs Tbiliss; legendas misi daarsebis Sesaxeb; gaicnob mis damaarsebels _ vaxtang gorgasals; gaigeb, Tu rogor gaxda Tbilisi mravaleTnikuri, mravalreligiuri da mravalkulturuli qalaqi; tradiciulad, ra saqmianobiT iyvnen dakavebuli Tbiliselebi, ra satransporto saSualebebiT sargeblobdnen isini winaT da riT sargebloben dRes; rogori iyo yoveldRiuri cxovreba XIX saukunis TbilisSi; ras niSnavs dedaqalaqi; ratom iTvleba Tbilisi rogorc saqarTvelos, aseve mTeli kavkasiis centrad; ratom izidavs igi dResac ara marto saqarTvelos yvela mxareSi mcxovreb adamianebs, aramed milionobiT turists msoflios sxvada­ sxva qveynidan.

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Cveni saqarTvelo 6

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26

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pirobiTi aRniSvnebi dasaxlebuli punqtebi

zahesi !

Tbilisis dasaxleba

! !

sxva dasaxlebuli punqti kurorti

mtkvari

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27

7.1

saqarTvelos dedaqalaqi – Tbilisi sad mdebareobs da rogori bunebrivi pirobebi aqvs Tbiliss?

saqarTvelos dedaqalaqi Tbilisi aRmosavleT saqar­ TveloSi mdebareobs. aq erTmaneTs esazRvreba qvemo qarTli da Sida qarTli. qalaqi mdinare mtkvris orive napirze, Tbilisis qvabulSia gaSenebuli. Tbilisis teritoriaze mtkvars erTvis mdinare vere, romlis xeobaSic qalaqis ramdenime ubani mdebareobs.

Tbilisis qvabuli zRvis donidan 350-400 metrzea, xolo mis irgvliv mdebare zogierTi mTis kalTis simaRle 1500 metramde aRwevs. saSualo da dabali simaRlis mTebi, ZiriTadad, mtkvris marjvena mxaresaa, xolo marcxena mxares umetesad vake reliefia. TbilisSi mdebareobs oTxi _ lisis, kus, gldanis didi da patara tbebi, aseve, wyalsacavi, romelsac mosaxleoba Tbilisis zRvas uwodebs.

Zveli Tbilisi, dRevandelTan SedarebiT, mcire farTobze mdebareobda. misi geografiuli sazRvrebi warsulSic xSirad icvleboda da dResac icvleba.

Tavdapirveli Tbilisi dRevandeli abanoTubnis teritoriaze daarsda. mogvianebiT, igi mdinaris orive napirze gavrcelda da, ZiriTadad, sigrZeze ganviTarda.

XX saukunis dasawyisSi, Tbilisi sigrZeSi Zalian gaizarda da qalaqis ubnebs Soris komunikacia garTulda. qalaqi proporciulad rom ganviTarebuliyo, xelisuflebam mTawmindis platoze axali sacxovrebeli ubnis gaSeneba gadawyvita. imisaTvis, rom axali ubani qalaqisTvis daekavSirebinaT, funikuliori anu sabagiro rkinigza gaiyvanes. rodesac is aSenda da axali sacxovrebeli saxlebis mSenebloba igegmeboda, pirveli msoflio omi

wyaro 1. Tbilisis centraluri ubnebi da SemoerTebuli soflebi

28

Cveni saqarTvelo 6

wyaro 2. Tbilisi, 1671 weli. frangi mogzauris Jan Sardenis naxati

davaleba

wyaro 3. Tbilisi, 1701 weli. frangi mogzauris turneforis naxati

daiwyo da mSenebloba Sewyda. mogvianebiT, mTawmindis (mamadaviTis) qedze gasarTobi parki da funikuliori moewyo, iqve aSenda satelevizio anZa da Tbilisis erTerT geografiul simbolod iqca.

Tbilisi gansakuTrebiT gafarTovda XX saukunis meore naxevridan. im dros Seiqmna bevri axali ubani: diRmis masivi, Temqa, gldani, didi diRomi, varkeTili, vazisubani, sanzona da sxva. Tbilisma saboloo saxe XXI saukuneSi miiRo. axali administraciuli dayofis mixedviT, Tbilisis SemadgenlobaSi moeqca mis garSemo arsebuli soflebi: wavkisi, Sindisi, kojori, wyneTi, sofeli diRomi, lisi, muxaTwyaro da sxva.

1. rogor fiqrob, ra iwvevda Tbilisis geografiuli saz­ Rvrebis cvlilebas?

2. Seni azriT, Tbilisis romeli nawilia gamosaxuli wya­­ roze 2.

3. aRwere, rogoria mogzaurTa TvaliT danaxuli sxvada­sxva drois Tbilisi (wya­ roebi 2 da 3).

4. Seadare erTmaneTs wyaroebi 1, 2 da 3 da ivaraude cvlilebebis mizezebi.

davaleba

5. moiZie damatebiTi informacia frangi mogzaurebis Sardenisa da turneforis Sesaxeb. rodis imogzaures maT saqarTveloSi? rodis iyvnen TbilisSi? 6. daadgine, internetis daxmarebiT, ra ubnebia Tanamedrove TbilisSi. Tbilisi

29

7.2

Tbilisis daarseba ras mogviTxrobs legenda Tbilisis daarsebis Sesaxeb?

vaxtang gorgasali qarTuli istoriuli wyaroebis mixedviT, vaxtang gorgaslis mama mirdati adre gardaicvala da 7 wlis vaxtangs mxolod dedofali sagduxti zrdida. vaxtangi tax­ tze 15 wlis avida da 45 weli imefa. igi 60 wlis asakSi brZolaSi miyenebuli Wrilobebisgan gardaicvala. mTeli Tavisi cxovreba sparseTTan omSi gaatara. igi cdilobda saqar­Tvelos samefo sparseli dampyroblebisgan daecva. vaxtang gorgasali ewinaaRmdegeboda saqarTveloSi sparselTa religiis gavrcelebas da bolomde qristianobis damcveli iyo. misi didi mcdelobiT, saqarTvelos ekle­siam avtokefalia, anu damoukidebloba moipova. am damsaxurebis gamo, saqarTvelos eklesiam vaxtang gorgasali wmindanad Seracxa.

Tbilisis daarseba mefe vaxtang gorgasalis saxels ukavSirdeba. qarTlis samefos dedaqalaqi, Tavdapirvelad, mcxeTa iyo. magram V saukuneSi, vaxtang gorgaslis gadawyvetilebiT, axali dedaqalaqis gaSeneba daiwyes da mas Tbilisi uwodes. mis daarsebasTan dakavSirebiT legenda arsebobs. legenda Tbilisis daarsebaze vaxtang mefe xSiri tyiT dafarul adgilebSi nadirobda. monadireTa mwevrebma xoxobi aafrines. xoxobs ki mefis mimino gamoedevna. orive frinveli Tvals miefara. monadireebi kvals mihyvnen da bolos miadgnen adgils, sadac miwidan cxeli wyali amodioda. orive frinveli cxel wyalSi iyo CamxrCvali. Tanmxlebma pirebma mefes moaxsenes, rom wyals samkurnalo Tvisebebi hqonda. mefes adgili Zalian moewona da brZaneba gasca, rom iq qalaqis mSenebloba daewyoT, axalaSenebul qalaqs ki Tbilisi uwoda. vaxtang gorgasals saqarTvelos dedaqalaqis mcxeTidan TbilisSi gadmotana surda. magram igi amas ver moes­wro. male mtrebTan brZolaSi is daiRupa. mamis dawyebuli saqmis damTavreba ki mis Svils _ daCis mouwia, romelmac sabolood dedaqalaqi mcxeTidan TbilisSi gadaitana. im midamoebs, sadac cxeli wyali dResac amodis, abanoTubani ewodeba. Tavisi arsebobis manZilze dedaqalaqs qar­ Tvelebi tfiliss uwodeb­ dnen. mxolod 1936 wels Secvales es saxeli Tbilisad. marTalia qalaqi Tbilisi vaxtang gorgasalma daaarsa, magram am teritoriaze adamianebi ufro adrec cxovrobdnen.

wyaro 1. vaxtang gorgaslis Zegli, romelic funiku­liorsa da satelevizio anZasTan erTad Tbilisis simboloa

30

Cveni saqarTvelo 6

wyaro 2. abanoTubani, adgili, sadac legendis mixedviT xoxobi da mimino cxel wyalSi daixrCo

vaxtang gorgaslis Sesaxeb istoriam bevri cnoba Semogvinaxa. cnobilia, rom igi Zalian maRali da fizikurad Zlieri iyo. is ise swrafad darboda, rom SeeZlo gaqceul irems dasweoda. vaxtang gorgaslis Sesaxeb bevri wignia dawerili da araerTi dokumenturi filmia gadaRebuli.

wyaro 3. vaxtang gorgaslis freska (vaxtang gorgasali yvela freskaze rogorc mebrZoli wmindania gamosaxuli)

ratom erqva vaxtang mefes gorgasali? `gorgasali~ mefe vaxtangis zedmetsaxeli iyo da ara gvari. igi mas sparselebma Searqves. mefe vaxtangi brZolis dros iseT muzarads atarebda, romelsac ukan lomi da win mgeli hqonda gamosaxuli, sparsulad ki gorgasali mglisTavas niSnavs, amitom brZolis velze, sadac vaxtang mefe gamoCndeboda, SeSinebuli sparselebi garbodnen da iZaxdnen `mglisTava modiso~. davaleba

1. rogor fiqrob, SesaZlebelia Tu ara Tbilisis daarsebis Sesaxeb arsebuli legenda simarTle iyos? pasuxi daasabuTe. 2. gamoiyene internet resursebi da gaecani informacias TbilisSi Catarebuli arqeologiuri aRmoCenebis Sesaxeb. ra daskvnis gakeTeba SegiZlia?

3. gaixsene ganvlili masala, rogor da sad aSenebdnen qarTvelebi qalaqebs da Seadare, ramdenad Seesabameba Tbilisis teritoria qalaqisTvis saWiro adgilmdebareobas.

4. Seavse rveulSi cxrili vici

minda vicode

wyaro 4. kadri Tanamed­ rove filmidan vaxtang gorgasalze

viswavle

5. Seadgine rveulSi orsvetiani cxrili: `legenda da sinamdvile~. Seni azriT, gakveTilis teqstSi mocemul informaciaSi, ra aris legenda da ra sinamdvile.

Tbilisi

31

7.3

Tbilisis mosaxleobis eTnikuri Semadgenloba ratom saxldeboda da dResac saxldeba TbilisSi sxvadasxva warmoSobisa da gansxvavebuli religiis adamiani? somxebi TbilisSi

leqsikoni

eTnikuri _ igive erovnuli.

Tbilisi evropidan aziisaken, samxreTidan CrdiloeTisaken gamaval gzebze mdebareobs. amitom aq odiTganve sxvadasxva xalxi xSirad iyrida Tavs. zogierTi maTgani droebiT saxldeboda, zogic _ samudamod. ase rom, saqarTvelos dedaqalaqSi, qarTvelebTan erTad, cxovrobdnen da saqmianobdnen somxebi da sparselebi, berZnebi da rusebi, germanelebi da polonelebi, osebi da iezidebi, ebraelebi da Turqebi, asirielebi da lekebi... saqarTvelos ruseTis imperiaSi Sesvlis droisaTvis, TbilisSi yvelaze metni somxebi iyvnen. Tumca somxebad wodebul mosaxleobas Soris yvela eTnikuri somexi ar iyo. maT Soris somxuri samociqulo eklesiis mimdevari qarTvelebic iyvnen, romlebsac religiuri gansxvavebulobis gamo somxebs uwodebdnen. Tbilisis somxuri mosaxleobis mSobliuri ena qarTuli iyo. mxolod XIX saukunis meore naxevridan TbilisSi somxuri mosaxleobis didi jgufis mosvlis Semdeg, Tbiliseli somxebisTvis wamyvan enad ukve somxuri iqca.

wyaro 1. Tbiliseli somxebi, XIX saukunis meore naxevari

hovanes Tumaniani _ somexi poeti da sazogado moRvawe, TbilisSi cxovrobda da moRvaweobda. mTeli cxovreba miuZRvna somxebisa da qarTvelebis megobrobas. mis saxlSi ikribebodnen mwerlebi da sazogado moRvaweebi. dRes iq saxl-muzeumia.

32

Cveni saqarTvelo 6

cvlilebebi Tbilisis mosaxleobis SemadgenlobaSi

nebayoflobiT migraciasTan erTad, ruseTis imperia TbilisSi mizanmimarTulad asaxlebda sxvadasxva xalxs da eTnikurad aWrelebda ara mxolod Tbiliss, aramed mTlianad saqarTvelosac. magram qarTvelebs sxva xalxebTan Tanacxovrebis didi xnis tradicia hqondaT. sxvadasxva enaze mosaubre adamianebi TbilisSi mSvidobianad cxovrobdnen. enobrivi da eTnikuri sxvaoba dapirispirebas ar iwvevda.

wyaro 2. ingliseli diplomati ser jon oliver uordropi Tbilisis Sesaxeb iq cxovroben ara marto qarTvelebi, aramed rusebi, somxebi, sparselebi, TaTrebi, cota evropelebi, saxeldobr, germanelebi, frangebi da sxvani. Tbilisi iseTi qalaqia, sadac adamianma SeiZleba icxovros ise, rom sevda ar stanjavdes.

wyaro 3. sparselebi TbilisSi, XIX saukunis meore naxevari

mirza faTali axundovi TbilisSi moRvaweobda cnobili azerbaijaneli mwerali da ganmanaTlebeli mirza faTali axundovi (1812-1878). igi Tarjimnad muSaobda TbilisSi, mefisnacvlis kancelariaSi, Turqul da sparsul enebs aswavlida Tbilisis samazro saswavlebelSi. mirza faTali axundovis piesiT 1873 wels iwyeba azerbaijanuli profesiuli Teatris istoria. mas `TaTar moliersac~ uwodebdnen. axundovis piesa `xanis veziri~ pirvelad cnobilma qarTvelma poetma akaki wereTelma Targmna. imave wels is qarTul scenazec daidga. cnobili qarTveli poetis grigol orbelianis iniciativiT, mirza faTali axundovi dakrZales TbilisSi, axlandeli botanikuri baRis teritoriaze, sadac adre muslimuri sasaflao iyo. dRes orTaWalaSi axundovis saxelobis literaturuli kafe-saloni arsebobs, romelic Tbiliselebis erT-erTi sayvareli adgilia.

wyaro 4. mirza faTali axundovis Zegli Tbilisis 73-e sajaro skolis ezoSi

Tbilisi

33

davaleba

1. rogor fiqrob, ratom gaxda Tbilisi sxvadasxva xalxis TavSeyris adgili?

2. ras saqmianobdnen, wyaro 1-is mixedviT, somxebi TbilisSi? 3. Seni azriT, ra mniSvneloba aqvs konkretuli pirovnebis saqmianobas xalxebs Soris megobrobis ganmtkicebaSi, Sen ra wvlilis Setana SegiZlia am megobrobaSi da rogor?

4. ganmarte, wyaro 2-is mixedviT, ras SeiZleba niSnavdes uordropis gamonaTqvami Tbilisis Sesaxeb.

5. ivaraude, wyaro 3-is mixedviT, ra SeiZleboda yofiliyo sparselebis ZiriTadi saqmianoba TbilisSi?

XIX saukunis dasawyisidan Tbilisis mosaxleoba swrafad izrdeboda ara mxolod saqarTvelos sxvada­ sxva istoriul-eTnografiuli mxaridan gadmosaxlebuli mosax­leobis, aramed araqarTuli eTnikuri jgufebis xarjzec. Zvel Tbiliss kidev erTi Tavisebureba axasiaTebda. zafxulSi mosaxleoba matulobda, zamTarSi ki iklebda. sxva qveynebidan TbilisSi saSovarze wamosuli mosaxleoba swored zafxulSi Semodioda.

XX saukunis dasawyisSi mosaxleobis TiTqmis naxevari droebiT macxovrebeli iyo. maT Soris yvelaze meti yovelTvis sparselebi iyvnen. 1864 wels zafxulSi sparselebis raodenoba Tu 7000 iyo, zamTarSi anu mudmivad macxovrebeli mxolod 529 kaci darCa. garkveuli drois Semdeg TbilisSi eTnikuri viTareba Seicvala. mosaxleobis did umravlesobas qarTvelebi Seadgenen, magram maT gverdiT kvlav cxovroben sxva erovnebis warmomadgenlebi. sparselebis raodenoba mniSvnelovnad Semcirda, somxebisa da azerbaijanelebis raodenoba ki daaxloebiT igivea. TbilisSi somxebi da azerbaijanelebi warsulSi, ZiriTadad, Zvel ubnebSi _ abanoTubansa da avlabarSi cxovrobdnen, dRes ki sxva ubnebSic saxloben. germanelebi TbilisSi

TbilisSi XIX saukuneSi, ruseTis xelisuflebis nebarTviT, germanelebis sakmaod didi jgufi dasaxlda. maT samSoblo religiuri da ekonomikuri mizezebis gamo datoves da Tavi saqarTvelos Seafares. germanelebma bevr siaxles Cauyares safuZveli. maT ukavSirdeba Tbi-

wyaro 5. germanuli eklesia, igive kirxe, romelic meore msoflio omis Semdeg, 1946-1947 wlebSi, marjaniSvilis moednis rekonstruqciis dros, imdroindelma xelisuflebam germanel samxedro tyveebs daangrevina.

34

Cveni saqarTvelo 6

lisSi evropuli pur-funTuSeulis sacxobebis, ludis qarxnebisa daarseba, sxvadasxva xelobis ganviTareba. germanelebma saqarTveloSi rva dasaxleba Seqmnes, maT Soris, ori TbilisSi iyo: erTi axlandeli daviT aRmaSeneblis gamziris mimdebare teritoriaze, meore ki didubeSi.

wyaro 6. germaneli a. tuniefis Rvinis maRazia. warwera: `kaxuri Rvinoebi~ sabWoTa xelisuflebam 1941 wels germanelebi Sua aziis qveynebSi gadaasaxla. miuxedavad amisa, maTi kvali TbilisSi dResac aris. magaliTad, germanelebis aSenebuli Senobebi ganaxlebuli daviT aRmaSeneblis gamzirze Tbiliselebisa da ucxoeli turistebis mowonebas imsaxurebs.

wyaro 7. TbilisSi germaneli arqiteqtoris proeqtiT aSenebuli sasaxle (1895 w.), romelSic dRes Teatris, musikis, kinosa da qoreografiis muzeumia

davaleba

6. ratom gadmosaxldnen germanelebi saqarTveloSi? 7. rogor fiqrob, ra Sedegebi moyva germanelebis Casaxlebas TbilisSi da, zogadad, saqarTveloSi. 8. moiZie informacia germanul memkvid­ reobaze TbilisSi da maswavlebelTan erTad dagegme eqskursia mis sanaxavad.

9. SeadgineT orsvetiani cxrili `ras saqmianobdnen somxebi, sparselebi da germanelebi TbilisSi~.

Tbilisi

35

7.4

Tbilisis mosaxleobis religiuri Semadgenloba romeli religiuri jgufebi gvxvdeba TbilisSi?

leqsikoni

luTerani _ erT-erTi qristianuli pro­ testantuli sar­ wmunoebis mimdevari, romelic XVI saukuneSi germaniaSi aRmocenda. mrevli _ mosaxleoba, romelsac saeklesio momsaxurebas uwevs erTi konkretuli eklesia.

nariyalas istoria Tbilisis daarsebisTanave aSenda cixesimagre, romelsac dedacixes uwodebdnen. igi mtrebma mravaljer daangries. erT-erTma maTganma mas nariyala anu patara cixe Searqva. iqidan kargad Cans sxvadasxva religiis mimdevarTa salocavi nagebobi.

davaleba

1. rogor fiqrob, ram gamoiwvia TbilisSi somxuri eklesiebis raodenobis mateba erTi saukunis ganmavlobaSi.

36

Cveni saqarTvelo 6

mravaleTnikur TbilisSi religiuri mravalferovnebac arsebobda. Zvel TbilisSi erTmaneTTan Zalian axlos mdebareobs qarTuli marTlmadidebluri taZrebi, somxuri eklesia, sinagoga da meCeTi. aq iyo agreTve kaTolikuri eklesia. XIX saukunis dasawyisidan iq germaneli luTeranebi cxovrobdnen. maTac hqondaT Tavisi samlocvelo saxli, romelsac kirxe erqva. calke eklesia hqondaT berZen marTlmadideblebs. qalaqSi bevri marTlmadidebluri eklesia iyo. marTlmadideblur qristianobaSi, kaTolikobisagan gansxvavebiT, wirvalocva sakuTar, erovnul enaze mimdinareobs: qarTvelebi qarTulad loculoben, rusebi _ rusulad, ber­ Znebi _ berZnulad... amitom Tbiliselma berZnebma sakuTari eklesia aaSenes, rom sakuTar enaze elocaT. 1825 wels TbilisSi, Tormet qarTul eklesiasTan erTad, oTxi rusuli da ori berZnuli eklesiac arsebobda.

wyaro 1. Tbilisis muslimuri meCeTi nariyalas cixis fonze

TbilisSi yvelaze mniSvnelovani marTlmadidebluri centri iyo sionis taZari, romelic sparseTis mmarTvelma aRa mahmad xanma Seuracxyo. xanZarma freskebis didi nawili gaanadgura. magram qarTvelebma misi ganaxleba maleve SeZles. XVIII saukunis pirvel naxevarSi TbilisSi xuTi somxuri eklesia iyo, XIX saukunis pirvel naxevarSi _ aTi. islami or ZiriTad mimarTulebad iyofa: Siizmi da sunizmi. TbilisSi Siitebic cxovrobdnen da sunitebic. amitom qalaqSi arsebobda rogorc Siituri, aseve, sunituri meCeTebi. Siituri meCeTi Sua saukuneebidan ar-

sebobda, sunituri ki mxolod XIX saukuneSi aages. am mxrivac Tbiliss Tavisebureba hqonda. sabWoTa periodSi erT-erTi meCeTi xelisuflebam daan­gria. mas Semdeg, orive muslimuri Temi, romlebic msoflios yvela qve­ yanaSi dapirispirebulia, TbilisSi erT meCeTSi, erTmaneTis gverdigverd loculobs.

Zvelad, TbilisSi, kldis ubanSi cecxlTayvanis­mce­ melTa salocavi _ `aTeSga~ _ arsebobda. Zveli sparselebis am salocavma Cvenamde nangrevebis saxiT moaRwia.

Tbilisis religiurad gansxvavebuli mosaxleoba gaWirvebisa Tu avadmyofobis dros erTmaneTis wmindanebs mimarTavda. mamadaviTis eklesiaSi, qarTvelebTan erTad, daviTobas Tavs iyridnen somxebi, TaTrebi, qurTebi... aseve, igive xdeboda barbarobas navTluRSi. XX saukuneSi saqarTvelosa da TbilisSi gavrcelda ramdenime axali religia, romelic manamde qalaqisTvis ucnobi iyo. mravalsaukunovani brZolis Semdeg msoflios ZiriTadi religiebi SeTanxmdnen, rom ar Seecdebian erTmaneTs mrevli waarTvan da sakuTari sarwmunoeba ZaliT uqadagon. Tanamedrove epoqaSi qveynebis umravlesobaSi, maT Soris, saqarTveloSi religiuri Tavisuflebaa da yvelas SeuZlia swamdes im religiis, romelic surs. wyaro 3. kinoreJisori da mxatvari sergo farajanovi Tbilisis Sesaxeb me davibade da gavizarde diad qalaqSi, sadac asureli da ukraineli, qurTi da rusi, somexi da azerbaijaneli, qarTveli da berZeni, Turqi da poloneli, espaneli da germaneli, estoneli da ebraeli erT did ojaxad, erT did saxlSi cxovrobdnen da cxovroben. am qalaqs Tavisi koloriti, Tavisi surneli, Tavisi siyvaruli da Tavisufleba aqvs. am qalaqSi erT moedanze dgas rusuli, somxuri da qarTuli eklesiebi, ebrauli sinagoga da muslimuri meCeTi... es saswaulia, saswauli, romelic mudam Cems gulSia. davaleba

2. riT SegiZlia axsna is faqti, rom mxolod Tbilisis meCeTSi sunitebi da Siitebi erTad mSvidobianad loculoben da sxva qveynebSi erTmaneTTan dapirispirebuli arian?

3. rogor Seafaseb Tbilisis mosaxleobis saqciels, rodesac gaWirvebis dros isini erTmaneTis wmindanebs mimarTaven dasaxmareblad?

4. ra daskvnis gamotana SegiZlia warmoSobiT somexi Tbiliselis sergo farajanovis sityvebidan (wya­ ro 3).

wyaro 2. Tbilisis wminda nikolozis berZnuli eklesia

davaleba

5. moiZie kidev ra tipis religiuri Temebi arsebobs dRevandel saqarTveloSi da ratom aris Tavmoyrili maTi umetesoba TbilisSi. 6. Seadgine, TanaklaselebTan erTad, Tbilisis im adgilebis sia, romelTa daTvaliereba gsurT codnis gamdidrebisTvis. warudgineT Tqveni argumentebi da sia skolis xelmZRvanelobas da sTxoveT TbilisSi eqskursiis organizeba. moawyeT klasSi gamokiTxva da eqskursiis ganrigi amis mixedviT dagegmeT. Tbilisi

37

7.5

TbiliselTa ZiriTadi sameurneo saqmianoba xelosnobis romeli dargebi iyo ganviTarebuli TbilisSi?

Tbilisuri amqrebi

davaleba

1. daakvirdi Tbilisis amqris sazogadoebis suraTs (wyaro 1). miaqcie yuradReba garemos, detalebs, Cacmulobas da a.S. ra metyvelebs imaze, rom isini namdvilad amqris warmomadgenlebi arian? rogor fiqrob, ratom ar arian maT Soris qalebi?

Zvelad TbiliselTa sameurneo saqmianobaSi wamyvani dargi iyo xelosnoba. xelosnebs TbilisSi xelosanTa gaerTianeba _ amqari hqondaT. Tbiliseli xelosnebi amqrebs xelobis mixedviT qmnidnen. Tumca, TbilisSi amqrebi eTnikuri kuTvnilebis mixedviTac arsebobda. magaliTad, mkalavebi mxolod lekebi iyvnen. calke amqari hqondaT sparsel meCeqmeebsa da TaTar kalatozebs. amqris SemadgenlobaSi, garda ostatebisa, qarglebi da Segirdebic Sediodnen. qargali xelosnis daostatebis Sua da auci­lebeli safexuri iyo. qarglamde ki Segirdis kursis gavla iyo aucilebeli. amqarSi gaerTianebuli xelosnebi weliwadSi erTxel `amqrobas~ marTavdnen. am dros Segirdis ostatad xeldasxma xdeboda. amqris ustabaSi xeldasasmel qargals jer dalocavda, Semdeg cali xeliT orive xelis cers dauWerda da orive loyaze silas sam-samjer Semokravda. silis Semokvra xeldasasxmelis momwifebis simbolur niSnad miaCndaT. amave dros, cxvarsac swiravdnen

wyaro 1. Tbilisuri amqris sazogadoeba, XX saukunis dasawyisi

38

Cveni saqarTvelo 6

msxverplad. ase iRebdnen saamqro gaerTianebaSi axal wevrs. amqrebs qarTulwarweriani droSebi hqondaT. TbilisSi xelosnobis mravali dargis warmomadgelebi moRvaweobdnen. eseni iyvnen: meqalamneebi, xarazebi, sxvadasxva daniSnulebis imdroindeli tansacmlis mkeravebi anu TerZebi da sxv. TbilisSi didi raodenobiT iyvnen mWedlebi, romelTa amqarSi gaerTianebuli iyvnen agreTve oqromWedlebi, meTuneebi, meqvabeebi da sxv. durgalTa/xuroTa amqarSi xeze momuSave xelosnebi erTiandebodnen. mepureTa amqarSi, ZiriTadad, raWvelebi Sediodnen.

Tbilisi iyo ara marto saqarTvelos, aramed mTeli samxreTi kavkasiis, rogorc xelosnobis, aseve vaWrobis didi centri. xelosnuri nawarmi iyideboda uamrav duqansa Tu bazarSi. axali amqrebi - profesiuli kavSirebi

marTalia TbilisSi dRes amqrebi aRar aris SemorCenili, magram kvlav arsebobs xelosnebisa da sxva sferos warmomadgenelTa gaerTianebebi. axla maT profesiuli kavSirebi anu profkavSirebi ewodeba. profkavSiris ZiriTadi movaleobaa mis wevrebze zrunva da sxvadasxva RonisZiebis organizeba. ama Tu im SromiTi uflebis dasacavad, profkavSiri xSirad sayovelTao gaficvis organizatoria. profkavSirSi gawevrianebis dros aRar tardeba raime specialuri rituali. profkavSiri SeiZleba iyos rogorc specialobebis mixedviT Seqmnili, aseve saerTo. Zvelad Tu xelosnobas, ZiriTadad, somxebi da sxva eTnikuri jgufebis warmomadgenlebi misdevdnen, dRes am sferoSi qarTvelebic arian dasaqmebuli. Zveli droisgan gansxvavebiT, profkavSirebi erovnuli niSniT aRar iqmneba. aseve, ukve SesaZlebelia specialur saswavleblebSi nebismieri xelobis daufleba.

wyaro 3. profkavSirebis organizebuli erT-erTi qarxnis TanamSromlebis aqcia

wyaro 2. amqris droSa leqsikoni

mkalavi _ xelosani, romelic dazianebuli spilenZis WurWels kalavs, aRadgens. ustabaSi _ (usta _ ostati, baSi _ Tavi) amqris meTauri, ufrosi ostati. xarazi _ fexsacmlis mkeravi an SemkeTebeli. davaleba

2. rogori iyo Tbilisur amqarSi miRebis wesebi? Seni azriT, ratom awyobdnen sxvadasxva rituals amqarSi miRebisas.

3. Seadare erTmaneTs Zveli Tbilisuri amqari da Tanamedrove profkavSiri: ra msgavseba da gansxvavebaa maT Soris?

4. Caatare gamokiTxva ojaxis wevrebsa da mezoblebSi, gawevrianebuli arian Tu ara profesiul kavSirebSi. odesme Tu daxmarebia maT msgavsi gaerTianebebi da Tu ki, rogor?

5. Seadare erTmaneTs skolis moswavleTa TviTmmarTvelobisa da profkavSirebis funqciebi.

Tbilisi

39

7.6

vaWroba da savaWro adgilebi TbilisSi rogor, sad da vin vaWrobda TbilisSi?

meidani – Tbilisis savaWro centri

saukuneebis ganmavlobaSi Tbilisi samxreT kavkasiis mTavari savaWro centri iyo. qalaqis cxovrebaSi did rols TamaSobda bazari. 1887 wels qalaqSi avlabris, saldaTis, TaTris, meidnis da veris bazrebi iyo, aseve, wvrili bazrebi, sadac raime sagans da romelime produqts yiddnen. Tbilisis mTavari savaWro centri ki meidani iyo. aqve, dilauTenia, Tavs iyridnen mSeneblobaze, miwaze, baR-bostnebSi sezonuri momuSaveni. saxelosno, duqani da bazari erTmaneTisgan ganuyofeli iyo.

davaleba

1. Seni azriT, ras uwyobda xels vaWroba?

2. dRes sad vaWroben Tanamedrove Tbiliselebi?

3. aRwere wyaro 1: vin arian gamosaxuli suraTze, ras akeTeben, ra acviaT, rogori garemoa, xedi da a.S.

40

Cveni saqarTvelo 6

wyaro 1. meidani Zvelad

xelosnobis erTi da igive an msgavsi dargebi calcalke `rigs~ qmnida. Camwkrivebul savaWro da saxelosno duqnebSi myidvelebs TavianT nawarms sTavazobdnen: xarazebi _ fexsacmels, sarajebi _ cxenis akazmulobas, meqoSeebi qoSsa da maSias, dabaRebi _ tyavs. aqve iyvnen oqromWedlebi, kalatozebi, durglebi, meTofeebi, mexanjleebi, qvis mTlelebi da sxv.

2010 wels saqarTveloSi Seiqmna dokumenti, sadac saqarTveloSi arsebuli specialobebia CamoTvlili da dayofilia sxvadasxva mimarTulebad da dargebad. Zvel drosTan SedarebiT, Tanamedrove Tbilissa da saqar­ TveloSi aTasamde profesia arsebobs.

XVIII saukunis dasawyisSi qalaqSi orasi duqani iyo. ramdenime aTeuli wlis Semdeg duqnebis raodenobam xuTass miaRwia. bazrebi sazogadoebrivi TavSeyris adgilebic iyo. iq SeiZleboda axali ambebis gageba. Tanamedrove Tavisuflebis moedanis adgilas adre, ZiriTadad, SeSiTa da TiviT vaWrobdnen. riyeze, sadac Zvelad moloknebi cxovrobdnen, vaWrobdnen cxenebiT, TevziT.

leqsikoni

moloknebi _ rusuli marTlmadidebeli eklesiidan gamoyofili religiuli jgufi.

wyaro 2. Tbiliseli xelosnebi davaleba

4. daasaxele, romeli dargis xelosnebia gamosaxuli wya­roze 2. qarvaslebi Zvel TbilisSi

Sua saukuneebis TbilisSi arsebobda savaWro centrebi _ qarvaslebi. yvelaze didi qarvaslebi axlandel sionis quCaze idga. XIX saukuneSi axali qarvaslebi aSenda. 1850 wels TbilisSi cameti qarvasla iyo. qarvaslebis zeda sarTulebze sastumro oTaxebi iyo, pirveli sarTuli ki duqnebs, saxelosnoebsa da sawyobebs ekava. sawyobad iyenebdnen sardafebsac. Zvelad qarTvelebi vaWrobas ar misdevdnen, amitom TbilisSi, ZiriTadad, somxebi vaWrobdnen. droTa ganmavlobaSi qarTvelebmac daiwyes vaWroba. erT-erTi yvelaze warmatebuli qar­ Tveli movaWre da mewarme, daviT sarajiSvili iyo. davaleba

8. erTmaneTs Seadare Zveli qarvaslebi da dRes arsebuli Tanamedrove savaWro centrebi, ra msgavseba da gansxvavebaa maT Soris?

9. gaixsene qarTvelTa eTnografiuli jgufebidan pirvelad vin daiwyo vaWroba da ratom?

10. moiZie internetSi informacia daviT sarajiSvilis Sesaxeb. Seafase misi damsaxureba saqarTvelos winaSe.

davaleba

5. CamoTvale, gakveTilis teqstSi dasaxelebuli profesiebidan dRes romeli aRar arsebobs. rogor fiqrob, ratom aRar aris is specialobebi, romlebic Zvelad TbilisSi arsebobda.

6. CamoTvale, romeli Tanamedrove specialobebi ici.

7. imsjeleT, rodis da ratom Cndeba moTxovnileba axal specialobebze?

Tbilisi

41

7.7

transportis saSualebebi TbilisSi ra satransporto saSualebebiT sargeblobdnen TbilisSi warsulSi da riT sargebloben dRes? oTxfexa `transporti~ Zvel TbilisSi

davaleba

1. Seadare erTmaneTs Zvelad arsebuli urmebi Tanamedrove saavtomobilo trailers. ra upiratesobebi da naklovanebebi aqvs TiToeul maTgans?

2. monaxe rukaze (gv.45), ra gza unda gaevlo vladikavkazidan Tbilisamde Catanil saqonels. imsjele aseT did gzaze mogzaurobis ra sirTuleebi d safrTxeebi arsebobda? aris Tu ara dRes msgavsi problemebi? pasuxi daasabuTe.

42

Cveni saqarTvelo 6

Tbiliss soflis meurneobis produqtebiT, ZiriTadad, mis SemogarenSi mcxovrebi soflis mosaxleoba amaragebda. mogvianebiT, sxvadasxva dros, es soflebi Tbilisis SemadgenlobaSi Sevida. XIX saukunidan am sferoSi germanelTa kolonia CaerTo. bazarSi produqtebis gasatanad qalaqis mimdebare soflebis mkvidrebi, ZiriTadad, uremsa da saxedars iyenebdnen. soflebidan mosul memawvnes gasayidi mawvnis qilebi saxedarze hqonda akidebuli. qalaqis axal ubnebSi evropuli saxlebis mSeneblobas Tan axlda am soflebidan Casuli muSaxelis monawileoba. isini urmebiT samSeneblo masalis ZiriTadi gadamzidavebi iyvnen. XX saukunis 30-ian wlebamde sofel diRmidan ormoci urmisagan Semdgari `qaravani~ gadioda, romelic ukan sofelSi Sebindebisas brundeboda. uremi Zvel TbilisSi gadaadgilebis erT-erT saSualebas warmoadgenda. urmebiT saqoneli SehqondaT Soreuli adgilebidanac. magaliTad, daRestnidan vladikavkazis gavliT urmebiT TbilisSi nabdebi da maudi SehqondaT. Zveli Tbiliselebi dReobebze salocavad urmebiT miemarTebodnen. aseT SemTxvevaSi urmebi gadaxuruli iyo xaliCebiTa da qeCebiT, rasac Cardaxian urems uwodebdnen. urmis Zirze, Cveulebriv, Tiva hqondaT dafenili, Tivaze ki _ xaliCebi da sabnebi.

wyaro 1. Cardaxiani uremi, XIX saukunis 70-iani wlebi

TbilisSi tvirTis gadasatanad, pirvel yovlisa, saWapano cxovelebs iyenebdnen: saxedrebs, jorebs, cxenebs, xarebs, kameCebs. maTgan yvelaze popularuli saxedari iyo. is iyo qalaqSi tvirTis ZiriTadi gadamtani. zafxulsa da zamTarSi saxedrebze aqeT-iqidan gadakidebuli godrebiT gadahqondaT mwvanili, xili, yvavilebi, naxSiri, SeSa. saxedars xalisiT iyenebdnen TuluxCebic _ wylis gadamzidavebi. aseve, gadahqondaT fiCxi. yofila iseTi SemTxvevebic, rodesac fiCxis didi konebis (agreTve Tivis) gadatanisas virs mxolod Tavi da grZeli yurebi uCanda. garda godrebisa, tvirTis gadasatanad saxedrebs xSirad xurjinebi da tikebic hqondaT gadakidebuli.

Zveli TbiliselebisTvis arc aqlemebi iyo ucxo. Soreuli adgilebidan TbilisSi tvirTi, ZiriTadad, aqlemebis qaravnebiT SehqondaT. Zveli TbilisisTvis arc tax­ trevanebi yofila ucxo, romliTac mxolod privilegirebuli fenis warmomadgeneli qalbatonebi gadaadgildebodnen. XIX saukunis 60-iani wlebidan gamoCnda evropuli faetonebi, romelSic wyvili cxeni iyo Sebmuli.

1887 wlis oficialuri monacemebiT, TbilisSi 520 mefaitone da oTxTvala etlis mflobeli iyo aRricxuli.

leqsikoni

TuluxCi _ meTuluxe, wylis damtarebeli da gamyidveli.

Tuluxi _ wylis sazidavi (cxeniT da misT.) rumbi an kasri. saWapano _ gadamzidi.

Wapani _ saurme Toki, Rvedi. davaleba

3. imsjele, rogor gesmis sityvis `Wapanwyveta~ mniSvneloba.

wyaro 2. aqlemebis qaravani TbilisSi

wyaro 3. sparseli TuluxCebi TbilisSi, XIX s. dasasruli

wyaro 4. faetoni Tbilisis quCaSi Tbilisi

43

wyaro 5. Tbilisis quCa, XIX saukunis bolo

leqsikoni

konka _ tramvais wina­ morbedi saqalaqo rkinigza, romlis vagonSic cxenebi iyo Sebmuli.

wyaro 6. borani, XIX s.

44

Cveni saqarTvelo 6

Tbiliselebi mtkvris erTi sanapirodan meoreze xidebiT an bornebiT gadadiodnen. borani pirvelad 1848 wels gaakeTes. igi xisagan iyo Sekruli. XIX saukunis bolos TbilisSi ori _ verisa da didubis borani arsebobda. es ukanaskneli didubes diRomTan akavSirebda da 1953 wlamde moZraobda. borani iyo muxranis xidis adgilas, romelic riyesa da avlabars erTmaneTTan akav­Sirebda. mogvianebiT, 1883 wels TbilisSi gamoCnda konka, romelic 1904 wels tramvaim Caanacvla.

wyaro 7. Zveli tramvai

satransporto saSualebebi Tanamedrove TbilisSi

Tanamedrove satransporto saSualebebi Zvelisgan mniSvnelovnad gansxvavdeba, rac teqnologiuri progresis Sedegia.

XX saukunidan moyolebuli TbilisSi TiTqmis yvela saxis satransporto saSualeba gavrcelda. funikuliori, tramvai, troleibusi, avtobusi, sabagiro da gadaadgilebis sxva saSualebebi.

Tbilisi kavkasiaSi pirveli qalaqia, sadac metro gaiyvanes. mis teritoriaze mdebareobs erTdroulad sami aerodromi. bolo dros TbilisSi popularuli gaxda velosipediT gadaadgileba. qalaqis centralur ubnebSi daixaza da moewyo velobilikebi.

Tumca, Tbilisis araTanabari reliefi xels ar uwyobs am satransporto saSualebis ganviTarebas.

wyaro 8. trapiani axali avtobusi TbilisSi

wyaro 9. Tbilisis metro

davaleba

4. aRwere wyaro 5. romel `transports~ xedav? rogor fiqrob, ra upiratesoba aqvs mas Tanamedrove transportTan SedarebiT. 5. Seadare dRes gavrcelebuli satransporto sa­ Su­alebebi erTmaneTs. romeli ufro sufTaa ekologiurad _ satvirTo avtomobili, sarkinigzo vagoni, metro Tu TviTmfrinavi. daasabuTe pasuxi 6. romeli satransporto saSualeba ici sxva qveynebSi, rac saqarTveloSi jer ar aris ganviTarebuli?

7. rogor fiqrob, ratom aqvs avtobuss trapi (wyaro 8).

8. ra upiratesoba aqvs velosipeds sxva transpor­ tTan SedarebiT. gauwie popularizacia cxovrebis jansaR wess da reklama gaukeTe velosipeds. daxate plakati, romelzec Sesabamis mowodebas dawer. gamofineT Tqveni plakatebi klasSi. 9. imsjeleT Tqveni qalaqis ekologiaze. romeli ekologiuri problema aris misTvis yvelaze mwva­ve. miswereT werili TviTmmarTvelobas, romelSic SesTavazebT gamosavals haeris/gare­ mos dabinZurebis, usafrTxo gadaadgilebis sakiTxebTan dakavSirebiT.

Tanamedrove Tbilisis ekologia XXI saukuneSi ekologia mTeli msoflios problemaa. Tbiliss yvelaze metad haeris dabinZureba awuxebs. amis mizezi avtotransportis gamonabolqvia. xSiria smogi _ kvamlis, nislisa da mtvris narevi. amis mTavari mizezi ki avtomobilebiTa da sxva transportiT gadatvirTuli quCebia. garemo da haeri adamianis janmrTelobaze aisaxeba. rac ufro maRalganviTarebulia qveyana, miT ufro ukeT aqvs mogvarebuli garemos dacvis problemebi.

Tbilisi

45

7.8

XIX saukunis qalaquri cxovreba rogori iyo cxovreba XIX saukunis TbilisSi?

leqsikoni

koloriti _ pirovneba, romelic gamoirCeva gansxvavebuli qceviT, uCveulo garegnobiT an Cacmis stiliT.

XIX saukunis meore naxevarSi gaizarda rogorc qalaqebis raodenoba, aseve qalaqis mosaxleobis ricxvic. cvlilebebi da siaxleebi mosaxleobis yvela fenis cxovrebas daetyo. Seicvala Tbilisisa da zogierTi sxva qalaqis arqiteqturac.

davaleba

1. gaixsene, rogor sacxovrebel saxlebs agebdnen winaT saqarTveloSi. 2. axseni, wyaroebis 1, 2 da 3-is mixedviT, ra gansxvavebaa qarTul tradiciul arqiteqturasa da evropul arqiteqturas Soris. pasuxis dros gaiTvaliswine saxlebis mSeneblobisas gamoyenebuli masala, sarTulebis raodenoba da sxv.

3. dRes rogor saxlebs aSeneben da ratom?

wyaro 1. XIX saukunis bolos Tbilisis xedi (nariyala tradiciuli saxlebis fonze)

wyaro 2. Zveli Tbilisis quCa, gza puris moednisken, XX saukunis dasawyisi

46

Cveni saqarTvelo 6

davaleba

wyaro 3. XIX saukunis evropuli arqiteqturis nimuSi. aSenebulia i. zubalaSvilis dakveTiT. XX saukunemde sasuliero seminaria iyo. dRes xelovnebis muzeumia. yaraCoRelebi da kintoebi

4. ra hqvia im saqciels, riTic yaraCoRelebi iyvnen dakavebuli amqris wevris gardacvalebis SemTxvevaSi? 5. ra mniSvneloba hqonda yaraCoRelebis qvelmoqmedebas gardacvlilis ojaxisTvis?

6. gaixsene Tanamedrove qvelmoqmedebis romelime magaliTi. 7. migiRia Tu ara monawileoba romelime qvelmoqmedebaSi? Tu ki, ra mizani gqonda?

Tbilisis qalaquri cxovrebis kolorits qmnidnen yaraCoRelebi da kintoebi. yaraCoRelebs wvril xelosnebs uwodebdnen. isini patiosnebiT, sidarbaisliT, dardimandobiT da vaJkacobiT gamoirCeodnen. amqris wevris sikvdilis SemTxvevaSi, ojaxs exmarebodnen, qvrivs yoveldRe sanovages ugzavnidnen, Raribebs fuls ugrovebdnen. aqve arsebobdnen maTgan sapirispiro adamianebi, kintoebi. kintoebis mTavari saqmianoba sakvebi produqtebiT vaWroba iyo. Tavze Semodebuli didi xis TabaxebiT/gobebiT gasayidad dahqondaT xili, bostneuli, mwvanili, kvercxi, Tevzi da sxv. zoma-wonaSi motyueba da myidvelze zemoqmedeba kintos ZiriTadi iaraRi iyo, upatiosnod vaWroba da fulis Sovna ki _ misi mizani.

wyaro 4. yaraCoRelebi

wyaro 5. kintoebi Tbilisi

47

TavadaznaurTa cxovrebis wesi TbilisSi

Tbiliseli qalebis moda yvelaze swrafad maRali da saSualo wris Tbiliseli qalebis Cacmis stili icvleboda.

Tavidan maT evropuli fexsacmeli arCies tradiciuls.

1880-iani wlebidan ki qalaqeli qalebi ukve evropul modas misdevdnen.

SeZlebuli fenebis warmomadgenlebi TandaTan gadadiodnen evropuli stilis cxovrebaze. TavianT Svilebs pansionebsa da gimnaziebSi agzavnidnen, ucxo enebs da musikas aswavlidnen. maRali wris ojaxebSi ewyoboda literaturuli salonebi, sadac Semoqmedi adamianebi TavianT nawarmoebebs ukiTxavdnen ganaTlebul sazogadoebas, saubrobdnen xelovnebis, filosofiis Temebze.

1851 wels TbilisSi Casuli rusi mwerali lev tolstoi werda: `Tbilisi Zlier ganaTlebuli qalaqiao~. frangi mwerali aleqsandre diuma ki Tbiliss patara parizad moixseniebda.

wyaro 6. mejlisze mosawvevi bileTebi da aleqsandre bagration-muxranelis sasaxlesTan mejlisze miwve­ uli Tbilisis Tavadaznauroba (mosawvev bileTze miTiTebulia, rom TbilisSi ruseTis iperatoris CamosvlasTan dakav­ SirebiT 1888 wlis 29 seqtembers 9 saaTze imarTeba mejlisi) davaleba

8. moiZie informacia, sad iRebdnen ganaTlebas saqar­ TveloSi Zvelad? ra cvlileba moxda am TvalsazrisiT XIX saukuneSi? ratom aRmoCnda Tbilisi am mxriv mimzidveli saqarTvelos sxvadasxva mxaris axalgazrdebisTvis.

9. Seni azriT, ratom Seadara frangma mweralma aleqsandr diumam Tbilisi parizs?

10. aRwere wyaroebi 6 da 7. maTze gamosaxuli adamianebi sazogadoebis romel fenas ekuTvnodnen? daasabuTe Seni pasuxi.

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Cveni saqarTvelo 6

maRali sazogadoeba rusul Teatrsa da italiur operaSi dadioda. giorgi erisTavis TaosnobiT, 1850 wels gaxsnili qarTuli Teatris warmodgenebs eswreboda. 1850-ian wlebSi yabaxis moedanze, romelic baRad gadaakeTes (e.w. aleqsandres baRi), saRamoobiT sazogadoeba saseirnod gadioda da, qarTulTan erTad, rusuli da evropuli musikiT da cekvebiT tkbeboda. qalaqis mosaxleobis ufro dabali fenebi aRmosavlur-yaraCoRul hangebs arCevdnen.

davaleba

11. axseni, rogor gesmis cxovrebis evropuli wesi?

12. Seni azriT, vin igulisxmeba mosaxleobis dabal fenebSi?

wyaro 7. Tbilisis operis Teatris gaxsna (1851 w.)

saukuneebis ganmavlobaSi sxvadasxva warmoSobisa da religiis adamianebi erT qalaqSi Tanacxovrebam daaaxlova. Seiqmna gansakuTrebuli qalaquri kultura: arqiteqtura, poezia, musika, romelic TbilisSi mcxovrebi yvela adamianisTvis Tanabrad Zvirfasi iyo. e.w. Tbili­ sur ezoebSi sxvadasxva erovnebis warmomadgenlebs saerTo dResaswaulebi Tu glovis dReebi hqondaT. iq­ mneboda Sereuli ojaxebi, sadac mSoblebi sxvadasxva erovnebis Tu sarwmunoebis iyvnen.

wyaro 8. Tbilisuri ezo

davaleba

13. rogor fiqrob, wyaro 8-is mixedviT, ramdenad uwyobs xels aseTi arqiteqtura adamianebis daaxloebas. daasabuTe Seni pasuxi.

14. daasaxele sxvadasxva erovnebis adamianebis Tanacxovrebis dadebiTi mxareebi.

15. moiZie informacia Tbilisuri ezoebis Sesaxeb. dawere vikipediisTvis mokle informacia `Tbilisur ezoebze~ da moamzade is vebgverdze dasadebad.

16. gaiTamaSeT scena Tbilisuri ezos cxovrebidan.

17. gamokiTxe ufrosi Taobis warmomadgenlebi ojaxSi, mezoblad an gamoikvlie, ra qmnida gansakuTrebul Tbilisur kulturas.

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7.9

wyali TbiliselTa cxovrebaSi Zvelad da dRes rogori iyo Tbilisuri abanoebi da rogor maragdeboda qalaqi wyliT? Tbilisis wyliT momarageba

aRa-mahmad xani TbilisSi sparselma dampyrobelma aRa ma­hmad xanma 1795 wels Tbilisi aiRo da miwasTan gaaswora. man Tbilisis abanoebis samkurnalo Tvisebebi icoda da fiqrobda, rom iq ganikurneboda. magram ga­n­risxda, rodesac mis daavadebas Tbilisis go­girdis wyalma ver uSvela.

davaleba

1. rogor fiqrob, ratom iyo Zvelad TbilisSi gamoyofili mtkvarze specialuri adgilebi meTuluxCeebisTvis wylis asavsebad.

2. moamzadeT da SesTavazeT rekomendaciebi Tbilisis TviTmmarTvelobas mtkvris gawmendis saSualebebze.

50

Cveni saqarTvelo 6

wyali adamianisTvis umniSvnelovanesi resursia. dRes sasmeli da sayofacxovrebo daniSnulebis wyali yvela ojaxSi onkanSi modis, warsulSi ki ase ar iyo.

TbilisSi sasmeli wylis sistema 1887 wels gaiyvanes. manamde ki qalaqs sasmeli wyliT meTuluxCeebi amarageb­ dnen. qalaqis xelisuflebas mtkvarze Tormeti adgili hqonda gamoyofili, saidanac wylis aReba SeiZleboda. savse TuluxCebs isini cxenebsa da saxedrebs ahkidebdnen xolme, ris Semdegac wyali gasayidad mihqondaT. zogierT damtarebels wyali kokebiTa da kasrebiTac dahqonda. 1880-ian wlebamde wylis fasi, ZiriTadad, mtkvridan arsebuli manZiliT ganisazRvreboda. dRes mdinaris wylis daleva warmoudgenelia, magram, warsulSi saqarTveloSi mdinaris wyals bevr adgilas svamdnen. amitom maSin mdinareebs ufrTxildebodnen, ar abinZurebdnen da wyalic dasalevad vargisi iyo.

wyaro 1. meTuluxCeebi

dRes Tbilisi sasmeli wyliT mdinare aragvidan da Tbilisis zRvidan maragdeba. sanam aragvidan wyali TbiliselTa saxlebSi, onkanebSi wamova, manamde xangrZliv da Sromatevad process gadis. mdinare aragvidan wyali Tbilisis sxvadasxva ubanSi, specialur wyalsaqaC nagebobebSi itumbeba. iq mas sxvadasxva saSualebiT asufTaveben, filtraven da mis sisufTaves amowmeben. rodesac wyali sakmarisad gasufTavdeba, mas qalaqis wyalsaden milebSi uSveben da ase aRwevs is Tbilisis yvela saxlSi. msoflios umetes qveynebSi sakmarisi sufTa wyali ar aqvT, amitom sasmel wyals yiduloben, xolo onkanis wyals dasabanad da sxva saojaxo saqmeebisTvis iyeneben.

Tbilisuri abanoebi

Tbilisis Taviseburebas gogirdovani cxeli wylis abanoebi warmoadgenda. abanoebi TbiliselTa TavSeyris adgili iyo. isini CiraRdnebiT ganaTebuli da dRedaRam Ria iyo. iq arc banaobis dro iyo gansazRvruli da xalxsac darCena gaTenebamde SeeZlo. abano xSirad TbilisSi Casuli glexisTvis Ramis gasaTevs, sastumrosac warmoadgenda. abano erT dRes qalebis iyo, meore dRes _ mamakacebis. iq wasul qalebs Tan sarecxic mihqondaT. abanoSi Cveulebrivi ambavi iyo Cais sma da erTmaneTis mosanaxuleblad Sexvedra. Tbilisis stumrebisTvis abanoebis monaxuleba da misi gogirdiani wyliT banaoba erTgvari Tavgadasavalic iyo da janmrTelobis gakaJebisa da higienis dacvis saSualebac. abanoSi meqisis profesiiT yvela stumari aRfrTovanebuli iyo. meqiseebi adamians abanavebdnen da masaJs ukeTebdnen.

Tbilisuri abanoebi dResac popularulia ara marto Tbiliselebs, aramed mis stumrebs Sorisac.

wyaro 2. Tbilisis abano.

XIX s.

wyaro 3.

Tbilisis abanoSi davaleba

3. sakuTar qalaqze zrunva yvela iq mcxovrebis movaleobaa. TanaklaselebTan erTad miwere werili Seni qalaqis/raionis wyalmomaragebis dawesebulebas da zustad gaige, saidan da rogor modis sasmeli wyali Sens saxlamde.

4. rogor fiqrob, ra unda gaakeTo imisTvis, rom Sens onkanSi sasmeli wyali yovelTvis modiodes.

5. TanaklaselebTan erTad imuSave proeqtze: `wyali _ sicocxlis wyaro~.

6. Seavse rveulSi cxrili: romeli saqmia­ nobisTvis SeiZleba an ar SeiZleba onkanis wylis gamoyeneba, rom igi racionalurad daixarjos? wylis xarjvis magaliTebi racionaluri

araracionaluri

leqsikoni

racionaluri _ goni­ eri, dasabuTebuli, momWirne.

7. moiZie informacia `Tbilisis kurortze~. imsjeleT gogirdovani wylebis samkurnalo da turistul mniSvnelobaze dRevandeli TbilisisTvis.

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7.10

dasveneba da garToba TbilisSi rogor erTobodnen Zvelad TbilisSi?

duqnebi

leqsikoni

aSuRi _ saxalxo mgo­ sani da momRerali.

dasveneba da garToba adamianisTvis bunebrivi mdgo­ mareobaa. aseT dros igi dakargul energias aRidgens da ganwyobas iumjobesebs. warsulSi TbiliselTa erTerTi gasarTobi da TavSeyris adgili iyo duqani. magaliTad, cnobil aprakunes duqanSi ikribeboda Tbilisis literaturuli sazogadoeba. aq tardeboda improvizirebuli poeturi paeqrobebi, mRerodnen cnobili aSuRebi. duqnebis xSiri stumrebi iyvnen niko firosmani da ieTim-gurji. pirveli maTgani Tu duqnis kedlebsa da abrebs/firniSebs xatavda, meore Tavis leqsebs sam _ somxur, azerbaijanul da qarTul enaze qmnida. aseTi poeti iyo saiaTnovac.

wyaro 1. Tbilisuri duqani

wyaro 3. ieTim gurjis Zegli TbilisSi

52

Cveni saqarTvelo 6

wyaro 2. niko firosmanis moxatuli abra

saiaTnova TbilisSi bevri ganaTlebuli somexi moRvaweobda, romlebmac didi kvali daamCnies qarTulsomxur urTierTobas. aseT moRvaweTa Soris yvelaze gamorCeuli iyo poeti, momRerali da aSuRi saiaTnova (aruTin saiaTiani). is TbilisSi daibada da iqvea dakrZaluli surfgevorqis eklesiaSi. daiRupa 1795 wels aRa-mahmad-xanis Semosevis dros. saiaTnova Congurzec ukravda; iyo erekle mefis karis momRerali.

Tavis simRerebsa da leqsebs sam _ qarTul, somxur da sparsul _ enebze qmnida. saiaTnovas leqsebi gamocemulia qarTul enaze.

baRebi, skverebi

Tanamedrove epoqaSi dResaswaulebs xSirad foierverkiT vxvdebiT _ ferad-ferad SuSxunebs vuSvebT. aseT sanaxaobaze arc Zveli Tbiliselebi ambobdnen uars. TbilisSi sadResaswaulo iluminaciisTvis fisian kasrebs iyenebdnen, romlebsac mTawmindaze, mamadaviTis eklesiasTan axlos dgamdnen. visac aqtiuri dasveneba ar uyvars, qalaqis baRebi da skverebi izidavs. Zvel TbilisSi bevri aseTi adgili iyo. yvelaze didi da mTavari, samefo baRi, dRevandeli botanikuri baRis adgilas mdebareobda. cnobili iyo 1830-ian wlebSi gaSenebuli muStaidis baRi. mtkvarSi banaobac TbiliselTa sazafxulo TavSesaqcevs warmoadgenda. dRes mdinaris dabinZurebis gamo masSi banaoba SeuZlebelia.

firosmani niko firosmani ZiriTadad Tbilisis duqnebis, maRaziebisa da restornebis abrebs xatavda. duqnebSi daxatul naxatebSi safasurs aravis sTxovda. igi xSirad ambobda: mova dro, rodesac Cems naxatebSi milionebs gadaixdian! 1913 wels moskovSi gamarTul did gamofenaze misi oTxi naxati waiRes Zmebma _ ilia da kirile zdaneviCebma. maT firosmanis uamravi naxati SeiZines da saqarTvelos saxel­ mwifo muzeums usasyidlod gadasces.

wyaro 4. kafe muStaidis baRSi. XIX s. meore naxevari

Zveli Tbiliselebis urTierToba dakavSirebulia e.w. salaybosTan. salaybo moedanze yoveldRiurad asobiT adamiani xvdeboda erTmaneTs. isini Tavs iqcevdnen saubriT, cvlidnen axal ambebs; iqve elodnen cnobebs samefo sasaxlidan. pirveli SexvedrisTanave, salayboze misulebis SekiTxva iyo: `ra ambavia?~ davaleba

1. ra funqcia hqonda duqans Zvel TbilisSi? ras Seadarebdi Zvel Tbilisur duqans Tanamedrove TbilisSi? 2. Seni azriT, ratom daudges Zegli aSuR ieTim gurjs (wyaro 3). rogor fiqrob, ras niSnavs is, rom ieTim gurji da saiaTnova leqsebs sam enaze werdnen.

3. dasasvenebel baRebs didi mniSvneloba aqvs qalaqisTvis. moiZie Sens qalaqSi/raionSi arsebuli baRis an skveris Sesaxeb informacia, rodis da rogor daarsda igi. aRwere wyaro 4 da moiZie informacia muStaidis baRze. 4. ras Seadarebdi Zvelad arsebul `salaybos~ Tanamedrove qalaqebsa da soflebSi? 5. naxeT filmi firosmanze mxatvar avTo varazis monawileobiT da imsjeleT, ratom SearCia igi reJisorma am rolisTvis.

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53

Tbilisis quCebSi dadiodnen mestvireebi, mearRneebi, moxetiale musikosebi, meleqse-improvizatorebi, romlebic ZiriTadad qarTlis soflebidan iyvnen da Sesabamis gasamrjelos iRebdnen, mestvireebi yvela Tbilisuri qorwilis monawileni iyvnen. popularuli iyo oCofexebze siaruli, rasac jambazebi asrulebdnen. zogierTi oCofexebze cekvavda kidec.

wyaro 5. aSuRebi

yvelieris dros TbiliselTa sayvareli gasarTobi saqanela iyo. mas TiTqmis yvela saxlis ezoSi kidebdnen. saqanela mxolod gogonebisTvis iyo gankuTvnili. leqsikoni

karnavali _ saxaliso dResaswauli cekvaTamaSiTa da niRbebiT (imarTeba Ria cis qveS). yvelieri _ qristia­ nuli didi marxvis wina kvira, rodesac daSvebulia nebismieri sakvebi xorceulis garda.

yeenobis tradicia TbilisSi

TbiliselebisTvis sayvareli gasarTobi iyo yeeno­ bis dResaswauli. am dResaswaulSi CarTuli iyo qalaqis TiTqmis mTeli mosaxleoba. is evropul karnavals bevri ramiT hgavda. yeenobaSi xalxi monawileobda da masSi garkveuli personaJebi iyvnen dakavebuli. es dResaswauli erTgvari saxalxo speqtakli iyo. xangrZlivi istoriis manZilze, yeenobisas qarTvelebi TavianT mtrebs, moZaladeebsa da dammarcxeblebs aqilikebdnen da Tanamemamuleebs imis imeds unergavdnen, rom yvela mterze sabolood gamarjvebuli gamovidodnen. wyaro 6. amonaridi yeenobis Sesaxeb XIX saukunis gazeTidan `kvali~ `mTeli qalaqi gayofili iyo or ubnad. ...naxevari mcxovrebni yeenis mxares iyvnen... misi moxeleni iWerdnen gamvlel-gamomvlelebs da Tayvanis sacemad yeenTan mihyavdaT. ...naSuadRevs yeens moaxsenebdnen, rom qveyana ajanyda, rom eri ganudga da qarTvelebi sololakis maRlobs moadgnen. maSinve yeeni saomrad midioda, magram sabolood qarTul jars tyved bardeboda~.

54

Cveni saqarTvelo 6

wyaro 7. yeenoba wyaro 8. poeti ioseb griSaSvili yeenobis tradiciis Sesaxeb `yvelieris orSabaTs, Tbilisis TiToeul ubans Tavisi yeeni gamohyavda. am dRes yeenad irCevdnen `gonebamaxvil, oxunj kacs, romelsac rTavdnen karikaturulad: Tavze exura qaRaldisgan gakeTebuli wowola qudi, erT xelSi xmlis magivrad qafqiri eWira, meoreSi _ Jangiani Samfuri, romelzedac vaSli an xaxvi iyo wamogebuli. yeenis amala gamvlelebs gzas uRobavda da xarks axdevinebda... zogjer yeens zurgSeqceviTac svamdnen saxedarze an fexmor­ Txmuls _ godorze... vinc xarks ar ixdida, mas saRrCobeliT emuqrebodnen. naSuadRevs yeens mtkvarSi agdebdnen, xolo Tbiliselebisagan mogrovili fuliT ramdenime dRis ganmavlobaSi qeifobdnen~.

XIX saukunis bolos karnavalisadmi xelisuflebis damokidebuleba TandaTan Seicvala da 1894 wlidan saerTod aikrZala. davaleba

6. aRwere, wyaroebis 6-8 mixedviT, yeenobis dResaswauli.

7. Seni azriT, ra scenebs TamaSobdnen monawileni, risi gadmocema surdaT. 8. aRwere wyaro 7. amoicani, wyaroebis 6-8 daxmarebiT, yeenobis monawileebi. rogor acviaT monawileebs da mayureblebs? rogori Senobebia garSemo da a.S. 9. rogor fiqrob, ratom akrZala ruseTis imperiam, romlis SemadgenlobaSic maSin saqarTvelo iyo, yeenobis tradicia.

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55

ra vici da ra SemiZlia 1. dagegme, TanaklaselebTan erTad, erTdRiani eqskursia TbilisSi. moawye klasSi gamokiTxva eqskursiis marSutis dasadgenad da amis mixedviT SearCie yvelaze sasurveli adgilebi. gaiTvaliswine, rom unda moinaxuloT adgilebi, romlebic Tbilisis, rogorc qveynis kulturul da politikur centrze met­ yvelebs. CarTeT organizebis procesSi skolis administracia. dawereT gancxadeba skolis direqtoris saxelze da sTxoveT eqskursiis dafinanseba. gaiTvaliswine, eqskursia unda iyos SemecnebiTi da gasarTobi RonisZieba. ssip sofel sarTiWalis sajaro skolis direqtors ...... ..............

VI klasis moswavleebis g a n c x a d e b a Cveni klasis moswavleebs gvsurs eqskursiis mowyoba Tbilisis RirsSesaniSnaobebis dasaTvaliereblad. eqskursiis mizania gakveTilebze miRebuli codnis ganmtkiceba. gTxovT dagvexmaroT saorganizacio sakiTxebis mogvarebaSi. VI klasis moswavleebi 2018 wlis 10 maisi wyaro 1. gancxadebis nimuSi gaixseneT, ra iswavleT Tbilisis Sesaxeb, SeajereT Tqveni interesebi da airCieT Tbilisis romeli RirsSesaniSnaobebis naxva gsurT. SemecnebiTi mizniT, aseve miRebuli codnis gasaRrmaveblad: ● saqarTvelos parlamentis da mTavrobis administraciis Senobebi ● Tavisuflebis moedani da misi mimdebare quCebi ● saqarTvelos parlamentis erovnuli biblioTeka ● simon janaSias saxelobis saqarTvelos erovnuli muzeumi ● giorgi Citaias saxelobis eTnografiuli muzeumi Ria cis qveS (an maswavleblis daxmarebiT SegiZliaT Tbilisis muzeumebis nusxis gacnoba da sasurveli muzeumis arCeva) ● Tbilisis botanikuri baRi ● Zveli Tbilisis ubnebi

wyaro 2. mimarTulebis maniSnebeli dafa

56

Cveni saqarTvelo 6

garTobis mizniT: ● mTawmindis parki ● cirki ● mozard mayurebelTa Teatri ● romelime sportuli RonisZieba ● folkloruli koncerti. gaixseneT quCaSi moZraobis wesebi; daicaviT qcevis wesebi muzeumSi, eqskursiaze, transportSi.

es ra cixesimagrea?

nariyala

wyaro 3. turistebi TbilisSi

2. moamzade proeqti `ratom aris Tavisuflebis moedani da misi mimdebare quCebi ara marto Tbilisis, aramed saqarTvelos kulturuli da politikuri centri?~ proeqtze muSaobisas, upasuxeT kiTxvebs: a) rogor icvleboda moednisa da quCebis saxelwodeba droTa ganmavlobaSi da rasTan iyo es dakavSirebuli? b) romeli saxelisuflebo dawesebulebebia moedansa da mis mimdebare quCebze? g) romeli kulturuli dawesebulebebia iq? daskvnaSi xazi gausvi, ratom SeiZleba CaiTvalos Tavisuflebis moedani da misi mimdebare quCebi Tbilisis da, zogadad, saqarTvelos politikur da kulturul centrad.

wyaro 4. Tavisuflebis moednisa da mimdebare quCebis gegma

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57

kari 8.

saxelmwifo – Cveni saqarTvelo

am karSi gaigeb, rodis Seiqmna saqarTvelos saxelmwifo, qarTuli damwerloba; ratom icvleboda misi sazRvrebi; gamoiyeneb da Seajameb ori wlis ganmavlobaSi SeZenil codnas mis mravalferovan istoriul-eTnografiul mxareebze, dedaqalaqze da gaigeb, ratom aris Cveni samSoblosTvis damaxasiaTebeli es bunebrivi da kulturuli mravalferovneba; rogor zrunavs Cveni saxelmwifo yoveli CvenTaganis uflebebze da ra valdebulebebi gvaqvs mis winaSe.

58

Cveni saqarTvelo 6

8.1

saqarTvelos geografiuli mdebareoba sad mdebareobs saqarTvelo?

evrazia

CrdiloeT amerika atlantis okeane wynari okeane

samxreT amerika

wynari okeane

afrika

indoeTis okeane

avstralia

wyaro 2. saqarTvelos teritoria kosmosidan

wyaro 1. saqarTvelos geografiuli mdebareoba msoflios rukaze davaleba

1. Seiswavle saqarTvelos fizikuri ruka (gv. 4-5). ra sWarbobs saqarTveloSi _ mTa Tu bari.

2. aRwere saqarTvelos mdebareoba.

Cveni samSoblos geografiuli mdebareoba ramdenime kuTxiT SeiZleba ganvixiloT: 1. saqarTvelo mdebareobs kavkasionis qedis samxreTiT. 2. saqarTvelo mdebareobs Savi zRvis aRmosavleT sana­piroze.

3. saqarTvelo mdebareobs evropaSi, mis samxreT-­ aRmosavleT nawilSi. 4. saqarTvelo mdebareobs evraziis kontinentze. miiCneva, rom saqarTvelos xelsayreli geografiuli mdebareoba aqvs. igi evropisa da aziis gzajvaredinzea. aq zomieri havaa. didi mniSvneloba aqvs saqar­ Tvelos mdebareobas Savi zRvis aRmosavleT sanapiroze.

Savi zRvis meSveobiT, mas okeaneebsa da mraval qveyanasTan dakavSireba SeuZlia. Savi zRvis wyali Tbilia da zamTarSi ar iyineba. igi zafxulobiT agrilebs, xolo zamTrobiT aTbobs saqarTvelos sanapiros. kavkasionis maRali mTebi saqarTvelos CrdiloeTidan monaberi civi qarebisgan icavs, istoriulad ki mtrisTvis bunebriv zRudes warmomadgenda. geografiuli mdebareoba pirdapir dakavSirebulia qveynis bunebriv pirobebTan da mis bunebriv mravalferovnebas ganapirobebs, rasac sxvadasxva mxaris Seswavlisas gaecani.

davaleba

3. Seni azriT, ratom miiCneven, rom Cvens samSoblos xelsayreli geografiuli mdebareoba aqvs.

4. daasaxele, saqarTvelos fizikuri rukis daxmarebiT (gv.

4-5), saqarTvelos bunebrivi sazRvrebis saxelwodebebi: Crdi­loeTiT _ mTaTa sistemis, dasav­leTiT _ zRvis, samxreTiT _ mTaTa sistemis.

5. gaixsene, ra gzebi gadioda saqarTveloze winaT da ra gzebi da milsadenebi gadis dRes. dedamiwis romel nawilebs aerTianebs es gzebi.

saxelmwifo – Cveni saqarTvelo

59

8.2

saqarTvelos teritoria da sazRvrebi ra teritoria da rogori sazRvrebi aqvs saqarTvelos?

davaleba

1. ramdeni saxis saz­ Rvaria cnobili?

2. gamoiangariSe, ramdenjer aRemateba saqarTvelos saxmeleTo sazRvari sazRvao sazRvars.

3. rukis meSveobiT (gv.

4-5) daadgine, romel saxelmwifosTan aqvs saqarTvelos saxme­ leTo sazRvari da romeli maTgania yvelaze grZeli?

saqarTvelos teritoria 69 700 kvadratuli kilometria (km2). msoflioSi arsebuli 200-mde qveynidan is didi qveynebis ricxvs ar miekuTvneba. farTobis mixedviT, evropaSi, TiTqmis Sua anu 25-e adgili ukavia. saqarTvelos sazRvrebi orgvaria: saxmeleTo da saz­ Rvao. sazRvrebis saerTo sigrZe 1970 km-ia. 1660 km saxmeleTo sazRvarze, xolo danarCeni (310 km) Savi zRvis sanapiroze gadis. saqarTvelos saxmeleTo sazRvari miuyveba rogorc mTebs, aseve vakeebs. qveynis CrdiloeTi da aRmosavleTi sazRvari kavkasionis maRal mTebze gadis. samxreTi sazRvari SedarebiT dabal qedebs gasdevs. saqarTvelos samxreT-aRmosavleTi sazRvari qvemo qarTlis vakes, ivris zegans da alaznis vels kveTs. saqarTvelos saxmeleTo sazRvari oTx saxelmwifosTan aqvs. mas CrdiloeTidan ruseTi, aRmosavleTidan azerbaijani, samxreTidan somxeTi, xolo samxreT-­ dasavleTidan TurqeTi esazRvreba.

`larsi~

`sarfi~

`wiTeli xidi~

`sadaxlo~

wyaro 1. saqarTvelos sasazRvro-gamSvebi punqtebi

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Cveni saqarTvelo 6

Cveni qveynis teritoria da sazRvrebi istoriis manZilze xSirad icvleboda. yvelaze metad saqarTvelos sazRvrebi qveyanis samxreT-dasavleT nawilSi Seicvala. qveynis ekonomikuri aRmavloba mniSvnelovnad aris damokidebuli sazRvris efeqtian marTvaze. sazRvarze arsebuli sabaJo-gamSvebi punqtebi uzrunvelyofs saerTaSoriso vaWrobis xelSewyobas da qveynis erovnul usafrTxoebas. rogorc yvela saxelmwifos, istoriulad saqarTvelosac hqonda Semosasvleli punqtebi. dRevandel saqarTvelosac TiToeul mosazRvre saxelmwifosTan sasazRvro-gamSvebi punqtebi aqvs. somxeTTan _ `sadaxlo”, azerbaijanTan _ `wiTeli xidi~, TurqeTTan _ `sarfi~, `vale~ da `karwaxi~. ruseTTan oTxi punqtidan erTi zemo larsis (yazbegis) punqti moqmedebs. danarCeni sami `ganTiadi~ (afxazeTis teritoriaze), `roki~ da `mamisoni~ (Sida qarTlSi) ruseTis saxelmwifos mier okupirebulia.

davaleba

wyaro 2. saqarTvelos sasazRvro-gamSvebi punqti afxa­zeTSi `ganTiadi~

aleqsandre diuma (1802-1870) _ cnobili frangi mwerali. avtori iseTi nawarmoebebisa, rogoricaa: `sami muSketeri~, `oci wlis Semdeg~, `grafi monte-kristo~ da sxv. imogzaura saqarTvelos sxva­ dasxva kuTxeSi, STabeWdilebebi ki aRwera wignSi `kavkasia~. aleqsandre diumam daaxasiaTa Cveni samSoblos buneba, mosaxleoba, meurneoba da adaT-wesebi.

4. Seadgine saqarTvelos saxmeleTo da sazRvao sazRvrebis ganawilebis wriuli diagrama.

5. Seni azriT, risTvis arsebobs sazRvari, vin icavs mas?

6. moZebne, saqarTvelos fizikuri rukaze is mdinareebi, romlebic saqarTvelos sazRvars kveTs. 7. gaixsene, romeli sasazRvro-gamSvebi punqtia saqarTvelos ama Tu im istoriul-eTnografiul mxareSi.

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8.3

saqarTvelos mezoblebi romel qveynebTan aqvs saqarTvelos saerTo saxmeleTo sazRvari?

1. sad gadis saqarTvelo-ruseTis saxel­ mwifo sazRvari?

2. romeli mdinareebi kveTs saqarTveloazerbaijanisa da saqarTvelo somxeTis saz­Rvars?

wyaro 2. moskovis wminda giorgis taZari _ qarTuli diasporis sasuliero centri, sadac RvTis­ msaxureba saqarTvelosa da ruseTis patriarqebs Soris SeTanxmebis safuZvelze mimdinareobs qarTul da rusul enebze. mdebareobs bolSaia-gruzinskaias quCaze.

62

Cveni saqarTvelo 6

a Rv s z

davaleba

pii

Savi zRva

kas

ruseTis federacia

T u r q e T i saxelmwifo sazRvari ZiriTadi gzebi

wyaro 1. ruka _ saqarTvelo da misi mezoblebi

saqarTvelos saxmeleTo mezoblebia ruseTi, azerbaijani, somxeTi da TurqeTi. saqarTvelo-ruseTis sazRvari, ZiriTadad, kavkasionis qedze gadis. ruseTi msoflios erT-erTi udidesi saxelmwifoa. igi msoflioSi teritoriis sididiT pirvel adgilzea. misi dedaqalaqia moskovi. ruseTTan saqarTvelos rTuli urTierToba aqvs. miuxedavad amisa, xalxebs Soris yovelTvis arsebobda mWidro kulturuli da ekonomikuri kavSiri. bevri qarTveli dResac ruseTSi cxovrobs. saqarTvelos aRmosavleTiT mosazRvre mezobeli azerbaijani farTobiT mas erTnaxevarjer aRemateba. igi mdidaria navTobiT da bunebrivi gaziT. azerbaijanis dedaqalaqia baqo. saqarTvelos azerbaijanTan yovelTvis megobruli urTierToba hqonda. Cvens qveynebs saerTo energetikuli proeqtebi akavSirebs. bevri azerbaijaineli saqarTveloSi cxovrobs.

wyaro 3. navTobis mopoveba baqoSi

saqarTvelos samxreTiT mosazRvre mezobeli somxeTi farTobiT 2-jer pataraa saqarTveloze. somxeTi mdidaria feradi liTonebiT da samSeneblo masalebiT. somxeTis dedaqalaqia erevani. somex da qarTvel xalxebs saukunovani urTierToba akavSirebs. bevri somexi saqarTveloSi cxovrobs da moRvaweobs. saqarTvelo-TurqeTis sazRvars mdinare mtkvari da Woroxi kveTs. TurqeTi farTobiT 11-jer didia saqarTveloze. igi mdidaria feradi liTonebiT da qvanaxSiriT. TurqeTis dedaqalaqia ankara. dRes TurqeTi saqarTvelos erT-erTi didi savaWro partnioria. Cvens qveynebs keTilmezobluri urTierToba aqvs. TurqeTSi milionobiT qarTveli cxovrobs da moRvaweobs.

wyaro 4. sergo farajanovis muzeumi erevanSi

leqsikoni

diaspora _ xalxis, (eTnikuri jgufis) mniSvnelovani nawilis yofna Tavisi qveynis farglis gareT.

wyaro 5. kapadokia, wminda ninos samSoblo

qarTvelebi moskovSi mtrul garemocvaSi mcxovreb zogierT qarTvel mefes mxsnelad ruseTi miaCnda. erT-erTi aseTi qarTlis mefe vaxtang VI iyo. is mravalricxovani amaliT (1214 kaci) 1724 wels ruseTSi gaemgzavra. amalis didi nawili, mefis CaTvliT, samSobloSi veRar dabrunda. gadasaxlebulTa STamomavlebma moskovSi daarsebuli qarTuli axalSeni gaafarToves, eklesiac aages. igi qarTuli kulturis mZlavr kerad gadaiqca. iq amoqmedda qarTuli stamba, daiwera da gamoqveynda saqarTvelosTvis mniSvnelovani istoriuli da geografiuli xasiaTis naSromebi. moskovis qarTuli axalSenis wevrebi aqtiurad monawileobdnen ruseTis sazogadoebriv-kulturul cxovrebaSi. qarTvelTa moskovSi cxovrebis kvali istoriulma Zeglebma da adgilTa saxelwodebebma (quCebi bolSaia gruzinskaia, malaia gruzinskaia) Semogvinaxa. dRes moskovsa da mTel ruseTSi bevri qarTveli cxovrobs da sxvadasxva sferoSi moRvaweobs. davaleba

3. gaixsene: ra aris ruseTTan rTuli urTierTobis mizezi? saqarTvelos romel istoriul-eTnografiul mxareSi cxovroben azerbaijanelebi, somxebi? romel Turqul produqts icnob, romelsac xSirad moixmar? rogor fiqrob, SeuZlia Tu ara saqarTvelos igive produqtebis warmoeba. pasuxi daasabuTe. 4. daadgine, rukis (gv.4-5) daxmarebiT, ra gza unda gaevloT vaxtang VI-s da misi amalis wevrebs, rom ruseTSi moxvedriliyvnen. gadaadgilebis ra saSualebebi iyo maSin? 5. ra miRwevebi hqonda qarTul diasporas moskovSi? moiZie informacia cnobil qarTvelebze, romlebic dRes moskovSi moRvaweoben da gaacani megobrebs. saxelmwifo – Cveni saqarTvelo

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8.4

saqarTvelos bunebrivi garemo da landSafti ra gavlena iqonia geografiulma garemom saqarTvelos istoriaze?

leqsikoni

landSafti _ xedi, peizaJi, teritoriis iersaxe.

saqarTvelo umetesad mTagoriani qveyanaa, magram mosaxleobis ZiriTadi nawili barSi _ dablobebsa da vakeebze cxovrobs. qalaqebi vake adgilebSia gaSenebuli. gorak-borcvebi da vake adgilebi erTmaneTs enacvleba. saqarTveloSi mogzaurobisas, sul mcire xanSi, Savi zRvis sanapirodan SeiZleba maRalmTianeTSi da maradiuli TovliT dafarul mTebsa da mudmivi yinulebis samyaroSi aRmoCnde. aqedan SeiZleba aseve mokle xanSi naxevarudabnos garemoSi moxvedra.

davaleba

1. saqarTvelos romeli xedia SenTvis cnobili wyaro 1-ze?

2. aRwere Seni mxaris bunebrivi garemo.

3. rogor fiqrob, ratom urCevniaT adamianebs barSi cxovreba.

4. Seni azriT, ra pirobebi unda Seiqmnas mTaSi, rom adamianebs iq cxovreba gaumartivdes.

5. gaixsene, saqarTvelos romeli mxare aris mTagoriani. romel maTgans aqvs migraciis prob­lema da ratom? ra unda gaakeTos saxelmwifom am problemis gadasaWrelad?

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Cveni saqarTvelo 6

wyaro 1. saqarTvelos xedebi

saqarTveloSi xeluxlebeli anu bunebrivi landSaftebi sxvadasxva adgilze gvxdeba. amgvaria maRali mTebi, miudgomeli xeobebi, karstuli mRvimeebi, Waobebi da daculi teritoriebi. bunebriv landSaftebs saqar­ Tvelos teritoriis 1/5 ukavia, rac evropis qveynebTan SedarebiT Zalian maRali maCvenebelia. danarCeni teritoria adamianis mier aris saxecvlili. amgvar teritoriebs anTro­pogenuri (`anTropos~ berZnulad adamians niSnavs) anu adamianis mier Seqmnili landSafti ewodeba. amgvaria qalaqebiT da soflebiT, baRebiT da venaxebiT, yanebiT da bostnebiT, wyalsacavebiT da gzebiT dakavebuli teritoriebi.

reliefma didi gavlena iqonia saqarTvelos istoriaze. dasavleTidan Savi zRva ara marto mniSvnelovan gavlenas axdens qveynis klimatze, aramed winaT mtris Semosevisganac icavda. CrdiloeTidan is kavkasionis mTavari wyalgamyofi qediTac iyo daculi. dasavleT saqarTveloSi xSiri tyea gavrcelebuli. tyiT daburuli lixis qedis gamo TiTqmis SeuZlebeli iyo aRmosavleT saqar­Tvelodan mtris dasavleTiT gadasvla. bunebriv-geografiuli garemo saqarTvelos mosax­ leobas mTeli wlis ganmavlobaSi uzrunvelyofda soflis meurneobis produqtebiT. maTi naklebobis an zedmeti produqtis SemTxvevaSi, sxvada­sxva istoriuleTnografiuli mxaris mkvidrni produqts erTmaneTSi cvlidnen. saqarTveloSi istoriul-eTnografiul mxareebSi, rogorc ukve Seiswavle, gansxvavebuli wes-Cveulebebi da tradiciebi Camoyalibda. sabolood, isini erTmaneTs Seerwya da saerTo qarTuli kultura Seiqmna. am mizezebma saqarTvelos msgavs patara qveyanaSi bevri gan­ sxvavebuli xalxuri cekva, simRera, Cacmulobis stili da sacxovrebeli saxlis arseboba gamoiwvia. saqarTvelos msgavsad, sxva qveynebic iyofa istoriul-eTnografiul mxareebad. misi zogierTi eTnografiuli mxare sxva qveynisas ufro hgavs, vidre danarCeni saqar­ Tvelos nawilebs. es faqti gvaCvenebs, rom erT qveyanaSi gaerTianeba mxolod garegnuli msgavsebis gamo ar xdeba. saqarTvelos daculi teritoriebi saqarTveloSi daculi teritoriebi ramdenime saxisaa. maTgan sididiT nakrZalebi da erovnuli parkebi gamoirCeva. Cvens qveyanaSi 14 nakrZali da 8 erovnuli parkia. iq icaven rogorc florisa da faunis, aseve, aracocxali bunebis gamorCeul obieqtebs (magaliTad, mRvimeebs, tbebs, Waobebs, dinozavris nakvalevs da sxv.).

wyaro 2. saqar­Tvelos daculi teritoriebi

davaleba

6. diskusia klasSi: a) ra gavlena hqonda geografiul garemos saqarTvelos istoriaze? b) ratom iTvleba, rom qarTuli kultura mdidaria?

7. gaixsene, romeli mxare­ebi cvlidnen erTmaneTSi produqts?

8. gaixseneT saqar­ Tvelos mxareebis bunebrivi landSaftebi da fotogamofenaze warmoadgineT saqarTvelos bunebis mravalferovneba.

9. naxeT internetSi dokumenturi filmi saqar­Tvelos daculi teritoriebis Sesaxeb (www.apa.gov. ge) da ganixileT is Semdeg gakveTilze.

saxelmwifo – Cveni saqarTvelo

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8.5

saqarTvelos saxelmwifo simboloebi rogoria saqarTvelos saxelmwifo simboloebi?

leqsikoni

okupacia _ romelime saxelmwifos SeiaraRebuli Zalebis mier sxva qveynis teritoriis droebiT dakaveba.

yvela damoukidebel saxelmwifos sakuTari simboloebi _ droSa, gerbi, himni _ aqvs. saqarTvelo gamonaklisi ar aris. moqalaqeebi maT did pativs scemen: himnis gagonebisas fexze dgebian, yvelaze mniSvnelovan saerTo erovnul dResaswaulebze droSebs fenen, yvela saxelmwifo uwyebis oficialur dokumentebze gerbs gamosaxaven. qarTvelebi TurqeTSi da 2008 wlis ruseT-saqarTvelos omi rodesac ruseTma 2008 wels Sida qarTlis okupacia moaxdina, TurqeTis moqalaqe qarTvelebma ankaraSi ruseTis saelCosTan saprotesto demonstracia moaw­yves. erT-erTi monawilis TqmiT, mas rogorc muslims, Zalian uWirda saqarTvelos saxelmwifos xuTjvriani droSis xelSi daWera. magram yoymanis Semdeg Tavis Tavs ajoba da saqarTvelos droSa siama­ yiT aRmarTa. davaleba

1. Seni azriT, raze metyvelebs TurqeTSi mcxovrebi warmoSobiT qarTvelis es saqcieli.

wyaro 2. saqarTvelos himni `Tavisufleba~. himnis teqstis avtoria daviT maRraZe, magram mis sawyis sityvebad gamoyenebulia akaki wereTlis sityvebi `Cemi xatia samSoblo, saxate mTeli qveyana~. musikis avtoria zaqaria faliaSvili, himnad gadaamuSava ioseb keWaymaZem.

wyaro 1. saqarTvelos droSa da gerbi

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Cveni saqarTvelo 6

Cemi xatia samSoblo, saxate mTeli qveyana, ganaTebuli mTa-bari, wilnayaria RmerTTana.

Tavisufleba dRes Cveni momavals umRers didebas, ciskris varskvlavi amodis amodis da or zRvas Sua brwyindeba, dideba Tavisuflebas, Tavisuflebas dideba!

Cveni qveynis saxelmwifo simboloebi marto XX saukuneSi samjer Seicvala. cvlilebebi dakavSirebuli iyo qveynis cxovrebaSi momxdar mniSvnelovan mov­lenebTan. 1918 wlis 26 maiss saqarTvelo ruseTis batonobisgan ganTavisuflda. damoukidebel qveyanas erovnuli simboloebi esaWiroeboda. gerbi da droSa Tbilisis saxelmwifo universitetis erT-erTi damaarseblis ivane javaxiSvilis konsultaciiT Seiqmna.

davaleba

2. rogor fiqrob, ratom SearCies saqarTvelos droSisTvis xuTjvriani gamosaxuleba (wyaroebi 1 da 3)?

3. Seni azriT, ratom aris gamosaxuli saqarTvelos gerbze wminda giorgi (wyaro 1)?

4. imsjeleT saqarTvelos himnis Sinaar­ sze, mis sityvebze. ras niSnavs SenTvis himnis yoveli strofi?

wyaro 3. xuTjvriani gamosaxuleba sofel udes qalTa monastris kedelze. aseTi gamosaxulebebi Sua saukuneebis samcxe-javaxeTis sxva Zeglebzec gvxvdeba.

1921 wels ruseTma saqarTvelos okupacia moaxdina da damoukidebloba kvlav waarTva. Cveni qveyana sabWoTa kavSiris SemadgenlobaSi aRmoCnda, romelSic ruseTma TxuTmeti respublika gaaerTiana. sabWoTa kavSiris dangrevis Semdeg, 1991 wels, saqarTvelom isev aRidgina damoukidebloba da daabruna pirveli respublikis simboloebi. simboluri iyo damoukideblobis aRdgenis dRed 26 maisis gamocxadebac. swored es dRea saqarTvelos yvela moqalaqisTvis yvelaze didi saerTo erovnuli dResaswauli.

2004 wlidan axalma xelisuflebam axali simboloebi SemoiRo, romlebiTac Cven dRemde vamayobT. davaleba

5. imsjeleT, ratom sWirdeba damoukidebel saxel­ mwifos simboloebi.

6. Seni azriT, ra mniSvneloba aqvs iseT saerTo erovnul dResaswauls, rogoric damoukideblobis dRe _ 26 maisia? kidev romel saerTo erovnul dResaswauls icnob, romelsac saqarTvelos yvela moqalaqe aRniSnavs? ratom SeiZleba igi saerTo erovnulad CaiTvalos?

7. imsjeleT, ratom amayoben adamianebi TavianTi qveynis simboloebiT da rogor gamoxataven amas.

wyaro 4. saqarTvelos pirveli respublikis droSa da gerbi

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8.6

qarTuli damwerlobis warmoSoba rodis da rogor Seiqmna qarTuli anbani?

leqsikoni

stela _ qvis sveti.

msoflioSi arsebul ToTxmet ZiriTad damwerlobas Soris erT-erTi qarTuli anbania. misi warmoSobis Sesaxeb araerTi mosazreba arsebobs. didi xnis ganmavlobaSi uZvelesad bolnisis sionis taZris warweras Tvlidnen, romelsac 493-494 wlebiT aTariReben. dRes aseTad miCneulia XX saukuneSi palestinaSi aRmoCenili qarTuli monastris nangrevebi sami qarTuli warweriT. ori maTgani TariRdeba V saukunis pirveli naxevriT. yoveli axali aRmoCena axali versiis safuZveli xdeba. araerTi mecnieri iziarebs im mosazrebas, rom qarTuli anbani Zv.w. III saukuneSi erTiani saqarTvelos pirvelma mefem, farnavazma Seqmna. es versia eyrdnoba istoriul TxzulebaSi dacul cnobas. zogierTi gasuli saukunis bolos aRmoCenil davaTis stelas amis dasturad Tvlis, zogic arqeologiur aRmoCenebs nekresSi.

wyaro 2. palestina. qarTuli monastris warwera, 430 w. wyaro 1. davaTis stela

qarTuli anbani arameulis bazazea Seqmnili, Tumca mogvianebiT, araerTgzis, berZnuli damwerlobis gavlena ganicada. es mosazreba Semdgomma aRmoCenebma da gamokvlevebma gaamyara. asoTa umravlesobis moxazuloba TviTmyofadia da romelime sxva damwerlobis asoebs ar efuZneba.

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Cveni saqarTvelo 6

wyaro 3. bolnisis sionis warwera

qarTul damwelobas sami istoriuli sistema aqvs: asomTavruli, nusxuri da mxedruli. nusxuri damwerloba asomTavrulis ganviTarebis Sedegia, xolo mxedruli — nusxuris. cvlileba swrafad, martivad weris aucileblobam ganapiroba. davaleba

wyaro 4. qarTuli anbani: 1 _ asomTavruli, 2 _ nusxuri, 3 _ mxedruli, 4 _ ricxviTi mniSvneloba

1. ipove saqarTvelos rukaze bolnisi (gv.

4-5). romel istoriul-eTnografiul mxareSi mdebareobs igi?

2. Seni azriT, raze metyvelebs qarTuli damwerlobis nimuSebis sxvadasxva adgilas aRmoCena.

3. gaixsene, ra rols TamaSobs arqeologia saqarTvelos warsulis SeswavlaSi, da, gakveTilis masalidan gamomdinare, daasabuTe Seni pasuxi.

4. daakvirdi wyaro 4-s. daasaxele, ra hqvia damwerlobis sistemas, romliTac sargeblob.

5. moiZie informacia Zveli qarTuli anbanis Sesaxeb.

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8.7

qarTlis samefos Seqmna ra mniSvneloba hqonda qarTlis samefos qarTuli saxelmwifos CamoyalibebaSi?

davaleba

1. daaxasiaTe, rogori mmarTveli iyo azo.

daaxloebiT 24 saukunis win saqarTvelos teritoriaze qarTlis samefos Camoyalibeba daiwyo. am dros qarTlSi yvela qalaqs Tavisi mmarTveli _ mamasaxlisi hyavda. mamasaxlisebi omis dros jars meTaurobdnen. mcxeTis ukanaskneli mamasaxlisis _ samaras dros qalaqi azom daipyro. man armazis da kidev ramde­nime cixeSi Tavisi laSqari Caayena, xolo danarCeni simagreebi daangria. azom mTeli qarTli da egrisi daimorCila, CrdiloeT kavkasielebs ki xarki daado; mcxeTaSi Tavisi naTesavebi gadmoasaxla da kerpebis _ gacisa da gaimis msaxureba daadgina.

wyaro 1. mcxeTa md. mtkvrisa da aragvis SesarTavTan mdebareobs

samaras ZmisSvili farnavazi dedam waiyvana da kavkasionis mTebs Seafara Tavi. davaJkacebuli farnavazi mcxeTaSi dabrunda. farnavazi gonieri Wabuki, Cinebuli mxedari da monadire iyo. mcxeTaSi farnavazi azos dauaxlovda. SeSinebuli farnavazis deda ki Svils sparseTSi gadasaxlebas sTxovda, radgan Tavad warmoSobiT sparsi iyo. farnavazi daTanxmda, Tumca, samSoblos datoveba uZneldeboda.

wyaro 2. `farnavazis sizmari~, gia buRaZis naxati

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Cveni saqarTvelo 6

farnavazis sizmari farnavazma naxa sizmari, viTom mas ukacrieli saxlidan gareT gasvla undoda da ver gadioda. uec­ rad sarkmelSi mzis Suqi Semovida, Semoertya welze da gaiyvana. roca farnavazi velze gavida, naxa, rom mze Zirs Camosuliyo. man mzes cvari moswminda da Tavad icxo saxeze. gaRviZebisas, farnavazma gadawyvita, rom es sizmari sparseTSi misi warmatebis niSani iqneboda.

davaleba

2. daaxasiaTe farnavazi. Seni azriT, ratom ifiqra farnavazma, rom is sxva qveyanaSi warmatebas moipovebda.

3. ivaraude, rogor Sesrulda farnavazis winaswarmet­ yveleba.

farnavazma gadawyvita erTxel kidev enadira mcxe­ Tis siaxloves da sanadirod diRmis velze wavida. iq igi irmebs waawyda da erT-erTi daWra. farnavazi irems daedevna, magram amasobaSi SemoaRamda. Ramis gaTeneba kldis piras gadawyvita. RamiT ki didi wvima movida. wvimisgan Tavis Sesafareblad farnavazma kldeSi gamoqva­ bulis amoqolili Sesasvleli gamoangria. gamoqvabulSi man auracxeli oqro-vercxli ipova. gaxarebulma isev amoqola gamoqvabulis Sesasvleli, mere ki, dedisa da debis daxmarebiT, ganZi saimedo adgilas Seinaxa. davaleba

4. rogor fiqrob, risTvis gamoiyenebda farnavazi am simdidres.

5. Seni azriT, ratom damarxa es ganZi misma mflobelma. raze metyvelebs es nakeTobebi (wyaro 3)?

farnavazma Tavisi Sikriki dasavleT saqarTvelos mmarTvelTan _ qujisTan gagzavna da azos winaaRmdeg erTad brZola SesTavaza. quji daTanxmda da SeuTvala: `maSin gaixaron yovelTa qarTvelTa misgan gawyvetilTa da SeviwroebulTa~. farnavazma CrdiloeT kavkasielTa jari daiqirava, Tavisi laSqaric Sekriba da azos winaaRmdeg brZola wamoiwyo. mis mxares gadavida azos aTasi meomari, romelic misi mmarTvelobiT ukmayofilo iyo. farnavazma mcxeTis oTxi cixe daipyro da male, klarjeTis garda (rac azos mamuli iyo), mTeli qarTlic daikava. brZola massa da azos Soris or weliwads gagrZelda. azo am brZo­lisas daiRupa. farnavazma Tavi qarTlisa da egrisis mefed gamoacxada.

wyaro 3. es oqros nivTebi daaxloebiT 2 500 wlis winandelia. isini erTad Cafluli aRmoaCines md. qsnis xeobaSi, sofel saZegurTan.

leqsikoni

kerpi _ raimes gamosaxuleba an simbolo, rasac aRmerTeben.

davaleba

6. qujis sityvebiT, ra mdgomareobaSi iyvnen qarTvelebi azos mmarTvelobis dros?

7. daasaxele farnavazis mokavSireebi azos winaaRmdeg brZolisas. Seni azriT, ratom iyvnen isini mokavSi­reebi.

8. ganmarte Seni sityvebiT, rogor gesmis Zlieri xelisufali. rogor fiqrob, iyo Tu ara azo Zlieri xelisufali. daasabuTe Seni mosazreba.

9. axseni, ratom SeiZleba vTqvaT, rom farnavazi aerTianebs qarTvelebiT dasaxlebul teritoriebs.

10. ratom gaapares farnavazi CrdiloeT kavkasiaSi. rogor axsni, rom azosTan dapirspirebisas man iq jari iqirava. saxelmwifo – Cveni saqarTvelo

71

8.8

(თერგი)

ქ

(ბზიფი)

ე

ბ

ა

ი

ი) (კოდორ

დიოსკურია (სოხუმი)

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დასახლებული პუნქტი (ცხენის წ ყ ა ლ ი)

ს ა ე რ ი ს თ ა ვ ო ფაზისი (რიონი

მცხეთის დამცველი ციხეები

დუ რძ უკ ებ ახვი) ი ი ლ გვ ი

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© M.Shekiladze, 2019

wyaro 1. ruka _ saqarTvelo mefe farnavazis dros davaleba

1. Camowere rveulSi, rukis (wyaro 1) mixedviT: a) farnavazis mier aRmosavleT da dasav­leT saqar­ TveloSi dawesebuli saerisTavoebis centrebi. b) ramdeni saerisTavo daawesa farnavazma? romeli saerisTavoebisa da maTi centrebis saxelebi emTxveoda erTmaneTs?

72

Cveni saqarTvelo 6

saxelmwifo ganviTarebisTvis, qveynis ukeT mow­ yobisTvis da marTvisTvis, an sxva mizniT reformebs anu cvlilebebs atarebs. ase iyo winaT, asea axlac. farnavazma samefos teritoria rva saerisTavod dahyo. Sida qarTli farnavazma misca spaspets, romelsac erisTavebi emorCilebodnen, erisTa­ vebs ki maTdami daqvem­ debarebuli sxva moxeleebi. isini sameufo da saerisTavo gadasaxads krefdnen. farnavazma mcxeTas galavani Semoavlo da qarTlSi axali qalaqebi da cixeebi aaSena. man mcxeTaSi mTaze aRmarTa mTavari kerpi _ armazi, daawesa am kerpis dResaswauli da amis Semdeg am mTas armazis mTa ewoda. davaleba

2. gansazRvre, ra principiT dahyo farnavazma samefos teritoria saerisTavoebad.

3. moiZie, dRes ra principiT iqmneba sxvadasxva teritoriuli erTeuli

wyaro 2. cixegoji. egrisis mmarTveli quji gaxda. man aaSena cixegoji, rac qujis cixes niSnavs. am cixes berZnebi Zvel qalaqs anu arqeopoliss uwodebdnen. cixegoji didi xnis ganmavlobaSi mniSvnelovan rols TamaSobda egrisis istoriaSi.

gazafxulsa da Semodgomas mefe mcxeTaSi, samefo qalaqSi atarebda, zamTars _ gaCianSi, xolo zafxuls _ wundaSi. drodadro is egrissa da klarjeTSic Cadioda da iqaur saqmeebs agvarebda. farnavazma qarTlis samefoSi qarTuli ena da damwerloba daamkvidra. farnavazi ocdaSvidi wlisa gamefda da qar­ Tlis pirveli mefe iyo. Tu farnavazis dros mefe niSnavda erisTavebs, dRes TviTmmarTvelobas qveynis moqalaqe­ ebi irCeven. orives daniSnulebaa adgilze arsebuli sakiTxebis mogvareba. davaleba

4. gaixsene mcxeTis mdebareoba da daasaxele, rukis daxmarebiT (gv. 4-5), romeli mdinareebi uerTdeba iq erTmaneTs. 5. Seni azriT, ratom aris saWiro samefos administraciuli dayofa.

6. CamoTvale, ra siaxleebi SemoiRo farnavazma samefos samarTavad. Seni azriT, romeli iyo maT Soris yvelaze mniSvnelovani. pasuxi daasabuTe. 7. imsjele, ratom dauWira mxari farnavazs egrisis mmarTvelma. Seafase misi saxelmwifoebrivi xedva.

Sen rogor moiqceodi qujis adgilas?

8. ratom aris saWiro, rom qveynis mmarTveli kargad icnobdes mdgomareobas adgilze? dRes saxel­ mwifos umaRlesi pirebi ratom stumroben xolme qveynis sxvadasxva mxares? armazis kerpi armazis kerpi iyo spilenZis kaci, romelsac oqros jaWvis perangi ecva, Tavze oqrosave Cabalaxi exura, Tvalebi ki Zvirfasi Tvlebis hqonda. mas xelSi eWira brwyinvale xmali. misgan marjvniv idga mamakacis oqros kerpi _ gac, marcxniv ki _ vercxlisa, gaim.

saxelmwifo – Cveni saqarTvelo

73

8.9 ji

ra nabijebi gadadga daviT aRmaSenebelma gaerTianebuli saqarTvelos saxelmwifos Seqmnis mizniT?

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© M.Shekiladze, 2019

wyaro 1. ruka _ saqarTvelo daviT aRmaSeneblis dros mefe daviTis pirveli nabijebi leqsikoni

vaziri _ mefis sabWos wevri, mefis mrCeveli, ministri. termini Semovida muslimuri aRmosavleTidan. mstovari _ mzveravi, jaSuSi.

74

Cveni saqarTvelo 6

saqarTvelos teritoriaze erTiani qarTuli samefos SeqmnisTvis brZo­la jer kidev X saukuneSi afxazeTis mefem bagrat mesamem daiwyo. gaerTianeba ki daviT IV aRmaSenebelma (1089-1125) XII saukuneSi daasrula. daviTis gamefebisas, misi Zalaufleba mxolod dasav­leT saqarTveloze vrceldeboda. lixis qedis aRmosavleTiT mdebare teritoriebi ki mtris mier gaveranebuli iyo. daviTma qveynis gaerTianebisTvis mzadeba jaris reformiT daiwyo da mokle xanSi Seqmna sakuTari _ qarTuli jari. mematiane mas ase axasiaTebs: `rCeulni da mokazmulni, cxen-keTilni da pirSeuqcevelni~. am razmebiT is moulodnelad esxmoda Tavs saqarTveloSi momTabare Turq-selCukebs da maT qarTlis datovebas aiZulebda. nel-nela, mTaSi gaxiznuli mosaxleoba mitovebul karmidamos daubrunda da tradiciuli meurneobis aRgena daiwyo.

wyaro 2. momTabare Turq-selCukebi TavianTi auarebeli wvrilfexa da msxvilfexa saqonliT baR-venaxebs, yanebsa da saTibebs anadgurebdnen.

samefos gasaZliereblad da wesrigis dasamyareblad mefem saero Tu sasulieri maRal Tanamdebobebze erTguli momxreebi daniSna da eklesias saTaveSi saero piri giorgi mwignobarTuxuces-Wyondideli Cauyena. es 1104 wels ruis-urbnisSi saeklesio krebaze gadawyda. mefem igi Tavis moadgiled anu pirvel vazirad daniSna. vazirs saxelmwifo da saeklesio saqmeebSi Carevis ufleba hqonda. daviTma Secvala umaRlesi sasamarTlos muSaobis wesic. manamde umaRles msajulad mefe iTvleboda. man Seqmna mudmivmoqmedi umaRlesi sasamarTlo e.w. saajo kari, romlis saqmianobas giorgi mwignobarTuxucesWyondideli xelmZRvanelobda. orSabaTobiT is piradad `ganikiTxavda~ qvriv-oblebsa da usamarTlod daCagrulebs. kviris danarCen dReebSi saqmeebs sxva mosamar­ Tleebi ganixilavdnen.

Tavisi samefos ukeT samarTavad da mis dasacavad daviTma mstovarTa samsaxuri Seqmna. mstovrebs saqar­ TveloSi da mis sazRvrebTan Turq-selCukebis gadaadgilebaze Tvalyuris devneba, aseve, mefis qveSevrdomTa Soris yovelgvari SeTqmulebisa an Ralatis `aRmoCenac~ evalebodaT. es ambebi mstovrebs daviTisTvis saswrafod unda moexsenebinaT, raTa mefes droulad emoqmeda.

davaleba

1. gadmoeci Seni sit­ yvebiT, rogori iyo mematianis mier daxasiaTebuli qarTuli jari.

2. gaixsene, romelia tradiciuli sameurneo dargebi saqar­ TveloSi. 3. Seni azriT, ra mniS­ vneloba hqonda am dargebis aRdgenas qarTuli samefos arsebobisTvis.

4. gaixsene, rogor icavda Tavs mtris Semosevebis dros saqarTvelos ama Tu im istoriul-­ eTnografiuli ­mxaris mosaxleoba.

davaleba

5. Seadare daviTis droindeli reformebi da Tanamdebobebi farnavazis droindels.

6. ivaraude, risTvis sWirdeba saxelmwifos umaRlesi sasamarTlo. 7. rogor fiqrob, ra funqcia akisria saxelmwifoSi mzveravs.

8. daasaxele, dRes vin icavs moqalaqeTa usaf­­ r­ Txoebas. saxelmwifo – Cveni saqarTvelo

75

leqsikoni

yivCaRebi _ CrdiloeTis stepebSi mosaxle tomi.

axali jari da brZola TbilisisTvis

aRmosavleT saqarTvelos mniSvnelovani nawilis ganTavisuflebis Semdeg daviTma 40 aTasiani yivCaRTa mudmivi jari Seqmna, romlis mizani Tbilisis garSemo mdebare dakavebuli cixesimagreebis SenarCuneba iyo.

wyaro 3. yivCaRi meomari. daviTs yivCaRebTan naTesauri kavSiric hqonda. misi meore coli yivCaRTa mefis asuli iyo.

mudmivi jaris Seqmnis Semdeg daviTi TavdacviTi brZolidan Tavdasxmaze gadavida. dadga brZolis dro TbilisisTvis, romelic 400 weli sxvadasxva mtris xelSi iyo. daviT aRmaSenebeli _ mwignobari mefe

wyaro 4. mefe daviT aRmaSeneblis freska gelaTidan

davaleba

9. daasaxele, mefe daviTis romel Tvisebebze metyvelebs teqstSi moTxrobili ambavi.

76

Cveni saqarTvelo 6

erTxel, Tbilisis maxloblad daviTi didi ganZiT datvirTul qaravans Causafrda. man TxuTmeti mona-me­ omari gagzavna, romlebsac Turq-selCukebi qarTvelTa samalavisken unda gaetyuebina. mters xevSi Casafrebuli samasi mxedari eloda, romlebsac nabrZanebi hqondaT, sabrZolo niSnis micemamde Tavi ar gaemJRavnebinaT, niSani ki _ daviTs unda mieca. Tavad daviTi, xmliT SeiaraRebuli, samalavSi dajda da brZolis molodinSi wignis kiTxva daiwyo. Turq-selCukebTan brZola gaCaRda. daviTis meomrebma daTqmul adgilze miityues mowinaaR­ mdegeebi. mxedrebi mefis niSans elodnen, magram Turme mefe wignis kiTxviT gaerTo da niSnis micema daaviw­yda. daviTi mxolod maSin gamoerkva, roca sabrZolo yiJina Zalian axlodan moesma. is swrafad Caeba brZolaSi da niSani misca Casafrebul mxedrebs. brZolis Semdeg daviTma xmlis qarqaSSi Cageba veRar SeZlo, radgan igi orTabrZolis dros dagrexiliyo.

gadamwyveti brZola didgoris velze 1121 wlis 12 agvistos moxda. masSi qarTvelebis gverdiT evropeli meomrebic ibrZodnen. didgorze gamarjvebisa da Tbilisis ganTavisuflebis Semdeg daviTma saqarTvelos Zlieri erTiani saxelmwifo Seqmna, gaafarTova misi sazRvebi, Tbilisi erTiani saqarTvelos dedaqalaqad aqcia da efeqtiani mmarTvelobis sistema Camoayaliba.

wyaro 5. daviT aRmaSene­ beli didgoris omis win

davaleba

wyaro 6. didgoroba _ saxalxo dResaswauli, romelic tardeba 12 agvistos, didgoris velze aRmarTul memorialTan. dResaswaulis dros imarTeba saxalxo seirnoba, folkloruli ansamblebis koncerti, doRi, turniri Widaobasa da mklavWidSi

10. Seni azriT, raze metyvelebs evropeli meomrebis monawileoba didgoris brZolaSi. kidev romeli faq­ti mowmobs imas, rom daviTs urTierToba hqonda gare samyarosTan?

wyaro 7. didgoroba _ Teatralizebuli warmodgena (2002 w.) davaleba

11. rogor fiqrob, saqarTvelosnairi patara qveynis­ Tvis, ra mniSvneloba aqvs saerTaSoriso kontaqtebs.

12. dRes vin exmareba saqarTvelos Tanamedrove Zli­ eri jaris SeqmnaSi? saxelmwifo – Cveni saqarTvelo

77

8.10

daviT aRmaSenebeli rogori unda iyos Tanamedrove mmarTveli, rom daviTis msgavsad qveyanas momavali Seuqmnas?

wyaro 1. daviT aRmaSeneblis spilenZis moneta

gaerTianebul qarTul samefoSi daviTi did yuradRebas uTmobda sxvadasxva qveyanasTan urTierTobasa da vaWrobis ganviTarebas. mefis brZanebiT, gahyavdaT saqaravno gzebi da Tvalyurs adevndebdnen maT keTilmowyobas. maSin aseT gzebze qaravnisTvis SedarebiT viwro zolad qvafenils agebdnen. meqaravneebisTvis ki, Ramis gasaTevad, gzebze garkveuli manZilis mixedviT, idgmeboda sagangebo sastumro saxlebi _ fundukebi. iq vaWrebsa da maT Tanmxleb pirebs Sesveneba da Ramis gaTeva SeeZloT. wyaldidobas rom ar Seeferxebina gzebze qaravnebis moZraoba, xSirad mdinareebsa da Rrma xevebze agebdnen xidebs. zogierTi aseTi xidi Semonaxulia Cvens dromde, magaliTad, afxazeTSi, qarTlsa da klarjeTSic. vaWroba-xelosnobis ganviTarebisTvis daviTma qalaqi gori ganaaxla. iq qarTvelebTan erTad somxebic vaWrobdnen.

Tbilisis mosaxleobisTvis, gansakuTrebiT, muslimebisTvis vaWroba ZiriTadi saqmianoba iyo da mas didi Semosavali mohqonda. samefo xazinis Sesavsebad, mefem vaWrobiT miRebuli gadasaxadebis gamoyeneba gadawyvita. muslimi vaWrebi TbilisSi rom darCeniliyvnen, daviTma maT SeRavaTebi dauwesa. muslimebis ubanSi akrZaluli iyo Roris yola, dakvla da xorcis gasayidad gatana. daviTi pativiscemiT epyroboda muslim swavlulebsa da sasuliero pirebs. damsaxurebis SemTxvevaSi, maT asaCuqrebda kidec. davaleba

1. imsjeleT, ra RonisZiebebs atarebda mefe daviTi vaWrobis xelSewyobisTvis. dRes ra keTdeba am mizniT? 2. Seni azriT, ra mniSvneloba aqvs gzebis gayvanas. moiZie informacia dRes arsebul mniSvnelovan gzebze (magaliTad, avtobanze).

3. imsjele, ra mniSvneloba aqvs vaWrobis ganviTarebas qveynis winsvlaSi. 4. Seni azriT, ratom dauwesa daviTma SeRavaTebi muslim vaWrebs?

5. imsjele, ratom unda gamoxato Semwynarebluri damokidebuleba sxvadasxva erovnebisa da sarwmunoebis adamianebisadmi?

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wyaro 2. gelaTis monasteri da akademia. akademiis saTaveSi idga moZRvarTmoZRvari. saswavlebelSi iswavleboda geometria anu `qveynis sazomlo~, ariTmetika _ `ricxvni~, musika, astronomia da sxv.

Tanamedrove msoflioSi, rac ufro maRalganvi­ Tarebulia qveyana, miT ufro metad zrunavs igi ganaTlebaze. mefe daviTi did yuradRebas aqcevda Tavis samefoSi ganaTlebis gavrcelebas. qarTvel axalgazrdebs umaRlesi ganaTlebis miReba mxolod sazRvargareT SeeZloT, radgan im droisTvis saqarTveloSi aseTi dawesebuleba ar arsebobda. daviTma amaze izruna.

1106 wels man gelaTis monastris ageba gadawyvita. iqve daarsda umaRlesi saswavlebeli _ akademia. aq mefem sazRvargareT moRvawe swavlulebi ioane petriwi da arsen iyalToeli miiwvia. daviTis mefobam safuZveli Cauyara qarTul monarqias, romelmac 100 welze metxans iarseba. wyaro 3. cnobili adamianebi ganaTlebis mniSvnelobaze sokrate, berZeni filosofosi: `yvelaze didi sikeTe codnaa, yvelaze didi boroteba ki _ ugunuroba~. akaki wereTeli: `mxolod ganaTleba iyo da aris wyaro yovelgvari xalxis bednierebisa da keTildReobisa~. ilia WavWavaZe: `qveyana imiT ki ar aris uZluri, rom Raribia, aramed imiT, rom mcodne, gonebagaxsnili, gulganaTebuli kacebi ara hyavs~.

davaleba

6. daaxasiaTe, ra viTareba iyo gelaTis monastris mSeneblobis dros daviTis samefoSi. gansazRvre, rogor axasiaTebs daviTis saxelmwifo gegmebs mefis gadawyvetileba umaRlesi saswavleblis daarsebis Sesaxeb.

7. sad SeiZleba dRes umaRlesi ganaTlebis miReba? gaixsene, vin xelmZRvanelobda Tanamedrove uni­ver­ sitetis daarsebas?

8. imsjeleT, ratom miaCniaT, rom ganaTleba qveynis ganviTarebis dones gansazRvravs.

davaleba

9. imsjele wyaro 3-ze. rogor gesmis am cnobili adamianebis gamonaTqvamebi? ratom SeiZleba ugunuroba, anu gaunaTlebloba borotebis mizezi gaxdes? ratom aris ganaTleba xalxis bednierebisa da keTildReobis wyaro? ratom Tvlida ilia WavWavaZe, rom qveynis sisustis mTavari mizezi ganaTlebuli adamianebis simcirea?

10. daitane drois xazze TanmimdevrobiT daviTis mefobis wlebSi momxdari SenTvis cnobili movlenebi. gamoyavi maT Soris, Seni azriT, yvelaze mniSvnelovani. daasabuTe pasuxi.

11. imsjeleT, ratom uwoda STamomavlobam daviTs `aRmaSenebeli~?

12. dawere Tema `daviTi da misi xana~ (araumetes 200 sit­yvisa). saxelmwifo – Cveni saqarTvelo

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8.11

saxelmwifo mmarTveloba gaerTianebul saqarTveloSi rogori iyo saxelmwifo mmarTveloba gaerTianebul saqarTveloSi da rogoria dRes? daviT aRmaSeneblis mefobis wlebSi Camoyalibda saxelmwifos marTvis Semdegi sistema: centraluri xelisufleba _ samefo kari da adgilobrivi mmarTveloba _ saqveynod gamrige moxeleni. centraluri xelisufleba Tavmoyrili iyo dedaqalaqSi samefo karze. calkeul saxelmwifo uwyebas Sesabamisi vaziri ganagebda. davaleba

wyaro 1. qarTveli meomari

1. gaixsene, rukis (gv. 74) daxmarebiT, rogor gaerTianda saqarTvelos samefo da ra teritoriebi SemouerTda saxelmwifos daviT aRmaSeneblis mefobis dros.

2. gaixsene, ra erqva daviT aRmaSeneblis droidan pirvel vazirs.

mefe

mwignobarTuxucess-Wyondideli _ monawileobda umniSvnelovanesi saxelmwifo sakiTxebis gadawyvetasa da marTvda umaRles sasamarTlos. mas emorCilebodnen danarCeni vazirebi.

amirspasalari _ jaris mTavarsardali, evaleboda jaris Sekreba da wrTvna, omSi ki sardloba, Tu mefe ar monawileobda.

wyaro 2. daviTis droindeli qarTuli saxelmwifos mmar­ Tvelobis sqema

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Cveni saqarTvelo 6

meWurWleTuxucesi _ ganagebda saxelmwifos saxsrebs, gadasa­xadebisa da baJis akrefas.

mandaturTuxucesi _ ganagebda sasaxlis saqmeebs da samefo mamulebs. icavda wesrigs saxelmwifoSi.

erisTavebi _ mefis moxeleebi iyvnen da ganagebdnen saerisTavoebs: krebdnen gada­ saxadebs, meTaurobdnen saerisTavos jars da marTavdnen adgilobriv sasamarTlos.

davaleba

3. Seni azriT, ratom emorCilebodnen erisTavebi uSualod mefes.

4. Camoayalibe Seni sityvebiT, rogor ganagebda mefe saxelmwifos.

5. gaixsene, ZiriTadad, meurneobis romeli dargi iyo ganviTarebuli Zvelad saqarTveloSi. dRes meurneobis romeli dargebia ganviTarebuli?

saqarTveloSi Zvelad miwa saxelmwifos anu mefes ekuTvnoda, romelic mas damsaxurebis mixedviT erisTavebze anawilebda. erisTavebi mefisagan boZebul miwas aznaurebs aZlevdnen. aznaurebis miwas masze mcxovrebi glexebi amuSavebdnen da gadasaxadebs ixdidnen. moqalaqeebi gadasaxadebs dResac ixdian. saxelmwifos arsebobisTvis isini aucilebelia. gadasaxadebis saxiT xazinaSi Sesuli TanxebiT saxelmwifo uzrunvelyofs sxvadasxva uwyebis (parlamentis, mTavrobis, yvela saxelmwifo dawesebulebis) funqcionirebas, aSenebs gzebs, xidebs, skolebs, baRebs, sabavSvo da sportul moednebs, awyobs saxalxo zeimebs da kulturul RonisZiebebs, afinansebs socialurad daucvel mosaxleobas, jandacvas da sxv.

wyaro 3. qarTveli glexi

wyaro 4. saxalxo dResaswauli 26 maisi

wyaro 5. sabavSvo da sportuli moednebi saxelmwifo – Cveni saqarTvelo

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leqsikoni

municipaliteti _ TviTmmarTveli qalaqi an TviTmmarTveli Temi, romelsac aqvs administraciuli sazRvrebi da centri, aseve, mmarTveli organoebi _ gamgeoba, meria da sakrebulo.

davaleba

8. moiZie informacia, Sens mxareSi romeli municipalitetebi arsebobs. Sen romel municipalitetSi cxovrob?

9. bolo ori wlis ganmavlobaSi Sen ukve dawere araerTi werili municipalitetis saxelze, ama Tu im problemis mosagvareblad. aqedan gamomdinare, ivaraude, ra funq­ ciebi akisria munici­ pali­tets. dawere kidev erTi werili, sadac adgilobriv TviTmmarTvelobas SesTavazeb rekomendaciebs Seni qalaqis/soflis/ mxaris mniSvnelovani problemis mosagvareblad.

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Cveni saqarTvelo 6

ukve XIX saukunis dasawyisidan saqarTveloSi mefe aRar aris. XX saukunis 90-ian wlebSi damoukideblobis aRdgenis Semdeg qveynis mmarTvelobis sistema axalia. saqarTvelos saTaveSi aris xalxis mier arCeuli parlamenti. mTavrobis meTaurs _ premier-ministrs, romelic qveyanas marTavs, parlamenti niSnavs da amtkicebs. premier-ministri mTavrobis Semadgenlobas _ ministrebs parlaments warudgens, romelic mas amtkicebs. amitom mTavroba parlamentis winaSea pasuxismgebeli. saxelmwifos meTaurad, saqarTvelos ZiriTadi kanonis anu konstituciis mixedviT, prezidenti iTvleba, romlis uflebebi SezRudulia. is SeiaraRebuli Zalebis mTavarsardlad iTvleba da saqarTvelos sxvadasxva saerTaSoriso Sexvedraze warmoadgens.

Tu farnavazis dros qarTlis samefo saerisTavoebad iyofoda, Tanamedrove saqarTvelo iyofa or avtonomiur respublikad (afxazeTi da aWara) da 79 municipalitetad. municipalitetebi cxra mxareSia gaerTianebuli, sadac mTavrobas saxelmwifo rwmunebuli _ gubernatori warmoadgens.

prezidenti

premier-ministri

ministrTa kabineti (ministrebi) Tavdacvis

finansTa sagareo saqmeTa

Sinagan saqmeTa wyaro 6. Tanamedrove saqarTvelos saxelmwifos mmarTvelobis sqema

da sxv.

davaleba

6. Seadgine cxrili: mmar­ Tveloba Zvelad da axla saqar­TveloSi. 7. Seusabame Tanamedrove ministrebi daviTis droindel vazirebs (wyaro 2, gv. 80).

ra vici da ra SemiZlia 1. moifiqre,

TanaklaselebTan erTad, aRniSnuli proeqtis ganxorcielebis gzebi da ganaxorciele igi.

Cven vebrZviT ekologiur safrTxeebs

proeqtis dasaxeleba

problemis aRwera

kvlevebis mixedviT dadginda, rom bolo wlebSi saqarTvelos bevr qalaqSi haeri zomaze metad dabinZurda. haerTan erTad, gauaresebulia sxva ekologiuri maCveneblebi.

proeqtis mizani

sxvadasxva ekologiuri problemis gamovlena da maT winaaRmdeg brZola. aRniSnul problemasTan dakavSirebiT, sazogadoebaSi daiwyo aqtiuri sainformacio kampania. mibaZe maT, daxate plakati da TanaklaselebTan erTad dagegme sainformacio Sexvedrebi yvelgan, sadac SesaZlebloba geqneba. gaxsovdes, „yvelani erTi haeriT vsunTqavT!~

2. win

zafxulis ardadegebia. saWiroa zrunva janmrTelobis gakaJebaze. amitom moifiqreT gancxadeba gamgeobis saxelze sportuli moednis mowyobasa an sacurao auzis aSenebasTan dakavSirebiT. ● dawereT gamgeobis saxelze werili, romelSic sTxovT Tqvens mier winaswar SerCeul adgilas sportuli moednis mowyobas an sacurao auzis aSenebas. ● daasabuTeT gancxadebaSi, ratom gsurT am moednis mowyoba an auzis aSeneba, Tanac miTiTebul adgilas.

saxelmwifo – Cveni saqarTvelo

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