ხელოვნება, მოსწავლის წიგნი, მე-7 კლასი by გამომცემლობა „კლიო“

xelovneba

ISBN 978-9941-481-53-6

ana kldiaSvili nino RaRaniZe Tamar jayeli

xelovneba

dafinansebulia `moswavleebis saxelmZRvaneloebiT uzrunvelyofis programis~ farglebSi

moswavlis wigni

ana kldiaSvili nino RaRaniZe Tamar jayeli

xelovneba VII klasi moswavlis wigni

grifminiWebulia saqarTvelos ganaTlebis, mecnierebis, kulturisa da sportis saministros mier 2019 wels

gamomcemloba `klio~

ana kldiaSvili, nino RaRaniZe, Tamar jayeli

xelovneba VII klasi moswavlis wigni

redaqtori

nana kupraSvili Tbilisis saxelmwifo samxatvro akademiis profesori, xelovnebaTmcodneobis doqtori

kompiuteruli uzrunvelyofa

irma liparteliani

damatebiTi informacia saxelmZRvanelos/seriis Sesaxeb ixileT veb-gverdze: www.facebook.com/PublishingHouseklio da/an www.klio.ge

Sps `gamomcemloba klio~ aRmaSeneblis gamz. #181, Tbilisi, 0112 tel.: (+995 32) 234 04 30 E-mail: book@klio.ge www.klio.ge

Sinaarsi I. adamiani da garemo................................................................5 1. uZvelesi adamianis naxatebi.......................................6 2. TrialeTis petroglifebi..........................................9 3. vxatavT bunebrivi masaliT....................................... 10 4. peizaJi......................................................................... 11 5. pleneri....................................................................... 14 6. rogor gadmovceT ganwyobileba?............................ 16 7. mwvane arqiteqtura.................................................... 17 8. saxaliso arqiteqtura.............................................. 20 9. baRi _ samoTxis miwieri saxe.................................... 21 10. Cveni skolis ezo...................................................... 24 11. nageboba da misi funqcia........................................ 25 12. kolizeumi................................................................. 28 13. muzeumebi.................................................................. 29 14. eqspozicia................................................................ 32 15. naturmorti _ mkvdari buneba?.............................. 33 16. rogor davxatoT naturmorti?............................. 34 17. perspeqtiva............................................................... 37 18. TavSeyris wertili da horizontis xazi............... 40 19. albertis bade.......................................................... 41 20. Semajamebeli gakveTili.......................................... 42 II. adamiani _ samyaros centri............................................... 43 21. adamiani saxis gareSe............................................... 44 22. mcire plastikis xelovneba.................................... 47 23. maradisobisaken mimavali adamiani......................... 48 24. egvipturi saTamaSo................................................. 50 25. idealuri adamiani................................................... 51 26. mocekvave kacunebi................................................... 54 27. adamiani da misi xasiaTi.......................................... 55 28. sxeuli _ sulis WurWeli........................................ 57 29. Zeglis silueti........................................................ 60 30. RirsebiT aRsavse adamiani...................................... 62 31. cxenosani qandakeba.................................................. 65 32. moqandakis Semoqmedeba............................................ 68 33. adamianis sulis anarekli....................................... 69 34. saxasiaTo portreti................................................ 71 35. Semajamebeli gakveTili.......................................... 72 3

III. adamiani da yoveldRiuroba............................................. 73 36. dekoratiul-gamoyenebiTi xelovneba.................... 75 37. ornamenti _ nivTis samkauli.................................. 77 38. ornamenti sxvadasxva kulturaSi........................... 80 39. keramikis xelovneba................................................. 81 40. Tixis WurWeli.......................................................... 84 41. samosi sxvadasxva epoqaSi........................................ 85 42. kostiumi da misi detalebi..................................... 88 43. adamiani dizainis garemoSi..................................... 89 44. kompiuteruli dizaini............................................ 92 45. wignis istoriidan.................................................... 93 46. xelnakeTi wigni........................................................ 96 47. pirveli nabeWdi wigni.............................................. 97 48. anbanis samyaro......................................................... 99 49. plakatis xelovneba............................................... 100 50. plakati................................................................... 103 51. Semajamebeli gakveTili........................................ 104 IV. adamiani da Tanamedroveoba........................................... 105 52. STabeWdilebis xelovneba...................................... 106 53. xelovnebis nimuSi _ STagonebis wyaro................ 109 54. `Zveli~ da `axali~ `meninebi~................................ 110 55. anri matisi _ `didi bavSvi~................................... 113 56. makratliT `xatva~................................................. 116 57. mzera momavlisken.................................................. 117 58. kubizmi.................................................................... 119 59. abstraqcionizmi..................................................... 121 60. abstraqcionistuli namuSevari............................ 123 61. sTriTarti.............................................................. 124 62. â&#x20AC;&#x17E;didi zomis~ xelovneba......................................... 127 63. lendarti sakuTari xeliT................................... 130 64. Zveli da axali qalaqi........................................... 131 65. reklama................................................................... 134 66. Semajamebeli gakveTili........................................ 135 proeqti I. es mniSvnelovania!............................................. 137 proeqti II. Zveli da axali Tbilisi................................... 138

adamiani da garemo

• • • • • • •

ras xatavda uZvelesi adamiani peizaJis ra saxeobebi arsebobs ra aris pleneri ra aris `mwvane arqiteqtura~ rogor cocxldeba naturmortSi `mkvdari buneba~ ra aris perspeqtiva TavSeyris wertili da horizontis xazi

1. uZvelesi adamianis naxatebi gakveTilis ZiriTadi Temebi: • ras xatavda uZvelesi adamiani • riT xatavda uZvelesi adamiani • rogor xatavda uZvelesi adamiani • sad xatavda uZvelesi adamiani

I. aba, warmoidgine uZvelesi adamianis yofa! igi cxovrobs gamoqvabulSi, ar aqvs Suqi, wyali, gaTboba, Tavadve unda moipovos sarCo-sabadebeli, izrunos sakuTar da Tavis TanamoZmeTa usafrTxoebaze. erTi sityviT, igi pirispiraa bunebis winaSe. ras fiqrob, gagiCndeboda survili, raime iseTi Segeqmna, dagexata an gamogeqandakebina, anu iseTi saqmianobisaTvis migeyo xeli, romelic uSualod amgvari yofis gaumjobesebaSi ver dagexmareboda? arada, uZvelesi adamiani, garda imisa, rom sakuTari xeliT sxvadasxva masalisagan qmnida martiv iaraRebs, moipovebda sarCo-sabadebels, kidec xatavda, aqandakebda, Zerwavda... ras xatavda uZvelesi adamiani. cxadia, igi xatavda imas, rasac garSemo xedavda, magram sainteresoa, rom igi ar xatavda bunebas: xeebs, mTebs, mdinareebs... garemomcveli samyarodan igi mxolod cxovelebs irCevda da maT gamosaxavda mRvimeebis kedlebze. fon-de-gomisa (safrangeTi) da altamiras (espaneTi) gamoqvabulebis kedlebze Tqven SexvdebiT bizonebis, cxenebis, lomebis, irmebisa da sxva cxovelebis gamosaxulebebs.

lasko. gamoqvabulis mxatvroba. safrangeTi

koske. gamoqvabulis mxatvroba. safrangeTi

1. romeli cxovelebia gamosaxuli am ilustraciaze? iolia Tu ara maTi amocnoba? 2. aRwere aq gamosaxuli cxovelebi, maTi pozebi da moZraoba.

riT xatavda uZvelesi adamiani. uZveles epoqaSi adamiani Tavisi naxatebis Sesaqmnelad bunebriv masalas iyenebda: es iyo naxSiri, mineralebi, mcenareebis fesvebi da sxv. es naxatebi xeliT an sagangebod Seqmnili „funjiT“ aris Sesrulebuli. Zvalze wamocmuli gareuli cxovelis bewvi funjis funqcias asrulebda. saRebaviT uZvelesi adamiani gamosaxulebis kontursac moxazavda da mTel figurasac feravda. garda amisa, isini xSirad Zvlis Rrus saRebaviT an cxovelis sisxliT avsebdnen, Semdeg Caberavdnen RruSi da ase aSxefebdnen saRebavs gamoqvabulis kedlebze. 6

rogor xatavda uZvelesi adamiani. am SekiTxvas erTi sityviT SeiZleba upasuxo: ostaturad. aba, daakvirdi, rogori metyvelia irmis silueti, rogor zustadaa gadmocemuli misi formebis moculoba, xelis erTi mosmiTaa gamosaxuli misi maRali rqebi; rogori monoliTuri da Zlieria didi wiTeli, yviTeli da Savi laqebiT daxatuli bizonis figura; rogor ostaturadaa warmodgenili daZabuli kunTebi mis sxeulze, masiuri Tavi, rqebi, ajagruli bewvi zurgze. albaT kidec gagikvirdeba, nuTu ase ostaturad xatavdnen uZvelesi adamianebi. rogorc Cans, isini nadirobis dros, cxovelis xangrZlivad devnisas, yuradRebiT akvirdebodnen mas, mis formebs, xasiaTs, Tvisebebs da Semdeg zustad asaxavdnen TavianT naxelavSi. sad xatavda uZvelesi adamiani. ucnauria, rom uZvelesi adamiani ar xatavda im mRvimeebis kedlebze, romlebSic cxovrobda. msoflioSi aRmoCenili moxatuli mRvimeebi, rogorc wesi, miudgomel adgilebSi mdebareobs, maTTan misvla mxolod mravali dabrkolebis gadalaxvis Semdegaa SesaZlebeli da iq adamianis cxovrebis kvali ar aRiniSneba. amis Sedegad mecnierebma gamoitanes daskvna, rom es naxatebi mRvimeebis â&#x20AC;&#x17E;samkauliâ&#x20AC;&#x153; rodi iyo. Tavad mRvimeebi, romelTa kedlebze es naxatebi aRmoCnda, wminda adgilebi iyo, sadac magiuri ritualebi tardeboda. cxoveli ki Zveli adamianisaTvis ara marto sakvebi, aramed raRac gansakuTrebuli mniSvnelobis mqone arseba iyo, romelsac xSirad isini sakuTar winapradac miiCnevdnen xolme.

koske, gamoqvabulis mxatvroba, safrangeTi

fon-de-gomi. gamoqvabulis mxatvroba. safrangeTi

altamira. gamoqvabulis mxatvroba. espaneTi

aRmoCenebis istoria `mama, naxe, am kedelze xarebia daxatuli~, _ mimarTa mRvimeSi myofma gaocebulma patara gogonam mamas. ase aRmoaCina 1880 wels arqeologma marselinio sautuolam altamiras (espaneTi) gamoqvabulis moxatulobebi, Tumca mecnierebi didi xnis ganmavlobaSi sautuolas TaRliTobaSi adanaSaulebdnen, am naxatebs isini yalbad miiCnevdnen, radgan maTi azriT, primitiul pirvelyofil adamians ar SeeZlo aseTi srulyofili gamosaxulebebis Seqmna. mxolod 1902 wels, rodesac sautuola ukve gardacvlili iyo, sxvaganac aRmoCnda msgavsi gamosaxulebebi, ris Semdegac mecnierebma altamiras mxatvrobis `namdviloba~ aRiares.

II. didi xnis ganmavlobaSi mecnierebi fiqrobdnen, rom uZvelesi adamianebis naxatebi mxolod evropis teritoriaze iyo gavrcelebuli, magram ukanasknel xanebSi isini aRmoCnda afrikaSi, avstraliaSi, cimbirSi, CineTsa da anatoliaSi. gamoqvabulis moxatulobebi karg mdgomareobaSi movida Cvenamde, radgan aTaswleulebis ganmavlobaSi maTi Sesasvlelebi dagmanuli iyo da adamians iq fexi ar daudgams, rac stabilur klimatur pirobebs qmnida.

III. Tavdapirvelad adamiani mxolod cxovelebs xatavda, mogvianebiT ki adamianebis gamosaÂ xulebebic gaCnda. isini, rogorc wesi, nadirobis scenebSi arian CarTulni. am moxatulobebze warmodgenili adamianis gamosaxulebis Sesaxeb ufro detalurad momdevno TavSi visaubrebT. 3. aRwereT aq mocemuli nadirobis scena. 4. ras fiqrobT, romeli ufro bunebrivadaa daÂ xatuli _ adamianis figurebi Tu cxovelebis?

lasko. gamoqvabulis mxatvroba. safrangeTi

a R m o C e ne b i s i s t ori a laskos gamoqvabulma, romelsac aq SemorCenili moxatulobebis gamo, `pirvelyofili mxatvrobis siqstis kapelas~ uwodeben, Cvenamde karg mdgomareobaSi moaRwia, radgan aTaswleulebis ganmavlobaSi masSi Sesasvleli Caxergili iyo didi lodebiT. is mxolod 1944 wels SemTxveviT aRmoaCina ramdenime skolis moswavlem, romlebic dakargul ZaRls eZebdnen. aRmoCenidan maleve aq muzeumi gaixsna, magram daaxloebiT ori aTwleulis Semdeg mecnierebma SeniSnes, rom mxatvrobas zedapirze gaCenili soko azianebda. amitom mRvime 1963 wels daxures. Tumca Zalian male iqve gaixsna axali darbazi, romelSic mnaxvelebs moxatulobis zedmiwevniT zustad Sesrulebuli aslebis naxva SeeZloT.

lasko. gamoqvabulis mxatvroba. safrangeTi

2. TrialeTis petroglifebi

saRebaviT Sesrulebuli naxatebis garda, ad ami ani gamosaxulebebs kldeebze an mRvimeebis kedlebze kawravda an kveTda. aseTi gamosaxule bebi anu petroglifebi msoflios sxvadasxva qveyanaSi, maT Soris, saqarTveloSic _ TrialeTSi, md. patara xramis xeobaSi _ aris aRmoCenili. kldovan masivze vxvdebiT amokawrul sxvadasxva cxovels: irmebs, aqlemebs, cxenebs, aseve fantastikur cxovelebs da adamianis ramdenime gamosaxulebasac.

TrialeTis petroglifebi. saqarTvelo

ganmart ebani petroglifi (berZ. petros _ klde, glyphe _ amokveTa) _ gamoqva bulis kedlebze an klde ze am ok veTili (da ara daxatuli) gamosa xulebani.

p r a q t i k u l i s a muS a o muyaos furcelze gadausviT Tixis an plastilinis saSualo sisqis fena. wvrili CxiriT amokawreT TqvenTvis sasurveli gamosaxulebebi ise, rom am martivi `petroglifebiT~ mnaxvels mouTxroT raime ambavi.

3. vxatavT bunebrivi masaliT

bunebaSi mravlad moipoveba iseTi masala, romelic dasaxatad SeiZleba gamoiyeno. cxadia, funÂ jebisa da saRebavebis yidva dRes yvelgan SesaZlebelia, magram Tqven ukve iciT, rom uZvelesi adamiani did fantazias iCenda saxatavi iaraRebisa da saRebavebis mosapoveblad.

mimoixedeT, romeli bunebrivi masala gamogadgebaT funjebisa da sxvadasxva feris saRebavis misaRebad. magaliTad, saSualo zomis xis Cxirebze ZafiT daamagreT bamba an bumbulebi da funjic mzadaa. Tu zafranis yvavils wyalSi daalbobT, broweuls gamowuravT an dafqul yavas odnav wyliT gaazavebT, sami feris bunebriv saRebavs miiRebT. SemoqmedebiTad miudeqiT dasaxul amocanas da SeasruleT namuSevari sasurvel Temaze.

p r a q t i k ul i s a muS a o bunebrivi masaliT Seqmnili saxatavi iaraRebiTa da saRebavebiT SeqmeniT namuSevari sasurvel Temaze.

4. peizaJi

gakveTilis ZiriTadi Temebi: • sad da rodis Cndeba pirvelad peizaJi, rogorc damoukidebeli Janri • peizaJis ra saxeobebi arsebobs • ra aris veduta • ra ewodeba peizaJs, romelzec zRvaa asaxuli I. Cven garSemo arsebul samyaroSi bevria iseTi ram, rac adamianis xeliT ar aris Seqmnili: mTebi, mdinareebi, xeebi, Rrublebi... SegiZlia gaagrZelo es CamonaTvali. esaa buneba, romelic Cven gars gvakravs. saukuneebis ganmavlobaSi is, Tavisi silamaziT, mSvenierebiTa Tu sidiadiT, adamianSi iwvevda cnobismoyvareobas, aRfrTovanebas, mowiwebasa da SiSsac ki. magram sainteresoa, rodis daiwyo adamianma misi asaxva xelovnebaSi? rogorc davinaxeT, uZveles adamians ar ainteresebs e.w. bunebis asaxva, momdevno epoqebSic bunebis xedebi mxolod fonia figurebisaTvis; zogjer pirobiTi, rogorc es mag., jotos namuSevarSia, zogjer ki sruliad realisturi, rogorc amas jorjones ferwerul tiloze vxedavT. 1. aRwereT jotos namuSevari. Tqveni azriT, romeli saxarebiseuli scenaa asaxuli aq. 2. imsjeleT, rogoria jotos namuSevarze ukana planze gamosaxuli kldeebisa da xeebis proporciuli Sefardeba wina planze gamosaxul figurebTan. 3. rogoria wina planze gamosaxuli figurebis Sefardeba peizaJTan jorjones namuSevarSi. 4. SeadareT es ori namuSevari fonisa da figurebis proporciuli urTierTmimarTebis TvalsazrisiT. joto di bondone. gaqceva egvipteSi. 1304-1306 ww.

sa k l a s o d isk u s i a SeadareT jotos da jorjones es ori namuSevari erTmaneTs da imsjeleT, ratom vuwodebT jotos namuSevarze warmodgenil fons pirobiTs, jorjones suraTze asaxuls ki _ realisturs. jorjone. sami filosofosi. 1505-1509 ww.

II. da mainc, sad da rodis gaCnda peizaJi wminda saxiT? es moxda holandiaSi XVI s-is meore naxevarSi. holandieli mxatvrebi didi gatacebiTa da siyvaruliT xatavdnen TavianTi samSoblos ulamazes xedebs. rogorc wesi, es aris gaSlili, didi sivrceebis _ holandiis velebis xedebi, sadac didi adgili uWiravs saavdro Tu msubuqi fumfula RrublebiT dafarul ukidegano cas, is dominirebs sasuraTo sibrtyeze; dabla ki moCans miwis viwro zoli, amwvanebuli mdeloebi, saxlebi, taZrebi, zogjer adamianTa patara figurebi. 5. aRwere reisdalis peizaJebi. ra ganwyobilebas giqmnis TiToeuli maTgani? 6. imsjele, rogor aris gadmocemuli sivrce am peizaJebze.

iakob van reisdali, qaris wisqvili, 1670 w.

iakob van reisdali, xorblis yana, 1670 w.

III. albaT, isic sainteresoa, ratom gaC足nda es Janri swored holandiaSi. saq足me isaa, rom holandia zRvis doneze dabla mdebareobs da mciremi足wiani qveyanaa. holandielebi didi xnis ganmavlobaSi ebrZodnen zRvas, cdilobdnen gamoeglijaT zRvisTvis miwa, amisaTvis agebdnen dambebs. erTi sityviT, mTeli maTi miwa-wyali aq mcxovrebi adamianebis udidesi da mZime Sromis Sedegad iyo mopovebuli da amitomac holandielebs is gansakuTrebiT eZvirfasebodaT. garda amisa, holandia didi xnis ganmavlobaSi ibrZoda espaneli dampyroblebis winaaRmdeg da XVI saukuneSi, rogorc iqna, moipova damoukidebloba. am mZime ramdenimesaukunovani ganmaTavisuflebeli omebis Semdeg, holandielebs miecaT saSualeba, damtk足 bariyvnen sakuTari samSoblos silamaziT da omisSemdgomi mSvidi cxovrebiT.

io a x im p a t i ni ri flandrieli mxatvari ioaxim patiniri (1480-1524) evropuli peizaJis, rogorc damoukidebeli Janris, pionerad iTvleba. religiur siuJetebze Seqmnil patiniris namuSevrebSi bunebis xeds mTavari roli akisria. suraTze `egvipted ltolva~ RvTismSoblis, yrma iesosa da iosebis figurebi imdenad mcire zomisaa, rom isini ukidegano, didebuli, Soreuli peizaJis wiaRSi ikargebian, maT mxolod dakvirvebis Sedegad Tu aRiqvams mnaxveli. aRsaniSnavia, rom patiniri sakuTar siuJetur namuSevrebSi figurebs mxolod moniSnavda xolme, peizaJs Tavad xatavda, moniSnul figurebs ki sxva mxatvrebs axatvinebda.

ioaxim patiniri. egvipted ltolva. 1515-1516 ww.

p e iz a J i s s a xe o b e b i

klod lorani. ganTiadi. 1646-47 ww.

antonio kanaleto. veneciis xedi. 1740 w.

mxatvrebi peizaJSi xSirad soflis yofis scenebs rTaven. bunebis wiaRSi gamosaxaven Sinaur cxovelebs, soflis Raribul saxlebsa da myudro ezoebs, mwyemsebs. mSvidi, idiliuri ganwyobilebis mqone peizaJis am Janrs pastoralurs uwodeben.

mxatvrebi peizaJSi xSirad qalaqis xedebsac asaxaven. es Janri, romelsac veduta ewodeba, XVIII saukunis veneciaSi gaxda Zalze popularuli.

riCard estesi. parizis quCa. 1972 w.

ludolf bakheizeni. zRvis xedi meTevzeTa navebiT. 1708 w.

urbanuli peizaJic, vedutas msgavÂsad, qalaqis xeds asaxavs, im gansxvavebiT, rom am Janris suraTebze Tanamedrove qalaqi da misi industriuli xedebia xolme gamosaxuli.

peizaJs, romelzec zRvis xedia asaxuli, marinas uwodeben (`marina~ italiurad zRvas niSnavs). es Janri holandiaSi XVII saukuneSi Camoyalibda. am JanrSi momuSave mxatvrebs marinistebs uwodeben.

davaleba airCieT peizaJis romelime saxeoba da nebismieri masaliT SeasruleT is.

5. pleneri

gakveTilis ZiriTadi Temebi: • sad qmnidnen suraTebs Zveli ostatebi • ra aris pleneri • rodis da vin daiwyo pirvelad plenerze muSaoba I. yvela mxatvarma icis, rom asaxvis obieqtad SeiZleba iqces yvelaferi amqveynad. magaliTad, suraTis mTavar `gmirad~ SeiZleba mogvevlinos sinaTle an haeri. ucnauria, ara? es ki xdeba maSin, rodesac mxatvari uSualod akvirdeba garemos, anu gadis plenerze. ase uwodeben xatvas Ria cis qveS. II. sanam plenerze saubars SevudgebodeT, daakvirdiT klod loranis suraTs.

am suraTze zRvis mSvenieri xedi iSleba. wina planze, napirze menaveebi saqmianoben, marjvena kuTxeSi mdgari ori mamakaci zRvas mSvidad gahyurebs, Sua planze gemebis anZebi moCans. suraTis kideebSi gamosaxuli antikuri Senobebi kompozicias ketavs da wylis zedapirze moliclice mzis bilikTan erTad, Cvens mzeras siRrmisaken mimarTavs. suraTis siRrmeSi moCans Camavali mzis mcxrali disko da misi sxivebiT msubuqad ganaTebuli fafuki RrublebiT dafaruli ukidegano ca. klod lorani am peizaJze mSvid ganwyobilebas qmnis. 1. rogor fiqrobT, arsebobda Tu ara zustad amgvari xedi realobaSi?

Sebas dedoflis gacileba. klod lorani. 1648 w.

cnobilia, rom klod lorani bunebis xedebis uamrav Canaxats asrulebda, Semdeg ki saxelosnoSi dabrunebuli, maT mixedviT qmnida didi zomis peizaJebs. igi Tavisi erTi kompoziciisaTvis sxvadasxva Canaxatidan iRebda calkeul motivebs, aerTianebda maT erT kompoziciaSi, anu lorani sagangebod agebda Tavis peizaJebSi kompoziciur struqturas. igi erTsa da imave xerxs mimarTavda: suraTis wina planze ramdenime didi zomis obieqts _ xes, Senobas an adamianTa jgufs ganalagebda, romelTa miRma mayureblis mzera siRrmeSi diagonalurad miemarTeboda. SegviZlia, danamdvilebiT vTqvaT, rom es peizaJebi saxelosnoSi iyo Seqmnili da maTSi ar aisaxeboda bunebis realuri xedi. 14

III. sruliad sxvagvarad muSaobdnen impresionistebi. isini TavianT sura Tebs uSualod bunebaSi qmnidnen, anu gareT, Ria sivrceSi, plenerze iwyebdnen da asrulebdnen kidec. isini tiloze bunebis im konkretul xeds xatavdnen, romelic maT Tvalwin iyo gadaSlili. 2. SeadareT loranisa da impresionistebis peizaJebSi ferebi. klod mone. san jorjo majore Sebindebisas. 1908 w.

ra siaxle moitana plenerze muSaobam mxatvrobaSi? loranisa da mones pe iz aJebis Sedareba naTlad warmoaCens maT gansxvavebas feradovnebis TvalsazrisiT. Tu loranis namuSevarSi ferebi Camqralia da mSvidi, monesTan isini ufro xalisiani da JReradia. saqme isaa, rom erTi da igive feri daxurul da Ria sivrceSi sxvadasxva elfers iZens. aba, scadeT, wiTel qsovils jer oTaxSi, naTuris Suqze daakvirdiT, Semdeg ki gareT, mzis Suqze gaitaneT da dainaxavT, rogor „gamococxldeba“, akaSkaSdeba da abrialdeba wiTeli mzis sxivebis moqmedebis Sedegad, maSin, roca oTaxSi es aqtiuri feri SedarebiT mSvidi da Camqrali geCvenebodaT. anu feri Ria sivrceSi bevrad ufro JReradi da aqtiuri Cans. swored Ria sivrceSi muSaoba da mzis Suqis zemoqmedeba aZlierebs impresionistebis namuSevrebSi ferebis intensivobas, aniWebs maT sikaSkaSes da cocxal emociur muxts sZens. swored es iyo erT-erTi siaxle, romelic plenerze muSaobam moitana mxatvrobaSi.

ba r biz one l e b i pleneris pionerebi impresionistebi rodi iyvnen. XIX saukunis Sua xanebSi arsebobda mxatvrebis erTi jgufi, romlebic safrangeTis patara sofel barbizonSi dasaxlda. am jgufis wevrebi (fransua dobini, Teodor ruso, konstan troioni, Jiul diupre da sxv.) xatvas Ria cis qveS iwyebdnen, magram, impresionistebisgan gans xvavebiT, Semdeg suraTs saxelosnoSi asrulebdnen. barbi zonelebi ZiriTadad xatavdnen peizaJebs, romlebzec realisturad asaxavdnen bunebas, soflis xedebs, zogjer adamianebis figurebsac rTavdnen peizaJSi. isini cdilobdnen gadmoecaT dilis haeris gamWvirvaloba, nawvimari bunebis xasiaTi, sxvadasxvagvari ganaTebis efeqtebi. am meTodis konstan troioni. erTgulebiT gansakuTrebiT gamoirCeoda mxatvari Sarl bazrobaze gamgzavreba. 1859 w. fransua dobini, romelic xSirad gaTenebidan daRamebamde akvirdeboda bunebas, tiloze gadahqonda ganaTebis umniSvnelo cvlilebebic ki da cdilobda aesaxa garemo weliwadis yvela dros. mxatvarma erT saintereso xerxsac mimarTa _ iyida navi, romelzec samxatvro saxelosno moiwyo. dacuravda sakuTari saxelosnoTi, akvirdeboda garemos, gatacebiT xatavda mdinaris napirebze gaSenebul soflebsa Tu qalaqebs, bunebis xedebs, sinaTlisa da Crdilis monacvleobas tyeebsa da mdeloebze dRis sxvadasxva monakveTSi.

6. rogor gadmovceT ganwyobileba?

xelovnebaSi nebismieri mxatvruli xerxi garkveuli miznis misaRwevad gamoiyeneba. xelovneba am xerxebis saSualebiT `elaparakeba~ mnaxvels, eubneba Tavis saTqmels, gadmoscems ganwyobilebasa da emocias.

jon konstebli. 1824-1825 ww.

Teodor ruso.1855 w.

1. aRwereT Teodor rusos da jon konsteblis namuSevrebi. 2. sakuTari STabeWdilebis mixedviT daasaTaureT TiToeuli maTgani. emil nolde. ayvavebuli baRi. 1908 w.

ganwyobilebis SeqmnaSi erT-erT umniSvnelovanes rols feri asrulebs. sxvadasxva xasxasa feriTaa Seqmnili emil noldes suraTi `ayvavebuli baRi~, rac sicocxliT savse, xalisian ganwyobilebas qmnis. Cveni ganwyobileba SegviZlia gadmov ceT monas miT (talRovani, texili, wri uli), feriT (muqi, Ria, Tbili, civi, kontrastuli), formiT (geometriuli, Ta visufali) da a.S. Canafiqris Sesabamisad.

p r a q t ik u l i s a muS a o gansazRvreT, rogori ganwyobilebis gadmocema gsurT namuSevarSi, Sesabamisad SearCieT Tema da mxatvruli xerxebi.

 SearCieT nebismieri TqvenTvis sasurveli Tema;  Canafiqris Sesasruleblad SegiZliaT nebismieri saxatavi masala gamoiyenoT;  sasurveli ganwyobilebis gadmosacemad SearCieT ferebi (Tbili, civi, kontrastuli);  namuSevarSi faqturis gadmocemis TqvenTvis ukve cnobili xerxebic SegiZliaT gamoiyenoT.

7. mwvane arqiteqtura gakveTilis ZiriTadi Temebi: • revolucia arqiteqturaSi • Tanamedrove samSeneblo masalebi • ra aris `mwvane arqiteqtura~

I. aba, daakvirdi, rogor egebeba zRvidan niu iorkisaken mimaval adamians sxvadasxva simaRlis geometriuli formis `gigantebi~ _ caTambjenebi. dRes swored isini gansazRvravs Tanamedrove megapolisebis _ niu iorkis, Cikagos, singapuris da sxvaTa saxes. 1. Tqveni azriT, rodis gaCnda es maRlivi Senobebi? 2. ra iyo maTi gaCenis mizezi? 3. ra masaliT igeba es caTambjenebi? kreisleris centri. niu iorki. 1930 w.

XIX saukunis meore naxevridan qalaqebSi mosaxleobis zrdis maRalma tempma erTi mxriv, gaaCina moTxovna iaf da kompaqtur sacxovrebelze, meore mxriv ki, miwis gaZvirebam Senobebis sarTulianobis zrda gamoiwvia, raTa mcire zomis miwis nakveTze rac SeiZleba meti sacxovrebeli farTi yofiliyo. XX saukunis dasawyisSi ki gaCnda iseTi samSeneblo masalebi da konstruqciebi, romlebic gacilebiT iafic iyo da maTi saSualebiT mravalsarTuliani nagebobebis swrafad agebis saSualebasac iZleoda. aseTi nagebobebis ZiriTadi sayrdeni foladis sagangebo konstruqciebi gaxda, xolo qva da aguri blokma da minam Secvala. bunebrivia, samSeneblo mina CveulebriviviT myife da msxvrevadi rodia. mas sagangebod ise amzadeben, rom gamWvirvale iyos, magram simtkiciT da gamZleobiT tradiciul masalas ar Camouvardebodes. mravalsarTuliani nagebobebis fasadebi umetesad swored miniTaa mopirkeTebuli. es laplapa zedapiri ireklavs yvelafers irgvliv da iseT STabeWdilebas qmnis, TiTqos quCis orive mxares Camwkrivebuli Senobebi moZraobs, erTmaneTs erwymis da quCis saerTo ritms gansazRvravs. es namdvili revolucia iyo arqiteqturaSi. ase daiwyo caTambjenebis epoqa. 17

II. caTambjenebis mSeneblobiT Tavdapirvelad aSS-is orma qalaqma _ Cikagom da niu iorkma gaiTqva saxeli. mravali wlis ganmavlobaSi msoflios yvelaze maRali Senoba niu iorkis `empaier sTeiT bildingi~ iyo. misi simaRle 381 metria. mis Tavze gadmosaxedi baqania mowyobili da yovelwliurad milionobiT turisti niu iorkis xedebiT tkbeba. grandiozuli zo mebis miuxedavad, caTambjenis mSenebloba sul raRac 18 TveSi dasrulda. `empaier sTeiT bildingi~ niu iorkis erT-erTi yvelaze cnobili simboloa.

III. qalaqebma nel-nela daiwyo zrda. mWidrod nagebma mravalsarTulianma Senobebma, asfaltma da quCebSi uwyvetad moZravma transportis nakadma jer Seaviwrova, xolo Semdeg TiTqmis aRar datova adgili sasicocxlod aucilebeli mwvane nargavebisaTvis, buneba sruliad ganidevna adamianis garemodan da didi qalaqebi TandaTan `betonis junglebad~ iqca. 4. Tqveni azriT, ratom aris aucilebeli adamianebisaTvis mwvane nargavebi mis irgvliv arsebul garemoSi?

am problemis gadawyvetaze jer kidev 1970-iani wlebidan daiwyes fiqri msoflios arqiteqto rebma da amisaTvis e.w. `mwvane arqiteqturis~ koncefcia Seqmnes. amis magaliTia ingliseli ar qi teqtoris artur qvormbis mier 1974 wels daproeqtebuli e.w. saxli gorakSi.

`empaier sTeiT bildingi~. niu iorki. 1931 w.

saklaso diskusia rogor da ra formiT warmogidgeniaT did qalaqebSi arsebuli ekologiuri problemis gadawyveta?

qvormbis koncefciis Tanaxmad, saxli da garemo organul mTlianobas unda warmoadgendes, misi formebi ise unda erwymodes landSafts, rom erTian bunebriv formas qmnides. qvormbis saxli bunebis mimarT adamianis erTgvari pasuxismgeblobis kargi magaliTia. amis Semdgom `mwvane arqiteqtura~ mudmivad viTardeba da sxvadasxva formas iRebs.

artur qvormbi. saxli gorakSi. inglisi. 1975 w.

`cxra saxli~. Sveicaria. 1993 w.

madridi. kaiSa forumi. 2001-2007 ww. caTambjeni `vertikaluri tye~. milani. 2014 w.

IV. cnobilia, rom did qalaqebSi miwa Zalian Zviri Rirs da Znelia momgebiani nagebobebis nac v lad iq baRebis gaSeneba. amitom baRebi Tavad arqiteqturuli nagebobebis aivnebze, fasadebze, saxuravebze, interierebSi gaSenda. rasakvirvelia, aseTi mwvane kompleqsebi sagangebo gegmarebas, sarwyav sistemas, Tavad mcenareTa jiSebis SerCevas moiTxovs, magram aseTi baRebi imdenad acocxlebs da amSvenebs Tanamedrove qalaqebis iersaxes, rom ufro da ufro popularuli xdeba mTel msoflioSi. es faqtobrivad ekologiuri arqiteqturaa, romelic adamianis xeliT Seqmnil samyarosa da bunebis harmoniul kavSirs gvTavazobs. unda gvaxsovdes, rom `mwvane arqiteqtura~ Zalze Zvirad Rirebulia. misi Seqmnis fu funeba yvela qveyanas ar aqvs da is verasdros Secvlis dedamiwis bunebrivi mwvane safris mniSvnelobas. 5. `mwvane arqiteqturis~ maRali Rirebulebis gaTvaliswinebiT, mwvane garemos Seqmnis romel xerxs mianiWebdiT upiratesobas da ratom?

ganmartebani megapolisi (laT. megas didi, polis qalaqi) _ ramdenime qalaqisa da dasax lebuli punqtis zrdis da faqtobrivi Serwymis Sedegad warmoqmnili giganturi qalaqi. ekologia _ mecniereba, romelic Seiswavlis adamianis damokidebulebas garemosTan.

Cikagos meria. Senoba agebulia 1905 wels, `mwvane saxuravi~ _ 2001 wels

l ift i caTambjenebi ubralod ver iarsebebda, adamianebs am mravalsarTulian SenobebSi moZraobis usafrTxo da swrafi meqanizmi rom ar moegonaT. amerikelma gamomgonebelma eliSa greiv otisma XIX s-is 50-ian wlebSi orTqlisZraviani lifti gamoigona. misi prezentaciisas Tavad otisi liftis kabiniT zeviT avida. msaxurma mas xanjali miawoda, otisma mayureblebis Tvalwin liftis bagiri gadaWra. mayureblebis gasaocrad otisis mier gamogonilma muxruWma lifti ubagirodac gaaCera. 1880 wels eleqtrolifti gamoigones, romelic swrafad da usafrTxod dasrialebs da saSualebas aZlevs adamianebs, icxovron da imuSaon aseuli metri simaRlis mqone nagebobebSi.

davaleba SearCieT romelime nageboba Tqveni qalaqis centrSi da moifiqreT, rogor aqcevT mas `mwvane arqiteqturis~ nimuSad. SegiZliaT, davaleba warmoadginoT werilobiT an daxatoT.

8. saxaliso arqiteqtura Cvens epoqaSi arsebuli samSeneblo masala imdenad mravalferovania, iseTi Tvisebebi aqvs, rom maTi meSveobiT arqiteqtors sakuTari fan taziis farTod gamovlenis saSualeba eZleva. aba, warmoidgineT, rodesac samSeneblo masala ZiriTadad qva iyo, gana SeZlebda adamiani burTis, Caidnis, kalaTis an lokokinis formis Senobis agebas?

saxli-fexsacmeli. mpumalanga (samxreTi afrika). 1990 w.

gazgasamarTi sadguri `Caidani~. vaSingtoni. 1922 w.

lokokinis formis saxli. sofia (bulgareTi). 2009 w.

amgvari uCveulo formis nagebobas mravlad SexvdebiT Tanamedrove arqiteqturaSi. adamianebi xalisiT aTvaliereben aseT nagebobebs. bavSvebsac moswonT maTi forma. rogorc wesi, amgvari Senobebi qalaqis RirsSesaniSnaobad iqceva xolme da bevr damTvalierebels izidavs.

p r a qt i k ul i s a muS a o daaTvaliereT Tanamedrove arqiteqturis warmodgenili nimuSebi da sakuTari fantaziiT SeqmeniT TqvenTvis sasurveli formis arqiteqturuli nagebobis eskizi.

ananasis saxli. vumbai (avstralia). 1970-iani wlebi

 samuSaos Sesrulebisas aucileblad gaiTvaliswineT nagebobis daniSnuleba;  daniSnulebidan gamomdinare moifiqreT nagebobis originaluri forma, SeuxameT feri, faqtura;  gansazRvreT, romeli saxaliso detalebiT SeiZleba SeamkoT nageboba;  warmoadgineT Tqveni namuSevari klasis winaSe. isaubreT, ra iqca TqvenTvis STagonebis wyarod;  CamoayalibeT, ra daniSnulebis nagebobis eskizi SeqmeniT, ra garemo mouxdeboda Tqven mier Seqmnil arqiteqturul nagebobas.

Seni Tanatolis namuSevari

9. baRi _ samoTxis miwieri saxe gakveTilis ZiriTadi Temebi:

• saidan iRebs saTaves baRis xelovneba? • rogoria tipuri Cinuri, iaponuri, inglisuri da franguli baRebi?

I. sityva `baRis~ xsenebaze adamians ayvavebuli mdeloebi, amwvanebuli xeebi, ulamazesi yvavilebi, msxmoiare xexili da saerTodac, mSvenieri da lamazi buneba warmoudgeba Tvalwin. oRond baRi adamianis mier xelovnurad Seqmnili SemosazRvruli sivrcea. uZvelesi droidan adamianebi CineTsa da iaponiaSi TavianTi sacxovrebelis siaxloves xelovnurad aSenebdnen amgvar sivrceebs _ baRebs. magram aq SeiZleba gagviCndes SekiTxva: gana buneba isedac mSvenieri araa? ra saWiroa xelovnuri baRebis gaSeneba? II. Zvel CineTSi baRebis gaSenebis udidesi tradicia arsebobda, CineTis imperatorebi erTnairi gulisyuriT zrunavdnen mdidruli sasaxleebisa da maT SemogarenSi didebuli baRebis mowyobaze. jer kidev 1267 wels safuZveli Caeyara e.w. saimperatoro parks pekinSi. Cinuri baRis mizani mxolod lamazi garemos Seqmna rodi iyo. baRi gaxldaT samyaros modeli dedamiwaze da misi aucilebeli elementebi iyo: mTa, romelic CinelTaTvis RmerTebis samyofels warmoadgenda da wyali, rogorc sicocxlis sa wyisi. Cinuri baRebis aucilebeli elementebia gorakebi, tbebi, nakadulebi, wyliT savse Txrilebi da maTze gadebuli ulamazesi xidebi, sanapiroze mowyobili fanCaturebi da mwvaneSi Cafluli myudro mosasvenebeli kuTxeebi. aq aseve gvxvdeba dekoratiuli qvebi da daklaknili bilikebi. Cinuri baRebisTvis damaxasiaTebeli araa didi, gaSlili sivrceebi, aq bunebis sxvadasxva xasiaTis patara SemosazRvruli monakveTebi domini rebs, rac adamians simyudrovisa da simSvidis gancdas uqmnis. maTi monacvleobiT ki baRSi mo seirne adamianis Tvalwin mravalferovani xedebi iSleba. Cinuri tradiciis mixedviT, am adgilebs romantikuli saxelebi aqvs Serqmeuli, mag.: `adgili, sadac Tovli xmaurobs~, `tyis aromatis mqone fanCaturi~ da sxv. CinelTa warmodgeniT, baRi iyo `netarebis adgili~, bednierebisa da maradiuli simSvidis savane, samoTxis miwieri saxe, romelSic adamiani sakuTar Tavs bunebis organul nawilad ganicdida da masTan harmoniul kavSirs mTeli sisavsiT SeigrZnobda.

1. gaixseneT, ra iciT Zveli samyaros saxelganTqmuli baRebis Sesaxeb.

s akl as o di s kus i a ratom gaCnda msoflios sxvadasxva qveyanaSi baRebis gaSenebis tradicia?

Cinuri baRi

III. Tu warmogidgeniaT baRi mcenareebis gareSe? iciT, rom aseTi baRebi iaponiaSi arsebobs da maT `qvebis baRs~, iaponurad `sekiteis~ uwodeben. es iaponuri baRis erT-erTi saxeobaa, romelic XIV saukuneSi gaCnda. am baRebis mTavari elementebia qviSa da qvebi. esaa mcire zomis SemoRobili, qviSiT dafaruli moedani, romelzec sxvadasxva zomis daumuSavebeli qvebi, erTi SexedviT qaoturadaa ganlagebuli. Tumca, es qaoturoba moCvenebiTia. sinamdvileSi qvebis ganlageba garkveul wesrigs emorCileba; isini dajgufebulia da TiToeul jgufSi sam-sami qva Sedis. sainteresoa is faqtic, rom erTdroulad yvela qvis danaxva adamians ar SeuZlia. magaliTad, rioanZis taZris baRs, romelic 1499 wels ostat soamis mieraa agebuli, romeli mxridanac unda SexedoT, mxolod 14 qvas dainaxavT, me-15 ki ar Cans. yvela maTganis erTdroulad danaxvas mxolod maSin SeZlebs adamiani, Tu afrindeba, miwas ascdeba da rioan-Zis taZris baRi zemodan daxedavs baRs. iaponur baRebSi qviSis zedapiri focxis saSualebiT erTmaneTis paralelur xazebadaa dazolili da es zolebi qvebis garSemo wreebs qmnis. iaponelTa warmodgeniT, amgvarad `datalRuli~ zedapiri simbolurad okeanes ganasaxierebs, xolo qvebi _ kunZulebs. es iyo mxatvrulad ukiduresad lakoniuri da sada formebi, yovelgvari samkaulisa da zedmetobis gareSe. ra funqcia SeiZleboda hqonoda amgvar baRebs? rogorc wesi, `qvebis baRi~ budisturi monastrebis ezoebSi ewyoboda da adamianis ganmartoebisTvis iyo gankuTvnili. aq monastrebis berebi martoobaSi loculobdnen, fiqrobdnen, sakuTar TavTan `saubrobdnen~.

IV. evropaSi baRebis Seqmnis xelovneba gansaÂ kuTrebiT popuÂ laruli XVI saukunidan xdeba. kargadaa cnobili inglisuri da franguli baRebi, romlebic gegmarebis principebiT da saerTo iersaxiT mkafiod gansxvavdeba erTmaneTisgan.

versalis baRi

franguli baRebis saukeTeso nimuSi versalis sasaxlis baRebia, romelic arqiteqtorma andre le notrma daaproeqta lui XIV-is dakveTiT. ver salis baRi did teritoriaze iyo gaSlili da Se icavda faqizad movlil, gakreWil gazonebs, xeivnebs, mkafio gegmarebis baRebs, yvavilna rebs. parkSi iyo ori ganieri arxi, mowyobili iyo Ria sacekvao moedani; aqve gabneuli iyo uamravi Sadrevani da sxvadasxva daniSnulebis nagebobebi. parki Semkuli iyo qandakebebiT, XVIII saukuneSi aq oranJerea da botanikuri baRic gaSenda. 1665-1677 wlebSi le notrma versalSi labirinTi moawyo, romlis xveulebi maRali gakreWili buCqebiT iqmneboda, xolo labirinTis gzajvaredinebze man 39 Sadrevani aago da isini cnobili frangi meigavis, lafontenis igavebis personaJebiT Seamko. cnobilia, rom am labirinTis idea frang mezRapres Sarl peros ekuTvnoda. aRsaniSnavia, rom labirinTi saqarTveloSic, aleqsandre WavWavaZis mier gaSenebul winandlis baRSic gvxvdeba.

le notris mier Seqmnili versalis labirinTis gegma

2. SeadareT da gansazRvreT, ra gansxvavebaa frangul da inglisur baRebs Soris. 3. rogor CamoayalibebT franguli baRis ZiriTad niSnebs?

tipuri inglisuri baRi TiTqos bunebrivi peizaJis gagrZelebaa. aq, erTi SexedviT, xe luxlebeli bunebrivi garemos STabeWdileba iq mneba, am garemoSi mebaRe aqa-iq moulodnel aqcentebs mimofantavs xelovnur wyalsacavebze gadebuli xidebis, msubuqi fanCaturebis an mcenareebiT morTuli mRvimeebis saxiT. inglisuri baRis mTavari niSnebi ase SeiZleba CamovayaliboT: Tavisufali gegmareba, bunebrivi landSafti, xelovnurad Seqmnili peizaJi, romelic bunebrivs hgavs, da yvela am elementis harmoniuli Tanaarseboba.

winandlis labirinTi

daval eba moiZieT informacia evropuli an Soreuli aRmosavleTis sabaRo xelovnebis niSnebze, airCieT romelime maTgani da dawereT esse Temaze `saocnebo baRi~. naSromi warudgineT klass da isaubreT, baRis romeli dekoratiuli an funqciuri elementebis gamoyeneba SeiZleba skolis ezos dasamSveneblad. inglisuri baRi

10. Cveni skolis ezo

evropuli Tu Soreuli aRmosavleTis saxelganTqmuli baRebis gacnobis Semdeg SeiZleba Tqvenc gagiCndeT survili, dekoratiulad gaaformoT baRi an ezo. baRis Seqmnis xelovneba, rogorc ukve iciT, did codnasa da gamocdilebas moiTxovs, magram Tqven SeiZleba, SedarebiT martivi xerxebiT scadoT skolis ezos Semkoba. magaliTad, sxvadasxva mcenare ezoSi winaswar mofiqrebuli gegmis mixedviT dargoT, dekoratiuli masaliT SemofargloT nargavebi. Tqven mier Semkuli skolis ezo mTeli wlis ganmavlobaSi sasiamovno sanaxavi iqneba.

p r a q t ik u l i s a muS a o dekoratiulad gaaformeT skolis ezo.

 Tu skolis ezos dekoratiulad gaformebas gadawyvetT, TqvenTvis sasurveli mcenareebi Tavdapirvelad qoTnebSi gaaxareT da gazafxulze gadargeT niadagSi. aseve SegiZliaT, SearCioT sxvadasxva mcenaris Tesli. gaiTvaliswineT, rom zogi maTgani Semodgomaze unda daiTesos, zogi ki _ gazafxulze. sasurvelia, Tu rCevas da daxmarebas biologiis maswavlebels sTxovT;  gaiTvaliswineT isic, rom zogi mcenare zamTarSic xarobs. aseTi mcenareebis dargva ezoSi imis garantia iqneba, rom skolis ezo weliwadis nebismier dros sasiamovno sanaxavi iqneba;  ezoSi winaswar moniSneT nargavebisTvis gamoyofili adgilebi. gaiTvaliswineT, mcenareebi iseT adgilebze unda ganalagoT, rom xeli ar SegeSaloT romelime jgufuri TamaSisas;  winaswar mofiqrebul adgilebze dargeT mcenareebi, morwyeT isini. nebismieri xelovnuri da bunebrivi masaliT (qva, xe, feradi kenWebi, wnelebi da sxv.) SemofargleT nargavebi. es ukeT daicavs maT dazianebisagan.

11. nageboba da misi funqcia gakveTilis ZiriTadi Temebi: • rogor gansazRvravs nagebobis funqcia mis

formas • ra funqcia hqonda CineTis did kedels • ra rols asrulebda aqveduki romis imperiaSi • nageboba _ saxelmwifos simbolo

I. nebismieri arqiteqtu ruli Zeglis ageba misi daniSnulebis gaazrebiT iwyeba. nagebobis formas swored misi funqcia ganapirobebs anu Senoba yovelmxriv moxerxebuli unda iyos im saqmianobisTvis, romelsac adamianebi iq ewevian. 1. aRwereT romis kolizeumi.

kolizeumis naxvisas adamians SeiZleba, mravali SekiTxva gauCndes: ratom aqvs romis kolizeums elifsis forma? ratomaa mayureblebis adgilebi kolizeumi. romi. iarusebad ganlagebuli? kolizeumis mTeli fa ax. w. 72-80 ww. sa di ratomaa dacxriluli TaRebiT? saqme isaa, rom es yovelive nagebobis fuqnciiT aris ganpi robebuli. kolizeumi romSi ax. w-is I saukuneSi aigo imperator vespasianes mier da is sxvadasxva sanaxaobis Casatareblad iyo gankuTvnili. aq ewyoboda gladiatorTa Serkineba, maTi cxovelebTan brZola, sazRvao brZolebi... da es yvelaferi romaelTa sayvareli sanaxaoba iyo. kolizeumi 55 aTas mayurebels itevda da, cxadia, yvelas surda, kargad daenaxa arenaze mimdinare sanaxaoba. nagebobis elifsis forma mayurebels saSualebas aZlevda, yvela wertilidan kargad daenaxa arena. amas xels uwyobda iarusebad zeaRmavali adgilebis ganlagebac. TaRebSi mowyobili SesasvlelebiT uamravi adamiani daaxloebiT 10 wuTis ganmavlobaSi avsebda an clida nagebobas. kolizeumis es struqtura dResac safuZvlad udevs Tanamedrove fexburTis stadionebs. 2. daakvirdiT fotoebze warmodgenil nagebobebs. aRwereT isini. 3. rogor fiqrobT, ra daniSnuleba hqonda am nagebobebs?

pompei. ax. w. I s. epidavrosi. Zv. w. 380-375 ww.

II. arsebobs iseTi nagebobebic, romlebic ram denime funqcias iTavsebs. magaliTad, Zvel Ci neTSi jer kidev Cvens welTaRricxvamde daiwyes sazRvris gayolebaze didi kedlis mSenebloba, romelsac saimedod unda daecva qveyana mtrisagan. bunebrivia, aseT grandiozul saqmes auracxeli muSaxeli, samSeneblo masala da saxsrebi sWirdeboda, amitom mSenebloba ramdenime saukunis ganmavlobaSi mimdinareobda. kedeli gamZle da mkvidri unda yofiliyo da amitom is sakmaod ganie ric iyo. saSualod misi simaRle 5-10 metria, xolo sigane — 5-8 metri. saTavdacvo funqciis garda, kedelma male SeiZina moxerxebuli da keTilmowyobili gzis funqciac. am gzis gamoyenebiT CineTis armia gacilebiT swrafad gadaadgildeboda. kedlis masivSi Catanebul saTvalTvalo koSkebze saSiSroebis moaxloebisTanave cecxls anTebdnen da ase atyobinebdnen erTmaneTs safrTxis Sesaxeb.

III. am nagebobas Zvel romSi aqveduks uwodeb dnen. `aqva~ (aqua) laTinurad wyals niSnavs, am nagebobis fuqnciac swored wyalTan aris dakav Sirebuli.

CineTis didi kedeli. mSenebloba daiwyo Zv. w. III s-Si

nimis aqveduki. safrangeTi. ax. w. I s.

segoviis aqveduki. espaneTi. ax. w. I s.

erTmaneTis Tavze or rigad ganlagebuli, mdinareze gadebuli mZlavri TaRebi dinj ritms qmnis. am monumentur konstruqcias Tavze mcire TaRebis wyeba miuyveba. swored aq aris Cawyobili Tixis milebi, romlebSic wyali gadioda da romliTac romauli qalaqebi wyliT maragdeboda. aqvedukebi romis imperiis teritoriaze mraval kilometrze iyo gadaWimuli da imdenad myarad iyo nagebi, rom aqvedukebs yofili romis imperiis sxvadasxva nawilSi (safrangeTi, espaneTi, italia da a.S.) dResac SexvdebiT. 26

IV. mTel msoflioSi arsebobs Senobebi, romlebic ama Tu im saxelmwifos simbolos warmoadgens. maT Soris erT-erTia TeTri saxli vaSingtonSi, romelic amerikis SeerTebuli Statebis prezidentis oficialuri rezidenciaa. is agebulia irlandieli arqiteqtoris, jeims hobanis mier 1792-1800 wlebSi. 1800 wels aSS-is meore prezidenti jon adamsi pirveli iyo prezidentebs Soris, vinc aq daido bina. mas Semdeg ager ukve 200 welze metia, aSS-is yvela prezidenti aqedan marTavs qveyanas.

TeTri saxli. vaSingtoni. aSS

TeTri saxli klasikuri stilis mqone simetriis principiT nagebi qaTqaTa TeTri feris daxvewili da eleganturi nagebobaa da misi saxeli swored misi feridan momdinareobs. Senoba SesaniSnavad aris morgebuli Tavis funqcias. eqvssarTuliani nagebobis qveda or sarTulze damxmare saTavsoebia ganlagebuli. ori zeda sarTuli prezidentis ojaxis sacxovrebels warmoadgens. ori Sua sarTuli ki prezidentis samuSao sivrceebs eTmoba. aq sxvadasxva daniSnuTeTri saxli. lebis oTaxebia ganlagebuli. magaliTad, wiTeli wiTeli oTaxi oTaxi, romelic ZiriTadad gamoiyeneba musikaluri saRamoebisa da Sexvedrebis mosawyobad. TeTr saxlSi sxva oTaxebicaa: aRmosavleTis oTaxi, mwvane oTaxi, cisferi oTaxi, oTaxi oficialuri sadilebisaTvis. erT-erTi yvelaze mTavari ki e.w. ovaluri kabinetia, romelic aSS-is prezidentebis samuSao sivrces warmoadgens da romelSic isini yvela mniSvnelovan dokuments aweren xels, xvdebian TanamSromlebs, oficialur pirebs. TeTri saxli ori aseuli welia aSS-is saxelmwifoebriobisa da misi siZlieris simbolos warmoadgens.

daval eba SearCieT romelime qveynis iseTi nageboba, romelic am qveynis saxelmwifoebriobis simbolos warmoadgens, moagroveT mis Sesaxeb masala da mouTxreT klass. TeTri saxli. ovaluri kabineti

12. kolizeumi

kolizeumis gegmas elifsis forma aqvs. misi fasadi oTx iarusad aris dayofili. qveda sami iarusi TaRediT aris Semkuli da masSi gamoyenebulia svetebisa da naxevarsvetebis elementebi. meore da mesame iarusis TiToeul TaRSi Tavdapirvelad qandakebebi idga. aq mkacrad iyo gansazRvruli, vin sad unda damjdariyo. sul qveda rigi, saidanac orTabrZolebi yvelaze kargad Canda, imperatorisa da misi amalisaTvis iyo gankuTvnili. momdevno 20 rigi warCinebulebs ekuTvnodaT, Semdeg 18 rigs romis moqalaqeebi avsebdnen, bolo rigebSi ki monebi da romis stumrebi isxdnen. nagebobis zeda iarusze sagangebo Wokebi iyo aRmarTuli, romlebzec gadaWimuli iyo tenti mzisgan an wvimisgan mayureblebis dasacavad.

praqtikuli samuSao yuradRebiT gaecaniT koli zeumis arqiteqturas da SeecadeT, Tavad SeqmnaT am Zeglis maketi.

 daiyaviT jgufebad da SeTanxmdiT, rogori iqneba Tqveni arqiteqturuli ansambli da Zveli romis romel motivebs gamoiyenebT;  gaakeTeT Canaxati, Tu rogor warmogidgeniaT konstruqcia, romlis Seqmnasac apirebT; moifiqreT, romel geometriul formebs da teqnikur xerxebs gamoiyenebT konstruqciebis Sesaqmnelad;  pirvel rigSi, unda daxatoT nagebobis konturi, Semdeg amoWraT, daaxatoT an daaweboT detalebi, daferoT isini; maketi umjobesia muyaosgan an sqeli qaRaldisgan damzaddes;  gamzadebuli nimuSebi daawebeT jgufis saerTo formatze. survi lisamebr, SegiZliaT Tqvens kompleqsSi adamianTa gamosaxulebebic CasvaT; magaliTad, Zveli romis simbolo _ Zu mgeli;  kolizeumis maketze Signidan SegiZliaT, Tqven mi er daxatuli portretebi daaweboT.

13. muzeumebi

gakveTilis ZiriTadi Temebi: • rogor iqmneboda muzeumebi da rogor icaven iq eqsponatebs? • vin iyo eqvTime TayaiSvili? • sad aris muzeumi Ria cis qveS? 1. romel qveynebSi mdebareobs Semdegi muzeumebi: luvri, ermitaJi, prado, gugenhaimi? 2. rogor fiqrobT, ratom aages luvrTan piramida?

luvri. parizi

I. aba, dafiqrdiT, saidan unda iRebdes saTaves sityva „muzeumi“? ra Tqma unda, is momdinareobs sityvidan `muza~. zevsis asulebi _ muzebi Zvel berZnul miTologiaSi xelovnebisa da mecnierebis mfarveli RvTaebebi iyvnen. maT saxelze Zvel saberZneTSi igeboda taZrebi _ museionebi. pirveli museioni daarsda aleqsandriaSi ptolemaios I-is mier daaxl. 290 wels. Tavdapirvelad es saswavlo dawesebuleba iyo, romelsac saxelmwifo afinansebda. aq moswavleebisaTvis iyo sacxovrebeli oTaxebi, sasadilo, samkiTxvelo, botanikuri da zoologiuri baRebi, observatoria, biblioTeka. museioni aRWurvili iyo cxovelebis fitulebiT, qandakebebiT, astronomiuli instrumentebiT _ erTi sityviT, yvelafriT, rac swavlisas TvalsaCino masalad gamodgeboda. II. saukuneebis ganmavlobaSi adamianebis inte resi xelovnebis nawarmoebebis mimarT gansxvavebuli formiT vlindeba. zogierTi adamiani mxolod sakuTar saxls amkobs xelovnebis ramdenime nimuSiT, zogierTisTvis ki xelovnebis nimuSebis Segroveba da maTi sxvebisaTvis Cveneba mTeli cxovrebis saqmed iqca. romis imperatorma adrianem berZnuli da egvipturi xelovnebis sxvadasxva nimuSis aslis gakeTeba brZana da isini Tavis cnobil vilaSi ganaTavsa. es iyo Tanamedrove muzeumis winapari. dRevandeli saxiT muzeumi aRorZinebis epoqaSi, XV-XVI ss-Si Camoyalibda. am dros sazogadoebas gansakuTrebiT ainteresebda Zveli berZnul-ro mauli xelovneba, romlis nimuSebic evropel didgvarovanTa koleqciebSi iyrida Tavs.

pi rvel i qarTul i `eqs ponati ~ 134 wels romaelma flavius ari anem kolxeT Si imogzaura. sxva sayuradRebo cnobebTan erTad, igi mogvi Txrobs, rom qalaq fasisSi (dRevandeli foTi) RvTaeba reas taZar Tan Senaxuli iyo gem „argos“ rkinisa da qvis Ruzis nawilebi, romlebsac damTvalier eblebs uCvenebdnen. savaraudod, am dro isaTvis, am siZveleebis asaki 10 sa ukuneze mets iTvlida. SeiZleba iTqvas, rom es siZveleTa erT-erTi pirveli qarTuli „eqspozicia“ iyo.

III. renesansis xanasa da XVII s-Si warCinebulTa sasaxleebSi gaCnda sagangebo oTaxebi, sadac mflobelTa mier Segrovebuli xelovnebis nimuSebi inaxeboda. am kerZo koleqciebma mogvianebiT Tanamedrove muzeumebs Seuqmna safuZveli. pirveli Tanamedrove muzeumebi XVIII s-Si evropis mraval qveyanaSi gaCnda da evropis sazogadoebrivi cxovrebis ganuyofel nawilad iqca. evropis erT-erTi muzeumi iyo britaneTis parlamentis mier gamocemuli aqtis safuZvelze, 1753 wels gaxsnili britaneTis muzeumi londonSi. is ramdenime adamianis kerZo koleqciis safuZvelze Seiqmna da Semdeg mudmivad ivseboda. 1793 wels ki gaixsna luvris cnobili muzeumi parizSi.

britaneTis muzeumi. londoni

sa k l a s o di s k us i a sWirdeba Tu ara muzeums gansa kuT rebuli Senoba, Tu is nebismier nagebobaSi SeiZleba ganTavsdes?

ganmartebani eqsponati (laT. exponatus saCveneblad gamofenili) _ muzeumSi an gamofenaze saCveneblad gamofenili sagani.

IV. iciT Tu ara, rom muzeumebi inaxaven yvelafers, rac adamianebs Senaxvis Rirsad miaCniaT. arsebobs Tojinebis, fulis, musikaluri instru men tebis, xaliCebis, mineralebis, iaraRis da mravali sxva saxis muzeumi. yvela qveyana an regioni Tavs uyris sakuTari kulturis umniSvnelovanes Zeglebs da inaxavs maT muzeumebSi, sadac am eqsponatebis xilva TiToeul Cvengans SeuZlia.

saqarTvelos erovnuli bankis fulis muzeumi. yvareli

abreSumis saxelmwifo muzeumis eqsponatebi. Tbilisi

3. rogor fiqrobT, ra funqcia akisria muzeums?

V. didi xania, muzeumi mxolod xelovnebis na war moebebis Segrovebasa da maT gamofenas ar em saxureba. muzeumSi Tavmoyrili nivTebi xSirad Seswavlas, gamokvlevas iTxovs, radgan maTi warmomavloba an avtori zo g jer ucnobia. rac ufro Zvelia esa Tu is nawarmoebi, miT ufro Selaxuli SeiZleba iyos is. imisaTvis, rom aseTi eqsponati sabolood ar ganadgurdes, mas sWirdeba gamokvleva, „mkurnaloba“, dazianebebis SeZlebisdagvarad aRmofxvra da, rac mTavaria, iseTi pirobebis Seqmna, romelic aucilebelia mis Sesanaxad. am saqmiT muzeumSi uamravi mecnieri, restavratori Tu teqnikuri muSakia dakavebuli. Tanamedrove muzeumebSi rTuli teqnikuri sistemebia damontaJebuli, romlebic sa gamofeno darbazebSi icavs gansazRvrul temperaturas, tenianobas da mraval sxva aucilebel pirobas. xelovnebis nawarmoebebis usafrTxoebas uzrunvelyofs TiToeul darbazSi dayenebuli saTvalTvalo sistemebi.

niko berZeniSvilis saxelobis Coxatauris mxareTmcodneobis muzeumis eqsponatebi

VI. saqarTvelos istoriaSi iyo iseTi epi zo di, rodesac Cveni samuzeumo ganZeuloba SeiZleboda dakarguliyo. 1921 wels ruseTis mier saqarTvelos okupaciis dros, maSindelma mTavrobam samuzeumo ganZi saqarTvelodan safrangeTSi gaitana. ganZis mcvelad cno bili mecnieri da sazogado moRvawe eqvTime Ta yaiSvili dainiSna. emigraciaSi yofnisas gadatanili ukiduresi gaWirvebis miuxedavad, eqvTime TayaiSvilma xeluxleblad Seinaxa qarTuli saganZuri da aTeuli wlebis Semdeg is saqarTvelos daubruna. amisaTvis eqvTime TayaiSvils „saqarTvelos meWurWleTuxucesi“ uwodes. dRes es eqsponatebi saqarTvelos erovnul muzeumSia daculi.

m u z e u mi R i a c i s q v e S 1966 wels TbilisSi qarTveli istorikosis giorgi Citaias TaosnobiT Seiqmna uCveulo muzeumi. Ria cis qveS erTmaneTisagan Soriax los warmodgenilia saqarTvelos sxvadasxva kuTxis sacxovrebeli saxlebi. TiToeul maTganSi Tavmoyrilia xalxuri rewvis sauk eTeso nimuSebi da sayofacxovrebo nivTebi. mu zeumis damTvalierebl ebs SesaZlebloba eZlev aT, warmoidginon qarTuli xalxuri arqiteqturisa da xelovnebis mravalferovneba.

Tbilisis eTnografiuli muzeumis eqsponati

davaleba moifiqreT, risi muzeumis Seqmnas isurvebdiT da rogori iqneboda is. Tqveni mosazrebebi werilobiT daasabuTeT.

14. eqspozicia

Tu leqsikonSi mocemuli sityvis _ `eqspozicia~ _ ganmartebas daakvirdebiT, mixvdebiT, rom aq gansakuTrebul mniSvnelobas iZens eqsponatebis `garkveuli sistemiT ganlageba~. ra sistemaa es? rogor dgeba is da vin adgens mas? cxadia, muzeumSi arsebobs mudmivi eqspozicia, romelzec am muzeumis ZiriTadi da yvelaze Rirebuli eqsponatebia gamofenili. magram, nebismier muzeums xom sacavebic aqvs, sadac kidev uamravi eqsponati inaxeba. gana saintereso araa maTi gacnobac. amitom drodadro muzeumebi am eqsponatebs garkveuli principiT, sistemis mixedviT hfenen droebiT eqspoziciaSi.

magaliTad, Tu romelime muzeumis fondebSi inaxeba Sua saukuneebis sabrZolo iaraRisa da aRWurvilobis koleqcia, is SeiZleba gamoifinos droebiT muzeumis romelime darbazSi an muzeumis TanamSromlebma SeiZleba, TavianT fondebSi SearCion sxvadasxva mxatvris mier istoriul Temaze Seqmnili suraTebi da gamofinon; SesaZlebelia sxva muzeumebTan molaparakeba da maTi koleqciebis gamofena da sxv. garkveuli koncefciiT gaerTianebuli droebiTi amgvari gamofena xSirad imarTeba msoflios wamyvan muzeumebSi. magaliTad, 2019 wlis 7 Tebervlidan 4 agvistomde britaneTis muzeumSi mimdinareobda am muzeumis fondebSi daculi rembrandtis grafikuli namuSevrebis gamofena saxelwodebiT `rembrandti _ qaRaldze nafiqri~. albaT ukve bevri namuSevari dagigrovdaT. Tqven SegiZliaT moawyoT gamofena garkveuli, winaswar mofiqrebuli koncefciis mixedviT.

gamofenis `rembrandti _ qaRaldze nafiqri~ eqspozicia

ganmart ebani eqspozicia (laT. expositio axsna, ganmarteba) _ xelovnebis nawarmoebebis, samuzeumo eqsponatebis, mrewvelobis produqtebis da sxv. gar kve u li sistemiT ganlageba, dasaTvaliereblad gamofena. koncefcia (laT. conceptio gageba, sistema) _ termini gamoiyeneba ZiriTadi Canafiqris, konstruqciuli principis aRsaniSnavad xelovnebaSi, teqnikasa da sxva dargebSi.

praqt i kul i s amuSao moawyveT gamofena garkveuli koncefciis mixedviT.

gamofenis erT-erTi eqsponati

 moagroveT Tqven mier Seqmnili namuSevrebi da imsjeleT, ra aerTianebs maT;  moifiqreT Tema an problema, romlis mixedviTac daajgufebT Tqvens namuSevrebs;  dawereT gamofenis koncefcia. SesaZloa, koncefcia iyos ramdenime da TiToeuls sagamofeno sivrcis TiTo kedeli dauTmoT.

15. naturmorti _ mkvdari buneba? gakveTilis ZiriTadi Temebi:

• rogor cocxldeba naturmortSi `mkvdari buneba~? • naturmortis romeli saxeobebi arsebobs?

I. xelovnebis nimuSSi adamiani asaxavs yvela fers, rac mis garSemoa, maT Soris usulo sagnebsac, radgan isini misi garemos Semadgeneli da ganuyofeli nawilia. modiT, kidev erTxel gavixsenoT, ra aris naturmorti. TiToeulma Tqvenganma xelT arsebuli nivTebi _ wigni, rveuli, kalmistari, saSleli, carci da a.S. _ magidaze ganalageT. Tqven axla saxviTi xelovnebis erT-erTi Janris, naturmortis Seqmna scadeT magidis zedapirze, anu, ropompei. kedlis mxatvroba. ax. w. I s. gorc mxatvrebi amboben, `dadgiT~ naturmorti, romelic Semdeg SeiZleba daxatoT. `naturmorti~ franguli sityvaa da sityvasityviT `mkvdar bunebas~ niSnavs. saxviTi xelovnebis es Janri marTlac usulo sagnebs asaxavs. naturmortis `gmirad~ SeiZleba iqces nebismieri nivTi: WurWeli, xili, yvavilebi, qsovili, musikaluri instrumentebi da sxv. mxatvrebi am nivTebs suraTis sibrtyeze, TavianTi Canafiqris Sesabamisad, iseve anawileben, rogorc Tqven ganalageT sagnebi magidaze. nivTebis sasuraTe sibrtyeze ganawilebiT naturmortis kompozicia iqmneba.

II. naturmorti damoukidebel Janrad XVII s-dan gvxvdeba, magram mxatvrebi nivTebs manamdec gamosaxavdnen TavianT namuSevrebSi da xSirad isini naturmortis saxiTac ki iyo warmodgenili. es naturmortebi sxvadasxva scenaSi iyo CarTuli, rogorc amas pompeis moxatulobaSi da robert kampenis aq mocemul namuSevarSi vxedavT. robert kampeni. xareba. 1427-1432 ww.

robert kampeni. xareba. 1427-1432 ww. fragmenti

III. naturmorti gansakuTrebuli popularobiT sargeblobda holandiaSi, sadac isini rigiT holandielTa saxlebis kedlebs amkobda da maTi yofis ganuyofeli nawili iyo. holandieli mxatvrebi naturmortebze xSirad cxovelebs, frinvelebs da Tevzebsac ki gamosaxavdnen, oRond isini yovelTvis nanadirevis saxiT iyo warmodgenili. maTTan erTad gamosaxvdnen usulo sagnebs: WurWels, sursaTs, xils, riTic am Janris saxelwodeba srulad marTldeboda. naturmorti holandielTaTvis erT-erTi sayvareli Janri iyo. 1. ra STabeWdilebas aRZravs abraham van beierenis namuSevari? 2. aRwereT da daaxasiaTeT is.

abraham van beiereni. sadResaswaulo naturmorti. 1660 w.

IV. surbaranis am naturmortze TiTqos nivTebis `portretebs~ vxedavT, radgan TiToeuli nivTis forma, feri, faqtura maT `xasiaTs~ asaxavs da ubralo, sada nivTebis momxibvlelobas gadmogvcems. SesaZloa, yoveldRiur cxovrebaSi am nivTebs yuradReba arc ki mivaqcioT, naturmortis funqcia ki swored esaa _ CveulebrivSi mSveniereba, poeturi silamaze dagvanaxos.

fransisko surbarani. naturmorti. 1630 w.

3. aRwereT am gverdze mocemuli naturmortebi. 4. imsjeleT, rogor aris gadmocemuli TiToeuli nivTis forma, proporcia, feri, faqtura.

vilem kalfi. naturmorti vercxlis doqiT. 1655-1657 ww.

V. Jan batist Sardenis naturmortze Semoqmedis (mxatvris, moqandakis, arqiteqtoris) samuSao masalebi, iaraRebi da atributebia gamosaxuli. amiT mxatvars surda, xazi gaesva rogorc Semoqmedis keTilSobili SromisaTvis, ise saerTod xelovnebis mniSvnelobisaTvis. namuSevars Sesabamisi saxelwodeba aqvs _ `xelovnebis atributebi~. naturmortebs, romlebzec sxva da sxva profesiis atributebia gamosaxuli, profesiul an inteleqtualur naturmortebs uwodeben. rogorc dainaxeT, sazogadod, mxatvari naturmortSi usulo sagnebs asaxavs, magram acocxlebs maT, warmoaCens maT `xasiaTs~, mniSvnelobas da Sesabamis ganwyobilebas qmnis. 5. rogor fiqrobT, SesaZlebelia iseTi naturmortis Seqmna, romelic romelime sxva profesiaze migvaniSnebs? 6. airCieT romelime profesia da CamoTvaleT is sagnebi, romliTac SeadgendiT naturmorts.

ganmart ebani atributi _ adamianis, sagnis an movlenis arsebiTi, aucilebeli da ganuyofeli niSani.

Jan batist Sardeni. 1766 w.

na t urmort i yvavilebiT naturmortis erT-erTi gavrcele buli motivia yvavilebi. italieli mxatvari karavajo Tvlida, rom yvavilis daxatva iseTive maRal ostatobas moiTxovs mxatvrisagan, rogorsac _ SiSveli figura.

ian breigel umcrosi. yvavilebiani kalaTa. daaxl. 1620 w.

davaleba moiZieT naturmortis Sesatyvisi im ucxo enaze (inglisuri, germanuli, franguli da sxv.), romelsac swavlobT da gaiazreT misi pirdapiri mniSvneloba; rogor Seesabameba igi am Janris arss?

16. rogor davxatoT naturmorti?

naturmortis dasaxatad Zalze mniSvnelovania, romel nivTebs SevarCevT. nebismieri, Tundac umniSvnelo nivTi, SesaZlebelia, mxatvris yuradRebis Rirsi gaxdes. mxatvrebi sagangebod arCeven nivTebs, dgamen naturmorts da eZeben wertils, saidanac is unda daxaton. mxolod amis Semdeg iwyeba suraTze muSaoba. samuSaos es Tanmimdevroba Tqvenc unda daicvaT. mxatvari cdilobs, ise gaanawilos mis mier da dg muli naturmortis ele men tebi, rom formatze misTvis sasurveli kompozicia Seqmnas. garda amisa, igi iTvaliswinebs TiToeuli sagnis zomas da maT urTierTSefardebas. Tu na turmortis Semadgeneli sagnebis moculobiTad gadmocema surT, mxatvrebi akvirdebian, saidan ecema niv Tebs sinaTle da amis mixedviT anawileben maT zedapir ze Suq-Crdils. ganaTebuli adgilebi SedarebiT Ria feriT ixateba, CrdilSi moqceuli ki _ muqi ferebiT. am xerxiT mxatvrebi gadmoscemen sagnis moculobas. Tumca, XX saukuneSi mxatvrebi xSirad moculobas ar aniWeben sagnebs da mxolod erTi feriT gamosaxaven mas sasuraTe areze.

praqt i kul i s amuSao dadgiT da daxateT naturmorti.

ogiust renuari. naturmorti broweuliT. 1893 w.

anri matisi. naturmorti lurj magidaze. 1947 w.

pol sezani. naturmorti. fragmenti

 dasaxatad dadgmul naturmorts yvela Tqvengani kargad unda xedavdes;  sanam feriT daiwyebdeT xatvas, jer fanqriT msubuqad moxazeT nivTebi da gaanawileT isini formatze, gansazRvreT maTi proporciuli urTierTSefardeba;

 naturmortis

Semadgeneli nivTebis faqturis gadmosacemad SegiZliaT gamoiyenoT Sereuli teqnika da sxvadasxva masala: jagrisi, Cxirebi, kombostos furclebi da sxv;

 simetriuli agebulebis mqone nivTebis dasaxatad fanqriT gaavleT Suaxazi. ecadeT, amisTvis ar gamoiyenoT saxazavi;

 Tu gsurT moculoba mianiWoT Tqvens naturmortze gamosaxul sagnebs, gansazRvreT, saidan ecema Suqi Tqvens naturmorts, moniSneT yvelaze naTeli da muqi adgilebi, dadeT am areebze Sesabamisi feri da SeecadeT, muqidan naTlisaken gadasasvlelad anu feris gasaRiaveblad gamoiyenoT gradaciis xerxi.

17. perspeqtiva

gakveTilis ZiriTadi Temebi: • ra aris perspeqtiva • risTvis iyeneben mxatvrebi perspeqtivis ka nonebs • rodis daiwyes mxatvrebma perspeqtivis kanonebis mixedviT sivrcis asaxva • risTvis gamoiyeneba albertis bade

I. Tqven winaSea saxarebiseuli siuJeti `xuTi aTasis dapureba~, romelic Sua saukuneebis inglisuri xelnaweris miniaturas warmoadgens. qristianuli moZRvrebis mixedviT, ieso qristem xuTi puriT xuTi aTasi adamiani daapura. 1. aRwereT es namuSevari. 2. aRwereT, rogor aris asaxuli masze magida da mis garSemo msxdomi figurebi. 3. ramdenad realuradaa asaxuli magida da figurebi am scenaSi?

II. axla modiT, CavataroT eqsperimenti: skolis derefanSi dadgiT erTi magida da zed qoTani. meore, Soreul boloSi ki meore magida da aseTive zomis meore qoTani. daakvirdiT, rogor aRiqvamT am qoTnebs. cxadia, Sors moTavsebuli qoTani SedarebiT mcire zomis iqneba. manZilma Cvens Tvalsa da qoTans Soris `daapatarava~ is. swored esaa perspeqtivis upirvelesi kanoni: rac ufro Sorsaa sagani, miT ufro mcire zomisaa is. ase xedavs adamiani. Cven mier ganxilul suraTze ki yvelaferi ukuRmaa. magidis ukan, siRrmeSi msxdomi figurebi yvelaze didi zomisaa, radgan Sua saukuneebis xelovnebis mizania ara realobis asaxva, aramed azrobrivad mTavari figurebis _ macxovrisa da misi mowafeebis mniSvnelobis xazgasma.

xuTi aTasis dapureba. glosteris locvanis miniatura. daaxl. 1220 w.

III. kidev erT detals daakvirdiT Sua sauku neebis miniaturaze _ rogor aris gamosaxuli aq magida. Cven aq magidis zedapirs TiTqos zemodan davyurebT. erTaderTi SesaZlebloba, rom adamianma ase dainaxos magidis zedapiri, isaa, rom afrindes da zemodan daxedos mas. sinamdvileSi ki rogor xedavs adamiani magidas? amis garkvevaSi perspeqtivis kidev erTi umniSvnelovanesi kanoni dagvexmareba.

sqema

4. am oridan romel nimuSs gamo iyenebT matareblis liandagis dasaxatad?

davuSvaT, matareblis liandagis daxatva gvinda. cxadia, rom realobaSi relsebi urTierTparaleluria, magram Tu maT ase gamovsaxavT, rogorc es sqema a)-ze aris mocemuli, amiT sulac ar davxatavT Cven mier TvaliT danaxul sinamdviles. magram Tu ise gamovsaxavT relsebs, rogorc es sqema b)-zea naCvenebi, SevZlebT Cvengan Sors, siRrmeSi mimavali liandagis realurad gamosaxvas da, Sesabamisad, sibrtyeze sivrcis STabeWdilebis Seqmnas. perspeqtivis es orive kanoni gamoyenebuli aqvs meindert hobemas Tavis suraTSi `xeivani midelharnsSi~ da amiT igi tiloze Sors, siRrmeSi mimavali gzis STabeWdilebas qmnis. 5. aRwereT es namuSevari. 6. romeli elementebiT aRwevs mxatvari suraTze siRrmisa da sivrcis gadmocemas? 7. perspeqtivis romeli kano ne bia gamoyenebuli am namuSevarSi?

meindert hobema. xeivani midelharnsSi. 1689 w.

IV. perpeqtivis es kanonebi pirvelad aRwera da Camoayaliba italielma arqiteqtorma filipo bruneleskim 1435 wels gamocemul Tavis naSromSi `ferweris Sesaxeb~. es iyo didi siaxle, radgan Sua saukuneebis Semdgom gaCnda samyaros sruliad axali xedva. bruneleskis mier perspeqtivis kanonebis Teo riulad Camoyalibebis Semdgom daisva axali amocana: rogor gamoeyenebinaT mxatvrebs es kanonebi praqtikaSi anu sasuraTo sibrtyeze. rogor gaekeTebinaT xeliT is, rac maT ukve gonebiT icodnen. am saqmeSi didi roli Seasrula arqiteqtorma leon batista albertim. man axsna, Tu rogor xedavs adamianis Tvali. Tavis naSromSi is aRwers `sxivebis piramidas~, romlis wveri adamianis TvalSia, xolo fuZe Tavad sagnis zedapirze. amas kargad mixvdebiT, Tu leonardo da vinCis Canaxats daakvirdebiT. 8. aRwereT leonardos Canaxati. 9. sad xedavT aq piramidas?

leon batista albertis Canaxati

leonardo da vinCi. Canaxati

sibrtyeze sivrcis asaxva rom gaeadvilebina, albertim xriki moifiqra: man Seqmna martivi xelsawyo, e.w. albertis bade, romelzec Tavadve ambobda: `araferia amaze mosaxerxebeli perspeqtivis gadmosacemad, rogorc es bade~. marTlac, am badis miRma mxatvari uyurebda sagnebs, maT konturebs, gansazRvravda proporcias badis horizontaluri da vertikaluri xazebis mixedviT da xvdeboda, rogor unda aesaxa isini sibrtyeze.

albertis bade

V. rogorc davinaxeT, perspeqtivis kanonebi italielma arqiteqtorebma aRmoaCines da Tavdapirvelad italielma mxatvrebma gamoiyenes. Tumca, germanuli renesansis cnobili ostati albreht diureric aranakleb dainteresebuli iyo perspeqtivis kanonebiT. man italiel mxatvarTa miRwevebis gasacnobad italiaSi imogzaura, Seiswavla perspeqtivis kanonebi da maT Tavadac Seexo naSromSi `xelovnebis swavlebis Sesaxeb~.

diureri aqtiurad iyenebda albertis bades, rac mis naxatzec kargad Cans. aq vxedavT, rogor xatavs qalis figuras diureri albertis badis saSualebiT. meore naxatze ki igi gviCvenebs, rogor xedavs igi badis miRma qalis am figuras. erTi sityviT, albertis bade Zalze sasargeblo nivTad iqca mxatvrebisaTvis perspeqtivis kanonebis dasacavad sivrcis asaxvis dros.

a lbr eh t di u re r i diureri (1471-1528) germanuli re nesansis erT-erTi umniSvnelovanesi warmomadgenelia. is mravalmxrivi pirovneba gaxldaT: iyo fermweri, grafikosi, mecnieri, werda naSromebs maTematikis Sesaxeb, aseve muSaobda mSvenierebisa da harmoniis sakiTxebze xelovnebaSi.

albreht diureris naxati albertis badis gamoyenebis sailustraciod

davaleba moiZieT informacia filipo bruneleskisa da leon batista albertis, rogorc arqiteqtorebis, moRvaweobis Sesaxeb da warmoadgineT klasis winaSe.

18. TavSeyris wertili da horizontis xazi rogorc ukve iciT, Tu suraTze realuri sivrcis asaxva gindaT, urTierTparaleluri xazebi sibrtyeze damrecad unda ganaTavsoT.

1. daakvirdiT leonardo da vinCis `saidumlo serobas~ da aRwereT is. 2. Tqveni azriT, ra qmnis am suraTze sivrcis SegrZnebas?

leonardo da vinCi. saidumlo seroba. 1495-1498 ww.

rogorc xedavT, suraTze kedlebi iribad miemarTeba siRrmeSi. Tu maT gayolebaze xazebs gavavlebT, isini qristes TavTan, erT wertilSi gadaikveTeba. esaa TavSeyris wertili da Tu masze horizontalur xazs gavavlebT, miviRebT e.w. horizontis xazs, romelic xan suraTis centrSia, xan zeda nawilSi, xan qvemoT, xan gverdiT da xanac suraTis farglebs cdeba.

vitore karpaCo. wminda stefanes disputi. 1514 w. domeniko girlandaio. ioane naTlismcemlis Soba. 1486-1490 w.

p r a q t ik u l i s a muS a o renesansis epoqis mxatvrebis namuSevrebSi moZebneT TavSeyris wertili da horizontis xazi.

 winaswar moamzadeT ramdenime namuSevris qseroasli da saxazavis saSualebiT masze gaagrZeleT is xazebi, romlebic sinamdvileSi urTierTparaleluria;  ipoveT TavSeyris wertili Tqven mier SerCeul suraTebSi da gansazRvreT, sad gadis horizontis xazi;  warudgineT klass Tqveni namuSevari da daasabuTeT Tqveni gadawyvetilebebi.

19. albertis bade

rogorc ukve iciT, albertis bades mxatvrebi iyeneben sasuraTe sibrtyeze sagnebis an bunebis xedis perspeqtivaSi gamosasaxad da realuri sivrcis gadmosacemad. amgvari badis gamoyeneba Tqvenc SegiZliaT. amisaTvis ki misi damzadeba mogiwevT.

albertis mier badis daxmarebiT daxatuli larnaki

albertis badeSi moTavsebulia antonelo pizanelos suraTi.

p r a q ti k u l i s a muS a o daamzadeT albertis bade da misi daxmarebiT SeqmeniT namuSevari, romelSic sivrces asaxavT.

albertis badis gamoyenebis nimuSi Tqveni Tanatolis namuSevarSi

 daakvirdiT aq warmodgenil albertis bades da muyaosagan gamoWeriT CarCo saxeluriTurT. cxadia, ori aseTi formis gamoWra mogiwevT;

 gamWvirvale qaRaldze daxazeT bade, saxazaviT gaavleT masze urTierTgadamkveTi horizontaluri da vertikaluri xazebi;  muyaos CarCos or elements Soris moaqcieT gamWvirvale qaRaldi da SeawebeT isini erTmaneTs;  CarCo moxerxebulad daiWireT xelSi da mis miRma gaxedeT Tqven mier SerCeul xeds (oTaxs, peizaJs an sagnebs);  daakvirdiT, sad ikveTeba badeze datanili xazebi da sagnebis konturebi da ise gadaitaneT formebi furcelze;  SegiZliaT, formati, romelzec namuSevrebi unda SeasruloT, aseTive badiT dafaroT da namuSevari ise SeasruloT.

20. Semajamebeli gakveTili

TqvenTvis sasurveli saxatavi masaliT SeqmeniT nebismieri funqciis mqone nageboba peizaJis fonze, gamoiyeneT perspeqtivis kanonebi sibrtyeze sivrcis gadmosacemad; SegiZliaT Tqvens naxatSi `mwvane arqiteqturis~ elementebic CarToT. SeecadeT, gadmosceT TqvenTvis sasurveli ganwyobileba.

Tqveni Tanatolis mier Seqmnili namuSevari

adamiani _ samyaros centri

• • •

adamiani mcire plastikaSi

•

ras niSnavs `renesansuli adamiani~

silamazis berZnuli ideali ratom gamoisaxeba adamianis sxeuli qristianul xelovnebaSi sibrtyobrivad

21. adamiani saxis gareSe gakveTilis ZiriTadi Temebi:

• rogor gamosaxavs uZvelesi adamiani sakuTar Tavs • adamiani mcire plastikaSi • saxe nakvTebis gareSe _ kikladuri kerpebi

I. rogorc am Tavis saTauri gvamcnobs, Cveni interesis sagani amjerad adamiani iqneba, adamiani Tavisi garegnobiT _ sxeuliT, aRnagobiT, plastikiT; misi xasiaTiT, Sinagani samyaroTi Tu sulierebiT. rogori unda iyos adamiani, ra Tvisebebi aqvs mas? yoveli istoriuli epoqa am sakiTxebze sxva dasxva warmodgenas gvTavazobs da Sesabamisad, sxvadasxvagvarad gamosaxavs adamians. Cven ganvixilavT, Tu rogor gamoisaxeba adamiani sxvadasxva epoqaSi, rogor xedavs yoveli epoqa mas da rogor icvleba damokidebuleba adamianis mimarT. modiT, sul Tavidan daviwyoT.

II. rogorc iciT, uZvelesi adamiani Tavdapirvelad cxovelebs xatavda, sakuTar Tavs ki yuradReba mogvianebiT miapyro da gamoqvabulebis kedlebze adamianTa figurebic gaCnda. isini ZiriTadad nadirobis dros arian gamosaxuli. monadireebs xelSi mSvild-isrebi an Subebi uWiravT, cxovelebs umizneben da aqtiurad moZraoben, TiTqos cekvaven. adamianebis figurebi Zalze martivadaa gamosaxuli. maTi Tavebi mrgvali formis Savi laqiTaa gadmocemuli. muq siluetebad warmodgenili sxeulis proporciebi Zalze darRveulia, zogi Zlieraa wagrZelebuli, zogic _ gazneqili. Tumca, maTSi adamianis figuris amocnoba rTuli araa. ramdenadac ufro realuria cxovelebis gamosaxulebebi, imdenad pirobiTi da deformirebulia adamianTa figurebi. uZvelesi adamiani sakuTar sxeuls umetesad, moqmedebis dros gamosaxavs, zogjer ki mxolod kidurebs, magaliTad, argentinaSi mdebare erT-erTi gamoqvabulis kedlebze xelis mtevnebis gamosaxulebebs vxvdebiT. mniSvnelovania, rom uZvelesi adamiani arasodes xatavs saxes _ Tavi yovelTvis zogadad, feradi laqiT aris moniSnuli. 1. Tqveni azriT, ras unda niSnavdes xelebis gamosaxuleba? 2. ratom ar gamosaxavs uZvelesi adamiani saxes?

tasili. gamoqvabulis mxatvroba. Crd. afrika

santa-kruzi. gamoqvabulis mxatvroba. argentina

III. uZvelesi adamiani ara mxolod xatavda adamianis figurebs, aramed mis qandakebebsac qmnida, TixiT Zerwavda an qvisgan aqandakebda. es mcire plastikis nimuSebia, romlebic msoflios sxvadasxva wertilSia aRmoCenili, maT Soris _ saqarTveloSic. qvemo qarTlSi, Sulaveris goraze, sacxovrebeli saxlis keriis ferflSi aRmoCenilia axalgazrda gogonebis TixiT naZerwi qandakebebi, e.w. gogonaTa torsebi. maT ase uwodeben, radgan figurebs Tavebi ar aqvT. am figurebis sxeulze amokawrulia zigzagebi, paraleluri xazebi. danamdvilebiT aravin icis, ras niSnavs isini, magÂram mecnierebi varaudoben, rom es wylisa da wvimis niSnebi unda iyos. isini fiqroben, rom im Soreul xanaSi gogonebs ojaxis wyliT momarageba evalebodaT da rom ymawvili gogonebis figurebi wyalTan, wvimasTan, amindTan da, aqedan gamomdinare, nayofierebasTan iyo dakavSirebugogonas torsi. Sulaveri. eneoliTi li. amis dasturad ki saqarTvelos mTaSi SemorCenili erTi Zveli wes-Cveuleba mohyavT, romlis s akl as o di s kus i a drosac gazafxulis pirze sagangebod amzadebdnen axalgazrda gogonas figuras _ Tojinas, roimsjeleT, ramdenad aris SeÂ melsac mdinareSi agdebdnen. am ritualiT isini saZlebeli, saqarTvelos mTaSi wylisa da amindis RvTaebas gogonas gamosaxulegavrcelebuli es tradicia ukavbas msxverplad swiravdnen, raTa Tavidan aecileSirdebodes `gogonaTa torsebs~. binaT gvalva da im wels kargi mosavali mieRoT. amasTanave, mecnierebi fiqroben, rom qarTuli xalxuri leqsi `Tebrole midis wyalzeda~ swored am tradiciis gamoZaxili unda iyos. gogonebis torsebis msgavsi figurebi aRmoCenilia rumineTSi da kukutenis figurebis saxeliT aris cnobili. 3. aRwereT kukutenis figurebi. 4. imsjeleT, ra niSnebis mixedviT hgavs es figurebi saqarTvelos teritoriaze aRmoCenil `gogonaTa torsebs~.

qalebis figurebi. kukutenis (tripoliuri) kultura. daaxl. Zv. w. 4000 w.

ganmartebani torsi _ adamianis sxeuli, tani (Tavisa da xel-fexis gamoklebiT).

IV. rogorc dainaxeT, zemoT aRweril mcire plastikis nimuSebs saerTod ar aqvT Tavebi da ZiriTadi aqcenti adamianis sxeulze keTdeba. axla modiT, e.w. kikladuri marmarilos kerpebs gavecnoT. isini egeosis zRvis samxreT nawilSi mdebare kldovan kunZulebze e.w. kikladis kunZulebze gaTxril samarxebSia aRmoCenili. esec qalebis figurebia da maT kikladur kerpebs uwodeben. 5. aRwereT kikladuri kerpebi. 6. SeadareT kikladuri kerpebi Sulaveris qarTul da kukutenis qalebis figurebs. ra msgavsebasa da gansxvavebas xedavT maT Soris?

kikladuri kerpebi. Zv. w. III aTaswleuli

am kerpebis saerTo niSani isaa, rom mTeli sxeuliT warmodgenil figurebs orive xeli welze aqvT dawyobili, fexebi muxlebSi odnav aqvT moxrili da uklebliv yvelas masiuri, maRali yeli aqvs. wina figurebisagan gansxvavebiT, kikladur kerps aqvs Tavi, magram saxeze figuras mxolod cxviri aqvs moculobiTad gamoyvanili, danarCeni nakvTebi _ Tvalebi, piri, warbebi _ moniSnuli saerTod araa da saxe erTian sibrtyes warmoadgens. Tu SeiZleba iTqvas, es aris adamianis erTgvari zogadi formula da ara realuri adamiani.

d a v a le b a moiZieT xalxuri leqsi `Tebrole midis wyalzeda~ da daxateT am leqsis ilustracia.

uZvel es i Ti xi s Toji nebi

saqarTveloSi mcire plastikis mravali nimuSia aRmoCenili, maT Soris e.w. Tojinismagvari figurebi. isini sxvadasxvagvaria, magram mTavari isaa, rom isini Cvil bavSÂ vebs hgvanan. es Tojinebi wagrZelebuli cilindriseburi formisaa da am formaze mxolod saxe gamoiyofa: Tvalebis adgilas RrmulebSi odesRac qvebi iyo Casmuli, wiTeli saRebaviT warbebi iyo moniSnuli. wiTliTve gamoisaxeboda saxeze jvari an ubralod xazebi. mecnierebi varaudoben, rom Tojinebi mcirewlovani bavSvebis mfarvel RvTaebaTa kerpebi unda yofiliyo. saqarTvelos TiTqmis yvela kuTxeSi dRemde SemorCenilia tradicia: batonebiT daavadebul bavSvs wiTlebSi gamowyobil jvrebiT Semkul Tojinas aCuqeben xolme batonebis keTilganwyobis mosapoveblad. am tradiciaSi uZveles TojinebTan kavSiri SeiZleba davinaxoT.

Tojina. xramis didi gora. saqarTvelo. eneoliTi

22. mcire plastikis xelovneba

patara zomis mrgval qandakebebs anu mcire plastikis nimuSebs: adamianis, cxovelTa Tu frinvelTa gamosaxulebebs adamiani odiTganve sxvadasxva masalisagan qmnida; iyenebda qvas, Tixas, Zvals, xes da sxv. am figurebis daniSnulebac gansxvavebuli iyo: zogi samarxSi Casataneblad iqmneboda, zogs magiuri Zala miewereboda da ritualSi monawileobda, zogi nimuSi ki saritualo nivTis Semamkobel elements warmoadgenda da sxv.

verZis figura. qvacxelebi. saqarTvelo. eneoliTi

hipopotami. CineTi. eneoliTi

hipopotami. Zvelegvipturi saTamaSo

uZvelesi adamianis mier Seqmnil mcire plastikis nimuSebs yovelTvis martivi forma aqvs, isini SeiZle ba, bavSvis naxelavic ki gegonoT, magram maTSi yovelTvis zustad amoicnoba esa Tu is konkretuli arseba, radgan miniSnebulia mxolod mTavari, yvelaze saxasiaTo niSnebi da yuradReba detalebze ar ifanteba.

praqt i kul i s amuSao nebismieri saZerwi masaliT SeqmeniT mcire plastikis nimuSi.

 SearCieT masala, romliTac ukeT SeZlebT Tqveni Canafiqris ganxorcielebas;  gansazRvreT, Tqven mier SerCeul gamosaxulebaze (vTqvaT, cxovelze) romel saxasiaTo niSnebs gamoyofT sagangebod;  Tu gamosaxulebas Tixisagan gamoZerwavT, SegiZliaT, maSinve amokawroT masze detalebi, magram Tu saRebaviT detalebis daxatvas moindomebT, gaiTvaliswineT, rom Tixa jer unda gaSres da mxolod amis Semdeg SegiZliaT saRebaviT masze muSaoba;  gaecaniT damatebiT masalaSi mocemul informacias `batonebis~ Tojinis Sesaxeb da gamoiyeneT is Tqveni namuSevris Seqmnisas.

23. maradisobisaken mimavali adamiani gakveTilis ZiriTadi Temebi: • rogor gamosaxavdnen egviptelebi adamians • ra Taviseburebebi axasiaTebs egviptur portrets • Tvalebis inkrustirebis xerxi

I. egviptelebi adamians Taviseburad gamosa xaven. raSi mdgomareobs es Tavisebureba, kargad davinaxavT, ufliswul kaaperis portrets Tu gavaanalizebT. cnobili faqtia, rom gaTxrebis dros am qandakebis aRmoCenisTanave muSebma Sehyvires: `es xom Cveni soflis mamasaxlisia~. kaaperis qandakebas xSirad asec moixsenieben. kaaperi Cveulebrivi adamianis saxiT aris warmodgenili. gasaocari sizustiTaa gadmocemuli misi individualuri niSnebi: msuqani, savse saxis ovali, Rababi, meloti Tavi; avtors arc misi tansruli sxeuli Seulamazebia. mozrdili Ripic ki ar gamorCenia. erTi sityviT, es konkretuli adamianis gamosaxulebaa. am portretze naTlad Cans, rom egviptelebi adamians gamosaxavdnen misTvis damaxasiaTebeli yvela garegnuli niSniT da ar alamazebdnen mas.

kaaperi. Zv. w. III aTaswleuli

1. aRwereT ufliswul ranoferis portreti. 2. romel damaxasiaTebel garegnul niSnebs gamoyofT am portretze.

II. es qandakebebi micvalebulTa samarxebSi idgmeboda, samarxebi Semdeg iluqeboda da am qandakebebs veRaravin naxulobda. maS, risTvisRa iqmneboda isini? egviptelTa warmodgeniT, gardacvalebis Semdeg adamianis oreuli kvlav ubrundeboda am wuTisofels, poulobda sakuTar sxeuls, Sedioda masSi da agrZelebda arsebobas. swored am warmodgenam ganapiroba egviptelebis mier mumiis saxiT sxeulis Senaxvis tradicia da amasTanave, akldamaSi micvalebulis portretis arsebobac gansazRvra. egviptelTa warmodgeniT, adamianis oreuli am portretis saSualebiT advilad ipovida Tavis axal TavSesafars, amitom micvalebulis qandakeba gardacvlilis msgavsi, portretuli unda yofiliyo. swored aman gamoiwvia egviptur portretSi adamianis garegnuli niSnebis zedmiwevniT zusti asaxva. 48

ranoferi. Zv. w. III aTaswleuli

III. am portretebze dakvirvebisas gvaocebs is, rom aseT garegnul msgavsebasTan erTad, saxis gamometyveleba sruliad ganyenebulia da masze adamianis xasiaTis an raime ganwyobilebis danaxva SeuZlebelia. maSinac ki, rodesac figura Sen, mnaxvels giyurebs, mzera mainc Sen miRma, usasrulobiskenaa mimarTuli da sruliad pasiuria. aq uaryofilia yovelive warmavali da yofiTi. es bunebrivicaa, radgan gamoisaxeba droisagan Tavisufali, maradiulobisaken mimavali gardacvlili adamiani. am STabeWdilebis SeqmnaSi did rols asrulebs inkrustaciis meTodiT Tvalebis gamosaxvis xerxi. Tvalis forma gamoyvanili iyo qvaSi Casmuli liTonis Txeli firfitiT, TviT Tvali gamWvirvale alebastrisagan iyo gakeTebuli, xolo Tvalis gugebis adgilas mTis broli gamoiyeneboda. es Tvals misTvis Cveul bunebriv bzinvarebas sZenda. magram, Tvalis aseTi naturalisturi gadmocemis miuxedavad, mzera mainc gaSterebuli da gayinuli, odnav Semzaravic ki iyo, radgan mas ar acocxlebda quTuTos moZraoba da wamwamTa xamxami. cnobilia, rom erT-erTi samarxis gaTxrisas muSebma samarxSi Sesvlac ki ver moaswres, SeZrwunebulebi gamocvivdnen gareT, radgan isini qandakebebis gamyinavma mzeram daafrTxo. amgvarad, egvipturi portreti erTmaneTis gamomricxav or principzea agebuli. erTi mxriv, isini garegnulad Zalze hgavs micvalebuls, meore mxriv ki, masSi miwieri adamianuri Tvisebebi saerTod ar ikiTxeba.

IV. egvipturi qandakeba ZiriTadad, xisa da qvisagan keTdeboda da Semdeg iRebeboda. aq mkacri kanoni arsebobda: mamakacebis figurebi moagurisfro wiTlad iRebeboda, qalebisa ki _ yviTlad. samosi, umetesad, TeTri iyo, Tma _ Savi.

horusi. Zv. w. XXVIII s. fragmenti

3. aRwereT rahotepis da nofÂ retis saxeebi da maTi saxasiaTo garegnuli niSnebi. 4. aRwereT am figurebis samosi, pozebi. 5. daakvirdiT, aRwereT da gaaanalizeT, rogor aris Sesrulebuli Tvalebi. 6. SesaZlebelia Tu ara maT saxeebze xasiaTis an ganwyobilebis amokiTxva?

ufliswuli rahotepi da misi meuRle nofreti. Zv. w. XXVIII s.

24. egvipturi saTamaSo daakvirdiT aq warmodgenil egviptur nivTebs — Tojinas, burTebs, cxens... Tqveni azriT, ra daniSnuleba SeiZleba hqonoda maT? mecnierebi fiqroben, rom es bavSvebis saTamaSoebi SeiZleba iyos; Tumca aris mosazrebac, rom samarxSi aRmoCenili xis firfitisgan damzadebuli moxatuli Tojina micvalebulis megzuri, megobari SeiZleba yofiliyo, romelic im qveynad gaayoles mas. amgvari saTamaSoebis damzadeba Tqvenc SegiZ liaT.

egvipturi saTamaSoebi

p r a q t ik u l i s a muS a o SeqmeniT saTamaSoebi _ Tojina da burTi egvipturi nimuSebis mixedviT.

 burTebis keTebisas gaiTvaliswineT, rom Tixa unda gaSres da mxolod amis Semdeg SeiZleba daiwyoT maTi moxatva;  burTebis moxatvisas gamoiyeneT nebismieri ornamenti. sasurvelia, winaswar gaecnoT egvipturi xelovnebis nimuSebs;  Tojinis keTebisas SeecadeT, zustad gamoWraT misi tani;  Tojinis samosi SegiZliaT, aq mocemuli nimuSis mixedviT SeasruloT anda nimuSad freskebze warmodgenili samosi gamoiyenoT;  egvipturi Tojinis Tma Tixis patara burTula kebiTaa gakeTebuli; am SemTxvevaSi, SegiZliaT, sxva da sxva masala gamoiyenoT — wvrili mZi vebi, sxvadasxva feris Zafi, feradi qaRaldebi da sxv.

Seni Tanatolis mier Seqmnili namuSevari

25. idealuri adamiani

gakveTilis ZiriTadi Temebi: • rogor warmoedginaT Zvel berZnebs idealuri adamiani • polikletosis `kanoni~ • silamazis berZnuli ideali

I. Tu dRes adamianebs vkiTxavT, ras niSnavs `idealuri adamiani~, cxadia, rom maT SeiZleba, gansxvavebuli mosazreba hqondeT am sakiTxze. magram Zvel berZnebs mkafiod hqondaT Camoyalibebuli warmodgena idealuri adamianis Sesaxeb. Zveli berZnebisTvis idealuri adamiani iyo s akl as o di s kus i a pirvel rigSi, Tavisufali adamiani, romelic moTqveni azriT, ras niSnavs nawileobda polisis marTvasa da dacvaSi, rac mas „idealuri adamiani“, rogor RirsebiT aRavsebda da amave dros, valdebulebeb warmogidgeniaT is? sac akisrebda. Zveli berZnebis gamonaTqvami `jansaR sxeulSi 1. imsjeleT, rogor gamoxajansaRi sulia~ kargad warmoaCens, Tu ras gutavs diskobolosi Zveli berZlisxmoben isini idealur adamianSi. maTi azriT, nebis warmodgenas fizikurad idealuria adamiani, romelSic Serwymulia romSvenieri sxeulis Sesaxeb? gorc garegnuli anu fizikuri, ise Sinagani anu sulieri mSveniereba. idealuri adamianis umniSvnelovanesi niSani iyo mSvenieri sxeuli, rac jansaR, Zlier, lamazsa da gawvrTnil sxeuls gulisxmobda. amitomac berZenTa ganaTlebis aucilebeli elementi iyo fizikuri wvrTna, varjiSi da amas berZeni ymawvilebi sagangebo saswavleblebSi _ gimnasionebSi misdevdnen. idealuri adamianis meore niSani misi sulieri mSveniereba gaxldaT. ras gulisxmobdnen berZnebi amaSi? Zveli berZeni filosofosi platoni ambobda, rom `adamiani erTaderTi arsebaa dedamiwaze, romelsac SeuZlia SeiZinos codna da romelsac aqvs msjelobis unari~. misi azriT, idealur adamians unda hqondes codna sikeTis, samarTlianobis, keTilsindisierebis, sibrZnis, simamacis, TavSekavebulobis da adamianis sxva mironi. badros mtyorcneli dadebiTi Tvisebebis Sesaxeb da Tavadac am Tvise(diskobolosi). Zv. w. V s. bebis matarebeli iyos. berZen ymawvilebs sagangebo saswavleblebSi _ likeionebSi wera-kiTxvasTan da sxvadasxva mecnierebasTan erTad, am sakiTxebzec esaubrebodnen. amgvarad, saRi goneba, msjelobis unari, keTilSobileba da amasTan, harmoniulad Serwymuli fizikuri Zala, gawvrTnili sxeuli, berZenTa warmodgeniT, srulyofili, idealuri adamianis aucilebeli Tvisebebi iyo. 2. Tqveni azriT, dRevandeli adamianic unda atarebdes Tu ara am Tvisebebs? 3. xom ar daumatebdiT Tqveni mxridan kidev romelime Tvisebas, romelic idealuri adamianisTvis aucileblad migaCniaT?

II. aRsaniSnavia, rom berZenTa warmodgeniT, maTi RmerTebi yvela adamianuri (dadebiTi da uaryofiTi) Tvisebis matarebelni iyvnen. es ukvdavi arsebebi berZnebs marad axalgazrdebad da mSvenierebad warmoedginaT. Tu gadavxedavT berZnul xelovnebas, erT saocar kanonzomierebas aRmo vaCenT: berZnebi ara mxolod sakuTar RmerTebs, aramed yvela adamians (gmirebs, aTletebs) axalgazrdad warmogvidgendnen. sxva asaki maT ar ainteresebdaT. es ganpirobebili iyo maTi saboloo mizniT, SeeqmnaT fizikurad da sulierad srulyofili adamianis saxe. maTi warmodgeniT ki swored siWabukea is periodi adamianis cxovrebaSi, rodesac sasicocxlo Zalebi zenitSia da srul wonasworobaSia moyvanili. Zveli berZnebis warmodgeniT, idealuri adamianisTvis damaxasiaTebeli harmoniis erT-erTi nimuSia `delfoeli meetle~. `delfoeli meetlis~ originalis naxvisas SeiZleba, warmovidginoT: TiTqos sasworis erT mxares devs figuris garegnuli, fizikuri silamaze, meoreze ki misi Sinagani, sulieri mSveniereba. fizikuri silamaze misi sxeulisa Tu saxis mwyobri, daxvewili proporciebiT vlindeba, sulieri mSveniereba ki Sinagani simSvidiT, romelic mas saxeze aqvs aRbeWdili. es ori ram _ erT mTlianobad Sekruli, fizikuri da sulieri, TiTqos srulad awonasworebs Cvens warmosaxviT saswors da swored es badebs mnaxvelSi srulyofilebisa da RvTaebriobis gancdas. naTeli xdeba, rom Cven winaSea RvTaebrivi naperwkliT dajildoebuli idealuri adamiani.

delfoeli meetle. Zv. w. 478 w.

III. Zv. w-is V saukuneSi moRvawe berZeni moqandakis polikletosis mier brinjaosagan Seqmnili `doriforosi~ mSvenieri aRnagobis Wabukia, romelsac mxarze Subi gaudevs da welSi gamarTuli nela, dinjad moabijebs; sadacaa, nebierad gadmodgams marcxena fexs. daakvirdiT, rogor zustad gadmoscems moqandake misi sxeulis TiToeul nakvTs, rogori mkvrivi da dakunTulia misi Zlieri sxeuli, rogori harmoniuli da mSvenieria misi proporciebi, rogori mSvidia misi saxis gamometyveleba. simSvide da Sinagani wonasworoba gamsWvalavs mTel figuras. es Wabuki marTlac mSvenieri da harmoniulia sxeuliTac da suliTac, magram rogor `miagnes~ Zvelma berZnebma mSvenierebis asaxvis saidumlos? amaSi maT maTematika daexmara. Zveli berZeni filosofosis, piTagoras azriT, samyaroSi arsebobs sruli harmonia da amas swored ricxvebi gansazRvravs. Sesabamisad, harmoniisa da mSvenierebis misaRwevad adamianis naxelavsac maTematikuri gamoTvlebi unda dasdeboda safuZvlad. swored es gaakeTa berZenma moqandakem polikletosma, romelmac sagangebo traqtati Seqmna saxelwodebiT `kanoni~ da masSi adamianis sxeulis harmoniuli proporciebi daadgi na. sazom erTe ul ad aiRo adamianis simaRle 52

da mas Seufarda adamianis sxeulis nawilebi. magaliTad, Tavi sxeulSi Svidjer unda Cateuliyo, saxe da xelis mtevnebi _ 10-jer, fexis terfebi _ 6-jer da a.S. amgvarad, polikletosma SeimuSava sxeulis harmoniuli proporciebis mTeli sistema da idealuri adamianis saxe Seqmna. `kanonis~ Cvenamde moRweul erT-erT fragmentSi igi wers, rom am wesidan mcireodeni gadaxrac ki iwvevs harmoniis darRvevas. am principiT Seqmna man Tavisi namuSevari `doriforosi~. 4. gazomeT, ramdenjer eteva doriforosis sxe ulSi misi Tavi. 5. Tqveni azriT, bunebrivia Tu ara doriforosis moZraoba? daasabuTeT Tqveni mosazreba.

IV. kanonebi moqmedebda ara marto sxeulis, aramed saxis SemTxvevaSic. am kanonis mixedviT, cxviri saxeSi samjer unda Cateuliyo; Tvalebs Soris, warmosaxviT, kidev erTi Tvali Tavsdeboda, yvrimalebisken daxrili didi Tvalebi Rrmad iyo Camjdari budeSi. `berZnuli silamazisTvis~ damaxasiaTebeli iyo: savse saxis ovali, xorciani tuCebi, win wamoweuli, aseTive xorciani nikapi, SuaSi naWdeviT, swori cxviri. arsebobs gamoTqma `berZnuli profili~. tipuri berZnuli profilisTvis gansakuTrebul mniSvnelobas iZenda cxviris swori forma, romelic pirdapir, yovelgvari CaRrmavebis gareSe ebmoda Subls. swored aseTi profili aqvs venera miloselis cnobil qandakebas.

polikletosi. doriforosi (mSvildosani). Zv. w. V s.

venera miloselis profili

afrodite

6. aRwereT aq mocemuli venera miloselis da afrodites saxeebi. 7. aRwereT, rogoraa gamosaxuli Tma am qandakebebze. 8. emorCileba Tu ara maTi saxeebi berZnuli silamazis kanonebs? ratom? imsjeleT am Temaze da moiyvaneT argumentebi.

davaleba Zvel berZnebs aqvT aseTi gamonaTqvami: `adamiani yvelafris sazomia~. imsjeleT, ras unda niSnavdes es gamonaTqvami. Tqveni daskvnebi warudgineT klass.

26. mocekvave kacunebi

modiT, gavixsenoT, ra mniSvnelobiT ixmareba xelovnebaSi terminebi statika da dinamika. umoZraod mdgari figurebi statikuria, xolo cocxal, mkveTr moZraobaSi warmodgenil figurebze ityvian, isini dinamikur pozaSi arian gamosaxulnio. modiT, axla Tavad SeqmeniT namuSevari, romelSic adamianis dinamikur da statikur figurebs warmoadgenT.

praqtikuli samuSao beWdvis teqnikiT Se qmeniT namuSevari „mocekvave“ kacunebis gamosaxulebebiT.

 winaswar moamzadeT plastilinis, Tixis an saSlelisagan adamianis sxeulis nawilebis (Tavi, tani, fexebi, xelebi) Sesatyvisi formebi;

 Rrubelze

daasxiT saRebavi da masSi CaaweT TiToeuli formis erTi waxnagi;

 formebis

anabeWdebi daitaneT winaswar momzadebul formatze ise, rom adamianis cocxali, moZravi, `mocekvave~ gamosaxuleba miiRoT;

 figuris moZraoba rom cocxali da aqtiuri gamovi des, plastilins SegiZliaT sxvadasxva forma misceT;

 dinamikuri matze.

figurebi Tanabrad gaanawileT for-

27. adamiani da misi xasiaTi gakveTilis ZiriTadi Temebi:

• ras gvamcnobs romauli portreti gamosaxuli adamianis Sesaxeb

• ra aris biusti • romauli saparado portreti I. rogor xedavda Zveli romauli samyaro adamians? amas kargad davinaxavT konkretuli portretis gaanalizebis Sedegad. erTi SexedvisTanave, agripas saxis mixedviT Seg viZlia vTqvaT, rom Cven winaSea fizikur ad Zlieri da mtkice xasiaTis mqone adamiani. ra gvaZlevs amis Tqmis sababs? ra Tqma unda, misi saxis nakvTebi: win wamoweuli nikapi, kexiani cxviri da amoziduli yvrimalebi mis Zlier nebisyofas warmoaCens; Rrmad Camjdari Tvalebi, Cafiqrebuli, daZabuli mzera da SeWmuxnili Subli ki gviCvenebs, rom am adamians sakmaod mZime valdebulebebi awevs da igi dalxenil cxovrebas ar eweva. erTi sityviT, Cven winaSea saxelmwifo saqmeeb iT damZimebuli, Zlieri nebisyofis mqone adami a ni. marTlac, agripa saxelganTqmuli romaeli mxedarTmTavari da saxelmwifo moRvawe iyo. igi imperator avgustusis TanamebrZoli gaxldaT da ro mis sasaxelod mravali brZola hqonda mogebuli. amgvarad, romauli portreti naTlad gviCvenebs, rom adamianis saxis mixedviT misi xasiaTis Sesaxeb garkveuli warmodgenis Seqmna SegviZlia.

agripas portreti. ax. w. I s.

ganmart ebani biusti (frang. buste, laT. bustum kremaciis adgili, saf lavis Zegli) _ adamianis gamo saxuleba mkerdamde (umTav resad portretuli) mrgval qandakebaSi. sabolood Camo yalibebuli saxe miiRo Zvel romSi, sadac biusts sagangebo sadgami gaukeTes. farTod gavrcelda aRorZinebis epoqasa da momdevno periodSi.

1. aRwereT aq mocemuli romauli portretebi. 2. romel saxasiaTo garegnul niSnebs gamoyofdiT maT saxeebze? 3. daaxasiaTeT es adamianebi. moxuci didebulis portreti. Zv.w. I s. viteliusis portreti. ax. w. I s.

II. albaT dagainteresebT, saidan iRebs saTa ves romauli portreti, romelic, rogorc davi naxeT, Zalze realisturia, ar Sealamazebs ada mians, rogorc amas berZnebi akeTebdnen da zustad gadmoscems gamosaxuli adamianis xasiaTs. es realizmi saTaves iRebs Zveli romauli tradiciidan: romaelebi gardacvlili adamianis saxidan cviliT iRebdnen niRabs, romelic Semdgom micvalebulis ojaxSi inaxeboda. Sedegad, romaeli ostatebi akvirdebodnen da swavlobdnen adamianis saxis struqturas, muskulaturas, romaeli qalis portreti. ax. w. II s. mimikas, rasac mohyva kidec maTi daostateba. garda amisa, gaCnda interesi konkretuli adamianisadmi. romaeli ostatebi ar eridebodnen adamianis saxeze didi cxviris, naoWebis, Rababis gadmocemas, asakis Cvenebas. isini daufaravad asaxavdnen adamianis xasiaTis nebismier _ dadebiT Tu uaryofiT Tvisebas. isini Tvlidnen, rom adamiani, nebismieri naklis miuxedavad, TavisTavadia da ar saWiroebs Selamazebas.

III. Cven mier ganxiluli yvela qandakeba biusts warmoadgens, magram Zvel romSi adamianebs mTeli taniTac gamosaxavdnen. amgvari portretebi ZiriTadad, imperatorebisa iyo da, rogorc wesi, isini qalaqebis centralur adgilebSi idgmeboda. es saparado portretebi iyo, romlis saukeTeso nimuSia imperator avgustusis qandakeba prima-portadan. varaudoben, rom aq asaxulia istoriuli momenti, rodesac avgustusi romis forumze Sekrebil Tavis momxreebs mouwodebda, gahyolodnen mas politikur mowinaaRmdegesTan _ antoniusTan sabrZolvelad. sxvaTa Soris, misi es gamosvla warumatebeli aRmoCnda, radgan romaelebi mas am brZolaSi ar gahyvnen. 4. gaaanalizeT imperatoris poza. 5. ras unda niSnavdes misi xelis Jesti? 6. aRwereT imperatoris Cacmuloba. 7. Tqveni azriT, ratom acvia imperators sabrZolo samosi?

sa k l a so di s k u s i a adamianis garegnuli msgavseba romauli da egvipturi portretebis saerTo niSania. ims jeleT, am msgavsebis miuxedavad, ra arsebiTi sxvaobaa maT Soris. moiyvaneT magaliTebi.

d a v a le b a moiZieT informacia mxedarTmTavar agripasa da imperator avgustusis Sesaxeb. SeajereT es informacia maT portretebTan da warudgineT klass.

imperatori avgustusi daaxl. Zv.w. 20 w.

28. sxeuli _ sulis WurWeli

gakveTilis ZiriTadi Temebi: • ratom gamoisaxeba adamianis sxeuli qristianul xelovnebaSi sibrtyobrivad • vis da ras gamosaxavdnen Sua saukuneebSi taZris interiersa Tu fasadebze • Sua saukuneebis mSeneblebi da maTi samuSao iaraRebi I. Tqven ukve iciT, rogori iyo Zveli egviptelebis, berZnebisa da romaelebis warmodgena adamianze, rogor gamosaxavdnen isini mas. Zveli egviptelebi maradiul samyaroSi gadasul adamians warmoadgendnen, Zveli berZnebi idealuri adamianis saxis Seqmnas eswrafvodnen, romaelebi ki konkretuli adamianis saxis asaxvas cdilobdnen. am gansxvavebaTa miuxedavad, Zvel samyaroSi yvelgan adamianis gamosaxuleba mainc realisturia _ formebi realurTan Zalze axlosaa. momdevno _ qristianul epoqaSi damokidebu leba adamianis mimarT sruliad icvleba da Tu rogor, amas Tavadac kargad dainaxavT, Tu Sua saukuneebSi Seqmnil mozaikas daakvirdebiT.

martorana, kedlis mozaika. italia. 1143 w.

1. aRwereT RvTismSoblis figura. 2. dafiqrdiT, ikveTeba Tu ara misi samosis qveS sxeulis formebi.

mozaikaze RvTismSoblis winaSe muxlebze dacemuli istoriuli piria gamosa xuli. misi samosi oTxkuTxa elementebiT dafarul ornamentul sibrtyes warmoadgens, romlis qveSac saerTod ar ikiTxeba adamianis sxeulis formebi. swored ase sibrtyobrivad gamosaxaven adamianis sxeuls Sua saukuneebSi.

II. albaT gainteresebT, ram gamoiwvia es cvlileba, ratom xedavs wina epoqebisagan ase gansxvavebulad sakuTar Tavs Sua saukuneebis adamiani? saqme isaa, rom qristianuli religiis mixedviT, mTavari Rirebuleba adamianSi misi sulia, romelic maradiulia; sxeuli ki meoradia, is mxolod sulis WurWelia, romelic adamians amqveynad arsebobisaTvis droebiT eboZa. rogor unda aesaxa qristianul xelovnebas sulis es upiratesoba? adamianis xiluli saxidan ostatebi sagangebod, moculobiTad gamosaxavdnen adamianis saxes, Tvalebsa da xelebs, romlebsac sulierebis sarked miiCnevdnen. tans ki, anu xorciel sxeuls, maTTvis dakarguli hqonda mniSvneloba, amitomac qristianul xelovnebaSi is sibrtyobrivad gamoisaxeboda. 57

aSot kurapalatis reliefi opizidan. IX s.

3. ras fiqrobT, ra Sinaarsisaa es scena? 4. daakvirdiT da gansazRvreT, rogori proporciebi aqvT figurebs. 5. aRwereT, rogor aris gamosaxuli maTi samosi. 6. Tqveni azriT, ratom aqvs taxtze mjdom figuras Zalze didi zomis xelis mtevani, romliTac taZars akurTxebs? 7. Tqveni azriT, vin SeiZleba iyos es makurTxeveli figura?

III. Sua saukuneebSi taZris interieri mxatvrobiT an mozaikiT imkoboda, xolo fasadebze xSirad sxvadasxva reliefur gamosaxulebas aTavsebdnen: wmindanebs, qtitorebs, istoriul pirebs, cxovelebs; aq zogjer warmodgenili iyo scenebi wminda werilidanac. yvela SemTxvevaSi adamianis sxeulis pirobiTad gamosaxva ZalaSi rCeboda. 8. daakvirdiT da aRwereT sveticxovlis reliefi. 9. Tqveni azriT, romeli figuraa mTavari am reliefze da ratom?

sveticxoveli. gumbaTis reliefi. sqema

Sua saukuneebSi eklesiis fasadebze zogjer eklesiis mSeneblebsac gamosaxaven, da maT xSirad samSeneblo iaraRebi uWiravT xelSi. es reliefi, romelzec mSeneblebi arian gamosaxuli, sveticxovlis taZris gumbaTs amkobs. mas Tan axlavs warwera, romlis mixedviTac vigebT, rom 1656 wels mefe rostomsa da dedofal mariams Camoqceuli gumbaTi aRudgeniaT. am reliefze gamosaxul yvelaze did figuras xelSi CaquCi da gonio uWiravs. gonio marTi kuTxis sizustisa da gverdebis sisworis Sesamowmebeli iaraRia, romelsac qvismTlelebi da xuroTmoZRvrebi iyeneben. is zogadad mSeneblobis, xelobis simbolos warmoadgens. am samSeneblo iaraRebiT, zomiTa da Cacmulo biT gamor Ceuli mamakacis figura, rogorc mkvlevrebi fiqroben, ubralo mSenebeli ki ara, aramed mefis moxele, mTavari xuroTmoZRvaria. am Tanamdebobas mefe rostomis dros saraidari ewodeboda da daaxloebiT dRevandeli mSeneblobis ministris Tanamdebobas utoldeboda. 58

gonio. sveticxovlis gumbaTis reliefi

CaquCi. sveticxovlis gumbaTis reliefi. sqema

ganmartebani qtitori _ berZnuli sityvaa da damfuZnebels, Semqmnels niSnavs. qtitori is pirovnebaa, romlis xarjiTac Sendeba, SekeTdeba an xelaxla irTveba eklesia. interieri (frang. intérieur — Sida) — Senobis an saTavsos Sida sivrce. interieris arqiteqturuli gadawyveta gansazRvrulia misi funqciuri datvirTviT. interieris dasamSveneblad iqmneba monumenturi mxatvroba, qandakebebi, mozaika.

IV. sveticxovlis reliefze oTx figuras Soris aRmarTulia didi xelsawyo. mis vertikalur RerZze gadebulia Zeli, romlis boloebzec X-is formiT gadajvaredinebuli mokle Zelebia damagrebuli. mecnierebi fiqroben, rom mSeneblebi X-is magvari saxelurebis meSveobiT xelsawyos zeda nawils RerZis garSemo atrialebdnen da amiT aRwevdnen imas, rom gumbaTi Signidan zustad wriuli formis yofiliyo. pirobiTad am xelsawyos SeiZleba, giganturi fargali vuwodoT. amgvari xelsawyos gamosaxuleba arsad sxvagan ar gvxvdeba. amitomac mecnierebi varaudoben, rom es xelsawyo aq gamosaxuli saraidaris gamogoneba SeiZleboda yofiliyo. 10. scadeT am xelsawyos damzadeba da Tavad gamoscadeT, rogor Semoxazavdnen misi saSualebiT sivrceSi wres.

s akl as o di s kus i a daakvirdiT argveTis eklesiis reliefis sqemas, aRwereT is da gamoTqviT varaudi, vin arian gamosaxulni aq da ra moqmedebaa warmodgenili masze.

argveTis eklesia. mSenebelTa reliefi. sqema

V. rogorc dainaxeT, sveticxovlis gumbaTze warmodgenilia mSeneblebis iaraRebi: gonio, CaquCi da giganturi fargali. es sami atributi uZvelesi droidanaa cnobili. erT-erTi legendis mixedviT, israelTa mefem solomonma moiwvia im dros saxelganTqmuli xuroTmoZRvari qiram abifi, romelic mSeneblobis xelovnebis saidumloebebs flobda. swored man aago legendaruli solomonis taZari ierusalimSi. moSurneebma qirami misive samSeneblo iaraRebiT _ gonios, CaquCisa da farglis dartymiT mokles.

sv e t ic xov e l i sveticxovlis sakaTedro taZari saukuneTa ganmavlobaSi qristianuli saÂqarTvelos sarwmunoebriv centrs warmoadgenda. jer kidev IV s-Si mirian mefes wm. ninos rCeviT, aq pirveli eklesia auSenebia. Semdeg, V s-is II naxevarSi aq vaxtang gorgasalma aago taZari. 1110-1129 ww-Si ki qarTlis kaTalikos melqisedekis dakveTiT, xuroTmoZRvarma arsukiZem sveticxovlis axali taZari aaSena.

sveticxoveli. XI s.

davaleba moiZieT informacia rostom mefisa da mariam dedoflis Sesaxeb. warmoaCineT maTi Rvawli qarTuli eklesiisa da kulturis winaSe. aseve moiZieT informacia maT mier aRdgenili taZrebis Sesaxeb da warudgineT klass.

29. Zeglis silueti

raze visaubrebT: • ra aris gumbaTis yeli • rogori formis gumbaTebs SexvdebiT qristianul da musulmanur samyaroSi Sua saukuneebSi

rodesac qristianul taZars vaxsenebT, yvelaze xSirad Tvalwin gumbaTiani eklesia warmogvidgeba. da marTlac, marTlmadideblur samyaroSi gumbaTiani taZari eklesiis yvelaze gavrcelebuli tipia. gumbaTi taZars agvirgvinebs. Si gnidan mas naxevarsferos forma aqvs. 1. gaixseneT, romeli gumbaTiani taZari ginaxavT; rogor daaxasiaTebdiT misi gumbaTis formas? 2. SeadareT aq warmodgenili taZrebis gumbaTis formebi erTmaneTs.

mistra. pantanasa. saberZneTi. XIV s.

gumbaTi ori nawilisagan Sedgeba. qveda nawils gumbaTis yels uwodeben. masSi sarkmlebia gaWrili da aqedan Semosuli Suqi ux vad anaTebs taZars. gum baTis zeda nawili ki gadaxurvas warmoadgens. mas sxvadasxvagvari forma SeiZleba hqondes. zogjer Zalze damreci, karviseburia, zog SemTxvevaSi — naxevarsferoseburi. ruseTis arqiteqturaSi ki umetesad, xaxvis bolqvis formis gumbaTebia gavrcelebuli. gumbaTi musulmanur arqiteqturaSic gvxvdeba.

cisferi meCeTi. stamboli. XVII s.

samTavisi. XI s.

moskovi. vasili netaris taZari. XVII s.

Tqven ukve iciT, rom sxvadasxva qveyanaSi Sua saukuneebis taZrebis gumbaTis forma gansxvavebulia. Sesabamisad, am taZrebis siluetebic sagrZnoblad gansxvavdeba erTmaneTisagan. aba, warmoidgineT, mTvarian Rames rogori iqneba qarTuli taZris gumbaTis mkveTrad daqanebuli karviseburi formis silueti, rusuli eklesiis xaxvis bolqvis formis gumbaTis gazneqili moxazuloba an musulmanuri minareTebis siluetebi, romelsac maRali, viwro, koSkiseburi minareTebis vertikalebi ganapirobebs.

davaleba daxateT an aplikaciis xerxiT gamosaxeT Tqvens namuSevarSi sxvadasxva qveynis taZrebis siluetebi.

Tqveni Tanatolis mier Seqmnili namuSevari

 moifiqreT, romeli qveynis taZris siluetebs gamosaxavT Tqvens namuSevarSi;  SearCieT formati da masze kompoziciurad gaanawileT taZrebis siluetebi;  moifiqreT, rogor ferebs mianiWebT upiratesobas — civs Tu Tbils;  Tqvens namuSevarSi SegiZliaT, sxvadasxva faqturac gamoiyenoT;  gaixseneT sxvadasxva faqturis miRebis xerxebi da gamoiyeneT isini Tqvens namuSevrebSi. 61

30. RirsebiT aRsavse adamiani gakveTilis ZiriTadi Temebi: • rogor gamosaxavdnen adamians renesansis epoqaSi • ras niSnavs `renesansuli adamiani~

I. Cven winaSea xelovnebis ori nimuSi: Sua saukuneebis gelaTis mozaika da leonardo da vinCis mier Seqmnili, renesansis periodis suraTi `madona benua~. orive maTganze warmodgenilia RvTismSobeli yrmiT, magram Tqven albaT erTi SexedvisTanave aRiqviT, Tu raoden gansxvavebulad arian warmodgenili RvTismSobeli da yrma am or kompoziciaze.

RvTismSobeli yrmiT. gelaTis taZris mozaika. XII s.

leonardo da vinCi. madona benua.1478 w.

Sua saukuneebis nimuSze sada, oqrosfer fonze gamosaxul RvTismSobels mkacri asketuri saxe aqvs da, `rogorc zeciuri dedofali~, ise wardgeba Cven winaSe, maSin, rodesac leonardo da vinCis suraTze is realuri, Cveulebrivi axalgazrda qalia, romelic oTaxSi zis da kalTaSi mjdom Svils ucinis, eTamaSeba da amiT xarobs. misTvis sulac araa ucxo adamianuri grZnobebi. renesansis epoqis mxatvrebi, Sua saukuneebis ostatebis msgavsad, kvlav qris tianul siuJe1. aRwereT am or namuSevarze tebze qmnian namuSevrebs. RvTismSobeli yrmiT, gamosaxul yrmaTa figurebi, ra scena qristes cxovrebidan, wmindanTa cxovrebis gansxvavebas xedavT maT Soris? amsaxveli scenebi am epoqaSic mravlad gvxvde2. rogor aris modelirebuli ba, magram maTze adamianebi ukve sul sxvagvarad maTi formebi am namuSevrebze? arian gamosaxuli. isini realuri adamianebi, in3. romeli yrmis figuraa uf dividebi arian, maTTvis damaxasiaTebeli garero realisturi da xorcieli? gnuli Ta viseburebebiT, xorcieli moculobiTi daasabuTeT Tqveni mosazreba. formebiTa da adamianuri grZnobebiT. renesansis epoqaSi swored aseTi adamiani iqceva samyaros centrad. renesansis epoqaSi yuradReba zecidan miwaze, miwieri adamianisaken inacvlebs. 62

II. renesansis ostatebi mxolod wmindanebs rodi gamosaxavdnen, isini saero pi rebis portretsac xSirad qmnidnen, romelzec axali, e.w. `renesansuli ada mianis~ saxis, rogorc idealis, amokiTxvaa SesaZlebeli. am idealis niSnebs kargad davinaxavT, Tu cnobili italieli mxatvris, piero dela franCeskas mier urbinos mmarTvelis, federiko montefeltrosa da misi meuRlis wyviled portrets gavaanalizebT.

piero dela franCeska. urbinos mmarTvelis, federiko montefeltrosa da misi meuRlis portreti. 1465-1472 ww.

or damoukidebel dafaze erTmaneTisaken pi riT ori adamiani _ federiko montefeltro da misi meuRle batista sforca arian profilSi gamosaxulni. isini Zalze axlos arian mnaxvelTan, maT ukan ki urbinos mSvenieri Soreuli xedi iSleba. figurebi didi zomisaa da Tqvenc albaT xvdebiT, rom isini peizaJze batonoben. maT mSvid saxeebze aranairi grZnoba an emocia araa aRbeWdili, Tumca federiko montefeltros saxis nakvTebi misi xasiaTis amokiTxvis saSualebas iZleva. misi kexiani cxviri, win wamoweuli nikapi, mokumuli Txeli tuCebi, masiuri kiseri gvafiqrebinebs, rom Cven winaSe Zlieri nebisyofis mqone, amayi, sakuTar TavSi dajerebuli, Rirseuli adamiania. swored aseTad surda mas portretze sakuTari Tavis warmoCena da amaSi kidev ufro davrwmundebiT, Tu am wyviledi portretis ukana mxaresac davakvirdebiT, sadac am wyvilis triumfis scenebia gamosaxuli.

cxeni rqosani. holandia. 1495 w.

g a n m a r t e b a ni cxeni rqosani _ miTologiuri arseba, cxeni, romelsac Sublze erTi rqa aqvs. simbolurad ganasaxierebs ubiwoebas, sulier siwmindes. alegoriuli figurebi _ figurebi, romlebic gamoxatavs raime azrs, ideas, cnebas. wyviledi portreti _ ori damoukidebeli nawilisagan Semdgari ferweruli namuSevari, romelzec ori sxvadasxva pirovnebaa gamosaxuli da romelic erT mTlianobas qmnis.

III. triumfi Zveli romauli tradicia iyo, romlis drosac brZolidan dab runebul gamarjvebul mxedarTmTavars mTeli qalaqi zeimiT anu triumfiT xvdeboda. mxatvarma federiko montefeltro swored sabrZolo samosiT mosili, gamar jvebuli mxedarTmTavris saxiT etlze mdgomi, triumfaluri msvlelobisas ga mosaxa. mas xelSi e.w. didebis kverTxi uWiravs, mis ukan Tavad frTosani dideba dgas da Tavze gvirgvins adgams. mis win ki oTxi figuraa gamosaxuli, romlebic samarTlianobas, siZlieres, sibrZnesa da zomierebas ganasaxiereben.

piero dela franCeska. federiko montefeltros da batista sforcas triumfis alegoria. 1472 ww.

namuSevris detali.

montefeltros meuRlec satriumfo etlze zis, romelSic siwmindisa da ubiwoebis simbolod miCneuli wyvili cxeni rqosania Sebmuli. qals xelSi locvani uWiravs, rac mis RvTismosaobas usvams xazs. aqve vxedavT sami qalis figuras, romlebic rwmenas, imedsa da mowyalebas ganasaxireben. yvela es alegoriuli figura migvaniSnebs, rom am portretze warmodgenili federiko da misi meuRle yvela im Rirsebis matarebelni arian, romelTac es figurebi ganasaxireben. amas gvidasturebs orive scenis qveS moTavsebuli laTinuri warwerebic. es marTlac iseT Rirseul adamianTa portretia, romlebic srulad acnobireben TavianT movaleobas samSoblos, adamianebisa da RvTis winaSe. swored aseTi iyo adamianis renesansuli ideali.

sa k l a so di s k us i a • amowereT teqstSi gamoyofili is sityvebi, romlebic portretze gamosa xul adamianTa Rirsebebs gamoxatavs, imsjeleT TiToeulis Sesaxeb. • Tqveni azriT, dResac sWirdeba adamians es Tvisebebi Tu ara? ras daamateb diT am CamonaTvals?

sa S in a o da v a l e b a moiZieT renesansis xanis romelime mxatvris mier Seqmnili portreti, daaxasiaTeT mas ze gamosaxuli adamiani da gamoTqviT mosazreba, ramdenad Seesabameba misi saxe warmodgenas `renesansuli adamianis~ Sesaxeb. daasabuTeT Tqveni mosazreba da warudgineT klass.

31. cxenosani qandakeba gakveTilis ZiriTadi Temebi:

• ra gavlenas axdenda antikuri kultura renesansis periodis xelovnebaze • vin iyo markus avreliusi • rogori iyo renesansis epoqis cxenosani qandakeba • cxenosani qandakeba mxatvrobaSi

I. rogorc ukve iciT, Zlieri, RirsebiT aRsav se adamianis saxe renesansis epoqis monapovaria. da ra gasakviria, rom Sua saukuneebis Semdgom, swored am epoqaSi Cndeba saxelganTqmuli, mravalomgadaxdili mxedarTmTavrebis cxenosani figurebi. Tavad cxenosani figuris tradicia antikuri epoqidan iRebs saTaves. renesansis epoqaSi Zalze didi iyo interesi Zveli saberZneTisa da romis xelovnebis mimarT. am interesis gaRvivebas isic uwyobda xels, rom italiaSi am periodSi mra v lad aRmoCnda antikuri xanis Zegli — qandakebebi, nagebobebi da sxv. arqeologiuri gaTxrebis Sedegad aRmoCenili Tu SemTxveviT napovni antikuri xanis qandakebebis nimuSebi am dros italiis qalaqebis moednebsa da quCebSi idgmeba. zogjer isini sagangebod CamoaqvT sxva qveynebidanac. renesansis ostatebi didi gulmodginebiT swavloben maT da cdiloben, aiTvison Zveli berZeni Tu romaeli ostatebis miRwevebi. cnobilia, rom antikuri xanidan Cvenamde er Tad erTma cxenosanma skulpturam moaRwia. esaa romis imperator markus avreliusis qandakeba, romelic renesansis ostatebisa da Semdgomi periodis moqandakeebisTvisac cxenosani figuris nimuSs, misabaZ magaliTs warmoadgenda. es qandakeba dRes romis kapitoliumis muzeumSia daculi, xolo misi asli muzeumis win, moedanze dgas.

markus avreliusi. romi. ax.w. II s.

1. aRwereT markus avreliusis qandakeba. 2. Tqveni azriT, ras niSnavs misi marjvena xelis Jesti? 3. imsjeleT markus avreliusis aq moyvanili gamonaTqvamis Sesaxeb.

m a r k u s a v re l i us i markus anius katilius severusi, igive markus avreliusi (121-180 ww.) 11 weli marTavda romis imperias. markus avreliusis survili iyo, mTeli Tavisi cxovreba filosofi isaTvis mieZRvna, magram romis imperatoris tvirTi aiZulebda, ebrZola imperiis mtrebTan: parTelebTan, sarmatebTan, germanelebTan da sxv. istoriaSi is cnobilia rogorc filosofosi imperatori, romelmac dagvitova Tavisi Canawerebis wigni — „fiqrebi“. ai, erT-erTi gamonaTqvami misi wignidan: „yoveli dRe ise unda gaataro, TiTqos is ukanasknelia; ar iCqaro, ar iyo gulgrili da ar miiRo Teatraluri poza — esaa adamianis xasiaTis srulyofileba“.

II. renesansis orma cnobilma ostatma _ verokiom da donatelom Tavisi drois cnobili mxedarTmTavrebis cxenosani figurebi Seqmnes. verokios brinjaos qandakeba warmogvidgens kondotier koleonis qandakebas, romelic amJamad veneciis erT-erT moedans amSvenebs.

verokio. koleonis cxenosani figura. venecia. 1477-1488 ww.

kol eoni

donatelo. kondotier gatamelatas brinjaos monumenti. padua. 1446-1450 ww.

4. aRwereT verokios cxenosani figura. 5. SeadareT erTmaneTs gatamelatas, koleones da markus avreliusis qandakebebi.

donatelos brinjaos skulptura ki cxenze am xedrebul kondotier gatamelatas figuras warmoadgens. es qandakeba dRes paduaSi dgas. esaa mxedarTmTavar erazmo narnis qandakeba. mas metsaxelad gatamelatas anu „Wrel katas“ uwodebdnen. esaa SesaniSnavi portreti, romelic am adamianis individualur niSnebs gadmogvcems da, amave dros, renesansis epoqis Zlier, sakuTar TavSi darwmunebul gmirs gvixatavs. romaeli mxedarTmTavris samosSi gamowyobili gatamelata garkveulwilad, markus avreliusis qandakebas mogvagonebs. mxedari mSvidad zis cxenze. win gawvdil xelSi kverTxi uWiravs, TiTqos brZanebas aZlevs Tavis qveSevrdomebs. qandakeba mkacri da mSvidia.

bartolomeo koleoni veneciam Tavisi jaris mxedarTm Tavrad miiwvia. mraval brZolaSi gamarjvebis Semd eg ko leonim mTeli Tavisi qoneba venecias uanderZa im pirobiT, rom gardacvalebis Semdeg am qalaqis mTavar mo edanze — san-markoze mis qandakebas dadgamdnen. 1475 wels koleoni gardaicvala. venecielebma verokios mier Seqmnili qandakeba ki Camoasxes, magram mTavari moednis nacvlad sxvagan, qalaqis erT-erT patara moedanze dadges.

donatelo. gatamelata. fragmenti.

6. Tqveni azriT, ratom gvagonebs paolo uCelos es ferweruli namuSevari qandakebas? daasabuTeT Tqveni azri.

III. cxenosani figura renesansis mxatvrobaSic Zalze popularuli iyo. XVI s-is mxatvarma paolo uCelom ser jon hokvudis cxenosani monumenti daxata. esaa maRal postamentze mdgari, cxenze amxedrebuli adamianis portreti, romelic Zalian mogvagonebs qandakebas. es namuSevari florenciis mTavari taZris, santa maria del fiores interiers amkobs. IV. cnobilia, rom cxenosani qandakeba leonardo da vinCisac hqonda Seqmnili, magram man Cvenamde ver moaRwia. 1482 wels milanis hercogma lodoviko sforcam misi mamis, gamoCenili mxedarTmTavris, franCesko sforcas ukvdavsayofad, leonardos daukveTa misi cxenosani qandakebis Seqmna. es unda yofiliyo maSindel msoflioSi yvelaze didi zomis cxenosani figura. leonardo TiTqmis 10 weli muSaobda, qmnida eskizebs da Sedegad 7,5 m simaRlis Tixis modeli gamoZerwa, romelic milanis centrSi dadges. 1499 wels qalaqze frangebis Tavdasxmis Sedegad leonardos es namuSevari mtris nasroli WurviT ganadgurda. leonardos Canaxatebis mixedviT momdevno epoqebSi mravali mcire Tu didi zomis cxenis fi gura Seiqmna.

paolo uCelo. mxedris, ser jon hokvudis portreti. florencia. 1436 w.

leonardo da vinCi. sforcas Zeglis eskizi. 1488 w. leonardo da vinCis cxenis eskizi da mis mixedviT Seqmnili skulptura (miCigani, aSS. 1999 w.)

ganmartebani kondotieri (ital. condotti ere) — da qira vebuli samxedro razmis winamZRoli.

davaleba moiZieT saqarTvelos qalaqebSi dadgmuli cxenosani qandakebebi. SeadareT isini erTma neTs da warudgineT Tqveni mosazrebebi klass.

32. moqandakis Semoqmedeba

romelime mxatvrisa Tu moqandakis Semoqmedebis Seswavla masalis SegrovebiT iwyeba. aq mocemulia renesansis cnobili moqandakis, miqelanjelos mier Seqmnili namuSevrebis fotokolaJi, romelic praqtikuli samuSaos Sesrulebis dros nimuSad gamogadgebaT.

miqelan jelo (1475-1564)

madona yrmiT. 1494

pieta. 1498-1500

mose. 1513-1516

mona. 1514

mona. 1520-1530

p r a q t ik u l i s a muS a o SeqmeniT qarTveli moqandakeebis Semoqmedebis amsaxveli stendi.

 daiyaviT

jgufebad. TiToeulma jgufma TiTo moqandake airCios;  SeagroveT Tqven mier arCeuli moqandakis namuSevrebis fotomasala;  did formatze kompoziciurad gaanawileT fotoebi da gaukeTeT warwerebi. ar dagaviwydeT TariRis miTiTeba;  jgufis wevrebma dainawileT namuSevrebi da werilobiT gaaanalizeT TiToeuli maTgani, moiZieT saintereso istoriebi maT Sesaxeb; nimuSad aq mocemuli „daviTis qandakeba“ gamogadgebaT;  klasSi moawyveT Tqveni naSromebis prezentacia.

miqelanjelo. daviTi. 1501 w.

d a v iTis q a nda k e b a daviTis qandakebis Seqmna miqelanjelom 1501 wels daiwyo. ramdenimetoniani, 5 metris simaRlis marmarilos qvisagan mas goliaTTan mebrZoli bibliuri mefis, daviTis saxe unda Seeqmna. bibliis mixedviT, daviTi mxolod 14 wlis iyo, miqelanjelom ki is ufro mozrdili Wabukis saxiT warmogvidgina. daviTi brZolisaTvis emzadeba. cal xelSi Surduli uWiravs. mtrisken mimarTuli mzera daZabulia. misi axalgazrda, Zlieri, dakunTuli sxeuli mSvenieri da srulyofilia. es qmnileba Tavdapirvelad florenciis mTavar moedanze idga. amJamad misi adgili aslma daikava, originali ki florenciis akademiis SenobaSi inaxeba. am qandakebasTan erTi saintereso istoriaa dakavSirebuli: paps daviTis cxviri didi moeCvena. miqelanjelo daTanxmda cxviris dapataravebas. is qandakebaze aZvra da cxviri daapatarava. sinamdvileSi ki xelSi winaswar momaragebuli marmarilos fxvnili Camoyara zemodan.

33. adamianis sulis anarekli gakveTilis ZiriTadi Temebi:

• rogor asaxavs rembrandti adamians • rodis Seirya rwmena adamianis srulyofilebisa da siZlieris Sesaxeb • rogor icvleba adamianis mimarT damokidebuleba XVII saukuneSi

I. Tqveni azriT, vin unda iyos gamosaxuli rembrandtis am portretze, romelic 1654 welsaa Sesrulebuli? xom cxadia, rom es konkretuli adamiania, moxuci mamakaci, romelic savarZelSi zis, TiTqmis mTeli sasuraTe sibrtye ukavias da muqyavisfer fonzea gamosaxuli. Cven ar viciT, vin aris igi. moxuci kacis portreti _ ase uwodeben mas, magram ramdeni ram SegviZlia vTqvaT mis Sesaxeb. es cxovrebisgan daRlili, mravalWirnaxuli, didi cxovrebiseuli gamocdilebis mqone, arcTu SeZlebuli, odesRac mSromeli adamiania. sevda da dardi ikiTxeba mis saxeze, udides naRvels asxivebs misi mzera. daRarul Sublsa da najaf, danaoWebul xelebze, romlebic sagangebod gaunaTebia mxatvars, TiTqos mTeli misi ganvlili mZime cxovrebaa aRbeWdili. mxatvari ise xatavs mas, rom Cven am adamianisadmi didi TanagrZnoba gviCndeba. da Tu axla renesansis periodis portretebs gavixsenebT, naTlad davinaxavT, rom sadRac gamqrala adamianis Tavdajerebuloba, sakuTari Tavis rwmena, siZliere, misi RirsebiT aRsavse mzera da masSi dards, SfoTsa da mRelvarebas dausadgurebia. mousvenrobisa da SfoTis am gancdas aZlierebs gamosaxvis xerxebic. yvelaze qmediTi ki am xerxebs Soris, cxadia, ganaTebaa. figura TiTqos wyvdiadSi iZireba an wyvdiadidan gamodis; suraTze mxolod is detalebia amonaTebuli da zedmiwevniT amoxatuli, romlebic am adamianis Sinagani samyaros gaxsnas emsaxureba. 1. SeadareT ticianis mier Seqmnili ipolito riminaldis portreti rembrandtis moxuci mamakacis portrets da warmoaCineT gansxvaveba maT Soris.

rembrandti. moxuci kaci wiTelSi. 1654 w.

ticiani. ipolito riminaldis portreti. 1545 w.

II. XVI s-is miwurulidan sruliad icvleba damokidebuleba adamianis mimarT. am xanaSi adamians srulyofil, Zlier da yovlisSemZle arsebad aRar Tvlian, Tumca, sainteresod miaCniaT igi swored adamianuri sisusteebisa da mudmivi cvalebadobis gamo. maTi azriT, araferia maradiuli, adamianic warmavalia da uZluri am warmavlobis winaSe. 69

am epoqaSi swored drois swrafi dinebisa da mudmivi cvalebadobis idea moiwevs wina planze; aRar arsebobs simyarisa da stabilurobis gancda, rac renesansis epoqas axasiaTebda. `samyaro mudmivi saqanelaa~, _ ambobda frangi mwerali da filosofosi miSel monteni. es niSnebi vlindeba rembrandtis gviani periodis avtoportretebSi, romlebSic kargad Cans mxatvris Sinagani mdgomareoba: dardi, daRla, cxovrebisagan miRebuli dartymebiT gamowveuli imedgacrueba. es arcaa gasakviri, sicocxlis bolos mas mravali ubedureba daatyda Tavs. rembrandti jer gakotrda, dakarga saxli, romelic auqcionze gaiyida, Semdeg mas sayvareli meuRle gardaecvala, bolos ki misi Svili titusic gamoecala xelidan. es yovelive mis Semoqmedebazec aisaxa. rembrandti dardisa da SfoTis asaxvis udidesi ostati gaxldaT. amave dros, igi saocari TanagrZnobiT xatavda Tavis dardian da cxovrebisagan gatexil `gmirebs~.

2. aRwereT rembrandtis es avtoportreti 3. imsjeleT, ras gamoxatavs rembrandtis es mzera. 4. SeadareT rembrandtis es avtoportreti renesansis ostatis, ticianis avtoportrets. ra msgavsebasa da ra gansxvavebas xedavT?

rebrandti. avtoportreti. 1659 w.

m iS e l mo nt e ni (1 5 3 3 - 1 5 9 4 ) frangi moazrovne, iuristi da politikosi. filo sofiasa da samarTals swavlobda tuluzisa da bordos universitetebSi. iyo bordos parlamentis wevri, orjer ki _ amave qalaqis meri. igi mravali filosofiuri wignis avtoria. misi ZiriTadi naSromia `cdebi~, romelic 1676 wels vatikanma akrZala. montenma Seqmna erTgvari `cxovrebis saxelmZRvanelo~, romelSic ZiriTadad ganixilavs adamians, mis sulier samyaros, saqciels, xasiaTs, fsiqologias. `araferia imaze ufro mSvenieri, vidre keTilsindisierad Seasrulo adamianis roli~, _ ambobda monteni.

d a v a le b a moiZie nebismieri mxatvris avtoportreti da daaxasiaTe misi pirovneba am namuSevris mixedviT.

ticiani. avtoportreti.1567 w.

34. saxasiaTo portreti

portretis daxatva sakmaod rTuli saqmea. adamianis gamosaxva sibrtyeze, misi msgavsebis gadmocema, Sinagani samyaros gaxsna, detalebisa da aqsesuarebis daxatva, maTi faqturis Cveneba _ is amocanebia, romlebic portretis Seqmnisas mxatvris winaSe dgas. portreti konkretuli adamianis gamosaxulebaa, is umeteswilad garegnuli msgavsebis gadmocemas gulisxmobs, Tumca, es yovelTvis ase araa; xSirad, gansakuTrebiT XX s-is xelovnebaSi, mxatvrebi sulac ar isaxavdnen amas miznad. portretis Sesaqmnelad uamravi xerxis gamoyeneba SeiZleba. xSirad romeliRac konkretuli feri ama Tu im adamianTan asocirdeba an misi xasiaTis romelime Tvisebas Seesabameba, rasac aqtiurad iyeneben Tanamedrove mxatvrebi. zogjer mxatvrebi portretis Seqmnisas gansakuTrebiT usvamen xazs konkretuli adamianisaTvis damaxasiaTebel raime niSans, an iseT detalsa da aqsesuars iyeneben, romlebic am adamians gvaxsenebs.

p r a q ti k u l i s a muS a o SeqmeniT portreti, romelSic msgavsebaze metad mniSvnelovani iqneba adamianisTvis damaxasiaTebeli raime konkretuli niSnis an iseTi detalis gadmocema, romelic masTan asociacias iwvevs. kes van dongeni. yayaCo puris yanaSi. 1919 w.

 moifiqreT, visi portretis daxatva gsurT;  gaixseneT misi saxasiaTo niSnebi da yuradReba gaamaxvileT maTze;  gadawyviteT, romel mxatvrul xerxebs gamoiyenebT namuSevris Sesaqmnelad;  feradi aqcentebi dagexmarebaT Sesabamisi ganwyobilebis SeqmnaSi;  moifiqreT, samosis romeli detalebiT an aqsesuarebiT SeZlebT mianiSnoT

am adamianze (mis asakze, profesiaze, socialur mdgomareobaze, epoqaze, romelSic is cxovrobs, mis Sinagan samyaroze da a.S.).

mari loranseni. madmuazel Sanelis portreti. 1923 w.

amadeo modiliani. poloneli qalis portreti. 1919 w.

avTo varazi. bukinisti. 1964 w.

35. Semajamebeli gakveTili

1. aq warmodgenili xelovnebis nimuSebi daukavSireT Sesabamis epoqebs da daasabuTeT Tqveni gadawyvetileba. axseniT, ramdenad Seesabameba TiToeuli namuSevris qvemoT miwerili cneba Tavad am namuSevars.

2. adamiani saxis gareSe 1. maradisobisken mimavali adamiani 4. adamiani da misi xasiaTi a) Sua saukuneebis xelovneba b) egvipturi xelovneba g) renesansis xelovneba d) XVII saukunis xelovneba 5. sxeuli _ sulis WurWeli

e) Zveli saberZneTis xelovneba v) Zveli romis xelovneba z) uZvelesi adamianis xelovneba

3. idealuri adamiani

7. adamiani _ sulis anarekli

6. RirsebiT aRsavse adamiani

2. Tqven ukve SeqmeniT Tojina egvipturi nimuSis mixedviT. aseve gaecaniT saqarTvelos teritoriaze aRmoCenil uZveles Tojinebs. axla, modiT, Tavad scadeT, nebismieri masaliT (plastilini, Tixa) gamoZerwoT Tojina da nebismieri xerxiT SeamkoT is. 72

adamiani da yoveldRiuroba

• • • • • •

III

ra aris dizaini rogor amkoben keramikul WurWels ra aris stilizacia raze mogviTxrobs samosi saidan iRebs saTaves Tanamedrove wigni sad da rogor warmoiSva plakati

36. dekoratiul-gamoyenebiTi xelovneba gakveTilis ZiriTadi Temebi:

• rogor gaCnda nivTebis Semkobis tradicia? • vin iyo da ras qmnida tifani? • nivTis samkauli Tu dafaruli azri?

I. cnobilia, rom adamiani ZvelTaganve zrunavda yoveldRiur cxovrebaSi gamosayenebeli sagnebis formasa da ierze. Tavdapirvelad uswormasworo xazebiTa da martivi geometriuli formebiT amkobda Tixis WurWels, ucnaur niSnebsa da gamosaxulebebs kveTda samuSao da sabrZolo iaraRze. mecnierebi axlac bevrs kamaToben imis Taobaze, Tu ras gamoxatavs es gamosaxulebebi — mxolod samkaulia Tu maTSi raime dafaruli azric devs. TiToeul kulturaSi sa yofacxovrebo sagne bis da maTi Semkulobis sakuTari tradicia Camoyalibda. swored ase Seiqmna dekoratiul-gamoyenebiTi xelovneba. rogorc xelovnebis yvela sxva sferoSi, dakvirvebuli adamiani aqac ganasxvavebs erTmaneTisgan Zvel civilizaciaTa, dasavluri an aRmosavluri xelovnebis nimuSebs.

kelturi brinjaos sarke

etruskuli brinjaos sarke

egvipturi kosmetikuri kovzi

Tixis Tasi. centraluri amerika

Sumerebis Tixis qoTani

avstralieli aborigenebis sabrZolo da Sromis iaraRebi

egvipturi Tixis qoTani. Zv.w. 3400 w.

1. daakvirdiT fotoebze warmodgenil nivTebs. 2. aRwereT, ra aris maTze gamosaxuli.

II. dekoratiul-gamoyenebiTi xelovneba mraval dargs aerTianebs. is moicavs xis, liTonis, minis da tyavis nakeTobebs, qsovils, samossa da samkauls. praqtikulad yvela sagans, romlebsac yoveldRiur cxovrebaSi viyenebT, adamianebis mier mofiqrebuli forma da Semkuloba aqvs. droTa ganmavlobaSi es CamonaTvali kidev uf ro izrdeba. Cvens cxovrebaSi axali sagnebi Cnde ba da, rasakvirvelia, adamianebi maT garegnul iersaxeze anu dizainzec zrunaven. swored dizaini gansazRvravs Cvens STabeWdilebas da imas, mogvindeba Tu ara aseT saganTan „urTierToba“.

gulsabnevi zurmuxtebiT. XVII s. yelsabami. safrangeTi. XVIII s. napoleon III-is margalitebiT Semkuli samkauli

s akl as o di s kus i a imsjeleT imis Sesaxeb, rogori iqneboda sam yaro, Cveulebriv nivTebs mxolod daniSnuleba rom hqondes da aravin zrunavdes maT iersaxeze.

franguli bufeti. renesansi. XVI s.

Cipendeilis skami

Zvel samyaroSi dekoratiul-gamoyenebiTi xelovnebis nimuSebis avtorTa vinaoba, mcire gamonaklisis garda, ucnobia. Tumca, aRorZinebis epoqidan moyolebuli, saxelganTqmuli ostatebi dizainis sxvadasxva dargSi moRvaweobdnen. uaRresad popularuli iyo dekoratiuli qsovilebis warmoeba. TviT rafaelic ki qmnida gobelenis eskizebs. didi popularobiT sargeblobda xis aveji, romelic ostaturad iyo Semkuli CuqurTmiT da zogjer inkrustirebulic iyo. araerTi cnobili mxatvari da moqandake ki daxvewili saiuveliro nakeTobebis, qalisa da mamakacis samkaulis eskizebs qmnida. renesansis periodis Spaleris nimuSi

ganmart ebani inkrustacia (laT. incrustatio vfa rav feniT an qerqiT) — raime sagnis zedapirze CaWdevebuli gansxvavebuli masalis _ Zvlis, sadafis, liTonis samkauli. gobeleni _ xeliT naqsovi kedlis xaliCa, romelzec raime siuJetia gamosaxuli.

III. dRes Cven garSemo uamravi iseTi nivTia, romelic SeiZleba, pirdapir mxatvris saxelosnoSi ar aris Seqmnili, magram ama Tu im ganTqmuli xelovanis saxelTan aris dakavSirebuli. erT-erTi aseTi saxelia tifani. minis mxatvruli damuSavebis da axali teqnologiebis gamoyenebis wyalobiT tifanim SeZlo, Cveulebrivi WaRebis, sanaTebisa da minis sxva nakeTobebisaTvis yvelasagan gamorCeuli saxe mieca. misi namuSevrebi sxvadasxva zomisa da feris minis naWrebisagan iwyoboda, romlebic erTmaneTTan liTonis Txeli mavTulebiT iyo dakavSirebuli. sxvadasxva feris mcenareuli ornamentiT Semkuli minis sanaTebi, Tavisi gamWvirvalobis gamo, mravalferovan Suqs iZleoda da interiers xalissa da simyudroves matebda. tifanis xelovnebas bevri mimdevari gamouCnda. XX saukunis dasawyisSi Seqmnili es nivTebi dResac Zalze popularulia.

l ui s t i fani

tifanis magidis sanaTebi

3. CamoTvaleT dekoratiul-gamoyenebiTi xel ovnebis TqvenTvis cnobili dargebi. 4. Tqveni azriT, romeli axali dargebi Seemata dekoratiul-gamoyenebiT xelovnebas?

IV. Tanamedrove xelovnebaSi gansakuTrebuli mni Svneloba SeiZina erTi SexedviT uCveulo masalis sinTezma. qarTveli xelovani aleqsandre miqaZe liTonis mavTulebis, feradi minis firfitebis da ubralo an naxevradZvirfasi qvebisgan qmnis rogorc sayofacxovrebo daniSnulebis sagnebs, aseve ferad kompoziciebs sxvadasxva Temaze. qvebiT Seqmnili pirobiTi figurebis Sexameba gamWvirvale minis feradovnebasTan yvelasgan gamorCeul Tanamedrove iers sZens am namuSevrebs. 5. daaxasiaTeT es namuSevrebi. 6. ra asociaciebs aRZravs isini?

saxelganTqmuli amerikeli dizaineri luis tifani (1848-1933 ww.) cnobili saiuveliro firmis mflobe lis vaJi gaxldaT. mis saxels ukavSirdeba axali mimarTuleba minis dizainis sferoSi. tifanim Tavdapirvelad taZre bisaTvis didi zomis vitraJebis damzadeba daiwyo, rom lebsac upiratesad feradi minisgan qmnida da TiTqmis ar iyenebda saRebavs. feradi minis narCenebi ki tifanim WaRebisa da sanaTebis dasamzadeblad gamoiyena.

aleqsandre miqaZis namuSevrebi

daval eba dafiqrdiT, Tqven irgvliv arsebuli bunebrivi an xelovnuri masalisgan risi gamoyeneba SeiZleba sayofacxovrebo sagnis Sesaqmnelad an mis Sesamkobad. SeqmeniT originaluri sagnis eskizi. gauziareT erTmaneTs mo sazrebebi.

37. ornamenti _ nivTis samkauli gakveTilis ZiriTadi Temebi:

• ornamentis romeli saxeobebi arsebobs • ra aris stilizacia • riTi gansxvavdeba sxvadasxva kulturis ornamenti erTmaneTisgan

I. Tqveni azriT, ra aqvs saerTo aq warmodgenil nivTebs? maT adamiani yoveldRiur cxovrebaSi iyenebda da cdilobda, maTi saSualebiT sasiamovno, mSvenieri garemo Seeqmna, amitomac odiTganve rTavda maT, sxvadasxva xerxiT amkobda da amiT xelovnebis damoukidebeli dargis – gamoyenebiTi xelovnebis nimuSebad aqcevda.

larnaki saxuraviT, saberZneTi, Zv. w. VIII s.

1. daaxasiaTeT TiToeuli nimuSi. 2. xelovnebis romel dargs miekuTvneba es nimuSebi?

sparsuli lampari. XIX s.

vejvudis ornamentiani WurWeli. didi britaneTi. XIX s.

II. masala, romelsac gamoyenebiTi xelovnebis sxvadasxva dargi iyenebs, Zalze mravalferovania. Sesabamisad, gansxvavebulia sxvadasxva saxis gamoyenebiT-dekoratiuli nivTis Semkobis wesi, radgan zogjer Tavad masala karnaxobs ostats gaformebis ama Tu im xerxs. am mravalferovnebis miuxedavad, yvela drois gamoyenebiTi xelovnebis nimuSis Sesamkobad ornamenti gamoiyeneba. Tavad saxelwodebac amaze migviTiTebs – `ornamenti~ laTinurad samkauls niSnavs. 3. gaixseneT da CamoTvaleT, romeli masalisagan amzadeben WurWels, samkauls, xaliCas? 4. Tqveni azriT, axdens Tu ara zegavlenas ornamentis mxatvrul saxeze masala, romliTac iqmneba esa Tu is nivTi?

safrangeTis mefis, lui XIII-is kaJis Tofis kondaxi. XVII s-is dasawyisi

III. adamiani ornamentuli motivebis Seqmnisas saukuneebis ganmavlobaSi yvelafers iyenebda, rac mis garSemo iyo: mcenareebs, geometriul formebs, cxovelebs, frinvelebs da Tavad adamianebis gamosaxulebebsac ki. magram zedmiwevniT zustad ki ar xatavda am sagnebis formas, aramed gamosaxavda yvelaze mTavars, saxasiaTos, anu mimarTavda stilizacias. ase Seiqmna e.w. geometriuli da mcenareuli ornamenti. sparsuli xaliCa. XVII s.

5. romelia am ornamentebidan geometriuli da romeli mcenareuli? 6. rogori formebis stilizacia xdeba am nimuSebSi? 7. Tqveni azriT, romeli kulturis ornamentebis nimuSebia aq warmodgenili?

ornamentis nimuSebi

ornamentis ZiriTadi Tviseba ritmulobaa. ri tmi ornamentSi calkeul elementTa mravalgzis ganmeorebiT iqmneba. Tumca, imis mixedviT, Tu rogoraa ganlagebuli es elementebi, ritmic sxvadasxvagvaria. ornamenti yvela epoqasa da kulturaSia gavrcelebuli da sul sxvadasxvagvaria. Zvel berZnul da romaul kulturaSi Zalze xSirad gvxvdeba geometriuli formis ornamenti, magaliTad, e.w. meandri, romelzec geometriuli forma lentiseburad iSleba. aRmosavluri ornamenti ufro Tavisufali da laRia, yovelmxriv vrceldeba da xaliCiseburad edeba mosarTav sibrtyes. amgvari ornamentiT erTnairad imkoba rogorc mcire zomis nivTebi, ise taZris grandiozuli gumbaTi an kedlis sibrtye.

ganmartebani meandri _ ornamentis saxeoba. warmoadgens xveul an texil xazs. mcire aziis erT-erTi mdinaris _ meandris saxelis mixedviT.

davaleba 1. CamoTvaleT sayofacxovrebo nivTebi an xelovnebis sxvadasxva dargis nimuSebi, romelTa Sesamkobadac iyeneben ornaments. SeadareT erTmaneTs Tqveni CamonaTvali, aRniSneT yvelaze originaluri pasuxebi. 2. daakvirdiT am gakveTilSi warmodge nil ornamentis nimuSebs. daaxasiaTeT isini da SeecadeT gansazRvroT, romel kulturas ekuTvnis TiToeuli maTgani. werilobiT CamoayalibeT Tqveni mosazreba.

38. ornamenti sxvadasxva kulturaSi rogorc ukve iciT, aRmosavluri da dasavluri ornamenti erTmaneTisgan gansxvavdeba ornamentuli motivebiT, Semadgeneli elementebis kompoziciuri ganlagebiT da ferTa SexamebiT. ornamentis Semadgeneli elementebi SeiZleba, sxvadasxvagvarad iyos agebuli: isini SeiZleba, lentiseburad dalagdes, erTi centris garSemo moiyaros Tavi an, sulac, xaliCiseburad `moedos~ Sesamkob sibrtyes.

1. daaxasiaTeT warmodgenili ornamentis nimu Sebi da maTi ritmuli wyoba.

p r a q t ik u l i s a muS a o SearCieT TqvenTvis sasurveli ornamentuli motivi da SeqmeniT dasavluri an aRmosavluri tipis ornamentuli kompozicia.

 yuradRebiT gaecaniT aq warmodgenili ornamentis nimuSebs;  davalebis Sesrulebamde gaakeTeT am ornamentebis Canaxatebi;  aRwereT, ra elementebisagan Sedgeba da ra masaliTaa Sesrulebuli es nimuSebi, yuradReba gaamaxvileT ornamentis kompoziciur agebaze;  ornamentis daxasiaTebisas gaixseneT, ginaxavT Tu ara msgavsi nimuSebi da sad?  ornamenti SeiZleba, qaRaldze nebismieri feradi masaliT SeasruloT an aplikaciis xerxiT SeqmnaT;  Tqveni ornamentis Seqmnisas yuradReba miaqcieT misi Semadgeneli elementebis ritmul ganlagebas da feradovan Sexamebas;  gaiTvaliswineT isic, Tu ris Semkobas isurvebdiT am ornamentiT.

39. keramikis xelovneba gakveTilis ZiriTadi Temebi:

• saidan iRebs saTaves keramika • rogor mzaddeba keramikuli WurWeli • rogor amkoben keramikul WurWels

I. jer kidev uZvelesi adamiani im Soreul droSi Tixisagan qmnida WurWels. jer xeliT Zerwavda martiv formebs, mogvianebiT ki sagangebo mbrunavi Carxi gamoigona da mas Semdeg keramikuli WurWeli uzado simetriul formas iRebda. uZveles samarxebsa da namosaxlarebSi TiTqmis yvelganaa aRmoCenili Tixis WurWeli. Tixa myife masalaa da amitom WurWeli xSirad damtvreuli, dazianebulia. arqeologebi frTxilad iReben miwidan natexebs, asufTaveben maT. Semdeg etapze restavratorebi cdiloben, natexebiT aRadginon WurWlis pirvandeli forma. 1. ras gagonebT samadloSi aRmoCenili Tixis WurWlis Semamkobeli ornamenti? 2. aRwereT TrialeTis WurWlis dekoratiuli Semkuloba.

WurWeli TrialeTis yorRanidan. Zv.w. II aTaswleuli aRdgenili Tixis WurWeli. samadlo. Zv.w. I aTaswleuli

II. keramikuli WurWeli Tixisgan mzaddeba. Tavdapirvelad ostati WurWlis formas Zer wavs, xolo Semdeg, imisaTvis, rom WurWeli myari, gamZle da wyalgaumtari iyos, mas sagangebo RumelSi maRal temperaturaze (800-dan 1100 gradusamde) gamowvavs. gamowvisas Tixa fers icvlis. Tu RumelSi sabervliT haers SeuSveben, is wiTel fers iRebs, xolo, Tu Rumels mWidrod dagmanaven, WurWeli muqi nacrisferi gamodis. 3. rogor fiqrobT, ratom aris keramikuli Wur Wlis dasamzadebeli Carxi mbrunavi?

Tixis WurWlis amosayvani Carxi

k e r a m e ik oni _ meTu neTa u ba ni antikur xanaSi aTenSi arsebobda meTuneTa ubani, saxelwodebiT kerameikoni, romelic ganTqmuli iyo Tavisi nakeTobebiT. swored aqedan miiRo saxelwodeba gamoyenebiTi xelovnebis am dargma. am ubanSi keTdeboda da ixateboda larnakebi, es saqme ki sapatiod iTvleboda. ostatebi xSirad xels awerdnen sakuTar naxelavs. am tradiciis wyalobiT, zogierTi ostatis saxelma Cvenamde moaRwia. magaliTad, CvenTvis cnobilia, rom Zv. w. VI s-Si moRvaweobda vinme eqsekiasi, romelic Tavis nawarms ase awerda xels: `eqsekiasma Semqmna~. larnakebze aseTi warwerac SeiZleba Segvxvdes: `moxata evTimidesma, poliosis Svilma, ise, rogorc ver moxatavda evfroniosi~.

III. Cveni winaprebi sagangebod qmni dnen Savi feris keramikul WurWels. maT SeimuSaves Tixis gamowvisa da Sebolvis xerxi, romlis meSveobiTac Tixis WurWeli Sav fers iRebda. Semdeg zedapirs sagangebod aprialebdnen, rom liTonis bzinvarebis msgavsi efeqti mieRoT. amgvar keramikas Savpriala keramikas uwodeben da igi farTod iyo gavrcelebuli saqarTvelos teritoriaze Zv. w. III-II aTaswleulebSi. qarTuli Savpriala keramika. Zv.w. III aTaswleuli

IV. Tixa rbili, damyoli masalaa, misgan nebismieri formis miReba SeiZleba. keramikuli WurWlis forma yvela epoqaSi Zalze mravalferovania. WurWlis formas, upirveles yovlisa, misi funqcia gansazRvravs. mag., Zveli berZnuli hidria wylis gadasatani didi zomis WurWeli iyo. mas ganieri muceli da viwro yeli aqvs, raTa gadatanisas wyali ar gadmoiRvaros.

4. iyenebT Tu ara Tixis Wur Wels yoveldRiur cxovrebaSi? 5. Tu iciT, ra dadebiTi Tvisebebi aqvs Tixis WurWels? 6. ra informaciis miReba Se iZleba moxatuli berZnuli keramikis daTvalierebisas?

berZnuli keramikuli WurWeli. Zv. w. IV s.

V. sxvadasxva epoqaSi keramikas sxvadasxvagvarad amkobdnen. mag., Zv.w. II aTaswleulis qarTuli WurWeli xSirad amoburculi reliefuri zolebiT da „kopebiT“ aris Semkuli an geometriuli ornamentiT damSvenebuli. keramikuli WurWlis geometriuli an mcena reuli ornamentiT Semkoba aseve uZvelesi tradiciaa. amgvari ornamenti SeiZleba mTlianad faravdes WurWels an mis mxolod romelime nawils amkobdes. Zveli berZnebi WurWelze xSirad miTologiur siuJetebs gamosaxavdnen. 82

Tixis qoTani. armazcixe. mcxeTa

keramikuli WurWlis uZvelesi iaponuri saxeoba Ziomonis saxeliTaa cnobili. Tixisgan xeliT gamoZerwil WurWels gamowvamde balaxisagan daw足 nul bawrebs mWidrod axveven garSemo. rbil Tixaze bawris kvali rCeba. gamowvisas bawari if足 er足fleba, misi kvali ki ornamentebad aRibeWdeba WurWlis kedlebze.

Ziomoni. iaponia. Zv.w. II aTaswleuli

WurWlis `anatomia~

lia bagrationis namuSevrebi

WurWlis sxvadasxva nawils yvela droSi ZvelTaganve saxeli hqonda Serqmeuli: tani, muceli, mxari, yeli, tuCi, niskarti, yuri, fexi, xeli.

VI. keramika Tanamedrove xelovnebis saintereso dargia. Tanamedrove qarTveli xelovani lia bagrationi qmnis iseT keramikul namuSevrebs, romlebic TavianTi sada geometriuli formebiT, kompoziciiT, faqturiT mWidrod aris dakavSirebuli keramikis Zvel tradiciul xelovnebasTan. Tumca am namuSevrebis mxatvruli saxe dRes aRar aris ganpirobebuli uSualod maTi daniSnulebiT. es ufro keramikuli mxatvruli obieqtebia, romlebic didi xania, gascda gamoyenebiTi xelovnebis farglebs da xelovnebis damoukidebeli nawarmoebis mniSvneloba SeiZina. 7. aRwereT Tanamedrove keramikis aq warmodgenili nimuSebi. 8. ra asociaciebs aRgiZravT es namuSevrebi?

lia bagrationi. gamqrali qalaqebis anareklebi. 2008 w.

davaleba 1. CamoTvaleT tradiciuli qarTuli Tixis WurWlis TqvenTvis nacnobi saxeobebi, moiZi足eT maTi saxelwodeba da CaxateT isini. 2. gaecaniT informacias _ `WurWlis `anatomia~. `moargeT~ CamoTvlili saxelebi keramikuli WurWlis sxvadasxva nawils.

40. Tixis WurWeli

keramikuli WurWlis Sesamkobad Tanamedrove ostatebi Zvel xerxebsac iyeneben da axal, originalur moti vebsa da kompoziciebsac qmnian. xSirad keramikuli WurWlis tradiciuli formebi uCveulo feriTaa Se Rebili da Semkulia stilizebuli naxatiT, rac am namuSevrebs Tanamedrove iersaxes aZlevs. am principis gamoyeneba Tqvenc SegiZliaT sasurveli namuSevris Sesaqmnelad.

Tanamedrove keramikuli Caidani

es Wiqa Tqveni Tanatolis Seqmnilia pablo pikaso. dekoratiuli TefSi. 1948 w.

p r a q t ik u l i s a muS a o Tixisagan gamoZerweT nebismieri formis WurWeli da SeamkeT is ornamentiT.

 davalebis Sesasruleblad umjobesia e.w. italiuri sveli Tixis gamoyeneba;  sasurvelia, WurWlisTvis martivi forma SearCioT;  WurWlis Sesamkobad svel Tixaze raime xerxiT SegiZliaT anabeWdi daitanoT. amisaTvis gamoiyeneT sxvadasxva faqturis mqone bunebrivi an xelovnuri masala;  WurWeli SegiZliaT sxvagvarad SeamkoT, xis CxiriT an raime sagnis wveriT amokawroT ornamenti;  Tixis gaSrobis Semdeg SegiZliaT, mis zedapirze saRebaviT daitanoT ornamenti, an ukve amokawruli ornamenti SeReboT. aseve, SegiZliaT SeReboT Tixaze gadatanili anabeWdi.

41. samosi sxvadasxva epoqaSi gakveTilis ZiriTadi Temebi:

• raze mogviTxrobs samosi • rogoria tradiciuli aRmosavluri da ZvelberZnuli samosi • ra axasiaTebs tradiciul qarTul samoss • rogor icvamdnen evropelebi XVIII-XIX ss-Si

I. adamianis samosi konkretuli epoqisa da kulturis sarkea, radgan igi ama Tu im qveynis klimatis, cxovrebis wesisa da gemovnebis gaTvaliswinebiT iqmneba. samosis TvalsazrisiT, sruliad gansxvavebulia aRmosavleTis qveynebi — CineTi, iaponia, indoeTi. tradiciuli iaponuri kimonos Targis safuZvels martivi geometriuli forma _ sworkuTxedi warmoadgens, magram am simartivis miuxedavad, kimonos Cacma da tareba mTeli xelovnebaa, radgan kimonos farTo kalTebs uSualod Semosvisas sxeulze efeqtur nakecebad alagebdnen da lamazi sartyliT amagrebdnen. amgvari samosis tareba garkveul gamocdilebas moiTxovda, miT ufro, rom tradiciuli iaponuri fexsacmelic erTob Taviseburia da didi nabijis gadadgmis saSualebas ar aZlevs adamians.

iaponeli musikosebi. XIV s.

iaponuri kimono da qalis fexsacmeli

ZvelberZnuli WurWlis moxatuloba. Zv.w. 490-480 ww.

1. rogor fiqrobT, romeli faqtorebi ganapirobebs ama Tu im qveynis samosis Taviseburebebs, mis masalas, Targs, mxatvrul saxes?

romis imperator avgustusis meuRlis, livias qandakeba. ax.w. I s.

berZnuli sandlis formis nelsacxeblis WurWeli. Zv.w. VI s.

II. Zveli berZnuli da romauli samosi sadaa, Tavisufali. igi Txeli qsovilisagan mzaddeboda da uxvad iyo dana oWebuli. nakecebis simravle qalisa da mamakacis samosisaTvis erTnairad iyo damaxasiaTebeli. samosis kideebze, rogorc wesi, ornamenti gamoisaxeboda. Zvel berZnebsa da romaelebs fexT msubuqi sandlebi emosaT, romlebic TasmebiT ikvreboda. Zveli berZnuli da romauli xelovnebis nimuSebi: qandakebebi, vilebis moxatuloba, moxatuli keramika, sayofacxovrebo nivTebi _ saintereso informacias gvawvdis am epoqis samosze. 85

III. gansakuTrebuli TaviseburebiTa da ganume oreblobiT gamoirCeva qarTuli tradiciuli sa mosi. qarTveli qalis tipuri samosia grZeli, welSi gamoyvanili kaba, romlis gulispiric, rogorc wesi, naqargiTaa Semkuli. kabas amSvenebs gansxvavebuli feris sartyeli da yurTmajebiani viwro saxelo. saxasiaToa qalis Tavsaburic _ leCaqi da masze moxveuli Cixtikopi, romelzec zogjer leCaqi Zvirfasi TvlebiT Semkuli qinZisTaviT iyo damagrebuli. mamakacis erovnul samoss Coxa warmoadgens. es muxlamde an koWamde sigrZis samosia, romelic win da gverdebSi Sexsnilia. gulispirze dakerebul samasreebSi rqis, spilosZvlis an vercxlisTaviani Tofis wamlis Casadebi masrebi awyvia. Coxa ikvreba RilkiloebiT. tyavis an vercxlis qamari, romelzec xmal-xanjalia damagrebuli, Coxis aucilebeli elementia. Coxis SigniT mamakacebs daxuruli axaluxi emosaT. sainteresoa, rom saqarTvelos sxvadasxva kuTxeSi mamakacisa da qalis gansxvavebuli samosi, Tavsaburavi da aqsesuarebi iyo gavrcelebuli.

qarTuli nacionaluri samosi

2. daaxasiaTeT qarTuli nacionaluri samosi. imsjeleT, riTaa is gamorCeuli. 3. saqarTvelos romeli kuTxis samosi da aqsesuaria aq warmodgenili

qarTuli nacionaluri samosi

IV. samosi Zalian xSirad misi mflobelis socialur mdgomareobazec mogviTxrobs. renesansis epoqidan moyolebuli, evropel warCinebul pirTa samosi fufunebiT gamoirCeva _ mdidruli qsovili, rTuli, detalebiT datvirTuli Targi, bewvis mosasxami, maqmanebi – yvelaferi simdidris STabeWdilebas qmnida. aseT ansambls asrulebda Zvirfasi liToniTa da qvebiT Seqmnili daxvewili samkauli, sagangebo varcxniloba da zog SemTxvevaSi xelovnuri parikebi. 86

XVIII-XIX ss-is evropuli samosi

V. mxatvrebi stilizaciis xerxs mxolod ornamentis Seqmnisas rodi mimarTaven. sxvadasxva epoqis xelovneba, misi damaxasiaTebeli niSnebi maTTvis STagonebis wyarod iqceva xolme. sxvadasxva kulturisTvis damaxasiaTebeli elementebi xSirad erT kostiumSi iyris Tavs. ase cocxldeba Tanamedrove xelovnebaSi warsuli epoqebi. 4. aRwereT es kostiumebi. romeli kulturis damaxasiaTebel niSnebs atarebs TiToeuli maTgani?

isi miake. 1982 wlis koleqciidan

JorJ barbie. 1912 w.

yabalaxi `samoseli pirvelis~ Tanamedrove koleqciidan

VI. axalgazrda qarTveli dizaineri demna gvaÂ saÂ lia ukve Zalian kargad aris cnobili modis samyaroSi. modis Tanamedrove tendenciebsa da formebTan erTad, dizaineri samosSi aqtiurad iyenebs qarTul elementebs, qarTul kulturas, farTo sazogadoebas acnobs da popularizacias uwevs sakuTar samSoblos mTel msoflioSi. 5. daaxasiaTeT demna gvasalias mier Seqmnili samosi. 6. romeli qarTuli elementebia maTSi gamoyenebuli? demna gvasalias mier Seqmnili samosi

davaleba moiZieT Tanamedrove samosis konkretuli nimuSebi da gansazRvreT, romeli epoqis an qveynis tradiciuli elementebia maTSi gamoyenebuli. Tqveni mosazreba daasuraTeT da warmoadgineT werilobiT.

42. kostiumi da misi detalebi samosis istoria, amave dros, kacobriobis istoriacaa. yovel epoqas Tu kulturas Tavisi drois Sesabamisi samosi axasiaTebs gansxvavebuli masaliT, damaxasiaTebeli detalebiT, SemkulobiT da feradovnebiT. ama Tu im detaliT zustad SeiZleba amoicnoT romeli qveynis an epoqis kuTvnilebaa is. ufro metic, swored masalis, aqsesuarebis, saxasiaTo detalebis meSveobiT SeiZleba SeqmnaT sxvadasxva qveynisa da drois tipuri kostiumi.

ian van eiki. mamakaci CalmiT. 1433 w.

iaponuri kimono

Sua saukeneebis sasuliero piris samosi

Cinuri marao. XVIII s.

p r a q t ik u l i s a muS a o daiyaviT jgufebad. calkeuli detalebis gamoyenebiT SeqmeniT TqvenTvis cnobili qveynis an istoriuli epoqis samosi.

 naxatis, aplikaciis an kolaJis saxiT warmoadgineT Tqven mier SerCeuli qveynis an     

istoriuli epoqis samosi; kostiumis eskizis Seqmnisas gamoiyeneT Tqven mier SerCeuli bunebrivi Tu xelovnuri resursi; samuSaos swrafad Sesasruleblad umjobesia, Tavidanve gainawiloT funqciebi; kostiumi SeiZleba ar iyos romelime qveynis samosis zusti asli. mTavaria, masSi aisaxos konkretuli qveynis tradicia. amaSi saxelmZRvaneloc dagexmarebaT; nebismieri ilustracia, romelzec ama Tu im epoqis adamiania gamosaxuli, Tqveni STagonebis wyarod SeiZleba iqces; warmoadgineT Tqveni namuSevari da isaubreT im epoqis an qveynis Taviseburebebze, romlis kostiumebis eskizic SeqmeniT.

43. adamiani dizainis garemoSi gakveTilis ZiriTadi Temebi:

• ra aris dizaini • rogor gaCnda dizaineris profesia • romelia dizainis Tanamedrove saxeobebi

I. SegimCneviaT, rom Tqveni axloblebis fotoebis Tvalierebisas umalve xvdebiT, rodisaa isini gadaRebuli _ axlaxan Tu didi xnis win. gifiqriaT, ratom xdeba ase? adamianis garegnuli iersaxe, varcxniloba, samosi, misi aqsesuarebi, interieri _ yvelaferi im epoqis iers atarebs, romelSic fotoa gadaRebuli. 1. aRwereT es foto. 2. rogor fiqrobT, romel epoqaSia is gadaRebuli?

ganmartebani dizaini _ nivTis, sagnis, garemos garegnuli saxis mxatvruli formis daproeqteba.

Sobis dResaswaulis aRniSvna. aSS

adamiani gulgrili arasodes yofila mis garSemo arsebuli sagnebis garegnuli saxis mimarT. amitom is mudmivad zrunavda maT Semkobaze: samuSao da sabrZolo iaraRs rTavda, WurWelsa da samoss amkobda, Tavis sacxovrebels alamazebda da a.S. es survili mudmivad kvebavda mis mxatvrul fantazias. swored aqedan iRebs saTaves dizaini anu nivTis, sagnis an garemos mxatvruli iersaxis Seqmna, konstruireba. bunebrivia, nebismieri epoqis dekoratiulad Semkuli nivTebi am epoqis adamianebis gemovnebaze metyvelebs, Tumca Tanamedrove xelovneba xSirad iyenebs Zveli samyaros xelovnebis ama Tu im damaxasiaTebel elements Tanamedrove dizainis Sesaqmnelad.

safantis Tofi. irani. XVIII s.

saritualo culis piri. saqarTvelo. Zv.w. I aTaswleuli

Tanamedrove interieris nimuSebi

II. XIX sukunidan moyolebuli, TandaTan yalibdeba dizaineris profesia. dizaini erTdroulad Canafiqrsa da daproeqtebas niSnavs. am profesiis adamianebi nebismieri, didi Tu patara nivTis daproeqtebisas iTvaliswineben mis funqcias da eZeben axal formebs misTvis. adamiani aproeqtebs sakuTar sacxovrebels da aformebs interiers, erTmaneTs uxamebs kedlebis, avejisa Tu fardebis ferebs; arCevs nivTebs interierisaTvis. amas yvelafers interieris dizains uwodeben. III. gamoyenebiTi xelovnebis tradiciuli dargebis gverdiT droTa ganmavlobaSi axali dargebic gaCnda. amas teqnikis ganviTarebamac Seuwyo xeli. gaCnda axali satransporto saSualebebi, ramac adamians ubiZga, maT dizainzec efiqra. avtomobilebis mwarmoebeli cnobili firmebi sagangebod zrunaven manqanebis formis daxvewaze, ganaxlebasa da manqanisaTvis Tanamedrove ieris miniWebaze. 3. daaxasiaTeT aq warmodgenili Tanamedrove diÂzainis tendenciebi da elementebi.

4. daasaxeleT, romeli firmis avtomanqanebis dizaini mogwonT?

IV. zviad cikolias saxels dizainis samyaroSi dRes kargad icnoben. zviad cikolia bavSvobidanve gatacebuli iyo xatviTa da konstruqciebis awyobiT. yvelafers uwvriles nawilebad Slida da mere isev awyobda. uyvarda TviTmfrinavebi da did aviaciaze ocnebobda. miuxedavad amisa, man Tbilisis saxelmwifo samxatvro akademiaSi Caabara da samrewvelo dizainis fakulteti daamTavra. 1997 wels frankfurtis manqanebis msoflio gamofenaze zviad cikoliam Bugatti-is markis manqanis axali koncefcia gamofina da pirveli aRiarebac moipova. mis eskizebs didi mowoneba xvda wilad. 2001 wels igi franguli manqanis _ Peugeot-is axal models qmnis. amis Semdeg ki TviTmfrinavebis, sxvadasxva markis manqanebis axal modelebs, avejis, aqsesuarebisa Tu sxva sagnebis dizainis Seqmnas ukveTaven msoflios sxvadasxva kuTxidan, sxvadasxva kompaniisa Tu kerZo pirisagan.

zviad cikolias namuSevrebi

dizainis sruliad axali saxeoba kompiuteruli dizainia. amgvari dizainis uamravi nimuSis naxva SeiZleba vebgverdebze. kompiuteris meSveobiT Tavadac SegiZliaT mosinjoT Tqveni Zalebi dizaineris profesiaSi.

kompiuteruli dizainis nimuSebi

5. dizainis kidev romel Tanamedrove saxeobebs icnobT?

davaleba dawereT esse Temaze `Cemi oTaxis dizaini~ da SeecadeT CamoayaliboT, klasikur, tradiciul dizains aniWebT upiratesobas Tu Tanamedroves. SegiZliaT, es davaleba Tqveni oTaxis interieris eskizis an kompiuteruli dizainis saxiTac warmoadginoT.

44. kompiuteruli dizaini kompiuters marTlac ganusazRvreli SesaZleblobebi aqvs. misi daxmarebiT, furclis sibrtyeze daxatuli naxati SeiZleba, moculobiT, samganzomilebian gamosaxulebad iqces. kompiuteris am SesaZleblobas xSirad iyeneben Tanamedrove kinematografsa da animaciaSi. savaraudod, Tqveni sayvareli filmebis gmirebi an sulac mTeli epizodebi kompiuteris damxarebiT aris Seqmnili. 1. Tqveni azriT, romeli mxatvruli an animaciuri filmis personaJebi aris Seqmnili kompiuteris daxmarebiT?

p r a q t ik u l i da v a l e b a kompiuteris daxmarebiT organzomilebiani geometriuli forma gadaaqcieT samganzomilebian gamosaxulebad.

 kompiuteruli programis (Microsoft Word) daxmarebiT, moxazeT sasurveli martivi geometriuli forma;  arCeuli kompiuteruli programis funqciebis gamoyenebiT, SearCieT sasurveli feri an feris gradacia;  gaiTvaliswineT, rom formas SegiZliaT, sasurveli faqtura misceT, magaliTad, daStrixoT misi zedapiri. SegiZliaT, gamoiyenoT damatebiTi efeqtebi, magaliTad, moamrgvaloT kuTxeebi, gaukeToT dacemuli Crdilis efeqti;  formas mianiWeT sisqe an simaRle da SearCieT sasurveli rakursi.

45. wignis istoriidan gakveTilis ZiriTadi Temebi:

• ra aris gragnili da kodeqsi • saidan iRebs saTaves Tanamedrove wigni • risgan mzaddeba pergamenti

I. wigni odiTgan grafikis `samflobelod” iTvleboda, radgan misi Semadgeneli elementebi _ Srifti, ornamenti, ilustracia da sxv. _ grafikis sferos ganekuTvneba. wigni, es patara nivTi, komunikaciis unikaluri saSualebaa. wignad iwereboda is, risi Senaxva da momavali TaobebisTvis gadacema surdaT _ codna, azri, gancda, istoria Tu sxva ram. wignis saSualebiT adamiani warmosaxviT mogzaurobs warsulSi, awmyosa da momavalSi, miwaze, wyalsa Tu haerSi, kosmosSi, wyarosTavis saxareba. X s. yofierebasa Tu adamianis sulis labirinTebSi. wigni uZvelesi droidanve arsebobda, magram sxvadasxva kulturasa da epoqaSi misi forma gansxvavebuli iyo. Zvel egvipteSi wigns gragnilis forma hqonda. moqnili masalisagan _ papirusisagan damzadebul grZel furcels, romelzec teqsti iwereboda, mrgvlad axvevdnen da ase inaxavdnen. xSirad gragnils naxatebiTac aformebdnen.

II. Zvel romSi ax.w. I saukuneSi warmoiSva wignis axali forma, e.w. kodeqsi, romelmac, faqtobrivad, dasabami misca Tanamedrove wigns. es iyo marcxena mxares Sekruli, akinZuli, ydiani, gadasafurcli wigni. misi gaCena axali masalis _ pergamentis gavrcelebam ganapiroba. is papirusTan SedarebiT ufro moqnili aRmoCnda. mogvianebiT ki pergamenti ufro iafma masalam _ qaRaldma Secvala. kodeqsi farTod gavrcelda Sua saukuneebSi. Sua saukuneebis kodeqsi xelnaweri wignia, romelsac sagangebod ukeTebdnen mxatvrulad Semkul magar ydas furclebis dasacavad. misTvis masalad xan tyavs iyenebdnen, xanac Zvirfas liTons _ vercxls. moWedili ydebi xSirad Zvirfasi TvlebiT iyo Semkuli. amgvari wignis SeqmnaSi monawileobdnen teqstis gadamwerebi, mxatvrebi, romlebic ilustraciebiT asuraTebdnen mas; aseve _ oqromWedlebi da tyavis ostatebi.

p e r g a me nt i s S e s a xe b pergamenti erT-erTi uZvelesi saweri masalaa. misi warmoSoba da saxelwodeba mcire aziaSi mdebare qalaq pergamons ukavSirdeba. pergamenti sagangebod damuSavebuli tyavisagan mzaddeboda. misi Tavisebureba isaa, rom is TiTqmis gamWvirvalea, SedarebiT mtkicea da advilad ar ziandeba. qaRaldis gavrcelebamde mas farTod iyenebdnen. pergamentis gragnili. Canaxati

pergamentis wigni. 840 w.

III. Zveli samyaros bevr qveynaSi arsebobda wignis Seqmnisa da Semkobis tradicia, maT Soris, saqarTveloSic, sadac Sua saukuneebis ganmavlobaSi mravali xelnaweri wigni Seiqmna. bevri maTgani daikarga da ganadgurda, bevrma ki Cvenamde moaRwia da axla saqarTvelosa da mis farglebs miRma arsebul muzeumebsa da wignsacavebSia daculi. qarTuli xelnaweri wignebis yvelaze didi koleqcia ki TbilisSi, korneli kekeliZis saxelobis xelnawerTa erovnul centrSi inaxeba. sul msoflioSi 11 aTasamde qarTuli xelnaweri wignia SemorCenili.

adiSis oTxTavi. X s. moqvis saxareba. miniatura. XIII s.

Cvenamde moRweuli uZvelesi qarTuli xelnawerebis umravlesoba sasuliero xasiaTisaa. maT Soris, xSirad gvxvdeba miniaturebiT Semkuli saxarebebi _ oTxTavebi. oTxTavSi, rogorc we si, warmodge ni lia ma xar e bl ebis _ maTes, marko zis, lukasa da ioanes _ gamosaxulebebi. isini xan damoukidebladaa furcelze warmodgenili, xan wyvilad da win uZRvis TiToeul saxarebas. garda amisa, sa xarebebSi, umeteswilad, siuJeturi kompoziciebic aris CarTuli, romlebic asuraTebs saxarebiseul ambebs. 1. dafiqrdiT, ratom uwodeben saxarebas meorenairad oTxTavs? 2. aRwereT da gaaanalizeT moqvis saxarebis ilustracia.

qarTuli xelnawerebis melani bunebrivi masaliT mzaddeboda da umeteswilad, sxvadasxva tonalobis yavisferi an Savi iyo. mniSvnelovani adgilebis, magaliTad, saTauris an sazedao asoebis gamosayofad iyenebdnen wiTeli feris saRebavs _ singurs. zogierT qarTul xelnawerSi gvxvdeba oqros gamoyenebis orgvari xerxic: oqros melnis xsnars dasawerad an gamosaxulebis gasaferadeblad iyenebdnen, gansakuTrebiT mdidrul xelnawerebSi ki, magaliTad, moqvis oTxTavSi, oqros uTxeles firfitebs iyenebdnen, romlebic xelnaweris furcelzea dafenili da maszea Sesrulebuli naxati. 94

vanis oTxTavi. XII-XIII ss.

IV. Sua saukuneebis saxviTi xelovnebis sxva dargebis msgavsad, wignis gadam wer-damsuraTebelTa saxelebi umetes SemTxvevaSi, STamomavalTaTvis ucnobia. zogierT xelnawerSi is ornamentul wnulSi SefarviT aris Caqsovili, magram uf ro xSirad, xelnawerebi aseTi minawerebiT sruldeba: `naSromi ganZad daSTebis~ an `mSromeli warvals da naSromi hgies~. 3. rogor fiqrobT, riT iyo gamowveuli Sua saukuneebis ostatTa Tavmdabloba da ra suliskve TebiT qmnidnen isini xelovnebis nawarmoebebs? 4. imsjeleT, gansxvavdeba Tu ara maTgan Tanamedrove xelovanTa miswrafebebi. 5. TqvenTvis romeli poziciaa ufro misaRebi? 6. moifiqreT da CamoayalibeT, ra funqcia aqvs wigns dRes da Seicvala Tu ara is?

Z v e l i ndu ri w i gni Zvel indoeTSi arsebobda wigni _ e.w. `foTxi~, romlis furclebsac sagangebod damuSavebuli palmis didi foTlebisagan amzadebdnen. foTlebis zedapirze sagangebo saRebaviT iwereboda teqsti. furclis Sua nawilSi teqstis damweri tovebda Tavisufal patara kvadrats, romelSic Semdeg naxvreti keTdeboda, masSi gatarebuli Txeli TokiT ki wigni ikinZeboda. qvemodan da zemodan wigns xis or Txel firfitas udebdnen, romlebic ydis funqcias asrulebda da furclebs dazianebisagan icavda.

astronomiuli traqtati. XI s.

ganmartebani miniatura _ mcire formis mxatvruli nawarmoebi. SeiZleba warmoadgendes ferad gamosa xulebas, romliTac rTavdnen da asuraTebdnen Sua saukuneebis xelnawerebs.

egvi ptel ebi wi gni s Ses axeb:

induri foTxi

ai, ras ambobs egvipturi papirusi wignis Sesaxeb: `adamiani kvdeba da misi sxeuli ferflad iqceva, magram wigni, romelsac mkiTxveli kiTxulobs, maradiul sicocxles aniWebs mas. wigni mZlavr cixesimagresac sjobs da taZarSi mdgar sulis mosaxseniebel stelasac... adamianebi wavidnen da maTi saxelebi daviwyebas mieca, magram wigni inaxavs maT cocxal xsovnas~ .

davaleba moiZieT saxlSi an saskolo biblioTekaSi Zveli, dazianebuli wigni. SeakeTeT is, warmoadgineT klasis winaSe da mohyeviT, ra xerxi gamoiyeneT mis aRsadgenad.

46. xelnakeTi wigni

Tanamedrove epoqaSi araTu nabeWdi wigni, aramed eleqtronuli gamocemebic yvelasTvis xelmisawvdomia, magram sakuTari xeliT Seqmnil, gadaweril da dasuraTebul wigns mainc gansakuTrebuli xibli aqvs. rogorc naxeT, wigns sxvadasxva forma SeiZleba hqondes. gragnilis an akinZuli firfitebis formiT wignis damzadeba arc Tqven gagiWirdebaT, Tu Tadarigs daiWerT da Sesabamis masalas moimaragebT.

p r a q t ik u l i s a muS a o SeqmeniT sasurveli formis xelnaweri wigni.

egvipturi papirusi induri foTxi. Canaxati

 daiyaviT jgufebad da gadawyviteT, rogori formis wigns daamzadebT;  moimarageT Sesabamisi masala: gragnilisTvis xis ori joxi da qaRaldis mogrZo furceli dagWirdebaT. foTxis formas muyaosgan gamoWril da bawriT akinZul firfitebs advilad miscemT;  gadawyviteT, ra Sinaarsi eqneba Tqvens wigns. airCieT nebismieri Tema da gaanawileT funqciebi: gadamweri, mxatvari, mkinZavi. dayaviT SerCeuli teqsti epizodebad da moniSneT, romel maTgans daasuraTebT. suraTebi SeiZleba daxatoT, aseve SeiZleba gamoiyenoT aplikaciis an kolaJis xerxi, Zveli Jurnalebidan amoWrili gamosaxulebebiT gaaformeT teqstis Sesabamisi monakveTebi;  ZiriTadi samuSaos dasrulebis Semdeg gragnilis dasakecad gamoiyeneT xis joxebi, xolo muyaos firfitebi TanmimdevrobiT akinZeT bawriT. Tqveni xelnakeTi wigni gamofineT saklaso oTaxSi.

pergamentis gragnili

47. pirveli nabeWdi wigni gakveTilis ZiriTadi Temebi:

• pirveli nabeWdi wigni • vin iyo gutenbergi • qarTuli nabeWdi wignis istoria

I. wignis beWdva saTaves CineTidan iRebs. cnobilia, rom ax. w-is IX saukuneSi CineTSi ukve arsebobda nabeWdi wigni, magram evropaSi wignis beWdva CineTidan ar gavrcelebula. 1440-iani wlebis Sua xanebSi germanelma iuvelirma iohan gutenbergma damoukideblad Seqmna wignis sabeWdi manqana. man liTonisagan daamzada moZravi amoburculi asoebi, romlebsac ukuRma sarkiseburi principiT awyobda,zed qaRalds afarebda da presSi atarebda. Sedegad, teqsti qaRaldze ibeWdeboda. beWdvis teqnologiis dasanergad gutenbergi daukavSirda vinme iohan fusts, romelmac misi saqmis dafinanseba ikisra. misi daxmarebiT gutenbergma germaniis qalaq maincSi tipografia daaarsa da 6-wliani dauRalavi SromiT brwyinvale Sedegs miaRwia. 1456 wels mas ukve 5 sxvadasxva Srifti hqonda. gutenbergma dabeWda laTinuri enis gramatika, papis ramdenime indulgencia da bolos ori biblia. am bibliis saerTo tiraJi 180 cali iyo; maTi umetesoba maRali xarisxis italiur qaRaldze iyo dabeWdili, 45 cali ki _ pergamentze, ris gamoc es ukanaskneli gacilebiT Zviri Rirda. tiraJi swrafad gaiyida, wignebi ZiriTadad monastrebma, universitetebma da mdidarma adamianebma SeiZines.

iohan gutenbergis sabeWdi manqana

gutenbergis mier dabeWdili biblia. 1455 w.

s akl as o di s kus i a imsjeleT wignis mniSvnelobisa da daniSnulebis Sesaxeb kacobriobis istoriaSi. gamoTqviT Tqveni mosazreba, SesaZlebelia Tu ara, eleqtronulma wignma srulad Caanacvlos nabeWdi wigni da mTlianad SeiTavsos misi funqciebi?

iohan gutenbergi

1763 wels parizSi kardinal mazarinis nivTebs Soris swored gutenbergis mi er dabeWdili bibliis egzemplari ipoves, ris Sedegadac am gamocemas `mazarinis bibliad~ moixsenieben. amJamad am tiraJis ramdenime egzemplaria SemorCenili inglisSi, germaniasa da aSS-Si. am pirveli beWduri bibliis egzemplarebi fasdaudebelia. erTi furclis fasi 80 000 dolars Seadgens. 1987 wels `kristis~ cnobil auqcionze am bibliis arasruli pirveli tomi 4,9 milion dolarad gaiyida. amJamad is tokios keios universitetis sakuTrebaa. TbilisSi dabeWdili pirveli wigni qarTul enaze. saxareba. Tavfurceli. 1709 w.

pirveli qarTuli nabeWdi wignis (qarTul-italiuri leqsikonis) erT-erTi gverdi. 1629 w.

vaxtang VI-s mier gamocemuli `vefxistyaosnis~ Tavfurceli. 1712 w.

II. pirveli qarTuli nabeWdi wigni _ anbani locvebiTurT da qarTul-italiuri leqsikoni 1629 wels romSi gamoica. TiTqmis erTi saukunis Semdeg qarTlis maSindelma gamgebelma vaxtang meeqvsem 1709 wels TbilisSi stamba daaarsa da gamosca „saxareba“. Tavisi arsebobis manZilze, ramdenime wlis ganmavlobaSi stambaSi sul 19 wigni daibeWda. gansakuTrebiT aRsaniSnavia „vefxistyaosnis“ gamocema, romelsac vaxtang meeqvsis komentarebi erTvis Tan. qarTuli wigni umaRlesi xarisxis qaRaldze ibeWdeboda da ikinZeboda. wignebi Semkuli iyo graviurebiT. stambas, garda qarTulisa, hqonda berZnuli da laTinuri Sriftebi. 1. rogor fiqrobT, ra mniSvneloba hqonda stambis daarsebas da nabeWdi wignebis gamocemas saqarTveloSi?

be W d v is uZv e l e s i t e q no l ogi a beWdvis teqnika evropaze gacilebiT adre CineTSi gamoigones. mniSvnelovani teqstebi qvis firfitebze ikveTeboda. Semdeg firfitaze dasvelebul qaRalds afendnen da mWidrod akravdnen zed. qaRaldis zedapirs Savi tuSiT ise Rebavdnen, rom amokveTili asoebi qaRaldze TeTrad rCeboda. aseTi xerxiT miRebul anabeWdebs mTel qveyanaSi informaciis gadasacemad avrcelebdnen. mogvianebiT qvis firfitebi xis masaliT Seicvala. dafaze asoebi sarkiseburad Sebrunebuli da zedapirze amoburculi iyo. asoebi iRebeboda da Semdeg ibeWdeboda qaRaldze. am meTods iyenebdnen rogorc wignis, aseve kalendrebis, banqos da qaRaldis fulis dasabeWdad. dRes msoflioSi SemorCenili uZvelesi nabeWdi wigni 868 welsaa gamocemuli.

msoflioSi pirveli nabeWdi wignis erT-erTi furceli. tanis dinastia. CineTi. 868 w.

48. anbanis samyaro

sxvadasxva saxis grafikul namuSevarSi (wigni, plakati, afiSa da sxv.) gamosaxulebasTan erTad, did rols asrulebs warwera. amitom grafikosebi sagangebod muSaoben Sriftzec. Srifti anbanis asoTa grafikuli monaxazia. Srifti SeiZleba iyos martivi, rTuli an stilizebuli moxazulobis. Sriftis gamomsaxvelobiTi saSualebebi Zalze mdidaria, is SeiZleba iyos oficialuri, sazeimo, saxumaro, romantikuli. mxatvari teqstis Sinaarss usadagebs Sriftis xasiaTs.

1. daakvirdiT, rogor icvleba qarTuli Srifti da ra xerxebs mimarTavs grafikosi asoTa gansxvavebuli saxis Sesaqmnelad. daaxasiaTeT TiToeuli Srifti.

sazedao asoebi

Sriftis agebis geometriuli principebi

p r a q ti k u l i s a muS a o daiyaviT wyvilebad, SearCieT Srifti im warwerisaTvis, romelsac gaukeTebT misaloc baraTs, maRaziis abras an satelevizio sainformacio gadacemas.

 TiToeulma wyvilma airCios, ra samuSaos Seasru lebs;  imsjeleT warweris Sinaarsis Sesaxeb, SearCieT TqvenTvis yvelaze misaRebi warwera;  moifiqreT, erTenovani iqneba Tqveni warwera Tu orenovani;  airCieT is formati, romelzec Tqveni warwera unda moaTavsoT, gansazRvreT misi adgili formatze da misi proporcia;  daxateT an aageT Srifti. Sriftis xasiaTi warweris Sinaarsis mixedviT gansazRvreT;  gaiTvaliswineT, rom Tqveni Srifti SeiZleba feradic iyos.

lado grigolia. vaJa-fSavela. rCeul TxzulebaTa garekani

49. plakatis xelovneba gakveTilis ZiriTadi Temebi:

• ra aris plakati • sad da rogor warmoiSva plakati • ra tipis plakatebi arsebobs • ra aris afiSa

I. plakati grafikis erT-erTi saxeobaa. plakatis mizania adamianebisaTvis romelime faqtze an movlenaze informaciis miwodeba. teqstTan erTad, romelic konkretul sityvier informacias moicavs, plakati umetes SemTxvevaSi gamosaxulebasac Seicavs. plakati, Tu SeiZleba ase iTqvas, `quCis xelov nebaa~; is erTdroulad uamrav adamians mimar Tavs, awvdis informacias, magram vinaidan adamiani quCaSi sul moZraobs da plakatsac wamierad SeiZleba Seavlos Tvali, amitom masze datanili gamosaxulebaca da teqstic meyseulad, swrafad unda aRiqmebodes. swored es gansazRvravs plakatis Taviseburebas _ adamianisaTvis, sazogado ebisaTvis informaciis sxartad, lakoniurad da sanaxaobrivi formiT miwodebis aucileblobas. II. bunebrivia, rom plakati warmoiSva swored maSin, rodesac adamians sakuTari naxelavis reklamireba dasWirda. xeliT nakeTi sareklamo gancxadebebi, abrebi, Turme, jer kidev romis imperiaSi arsebobda. isini arqeologebma pompeis gaTxrebisas aRmoaCines. pirveli plakatebi XVII-XVIII ss-Si gaCnda da maTi mizani, faqtobrivad, sxvadasxva produqciis _ WurWlis, banqos, TuTunis da sxv. _ reklamireba iyo. XIX s-is Sua xanebidan aseve xSirad SexvdebodiT im drois cnobil mweralTa wignebis reklamisaTvis gankuTvnil plakatebs. safrangeTis revoluciis dros gaCnda e.w. politikuri plakati, romelzec revoluciuri lozungebi iyo warmodgenili. Tanamedrove epoqaSic aqtiuri politikuri procesebis, magaliTad, sxvadasxva arCevnebis periodSi xSirad gamoiyeneba politikuri plakati.

saarCevno plakati

ganmart ebani plakati _ franguli sityvidan momdinareobs da gancxadebas niSnavs. saagitacio, sareklamo, informirebis mizniT qaRaldis did furcelze Sesrulebuli TvalSisacemi gamosaxuleba mokle teqstis TanxlebiT. plakati grafikis nairsaxeobaa. liTografia (Zv. berZ. qva, wera) _ beWduri grafikis erT- erTi saxeoba, romlis drosac ana beWds qvis dafidan iReben. be Wdvis am teq nologiam gaaiola anabeWdebis miRebis procesi.

1. Tqven Tu ginaxavT Tanamedrove politikuri plakati? 2. rogor fiqrobT, ra mizans isaxavs is? irakli ToiZe. saagitacio plakati. 1941 w.

100

III. albaT, xSirad SexvedrixarT qalaqis quCebSi gakrul plakatebs, romlebic ama Tu im sanaxaobis an speqtaklis reklamas warmoadgens. aseT plakatebs afiSas uwodeben. Tavdapirvelad afiSebi moxetiale cirkis warmodgenebs uwevda reklamas. am xelovnebam XIX s-is evropaSi arnaxuli popularoba moixveWa. qalaqis quCebi aWrelebuli iyo sxvadasxva sanaxaobis mauwyebeli didi da feradovani afiSebiT. amas xeli Seuwyo liTografiis teqnikis ganviTarebam. gamorCeulad saintereso iyo frangi mxatvris, anri de tuluz-lotrekis afiSebi, romlebic parizis quCebSi gamoCenisTanave ipyrobda yuradRebas Tavisi daxvewili naxatiTa da mkveTri feradovnebiT.

pol koleni. franguli saavtomobilo firma `peJos~ sareklamo plakati. 1935 w.

dimitri erisTavi. afiSa qarTuli mxatvruli filmisTvis `yvaryvare~. 1978 w.

anri de tuluz-lotreki. afiSa. 1892 w.

3. gaaanalizeT franguli manqana `peJos~ saÂreklamo plakati da gansazRvreT, ris gadmocemas isaxavs is miznad?

magaliTad, musikaluri salonis plakatze profilSi mjdomi qalis muqi da mkveTri siluetia gamosaxuli. mis win orkestris ormodan musikaluri instrumentebis amoSverili fragmentebi da diriJoris xelebis moZraoba moCans. ufro Soreul planze scenaa gamosaxuli, romelzec momRerali qali dgas. afiSa mayurebels lakonurad awvdis informacias im sanaxaobis Sesaxeb, romelic mas axalgaxsnil salonSi elodeba, da iq wasvlis survils aRuZravs.

p l a k a t i s w a rmoS o b a namdvili plakatis da misi stilis Seqmna dakavSirebulia frangi mxatvris, Jan Seres saxelTan (romelic sxva mxriv ar iyo didad cnobili). is gravior-liTografis mowafe gaxldaT, mogvianebiT ki Tavad iyida sabeWdi dazga liTografiisaTvis da gaxsna saxelosno, saidanac 1860-iani wlebis bolos parizis quCebs didi zomis feradi furclebi â&#x20AC;&#x201C; plakatebi moedo, romlebic, ZiriTadad, reklamas uwevda parizSi mimdinare sxvadasxva gasarTobsa da sanaxaobas.

101

IV. Tanamedrove epoqaSi Zalze didi adgili uWiravs e.w. socialur plakats, romelic sazogadoebis yvelaze mtkivneul, saWirboroto problemebs exmaureba. SeiZleba SexvdeT plakats, romelic kulturuli memkvidreobis Zeglebis gadarCenisaken, movla-patronobisaken mogviwodebs; plakatis Tema SeiZleba iyos mowevis mavneblobis an aucilebeli acrebis propaganda, adamianis uflebebisa da bunebis dacva da mravali sxva. amgvari plakatebis mxatvrul saxes maTi daniSnuleba, zogjer mwvave Tematika ganapirobebs.

plakati plastmasis nivTebiT garemos dabinZurebis winaaRmdeg

plakati _ 21 seqtemberi. mSvidobis dacvis saerTaSoriso dRe

plakati ekologiur Temaze

4. daaxasiaTeT aq warmodgenili plakatebi. 5. romel mxatvrul xerxebs iyenebs mxatvari plakatis efeqtianobis misaRwevad?

dRes msoflio mwvaved ganicdis garemos dac vis problemebs. ekologiis darRvevam bunebis bevri katastrofa gamoiwvia _ wyaldidoba, mewye ri, gvalva da sxva. amitom bunebis damcvelebi aqtiurad iyeneben plakatis xelovnebas da dedamiwis dacvisken mouwodeben adamianebs.

es plakati mogviwodebs, davicvaT da movuaroT bunebas

6. rogori mxatvruli xerxebiT aris gadmocemuli plakatebis mTavari idea?

d a v a le b a moifiqreT da TqvenTvis sasurveli nebismieri xerxiT SeasruleT plakati aqtualur Temaze. SegiZliaT, namuSevari kompiuteruli teqnikiT SeasruloT.

102

50. plakati

grafika xelovnebis nebismier sxva dargTan SedarebiT ufro masobrivi xasiaTis xelovnebaa, radgan grafikuli namuSevari ibeWdeba wignSi, JurnalSi, sxvadasxva dasaxelebis sagans uwevs reklamas, gars gvaxvevia Cvens yoveldRiur cxovrebaSi. gamorCeuli Tvisebebi aqvs plakatsac, romelic, rogorc wesi, quCaSi an adamianTa TavSeyris adgilas kidia da erTdroulad aseulobiT maTgans `esaubreba~, awvdis informacias, afrTxilebs, mouwodebs da sxv. swored imis mixedviT, Tu konkretulad ra mizans emsaxureba is, plakati SeiZleba, sxvadasxva daniSnulebis iyos: patriotul an socialur Temaze Seqmnili, saagitacio, saprotesto da sxv. literaturuli nawarmoebis an mxatvruli filmis sareklamo plakats posteri ewodeba. Tqvenc SegiZliaT SeqmnaT posteri TqvenTvis sasurvel Temaze.

ganmartebani posteri _ nabeWdi produqcia, romelic kedelze dasamagreblad aris Seqmnili. posters xSirad sareklamo funqcia aqvs. posteri ewodeba aseve mxatvrebis cnobili nimuSebis reproduqciebs.

hari poteri. filmis da wignis plakatebi

1. rogori mxatvruli xerxebiT aris Seqmnili cnobili nawarmoebis es posterebi?

p r a q ti k u l i s a muS a o daiyaviT jgufebad da SeqmeniT romelime literaturuli nawarmoebis an filmis posteri.

 TiToeulma jgufma airCios misTvis sasurveli Tema. plakatis Seqmnisas mniSvnelovania, sworad ganisazRvros misi mizani;  gainawileT funqciebi: jgufis erTi nawili gamosaxulebaze imuSavebs, meore ki moifiqrebs da Seasrulebs Sesabamis warweras;  jgufis wevrebma imsjeleT, ras gamosaxavT plakatze Tqveni ideis ukeT warmosaCenad;  SearCieT warwera. gaiTvaliswineT, rom is azrobrivad unda iyos dakavSirebuli TemasTan; unda iyos mokle, sxarti, tevadi, advilad gasagebi da advilad aRsaqmeli;  SearCieT Srifti. gaiTvaliswineT, rom is unda iyos didi zomis, feradi, kontrastuli, arastandartuli formis anu TvalSisacemi;  winaswar imsjeleT, romeli masaliT SeasrulebT plakats. SegiZliaT, gamoiyenoT nebismieri masala da xerxi, romelsac Tqven ukve icnobT.

opera `aidas~ posteri

animaciuri filmis posteri

103

51. Semajamebeli gakveTili airCieT TqvenTvis cnobili romelime literaturuli nawarmoebi. daiyaviT jgufebad, imsjeleT, vin romel epizods daasuraTebs. SearCieT saxatavi masala da teqnika da SeqmeniT am nawarmoebis ilustraciebi. jgufma erToblivi nawarmoebi waradginos klasis winaSe.

jemal lolua. wiqara

antuan de sent-egziuperi. patara princi

Tqveni Tanatolis mier Sesrulebuli vaJa-fSavelas `xmeli wifelis~ ilustracia

lela cucqiriZe. `mxiaruli ojaxis~ ilustracia

104

adamiani da Tanamedroveoba

• • •

ra aris impresionizmi da postimpresionizmi

• •

rogor Slian formas kubistebi

ra aris fovizmi rodis da sad warmoiSva axali mxatvruli mimdinareoba _ futurizmi rogor namuSevars ewodeba abstraqcionistuli

52. STabeWdilebis xelovneba raze visaubrebT:

• ra aris impresionizmi da postimpresionizmi • ra iyo impresionistebis mTavari amocana • romel mxatvrul xerxebs iyenebdnen impresionistebi STabeWdilebis gadmosacemad

I. sxvadasxva epoqis xelovnebas sxvadasxva saxeliT movixseniebT xolme. aseTia magaliTad, klasikuri berZnuli xelovneba, aRorZinebis anu renesansis xelovne ba, barokos xelovneba da sxva. am saxelwodebebSi yovelTvis garkveuli azri devs.

klod mone. STabeWdileba. mzis amosvla. 1874 w.

berta moriso. fsiqea. 1876 w.

1. Tqveni azriT, romel mxatvrul xerxebs iyenebs mxatvari dilis ganaTebis gadmosacemad? 2. rogor fiqrobT, ra ganasxvavebs am namuSevrebs klasikuri mxatvrobis TqvenTvis cnobili nawarmoebebisagan?

XIX saukunis meore naxevarSi safrangeTSi gaCnda mxatvrobis axali mimdinareoba, romelsac impresionizmi ewoda. es saxelwodeba franguli sityvidan momdinareobs da STabeWdilebas niSnavs. sainteresoa, vis an ris STabeWdilebazea aq saubari? rodesac 1874 wlis 15 aprils mayurebelma naxa axalgazrda frangi mxatvrebis erTi jgufis gamofena, maT saxeli jer ar erqvaT. gamofenis mTavar movlenad iqca klod mones namuSevari _ `STabeWdileba. mzis amosvla~. xelovnebis erTma kritikosma suraTis saTauri _ `STabeWdileba~ gamoiyena da mTel jgufs dacinviT es saxeli uwoda. mxatvrebma ki es gancxadeba dacinvad sulac ar miiRes da mTavar amocanad sworedac uSualod miRebuli STabeWdilebebis tiloze gadatana daisaxes. impresionistebis _ klod mones, ogiust renuaris, eduard manes, kamil pisaros, edgar degas, berta morisos, meri kasatisa da sxvaTa namuSevrebi gansxvavdeboda klasikuri mxatvrobis kanonebiT Seqmnili namuSevrebisgan da Tavdapirvelad mayureblis gaRizianebasac ki iwvevda. 106

II. impresionistebi cdilobdnen, sakuTari STa beWdilebebi rac SeiZleba cocxlad gamoexataT suraTebSi. Tu wina periodis xelovnebaSi asaxavdnen is toriul, religiur, miTologiur siuJetebs, im presionistebis SemoqmedebaSi Tavad mxatvris STabeWdileba gaxda namuSevris mTavari `gmiri~. impresionistebis gansakuTrebul interess iwvevda ganaTeba, radgan is ini Tvlidnen, rom swored sinaTle-ganaTeba mudmivad icvleba da, Sesabamisad, icvleba ganwyo bilebac anu swored sinaTle gansazRvravs ama Tu im SemTxvevaSi wa mierebis, warmavlobis STabeWdilebas.

III. impresionistebi asaxaven weliwadis sxvadasxva dros, dRe-Ramis konkretul monakveTs, sxvadasxvagvar ganaTebas da amas sufTa feris saSualebiT akeTeben. isini palitraze ar azavebdnen ferebs, uSualod tiloze mWidrod debdnen mokle, ferad, moZrav monasmebs, romlebic mnaxvelis TvalSi erTmaneTs erwymis da suraTis mTlian kolorits qmnis. maTi weris manera, erTi SexedviT, pirobiTia, TiTqos daudevaric ki, magram zustad gadmoscems cocxali da cvalebadi garemos STabeWdilebas.

klod mone. dumfarebi. 1919 w. fragmenti

didi yuradReba garemos mimarT, plenerze anu Ria cis qveS gakeTebuli Canaxatebi da, rac mTavaria, cocxali STabeWdilebis tiloze uSualod gadatana, rom mayurebelma wamieri efeqti igrZnos, impresionistebis mTavari SemoqmedebiTi principi iyo.

vinsent van gogi. varskvlaviani Rame. 1889 w.

klod mone. yayaCoebiani mindori. 1879 w.

3. aRwereT, rogor aris gamosaxuli yayaCoebis mindori aq warmodgenil namuSevarze. 4. rogor monasms iyenebs van gogi cisa da Rrublebis gamosaxatavad.

107

ogiust renuari. navi mdinare senaze. 1875 w.

pol gogeni. dRe. 1894 w.

IV. impresionizms fexdafex mohyva axali mxatvruli mimdinareoba _ postimpresionizmi. misi mimdevrebi _ pol sezani, vinsent van gogi, pol gogeni, anri de tuluz-lotreki, mkafio individualobis mqone mxatvrebi arian. postimpresionizmi, erTi mxriv, agrZelebs impresionistuli mxatvrobis tradicias, Tumca gansxvaveba maT Soris mainc aSkaraa. sufTa, gauzavebeli feris sakmaod didi laqebi Cndeba gogenis namuSevrebSi. moZravi, daxveuli monasmi erTbaSad gamoarCevs van gogis Semoqmedebas. postimpresionistTa namuSevrebSic asaxulia garemo, Tumca mTavari aRaraa wamieri STabeWdileba. postimpresinistebi kidev ufro pirobiT mxatvrul xerxebs iyeneben sakuTari emociisa da ganwyobilebis gadmosacemad.

s akl as o di s kus i a SeadareT erTmaneTs impresionistebis da postimpresio nistebis am gakveTilSi warmodgenili namuSevrebi da Se ecadeT, TiToeul maTgans Se usabamoT am mxatvruli xerxebidan ramdenime: • sufTa gauzavebeli feris laqebi • erTmaneTs Serwymuli fera dovani monasmi • feris kontrastuli Sexameba • moZravi, spiraluri monasmi

d a v a le b a daakvirdiT renuarisa da gogenis aq warmodgenil namuSevrebs. aRwereT da CamoayalibeT msgavseba da gansxvaveba maT Soris.

vinsent van gogi. atmis yvaviloba. 1888 w. kamil pisaro. soflis misadgomTan. 1872 w.

108

53. xelovnebis nimuSi _ STagonebis wyaro adamiani xSirad eqceva nanaxis, wakiTxulis an gancdilis STabeWdilebis qveS. bunebis lamazi xedi, Tavs gadaxdenili realuri ambavi, musikaluri an mxatvruli nawarmoebi Zlier emocias iwvevs da SeiZleba, STagonebis wyarodac iqces. vinsent van gogis Semoqmedeba didi xania, aseT wyarod iqca xelovanebisa Tu Cveulebrivi adamianebisaTvis. misi mxatvruli xelweris ZiriTadi niSnebi _ ener giuli da moZravi monasmebi, kaSkaSa, manaTobeli ferebi Zlier emocias iwvevs mnaxvelSi da waruSlel STabeWdilebas tovebs. scadeT namuSevris Seqmna im ganwyobilebis gadmosacemad, romelsac am mxatvris namuSevrebi aRgiZravT.

vinsent van gogi. varskvlaviani Rame. 1888 w. vinsent van gogi. varskvlaviani Rame. 1889 w. cis fragmenti.

ras gavakeTebT SeqmeniT namuSevari TqvenTvis sasurveli ganwyo bilebis gadmosacemad.

van gogis Semoqmedebis mixedviT Seqmnili Tqveni Tanatolis namuSevari

 winaswar moamzadeT masala, SearCieT Janri.

 saRebaviT muSaobis dawyebamde fanqriT mkrTalad moxazeT gamosaxulebebi, Semdeg saRebaviT muSaobisas SeecadeT `damaloT~ fanqris monaxazi;  daakvirdiT aq warmodgenil nimuSebs da saRebavis monasmebi mosinjeT sacdel furcelze. ecadeT, sxvadasxvagvari _ wriuli, vertikaluri, horizontaluri, diagonaluri _ monasmebis gamoyenebiT gadmosceT emociebi, asociaciebi. STabeWdilebis gasaZliereblad gamoiyeneT ZiriTadi, Sedgenili, civi, Tbili, kontrastuli ferebi;  SegiZliaT, monasmi funjiT, TiTebiT, muyaos naWriT SeqmnaT. saRebavis sveli fena SegiZliaT, funjis tariT sxvadasxva mimarTulebiT amokawroT.

109

54. `Zveli~ da `axali~ `meninebi~ gakveTilis ZiriTadi Temebi:

• ras niSnavs `meninebi~ • vin arian gamosaxuli velaskesis suraTze • rogor iyenebs warsulis saganZurs XX saukunis xelovani

I. yvelaferi axali kargad daviwyebuli Zvelia _ es gamonaTqvami aucileblad gagvaxsendeba, rodesac pablo pikasos `meninebis~ serias vnaxavT, romelic man XVII saukunis didi espaneli mxatvris, diego velaskesis erT-erTi brwyinvale namuSevris STagonebiT, ufro sworad ki, misi `gadamRerebiT~ Seqmna. am or ostats TiTqmis sami saukune aSorebs. sainteresoa, ratom mimarTa pikasom velaskess da rogor gadaamuSava misi namuSevari?

samefo portreti `meninebi~ velaskesis mier Ses ru lebuli erTaderTi portretia, romelzec mefe-dedofali erTad aris gamosaxuli. saqme isaa, rom espaneTis mefe filipe IV 30 wliT ufrosi iyo Tavis meuRleze, dedofal marianaze. asakis sxvaoba rom ar gamoCeniliyo, amitomac eridebodnen portretebze erTad maT warmodgenas. Tavad velaskess cal-calke maTi mravali portreti aqvs Seqmnili.

diego velaskesi. meninebi. 1656 w.

velaskesis `meninebi~ paradoqsebiTaa aRsavse da mraval SekiTxvas badebs. ratom hqvia suraTs `meninebi~ (dedoflis moaxle qalebi), maSin, roca kompoziciaSi maT meorexarisxovani roli akisriaT? es portretia Tu samefo karis cxovrebis amsaxveli suraTi, scena samefo karis cxovrebidan? vis portrets xatavs mxatvari _ mefe-dedoflis Tu infantasi? Tu samives erTad asaxavs suraTze? ratom gamosaxa sakuTari Tavi velaskesma suraTze? ratomaa gadatanili mefe-dedofali ukana planze da a.S. 110

meninebi. filipe IV da dedofali mariana. detali

1. aRwereT suraTi da gaaanalizeT misi kompoziciuri wyoba. sad mdebareobs suraTis kompoziciuri centri? 2. gamoTqviT azri, ra rols asrulebs kompoziciaSi ganaTeba. 3. imsjeleT, romeli xerxebiT gadmoscems mxatvari sivrces.

II. velaskesi SesaniSnavi portretisti iyo da samefo ojaxis wevrebisa da espanel didebulTa mravali portreti hqonda Seqmnili, maT Soris infantas portretebis mTeli seria. magram mis SemoqmedebaSi gamorCeuli adgili swored `meninebs~ ekuTvnis. es faqtobrivad, espaneTis samefo ojaxis portretia, oRond Zalze Taviseburad gadawyvetili. suraTze moqmedeba did, xalvaT darbazSi, mxatvris saxelosnoSi viTardeba _ mxatvari (Tavad velaskesi, romelic didi tilos win dgas suraTis siRrmeSi) xatavs samefo ojaxs _ mefe filipe IV-isa da misi meuRlis, dedofal marianas portrets. magram Tavad mefe-dedofali suraTze warmodgenili ar aris, maTi gamosaxulebebi oTaxis meninebi. infanta siRrmeSi, kedelze dakidul sarkeSi bundovnad margarita. detali. airekleba, anu isini swored iq dganan, sadac mnaxveli, e.i. Cven vigulisxmebiT; amiT mxatvari TiTqos mayurebels scenis Tanamonawiled aqcevs. suraTis mTavari moqmedi piri ki mis centrSi gamosaxuli infanta (princesa) margaritaa, romelic moaxleebiTa da jujebiTaa garSemortymuli. movercxlisfro mdidÂrul samosSi gamowyobili infantas figura yvelaze ukeTaa ganaTebuli da imTaviTve ipyrobs yuradRebas. patara gogonas mediduri poza, saxis seriozuli gamometyveleba arabavSvur iers aniWebs mas. es suraTi SeqmnisTanave mraval SekiTxvas badÂebda, mraval saazrovnos aZlevda mecnierebs Tu Cveulebriv mnaxvelebs. gasakviri araa, rom es STambeWdavi, mravlismTqmeli da idumali tilo mxatvrebisTvis STagonebis wyarod iqca. araerTma italielma, espanelma, ingliselma mxatvarma Seasrula misi asli an am suraTiT STagonebulma Seqmna axali nawarmoebi. magaliTad, francisko goiam graviuris teqnikiT Seasrula `meninebis~ asli, xolo jon sarjentma erTgvarad gadaaTamaSa suraTis kompoziciuri wyoba Tavis namuSevarSi.

francisko goia. meninebi. 1779-1785 ww.

4. Tqveni azriT, velaskesis `meninebis~ romeli elementi aqvs gamoyenebuli jon sarjents Tavis namuSevarSi?

jon sarjenti. edvard darli boitis qaliSvilebi. 1882 w.

111

III. 1957 wels pikasom `meninebis~ Temaze mTeli seria Seqmna. igi am seriaze xuTi Tvis ganmavlobaSi muSaobda, sxvadasxva xasiaTis 44 tilo daxata da yvela maTgani velaskesis `meninebis~ motivebiT iyo STagonebuli. man yovelmxriv Seiswavla es suraTi, aq gamosaxuli pirovnebebi da maTi biografia, istoriuli viTareba Tu calkeuli detalebi da mravali sxva.

pablo pikaso. meninebi. 1957 w.

mefe da mxat vari

pablo pikaso. meninebi. 1957 w.

5. Tqveni azriT, ra iyo mniSvnelovani pikasosaTvis `meninebSi~? 6. moZebneT pikasos namuSevrebSi velaskesis tilos Sesatyvisi personaJebi. 7. rogor gadmoitana mxatvarma XVII saukunis mxatvruli forma XX saukunis `enaze~? 8. imsjeleT, rogori transformacia ganicada velaskesis gamosaxulebebma pikasos namuSevrebSi?

XX saukunis xelovnebas axasiaTebs Zvelis gax足 seneba. am xelovnebisTvis yvelaferi axali kargad daviwyebuli Zvelia. mxatvrebi warsulis saganZuridan xSirad iReben calkeul motivebs Tu mTel kompoziciebs da axleburad gadaamuSaveben maT. pikasom velaskesis motivebi Tanamedrove xelovnebis pirobiT enaze gadmoitana _ daSala forma, Secvala feradovneba, realisturi gamosaxulebebi pirobiT-sibrtyobriv figurebad aqcia, riTic sruliad sxva, axali realoba Seqmna, axali mniSvnelobebiT datvirTa velaskesiseuli suraTi. 112

XVII saukunis espaneTSi mxatvrebs iSviaTad aRiqvamdnen xelovanebad, radgan musikisa da poeziisagan gansxvavebiT, ferwera xelobad iTvleboda. Tumca velaskesma SeZlo, warmatebuli kariera gaekeTebina da espaneTis samefo karis mTavari mxatvari gamxdariyo. filipe IV-s velaskesis sa足 xelos足 noSi sakuTari savarZelic ki hqonda, saidanac xSirad adevnebda Tvals mxatvris muSaobis process. velaskesis gardacvalebis Semdeg misdami pativiscema da siyvaruli mefem erT lakonur minawerSi gamoxata: `ganadgurebuli var~ _ waawera mefem samefo karis axali mxatvris daniSvnis brZa足 nebas.

daval eba imsjeleT da werilobiT CamoayalibeT Tqveni azri imis Sesaxeb, Tu risi Tqma undoda pikasos `meninebis~ interpretaciis Sedegad.

55. anri matisi _ `didi bavSvi~ gakveTilis ZiriTadi Temebi:

• ra aris fovizmi • ra axasiaTebs matisis Semoqmedebas • ra aris dekupaJi

I. XX saukunis dasawyisSi parizi msoflios kulturuli dedaqalaqi iyo. parizSi iyridnen Tavs sxvadasxva qveynidan Camosuli niWieri Semoqmedebi da frangebTan erTad qmnidnen axal mxatvrul mimdinareobebs, romlebsac ucnauri saxelebi _ kubizmi, eqspresionizmi, nabi _ erqva. TiToeul maTgans momavalSi gaecnobiT. fovizmis Seqmnis istoria ki aseTia: axalgazrda mxatvrebi, romlebsac yvelasagan gansxvavebuli mxatvrobis Seqmna hqondaT dasaxuli miznad, gaerTiandnen da 1905 wels sakuTari suraTebi parizis `damoukidebelTa salonSi~ gamofines. am suraTebSi bevri ram iyo axali. darbazSi Sesuli mayurebeli gaaogna mWaxe, kaSkaSa ferebma. mxatvrebi xatavdnen ise, TiTqos ar icodnen, rom ar arsebobs wiTeli quCebi da narinjisferi velebi, adamianebs ki mwvane da lurji saxeebi ar hqondaT.

moris vlaminki. wiTeli xeebi. 1905 w.

moris vlaminki. derenis portreti. 1905 w.

1. rogor daaxa si aTebT fovistebis aq warmodgenil suraTebs? 2. ra aris am suraTebSi uCveulo?

anri matisi. wiTeli interieri lurji naturmortiT. 1947 w.

ucnaur ferebTan erTad, naxatic martivi, TiTqos gauwafavis xeliT iyo Sesrulebuli. kritikosma lui voqselma am axal jgufs „fovebi~ uwoda, rac frangulad velurebs niSnavs. impresionizmis msgavsad, dacinviT Serqmeuli es saxeli sakmaod zusti aRmoCnda da daerqva kidec axal mimdinareobas, romelSic Sediodnen axalgazrda mxatvrebi: andre dereni, moris vlaminki, raul diufi da sxvebi. 113

II. axali mimdinareobis sulisCamdgmeli da udavo lideri frangi mxatvari anri matisi iyo. miuxedavad imisa, rom tradiciuli samxatvro ganaTleba miiRo, mis suraTebs xSirad bavSvurs uwodebdnen, amis mizezi ki is iyo, rom mxatvari formebs, moculobiTis nacvlad, sibrtyobrivad gamosaxavda, ZiriTad aqcents ki kaSkaSa ferebis gamomsaxvelobaze akeTebda. misi suraTebi kaSkaSa, kontrastuli ferebiTaa savse. Tavad mxatvari ambobda, rom feris gamomsaxvelobis miRweva mxolod kontrastis meSveobiT aris SesaZlebeli. 1905 wels gamofenaze matisma warmoadgina namuSevari `qali qudiT~, romelmac mayureblis aRSfoTeba gamoiwvia. suraTze gamosaxulia mxatvris me uRle maRali qudiT, romelic mayureblisken zurgiT zis, Tumca swored misken iyureba. misi saxis dasaxatad mxatvarma erTdroulad uamravi feri gamoiyena. swored am feradovnebam gaakvirva da gaaRiziana mayurebeli, romelsac aqamde ferebis aseTi Tamami Sexameba verc ki warmoedgina. fonzec imave ferebis daudevrad dadebuli laqebi enacvleba erTmaneTs. TiTqos sadRac gaqra saxis da sxeulis asaxvis Cveuli modelireba. maTi moculobis warmosaCenad, matisi TiTqos bavSviviT TamaSobs ferebiT. `madam matisi~ mxatvris aseve Zalian cnobili namuSevaria. suraTis mflobelebma mas saxeli Seucvales da amJamad is `mwvane zolis~ saxelianri matisi. qali qudiT. 1905 w. Taa cnobili.

anri matisi. wiTeli oTaxi. 1908 w.

anri matisi. mwvane zoli. 1905 w.

3. rogor fiqrobT, ratom Seerqva madam matisis portrets `mwvane zoli~? 4. daakvirdiT matisis suraTebs. CamoTvaleT kont rastuli ferebi, romlebic am suraTebSia gamoyenebuli. Tqveni azriT, rogor ganwyobilebas qmnis suraTSi kontrastuli ferebis gamoyeneba? 5. aris Tu ara gamosaxuli am suraTebSi sivrce?

114

III. brtyeli, pirobiTi forma da kaSkaSa ferebi axali mxatvruli mimdinareobis _ fovizmis da misi erT-erTi umniSvnelovanesi warmomadgenlis, anri matisis mTavar mxatvrul principad iqca. am axali xelovnebis devizi garemoze dakvirveba da misi realurad asaxva ki aRar iyo, aramed axali xelovnebis pirobiT mxatvrul enaze saubari. Tavad matisi ase pasuxobda misi meuRlis portretebis Sesaxeb dasmul kiTxvas: `me qals ki ar vxatav, me vxatav suraTs~.

anri matisi. dekupaJebi. 1947 w.

IV. sicocxlis bolo wlebSi anri matisi xSirad iyenebda erT mxatvrul teqnikas, romelsac dekupaJi ewodeba. igi TeTri an feradi qaRaldisagan Wrida misTvis sasurvel gamosaxulebebs da Semdeg qaRaldze awebebda maT. amgvarad iqmneboda naTeli, lokaluri feris martivi gamosaxulebebi, romlebic savsebiT Seesabameboda mxatvris Sexedulebas imis Sesaxeb, Tu rogori unda yofiliyo idealuri suraTi.

sa k l a s o di s k us i a imsjeleT, hgavs Tu ara erTmaneTs feradovnebis TvalsazrisiT matisis ferweruli tiloebi da dekupaJis xerxiT Sesrulebuli namuSevrebi. daasabuTeT Tqveni azri.

p r o t es t i f o v i z mi s mimarT anri matisis da fovizmis danarCeni mimdevrebis Semoqmedeba did miTqma-moTqmasa da kritikas iwvevda wlebis ganmavlobaSi. xelovnebis kritikosebi da maTi gamofenebis damTvaliereblebi uxeSsa da maxinjs uwodebdnen maT mier daxatul figurebs, mWaxesa da Seuxamebels _ maTi suraTebis kolorits. saqme iqamde mivida, rom 1913 wels CikagoSi gamarTul Tanamedrove xelovnebis gamofenaze matisis erT-erTi namuSevari _ `cisferi SiSveli qali~ dawves kidec. Tumca, am mxatvrul mimdinareobas damfaseblebic hyavda, romlebic ise iyvnen aRfrTovanebuli fovistebis suraTebiT, rom maT namuSevrebs iZendnen kidec.

115

56. makratliT `xatva~

rogorc ukve iciT, dekupaJi mxatvruli teqnikis erT-erTi saxeobaa. misi arsi isaa, rom TeTri an feradi qaRaldisgan iWreba martivi formis gamosaxulebebi, Semdeg isini sasurveli feris formatze garkveuli kompoziciuri principiT magrdeba da zogjer iRebeba kidec. dekupaJi Zalze hgavs TqvenTvis ukve kargad nacnob aplikaciis an kolaJis teqnikas. scadeT am xerxebis gamoyeneba da SeqmeniT dekoratiuli kompozicia, romliTac Semdeg saklaso oTaxs, skolis derefans an romelime sxva interiers SeamkobT. anri matisis namuSevrebi da misi dekoratiuli da ornamentuli motivebi SeiZleba, Tqveni STagonebis wyaro gaxdes. zogi maTgani xeebs, yvavilebs an foTlebs waagavs, zogze ki adamianis an frinvelis silueti ikiTxeba. martivi geometriuli formebis gamoyenebiTac SeiZleba aawyoT romelime saxaliso gamosaxuleba, rogorc amas vxedavT anri matisis namuSevarSi `lokokina~.

praqtikuli samuSao dekupaJis xerxiT SeqmeniT namuSevari.

 sxvadasxva

figuris gamosaWre lad SearCieT Tqven Tvis sasur veli feris sakmaod gamZle fur celi;

 SegiZliaT,

Tavdapirvelad fanq riT moxazoT Tqven mier SerCeuli formis konturi;

 formatze

gamosaxulebebis moTavsebisas gaix seneT kompoziciuri ganawilebis TqvenTvis cnobili xerxebi. SearCieT is xerxi, romelic ukeT Seesabameba Tqvens Canafiqrs;

 dekoratiul anri matisi. lokokina. 1952-1953 ww.

namuSevarSi fers gansakuTrebuli mniSvneloba eniWeba. imis mixedviT, rogori emociis an gan wyobilebis gadmocema gsurT namuSevarSi, SegiZliaT, gamoiyenoT kontrastuli ferebi an ferTa harmoniul Sexamebas mimarToT;

 ZiriTadi

gamosaxulebebis garda, ramdenime fenad gakecili qaRaldis gamoWris Sedegad SeiZleba, mravalgvari ornamentuli motivebi miiRoT;

 gamosaxulebis

gamoWrisas daSvebuli Secdoma SeiZleba „gaaTamaSoT“ da namuSevris axleburi mxatvruli gadawyveta moZebnoT.

116

57. mzera momavlisken gakveTilis ZiriTadi Temebi:

• rodis da sad warmoiSva axali mxatvruli mim dinareoba _ futurizmi • ra gaxda futuristebis STagonebis wyaro • ras isaxavdnen miznad futuristebi

I. XX saukunis dasawyisSi gansakuTrebiT swrafad viTardeboda teqnika. mravalsarTulian SenobebSi axalgamogonili lifti dasrialebda, yoveldRiur cxovrebaSi adgili myarad daimkvidra matarebelma, qalaqebis quCebSi momravlda adre kantikuntad moZravi avtomanqanebi da, rac mTavaria, mkveTrad gaizarda transportis siCqare. umberto boConi. aman sagrZnoblad gaamartiva kavSiri qveynebsa da quCa Semodis saxlSi. 1911 w. kontinentebs Soris. teqnikuri progresiT gamowveulma am cvlilebebma didi STabeWdileba moaxdina axalgazrda xelovanebze da STaagona isini, daearsebinaT axali mxatvruli mimdinareoba, romelsac futurizmi uwodes. am sityvis fuZe laTinuria (futuro) da momavals niSnavs. swored momavlis xelovnebis Seqmnas cdilobdnen futuristebi. maTi mTavari mizani siCqaris, moZraobis, energiis gadmocema iyo da amisTvis axal, jer arnaxul mxatvrul xerxebs iyenebdnen. rogor SeiZleba gadmoices quCaSi moZravi avtomobilis mocimcime sinaTle an orTqlSi gaxveuli matareblis borblebis laplapi? cxadi gaxda, rom Secvlili garemo da aCqarebuli cxovrebis wesi asaxvis axal, gansxvavebul xerxebs iTxovda. da yvelaferi es xelovnebis yvela dargSi: mxatvrobaSi, qandakebaSi, poeziaSi, musikaSi unda ganxorcielebuliyo. futuristi mxatvrebis namuSevrebSi gamosaxulebebi fragmentebad aris daS lili, romlebic mravalgzis gameorebadi kadris principiT erTmaneTs kveTs da mayureblis Tvalwin moZraobis gaSlil suraTs warmoadgens. 1. aRwereT aq warmodgenili na muSevrebi. 2. rogor STabeWdilebas axdens isini? 3. romeli mxatvruli xerxebia gamoyenebuli moZraobis gadmosacemad?

natalia gonCarova. velosipedisti. 1913 w.

117

II. dinamikis efeqtis gasaZliereblad fu turistebi sxvadasxva masalisgan qmnidnen moZrav kons t ruqciebs, romelTa detalebi sxvadasxva mimarTulebiT moZraobda. saerTo efeqtis gasaZliereblad futuristebis gamofenaze xSirad liTonis RrWialis, Cxakunis, aTasgvari meqanikuri mowyobilobis xmauri ismoda. nanaxiTa da gamayruebeli xmauriT gaognebuli mayurebeli mZafrad grZnobda futuristuli nawarmoebis dinamikas, rac ase exmianeboda maT epoqas. moZraobis da siCqaris energiis gadmosacemad fu turistebi xSirad erT suraTSi xedvis sxvadasxva wertilidan danaxul obieqtebs uTavsebdnen erTmaneTs. sxvadasxva rakursis gadakveTis es xerxi, maTi azriT, sau keTesod gadmoscemda transportiT gadatvirTuli Tanamedrove qalaqis quCaSi myofi adamianis STabeWdilebebs. 4. daakvirdiT m. diuSanis nawarmoebs. gaaanali zeT namuSevris saTauri da SeecadeT daasaxeloT is elementebi, romlebic kibeze moZrav figuras mogvagonebs.

f u t u r iz mi

marsel diuSani. kibeze Camomavali qali. 1912 w.

saklaso diskusia daakvirdiT natalia gonCarovas namuSevars `naTura~. gaaanalizeT da aRwereT, ra xerxebiT aRwevs mxatvari naTebis efeqts.

futurizmis samSoblod italia iTvleba. 1909 wels poetma filipo tomazo marinetim gamoaqveyna futuristebis pirveli manifesti. mogvianebiT gamoqveynebul `ferweris teqnikur manifests~ ki ukve ramdenime italieli mxatvari awerda xels: umberto boConi, jakomo bala, karlo kara, jino severini, luiji rusolo. futuristebi amtkicebdnen, rom axalma teqnikam Secvala adamianis fsiqika, rasac xelovnebis sametyvelo enisa da esTetikuri idealebis Secvlac unda mohyoloda. maTi azriT, saavtomobilo rbolaSi elvis siswrafiT moZravi manqana nike samoTrakielis antikur qandakebaze metad mSvenieri iyo.

natalia gonCarova. naTura. 1913 w.

daval eba jino severini. italieli mxedrebi. 1915 w.

118

daxateT namuSevari, romelzec moZraobaSi warmoadgenT romelime sagans. moifiqreT, rogor xmas daadebdiT mas. waradgineT namuSevari klasis winaSe.

58. kubizmi

gakveTilis ZiriTadi Temebi: • rogor iSleba sagnebis forma • ra aris kolaJi

I. XX s-is xelovneba Zalze mravalferovania. saukunis dasawyisSi xelovnebaSi kaleidoskopuri siswrafiT Cndeba da erTmaneTs enacvleba sul axal-axali mimdinareobebi: kubizmi, futurizmi, eqspresionizmi, fovizmi, dadaizmi, konstruqtivizmi, abstraqcionizmi da sxv. II. XX s-is dasawyisSi, 1907-1908 wlebSi safrangeTSi gaCnda axali mimdinareoba _ kubizmi (franguli sityvidan cube _ kubi), romlis fuZemdeblebic iyvnen pablo pikaso da JorJ braki.

pikaso. qali mandoliniT. 1910 w.

1. aRwereT pikasos namuSevari `qali mandoliniT~. 2. SeecadeT gansazRvroT, ra saerToa namuSevris saxelwodebasa da masze warmodgenil gamosaxulebas Soris. 3. rogor fiqrobT, SesaZlebelia Tu ara gamosaxulebis amocnoba am namuSevarSi? 4. aris Tu ara am namuSevarSi realurad gadmocemuli sivrce?

kubistebi sagnis formas calkeul geometriul figurebad, sibrtyeebad Slian. maT namuSevrebSi SexvdebiT samkuTxedebs, kvadratebs, cilindrebs, trapeciebs, kubebs da a.S. Semdgom kubistebi am geometriuli figurebiT xelaxla ageben gamosaxulebas, oRond am gamosaxulebas realobasTan kavSiri dakarguli aqvs, is TiTqos damsxvreul sarkeSi airekleba. Tumca, umetes SemTxvevaSi, maTze asaxuli sagnebis amocnoba mainc SesaZlebelia. 5. daasaxeleT, romeli geometriuli for mebia gamoyenebuli brakis namuSevarSi. 6. amoicaniT, ra nivTebia gamosaxuli masze. 7. gansazRvreT, romel Janrs miekuTvneba es suraTi. JorJ braki. 1909 w.

pikaso. musikosebi. 1921 w.

119

III. pikaso ambobda: `me sagnebs vxatav ise, rogorc vfiqrob maTze da ara ise, rogorc vxedav maT~. kubistebs ar ainteresebT sagnisa Tu adamianis realuri garegnuli saxe. maTi azriT, rodesac adamiani mxolod erTi mxridan xedavs sagans, STabeWdileba calmxrivi da arasrulyofilia. swored amitom, isini sagnis sxvadasxva detals xedvis sxvadasxva wertilidan xataven da erT gamosaxulebaSi aerTianeben, raTa, rac SeiZleba srulad warmoaCinon suraTze aRbeWdili sagani.

8. rogor fiqrobT, ras unda niSnavdes teqstSi mocemuli pikasos gamonaTqvami?

IV. kubizmTan aris dakavSirebuli kolaJis gaCena. `kolaJi~ (coller) franguli sityvaa da dawebebas niSnavs. es aris suraTis Seqmnis teqnika, romlis drosac sibr tyeze awebeben gazeTebis, feradi qaRaldebis fragmentebs, foTlebs, qsovils, muSambas, zogjer ki moculobiT detalebsac ki _ mavTuls, bawars da a.S. pablo pikaso da JorJ braki 1912 wlidan sistematurad qmnian kolaJebs. Tavis erT-erT pirvel kolaJze pikasom bawriT gaakeTa ovaluri formis CarCo, suraT is sibrtyeze daaweba CaliT dawnuli bade, qaRaldis naglejebi da Semdeg daiwyo zed xatva. ase Seiqmna misi kolaJi `naturmorti dawnuli skamiT~. pikaso. avinioneli qalebi. fragmentebi. 1907 w.

9. daakvirdiT pikasos na mu Sevris `avinioneli qalebis~ fragmentebs da aRwereT, xedvis romeli wertilidan aris gamosaxuli calkeuli detali.

ganmartebebi pikaso. naturmorti dawnuli skamiT. 1912 w.

avangardi (frang. avant garde) _ mowinave razmi.

r o g o r ga C nda t e r mi ni `kubi zmi ~ 1908 wels mxatvarma anri matisma erT-erT kritikosTan saubrisas SeniSna, rom JorJ brakis mier gamofenaze warmodgenil ferwerul tiloebze gamosaxuli sagnebi patara kubebs hgavda. am saubrisas anri matisma pirvelma daakavSira es manera geometriul formasTan. 1909 wels ki, kritikosma lui voqselma pirvelad gamoiyena termini `kubizmi~ Tavis statiaSi, romelic `damoukidebelTa salonSi~ gamarTul gamofenas eZRvneboda.

120

59. abstraqcionizmi gakveTilis ZiriTadi Temebi:

• rogor namuSevars ewodeba abstraqcionistuli • kompoziciuri ganawilebis romel princips vxvdebiT xSirad abstraqcionistul nawarmoebSi

I. aq warmodgenili ori namuSevris saxelwodebaa `peizaJi~, magram rogor gansxvavdeba es ori namuSevari erTmaneTisgan? dobinis suraTze konkretuli peizaJia gamosaxuli _ mdinaris napiri, Raribuli saxlebi da a.S. aba, scadeT, aseve, aRweroT kandinskis `peizaJi~. es praqtikulad Se uZlebelia, radgan aRwerisas mxolod ferTa laqebze, xazebze, monasmebze mogiwevT saubari da konkretul gamosaxulebas masze ver dainaxavT. peizaJis elementebi aq TiTqos ganyenebul, abstraqciul feradovan laqebad, xazebad gadaqceula. amgvar namuSevars abstraqcionistuls uwodeben.

vasili kandinski. peizaJi taZriT. 1913 w.

1. aRwereT kandinskisa da dobinis namuSevrebi. 2. daasaxeleT, rogori xazebi, ferebi da formebia aq gamoyenebuli. 3. rogor ganwyobilebas qmnis TiToeuli maTgani?

Sarl fransua dobini. dila. 1852 w. vasili kandinski. lurji savarcxeli. 1917 w.

II. XX saukunis dasawyisSi dasabami mieca kidev erT mxatvrul mimdinareobas, romelsac abstraqcionizmi ewodeba. xSirad mas usagno xelovnebadac moixsenieben. abstraqcionizmis fuZemdeblad rusi mxatvari vasili kandinski iTvleba. mis namuSevrebSi mTel sasuraTe sibrtyes, rogorc wesi, feradi laqebi, xazebi da formebi faravs. mis bevr namuSevars ubralod `kompozicia~ hqvia, Tumca, maSinac ki, rodesac suraTis saTauri ufro konkretulia, Zneli saTqmelia, ra aris masze gamosaxuli. abstraqcionistuli namuSevrebis erT-erTi Tavisebureba isaa, rom advilad amosacnobi sagnis, figuris an garemos nacvlad, mxatvari raime konkretuli movleniT (mag., musikaluri nawarmoebi, peizaJi...) gamowveul sakuTar emocias ferebis, formebis, laqebis, xazebis saSualebiT asaxavs. abstraqciaSi ar arsebobs mTavari da meorexarisxovani detalebi. aq yvelaferi Tanabrad mniSvnelovania. 121

III. Tu am gakveTilSi warmodgenil abstraqciebs davakvirdebiT, aSkarad davinaxavT, rogori gansxvavebulia sxvadasxva mxatvris `usagno xelovneba~. abstraqcionizmis kidev erTi warmomadgenlis, amerikeli mxatvris, pit mondrianis suraTebi, kandinskisagan gansxvavebiT, sruliad mowesrigebulia. swori, TiTqos saxazaviT gavlebuli urTierTgadamkveTi horizontaluri da vertikaluri xazebiT daserili sasuraTe sibrtye sxvadasxva zomisa da feris marTkuTxedebad aris dayofili. 4. ra principiT aris SerCeuli ferebi aq warmodgenil TiToeul namuSevarSi? 5. SeadareT erTmaneTs vasili kandinskisa da pit mondrianis namuSevrebi. ra msgavsebasa da gansxvavebas xedavT maT Soris?

pit mondriani. kompozicia. 1921 w.

es feradi `Wadrakis dafebi~ xeliT Sesrulebuls sul ar hgavs. es aris garkveuli wesisa da rigis mixedviT dalagebuli `cocxali~ geometriuli formebi, romelTa simwyobre erTgvar harmonias qmnis.

IV. mTlianad avsebs sasuraTe ares kidev erTi abstraqcionisti mxatvari, jekson polokic, mag ram sruliad sxva principsa da xerxebs iyenebs. feradi xazebi qaosur naxazs qmnis da qseliviT faravs suraTis zedapirs. erTi SexedviT, naxati tiloze SemTxveviT moxvedrili saRebaviT Sesrulebul ferad labirinTs hgavs. mayurebeli TvalnaTliv xedavs saRebavis faqturas, SeigrZnobs msuye Tu Txeli monasmis sisqes. amis gamo feradi xazebis qaos Si sivrcis iluzia iqmneba, xolo suraTis zedapiri gansakuTrebiT cxo velxatuli xdeba. 6. ra STabeWdilebas aRZravs jekson polokis warmodgenili namuSevrebi? 7. rogor fiqrobT, raSi mdgomareobs polokis namuSevrebis ZiriTadi Tavisebureba? jekson poloki. talRovani xazebi. 1947 w.

d a v a le b a rogor emocias aRZravs kandinskis, mondrianisa da polokis namuSevrebi? gansxvaveba CamoayalibeT werilobiT.

122

60. abstraqcionistuli namuSevari abstraqcionistuli namuSevris Seqmna, erTi SexedviT, Zalian advilia. aq mxatvars ar moeTxoveba konkretuli gamosaxulebis realurad daxatva. aseT namuSevarSi mTavari ganwyobilebis Seqmnaa. amisaTvis ki feri, forma da xazi erTmaneTs unda SeuxamoT; gadawyvitoT, rogor gaanawilebT kompozicias sasuraTe areze da romel masalas gamoiyenebT namuSevris Sesaqmnelad. mza namuSevris wardgenisas Tqvens Canafiqrze isaubreT da yuradRebiT daugdeT yuri, ra STabeWdilebas aRuZravs Tqveni namuSevari mayurebels da daemTxveva Tu ara is Tqvens Canafiqrs.

p r a q ti k u l i s a muS a o nebismieri xerxiT SeqmeniT abstraqcionistuli namuSevari.

vasili kandinski. mZime wiTeli. 1924 w.

 gadawyviteT, rogori ganwyobilebis (xalisiani, mRelvare, mSvidi, dramatuli da sxv.) Seqmna gsurT Tqvens namuSevarSi;  SearCieT CanafiqrisaTvis Sesaferisi formebi, ferebi, monasmebi, xazebi;  SegiZliaT gamoiyenoT nebismieri tipis xazi _ wvrili, sqeli, texili, wyvetili, talRovani da sxv.;  muSaobis dawyebamde gadawyviteT, Tanabrad SeavsebT Tu ara sasuraTe ares, gamoyofT Tu ara feriT namuSevris romelime nawils;  namuSevris Sesaqmnelad nebismieri masalisa da teqnikis (maT Soris, aplikaciis) gamoyeneba SegiZliaT.

Tqveni Tanatolis mier Seqmnili abstraqcionistuli namuSevari

123

61. sTriTarti

gakveTilis ZiriTadi Temebi: • ra aris sTriTarti • sTriTarti danaSaulia Tu xelovneba • ra aris grafiti da stensili • ra qmnis quCaSi iluzias

parizi. istoriuli raionis erT-erTi quCa

kievis gareubani

I. Senobebis fasadebze datanili feradi gamosaxulebebi da warwerebi sul raRac ori-sami aTeuli wlis win sazogadoebrivi qonebis xelyofad iyo miCneuli da maT avtorebs ajarimebdnen, asamarTlebdnen rogorc damnaSaveebs. ras xatavdnen kedlebze es ucnobi adamianebi? isini xatavdnen martiv figurebs, kacu nebs, cxovelebs. es gamosaxulebebi xSirad specialuri trafaretis meSveobiT anu figurebamoWrili sqeli muyaos an plastmasis meSveobiT gadahqondaT kedelze. trafareti imis saSualebas iZleva, rom mravali erTnairi gamosaxuleba erTmaneTis gverdiT daitano nebismier zedapirze. aseTive xerxiT warweris gamosaxvacaa SesaZlebeli. 1. xom ar ginaxavT sTriTartis nimuSi Tqvens qalaqSi an sofelSi? gaixseneT, ra aris masze gamosaxuli.

II. aseTi gamosaxulebebiTa da warwerebiT aWrelebuli Senobebi Tavdapirvelad qalaqis mesveurTa ukmayofilebas iwvevda, magram droTa ganmavlobaSi SeamCnies, rom sTriTartis nimuSebi erTgvarad axalisebda kidec qalaqis uRimRamo garemos. 1986 wels niu iorkSi daapatimres grafitis avtori kit haringi, xolo misi namuSevari gadaRebes. sul cota xnis Semdeg qalaqis meria mixvda, rom haringis grafiti ukve qalaqis RirsSesaniSnaobad iyo qceuli da didi popularobiT sargeblobda moqalaqeebs Soris. amitom avtors oficialurad sTxoves, imave adgilas aRedgina namuSevari. es quCis xelovnebis erTgvar aTvlis wertilad iqca Tanamedrove samyaroSi. 124

kit haringis namuSevrebi

III. evropis sxvadasxva qalaqSi SeiZleba SegxvdeT Senobebis fasadebze gadatanili istoriuli an kulturuli Rirebulebis mqone namuSevrebi, kulturuli memkvidreobis nimuSebi, rogorc es budapeStis mraval nagebobazea gakeTebuli. am xerxiT sTriTarti popularizacias uwevs nacionalur kulturas, acnobs mas moqalaqeebsa da qveynis gasacnobad Casul turistebs. bolo wlebSi mTel msoflioSi Zalian popularulia mitovebuli, usaxuri, xSirad qalaqis yvelaze mouvlel raionebSi mdebare Senobebis moxatva. am namuSevrebis siuJetebi mravalferovania, yoveldRiuri scenebiT dawyebuli, romantikuli an fantastikuri gamosaxulebebiT dasrulebuli. Senobis kedlebze datanili gamosaxulebebi zogjer imgvaradaa Sesrulebuli, rom gamvlelebi SecdomaSic ki Sehyavs, radgan naxati ararsebuli maRaziis realuri vitrina an saxlis sadarbazo hgoniaT. aseTi iluzia zustad mofiqrebuli da realisturad Sesrulebuli naxatiT iqmneba. 2. aRwereT, ra aris gamosaxuli sTriTartis am nimuSebSi. 3. ris iluzias qmnis es gamosaxulebebi?

miksa rotis memorialuri saxlis kedeli. budapeSti. aq gamosaxulia vitraJi, romelic saxlSia daculi.

frangi mxatvris, patrik komecis realisturi namuSevrebi

ganmartebani iluzia (fr. illusion cdomileba) _ sinamdvilis mcdarad aRqma. stensili _ trafaretis meSveobiT gakeTebuli Sav-TeTri gamosaxuleba. grafiti (ital. graffiti, berZn. γραφειν vwer) — warwerebi an naxatebi Senobebisa da gadasasvlelebis kedlebze, matareblis vagonebze, Robeebsa da sxva vertikalur zedapirebze.

125

IV. xSirad quCis xelovneba exmaureba da mwva ved akritikebs socialur garemoSi mimdinare procesebs. Ria sivrceSi, quCaSi, uamravi adamianis TvalsawierSi moxvedrili aseTi gamosaxulebebi sazogadoebrivi protestis Zalian qmediTi, aqtiuri formaa. amgvari naxatebisa da warwerebis meSveobiT gamJRavnebul pozicias erTdroulad xom aTasobiT adamiani ecnoba. sTriTartis erT-erTi gamorCeuli warmomadgenelia Banksy, romlis vinaoba dRemde ucnobia, Tumca am artistis popularobas ganapirobebs misi Sav-TeTri stensilebis mwvave da kritikuli xasiaTi da mware iumori.

Banksy. sTriTarti

4. rogor fiqrobT, ra Sinaarsis matarebelia Banksy-s aq warmodgenili namuSevari?

V. saerTod, sTriTarti xelovnebis axalgazrda dargia. saqarTveloSi is 1990-iani wlebidan ikidebs fexs. TbilisSi, baTumSi, quTaisSi, zestafonsa da saqarTvelos sxva qalaqebSi aseTi naxatebis naxva Senobebis yru fasadebze, miwisqveSa gadasasvlelebSi, nebismieri nagebobis kedelze SeiZleba. rogorc wesi, quCis mxatvrobis artistebi, iseve rogorc sazRvargareT, fsevdonimebiT arian cnobili. Tbilisis quCebSi SexvdebiT ferad naxatebs cxvrebis gamosaxulebebiT, romlebsac avtoris warwera Lamb (cxvari) amSvenebs. erT-erT saavtomobilo gvirabSi Sesrulebul naxats Dr. Love awers xels. qarTuli sTriTartis namuSevrebSi gamoirCeva mozaikis teqnikiT, feradi filebiT da qvebiT Sesrulebuli kompoziciebi, romlebic giorgi gagoSiZes (Gagosh) ekuTvnis. misi namuSevrebis Temebi aqtualuria Tbilisis garemosTvis: „seirnoba Tbilisurad“ _ trotuarze parkirebuli jipebiT, „iyideba nakveTi korpusis aSenebis nebarTviT“ _ katastrofulad Semcirebuli mwvane garemos Temaze, „samsaxuris Zieba“ da sxva. amdenad, qarTuli sTriTarti, gamosaxuleba iqneba es Tu warwera, iseve, rogorc am xelovnebis ucxouri nimuSebi, sazogadoebis did masebTan uSualo komunikaciis mcdelobaa, romelic arRvevs qalaqis nacrisfer iers da Sav-TeTri an feradi azrobrivi da vizualuri aqcentebi Seaqvs garemoSi. 5. dafiqrdiT, xom ar gegulebaT Tqven irgvliv Senobebis iseTi fasadebi, romlebsac siamovnebiT moxatavdiT.

126

g. gagoSiZis namuSevari

axalgazrduli kafe `fabrikas~ fasadi

daval eba Tu Tqveni skolis maxloblad aris iseTi garemo (magaliTad, fasadi, Robe, sxv.), romelsac mouxdeboda moxatva, SeqmeniT TqvenTvis sasurvel Temaze namuSevris eskizi. maswavlebelTan da skolis mesveurebTan erTad imsjeleT am proeqtis ganxorcielebaze.

62. „didi zomis~ xelovneba gakveTilis ZiriTadi Temebi:

• ra aris lendarti • ra masalisgan iqmneba lendartis namuSevrebi

I. Tanamedrove epoqaSi adamianebma landSaftTan dakavSirebuli xelovnebis axali formebi Seqmnes. aseT xelovnebas lendarti anu miwis xelovneba ewodeba. bunebrivi garemo xelovnebis masStaburi nawarmoebis Seqmnis mTavari elementia. aseTi namuSevrebi xSirad Ria cis qveS, dausaxlebel adgilebSi iqmneba da uSualod ganicdis bunebrivi movlenebis _ wvimis, qaris, Tovlis an yinvis zemoqmedebas. xelovnebis es mimarTuleba dedamiwis ekologiuri problemebis, yofacxovrebasa da xelovnebaSi masobrivad gamoyenebuli xelovnuri masalis winaaRmdeg mimarTuli protestia. lendartis, rogorc xelovnebis mimarTulebis mTavari principia, ar daazianon garemo, maqsimalurad gamoiyenon bunebrivi masala, raTa namuSevari harmoniulad Seerwyas bunebas. lendartis namuSevrebi, umeteswilad, galereebisa da muzeumebisgan gansxvavebiT, Tavad bunebaSia warmodgenili, xolo farTo sazogadoeba maT fotoebze aRbeWdili namuSevrebis saxiT ecnoba. II. lendartis erT-erTi cnobili namuSevari robert smitsonis mier 1970 wels Seqmnili spiraluri dambaa, romelic aSS-Si, iutis Statis marilis tbaSi TiTqmis 500 metrzea gadaWimuli. damba agebulia miwis, marilis kristalebisa da bazaltisgan. Tavdapirvelad damba bazaltis feris gamo Savi iyo, magram wylis donis momatebis gamo is drodadro wyalSi iZireba. wyalqveS CaZirvis dros mis zedapirze marilis kristalebi daileqa da feri icvala, gaTeTrda. wylis donis dawevis Semdeg damba isev gamoCndeba xolme.

endi golzuorTi. konusi. niderlandebi.1991 w.

ganmartebani damba (holand. dam jebiri) _ sazRvao hidroteqnikuri nageboba zRvis sanapiro dablobebis dat borvisgan dasacavad, portis misasvleli arxebis SemosaRobad. geoglifi _ miwaze datanili didi zomis geometriuli an figuratiuli gamosaxuleba, romelic mTlianobaSi mxolod didi simaRlidan aRiqmeba.

bert smitsoni. spiraluri damba. 1970 w.

127

endriu rojeri. frinveli. avstralia. 2006 w. danae da aleqsandra stratou, stela konstandinodisi. udabnos sunTqva. egvipte. 1997 w.

III. lendartis namuSevrebi xSirad imdenad masStaburia, didi zomisaa, rom maT mTlianad aRsaqmelad Sori manZilidan an simaRlidan gadmoxedvaa aucilebeli. lendartis namuSevars evropis qveynebsa da amerikaSi SeiZleba moulodnelad SexvdeT sxvadasxva adgilas: tyeSi, mindorSi, zRvis an mdinaris piras. mnaxvels xSirad aseTi namuSevari adamianis Seqmnili arc ki hgonia. swored aseTi STabeWdilebis Seqmna surT lendartis ostatebs, romlebic akeTeben Txrilebs, miwisa da qvisgan ageben yorRanebs, lodebisgan TaRebsa da obeliskebs aSeneben, sxvadasxva masaliT qmnian geoglifebs. zogjer isini winaswar SerCeul teritoriaze moniSnaven romelime sasurvel gamosaxulebas da Semdeg, mravali wlis ganmavlobaSi rgaven da axareben xe-mcenareebs dasaxuli sqemis mixedviT. ase Seiqmna 500 m sigrZis ulamazesi tye argentinaSi, romelic zemodan gadmoxedvisas uzarmazari gitaris formas imeorebs. garda didi zomebisa da saocari ierisa, lend artis namuSevrebi simboluri mniSvnelobis mqone xelovnebis nawarmoebebicaa. germaneli artistis, vilhelm holderidis mier miunhenis aeroportis maxloblad Seqmnil „drois kunZuls“ milionobiT mgzavri xedavs TviTmfrinavidan. uzarmazari spiralis xveulebis wrebrunva kacobriobis mexsierebis simbolod aRiqmeba.

pedro ureta. gitara. argentina.

vilhelm holderidi. drois kunZuli. germania. 1996 w.

sa k l a so di s k us i a moifiqreT, rogori geoglifis Seqmnas isurvebdiT Tqveni mSobliuri kuTxis, qalaqis an soflis simbolod. daasabuTeT Tqveni mosazreba.

128

IV. didi masStabis namuSevrebis Seqmnis kidev erTi gansxvavebuli formaa obieqtebis SefuTvis xelovneba. es mimarTulebac meoce saukunis samocdaaTian wlebSi Caisaxa da miznad isaxavda sxvadasxva tipis obieqtis: ukve arsebuli arqiteqturuli nagebobis, qandakebis an sagangebod am mizniT Seqmnili elementebis dafarvas qsovilis uzarmazari saburvliT.

qristo iaviCevi da Jana klod de guileboni. SefuTuli raixstagi. germania. 1993 w.

1993 wels qristo iaviCevma da Jana klod de guilebonma uxvi drapirebis qveS berlinis raixstagis Senoba â&#x20AC;&#x17E;damalesâ&#x20AC;&#x153;. garkveuli drois ganmavlobaSi qalaqis mcxovreblebi da turistebi mxolod didi zomis drapirebul obieqts xedavdnen, rac sruliad moulodnel efeqts qmnida Tanamedrove qalaqis yoveldRiur cxovrebaSi. 1976 wels amave artistebma san francikos maxloblad 39 kilometris sigrZeze 6,4 metris simaRlis Wokebi CaarWves miwaSi da maT Soris foladis kabeli gaWimes. am obieqtis SesafuTad xelovanebs 200 000 kvadratuli metri mZime qsovili dasWirdaT. SefuTuli Robe ramdenime saavtomobilo gzas kveTda da masSi transportisTvis da saZovrebze gasuli cxovelebisTvis specialuri Riobebi iyo datovebuli. xelovnebis am uzarmazarma obieqtma 14 dRe iarseba, xolo Semdeg is daSales da iq gamoyenebuli masalebi adgilobriv fermerebs gadasces saCuqrad.

SefuTuli sanapiro. germania. 1969 w.

gzis Robe. aSS. 1976 w.

1. ra asociaciebs aRZravs es uzarmazari SefuTuli Robe?

Tanamedrove xelovnebis amgvari obieqtebi yvelgan SeiZleba Sexvdes adamians: gauval tyeebsa Tu mTis mwvervalebze, saavtomobilo trasebsa Tu qalaqis moednebze. Tanamedrove artistebi cdiloben, xelovneba adamianebis yoveldRiuri cxovrebis nawilad aqcion, daafiqron da axali STabeWdilebebiT aavson Cveni cxovreba. 129

63. lendarti sakuTari xeliT

lendartis masStaburi namuSevris Seqmnas, rasakvirvelia, didi Zalisxmeva sWirdeba. magram Tqven SegiZliaT bunebrivi masalis, magaliTad, qvebis, foTlebis an gamxmari totebis gamoyenebiT, mcire zomis kompozicia SeqmnaT skolis ezoSi.

velosipedi. didi britaneTi. 2018 w.

p r a q t ik u l i s a muS a o bunebrivi masalis gamoyenebiT SeqmeniT lendartis mcire kompozicia.

 SearCieT Sesaferisi adgili Tqveni namuSevrisTvis;  winaswar moifiqreT da gaakeTeT kompoziciis eskizi;  SeagroveT bunebrivi resursi (mag., foTlebi, kenWebi da sxv.);  Tu kompozicia qvebiT unda aewyos da feradi iyos, moimarageT saWiro feris aerozolebi da saTiTaod frTxilad SeRebeT kenWebi sagangebod momzadebul safenze;  acadeT kenWebs gaSroba;  Tu gadawyvetT raime konkretuli gamosaxulebis Seqmnas (mag., mcenare, avtomobili, frinveli an sxv.) gaakeTeT t r a f a r e t i da misi meSveobiT gamosaxuleba miwaze gadaitaneT;  moaSoreT trafareti da konturuli naxatis gaswvriv niadagSi CaamagreT winaswar momzadebuli da Seferili kenWebi.

g a n m a r te b a ni trafareti _ Txeli firfita, romelSic amoWrilia raime gamosaxuleba an asoebi. trafarets iyeneben, magaliTad, raime zedapirze naxatis gadasatanad.

130

endi golzuorTis namuSevrebi.

64. Zveli da axali qalaqi gakveTilis ZiriTadi Temebi:

• ra qmnis qalaqis saxes • rogor exameba qalaqSi „Zveli“ da „axali“ erTmaneTs • ra rols asrulebs reklama Tanamedrove qalaqis quCebSi

romi. via dela konCilacione. XX s-is dasawyisSi da 50-iani wlebis rekonstruqciis Semdeg

I. Tqven ukve iciT, rom qalaqebis iersaxe aTeuli wlebis, zogjer ki saukuneebis ganmavlobaSi yalibdeba. aseT qalaqebSi sxvadasxva epoqis Senobebi erTmaneTis gverdigverd arsebobs da mis ganumeorebel iersaxes qmnis. romi am mxriv erT-erTi gamorCeuli evropuli qalaqia. aq SexvdebiT rogorc antikuri xanis nagebobebsa da qandakebebs, aseve, Sua saukuneebis, renesansisa da barokos periodis Senobebs da, ra Tqma unda, Tanamedrovesac. es imis utyuari niSania, rom `maradiul qalaqSi~ yvela epoqaSi sicocxle Cqefda. amgvari saxecvlileba bunebrivi procesia, magram romaeli xuroTmoZRvrebi yvela epoqaSi utyuari alRoTi ise axerxebdnen Zvelisa da axlis dakavSirebas, rom axals Zveli ar `daeCagra~ da `daeTrguna~ da organulad Serwymoda mas.

v ia d e l a k onC i l a c i one Zvelisa da axlis Serwymis SesaniSnavi nimuSia via dela konCilacione (Serigebis quCa), romelic mdinare tibridan petres taZrisaken miemarTeba. es quCa 1936-1950-ian wlebSi aSenda, SesaniSnavad Seerwya adrindel periodSi agebul wm. petres taZrisa da mis win mdebare moednis arqiteqturas da mxatvrulad mTliani ansambli Seqmna.

1. SeadareT via dela konCilaciones XX s-is dasawyisSi da 50-iani wlebis rekonstruqciis Semdeg fotoebze warmodgenili xedebi. ra Seicvala rekonstruqciis Semdeg? 2. aRwereT wminda petres taZari da misken mimaval quCaze ganlagebuli saxlebi. rogor erwymis isini erTmaneTs? romi. via dela konCilacione. xedi wm. petres taZarze

131

s akl as o di s kus i a romeli epoqis nagebobebia gamosaxuli romis am fotoze? imsjeleT, rogor erwymis erTmaneTs Zveli da axali. romi. piaca arjentina.

II. qalaqebis quCebs odiTganve qandakebebiT amkobdnen. Tanamedrove qalaqebSi sxvadasxva epoqaSi dadgmul mraval Zegls SexvdebiT, maT Soris Tanamedrovesac. zogierTi maTganis forma tradiciulia da Zneli saTqmelia, rodis Seiqmna is — Zvelad Tu axla. zogs ki Tvalis erTi SevlebiTac gamoarCev da mixvdebi, rom es Tanamedrove xelovnebis nimuSia. 3. gaixseneT, riT iyo Semkuli Zveli saberZneTis da romis TqvenTvis nacnobi qalaqebis quCebi da moednebi? 4. daakvirdiT am fotoebze warmodgenil qandakebebs. Tqveni azriT, Zvelia isini Tu Tanamedrove? 5. ra STabeWdilebas giqmniT TiToeuli maTgani? florencia. senioriis moedani

luiz burJua. oboba. gugenhaimis muzeumi. bilbao

henri muri. ori ovali

III. Tanamedrove qalaqis cxovrebaSi didi adgili daikava sxvadasxva saxis sareklamo produqciam. bunebrivia, maRaziebis, saxelosnoebis, restornebis abrebi adrec arsebobda; Teatrebi da sakoncerto darbazebic sareklamo afiSebiT iwvevda mayurebels, magram xalxmraval da „moZrav“ Tanamedrove quCebSi axali teqnologiebis safuZvelze Seqmnil Tanamedrove reklamas gansakuTrebuli roli eniWeba. 132

reklama dRes mxolod gamosaxulebiT an teqstiT ar ifargle足ba. mayureblis yuradRebis misazidad is umeteswilad didi zomisaa, aTasf足rad aris ganaTebul-gaCaxCaxebuli, zogjer moZravicaa, teqnikuri progre足sis uaxles miRwevebs iyenebs da xSirad patara filmsac ki hgavs, romelic Tanamedrove Senobebis fasadebze damontaJebul did monitorebze gadis.

6. daasaxeleT TqvenTvis cno足 bili reklamis ramdenime saxeoba. 7. dafiqrdiT da CamoTvaleT, sad aTavseben sareklamo gancxadebebs, plakatebs an afiSebs? 8. daasaxeleT Tqveni qalaqis an soflis quCebSi moTavsebuli yvelaze dasamaxsovrebeli reklamis magaliTebi.

moculobiTi reklama

davaleba moiZieT Tqvens qalaqSi (dabaSi, sofelSi) Zveli da axali nagebobebi. imsjeleT, rogor erwymis isini erTmaneTs.

sareklamo posterebi

133

65. reklama

p r a q t i k u l i s a muS a o

nebismieri xerxiT (formatis, sxvadasxva saxatavi masalis, bunebrivi da xelovnuri resursis, webos da makratlis gamoyenebiT) Seqm e niT sasurveli produqtis reklama. SegiZliaT, namuSevari kompiuteruli teqnikiT SeasruloT.

qalaqis gadatvirTuli da xalxmravali quCa idealuri adgilia nebismieri saxis reklamis gansaTavseblad. quCaSi fexiT mosiarule Tu transportSi msxdomi adamianebis yuradRebis misapyrobad sxvadasxva saxis reklamis mwarmoeblebi cdiloben, yvelasagan gamorCeuli, advilad dasamaxsovrebeli reklama Seqmnan da TvalSisacem adgilas moaTavson. reklamis tradiciul formebTan erTad gaCnda misi axali saxeobebi — bilbordebi, laiTboqsebi (ganaTebuli yuTebi) da sxv. dafiqrdiT, risi reklamis gakeTebas isurvebdiT da romel mxatvrul xerxs airCevdiT amisaTvis. SeecadeT, rom Tqveni reklama originaluri da TvalSisacemi iyos.

1950 wlis safexburTo Cempionatis plakati

didi qalaqis quCa

sareklamo posteri

 daakvirdiT reklamis aq warmodgenil nimuSebs. SesaZloa, romelime maTganis idea gamogadgeT samu Saos Sesrulebisas;  aucileblad gaiTvaliswineT, rom reklama mxo lod formiT ki ar unda iyos originaluri, aramed feriTa da ganaTebiTac iqcevdes yuradRebas;  gasaqani mieciT Tqvens fantazias. Tanamedrove reklama SeiZleba, moculobiTic iyos da damzaddes nebismieri masalisgan.

134

`moZravi~ reklama

66. Semajamebeli gakveTili I. SeusabameT Tanamedrove xelovnebis CamoTvÂ

lili mimdinareobebi warmodgenil namuSevrebs. daasabuTeT Tqveni azri.

1. impresionizmi

2. postimpresionizmi

3. fovizmi

a) 4. futurizmi

5. kubizmi

6. abstraqcionizmi

g) 135

v) II. airCieT Tanamedrove xelovnebis sasurveli mxatvruli mimdinareoba, SeecadeT SeqmnaT namuSevari am mimdinareobis principebis mixedviT, Sesabamisi teqnikisa da xerxebis gamoyenebiT. namuSevari waradgineT klasis winaSe, isaubreT, romeli mimdinareoba SearCieT, axseniT, romeli mxatvruli xerxebi gamoiyeneT da ratom. 136

proeqti I. es mniSvnelovania! Cveni sazogadoebis cxovrebaSi nebismieri mniSvnelovani movlena SeiZleba, Tqveni gansjis sagani gaxdes. bunebrivia, amis Sesaxeb saubari ojaxSi, skolaSi, TanatolebTan da ufrosebTan giwevT. Tuki CaTvliT, rom ama Tu im movlenis an problemis Sesaxeb Tqveni azris dafiqsireba mniSvnelovania, SeiZleba, sagangebo aqcia moawyoT da ase gamoxatoT sakuTari damokidebuleba. aqciis mowyobaSi, mis mxatvrul gaformebaSi dagexmarebaT is, rac ukve iswavleT: mxardasaWeri an saprotesto plakatebis damzadeba; sakuTari xeliT iseTi suvenirebis Seqmna, romlebzec Tqveni pozicia iqneba dafiqsirebuli. rac ufro mimzidveli iqneba amgvari suveniri, miT ufro met adamians gaacnobT da daamaxsovrebT sakuTar pozicias. Zalian efeqtiani iqneba saqvelmoqmedo aqciis mowyoba, romelzec Tqven mier Seqmnil mxatvrul namuSevrebs gayidiT, xolo Semosul Tanxas im saqmes moaxmarT, ris mxardasaWeradac marTavT aqcias.

 ganixileT, romeli sazogadoebrivi problemebi gaRelvebT yvelaze metad da rasTan dakavSirebiT isurvebdiT aqciis mowyobas;

 aqciis Temis dasaxelebis Semdeg SeudeqiT mzadebas, daiyaviT jgufebad da gainawileT funqciebi;

 saorganizacio jgufs daavaleT aqciis drois gansazRvra, adgil is SerCeva da mTeli RonisZiebis dawvrilebiTi grafikis Sedgena;

 gamoiyeneT masmediis yvela saSualeba: televizia, radio, gazeTebi. mniSvnelovania, rom sazogadoeba informirebuli iyos aqciis Sesaxeb;

 SeqmeniT informaciulad tevadi da efeqturi plakatebi, romlebzec mkafiod iqneba asaxuli Tqveni pozicia;

 SeagroveT Tqveni aqtivobebis Sedegad dagrovili masala: fotoebi, plakatebi, naxatebi da sxv. da moawyveT gamofena.

137

proeqti II. Zveli da axali Tbilisi Tbilisi, iseve rogorc yvela Tanamedrove qalaqi, cocxali organizmia. is gamudmebiT izrdeba, icvleba, mis quCebSi Tanamedrove arqiteqturis nimuSebi Cndeba. magram axaldaarsebuli qalaqebisgan gansxvavebiT, Tbilisi istoriuli qalaqia. misi biografia aTeulobiT saukunes iTvlis. is gacilebiT xnieria, vidre mecnierebs warmoedginaT sul cota xnis winac ki. istoriul warsuls gafrTxileba sWirdeba; upirveles yovlisa imitom, rom es warsuli qalaqisa da eris istoriaa, xolo Semdgom imitom, rom Zveli nagebobebis, quCabandebisa Tu ubralod reliefis SemorCenili fragmentebi Tbilisis iersaxis ganmsazRvreli elementebia. aRmosavleTisa da dasavleTis Sesayarze mdebare qveynis dedaqalaqSi orive kulturisTvis damaxasiaTebeli niSnebi Seerwya erTmaneTs da harmoniulad Tanaarsebobda saukuneebis ganmavlobaSi. bunebrivia, qalaqis ieri drois fexdafex icvleba da Tanamedrove niSnebs iZens, magram mdidari kulturuli memkvidreobis mqone qalaqSi didi mniSvneloba eniWeba Tanamedrove arqiteqturis Sexamebas istoriul nagebobebTan. proeqtze muSaobisas warmoadgineT amgvari sinTezis, Tqveni azriT, warmatebuli magaliTebi da iseTi SemTxvevebic, rodesac axali nageboba ver ewereba, arRvevs istoriuli ubnis saxes.

Tbilisi. Tavisuflebis moedani Zvelad da dRes

 muSaobis dawyebamde gaecaniT proeqtis dagegmvisa da Sesrulebis zogad wesebs. gaanawileT funqciebi da SeudeqiT muSaobas;

 vizualuri masalis dasafiqsireblad gamoiyeneT TqvenTvis sasurveli nebismieri xerxi, CaxateT an CaxazeT saintereso nageboba, gadaiReT foto;

 sasargeblo iqneba masalis moZieba Semdeg internet-misamarTze http://www.icomos.org.ge an maswavleblis mier miTiTebul gamocemebSi. TiToeul Tqvengans SeuZlia miakiTxos saojaxo fotoalboms. iq SeiZleba aRmoCndes Zvel TbilisSi gadaRebuli fotoebi. TqvenTvis saintereso masalis erT-erTi wyaroa qarTveli mxatvrebis _ aleqsandre cimakuriZis, elene axvledianis, daviT kakabaZisa da sxvaTa peizaJebi;

 Tqveni namuSevari kidev ufro saintereso iqneba, Tu mas Tan daurTavT Zveli Tbilisis moqalaqeTa Cacmulobis amsaxvel masalas, gaamdidrebT imdroindeli sareklamo abrebis, sayofacxovrebo nivTebis, sxvadasxva aqsesuaris warmodgeniT;

 proeqtis umniSvnelovanesi nawilia Tqveni mosazrebebi qalaqis Tanamedrove ganaSenianebis Taobaze. SeecadeT, dasabuTebulad warmoadginoT Tqveni azri, gamoxatoT damokidebuleba Tanamedrove arqiteqturuli gegmarebisa da Tavad nagebobebis mimarT;

 proeqtis prezentaciis Semdeg vizualuri masala moaTavseT saklaso oTaxSi an skolis darbazSi. nu SewyvetT muSaobas am Temaze. Zveli Tu axali saintereso Senobis naxvisas SeecadeT daafiqsiroT is da SematoT ukve arsebul masalas.

138

ganmartebebi alegoriuli figurebi _ figurebi, rom lebic gamoxatavs raime azrs, ideas, cnebas. atributi _ adamianis, sagnis an movlenis arsebiTi, aucilebeli da ganuyofeli niSani. biusti (frang. buste, laT. bustum kremaciis adgili, saflavis Zegli) _ adamianis gamosaxuleba mkerdamde (umTavresad portretuli) mrgval qandakebaSi. sabolood Camoyalibebuli saxe miiRo Zvel romSi, sadac biusts sagangebo sadgami gaukeTes. farTod gavrcelda aRorZinebis epoqasa da momdevno periodSi. geoglifi _ miwaze datanili didi zo mis geometriuli an figuratiuli ga mosaxuleba, romelic mTlianobaSi mxolod didi simaRlidan aRiqmeba. gobeleni _ xeliT naqsovi kedlis xaliCa, romelzec raime siuJetia gamosaxuli. grafiti (ital. graffiti, berZn. γραφειν vwer) — warwerebi an naxatebi Senobebisa da reb gadasasvlelebis kedlebze, mata lis vagonebze, Robeebsa da sxva vertikalur zedapirebze. damba (holand. dam jebiri) _ sazRvao hidroteqnikuri nagebo ba zRvis sana piro dablobebis dat borvisgan dasa cavad, portis misasvleli arxebis Se mosaRobad. dizaini _ nivTis, sagnis, garemos gareg nuli saxis mxatvruli formis dap roeqteba. ekologia _ mecniereba, romelic Seis wavlis adamianis damokidebulebas ga remosTan. eqsponati (laT. exponatus saCveneblad ga mofenili) _ muzeumSi an gamofenaze saCveneblad gamofenili sagani. eqspozicia (laT. expositio axsna, ganmar teba) _ xelovnebis nawar mo ebebis, sa muzeumo eqsponatebis, mrewvelobis produqtebis da sxv. garkveuli siste-

miT ganlageba, dasaTvaliereblad ga mofena. iluzia (fr. illusion cdomileba) _ sinam dvilis mcdarad aRqma. inkrustacia (laT. incrustatio vfarav feniT an qerqiT) — raime sagnis zedapirze CaWdevebuli gansxvavebuli masalis _ Zvlis, sadafis, liTonis samkauli. interieri (frang. intérieur Sida) — Senobis an saTavsos Sida sivrce. interieris arqiteqturuli gadawyveta gansazR vrulia misi funqciuri datvirTviT. interieris dasamSveneblad iqmneba monumenturi mxatvroba, qandakebebi, mozaika. koncefcia (laT. conceptio gageba, sistema) _ termini gamoiyeneba ZiriTadi Cana fiqris, konstruqciuli principis aRsaniSnavad xelovnebaSi, teqnikasa da sxva dargebSi. kondotieri (ital. condottiere) — da qira vebuli samxedro razmis winamZRoli. liTografia (Zv. berZ. qva, wera) _ beWduri grafikis erT-erTi saxeoba, romlis drosac anabeWds qvis dafidan iReben. beWdvis am teqnologiam gaaiola anabeWdebis miRebis procesi. ad meandri _ ornamentis saxeoba. warmo gens xveul an texil xazs. mcire aziis erT-erTi mdinaris _ meandris saxelis mixedviT. megapolisi (laT. megas didi, polis qalaqi) _ ramdenime qalaqisa da dasax le buli pun qtis zrdis da faqtob rivi Serwymis Sedegad warmoqmnili giganturi qalaqi. miniatura _ mcire formis mxatvruli na warmoebi. SeiZleba warmoadgendes fe rad gamosa xulebas, romliTac rTa v dnen da asuraTebdnen Sua saukuneebis xelnawerebs. petroglifi (berZ. petros _ klde, glyphe _ amokveTa) _ gamoqvabulis kedlebze an kldeze amokveTili (da ara daxatuli) gamosaxulebani. 139

plakati _ franguli sityvidan momdi na reobs da gancxadebas niSnavs. saa gitacio, sareklamo, informirebis mi z niT qaRaldis did furcelze Ses rulebuli TvalSisacemi gamosaxuleba mokle teqstis TanxlebiT. plakati grafikis nairsaxeobaa. posteri _ nabeWdi produqcia, romelic kedelze dasamagreblad aris Seqmnili. posters xSirad sareklamo funqcia aqvs. posteri ewodeba aseve, mxatvrebis cnobili nimuSebis reproduqciebs. ke stensili _ trafaretis meSveobiT ga Tebuli Sav-TeTri gamosaxuleba. torsi _ adamianis sxeuli, tani (Tavisa da xel-fexis gamoklebiT).

140

trafareti _ Txeli firfita, romelSic amoWrilia raime gamosaxuleba an asoebi. trafarets iyeneben magaliTad, naxatis gadasatanad raime zedapirze. qtitori _ berZnuli sityvaa da damfuZ nebels, Semqmnels niSnavs. qtitori is pirovnebaa, romlis xarjiTac Sendeba, SekeTdeba an xelaxla irTveba eklesia. cxeni rqosani _ miTologiuri arseba, cxeni, romelsac Sublze erTi rqa aqvs. simbolurad ganasaxierebs ubiwoebas, sulier siwmindes. wyviledi portreti _ ori damoukidebeli nawilisagan Semdgari ferweruli namuSevari, romelzec ori sxvadasxva pirovnebaa gamosaxuli da romelic erT mTlianobas qmnis.