EDITION 104
December 2017
Eindhoven
www.vanrossumbv.nl
Editorial
Editorial
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Dear reader,
Chairman’s note
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Agenda
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When I am thinking about Eindhoven, I am thinking about ‘Eindhoven Lichtstad’. This title has its origin in the 19th century, when match factories settled in Eindhoven. Nowadays, the title is commonly linked to the Philips company which started its light bulb factory in the center of Eindhoven. Annual events like the ‘lichtjesroute’ and ‘GLOW’ still live up to the title of the city.
Theme: Eindhoven Introduction: Eindhoven Strijp-T Strijp-S Onyx tower Development of the TU/e Campus Centerfold Evoluon
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News
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TU/news
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KOers members Master’s thesis Thesis updates Active Adaptive Concrete Structures
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Internship experiences of a KOers member Gerben van der Meijde
The experience of... Loes Mulders
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Unit Structural Design PhD update: Safebrictile by Rianne Dekker New on floor 9 Irene Scheperboer and Frits Rooijackers
Education update
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Column Hans Lamers ‘Eindhoven, de gekste!!’
Colophon
Eindhoven is also known as the center of the Brainport region: ‘a world-class top technology region’. In 2011, the Brainport region was called the smartest region of the world, because of its cooperation with educational institutes, the industry, and the government. The Brainport region is continually responding to the fast, global movements, creates new links and herewith changes. As I grew up in the surroundings of Eindhoven, I am proud to introduce you this Eindhoven special. The centerfold will guide you through the city and emphasizes some of the iconic buildings. Here, also the location of the theme related articles like the Onyx tower and Strijp-S are indicated. The development of the university campus of the Eindhoven University of Technology can be read on page 22. This time, the non-theme-related articles, where you can read about graduation topics and news about the campus, actually do belong to the theme. Together with the editorial board, I really enjoyed the development of edition 104 about the home city of the KOersief. We hope to give you some more insight about what Eindhoven has to offer. On behalf of the editorial board,
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Caroline Koks Editor-in-chief KOersief 104
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We’re committed to a sustainable partnership ENCI. The cement for a secure future. In the construction sector everyone must take on his ecological, social and economic responsibility. ENCI is committed to doing that together with the customer. So we develop sustainable products suited to the economic and ecological realities, and we support a strong partnership. We share experiences and offer solutions. Eco-responsibility means working together for a secure future for the generations to come.
More about our eco-responsible approach at www.enci.nl
Chairman’s note Dear members of KOers, On behalf of the 48th board of KOers, I would like to officially welcome you all to the association and wish you all the best for the upcoming year, even though it is already December. We hope to get to know all of you in the upcoming year to share knowledge and have fun and we hope that you will get to know KOers to make sure that you feel right at home between the Structural Designers in Eindhoven. Last week, my experience of coming home to Eindhoven was rather peculiar. I was traveling by train, as I am most of the time. It was rush hour so I was not able to find a seat immediately. The train stops at ‘s-Hertogenbosch and many people leave the train. So, I try my luck and look for a fourseat spot to deposit my legs. I find one next to an elderly woman who is sleeping. After me, a boy and a girl take a seat as well. The boy throws himself on the couch and turns on some music. He uses earplugs, but luckily it is loud enough for the whole train to hear it. The girl takes a gentler approach towards her seat and puts in some chewing gum, which you apparently cannot eat without making a ridiculous noise. The woman next to me starts snoring. Loud. For some reason, I do not really feel the need to talk to them and so I just stare to the back of the train and hope these 20 minutes are over before I know it. 10 minutes have passed by. I am still alive. As I am trying to figure out why these three people conspired against me on this Friday afternoon, I see the girl looking to her right. I cannot really see the expression on her face, but I am sure she is looking at the boy. I wonder if they are a couple, since I cannot think of another reason why she would look at him. She does it again and I am still not able to make out her expression. She starts moving towards him. Very slowly she reaches over, while keeping an eye out for a reaction of the boy. She stretches her arm towards the window. Slowly turns her head to where her arm was moving a moment before and throws her chewing gum away. My chances of surviving this trip have just increased by 30%. 15 minutes have passed. The woman is still snoring. Luckily, the girl does not make noise anymore without the chewing gum. She has made several more attempts to get attention from the boy, but is still unsuccessful. If they are a couple indeed, they have a rather peculiar way of communicating, but who am I to judge them. And so, the couple keeps communicating for a few more minutes. 17 minutes have passed by. The girl has attention from the boy, I repeat, the girl has attention from the boy! The boy takes out his earplugs. I have waited 17 minutes for this moment. This is the moment that they will start talking. She asks him if he could lower the volume. He kindly replies with a “yes”, turns his music off and puts his earplugs in his bag.
19 minutes have passed by. The boy and girl have been talking over the past two minutes. They were not a couple for sure, but they seem to be having fun. Until. Silence. They run out of subject matter and sure enough, the woman stops snoring as well. The boy looks around, probably for someone or something to rescue the situation. Finally, he reaches over to the woman. Is he going to ask her to start snoring again? The boy approaches the elderly woman and taps on her shoulder. As she wakes up, the boy tells her that we are almost in Eindhoven and asks if that is where she has to be. She nods, while seemingly still sleeping. 20 minutes have passed by. The train starts to slow down as we roll into the train station of Eindhoven. The boy, the girl, and the woman stand up and walk to the door to leave the train while they are having some small talk. I have space to put my legs wherever I want for the last few seconds of this ride and start to think about how wrong my first impression was of these people. Maybe we should all reconsider a bad first impression we have of someone, and interact a little bit more. This is one of the main goals of KOers; improving the social interaction between students, professors, and companies and strengthening the community of Structural Designers. Starting when we join the association during our studies in Eindhoven and continuing as we spread through the Netherlands and beyond afterwards. I would like to thank the editorial board for their efforts in creating this Eindhoven themed KOersief. Not only because it will teach us a lot about the structures in this city, but also because it will make us all feel more at home as a Structural Designer in Eindhoven. Yours sincerely, On behalf of the 48th board of KOers, Derk Bos, Chairman of the 48th board of KOers
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Kijk eens goed om je heen, al je medestudenten zijn na je studie
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jouw concurrenten. Oriënteren en specialiseren tijdens de studie is dus nog niet zo’n slecht plan. Want direct je droombaan vinden na je afstuderen is niet vanzelfsprekend. Met de juiste persoonlijke begeleiding en kennis van de markt helpt Continu jou met die eerste stap in je carrière. Daarvoor zijn we tenslotte intermediair. Je carrière wacht op je, waar wacht jij nog op?
Ga naar www.continu.nl, vind de vestiging bij jou in de buurt en kom in contact met één van onze adviseurs.
Continu is gevestigd in Almelo, Amsterdam, Arnhem, Breda, Capelle aan den IJssel, Eindhoven, Heerenveen, Maastricht en Utrecht
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Activities
Agenda Excursion Octatube December 15th Delft This excursion brings us to the factory of Octatube! Here we can see diverse mock-ups of the projects that they are working on. In addition to the visit to the factory, we also will get different presentations about other interesting projects they are engaged in.
Constitution drink
KOers Introduction Day
September 11th
September 21th
Lunchlecture ENCI December 20th Trappenzaal, TU/e Throughout the year, several lunchlectures will take place. So far, four successful lunchlectures have already been given and there are a lot more to come. The ‘Trappenzaal’ in Vertigo is the place to be for interesting lectures of companies from all over the Netherlands. Upcoming is the lunchlecture of ENCI, they will tell us about the ‘Concrete agreement’. This is an agreement prepared by the Dutch government and the concrete industry, in accordance with the Paris agreement, to make the concrete sector more sustainable. Interested already? Then join us for this lecture while enjoying a nice lunch. KOers Coffee Time Weekly KOerscorner, Vertigo floor 2, TU/e Every Wednesday afternoon, during lunch break, KOers gives you the opportunity to have a nice cup of coffee or tea. Join us for this weekly event between 12:30-13:30. Relax and have a short break with the board and your fellow students. New Year’s Drink January 9th SkyBar! Underground, Eindhoven After the holidays, we would like you to look forward to a nice new years drink where you can share your stories about what you have done during your holidays. All this while enjoying a nice cold beer and the company of your fellow students, who probably also have a lot to tell!
Lunchlecture Witteveen+Bos
Nationale Staalbouwdag
September 26th
October 10th
ENCI Multiple Day Excursion Quartile 3 TBA Like every year, study association KOers organizes the ENCI Multiple Day Excursion. The location is still to be decided, but will be announced soon! During these days, several projects will be visited and, of course, there will be time for sightseeing. The committee is busy with the organization of the trip and they will make sure the trip is worthwhile. SCIA Workshop February 7th Vertigo Have you always wanted to broaden your skills on a structural computer program like SCIA Engineer? KOers provides a workshop to obtain more information and expertise about this program. During this workshop you will get the chance to expand your capability to work with SCIA Engineer. This workshop will be helpful during your design projects in the master.
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The history of Eindhoven
Introduction: Eindhoven By: Lieneke van der Molen Editor KOersief Eindhoven has 226,921 inhabitants, 106,873 houses, and is the home city of study association KOers. This article gives a small introduction to this edition’s theme of the KOersief: Eindhoven. Faas Moonen, a associate professor at Eindhoven University of Technology (TU/e), was asked to collaborate to this article as he knows plenty of facts. The city Eindhoven is originated on a piece of land between five rivers: the Dommel, the Gender, the Laak, the Tongelreep and the Rungraaf. In 1232, Eindhoven received its city and market rights from Duke Hendrik I of Brabant. The acquisition of the city rights must be seen as a tactical game within Hendrik I’s city politics; later on, in 1423, Duke Jan IV of Brabant gave Eindhoven the full city rights. Eindhoven has had to bear a lot in its lifetime: pillages by the Lords van Gelre, fires, the pest, the Iconoclastic Fury and war violence, and pillages during the Eighty Years’ War. It became peaceful in the city after the Bataafse Revolution in 1795, when Brabant became equal with other regions. In 1920, the current municipality of Eindhoven, known as Great Eindhoven, evolved by fusing with five neighboring smaller towns: Woensel, Strijp, Gestel, Stratum, and Tongelre, which nowadays are districts of the city. Since then, there have been smaller fusions and city border corrections: a part of the earlier municipality of Geldrop and the municipality of Veldhoven were added and finally the ‘Vinexwijk’ Meerhoven.
Figure 1: Remnant of the cigar and tabacco industry Karel I
Figure 2: Original location of the cigar box and match factory Picus
Picus and Karel I, were linked together. The cigars made by Karel I were stored in the boxes of Picus. More known is the name of the textile industry: Schellens (Figure 3 – Bleekweg and Vestijk). Nowadays, the Schellens factory houses the local beer brewery 100 Watt (Stadsbrouwerij Eindhoven) and other smaller occupants. The DAF car industry contributed greatly to the expansion of the city after the Second World War, even though the factory was established before the war (Figure 4 – Hugo van der Goeslaan 1, industrial terrain). Mennen&Keunen was the first large match factory in Eindhoven, founded in 1870. The company produced the famous ‘molenlucifers’: matches in wooden boxes with labels that displayed mills. FUN FACT Eindhoven is also known as the ‘Lichtstad’. This name is usually attributed to Philips, but the name is originally derived from the match industry in Eindhoven.
Due to a high interest of Gerard Philips in research, the basis for Philips ‘Natuurkundig Laboratorium’ (NatLab) was made in 1914. In addition, a second technical university was wished for in the east or south of the Netherlands. In 1953, it became clear that this university would be situated in Eindhoven. The terrain of the TU/e used to be a remaining piece of ground of poor quality in the middle of housing areas. The poor quality was the result of clay and loam deposits of the Dommel. Figure 3: Schellens factory
Factories Eindhoven had many industries. During the industrial revolution around 1900, factories attracted many workers to the city. Back then, Eindhoven housed the following industries: a cigar or tobacco factory, a cigar box factory, a match factory, a textile factory, the light bulb factory of Philips, and the DAF car factory. The cigar and tobacco industry was known under the name Karel I and still has some remains in the city nowadays (Figure 1 - Tongelresestraat and Kanaaldijk-Zuid). The wood industry Picus was known under the name ‘J. Bruning en Zoon’ for the fabrication of cigar boxes back in the days. The location of this industry is the current location of the DAF museum (Figure 2 – Tongelresestraat 27).
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Philips The light bulb factory was established in 1891 under t the name Philips & Co. by a father and son: Frederik and Gerard Philips. The father, Frederik, was a tobacco distributer, manufacturer, and banker and Gerard was a mechanical engineer. Earlier, in 1895, the commercial younger son Anton Philips traveled all over Europe to sell light bulbs. This resulted that Philips became the largest light bulb factory of the European land. The first light bulb factory is shown in Figure 5 and can be found in the middle of the city center of Eindhoven (Emmasingel 31) which currently houses the Philips museum. The growing interest, resulted in growing
production and a growing Eindhoven due to growing employment opportunities. One of the key aspects of Philips was its care for the employers. They built houses and places to relax since it would improve the production. Another typical fact is that Philips wanted to provide a cheap drugstore for its employees, resulting in the founding of the Etos. Philips bought large lands of high quality (sand grounds) in and around Eindhoven. These lands were used to construct their factories, resulting in the poor areas for housing. Eventually, Philips became a large city developer. Famous is the ‘Lichttoren’ (1920), the ‘Witte Dame’ (1929), and a large complex called Strijp-1. In addition, Philips developed a number of neighborhoods: Strijp-S, Strijp-T, Strijp-R, Vredeoord, Beatrix, and Overig (EN: other). Back then, all buildings in these neighborhoods started with the letters S, T, R, V, B, and O. There was an additional group of buildings, namely Huurpanden (EN: rental premises). These buildings did not belong to Philips and started with the letter H.
Figure 5: First light bulb factory that nowadays houses the Philips Museum
When Philips existed for 75 years, the city provided a piece of land as a gift. This was at the time of the World Exposition Brussels in 1958, the period in which electrical energy took ground. Philips decided that they wanted to have a permanent location in Eindhoven to hold expositions for their new developments. This resulted in the construction of the Evoluon (more can be read on page 29). This introduction covers only a few facts of Eindhoven’s rich history. Other articles in this edition will treat some in-depth history and other project specifics. ◄ References: [1] https://eindhoven.buurtmonitor.nl/jive/ [2] http://eindhoven.serc.nl/geschiedenis-van-eindhoven/
Figure 4: Current entrance to the DAF factory
Figures: 1-5 Lieneke van der Molen
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Building the present, Creating the future
Innovatief en duurzaam BAM heeft de ambitie voorop te lopen in duurzaamheid en innovatie. Robotisering, 3D-printers en drones bieden nieuwe mogelijkheden in het bouwproces. Met internet of things, data en virtual reality kan slim worden ingespeeld op de behoeften van eindgebruikers. En wat is het effect van zelfrijdende auto’s op de infrastructuur van de nabije toekomst? De klant, de eindgebruiker en de omgeving staan centraal in ieder project, daarom zoeken wij voor elke vraag een duurzame oplossing. BAM vernieuwt. Jij ook?
Wil je weten hoe het is om te werken bij BAM? Kijk op onze website en social media voor verhalen van jonge BAM-medewerkers en lees wat jouw mogelijkheden zijn: bam.com/nl/werken-bij-bam Koninklijke BAM Groep nv @WerkenbijBAM @WerkenbijBAM
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The place for innovation and business
Strijp-T By: Denise Kerindongo Editor KOersief Strijp-T is a brownfield business site in Eindhoven, which contains an old and used energy plant. Nowadays, heavy industry is mixed here with other functions, like corporate and design business. Strijp-T is adjacent to Strijp-S in the south and surrounded by residential buildings in the east and west. Due to the fast growth of Strijp-T, it will soon become the new innovative development area of Eindhoven. History Through large-scale land purchases, since the 1930s, Philips had almost all lots in the north of Strijp-S in possession. Plans were made for two large contiguous manufacturing sites. Strijp-R was first developed and from 1948, the television production facilities were built. At Strijp-T, a new energy plant with two distinctive chimneys, building TR, was built in the same period. The diagonal placement of this building indicates that Strijp-T would get a further diagonal deployment related to the sloping taps of Philips’s own business line, see Figure 1. Within five years, Strijp-T was fully built with Philips business buildings, with a wide range of functions.
well in the old business area. The after-war buildings have been refurbished and optimized for sustainable business management with respect for atmosphere and architecture. As a result, the characteristic industrial appearance of that time is combined with the comfort of the present, which makes Strijp-T truly unique. Strijp-T is energy efficient, durable, safe and above all, comfortable.
Figure 2: Integrated working space TAQ building
Figure 1: Orientation buildings Strijp-T site
Strijp-T included a large paper and cardboard factory and a machine plant. Because of the operation named ‘Centurion’, many Philips factories were closed in Eindhoven or Philips companies became self-employed. Due to this remediation, many buildings were left empty. At Strijp-S and Strijp-R, this vacancy was successfully redeveloped into residential areas, a process that is still ongoing. The self-employed companies at Strijp-T could now stand on their own feet and still flourish
New young entrepreneurs have also discovered Strijp-T. In building TAB, some of Eindhoven’s most famous designers are active. In addition, complex installations are regularly assembled in building TAB. In the near future, three special buildings are going to be redeveloped for the Eindhoven manufacturing industry, namely: building TAQ, building TQ, and building TR. TAQ This former pump house of Brabant Water NV, which regulated the water supply for the Strijp-T industrial area, is being redeveloped to a building in which creative office and/ or studio sessions can take place, see Figure 2. The ability to change the function of this former water pump building in
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an inspiring work environment existed, and that opportunity was optimally used. The building is being expanded with a very modern production facility with a cleanroom, see Figure 3. The redevelopment of building TAQ proves that reuse, function change, and new construction combine well.
a growing company. Simply said: ‘T’ goes further, where ‘S’ stops. The area of business buildings is being redeveloped and further expanded. The aim was to construct the first new ‘avenue’ before the Dutch Design Week, so visitors could walk for a first look straight from the Torenallee on Strijp-S to the front of TQ, see Figure 4. TR: Innovation Powerhouse Coal was the first raw material used as fuel for the power plant, which was built in 1953 on Strijp-T, followed by oil and gas. Now, a better solution has been found: starting next year, innovation power is the energy source that comes from the plant, as the Innovation Powerhouse opens its doors, starting the fifth phase of the power plant.
Figure 3: Redevelopment TAQ building
TQ TQ was built in the 1950s to boost Philips’ growth. It is in many ways a special place for Eindhoven’s industrial development. TQ is by far the largest building of Strijp-T. The spaces are flexible, and the building can be efficiently divided. This makes it possible for smaller companies, starters, and other companies in the area of innovation to rent a place here.
The original concrete structures and the old brickwork are maintained, additions are built on the existing design. The combination of thinking, doing, and making is reflected in the three layers of the building, that is visible in the architecture and the functions assigned to the different spaces.
The goal is to develop building TQ as the host of the area. Here you will come and find plenty of amenities that are interesting for Strijp-T. The vision is that Strijp-T connects with both Strijp-S and the qualities of the green environment. The location is ideal considering the nearby train station Strijp-S and the ring of Eindhoven. Figure 5: The TR building
The former Philips power plant TR will become the new gateway to the Strijp-T area as ‘Innovation Powerhouse’. The industrial building is being renovated to create space for design and innovation. There will also be space for companies in the innovative creation sector. Figure 4: TQ building under construction
Building TQ was built by Philips for the Industrial Applications Division. Here, successful companies emerged like Philips Medical Systems, NXP, and ASML. Now, the giant TQ building is largely stripped and refined, but it keeps its industrial appearance. All window frames are replaced by double glazed aluminum frames. The building is equipped with a heat pump instead of gas-fired central heating, there is led lighting and underfloor heating on every floor, and there are solar panels placed on the roof. All in all, the building qualifies for the highest durability label. There are also underpasses to the light bulb factory. TQ and the power plant are also connected to each other by a walkway – an old pipeline bridge. TQ does not compete with the TU/e Campus, the High Tech Campus, Strijp-S, or the to be built Brainport Industries Campus. It is the missing link, a supplement, the areas will strengthen each other. A TU/e student who wants to start a business often starts at the university campus. Afterwards, he or she grows to Strijp-S or HTC. Currently, when prototypes are to be built, you will come to Strijp-T as
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The enormous coal chutes are still visible. Coal was transported to the top floor and deposited via the chutes in the several stories tall ovens. The plant, which supplied energy to the entire Philips area since the fifties, later changed to oil and then to gas. Now, there is a biogas plant next door, see Figure 5. The building has seen four phases of energy processing. Currently, the building is given a new lease of life: a fifth phase. The design was approached with a great deal of respect for the listed building. A part of the building has an open steel structure and houses a greenery. The construction of the energy plant was actually never completed. Now the symmetry will be restored. ◄ References: [1] Gebouwen op Strijp-T, from: https://www.strijp-t.nl/ [2] Michel Theeuwen 21-09-17 , ‘Strijp-T gaat door waar S ophoudt’, from: https://www.ed.nl/eindhoven/strijp-t-gaat-door-waar-sophoudt~a60080b4/ [3] Duurzaam en innovatief, from: www.gevavastgoed.nl Figures: Header, 4 www.ed.nl/eindhoven/strijp-t-gaat-door-waar-sophoudt~a60080b4 1 https://e52.nl/tq-de-volgende-transformatie-in-eindhoven/ 2, 3, 5 www.strijp-t.nl
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Former industrial park
Strijp-S: History By: Lieneke van der Molen Editor KOersief Without Philips, Eindhoven would most likely still be a collection of small cities. Philips provided a lot of employment opportunities, resulting in a growing city. Due to the departure to Amsterdam and other places around the world, the former industrial site Strijp-S thrives again. Since 2005, Strijp-S has been transforming visibly into a new dynamic heart of Brainport Eindhoven. The area is known for its rich Philips history, with plenty of innovation that have been developed and made visible. Nowadays, Strijp-S is an inspiration source for new residents, users, and visitors and at the same time a nutritional basis for new innovations. This article provides insight in the history, redevelopment, and future of the Strijp-S area. Philips & Co. produced around 1.5 million light bulbs in the 10 years after its founding in 1891. In order to keep up with the production demands, more space, raw materials, and employees were necessary. Anton Philips decided to build a factory on 1916 in Strijp-S which would provide Philips with glass, to ensure independency from suppliers. Later on, a cardboard factory, a gas plant, and ‘Natuurkundig Laboratorium’ (NatLab) were built to develop new technologies.
Figure 2: Photo of NatLab around 1946
With each new great innovation, Philips experienced a large growth. This development required new industry sites on the other side of the bypass: Strijp-R and Strijp-T. In the seventies, Strijp was at its peak: daily 10,000 employees were working there. Back then, Strijp was called the ‘Forbidden City’, because it was only possible to enter the area by means of an entrance pass and it was surrounded by fences and gates.
Figure 1: A photo of the ‘Klokkentoren’ in 1964
From 1928 on, Philips developed quickly on Strijp-S. The ‘Klokgebouw’, back then known as the ‘Klokkentoren’ (see Figure 1), is the first building that was finalized in 1929, followed by the residential buildings at the ‘Hoge Rug’. Thereafter, a machine plant and the ‘Ketelhuis’ were built and finished in 1929 as well. After the Second World War, the ‘Veemgebouw’ was built to provide storage location. With industry site Strijp-S, Philips became fully independent as they had all the raw materials to make their product and pack it in a cardboard box. In the NatLab (Figure 2), plenty of technologies were developed such as radio technologies, televisions, shavers, CDs, and DVDs. In the medical sector, Philips made the first steps in X-ray technology. The first electronic music was also made in the NatLab and Queen Wilhelmina spoke to the Dutch-Indian population through a wireless radio connection. Even Albert Einstein visited the NatLab.
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Figure 3: Logo of Philips
In 2000, conversations took place to redevelop Strijp-S, as Philips left the ‘Lichtstad’. Strijp-S was sold in 2002 for 140 million euro to Park Strijp Beheer, a partnership between VolkerWessels and the municipality of Eindhoven. ◄ References: [1] http://www.strijp-s.nl/nl/geschiedenis Figures: 1,2 Eindhoven in Beeld, www.eindhoveninbeeld.com 3 Andere Tijden, www.anderetijden.nl
Reorganization and the role of the municipality Eindhoven
Strijp-S: Redevelopment By: Angelique van de Schraaf MSc Editor KOersief In the nineties, Philips encountered financial problems. They were forced to move their headquarters to Amsterdam. They wanted to give the three industrial parks (Strijp-S, Strijp-T, Strijp-R) back to the city. Initially, the idea of the municipality of Eindhoven was not to buy the three sites. Together with Philips, the city council decided to offer Strijp-S in a tender. VolkerWessels got the best offer and in 2002 a Public-Private Cooperation came to life for Strijp-S. The financial crisis in 2007 was a direct reason for the municipality of Eindhoven to change business. Waiting and sitting on their hands was not the right setting. Therefore, a plan of attack was devised by the Appointed Concern Management. It was decided to silence all, now 300, spatial developments. The developments of two priority areas were continued, which took up all energy, money, and staffing. The idea behind this was, that it is better to concentrate on two major projects than on many small projects. These priority areas are the current Strijp-S with the Rail Zone and the VINEX location Meerhoven. Strijp-S and the Railroad Zone were chosen, because it is the center of the city and had to be the entrance to the Brainport. Of the 450,000 square meters gross floor area of Strijp-S intended for functions, a small 100,000 was intended for offices. Since the development takes a long time and flexibility is included in the plans, houses can now be built at the places that were destined for office space. What is the role of the municipality in the development ? [1] In the development of urban areas, the municipality has a public, facilitating role. For example, she is responsible for public law matters such as area views and land-use plans. Municipalities have different tools at their disposal for the development of areas. For example, a municipality may initiate a Public-Private Collaboration or ease the laws and regulations for market parties. When setting up a PublicPrivate Cooperation for Development, the municipality often investigates what should be build and the cooperation figures out how this can be done.
Figure 2: Area of Strijp-S in the year 2010
Is the reorganization of former industrial areas future-proof? [1] A lot of old buildings can be found in industrial areas. Also, Philips never imagined that these plants would transform into homes at a later time. Now, large investments are increasingly being considered about how the casco can be used later. This principle is expected to be also valid for dwellings. In the future, houses will be put up for sale without, for example, installations and other facilities. Thus, you only buy the structure that will be written off in 60 years. The buyer is free to search for companies that can provide the necessary services. Buyers no longer ask for a power plant, but for energy. How an utility is managed does not matter to the buyer. â—„ References: [1] Interview with Jos Roijmans by study association Service Figures: 1 inpijn-blokpoel.com/ 2 Skyscrapercity.com
Figure 1: Plan for the new Strijp-S
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New dynamic heart of Brainport Eindhoven
Strijp-S: Future By: Angelique van de Schraaf MSc Editor KOersief Since 2005, Strijp-S has transformed into the new dynamic heart of Brainport Eindhoven: a source of inspiration for many new residents, users, and visitors. In the future, Strijp-S will be further expanded into one of the most lively spots of Eindhoven: a great area for many new innovations. The ‘Klokgebouw’ was the first building transformed into a combined building for work, culture, and events. The other buildings will follow slowly. The 27 hectares of land are characterized by their high urban diversity with about 1,000 residents, more than 500 new businesses, and about 1.5 million visitors a year. In Figure 4, an overview of the current and some new buildings on Strijp-S. Klokgebouw This monumental work is the first property which was released for redevelopment in Strijp-S, and in 2010, the transformation was completed for creative industries, a music venue and event halls. The building has the role of cultural fortress of Strijp-S.
walkway and makes connections for people. You can wander there, or sit down on a bench, or a terrace. The Leidingstraat is dressed with urban greenery. Lightarchitect Har Holland has illuminated the streets with dynamic LED lighting. This dynamic lighting design refers with its movements to the old function of the Leidingstraat. [1]
Ketelhuis/Machine Room The Machine Room, which once held the technical facilities on Strijp-S, has been transformed into a restaurant and commercial space. The Ketelhuis is now the place where food, drink, art, and culture meet. In the past, this was the place that warmed the entire Philips industrial site.
Figure 2: Leidingstraat at night
Figure 1: Ketelhuis
Veemgebouw Since 1942, the Veemgebouw has served as a storage magazine for Philips products. Now, on the ground floor, Vershal Het Veem is located. A large part of the building has been converted into a parking lot. These changes seems to be quite dramatic, however the characteristic industrial appearance has been maintained from top till bottom, where the parking garages is situated. The Veemgebouw is characterized by a robust, solid structure with large columns. Those columns, in large numbers, largely determine the layout of the garage: the parking spaces are situated around these columns. Leidingstraat The Leidingstraat still is an important element on Strijp-S (Figure 2). The 550 meters long industrial pergola leads the
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Hoge Rug (Anton/Gerard/Apparatenfabriek) Anton and Gerard The two national monuments – now renamed Gerard and Anton as a tribute to the men who founded Eindhoven – have been transformed into a unique place to live and work. In both buildings, 244 living / work-lofts are realized; spaces of 50 or 80 m² or a plurality of them, with a height of 4.5 meters. Shower, toilet, and kitchen are housed in a moveable ‘Qbi’, so that the lofts are completely freely divisible and can change their function (living or working or a combination of
Figure 3: Construction of the Hoge Rug: Anton and Gerard
Figure 4: The area of Strijp-S shown with the current buildings that are renovated and the new buildings
them). The ground floor of both buildings is broken into huge volumes, creating inviting passages. Public-oriented functions such as hospitals, galleries, studios and designer shops on the ground floor and first floor contribute to the liveliness of Strijp-S.
carried out from a design by architect Peter Claassens of N-architecten in Maastricht and houses five cinemas, a theater hall, two exhibition halls, a film studio, a laboratory for arts, media and science, and a grand café-restaurant. The original auditorium of NatLab is restored.
Apparatenfabriek The Apparatenfabriek has been redeveloped into a business complex with more than hundred working areas in a variety of sizes and rents. The old Philips factory was completed in 2011 and offers 20,000 square meters of commercial space, among others for the creative industry. [1]
Space-S After 2.5 years of work with more than 1,000 people, the construction of 402 rental apartments, called Space-S, has been completed. Since December 2012, Space-S’s future residents, filled with energy and inspiration, have worked on their ideal neighborhood and their ideal rental property. The customers have gotten the unique opportunity to create their own space. One of the reasons that made this project really unique, was the fact that many of the residents had already reserved a house quite early in the design process. Therefore, residents also had an important role in the start-up. Everyone is very proud of what is established together.
NatLab In 2013, the municipality of Eindhoven invested in the complete renovation of the 100-year-old former Philips Natural Laboratory (NatLab) in 2013. The project was
Haasje Over The 040BMXpark and Area51 are currently being renovated. However, to increase urban sports facilities in the area, another building was needed. Since space was limited, the plan is to build across the current buildings. The building received the applicable name: Haasje Over. In the building, four groups have space to perform their activities; The Area51 skaters, BMX’ers from 040BMXpark, Rugged Studio, and EMOVES. ◄ References: [1] www.driehoekstrijps.nl
Figure 5: Artist impression of Haasje Over
Figures: 1-3,5 www.driehoekstrijps.nl 4 http://www.vestigingslocaties.nl/wp-content/ uploads/2014/10/Eindhoven-stedenbouwkundigplanStrijp-S.jpg
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The influence of the Onyx tower’s characteristics on its second order effect
Onyx tower By: Pieter Houwen and Chiel Bekkers Structural engineers at Tielemans A while ago, we gave a KOers lunchlecture about the newest high-rise tower in Eindhoven: the Onyx tower. During this lecture, a lot of aspects about the building and design process of a tower in the city center of Eindhoven were treated; we paid special attention to the different parties involved in this process and their interests herein. Although many students attended and were interested, the main criticism we received from them was that they would like to know more about the structural mechanics behind such a building. We took this to heart and will not fill this article with all kinds of facts about Onyx, we will write about its structural mechanics in relation to the second order effect. A lot can be written about the statics of such a tall building, in fact, too much for an article this size. Therefore, the subject treated in this article will deal with a phenomenon that required our attention at the start of the design process; what is the size of the nth-order effect of a high-rise and how can it be determined. We often see that determining the nth-order factor, e.g. the amplification of the first order elastic deformation due to axial forces in a structure, is easily dismissed with â&#x20AC;&#x153;n/ n-1< 1.1, no further analysis neededâ&#x20AC;?. When the nth-order effect is smaller than 1.1 it can be ignored according to our design codes. The reasoning behind this is that if this factor is smaller than 1.1 the effect of amplifying the first order internal forces is small, so small that it is not necessary to perform complex geometrically nonlinear analyses. The complexity in determining n/n-1 is discussed later on. When n/n-1 is larger than 1.1, it is often necessary to perform these complex analyses for buildings such as the Onyx tower. The difficulty in this is that, unlike the
results of linear-elastic analysis, results from different load combinations are not interchangeable. Each separate load combination, e.g. permanent load and live load or permanent load and wind, must be calculated and analyzed separately. This increases both the amount of results to be analyzed and the time needed by an engineer to analyze the results properly. If the results lead to an adaptation in the structural design, the whole process starts over again.
Figure 1: Simple schematization of a high-rise structure
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from the scheme in Figure 1, see Figure 2. The first deviation is the deformation of the foundation slab supporting the tower in combination with the column-beam-wall structure in the lower part of the building. This deformation, see Figure 3, cannot be described by the rotational spring at the base in Figure 1. The second deviation is found in the deformation of the tower. On top of deformation due to bending forces, shear deformation and rotation of the tower are found, see Figure 3.
Figure 2: Deformation of the 3D FEM-model
Consequently, during the design and progressive calculation phases, engineers try to avoid the necessity of nonlinear analyses. This is not because engineers are ‘work-shy’, the design and calculation of a high-rise is complex enough as it is. The design process has many different parties with each their own interests, leading to many changes in the design. As a structural engineer, all available time is needed in this phase to control for structural integrity. If too much time is spent on ‘perhaps unnecessary complex analyses’, the control over the structural integrity can be easily lost. However, this is a subject we dealt with during the lunch lecture, back to structural mechanics. The first few floors of the Onyx tower are made of in-situ concrete. From the second floor up, the walls are made of precast concrete elements. Each floor contains 37 different (21 interior and 16 facade) precast interlocking wall-towall elements. A building constructed of precast elements is quickly put together. However, the internal forces now have to be analyzed for 24 floors made of 37 elements each, which is 888 elements in total, instead of 6 or 7 shear walls. Therefore, it was chosen to calculate and analyze the entire structure in one Finite Element Method model (FEM-model) using shell, connection, and beam elements. This way, the distribution of internal forces of the foundation, basement, first floors, and the entire precast concrete structure could be analyzed as a whole. If geometrically nonlinear analyses are to be avoided, it is necessary to determine the magnitude of n/ n-1. Due to the complexity of the building structure, this cannot be approximated through simple statics. In a simple statics scheme, the tower is assumed to be a cantilever beam with a rotational spring at the base to account for the stiffness of the foundation. The second order effect can then be calculated with: ρ=
Cl π 2 = , l0 l 1,12 + 2 p , EI
FE =
π 2 EI l02
and
FE n = n − 1 FE − F
In the above, it is assumed that the total structure can be calculated according to the schematization in Figure 1. For multiple buildings of the size of Onyx we have found that the deformation is similar to the one shown in Figure 1. After the results of the 3D FEM-model were analyzed, we found that the calculated deformation deviated in two ways
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Figure 3: Deformation due to foundation stiffness, shear, and rotation
With these additional deformations the schematization in Figure 1 cannot fully describe the mechanical behavior of the complete structure. Therefore, we determined an alternative way to determine the value of n/n-1 for the Onyx tower.
Figure 4: Shift of the center of gravity
A geometrically linear and nonlinear calculation were performed for the Onyx tower for the load combinations in which the deformations of the tower where most explicit, e.g. permanent and wind loads. The center of gravity of the pile foundation was compared to the center of gravity of the pile reactions for both the linear and nonlinear models. The resulting values can be termed e1 and e2. The n/n-1 factor is then found by e2 over e1: n n 1
e e1
For the x- and y-directions the following was found: x-direction =
n e2 x = = 1, 03 n − 1 e1x
y-direction =
n e2 y = = 1, 08 n − 1 e1 y
In conclusion, we proved through this analysis that the n/n-1 factor did not have to be applied and could be ignored in further calculations. This made the overall design process less complex and valuable time was gained, which could be used in design optimization. ◄
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‘Where innovation starts’
Development of the TU/e Campus By: Eline Dolkemade Editor KOersief Eindhoven University of Technology (TU/e) works from a strategic plan to develop the university campus, which was relatively closed and monofunctional. The current master plan is an extension of the modernist campus of the fifties and sixties and the first master plan of the nineties in terms of thinking, architecture, urban planning, and urbanism. In 1946, as a result of the increasing industrialization after the war and the shortage of technicians, a second technical university of applied sciences was desirable. Due to the presence of large companies, such as Philips and DAF, and the political wish of a larger number of higher educators in the south of the Netherlands, the Technische Hogeschool Eindhoven is established in 1956, in Eindhoven. Until 1995, the government owned the campus, after which the ownership was transferred to the university. During the transfer, a large part of the buildings and facilities of the TU/e appeared not to comply with modern education and multidisciplinary research. In addition, some buildings failed in terms of sustainability and efficiency, and there was a need for a lower space requirement, due to changes in technical research. At the end of the nineties, this resulted in the first master plan developed by the TU/e.
important consequence of this was the deviation between high and low-rise buildings, the walkway system, and the exceptional entrances. As a result of the master plan, the departments of Chemical Engineering and Chemistry (Helix, 1996) and Built Environment (Vertigo, 2002) received new housing and renewal of laboratories, and research facilities were emphasized for the departments of Physics and Electrical Engineering (Cascade; 1999, Spectrum; 2002, and Cyclotron; 2003). This master plan also included new sports facilities, the TNO building (2001), and Kennispoort (2002). Housing plan 2020 In 2006, the Housing plan 2020 was developed to create international allure and a more open interaction between the university and society (such as institutes and companies). Two directions are followed to achieve this. First, the investment in TU/e housing, where all department buildings are located around a central, green, and car-free area, named the ‘Groene Loper’ (Figure 1). Secondly, there will be other developments on campus such as research, living, business, sport, and culture. Due to the fact that the departments share buildings and space is used more flexible, room is available for these other developments.
Figure 1: Plan of the ‘Groene Loper’ (source: TU/e)
The first master plan – period 1995-2002 The plan was inspired by the old principles: centralizing, stimulating meetings, and a compact organization. An
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Figure 2: Impression of the ‘Groene Loper’ (source: TU/e)
Phase 1 (2010-2012) • Development of the first phase of the ‘Groene Loper’. • 2010 – The W-hall is renovated into MetaForum. This building is a central meeting place and contains educational spaces, individual study places, the library, and a lunch cafe. MetaForum also shows the compactness of the campus, because a separate building has been built on top of the renewed W-hall for the Department of Mathematics and Computer Science. • 2012 – The old ‘Ketelhuis’ is renovated into CERES, where the Institute for Complex Molecular Systems is housed. • The concept of small-scale and flexible rentable office and experimental premises for starting entrepreneurs proved successful after the construction of the Twinning Center (20 companies) in 1999. To expand this, in 2012, Catalyst (30 labs and 40 offices) and in 1998 Multimediapaviljoen (30 companies and flexible offices for enterprise studios) were developed. Phase 2 (2013-2015) • 2015 – The development of Flux was the most important project of the second phase and is the housing of Electrical Engineering and Applied Physics. The building has no gas connection and with an Energy Performance Certificate (EPC) score of 0.6 Flux belongs to the most energy-efficient utility buildings in the Netherlands. • With the refurbishment of the public space in front of Flux in 2015, the second phase of the ‘Groene Loper’ was finished. • The TU/e campus has increasingly opened to research institutes. In 2015, the DIFFER (Dutch Institute of Fundamental Energy Research) has been opened. This building is the first building with a BREEAM ‘excellent’ score. • In 2015, the Strategic Area Smart Mobility got a physical place in the Momentum building. Phase 3 (2016-2018) • Currently, the renovation of the former Hoofdgebouw is in full swing. The building is called Atlas and becomes the housing of various TU/e services and the departments Industrial Design and Industrial Engineering and Innovation Sciences. • Two residential buildings have been realized. Aurora is a new 14 story high building and Potential has been renovated into a 16 story residential building, called Luna. • 2017 – At the east side of the TU/e Campus, a wind tunnel laboratory is built. • At present, Living Labs are being conducted in the area of Smart Cities and one for energy research. Phase 4 (2018-2020) • For the period starting in 2018, plans are being made at this moment. The last project from the original master plan 2020 is the renovation of Gemini (former W-hoog and W-laag) where the departments of Mechanical Engineering and Biomedical Engineering are located.
By: ir. Michel Schamp RC Director at Aronsohn raadgevende ingenieurs CERES The central ‘Ketelhuis’ (boiler house) with a characteristic masonry chimney belongs to the first generation buildings on the TU/e site. The building was constructed in two phases. The first construction phase dates from 1958, where in 1968, the building surface was doubled in construction phase two. At the time, the ‘Ketelhuis’ was designed and arranged for its function: efficient and sober. Special is the amount of light that is brought into the building. The building housed technical facilities, including the central hot water boilers. Over time, the technical installations have become superfluous due to climate control developments and the boiler house was largely disused. Housing the ICMS (Institute for Complex Molecular Systems) in the ‘Ketelhuis’ gave the building a second life and became CERES. Architect Diederendirrix developed a vision to transform the ‘Ketelhuis’ into a modern high-quality office and education building while retaining its architectural qualities. In 2013, the building was declared building of the year by BNA. The original building was characterized by a closed black facade of glazed bricks with rooflights over the length of the building. On both ends of the rooflights, there are buildinghigh glass facades, which allow a lot of daylight to enter the building. On the east side a red sliding door and ramp allow for transport of large installations. The main operation was to replace the southern brick wall with a black climate facade, which further increased the accumulation of light in the building. To increase the floor area, an intermediate floor has been constructed.
Figure 3: New CERES building (source: Arhonsohn raadgevende ingenieurs)
The main bearing structure of CERES is a steel portal frame made up of DIN, HEB, and HEM profiles with a center-to-center distance of 6.2 meters. The roof is made of prefab concrete slabs on steel girders (IPE profiles). Stability is provided in lateral direction by fixed welded portals frames and longitudinally by bracings in the roof surface and the masonry inner leaf. The ground floor is constructed of an in situ concrete slab on concrete beams and foundations blocks. Prefabricated concrete piles support the entire building. In order to minimize the construction height of the new intermediate floor, a steel plate concrete floor and integrated steel IFB beams have been chosen. The total structural height of the floor is just 300 millimeters, so there is plenty of room for installations above the ceiling. With the removal of the southern longitudinal facade, one stability wall in that direction disappeared. Nicely finished tension bars have reestablished the stability in the form of a cross type bracing.
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By: ing. Jeroen van Driel RC Project Manager at BAM Advies & Engineering
By: ir. Dennis Rietdijk RC Project Manager at IMd Raadgevende Ingenieurs
FLUX At the end of 2013, BAM has won the competition for the design and execution of the new building FLUX. In the preliminary design phase Zonneveld Ingenieurs was the structural design company. After the competition, BAM Advies & Engineering has made the final design phases.
DIFFER The DIFFER building is a mix between a laboratory and office building. The building has a footprint of approximately 100 by 45 meters, three floors, and a rooftop for the climate system. Two main experimental halls full of highly specialized equipment are surrounded by ample circulation spaces, including multi-story atria, offices, and small experimental rooms. The heart of the building consists of the main meeting places, two two-story lounges combined with conference facilities, lecture theatres, and the restaurant, which is connected to the roof gardens on top of the experimental halls.
Figure 4: Flux building (source: BAM Advies & Engineering)
The building is executed with precast columns and precast internal walls as vertical supporting points for the floor slabs. The floor slabs are made with wide-slab floors, a patented Cobiax system. In the factory of the supplier, the wideslab floors are build up including the ventilation ducts and piping for concrete core activation. The stability is provided by three precast cores and two steel braces at both ends of the building. In case of fire, the steel braces can lose their function without consequences for the superstructure, as the wind load can be reduced to 20% of the maximum wind load during or after a fire. Another big challenge of the building was the extended facade from the 7th floor until the roof. The floors and columns of the 7th, 8th, and 9th level are supported by four trusses between the 9th floor and roof. We have decided to make a temporary support from the ground surface to the bottom of 7th floor. Between the top of this temporary support and the main structure, jackets are installed that will be leveled story by story to ignore large deflections. The floors in the overhanging part of the building had a hinged joint during execution to make the deflections possible.
The load-bearing structure of the building is a straightforward steel structure, combined with hollow-core slabs. The positions of the columns are well balanced within the architectural lay-out that, combined with the high variable loads, gives a high level of flexibility for future changes in the layout. The first floor is engineered for live loads of 10 and 20 kN/m2 for which the span of the floors is limited to 5.4 meters. The steel beams (THQ) of the first floor are within the depth of the floor, creating a flat bottom of the slabs, a maximum flexibility to the climate and laboratory systems, and a limited story height. One of the biggest structural challenges was the two-sided cantilever structure above the main entrance at the south side of the building. The cantilevers of 9 meters are engineered with a framework structure with the height of one story, which covers the full width of the building. This framework is supported by just two other frameworks, which are perpendicular to it. Another challenge was the engineering of the sawtooth shape at the east and west facades that had a big role in the BREEAM-score. The sustainability of the building is of great importance to the owners and the building is the first laboratory building in the Netherlands to be awarded with a BREEAM Excellent rating. The sawtooth profile is fabricated with massive prefab slabs next to the prefab hollow-core slabs. The foundation of the building is constructed out of in situ reinforced concrete. The experimental halls will be subjected to a very large live load of 50 to 70 kN/m2. This results in a 300 millimeters thick floor slab supported by foundation piles. The piles are positioned in a grid of 2.4 by 2.7 meters. In one of the experimental halls, there are four vibration-free slabs. Expansion joints are used to disconnect them from each other and from the rest of the building. Batter piles underneath the massive, 0.8 meter thick, floor slabs eliminate all the vibrations from outside. The applied mortar screw pile system has to withstand loads of 800 kN up to 1,500 kN.
Figure 5: Overhanging facade (source: BAM Advies & Engineering)
The eye-catchers of the FLUX building are the huge steel stairs in the recesses of the floors. During installation, the concrete structure and roof were already constructed. The steel stairs are hoisted in through the recesses in the roof. The connections of the stairs were prefabricated in the floor slabs and therefore, the stairs could be installed later during execution. I would recommend to anyone to come and see the result. The building will ultimately surprise you.
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Figure 6: DIFFER (source: IMd Raadgevende Ingenieurs)
By: ir. Michel Schamp RC Director at Aronsohn raadgevende ingenieurs
By: ir. Leon Mevis RO Structural Engineer at van de Laar
GEMINI The Gemini building was originally intended for the department of Mechanical Engineering and was built in the late 1970s. The building has won several awards: the A.J. van Eck Prize in 1975, which is intended for ‘ the architect of a building that benefits in its architecture by the pure integration of the structure as a whole’, and in 1979 the National Concrete prize. From a structural point of view, this is an interesting building.
VERTIGO The construction of Vertigo consisted of a renovated and a new part. In particular, the renovation of the high-rise is structurally interesting.
The building consist of two parts, separated by a lowered expedition square on street-level and is connected at first floorlevel by walkways. The elongated high-rise on the south side is characterized by the split-level floors with a column structure and a central atrium over the entire length of the building. The concrete is consciously kept in sight and gives the building its robust character.
Figure 7: Gemini building (source: TU/e)
The low-rise building on the north side consists of four elongated halls with a concrete structure, which are perpendicular to the high-rise building. In between there are intermediaries, which house office spaces and meeting rooms. Traffic spaces separate the halls. The ground floors are highly loadable (10 kN/m²) to provide space for heavy installations. The building is nominated for a thorough renovation, like the Hoofdgebouw (Atlas) is now undergoing, but in 2010 was decided to carry out an interim upgrade. This consisted of inserting new floors in the southern part of the high halls. This created more floor area for the department of Biomedical Engineering. Wider walkways, to engage the new floor area with the high-rise building, replace the old narrow ones. The new floors in the hall are made of steel sheet concrete floor slabs and are supported by steel beams and columns. These type of floors combine low self-weight with easy construction without the need for heavy lifting installations. Construction speed was important and the steel plates have a quick engineering and delivery time. In situ casted concrete can easily be brought to the right place with a concrete pump. To reduce structural height, new columns were unavoidable and were placed on top of the existing column structure in the basement. Due to the high permissible live load of the floors, there was sufficient spare capacity in the main bearing structure for additional floors. The permissible floor load on the ground floor is reduced to 5 kN/m², but it still has the capacity for highly concentrated loads.
Figure 8: Floor savings during construction (source: van de Laar)
One of the challenges, in the contest-winning design, was the large floor saving in the 6th to 9th floors. From the existing concrete structure, three strict preconditions were achieved: • All concrete columns in the facade of the atrium are remained and support the facade loads. The reinforcement in the floor edge was determining for the maximal permissible load of 0.8 kN/m². • A horizontal facade beam is maintained to decrease the buckling length of the columns and to provide stability between the cores. • The existing reinforced concrete floors had to comply with the new load and the large saving. This resulted in a demand for the cantilever of the floors. In agreement with the architect and guided by these preconditions, the shape of the atrium has been established. The atrium is closed with a glass structure, existing of laminated glass beams (60 by 300 millimeters) that are supported by two INP profiles. The glass structure in combination with 1.5 by 3.1 meter glass panels ensure maximum transparency. Another substantial adaption where the existing structure had the lead, was the addition of intermediaries at the 6th to 9th floors. The starting points for a variant study where the maximum permissible load in combination with a minimum required story height, which requested limited floor thickness. The chosen variant has steel sheet concrete floors, supported by steel beams. The advantage of these floors is the low self-weight, a slim structure, and no props needed during construction.
The TU/e Campus is more than a university campus, it houses more than 100 companies and organizations that develop new technologies and applications to solve social problems and successfully introduce them to the market. In addition, more than 150 technology companies originate from the TU/e Campus. Anyone is welcome who wants to see, taste, smell, and feel what happens at the place ‘Where innovation starts’! ◄ References: [1] Horvath-Notten, J. M. F., & Westerhof, E. (2016). De ontwikkeling van de TU/e Campus. Service Magazine, 2016 (juni), 12-15.
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1. The Blob stands for ‘Binary Large Object’. This is a reference to the computer field in which a blob is a spaghetti-like slurry of data and of course to the architectural movement called Blobitecture. To maintain the open character of the building and show this on the outside, a very efficient and lightweight steel structure has been chosen, which allows for large spans through membrane action. The main bearing structure consists of a concrete skeleton with large spans and cantilevers to emphasize the open character. Each floor level has a different surface due to the relationship with the facade. For that reason, the architect requested that columns were staggered on each floor, and therefore, do not stand above each other.
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Evoluon 2. The ‘Witte Dame’ is a renovated factory building that was mainly used for the production of light bulbs. It was part of a larger complex including the very first light bulb factory and the ‘Lichttoren’. During the eighties, Philips left the building and the municipality decided to renovate the building. This included building an underground parking garage. A few years ago, some cracks were found in the concrete floor decks. This was due to the upward groundwater pressure. To solve this problem, concrete blocks (weighing 40 tonnes) and studs where placed at the expense of parking spaces. As a final solution, eight tension piles were added in May this year.
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3. The Kennedy tower is part of the Kennedy Business Center master plan, a business area in the center of the city and also on the route from the station to the TU/e campus. The master plan symbolizes Eindhoven as a technology city, since it is designed as a circuit board on which the various office buildings can manifest themselves with individual expressions. The whole building has a steel structure including the stabilizing elements, which allows the building to be fully transparent.
4. The ‘Parade’ is an ellipse-shaped building in the north of Eindhoven that serves as a residential building. Remarkable about the structure is that a table structure is used for the first floor that supports the upper floors. A concrete floor of 1.4 meters thick together with three columns with a diameter of 1.2 meters and the concrete core ensures the main bearing structure. Some smaller concrete columns in the facade complete the load bearing structure. 4.
TU/e campus
5. The ‘Vesteda Toren’, built in 2006, is a diamond-shaped tower, located in the city center of Eindhoven. In 2007, the building has won the ‘Building of the Year’ competition. A concrete core with a load bearing facade provides the support structure. This results in flexible floorplans for the two apartments on each floor. Vibro-combination piles of 25 meters are supporting the building. This foundation system consists of a prefab concrete pile in a pre-driven steel pipe, after which the steel pipe is pulled out. A big disadvantage of this system is that due to the high concentration of piles, the soil was heavily densified and made it even more difficult to drive the piles into the soil.
1958
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6. The Philips stadium is the third largest stadium in the country. It all started in 1910 with just a sports field. In 1916, a wooden stand was built and throughout the years several extensions where made. In 1987, cracks were found in the roof of the south stand, due to an alkali-silica reaction. The stand had to be rebuilt and was straight away upgraded to a two-tiered stadium. The four corners where added in 2000, which increased the capacity to 35,000 people.
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An iconic building
Evoluon By: Caroline Koks Editor-in-chief KOersief The Evoluon is one of the most remarkable buildings of Eindhoven. It is usually named as the flying saucer, or in Dutch: 09:32
â&#x20AC;&#x2DC;de vliegende schotelâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;. In 1966, the Philips company celebrated that it had been 75 years since they opened their first factory in Eindhoven. Frits Philips imagined a gift to the population of Eindhoven, located on a prime location, at the crossing of three main roads. An esthetical gift, with an educational purpose. History The Evoluon was built to provide room for technical exhibitions and is designed by L. Ch. Kalff and L.L.J. de Bever. The first exhibition was designed by James Gardner and showed how mechanization and automation had changed the production process. To be the first in the Netherlands, the Evoluon gave visitors the opportunity to experiment and to control technical machines. Many of school trips went to the exhibitions and one could say that the building became a definition in the neighborhood of Eindhoven. Up to 1989, Philips exposed technical exhibitions in the Evoluon. After that, the site around the dome was being exposed and since 1996, the complex is used as a congress and event center. Recently, there were some rumors about a possible sale of the Evoluon. This carries a lot of weight by real estate developers, but also by the citizens. More than 50 years later, it is obvious that the Evoluon still matters. Design The prime requirement of the exhibition hall was that it had to be one great area, so visitors could have a full experience. The design should be striking, futuristic, and characteristic to the city of Eindhoven. The shape of the building is chosen to be circular, so it is visible from each of the three main roads.
A dome like a spacecraft suited the subjects of interest at that time and created a connection to the technical exhibition which are held inside. The dome has a span of 77 meters, rests on twelve V-shaped columns, and reaches 29 meters above ground level. Next to the dome, also a 60 meters tall, octagonal radar tower and a service building with a restaurant, a restroom, and a small movie theatre, were present on the building site. In the front, there is a pond with approximately the same diameter as the dome. After the exposure during the nineties, a large building was built in between the dome and the radar tower, to facilitate as an auditorium and a movie theater (Figure 1).
Figure 1: Terrain of the Evoluon
KOersief 104 | December 2017 | Eindhoven
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Structure The structural engineer of the project was prof. dr. ir. H.C. Duyster (9 September 1907 â&#x20AC;&#x201C; 26 March 1987), member of the â&#x20AC;&#x2DC;Raad van Bestuur van de Hollandsche Beton Maatschappij N.V.â&#x20AC;&#x2122;. In 1966, he wrote an article for Cement, which also has been published in the sixth edition of the KOersief, in November 1983. The soil qualities of the building site are improved and the basement, constructed in concrete, functions as the foundation. The twelve V-shaped columns support the dome and enclose the glass facade of the reception hall. The dome consist out of the lower part with the three structural rings and the upper part with the hexagonal members (Figure 2).
is acting at point 0, the element wants to rotate around a point near point 1. This results in tension along the axis 0-1 and compression along the axis 0-3. Due to the pre-tensioning in point 0, point 3 will stay in place and is relieved by the forces. The compression will be distributed through point 2. The distribution of forces in the middle ring, works in the same manner by pretension in point 2. Now, the compression along axis 2-6 are much larger than along axis 0-3. Extra material is needed to compensate the compression. This extra material is added to the axis 2-6 and to the rectangular section 7. The weight of the rectangular section provides equilibrium in point 6. The compression from the ring, pushes the columns inside and hinges are needed to prevent large stresses. The hinges also allow the structure to expand with temperature fluctuations. Also, in the outermost ring (cross-section 0-1-3), additional equipment was placed in order to prevent the stresses to become too high. Special thermal insulation is provided on the prefab concrete elements. In between the 96 repetitions, thermocouples were installed in order to check the temperature fluctuations (Figure 3).
Figure 2: Section of the main building and mechanical scheme of the structural rings
The three structural rings are constructed out of three prefabricated, concrete elements, repeated 96 times. Two have a triangular cross-section and one has a rectangular cross-section, as can be seen in the mechanical scheme in Figure 2. The 96 ensembles are held together by steel tension cables of 12 millimeter diameter, each consisting of 5 millimeter diameter wires and a total length of 169 kilometers. The steel cables run through hollow sections in the concrete elements and are prestressed. Due to this prestress, the forces can be distributed through the prefabricated, concrete elements. This can be explained based on the mechanical scheme of Figure 2. When a force
Statistics of the main building Evoluon Dome diameter: Dome height: Total weight: Weight of prefab concrete elements: Load on the foot of each column: Length of steel stressing cable: Gross floor area: Net floor area: Roof area:
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77 meters 29 meters 21,000 metric tons 14,000 metric tons 625 metric tons 169 kilometers 11,800 sq. meters 8,000 sq. meters 5,000 sq. meters
KOersief 104 | December 2017 | Eindhoven
Figure 3: Prefab ring-elements, including thermocouples in the outer ring
The upper dome is made out of concrete with 48 large openings on the edge, which give the visitors a panoramic view over Eindhoven, and a transparent cupola in the center of the dome with a diameter of 8 meters. The curvature of the dome is relatively flat, so snap-through buckling of the entire dome must be taken into account, because the forces want to flatten the dome. Due to this phenomena, compression and ring tension arise. In order to obtain equilibrium, pre-tensioning is applied at the edges of the upper dome. Next to global buckling, also local buckling needs to be taken into account, due to the in-plane compression in the dome. Dr. ir. H.C. Duyster designed a dome constructed with 822 hexagonal members, which together are forming the inner surface of the dome. In addition to the structural functions, it also provides an esthetical function on the ceiling of the exhibition hall, (Figure 4). During normal temperature circumstances, the ribs of the hexagons do not participate in the force distribution. However, during increasing temperatures, the compression will become larger within the plane of the dome and the plane wants to move laterally. When this happens, the ribs of the hexagons will be activated and
Figure 4: Interiour of the Evoluon with the three galeries and the hexagonal roof elements.
prevent the dome from buckling. In between the hexagons, some reserved gaps are filled with concrete to create a rigid plane. In order to allow the upper and lower part of the dome to expand and shorten independently, the upper dome is placed freely on the lower dome, by rubber supports. During construction, each section of the lower part of the dome needed to be supported. The scaffolding was allowed to be removed, only after the cables in the upper and lower dome were tensioned and fixed.
At the moment, Regus Nederland is renting the terrain of the Evoluon from Philips and runs a restaurant, a congress center and an event location. What the future will bring for the Evoluon is still unknown. â&#x2014;&#x201E; References: [1] https://www.dse.nl/~evoluon/index-nl.html [2] Cement XVlll [1966] Nr. 5 Figures: Header,3-4 wikimedia commons 1 www.google.nl/maps/ 2 Cement XVIII [1966] Nr. 5
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From the structural industry
News By: Angelique van de Schraaf MSc Editor KOersief
Everyone knows a lot is happening in the building industry. Unfortunately, the Eindhoven University of Technology (TU/e) does not always have time to provide the student with all the latest facts. Hence, the Editorial board of the KOersief has decided to add a section to the KOersief with the latest news from the business community itself. The previous edition of News has been received well! So again, we kept our eyes and ears open and new News has been found. Solar Team TU/e The student team Solar Team Eindhoven (STE) of the TU/e made a third solar car called ‘Stella Vie’, which is an intelligent family car on solar energy that generates more energy than it consumes. STE participated in the so-called Cruiser class. This category focusses on economical driving instead of speed. Participants must try to transport a few passengers from the start in Darwin to the finish in Adelaide, Australia, in the most economical manner. The Stella Vie was about 2.5 times as efficient as the main competition. The Eindhoven team reached the maximum efficient score of eighty points. [1]
Air pollution in Eindhoven above legal norm As many people have noticed, a car in the center of Eindhoven is not convenient. This will only get worse, since cars are being removed from the center. The air quality has been seriously affected, mainly on the Vestdijk. The air pollution is so high that removing polluted diesels and two-stroke mopeds will not have enough effect, the only option is to drastically reduce car traffic. The Vestdijk has been temporarily redesigned, a definitive proposal will follow. [4]
Figure 3: Proposal of the Vestdijk, greener and less trafic
Figure 1: The Stella Vie, the third solar car from TU/e
Rising water in New York City Location, population, and a massive underground infrastructure system: all this makes New York City vulnerable to climate change. In 2012, superstorm Sandy created damage of $60 billion, paid by the federal government. The city is now preparing itself from massive storms and the rising sea by building a 6.7 meter high wall with a length of 3.2 kilometers. The plan is called the Big U and designed by a Danish company: ‘the system would wrap around the southern half of Manhattan and mix different kinds of spaces, from parks to community areas, with infrastructure designed to fight flooding’. [2] [3]
Figure 2: Protecting NYC with a 6.7 meters high wall
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KOersief 104 | December 2017 | Eindhoven
Sea water strengthens Roman concrete The quay walls that protected the Romans from the sea have becomes stronger these days than when they were built. On the contrary, our modern concrete perishes when in contact with the sea. Researchers from the University of Utah discovered that the old buildings and harbors are quite sturdy, because seawater reacts with the concrete. This produces a rare, but very strong mineral. Modern concrete is formulated in such a way that no chemical reactions occur between the mortar, the binder, and the aggregate that gives the structure to the concrete: because chemical reactions between these components can crack or break the concrete. In the Roman concrete, the volcanic components release minerals that act the opposite: they form a strong bond between the mortar and aggregate. This stiffening reaction is started by seawater. Fresh Roman concrete is a lot less strong than ours is, but the effect of the seawater revolves around that relationship. [5] ◄ References: [1] solarteameindhoven.nl [2] grist.org/living/new-york-city-hopes-a-10-foot-wall-can-save-itfrom-rising-seas/ [3] www.big.dk/#projects-hud [4] beleefdevestdijk.nl [5] www.cementonline.nl/romeins-beton-beter-bestand-tegenzeewater Figures: 1 solarteameindhoven.nl 2 www.big.dk/#projects-hud 3 beleefdevestdijk.nl
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The bunker will become a tower
TU/news By: Stijn Kemper and Sander Woertman Partner-Architect and PR & Communication Manager at Powerhouse Company Building a tower on top of an existing building is definitely an interesting challenge for an architect. But adding upon the unique architecture of one of the most influential architects of the post-war period, is nothing more than a once in a lifetime opportunity. The restructuring and modernization of the TU/e Campus urged the university to repurpose student center ‘De Bunker’, designed by Hugh (Huig) Maaskant. Powerhouse Company chose to create a strong extension in the form of a residential high-rise that complements the existing building. The new tower is a contemporary elaboration of the different design concepts present in ‘De Bunker’: slanted walls, a confrontation between orthogonal and angled elements, horizontality, and stark detailing and materialization. After completion, old and new will manifest as a layered whole, the extension offering the original complex a second life.
Figure 1: Artist impression of ‘De Bunker’, seen from the southwest
Although significant, ‘De Bunker’ is not a well-known work of Maaskant. The first plans concerning the redevelopment of the campus elicited a debate whether ‘De Bunker’ should receive a monumental status. Paradoxically, a monumental status, meant to protect from demolition, would be devastating to the building. In order to raise funds to preserve the building, a new program needed to be added. Powerhouse Company, in collaboration with RED Company and BEING Development, proposed to add a residential tower that gradually emerges from the existing horizontal volume. The tower would allow the original grandeur of the building to be restored. Furthermore, relocating the parking underground would enable the surrounding area to be converted to an attractive park. The architecture of the new tower is the result of a study into the work of Maaskant and the different approaches towards extending existing brutalist buildings. “We decided to bypass the generic approach of designing an extension that contrasts the existing architecture. Instead, we built upon the existing architectural vocabulary, creating a high-rise, divided in three parts that gradually transforms the architecture of Maaskant.” An example of this gradient-approach can be seen in the way the balconies at the south facade are treated. The strong horizontality and deep plasticity of the Maaskant building is
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adopted in the design, and gradually transformed into a more two dimensional facade. Envisioned as a link between the campus and the city, ‘De Bunker’ is the only structure outside the campus perimeter, situated in a residential context of low-rise housing. This unique location inspired Powerhouse Company to design an ambiguous building with two faces: coming into Eindhoven from the Kennedylaan, it presents itself as a slender landmark with a strong presence; coming from the city center and the surrounding neighborhood, the building emerges as a series of stacked volumes. Maaskant’s play with perspective, a result of strong horizontal elements combined with slanted walls, returns in the architecture of the residential tower, creating a dynamic image both from far away and up close. In their studies of ‘De Bunker’, they have determined that the western central part of the existing Bunker is most suitable for demolition. This is where the new tower will arise. Together with IMd Raadgevende Ingenieurs, a hybrid structural solution is investigated for the construction of the tower. The parking garage underneath ‘De Bunker’ is limited by the existing bunker (and its basements) and the plot perimeter. Soil research, cost estimation, and landscape design will determine in the most efficient parking solution for this project. An architectural design is never a static proposal. Since winning the competition, the design has undergone several iterations. Last year was spent convincing the university and the municipality of our plans. An extensive participation process with the university and municipality resulted in an upgraded design, including a modification of the height due to updated zoning laws. Parallel to this, there is a process with the surrounding neighborhood to embed the renovation and surrounding park as best as possible into the existing area. Even though discussions about the project sometimes are heated, and not every inhabitant enthusiastically embraces the idea of a tall building in his or her backyard, in the end everyone is convinced that a solution is found, to the deterioration of ‘De Bunker’, while upgrading its direct surroundings. The final design is still to be fine-tuned, incorporating the continuous feedback received from the participation processes conducted with stakeholders and inhabitants. In the end, ‘De Bunker’ will be a source of pride for Eindhoven, the university, and the inhabitants of Woensel celebrating the architecture of Hugh Maaskant. ◄ Figure: 1 Powerhouse Company
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Thesis updates
Master’s thesis By: Bastiaan Overdorp Shear-Moment interaction of class 3 rolled I-shaped sections In order to reduce material waste, structural designers are increasingly depending on higher steel grades. In the current design code, higher steel grades may lead to a shift in class of the section. If the section is redefined as class 3, the design bending moment capacity shifts from a plastic moment resistance to an elastic moment resistance, drastically decreasing its capacity. The boundary of class 2 and 3 cannot exist theoretically as it is now prescribed by Eurocode 3, and is more likely to show a smoother transition. Prior research seems to confirm this assumption and indicates that class 3 members have additional moment capacity to what is presently assumed. This transition of the plastic capacity to an elastic capacity in class 3 is now becoming an interesting field of research for material economy, as class 3 sections are applied more frequently. Many theoretical and experimental research has already been conducted as early as the 1900s. FEM-analyses are a skillful tool to extend the database on which design rules are deduced. However, computational power to validate theoretical models has become sufficient only recently. Therefore, the possibility has come to conduct research on a larger scale and optimize steel sections more thoroughly.
Figure 1: Local buckling under SM-interaction
This research focusses on defining a design rule for shear moment (SM) interaction on class 3 sections. The research aims to validate the safety of the design rule by computing the partial safety factor γM0. Numerical analyses are used to obtain the bending moment capacity of class 3 steel I-sections that are submitted to SM-interaction. 3D solids are used to ensure accurate geometries and stress redistribution. Subsequently, statistical analyses are used to compute the safety factor. ◄
By: Wessel Manders The ultimate resistance of RHS connections in aluminum In Eurocode 3 (Design of steel structures), there are a lot of design rules for welded rectangular steel cross-sections, for example X-joints. In Eurocode 9 there are no design rules for these kind of connections in aluminum. In order to add these rules to the revised Eurocode 9, rules have to be developed for joints in aluminum tubular sections. Previous research focused on analytical and numerical research of all the different failure modes of rectangular hollow section (RHS) connections. Since there is no experimental material available for these kinds of connections in aluminum, experimental tests are performed (Figure 1). These experimental tests are used to validate Finite Element Models (Figure 1). The finite element models will then be used to validate the analytical models. Figure 1: Experimental test setup (left) and Finite Element Model of
The ultimate resistance of RHS connections depends on the instance of fracture. In order to determine the right failure mode with finite element analyses the fracture of a specimen needs to be modeled. The fracture will be modeled with cohesive zone elements. These elements will be placed between the elements of the finite element model and are given the properties of the traction separation curve. This curve describes the damage
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KOersief 104 | December 2017 | Eindhoven
experimental test (right)
of the element. The use of a cohesive zone model is a better way to predict the fracture of a specimen than the deletion of elements. After the finite element model and analytical models are validated for X-joints the simulations can be extended to Tand Y-joints. ◄
By: Thomas van Vooren Form and material optimization of shell structures for multiple load cases within a parametric environment suitable for 3D concrete printing Shell and arch structures made of bricks have been built around the world for centuries. The geometry was always based on the self-weight of the structure, which was in the ancient times the most governing load case compared to load cases such as snow or wind loads. Nowadays, computational calculation and form finding methods, and also new manufacturing techniques like 3D concrete printing, enable structural engineers to make more material efficient designs by adding material only at places where it is really needed. This results in more slender structures. However, these slender structures are more sensitive to wind loading than their ancient variants. The goal of this research is to create an optimization model for these type of structures that is able to adjust the form of the geometry in order to minimize the bending energy inside the structure. This reduction of energy will result in decreased material use. Besides the form optimization, also the crosssection of the structure will be optimized, which will result in an iterative process of constantly adjusting the cross-section. This optimization results in a new self-weight that in its turn leads to new forces in the structure, which again leads to adjusting the cross-sections and form. Figure 1 shows the
Figure 1: Shape and material optimization of an arch structure
shape and material optimization of an arch structure. The thin black line in Figure 1 (left) represents the original shape of the arch based on only a permanent load like self-weight. This optimization is ran in Grasshopper with use of the following plugins: Kangaroo (for form finding), Karamba (for the structural analysis), and Octopus (for the optimization). Octopus is a multiple objective genetic algorithm which tries to find and optimal solution out of an enormous amount of possibilities. This is done by first analyzing some possibilities and then converge to an optimum by contantly refining its best solutions per iteration. â&#x2014;&#x201E;
By: Carlo Maas Stress intensity factor of cracked riveted joints The majority of the bridges built before 1950 are riveted bridges (Figure 1). A significant problem is that these bridges were built in a time where fatigue was not taken into account. Also, they are not designed for the heavy and intensive traffic nowadays. Every day trains, trucks, and cars pass these bridges which results in a decrease of the remaining fatigue life. In addition to the Eurocode, fracture mechanics can be used to determine the remaining fatigue life of an existing structure. This method is independent of the load history, which is clearly an advantage compared to methods prescribed in the Eurocode. When using fracture mechanics the number of stress cycles it takes to grow a fatigue crack, from an initial length to a critical length, can be determined. For this determination, a so-called stress intensity factor needs to be determined. The stress intensity factor is not equal to the dimensionless stress concentration factor. The stress intensity factor (SIF) is a factor which is used to determine the stress state near a crack, with as unit N/mm3/2. The SIF has a relation with the crack growth rate and this relation is used to evaluate the remaining lifespan. The SIF dependents on e.g.: geometry, loading type, and crack length. This makes it hard to make graphs that cover all SIF solutions. The SIF for cracks in riveted connections are not widely available.
Figure 1: Riveted connection
In my thesis, I am going to determine the SIF numerically with Ansys for a few benchmarks and a practical case. The effect of pin-loading, bypass loading, and force transferred by friction (due to clamping in the rivet) will be assessed. Also the influence of the plate length, plate width, pitch, rivet, and diameter and length will be taken into account. With the results of this thesis, a more accurate determination of the remaining fatigue life can be made for some given cracked riveted connections. â&#x2014;&#x201E;
KOersief 104 | December 2017 | Eindhoven
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Master’s thesis
Active Adaptive Concrete Structures By: Arjen Deetman MSc Supervisors: prof.dr.ir. T.A.M. (Theo) Salet (chairman), ir. A.P.H.W. (Arjan) Habraken, ir. R.J.M. (Rob) Wolfs Over the last decades, there has been an excessive use of material with the construction industry as largest consumer. An approach on economizing material is implementing active control of structures. This approach is based on the principle of removing material and compensating with an adaptive system over time. In this thesis, active control is applied on concrete structures, since this material is the most used building material. Therefore, optimizing concrete structures can greatly improve our society. Topology optimization is used to benefit from the property that concrete is relatively easy to shape, and to profit from upcoming digital manufacturing techniques (e.g. 3D concrete printing, CNC milling of molds). In addition, topology optimization allows to efficiently remove material from the structure. The result of this thesis is a topology optimization model for continuum structures with an integrated adaptive system. Concrete structures are in some cases pre-stressed with tendons. Adaptation is accomplished by controlling the magnitude of the pre-stress force real-time. In addition, the dead to live load ratio of concrete structures is relatively high, therefore, the dead load of the structure is taken into account. The objective of the topology optimization problem is the minimization of the compliance (work done by the applied loads) as introduced by Bendsøe & Sigmund (2003) [1]. This problem formulation is extended with two design dependent load vectors: one load vector that represents the dead load of the structure, and the second load vector that contains the adaptive pre-stress forces. The objective function is evaluated with the Finite Element Method (FEM). The modified Solid Isotropic Material with Penalization (SIMP) model of Bendsøe & Sigmund (2003) is applied. With this method, the design variables that represents the relative densities of the finite elements are assigned to the Young’s modulus of the elements. If the dead load is taken into account, the SIMP model is modified as proposed by Bruyneel & Duysinx (2005) [2]. Their modification results in a slight increase of the stiffness of the finite elements in low density regions, and is necessary since the ratio between the self-weight loading and the stiffness becomes infinite when the densities reduce to zero. The design variables are solved with the Method of Moving Asymptotes (MMA) of Svanberg (1987) [3], which is a gradient-based convex approximation method. Due to the design dependent loads the sensitivities can be either positive or negative, the MMA can cope with both of these sensitivities. Numerical examples are presented with the simply supported Messerschmidt-Bölkow-Blohm (MBB) beam as shown in Figure 1. Multiple load conditions on this MBB beam are taken into account by calculating the average objective value of these load conditions. The adaptive system is a straight pre-stress tendon between the two supports and is represented by horizontal forces on these supports. An actuator is tensioning or loosening the tendon
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depending on the vertical displacement of the middle node of the beam at the top layer (setpoint). The objective of the adaptive system is to keep the displacement of this degree of freedom equal to zero. During every iteration, the adaptive pre-stress force is recalculated since the topology and thus the stiffness changes during the optimization process. The presented model can be extended with multiple constraint functions. Examples are shown with a restriction on the magnitude of the adaptive pre-stress force. The results of this constrained optimization are shown in Figure 4 and Figure 5.
Figure 1: Boundary conditions and applied loads of the MBB beam
The model results in the optimal topology for multiple load conditions and corresponding states of the adaptive system that is different for every load case. Different adaptive systems can be considered by constructing a unit load vector corresponding to that system. Self-weight loading results in a permanent pre-stress force, and a topology with more material placed at the supports as shown in Figure 2 and Figure 3. The model is limited to control the displacement of one degree of freedom with one actuator. Further research is necessary on how to implement multiple actuators and setpoints, since updating the design variables requires the gradient of a differentiable function as input for the MMA. A conceptual design tool is presented for active adaptive continuum structures that can be improved to a practical engineering tool with constraint optimization. In this thesis, an example with constrained optimization is used with a restriction on the magnitude of the adaptive pre-stress force. It is recommended to study extensions for this model for other types of constraints. With stress constraints, feasible designs can be obtained that fulfill the criteria set for the ultimate limit state. Moreover, it allows to design active structure that satisfy predefined safety scenarios. Implementing manufacturing constraints will result in practical geometries that can be manufactured. ◄
No dead load
Unconstrained adaptive pre-stress force (100%)
Total dead load is 25% of the moving live load
Constrained adaptive pre-stress force (90%)
Total dead load is 50% of the moving live load
Constrained adaptive pre-stress force (80%)
Total dead load is 100% of the moving live load
Without adaptive system (passive design)
Figure 2: Topologies for different real material densities, the amount of
Figure 4: Topologies obtained with a restriction on the magnitude of the
material is equal for all obtained results
pre-stress force
Figure 3: The adaptive pre-stress force for different locations of the moving live
Figure 5: The adaptive pre-stress force for different locations of the moving
load f for different real material densities
live load f with and without restriction on the magnitude of the adaptive pre-stress force
References: [1] Bendsøe, M.P., Sigmund, O. (2003). Topology Optimization: Theory, Methods and Applications. New York: Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg [2] Bruyneel, M., Duysinx, P. (2005). Note on topology optimization of continuum structures including self-weight. Structural and Multidisciplinary Optimization 29, 245-256. doi:10.1007/s00158004-0484-y [3] Svanberg, K. (1987). The Method of Moving Asymptotes – A new method for structural optimization. International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 24, 359-373. doi:10.1002/ nme.1620240207 Scan QR-code for video’s
Figures: 1-5 Arjen Deetman
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Slimme en efficiënte constructies voor nieuwbouw en hergebruik
GRAVENSTRAAT | AMSTERDAM
DE KAMPANJE | DEN HELDER
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HET PLATFORM | UTRECHT
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ENTREEGEBOUW KEUKENHOF | LISSE
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Piekstraat 77 3071 EL Rotterdam T E
010 201 23 60 imd@imdbv.nl
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IMd Raadgevende Ingenieurs
Internship experiences of a KOers member By: Gerben van der Meijde Master student Structural Design In the previous two editions, a KOers member wrote about his or her internship experience. For this edition, I write to you during a train ride home after a successful Friday-afternoon-drink at IMd Raadgevende Ingenieurs, Rotterdam. My internship is almost halfway, and I have already had the chance to be involved in some interesting projects. I will tell you about the general set-up of my internship, the projects I have been working on and the new experiences I have gained. The last week of July, I met Pim Peters, who is one of the four partners at IMd. We discussed my wishes to experience as many different aspects of a structural engineer’s work as possible. This way, I hoped to gain insight in what drives me in this field of work. We decided that I would join the team in Rotterdam from September til the end of December. They would get me started and when I got to know the team, I would have to ‘find my own work’ within the company. After one month full-time, the internship would continue parttime (20 hrs.), to make some time for starting up the process of graduating at the TU/e. Getting to know the team was very easy, since the four interns were invited to join the team on a three-day studytrip to Athens. You can compare the trip to a KOers’ Multiple Day Excursion, but with a better hotel and even better activities! Since then, I have been working on a wide range of different projects. Some of the tasks for smaller projects were: checking the dimensions of a steel spiral staircase in SCIA engineer, clarifying old structural drawings for reuse of old buildings, designing and calculating foundations for temporary refugee housing, structural reassessment of existing buildings, design and calculation of additional steel structures in existing factory buildings, and so on. One of the larger projects I am involved in is the new residential tower at the location of the ‘De Bunker’ (more about this project on page 34). The project is still in the preliminary design phase. In this phase, we focus on making the structural design as simple and clear as possible, whilst
taking the architectural design and the building process into account. We identify possible future problems, and prevent major changes in future phases. Every other week, the design team meets in one of their offices to discuss the progress. These meetings remind me of the ‘multi-project’ at the end of the bachelor. It is a great opportunity to contribute to such a project on a well-known location and see how a professional team operates. Aside from the usual projects at IMd, the collapse of the parking garage at Eindhoven Airport is also a current topic at the firm. Last week, the report on the cause of the collapse was released. As told by Simon Wijte at the KOers lunch lecture, the findings might have implications for other structures with similar floor types. Every building owner legally has the responsibility to check whether their building is safe and, therefore, will contact a structural engineer to evaluate their building. It was interesting to see how a company like IMd reacts to this problem, and ensures that their clients projects are ‘safe’. What is the best approach to identify projects with possible risks? How do you communicate with your clients, who have little knowledge, letting them know you are on it, but without causing panic? These are interesting questions that you will not encounter during your studies! An ‘Internship relevant work experience’ can be part of your ‘Electives’ in the Graduate School program. It has already helped me to gain insight in what my place could be in this field of work. If you like to clarify for yourself what you would or would not like to do after you graduate, I encourage you to do an internship as well! ◄
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START YOUR CAREER AT HEIJMANS Do you want to see how Heijmans is building the spatial contours of tomorrow? Are you curious about which sensational projects and innovative concepts we are creating? Then stay updated by following us on Facebook, Instagram, LinkedIn and Twitter and by subscribing to our newsletter ‘the Best of Heijmans’.
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Loes Mulders
The experience of... By: Loes Mulders MSc Assistant building foreman at Heijmans Utilities In ‘The experience of...’ a person from the business community tells his or her story about the experience in and around the built environment. This time it is Loes Mulders, who has graduated in 2016 from the TU/e, with an individual master program. Loes started with a part-time traineeship at Heijmans, where she currently is an assistant building foreman. In the summer of 2016, I had my job interview at Heijmans. Here, I started my traineeship part-time in September that year, while also finishing my graduation project. At the end of September, I completed my individual master program at the University of Technology in Eindhoven. After that, I started working fulltime. The first project I worked on is NACH (New Amsterdam Courthouse), see Figure 1. The project was in the final design phase when I joined the team. My task within the project was to visualize all the important processes that were taking place during the final design phase and the phases that were still to come. The reasons they wanted the processes to be clear were: first, to make sure that everyone would work in the same manner. Second, having a clear overview of the required documents for each step and which documents had to be created. Third, to explain to the client which of the processes are taking place.
My part within the project started by understanding the total planning and finding out which tasks of the different disciplines depend on each other. Then we knew what the consequence would be when activities delay or are done in advance. Having around seven A0-papers of carcass work planning, I also created different documents to control important starting points to share with our subcontractors, a document to show the reasons behind the progress line, and visual documents showing where and when actions were taking place. I asked questions about technical matters and tried to give my input on problems that needed to be solved on site.
Figure 2: ‘HART van ZUID’ swimming pool
During the summer, work on the project needed to continue and I got the chance to be in charge on site for the mechanical engineering activities for two weeks, having only the planning employee to help me with technical questions. It was a lot of work solving al the complications that occurred on site during the construction process, but the subcontractors and colleagues of the other disciplines were pleased with how I handled things. Figure 1: New Amsterdam Courthouse
I worked five months on the NACH project. During that time, I interviewed many people on different functions such as design managers and leaders, risks managers, process managers, realization managers, etc. These people also showed me how they worked and which parts were important for the process. With all this information, I created a large overview showing the main steps, of which some also had underlying sub processes that were shown in a SIPOC (Supplier, Input, Process, Output, Client). After my period with NACH ended, I went to ‘HART van ZUID’ – Swimming pool (Figure 2). The HvZ project is an integrated area development in the south of Rotterdam. Here, I would go and work on the building site to support the technical disciplines. Having a construction background, I hoped this would give me broader insight in the complete integrated building process on site.
HEIJMANS Heijmans is a listed company that combines activities related to property development, residential building, non-residential building, roads, and civil engineering in the fields living, working, and connecting. Our constant focus on quality improvements, innovation, and integrated solutions enables us to generate added value for our clients. Heijmans realizes projects for private consumers, companies, and public sector bodies and is building the spatial contours of tomorrow in partnership with its clients. You will find additional information on www.heijmans.nl.
Following a traineeship gave me the opportunity to join the different projects on several functions. It gave me a better idea of the variation of possible functions. This has helped me to find my place within the company and the function that fits best with my interest. ◄
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Passion for a brighter world Royal HaskoningDHV is een onafhankelijk internationaal adviserend ingenieurs- en projectmanagementbureau met meer dan 130 jaar ervaring. Ons hoofdkantoor is gevestigd in Nederland, met belangrijke kantoren in het Verenigd Koninkrijk, Zuid-Afrika, India en Zuidoost Azië. Wij voeren wereldwijd, vanuit 100 kantoren in 35 landen, projecten uit die de leefomgeving raken. Onze 7000 professionals voelen zich hierbij gesteund door de kennis en ervaring van hun collega’s. Door de combinatie van wereldwijd opgedane kennis en kennis van de lokale situatie leveren we toegevoegde waarde voor onze klanten in hun projecten. Wij zien een belangrijke rol voor onszelf in innovatie en duurzame ontwikkeling. Daarom willen we bijdragen aan oplossingen om onze maatschappij duurzamer te maken, samen met onze klanten en anderen die eenzelfde visie hebben. Stage lopen of een afstudeeronderzoek doen bij Royal HaskoningDHV is een goed begin van een succesvolle carrière. Vaak ben je lid van een projectteam en werk je mee aan onderdelen van een project. Nieuwe inzichten en kennis zijn zeer welkom bij het zoeken naar de meest ideale oplossing voor een klantvraag. Op onze website staat meer informatie over wie we zijn, waar we ons in de praktijk mee bezig houden en ons actuele aanbod afstudeeronderzoeken, stages en vacatures.
“Duurzaam bouwen draagt bij aan een positieve invloed van gebouwen op mens en milieu, nu en in de toekomst. Dat vergt een innovatieve aanpak met het oog op de hele levenscyclus van een gebouw.” Michiel Visscher, Constructief Ontwerper
royalhaskoningdhv.com
Study into bending-shear interaction of rolled I-shaped sections
PhD update: Safebrictile By: Rianne Dekker MSc PhD candidate July 2014 – April 2018 Just consider an average day in your life, how much time do you spend inside a building, and how often were you afraid that it would collapse? I guess never. As a structural design student you all know that the entire structure is thoroughly calculated to withstand various load cases and has got margins on the resistance and loading side (taken into account by partial factors). Though, it might be new for you to hear that not all design rules for steel structures in Eurocode 3 (EN1993-1-1) guarantee the same level of safety. A reliability assessment of resistance functions based on semi-probabilistic approach is offered by Annex D of EN1990; however, this application is not straightforward in many cases concerning steel design rules. Only with additional assumptions a probability target failure can be achieved. Moreover, the statistical distributions of the relevant parameters, such as material properties, geometric properties, and imperfections, should be given to ensure consistent assessments. In order to achieve a harmonization of the reliability level of design rules for steel structures, the European research project SAFEBRICTILE was set up, covering modes driven by ductility, stability, and fracture.
Additionally, six weak axis bending tests were executed by means of 3- and 5-point bending tests. For the majority of tests, the Eurocode 3 design rule generates conservative resistances; however, not for shear dominated IPE sections. Moreover, a vast decrease in experimental bending resistance over plastic bending resistance (Mu/Mpl) was observed with the increase of the yield strength. The section material properties were investigated extensively by means of stub column, tensile, and compressive coupon tests.
As part of this research project, various cross-sectional design rules were assessed in Eindhoven following a new procedure in line with EN 1990, which was developed within the SAFEBRICTILE project. The investigation of the momentshear (M-V) interaction design rule was incorporated in my PhD project. First, a literature survey of all resistance functions, available experimental and numerical results for the various crosssectional design rules was made. The usable test results showed to be limited, and the included M-V tests showed to have bending resistances mainly exceeding the plastic bending resistance, meaning that the current M-V design rule is (too) conservative. To gain insight in the M-V failure mechanism an experimental test program was conducted. In total 39 strong axis threepoint bending tests were performed on HEA280, IPE360, HEB240, and HEM180 sections. The majority of sections were in steel grade S355 (seven in S235 and three in S460).
Figure 1: Accuracy of the FEM model for HEA280 (nV = 0.33) visualized in a force-displacement diagram
Figure 2: Moment – shear force interaction diagram presenting the FEM results of a HEA280 section
Subsequently, a finite element method (FEM) model was developed to carry out simulations of the performed reference tests. A good accuracy was reached by the Geometric and Material Nonlinear Analysis with Imperfections (GMNIA), meaning within 5% variation between experimental and numerical results for all tests, see Figure 1. By means of this model (with bilinear material properties) additional numerical ‘test’ results were generated. Striking was the inadequate description of the shear area, leading to an inevitable discrepancy of the current design rule with FEM results, as displayed in Figure 2, which was confirmed by the statistical analysis. Currently, the focus of the PhD project is on the development of a new design rule, which is the last step of this research. Already a new definition of the shear area is proposed as indicated with the red dashed line in Figure 2. ◄
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PhD candidates Irene Scheperboer and Frits Rooijackers
New on floor 9 By: Irene Scheperboer and Frits Rooijackers PhD candidates at the chair of Applied Mechanics and Design When you visit floor 9, you will not only see lecturers and professors working in their rooms. The floor is also occupied by PhD candidates who devoted themselves to four years of research in one of the Chairs that the Unit Structural Design is responsible for. Two of these candidates are Irene and Frits, who each recently started their research at the chair of Applied Mechanics and Design. Irene Maybe I am not completely new anymore. Some may know me from the master Structural Design, and others have seen me on floor 9 the past months. After my graduation in January, I have started my PhD research in February at the chair of Applied Mechanics and Design. I have enjoyed my M2 and graduation project that much, that I was sure I wanted to become a researcher. Actually, I would start a job at TNO, but when prof. Suiker invited me to do a PhD, I decided to make a career switch at the last moment. The start of a PhD-life consists of a lot of reading literature. For me, I started with soil mechanics, a completely new subject, apart from the brief introduction we had in a single master course. It takes some time before you feel that you actually understand what you are facing in the project. Then the modeling starts, which is (most of the time) solving bugs in the code that I have written so far. Combining theories in literature into a working code that solves problems is very challenging and satisfying when it finally works. It takes a lot of thinking and rethinking, rereading the literature, understanding what it says and figuring out what I want my code to do. That might not sound very appealing to some of you, but the fact that I have the opportunity to dive into the subject as deep as I can and that the most important aspect of the PhD is my development, is why I feel so blessed for this opportunity. Frits A big side-effect of graduating is the empty void every student has to face inevitably, which has to be filled at some point with self-reflection and positive prospects about the future. Many students, who carefully formulated a clear direction ranging from now until their retirement, do not have to face this limbo of opportunities. I, however, felt that the more companies I faced, the bigger the void became, and that I had to re-evaluate some life decisions. There was a time (2014), in which I wanted to become a structural engineer, designing sky scrapers that defied the laws of nature. Unfortunately, I found out what happens when you try to assess complex structures with the ‘Eurocode’. However, I also learned how to program, and really enjoyed my internship related to programming and parametric design. Ever since, I believe that all repetitive tasks should be programmed and developed a severe dislike towards repetitive tasks. Therefore, I consider myself
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unfit to work at most companies. Fortunately, my master thesis (KOersief 103, page 36) granted me a PhD, which allowed me to do what I like most: learn, program, and calculate things. Project Both our projects focus on - really appealing - sewer pipe systems. The main problem that we both work on, is the amount of deterioration in sewer pipes. Sometimes, significant deterioration occurs in relatively young sewer pipes, indicating that our design rules are not always accurate. At the same time, this deterioration is assessed by closed-circuit television (camera inspection, or CCTV), which is not very accurate. To be able to better predict the remaining lifespan of the deteriorated sewer pipe systems, there are several problems we need to solve. Frits is focusing on the chemical reactions that take place inside the sewer pipe that lead to corrosion of the concrete. The biggest factor is probably sulphuric acid (known from batteries), which is a product of certain bacteria found in wastewater systems. This acid diffuses and reacts with the concrete to form expansive products, causing concrete to crack and fail. The topic is about developing numerical-mechanical models, which takes into account the chemical processes in concrete sewer pipes. Meanwhile, Irene investigates the failure mechanisms in the sewer pipe systems as a whole. Especially the interaction between the pipe and the surrounding soil is of interest here. The aim of the project is to develop a numerical model that is able to give a better estimation of the current condition of the sewer pipe system and the expected functional lifespan. Other PhD’s at Delft University of Technology, who we are going to meet soon, are investigating new methods of in situ inspection of the sewer pipes. In the end, together we will be able to have a clear understanding of the condition of the deteriorated sewer pipe, understand the processes that lead to this condition, and based on this condition, calculate the expected lifespan of the sewer pipe. ◄
GRATIS vaktijdschrift Bouwen met Staal
abonnement voor studentleden KOers 04 16 250
BOUWEN MET
STAAL
WOON-WERKGEBOUW TIMMERHUIS, ROTTERDAM
Vakwerk met vierendeelliggers Al vrij snel was duidelijk dat ‘de wolk van staal en glas’ een bijzonder staalskelet zou krijgen. Opgebouwd met vierendeelliggers die uitkragingen tot wel 20 m bereiken, ging het modulair opgezette Timmerhuis vergezeld van een risicovol ontwerpaspect. Behalve extra toetsing en speciale aandacht voor robuustheid van de hoofdopzet, bleek ook de detailengineering omvangrijk en complex. Onder meer doordat krachten in de knopen bepaald moesten worden uit allerlei belastingsituaties, zoals de uiterste grenstoestand, de montagefase en alle verschillende situaties in een tweede draagweg. Als klap op de vuurpijl is het project volledig stempelvrij uitgevoerd. ir. R.M.J. Doomen
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AUGUSTUS 2016 | BOUWEN MET STAAL 252
BOUWEN MET STAAL 252 | AUGUSTUS 2016
7
vakblad over staal en staalconstructies
Als lid van studievereniging KOers kun je gedurende je Master-studie gratis studentlid worden van Bouwen met Staal. (Dus niet slechts één jaar!) Je ontvangt dan 6 keer per jaar het vaktijdschrift Bouwen met Staal en uitnodigingen voor activiteiten. Ga naar de website www.vakbladbouwenmetstaal.nl , klik in de menubalk op ‘abonneren’ en ‘studenten (1e jaar gratis)’ Vul daar je gegevens in en schrijf in het tekstvak Instituut: ‘Studievereniging KOers’. Je krijgt vanaf het eerstvolgende nummer het tijdschrift in de brievenbus en volledige toegang tot de digitale uitgaven van het vakblad. Na twee jaar vragen we je of je met een kopie van je studentenkaart kunt bewijzen of je nog studeert. Bouwen met Staal Louis Braillelaan 80 2719 EK Zoetermeer tel 088 353 12 12 info@bouwenmetstaal.nl www.bouwenmetstaal.nl
Introduction of the Structural Design chairs
Education update By: Denise Kerindongo Commissioner Education 48th board of KOers After the Bachelor College program within the TU/e, the education proceeds with the TU/e Graduate School. This program consists out of several subjects: the core courses, the specialization electives, the world wide electives, and finally the graduation project. Within the unit Structural Design, there are seven research areas in which you can graduate. This Education Update will give an overview on the possible research directions and a small part is committed to the retirement of ir. Harrie Janssen. Applied Mechanics and Design Research Areas (AMD) This research area is strongly known for the modeling of failure and deformation of advanced engineering materials. The research looks at the mechanical behavior of materials on different levels in order to improve the material characteristics and come to an optimal. The modeling of the material characteristics will be coupled with other physical processes. This coupling can be applied on relevant applications, like the chemical degradation of concrete sewer systems, the damage development of historical museum objects under varying climate conditions, and the thermal resistance of steel structures.
Timber Research Areas The research areas of timber are: structural properties of timber and timber products, reinforced connections, bamboo, and structural properties of timber and timber products. The behavior of timber is still not fully understood. It is important to conduct research, on the following subjects, in order to design properly: tensile (splitting) strength, the compressive strength, and the stiffness of timber perpendicular to the grain. Strategies to develop models require knowledge of fracture mechanics, damage and stress accumulation theories, and stress analyses for which theoretical and numerical approaches can be used.
Figure 1: Micro-scale fracture development in fiber-matrix composites, e.g., fiber-reinforced concrete
Steel Research Areas The research area of steel focuses on connections and stability, but also on cold-formed sections, structural systems, and high-strength steel. The research on cold-formed sections looks at the development and improvement of design techniques. Combinations of steel with other structural materials in load-carrying structures result in a separate research area. But within the part of structural systems, attention is paid to the way of interacting of the different materials. High-strength steel is not very common yet in the building practice, but the need for sustainable solutions will motivate the use of highstrength steel.
Figure 2: High-strength steel in the main roof trusses at Friends Arena Stockholm
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Figure 3: Construction Bamboo Restaurant
Aluminum Research Areas The research on aluminum focuses on research areas such as: connections, stability, fire design, and fatigue. The research on connections is based on the mechanical behavior of bolted, welded, and adhesively bonded connections. When looking at the stability, one focuses on thin-walled aluminum cross-sections, which are very common in structural applications. Research on fire design is done since one knows that the resistance of aluminum is very limited at high temperatures. The research on fatigue of aluminum structures is about looking at an accurate prediction of the life time of a structure.
Figure 4: Protostar Pavilion, made from folded aluminum plates
Innovative Structural Design Research Areas (ISD) The research in the area of Innovative Structural Design focuses on topics such as: adaptive and lightweight structures, the life cycle design of structures, parametric structural optimization, and integrated design of structures. To give an example, the area of lightweight structures will be elaborated a little bit further. The demand for larger, higher, and mobile structures results in the fact that lightweight structures are more and more wanted. The reduction of the self-weight of the structure is thus important. The task of a structure is to support live loads and dead loads, where the latter is a necessary evil. Therefore, a smart structure needs to use its material in the most efficient way. But, designing these structures in an intelligent way asks for some special skills from the engineer.
Retirement ir. Harrie Janssen At the start of the new academic year, we had to say goodbye to one of our teachers. Harrie Janssen, mechanics teacher within the department of Built Environment, stopped working for us, and retired. In addition to being a great teacher, Harrie was also a researcher. That he was a good teacher has been proven regularly when he received the ‘Best Bachelor Lecturer’ and ‘Best Course book Bachelor’ awards, for several years in a row. He also received awards for ‘Best Education Series Applied Mechanics’ and ‘Best Education Series’. On behalf of KOers, thank you for all the lessons that gave the basic knowledge in structural design. The mechanics classes where the motivation for a lot of students to proceed their study in the direction of Structural Design.
medium rise buildings, reinforced and prestressed masonry shear walls, rectangular biaxially loaded masonry columns, and stability elements in masonry with complex forms. Did one of these topics draw your attention or did you Figure 5: Lightweight Structure – Munich Olympic Grounds
Concrete Research Areas The research performed in this area focusses on parametric design tools, numerical concrete (FEM), and High-Tech Concrete. Concrete as a material has so much to offer and the new technological possibilities challenge to be investigated. The guiding motive in these studies is sustainability in the widest sense of the word. In the first place, the research of the chair is focusing on the structural possibilities of new, sustainable types of concrete. For example, the use of different kinds of fibers, or Ultralightweight concrete, which combines low thermal conductivity with a reasonable strength.
Figure 7: Research on the collapse of masonry structures
form your own ideas for a graduation project? Make an appointment with the professor of the relevant chair to ask for available subjects or possibilities. Subjects for Graduation Projects may focus on the design of a building, a research topic or a combination of these. A researchoriented project often has both an experimental and a numerical component. When you have found a subject and a supervisor, you can complete the study plan and submit this again on floor 2. Before starting the Graduation project, you also have to subscribe to course code 7K45M0 on Osiris. ◄
Figure 6: Concrete lightweight shell structure of Felix Mandela
Masonry Research Areas The research on masonry focuses on research areas such as, stability, strength, wall-floor interaction, and the load bearing capacity. The stability of masonry structures is an interesting topic now, in combination with the earthquakes that are happening in the north of the Netherlands. The performed research looks at masonry walls in low and
References: [1] https://www.tue.nl/universiteit/faculteiten/bouwkunde Figures: 1 TU/e 2 Nancy Baddoo and Tak-Ming Chan, 31 August, 2017 3 Inhabitat – Lucy Wang 4 Fabian Dejtiar, 6 July 2017 5 GIZMODO - Kelsey Campbell-Dollaghan 6 Michelle Miller, 14 April 2017 7 Prof. Dr. Matthew DeJong, Cambridge, The Block Research Group (BRG)
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Column
‘Eindhoven, de gekste!!’ Hans Lamers
Colophon KOersief is a student magazine published three times per year by KOers, section association Structural Design within study association CHEOPS and the unit Structural Design of the department of the Built Environment at the Eindhoven University of Technology. KOers VISITING ADDRESS Vertigo 2 Groene Loper 6 5612 AZ Eindhoven tel. 040-2474647
New York, New York, a famous song by Frank Sinatra. The city that never sleeps. Eindhoven, Eindhoven … sorry, no song, not even by Peter Koelewijn himself. Only the simple phrase “Eindhoven, Eindhoven, de gekste!!” is well known but gives no contribution to the city’s luster. Eindhoven originates most likely from the end of the twelfth century at the crossing of two small rivers the ‘Dommel’ and the ‘Gender’ where a farmhouse (eind hoeve) stood. It became a place on the trading route from Belgium to Germany. Despite several wars, fires, and the plague it barely survived. At the end of the nineteenth century, the industrial revolution resulted in growth. Philips, Karel I Cigars, Picus (cigar boxes), Swedish Match, and DAF provided work for many people. The ‘Technische Hogeschool Eindhoven’ (1956) was of course the golden crown for the future of Eindhoven. Now, we are the center of the innovative region Brainport. Well in my opinion it is just like the life of every ordinary person, it is all the result of a long chain of funny coincidences. In 1957, the TH Eindhoven started a faculty of building and architecture, a young talented boy from Heerlen, Jo Coenen, started to study architecture, became Rijksbouwmeester in 2000 and later on he designed the Vesteda-tower (2006); a wonderful landmark in the center of Eindhoven. Really, it is just all a matter of coincidence, and Eindhoven is just as it is, end of story.
POSTAL ADDRESS Vertigo 9 Postbus 513 5600 MB Eindhoven e-mail: KOers@bwk.tue.nl
48th board of KOers 2017-2018 Chairman Derk Bos Secretary & Vice chairman Gido Dielemans Treasurer & Com. Activities Maisa van Genderen Com. Activities & Education Denise Kerindongo Com. Public Relations Caroline Koks Editorial board KOersief 104 Editor-in-chief Caroline Koks Eline Dolkemade Denise Kerindongo Lieneke van der Molen Monique Morren Angelique van de Schraaf K-M@il and website Every other week, a K-M@il news update is sent by e-mail. Visit our website and Facebook page regularly for recent news messages and events. On our website, you can subscribe for activities, check photos of past events, and read previous editions of the KOersief. Proofreading Niels Hanegraaf Richard de Rijk Thomas van Vooren Cover pixabay.com/en/eindhoven-cycling-architecture-1816246 Centerfold bouwregister.nl psvzone.nl voetbaltempels.files.wordpress.com/2017/03/ philipsstadion1988.jpg Photo 48th board Elza van der Saag photography Print run 350 copies, distributed to students, professors, sponsors, and other relations of study association KOers. Printing office Meesterdrukkers BV, Eindhoven
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