SDGs 강독세미나 : 유엔사무총장보고서를 중심으로
일시: 2014년 12월 17일(수) 오전 09:00–12:00 ■ 장소: 신촌 토즈비즈센터 ■ 주최: ■
SDGs 강독세미나 : 유엔사무총장보고서를 중심으로 목차 SDGs 관련 유엔문서 ······································································································· 5 1. UN The Road to Dignity by 2030 (4 Dec. 2014) ········································································ 7 UN The Road to Dignity by 2030 국문 번역본 가안 ································································· 55 2. OWG Proposal for SDGs layout (Jul. 2014) ················································································· 89 OWG Proposal for SDGs layout 국문 번역본 가안 ································································· 113 3. Draft decision on post-2015 modalities (12 Dec. 2014) ························································ 133
시민사회 입장문서 ···································································································· 135 1. Eurodad response to the UN Secretary General’s Synthesis Report on the Post-2015 Agenda (9 Dec. 2014) ·········································································································································· 137 2. Women’s Major Group Final Statement (21 Jul. 2014) ································································ 141 3. GPPAC Position Paper on the post-2015 SDGs (Aug. 2014) ······················································ 147 4. CPH Statement Equality at the Core layout (Nov. 2014) ···························································· 153 5. Beyond 2015, KEY COMMENTS – Beyond 2015 Reaction to the Outcome Document of the OWG on SDGs (Aug. 2014) ··············································································································· 159 6. CSO Partnership for Development Effectiveness(CPDE), CSO Key Asks for a Transformative Global Development Agenda (Oct. 2014) ························································································ 165 7. 8 Key Issues for a Post-2015 Global Development and Sustainability Agenda, Position Paper of 12 German NGOs (Sep. 2014) ··········································································································· 181 8. India Civil Society Analysis of Post-2015 UN Processes, Wada Na Todo (Sep. 2014) ·········· 197 9. International Movement ATD Fourth World, Reaction to the Outcome Document of the OWG-SDG (Aug. 2014) ························································································································ 203 10. Kenya’s Civil Society Organizations’ Common Position on the Proposed SDGs (2014) ······ 207 11. People’s Campaign for Goals for Sustainable Development(PCGSD), OWG Final Outcome Document Falls Short of Commitment to Development Justice for Post-2015 (Aug. 2014)
211
12. UN DPI/NGO Annual Conference Outcome Document (29 Aug. 2014) ································· 223 13. Global Policy Forum, Briefing Paper 2 Beyond the Partnerships Approach – Corporate Accountability in Post-2015 (Jul. 2014) ························································································ 285
-3-
2QUV 5&)U 9GDUKVG .KUV 81 DQG ,QWHUQDWLRQDO 2UJDQL]DWLRQV ZZZ ZRUOGZHZDQW RUJ ZZZ HQGSRYHUW\ RUJ ─Ч 81 0LOOHQQLXP &DPSDLJQ ZZZ SRVW KOS RUJ +LJK OHYHO 3DQHO ZZZ XQ RUJ HQ GHYHORSPHQW GHVD SROLF\ XQWDVNWHDPBXQGI VXVWDLQDEOHGHYHORSPHQW XQ RUJ ─Ч 2:* RQ 6'*V ZZZ P\ZRUOG RUJ ZZZ XQFVG RUJ
,QWHUQDWLRQDO &62V ZZZ EH\RQG RUJ ZZZ ZKLWHEDQG RUJ ─Ч *&$3 ZZZ VRFLDOZDWFK RUJ ZZZ FLYLFXV RUJ ZZZ FVRSDUWQHUVKLS RUJ ─Ч &3'( DGDDVLD RUJ ─Ч $'$ ZZZ LLVG FD ZZZ DFWLRQ RUJ ─Ч DFWLRQ &DPSDLJQ
.RUHD ZZZ PRID JR NU WUDGH GHYHORSPHQW ─Ч ра╣╦м┘Х ╩О╪ИрнЖ╘п╦▓ ZZZ RGDNRUHD JR NU ─Ч 2'$ .RUHD ZZZ NRLFD JR NU ─Ч рмЮ╦▓╦▓рв┐рнЖ╘п╨п .2,&$ ZZZ QJRNFRF RUJ ─Ч ╦▓рв┐╩О╪ИрнЖ╘птАл╫╖тАм╔╛рнЖрвВрнг .&2& ZZZ NRILG RUJ ─Ч ╦▓рв┐╩О╪ИрнЖ╘птАл█М╫╖▌дтАмрнгрлж╘а .R),' ZZZ PGJNRUHD RUJ ─Ч рдП╦▒ржбтАлркБ╦К┘║тАмрзФтАл╫╖▌дтАм╧МркЭрбУри║ *&$3 .RUHD ZZZ RGDZDWFK QHW ─Ч 2'$ :DWFK ZZZ KXPDQULJKWV RU NU ─Ч рмЮ╦▓рвЙ╠Арвв╨п
-4-
SDGs 관련 유엔 문서 1. UN The Road to Dignity by 2030 (4 Dec. 2014) UN The Road to Dignity by 2030 국문 번역본 가안 2. OWG Proposal for SDGs layout (Jul. 2014) OWG Proposal for SDGs layout 국문 번역본 가안 3. Draft decision on post-2015 modalities (12 Dec. 2014)
-5-
ĚǀĂŶĐĞ ƵŶĞĚŝƚĞĚ
ϰ ĞĐĞŵďĞƌ ϮϬϭϰ
ϭϬ͗ϬϬ Ă͘ŵ͘
United Nations
The Road to Dignity by 2030: Ending Poverty, Transforming All Lives and Protecting the Planet
Synthesis Report of the Secretary-General On the Post-2015 Agenda
New York December 2014
ϭ
-7-
ĚǀĂŶĐĞ ƵŶĞĚŝƚĞĚ
ϰ ĞĐĞŵďĞƌ ϮϬϭϰ
Table of Contents
1. A universal call to action to transform our world beyond 2015 2. A Synthesis 2.1. What we have learned from decades of development experience 2.2. What we have learned from the post-2015 process 2.3. Shared ambitions for a shared future 3. Framing the new agenda 3.1. Setting the stage 3.2. A transformational approach 3.3. Six essential elements for delivering on the SDGs 3.4. Integrating the six essential elements 4. Mobilizing the means to implement our agenda 4.1. Financing our future 4.2. Technology, science, and innovation for a sustainable future 4.3. Investing in sustainable development capacities 5. Delivering our agenda: a shared responsibility 5.1. Measuring the new dynamics 5.2. Lighting the way: the role of data in the new agenda 5.3. Gauging our progress: monitoring, evaluation, and reporting 5.4. Making the UN fit for a sustainable future 6. Conclusion: together in a universal compact
Ϯ
-8-
ϭϬ͗ϬϬ Ă͘ŵ͘
ĚǀĂŶĐĞ ƵŶĞĚŝƚĞĚ
ϰ ĞĐĞŵďĞƌ ϮϬϭϰ
ϭϬ͗ϬϬ Ă͘ŵ͘
“We recognize that people are at the centre of sustainable development and, in this regard, we strive for a world that is just, equitable and inclusive, and we commit to work together to promote sustained and inclusive economic growth, social development and environmental protection and thereby to benefit all.” Rio+20 Outcome Document, The Future We Want
1.
A Universal Call to Action to Transform our World beyond 2015
1.
The year 2015 offers a unique opportunity for global leaders and people to end
poverty, transform the world to better meet human needs and the necessities of economic transformation, while protecting our environment, ensuring peace and realizing human rights.
2.
We are at a historic crossroads, and the directions we take will determine
whether we will succeed or fail on our promises. With our globalized economy and sophisticated technology, we can decide to end the age-old ills of extreme poverty and hunger. Or we can continue to degrade our planet and allow intolerable inequalities to sow bitterness and despair. Our ambition is to achieve sustainable development for all. 3.
Young people will be the torch bearers of the next sustainable development
agenda through 2030. We must ensure that this transition, while protecting the planet, leaves no one behind. We have a shared responsibility to embark on a path to inclusive and shared prosperity in a peaceful and resilient world where human rights and the rule of law are upheld. 4.
Transformation is our watchword. At this moment in time, we are called to lead
and act with courage. We are called to embrace change. Change in our societies. Change in the management of our economies. Change in our relationship with our one and only planet. 5.
In doing so, we can more fully respond to the needs of our time and deliver on
the timeless promise made at the birth of the United Nations.
ϯ
-9-
ĚǀĂŶĐĞ ƵŶĞĚŝƚĞĚ
6.
ϰ ĞĐĞŵďĞƌ ϮϬϭϰ
ϭϬ͗ϬϬ Ă͘ŵ͘
Seventy years ago, in adopting the Organization’s founding Charter, the nations
of the world made a solemn commitment: “to save succeeding generations from the scourge of war, to reaffirm faith in fundamental human rights, in the dignity and worth of the human person, in the equal rights of men and women and of nations large and small, to establish conditions under which justice and respect for international law can be maintained, and to promote social progress and better standards of life in larger freedom.i“ 7.
Building on this core promise, the Declaration on the Right to Development
(1986) called for an approach that would guarantee the meaningful participation of all in development, and the fair distribution of its benefits. 8.
Humankind has achieved impressive progress in the past seven decades. We
have reduced violence and established global institutions, a code of agreed universal principles, and a rich tapestry of international law. We have witnessed stunning technological progress, millions upon millions lifted from poverty, millions more empowered, diseases defeated, life expectancies on the rise, colonialism dismantled, new nations born, apartheid conquered, democratic practices take deeper roots, and vibrant, economies built in all regions. 9.
Since the 1992 “Earth Summit” in Rio de Janeiro, we have identified a new
pathway to human wellbeing – the path of sustainable development. The Millennium Declaration and the Millennium Development Goals articulated in the year 2000 placed people at the center, generating unprecedented improvements in the lives of many around the world. The global mobilization behind the MDGs showed that multilateral action can make a tangible difference. 10.
Yet conditions in today’s world are a far cry from the vision of the Charter.
Amid great plenty for some, we witness pervasive poverty, gross inequalities, joblessness, disease and deprivation for billions. Displacement is at its highest level since the Second World War. Armed conflict, crime, terrorism, persecution, corruption, impunity and the erosion of the rule of law are daily realities. The impacts of the global economic, food and energy crises are still being felt. The consequences of climate change have only just begun. These failings and shortcomings have done as much to define the modern era as has our progress in science, technology and the mobilization of global social movements.
ϰ
- 10 -
ĚǀĂŶĐĞ ƵŶĞĚŝƚĞĚ
11.
ϰ ĞĐĞŵďĞƌ ϮϬϭϰ
ϭϬ͗ϬϬ Ă͘ŵ͘
Our globalized world is marked by extraordinary progress alongside
unacceptable – and unsustainable – levels of want, fear, discrimination, exploitation, injustice and environmental folly at all levels. 12.
However, we also know that these problems are not accidents of nature or the
results of phenomena beyond our control. They result from actions and omissions of people – public institutions, the private sector, and others charged with protecting human rights and upholding human dignity. 13.
We have the know-how and the means to address these challenges. But we need
urgent leadership and joint action now. 14.
These are universal challenges. They demand new heights of multilateral action
based on evidence and built on shared values, principles, and priorities for a common destiny. 15.
Our global commitments under the Charter should compel us to act. Our sense
of empathy and enlightened self-interest should compel us to act. Our responsibilities as stewards of the planet should equally compel us to act. None of today’s threats respect boundaries drawn by human beings – whether those boundaries are national borders, or boundaries of class, ability, age, gender, geography, ethnicity, or religion. 16.
In an irreversibly interconnected world, the challenges faced by any become the
challenges faced by each of us – sometimes gradually but often suddenly. However, facing these vexed challenges is not only a burden; it is far more an opportunity to forge new partnerships and alliances that can work together to advance the human condition. 17.
The MDG experience provides compelling evidence that the international
community can be mobilized to confront such complex challenges. Governments, civil society and a wide range of international actors coalesced behind the MDGs in a multifront battle against poverty and disease. They generated innovative approaches, vital new data, new resources, and new tools and technology for this struggle. Transparency was enhanced, multilateral approaches were strengthened, and a results-based approach to public policy was fostered. Sound public policies inspired by the MDGs, enhanced by collective action and international cooperation, lead to remarkable successes. In two decades since 1990, the world has halved extreme poverty, lifting 700 million out of
ϱ
- 11 -
ĚǀĂŶĐĞ ƵŶĞĚŝƚĞĚ
ϰ ĞĐĞŵďĞƌ ϮϬϭϰ
ϭϬ͗ϬϬ Ă͘ŵ͘
extreme poverty. Between 2000 and 2010, an estimated 3.3 million deaths from malaria were averted, and 22 million lives were saved from fighting tuberculosis. Access to antiretroviral therapy (ART) for HIV-infected people has saved 6.6 million lives since 1995. At the same time, gender parity in primary school enrolment, access to child and maternal health care, and in women’s political participation improved steadily.ii 18.
We must invest in the unfinished work of the MDGs, and use them as a
springboard into the future we want – a future free from poverty and built on human rights, equality and sustainability. This is our duty and it must be the legacy we strive to leave for our children. 19.
In our quest to shape a global sustainable development agenda for the years
beyond 2015, the international community has embarked upon an unprecedented process. Never before has so broad and inclusive a consultation been undertaken on so many matters of global concern. In two short years since the Rio + 20 Conference laid the cornerstone for the Post-2015 process, all Member States, the entire UN system, experts, and a cross-section of civil society, business and—most importantly-- millions of people from all corners of the globe, have travelled this crucially important journey. This, in itself, is reason for great hope. The creativity and shared sense of purpose that has emerged from across the human family is proof that we can come together to innovate and collaborate in search of solutions and the common good. 20.
Having now opened the tent wide to a broad constituency, we must recognize
that the legitimacy of this process will rest in significant measure on the degree to which the core messages that we have heard are reflected in the final outcome. This is no time to succumb to political expediency, or to tolerate the lowest common denominators. The new threats that face us, and the new opportunities that present themselves, demand a high level of ambition and a truly participatory, responsive and transformational course of action.
21.
This includes tackling climate change. As underscored by the Intergovernmental
Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), climate change exacerbates threats. It makes delivering on the sustainable development agenda more difficult because of reversing positive trends, new uncertainties, or mounting costs of resilience.
ϲ
- 12 -
ĚǀĂŶĐĞ ƵŶĞĚŝƚĞĚ
ϰ ĞĐĞŵďĞƌ ϮϬϭϰ
ϭϬ͗ϬϬ Ă͘ŵ͘
22.
This enterprise can therefore not be business as usual.
23.
People across the world are looking to the United Nations to rise to the
challenge with a truly transformative agenda that is both universal and adaptable to the conditions of each country, and that places people and planet at the center. Their voices have underscored the need for democracy, rule of law, civic space and more effective governance and capable institutions; for new and innovative partnerships, including with responsible business and effective local authorities; and for a data revolution, rigorous accountability mechanisms, and renewed global partnerships. People are also stressing that the credibility of new agenda rests on the means that are available to implement it. 24.
Three high-level international meetings in the year ahead give us the opportunity
to chart a new era of sustainable development. The first will be the International Conference on Financing for Development in Addis Ababa in July, where a compact for a global partnership can be realized. The second will be the special Summit on sustainable development at the United Nations in September, where the world will embrace the new agenda and a set of Sustainable Development Goals, which we hope will mark a paradigm shift for people and planet. The third will be the 21st Conference of the Parties (COP21) of the UN Framework Convention on Climate Change in Paris in December, where Member States have pledged to adopt a new agreement to tackle a threat that could make more difficult to deliver on the new development agenda. 25.
The stars are aligned for the world to take historic action to transform lives and
protect the planet. I urge Governments and people everywhere to fulfil their political and moral responsibilities. This is my call to dignity, and we must respond with all our vision and strength.
ϳ
- 13 -
ĚǀĂŶĐĞ ƵŶĞĚŝƚĞĚ
ϰ ĞĐĞŵďĞƌ ϮϬϭϰ
ϭϬ͗ϬϬ Ă͘ŵ͘
2. A Synthesis “All that is valuable in human society depends upon the opportunity for development accorded the individual.” Albert Einstein
2.1
What we have learned from two decades of development experience
26.
There is much that is new, and, indeed, transformational in the global
conversation on a Post-2015 Agenda. But the roots of this conversation are deep, and extend to the experience of the development community in the last twenty years, and the visionary outcomes of the global conferences of the 1990s, the 1992 Rio Earth Summit, the Millennium Summit and the MDGs of 2000, the 2005 World Summit, the 2010 MDG Summit, and the lead up to the Rio+20 Conference in 2012.
27.
The cornerstone for the current global process of renewal was established in Rio
de Janeiro in June of 2012, with the adoption of the outcome document of the United Nations Conference on Sustainable Development “The Future We Want.” The document described the lessons learned from two decades of development experience, and provided an extensive assessment of the progress and gaps in the implementation of the sustainable development agenda. 28.
While insufficient and uneven, progress has been remarkable. Only two short
decades ago, close to 40 per cent of the developing world lived in extreme poverty, and the notion of poverty eradication seemed inconceivable.
Following profound and
consistent gains, we now know that extreme poverty can be eradicated within one more generation. The MDGs have greatly contributed to this progress, and have taught us how governments, business, and civil society can work together to achieve transformational breakthroughs. 29.
We have witnessed significant progress in several Least Developed Countries
(LDCs) in the past two decades. In the same period, middle-income countries have become new engines of global growth, lifting many of their own citizens out of poverty and creating a sizeable middle class. Some countries have shown real progress in reducing inequalities. Others have attained universal health coverage. Still others have evolved into some of the world’s most advanced and digitally connected societies. Wages have increased, social protection has been expanded, green technologies have taken root,
ϴ
- 14 -
ĚǀĂŶĐĞ ƵŶĞĚŝƚĞĚ
ϰ ĞĐĞŵďĞƌ ϮϬϭϰ
ϭϬ͗ϬϬ Ă͘ŵ͘
and education standards have advanced. Several countries have emerged from conflict and made steady gains on the road to reconstruction, peace and development. These wideranging experiences demonstrate that vulnerability and exclusion can be overcome, and what is possible in the years ahead. 30.
New demographic trends are changing our world. We are already a global
family of seven billion people and are likely to reach nine billion by 2050. We are an ageing world, as people live longer and healthier lives. We are increasingly an urban world, with more than half the world’s population living in towns and cities. And we are a mobile world, with more than 232 million international migrants – and almost one billion when internal migrants are counted. These trends will have direct impacts on our goals and present both challenges and opportunities. 31.
We see how new technologies can open up more sustainable approaches and
more efficient practices. We know that the public sector can raise significantly more revenues by reforming tax systems, fighting tax evasion, correcting inequities, and combatting corruption. We know that there is an enormous amount of untapped and wasted resources that can be directed to sustainable development. We know that forwardlooking companies are taking the lead by transforming their business models for sustainable development, and that we have only scratched the surface of the potential for ethics-driven investment by the private sector. With the right incentives, policies, regulations and monitoring, great opportunities could abound. We know that a data revolution is unfolding, allowing us to see more clearly than ever where we are and where we need to go, and to ensure that everyone is counted. We know that creative initiatives across the world are pioneering new models of sustainable production and consumption that can be replicated. We know that governance at both the national and international levels can be reformed to more efficiently serve 21st century realities. And we know that our world today is host to the first truly globalized, interconnected, and highly mobilized civil society, ready and able to serve as a participant, joint steward, and powerful engine of change and transformation.
32.
We have already begun to correct our course towards transformation.
33.
The discussion on the Post-2015 Agenda has stressed the importance of the
specific conditions of each country, an advance in perspective from the MDG framework.
ϵ
- 15 -
ĚǀĂŶĐĞ ƵŶĞĚŝƚĞĚ
ϰ ĞĐĞŵďĞƌ ϮϬϭϰ
ϭϬ͗ϬϬ Ă͘ŵ͘
Special attention was required for the most vulnerable, in particular African countries, least developed countries, landlocked developing countries and the small island developing States. Particular attention should also be given to the challenges faced by the middle-income countries and countries in situations of fragility and conflict. 34.
Member States have emphasized that sustainable development must be inclusive
and people-centred. They underscored the importance of ecosystems to people’s livelihoods, their economic, social, physical and mental well-being, as well as their cultural heritage – “Mother Earth” as it is known in many traditions. 35.
Member States have also underscored the need to improve measures of progress,
such as gross domestic product, in order to better inform policy decisions. While acknowledging the natural and cultural diversity of the world, they have also recognized that all cultures and civilizations can contribute to sustainable development. Finally, they have called for holistic and integrated approaches to sustainable development that will guide humanity to live in harmony with the planet’s fragile ecosystems.
2.2
What we have learned from the post-2015 process
36.
The international community has come a long way in its deliberation on the new
development agenda. In July 2013, further to a request by the General Assembly, I submitted to the membership my report A Life of Dignity for All. In it, I recommended the development of a universal, integrated and human rights-based agenda for sustainable development, addressing economic growth, social justice and environmental stewardship and highlighting the link between peace, development and human rights – an agenda that leaves no one behind. I called as well for rigorous review and monitoring, better and more disaggregated data, and goals and targets that are measurable and adaptable. I outlined a number of transformative actions that would apply to all countriesiii.
37.
Many voices have informed this debate, and there have been valuable inputs
from a wide range of stakeholders. (a) People around the world aired their views through the unprecedented consultations and outreach efforts of organized civil society groups as well as the global conversation led by the United Nations Development Group on A Million Voices: The World We Want, Delivering on the Post-2015 Agenda: Opportunities at the
ϭϬ
- 16 -
ĚǀĂŶĐĞ ƵŶĞĚŝƚĞĚ
ϰ ĞĐĞŵďĞƌ ϮϬϭϰ
ϭϬ͗ϬϬ Ă͘ŵ͘
National and Local Level, and MY World Survey. Millions of people especially young persons, took part in these processes, through national, thematic, and on-line consultations and surveys, as mirrored in the Global Youth Call and the outcome of the 65th Annual UN DPI/NGO Conference. The direct and active engagement of parliamentarians, business and civil society has also been critical. (b) The leaders of the High-Level Panel of Eminent Persons on the Post-2015 Development Agenda called for five “transformative shifts” that leave no one behind by 1) ending extreme poverty, 2) placing sustainable development at the core, 3) transforming economies for decent jobs and inclusive growth, 4) building peaceful societies as well as open, transparent, accountable governance, and 5) forging a new global partnership for sustainable development. (c) The academics and scientists convened through the Sustainable Development Solutions Network recommended the adoption of a science-based and actionoriented agenda, integrating four interdependent dimensions of sustainable development (economic, social, environmental, and governance). (d) The key role of business in the post-2015 agenda was distilled in the report of the UN Global Compact.
Companies are ready to change how they do business and
contribute by transforming markets from within and making production, consumption and the allocation of capital more inclusive and sustainable. (e) The report of the Regional Commissions highlighted the importance of regional efforts in adapting globally agreed goals and policy priorities to nationally specific realities. (f) The experiences and expertise of the UN system were put forward in the report of the UN System Task Team on the Post-2015 Agenda and the work of the Technical Support Team (TST). (g) At the Principal level, leadership and guidance was received through the UN System Chief Executives Board for Coordination. (h) The members of the High-Level Panel on Global Sustainability recommended a sustainable path to enhance human well-being, further global justice, strengthen gender equity and preserve the Earth’s life-support systems for future generations.
38.
Throughout 2014, Member States exchanged views and consolidated their ideas
through the work of existing UN development entities. ECOSOC and its functional and regional commissions, committees and expert bodies have identified the potential
ϭϭ
- 17 -
ĚǀĂŶĐĞ ƵŶĞĚŝƚĞĚ
ϰ ĞĐĞŵďĞƌ ϮϬϭϰ
ϭϬ͗ϬϬ Ă͘ŵ͘
elements of the post-2015 review and monitoring framework, and explored how to adapt the UN development system and its operational activities to respond to changes in the development landscape. The Development Cooperation Forum provided useful policy space for stakeholders to discuss the implications of a unified and universal agenda, the global partnership, modalities for more effective review and monitoring, and concrete actions by Southern development cooperation partners on common challenges.
The
High-Level Political Forum on Sustainable Development (HLPF) has, from its inaugural session in 2013, turned its attention to the post-2015 agenda, with leaders calling for a coherent approach and noting the important role the Forum can play in reviewing and monitoring.
39.
Now, at the end of 2014, we positively note the completion of the
intergovernmental processes established by the Rio + 20 Conference. 40.
In a series of structured dialogues on technology in the General Assemblyŝǀ,
possible arrangements were considered for a facilitation mechanism to promote the development, transfer, and dissemination of clean and environmentally sound technologies. 41.
The Intergovernmental Committee of Experts on Sustainable Development
Financing delivered its report on options for an effective sustainable development financing strategy in August 2014.v The Committee proposed a basket of more than 100 options for policy makers, together with recommendations for a global partnership that encompasses key aspects of aid, trade, debt, taxation, and financial market stability. It recommended individual, country-owned financing strategies, rooted in enabling national policy environments, and complemented by a reformed international enabling environment. It recognized that all sources of financing would need to be employed, public and private, national and international. 42.
Throughout 2014, the President of General Assembly convened a series of
valuable gatherings. These included three high-level events on the contributions of women, youth, and civil society, on human rights and the rule of law, and on the contributions of North-South, South-South and triangular cooperation, and Information and Communications Technology (ICT) for development. Three thematic debates were held on the role of partnerships, on ensuring stable and peaceful societies, and on water,
ϭϮ
- 18 -
ĚǀĂŶĐĞ ƵŶĞĚŝƚĞĚ
ϰ ĞĐĞŵďĞƌ ϮϬϭϰ
ϭϬ͗ϬϬ Ă͘ŵ͘
sanitation and sustainable energy. These were followed by a Dialogue on Accountability in the General Assembly and in each region under the auspices of the respective UN Regional Commission. In September of 2014, the President convened a High-Level Stocktaking Event on the Post-2015 Development Agenda.vi 43.
Importantly, the Open Working Group on Sustainable Development Goals
delivered the results of its historic deliberations in July 2014, providing a narrative grounded in the Rio+20 outcome document and emphasizing poverty eradication, environmental sustainability, inclusive growth, equality and a people-centred agenda for sustainable development. 44.
Following more than a year of inclusive and intensive consultative deliberations,
the Open Working Group proposed 17 specific goals with 169 associated targetsvii, which it described as “action-oriented, global in nature, and universally applicable”, taking into account different national realities, capacities and levels of development. It sought to combine aspirational global targets with country-specific targets to be set nationally. 45.
In addition to reinforcing the commitment to the unfinished MDGs, the SDGs
break new ground with goals on inequalities, economic growth, decent jobs, cities and human settlements, industrialization, energy, climate change, sustainable consumption and production, peace, justice and institutions. The environmental dimension of the agenda is articulated across the whole agenda. The SDGs are underpinned with a goal on global partnerships for the means of implementation. 46.
Mechanisms to review the implementation of goals will be needed, and the
availability of and access to data would need to be improved, including the disaggregation of information by gender, age, race, ethnicity, migratory status, disability, geographic location, and other characteristics relevant to national contexts. 47.
Finally, the recent report of my Independent Expert Advisory Group on the
Data Revolution for Sustainable Development called for the closing of key data gaps, between developed and developing countries, between information-rich and informationpoor people, and between the private and public sectors. It underscored the importance of increasing access to quality data, remedying inequalities in the areas of access to information, data literacy, promoting civic space and enhancing the sharing of data and
ϭϯ
- 19 -
ĚǀĂŶĐĞ ƵŶĞĚŝƚĞĚ
ϰ ĞĐĞŵďĞƌ ϮϬϭϰ
ϭϬ͗ϬϬ Ă͘ŵ͘
information. It also called for the strengthening of national institutions to provide capacities for statistics and the interface with new technologies.
2.1
Shared ambitions for a shared future
48.
Across all of these contributions and milestones, a common understanding has
emerged that there must be a universal agenda. Humankind faces the same global challenges; today’s problems transcend borders; even in the richest countries, there can be destitution and exclusion. Universality implies that all countries will need to change, each with its own approach, but each with a sense of the global common good. Universality is the core attribute of human rights and intergenerational justice. It compels us to think in terms of shared responsibilities for a shared future. It demands policy coherence. Universality embodies a new global partnership for sustainable development in the spirit of the UN Charter.
49.
All voices have called for a people-centred and planet-sensitive agenda to
ensure human dignity, equality, environmental stewardship, healthy economies, freedom from want and fear, and a renewed global partnership for sustainable development. Tackling climate change and fostering sustainable development agendas are two mutually reinforcing sides of the same coin. To achieve these ends, all have called for a transformational and universal post-2015 agenda, buttressed by science and evidence, and built on the principles of human rights and the rule of law, equality and sustainability. 50.
All contributions underlined that we should continue the march of the MDGs.
But they have also stressed that Member States will need to fill key sustainable development gaps left by the MDGs, such as the multi-dimensional aspects of poverty, decent work for young people, social protection and labour rights for all. They have asked for inclusive, sustainable cities, infrastructure and industrialization. They have called for strengthening effective, accountable, participatory and inclusive governance; for free expression, information, and association; for fair justice systems; and for peaceful societies and personal security for all. 51.
All voices have demanded that we leave no one behind, ensuring equality, non-
discrimination, equity and inclusion at all levels. We must pay special attention to the people, groups and countries most in need. This is the century of women: we will not
ϭϰ
- 20 -
ĚǀĂŶĐĞ ƵŶĞĚŝƚĞĚ
ϰ ĞĐĞŵďĞƌ ϮϬϭϰ
ϭϬ͗ϬϬ Ă͘ŵ͘
realize our full potential if half of humanity continues to be held back. We also need to include the poor, children, adolescents, youth, and the aged, as well as the unemployed, rural populations, slum dwellers, persons with disabilities, indigenous peoples, migrants, refugees and displaced persons, vulnerable groups and minorities. These also include those affected by climate change, those living in LDCs, landlocked countries, smallisland developing states, middle-income countries, conflict countries or in areas under occupation, in places struck by complex medical and humanitarian emergencies or in situations affected by terrorism. And they have called for an end to all forms of gender inequality, gender-based discrimination, and violence against women, children and young boys and girls. 52.
The public discourse has underscored the call for the urgent need to recognize
and address the trust deficit between governments, institutions and the people. Providing an enabling environment to build inclusive and peaceful societies, ensure social cohesion and respect for the rule of law will require rebuilding institutions at the country level to ensure that the gains from peace are not reversed. 53.
All want action to address climate change, to accelerate the reduction of
greenhouse gas emissions, and to keep the rise in global average temperature below 2 degrees Celsius on the basis of equity for present and future generations and in accordance with common but differentiated responsibilities and respective capabilities. All also want to preserve our oceans, marine resources, terrestrial ecosystems and forests. 54.
All call for meaningful transformations of our economies. They call for
making our patterns of growth more inclusive, sustained and sustainable. People want decent jobs, social protection, robust agricultural systems and rural prosperity, sustainable cities, inclusive and sustainable industrialization, and resilient infrastructure and sustainable energy for all. These transformations will also help tackle climate change. We have also heard strong calls to reform international trade, ensure effective regulation of markets and financial actors, and to take vigorous action to fight corruption, curb illicit financial flows, combat money laundering and tax evasion, and recover stolen and hidden assets.
ϭϱ
- 21 -
ĚǀĂŶĐĞ ƵŶĞĚŝƚĞĚ
55.
ϰ ĞĐĞŵďĞƌ ϮϬϭϰ
ϭϬ͗ϬϬ Ă͘ŵ͘
All inputs have underscored the need to integrate economic, social and
environmental dimensions across the new agenda. To make this happen, they want norm-based policy coherence at all levels, corresponding reform of global governance mechanisms, and a renewed effective global partnership for sustainable development. These, they tell us, should be based on solidarity, cooperation, mutual accountability, and the participation of governments and all stakeholders. ϱϲ͘
All have asked for a rigorous and participatory review and monitoring
framework to hold governments, businesses, and international organizations accountable to the people for results, and to ensure that no harm is done to the planet. And they have called for a data revolution to make information and data more available, more accessible, and more broadly disaggregated, as well as for measurable goals and targets, and a participatory mechanism to review implementation at the national, regional, and global levels.
ϭϲ
- 22 -
ĚǀĂŶĐĞ ƵŶĞĚŝƚĞĚ
ϰ ĞĐĞŵďĞƌ ϮϬϭϰ
ϭϬ͗ϬϬ Ă͘ŵ͘
3. Framing the New Agenda “Overcoming poverty is not a task of charity, it is an act of justice. Like slavery and apartheid, poverty is not natural. It is man-made and it can be overcome and eradicated by the actions of human beings. Sometimes it falls on a generation to be great. You can be that generation. Let your greatness bloom.” Nelson Mandela
3.1
Setting the stage
57.
At this moment, a truly universal and transformational course is being set. From
the 2010 Summit on the MDGs, to Rio+20, and the outcome of the Open Working Group,viii a remarkably consistent vision has emerged.
58.
Because human dignity and planetary sustainability cannot be reduced to a
simple formula, because their constituent elements are so interdependent, and because sustainable development is a complex phenomenon, the proposal by the Open Working Group of such a far-reaching set of goals and targets is to be welcomed as a remarkable step forward in the international community’s quest for effective solutions to an increasingly complex global agenda. 59.
As Secretary-General of the United Nations, I therefore welcome the outcome
produced by the Open Working Group (Table 1). I congratulate the leadership and all who participated in its ground-breaking work. I take positive note of the decision of the General Assembly that the proposal of the Group be the main basis for the post-2015 intergovernmental process. 60.
In the coming months, the Member States of the United Nations will negotiate
the final parameters of the Post-2015 Sustainable Development Agenda. That Agenda should include a compelling and principled narrative, building on the outcomes of the major global conferences , including the Millennium Summit, the 2005 Summit Outcome, the 2010 Summit on the MDGs, the outcome of Rio+20, and the voices of the people as conveyed in the post-2015 process. The Agenda should also call for full consistency with current political commitments and existing obligations under international law. It should include concrete goals together with measurable and achievable targets. This should demonstrate the important interrelationship between the goals and targets. Importantly, it must respond to the capacity challenges of countries with varying capabilities and weaker
ϭϳ
- 23 -
ĚǀĂŶĐĞ ƵŶĞĚŝƚĞĚ
ϰ ĞĐĞŵďĞƌ ϮϬϭϰ
ϭϬ͗ϬϬ Ă͘ŵ͘
institutions. Countries must not be overly burdened by an agenda that creates additional challenges rather than alleviate burdens. The Agenda will require serious commitments for financing and other means of implementation, including those to be agreed in Addis Ababa in July 2015 and Paris in December 2015. And it should include strong, inclusive public mechanisms at all levels for reporting, monitoring progress, learning lessons, and ensuring mutual accountability. Table 1. Sustainable development goals Goal 1 Goal 2 Goal 3 Goal 4 Goal 5 Goal 6 Goal 7 Goal 8 Goal 9 Goal 10 Goal 11 Goal 12 Goal 13 Goal 14 Goal 15
Goal 16 Goal 17
End poverty in all its forms everywhere End hunger, achieve food security and improved nutrition and promote sustainable agriculture Ensure healthy lives and promote well-being for all at all ages Ensure inclusive and equitable quality education and promote lifelong learning opportunities for all Achieve gender equality and empower all women and girls Ensure availability and sustainable management of water and sanitation for all Ensure access to affordable, reliable, sustainable and modern energy for all Promote sustained, inclusive and sustainable economic growth, full and productive employment and decent work for all Build resilient infrastructure, promote inclusive and sustainable industrialization and foster innovation Reduce inequality within and among countries Make cities and human settlements inclusive, safe, resilient and sustainable Ensure sustainable consumption and production patterns Take urgent action to combat climate change and its impacts* Conserve and sustainably use the oceans, seas and marine resources for sustainable development Protect, restore and promote sustainable use of terrestrial ecosystems, sustainably manage forests, combat desertification, and halt and reverse land degradation and halt biodiversity loss Promote peaceful and inclusive societies for sustainable development, provide access to justice for all and build effective, accountable and inclusive institutions at all levels Strengthen the means of implementation and revitalize the global partnership for sustainable development
* Acknowledging that the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change is the primary international, intergovernmental forum for negotiating the global response to climate change.
Source: Report of the Open Working Group of the General Assembly on Sustainable Development Goals (A/68/970).
61.
Success will equally depend on the power of the new agenda to inspire and
mobilize essential actors, new partnerships, key constituencies, and the broader global citizenry. For this, we will need an agenda that resonates with the experiences and needs of people, that can be understood, and embraced. The agenda and goals should also be received at the country level in a way that would ensure a transition of the MDGs to the broader and more transformative sustainable development agenda and effectively become an integral part of national and regional visions and plans. 62.
In this regard, we must recall and take note of the mandate given to the General
Assembly by the member states at the Rio+20 Conference, where they declared that the "SDGs should be action-oriented, concise and easy to communicate, limited in number,
ϭϴ
- 24 -
ĚǀĂŶĐĞ ƵŶĞĚŝƚĞĚ
ϰ ĞĐĞŵďĞƌ ϮϬϭϰ
ϭϬ͗ϬϬ Ă͘ŵ͘
aspirational, global in nature and universally applicable to all countries while taking into account different national realities, capacities and levels of development and respecting national policies and priorities" (Paragraph 247). 63.
Member States have agreed that the agenda laid out by the Open Working
Group is the main basis for the Post-2015 intergovernmental process. We now have the opportunity to frame the goals and targets in a way that reflects the ambition of a universal and transformative agenda. I note, in particular, the possibility to maintain the 17 goals and rearrange them in a focused and concise manner that enables the necessary global awareness and implementation at the country level.
3.2
A transformational approach
64.
I wish to propose an integrated set of six essential elements, that taken together,
will aim to facilitate the deliberations of Member States ahead of the special Summit on sustainable development in September 2015, and enable them to arrive at the concise and aspirational agenda mandated by the Rio + 20 Conference.
65.
The essential elements underscore the urgency of a universal call to commit to a
set of principles that, applied together, can bring about a truly universal transformation of sustainable development. Thus, as we implement the new agenda, we must: •
commit to a universal approach, and with solutions that address all countries and all groups;
•
integrate sustainability in all activities, mindful of economic, environmental and social impacts;
•
address inequalities in all areas, agreeing that no goal or target be considered met unless met for all social and economic groups;
•
ensure that all actions respect and advance human rights, in full coherence with international standards;
•
address the drivers of climate change and its consequences;
•
base our analysis in credible data and evidence, enhancing data capacity, availability, disaggregation, literacy and sharing;
•
expand our global partnership for means of implementation to maximum effect, and full participation, including multi-stakeholder, issue-based coalitions; and
ϭϵ
- 25 -
ĚǀĂŶĐĞ ƵŶĞĚŝƚĞĚ
•
ϰ ĞĐĞŵďĞƌ ϮϬϭϰ
ϭϬ͗ϬϬ Ă͘ŵ͘
anchor the new compact in a renewed commitment to international solidarity, commensurate with the ability of each country to contribute.
3.3. Six essential elements for delivering on the SDGs 66.
The following six essential elements would help frame and reinforce the universal,
integrated and transformative nature of a sustainable development agenda and ensure that the ambition expressed by Member States in the outcome of the Open Working Group translates, communicates and is delivered at the country level (Figure 1).
Figure 1. Six essential elements for delivering the SDGs
Dignity: to end poverty and fight inequalities 67.
Eradicating poverty by 2030 is the overarching objective of the sustainable
development agenda. We live in a world of plenty, and in a moment of enormous scientific promise. And yet, for hundreds and hundreds of millions across the globe, this is also an age of gnawing deprivation. The defining challenge of our time is to close the gap between our determination to ensure a life of dignity for all on the one hand, and the reality of persisting poverty and deepening inequality on the other.
68.
While we have made important progress in recent years, addressing gender
inequality and realizing women’s rights remains a key challenge in all regions of the
ϮϬ
- 26 -
ĚǀĂŶĐĞ ƵŶĞĚŝƚĞĚ
ϰ ĞĐĞŵďĞƌ ϮϬϭϰ
ϭϬ͗ϬϬ Ă͘ŵ͘
world. It should by now be recognized that no society can reach its full potential if whole segments of that society, especially young people, are excluded from participating in, contributing to, and benefiting from development. Other dimensions of inequality continue to persist, and in some cases have worsened. Income inequality specifically is one of the most visible aspects of a broader and more complex issue, one that entails inequality of opportunity. This is a universal challenge that the whole world must address. The agenda must accommodate the voices of women, youth and minorities, seek the prior and informed consent of indigenous peoples, remove obstacles to full participation by persons with disabilities, older persons, adolescents and youth, and empower the poor. It must not exclude migrants, refugees, displaced persons, or persons affected by conflict and occupation.
People: to ensure healthy lives, knowledge, and the inclusion of women and children 69.
Millions of people, especially women and children, have been left behind in the
unfinished work of the MDGs. We must ensure women, youth and children have access to the full range of health services. We must ensure zero tolerance of violence against or exploitation of women and girls. Women and girls must have equal access to financial services, and the right to own land and other assets. All children and adolescents have a right to education and must have a safe environment in which to learn. Human development is also the respect of human rights. 70.
The agenda must address universal health-care coverage, access and
affordability; end preventable maternal, new-born and child deaths and malnutrition; ensure the availability of essential medicines; realize women’s reproductive health and rights; ensure immunization coverage; eradicate malaria and realize the vision of a future free of AIDS and tuberculosis; reduce the burden of non-communicable diseases, including mental illness, nervous system injuries and road accidents; and promote healthy behaviours, including those related to water, sanitation and hygiene.
71.
Today, more than ever, the realities of 1.8 billion youth and adolescents
represent a dynamic, informed, and globally connected engine for change. Integrating their needs, rights to choice and their voices in the new agenda, will be a key factor for success. It is essential that young people receive relevant skills and high-quality education
Ϯϭ
- 27 -
ĚǀĂŶĐĞ ƵŶĞĚŝƚĞĚ
ϰ ĞĐĞŵďĞƌ ϮϬϭϰ
ϭϬ͗ϬϬ Ă͘ŵ͘
and life-long learning, from early childhood development to post-primary schooling, including life skills and vocational education and training, as well as science, sports and culture. Teachers must be given the means to deliver learning and knowledge in response to a safe global workplace, driven by technology. Prosperity: to grow a strong, inclusive, and transformative economy 72.
Economic growth should lead to shared prosperity. As such, the strength of an
economy must be measured by the degree to which it meets the needs of people, and on how sustainably and equitably it does so. We need inclusive growth, built on decent jobs, livelihoods and rising real incomes for all and measured in ways that go beyond GDP and account for human well-being, sustainability and equity. Ensuring that all people, including women, persons with disabilities, youth, aged, and migrants have decent employment, social protection, and access to financial services, will be a hallmark of our economic success.
73.
Innovation and investments in sustainable and resilient infrastructure,
settlement, industrialization, small and medium enterprises, energy and technology can both generate employment, and remedy negative environmental trends. An enabled, properly regulated, responsible and profitable private sector is critical for employment, living wages, growth, and revenues for public programmes. Transforming business models for creating shared value is vital for growing inclusive and sustainable economies. 74.
The world’s richness of natural resources also provides a formidable economic
opportunity, if it is translated not only into GDP growth but into shared prosperity. Sustainable approaches to landscape management (including agriculture and forests), industrialization (including manufacturing and productive capacities), access to energy and water and sanitation, are key drivers of sustainable production and consumption, job creation, as well as sustainable and equitable growth. They drive sustainable management of natural resources and tackle climate change.
Planet: to protect our ecosystems for all societies and our children 75.
To respect our planetary boundaries we need to equitably address climate
change, halt biodiversity loss, and address desertification and unsustainable land use. We
ϮϮ
- 28 -
ĚǀĂŶĐĞ ƵŶĞĚŝƚĞĚ
ϰ ĞĐĞŵďĞƌ ϮϬϭϰ
ϭϬ͗ϬϬ Ă͘ŵ͘
must protect wildlife, safeguard forests and mountains, and reduce disaster risk and build resiliencies. We must protect our oceans, seas, rivers and atmosphere as our global heritage, and achieve climate justice. We must promote sustainable agriculture, fisheries and food systems; foster sustainable management of water resources, and of waste and chemicals; foster renewable and more efficient energy; decouple economic growth from environmental
degradation,
advance
sustainable
industrialisation
and
resilient
infrastructure; ensure sustainable consumption and production; and achieve sustainable management of marine and terrestrial ecosystems and land use.
76.
Sustainable development is at risk as evidence proves that warming of the
climate system is now undeniable and human activities are its primary cause. We must limit global temperature rise to below 2 degrees Celsius if we are to avoid the worst effects of climate change. Carbon dioxide is the largest contributor to human-induced climate change. Fossil fuels usage and deforestation are its two main sources. Increasing warming will make severe, pervasive, and irreversible impacts more likely. The longer we wait to take action towards sustainable production and consumption, the more it will cost to solve the problem and the greater the technological challenges will be. Adaptation can reduce some risks and impact of climate change. Most urgently, we must adopt a meaningful, universal climate agreement by the end of 2015.
Justice: to promote safe and peaceful societies, and strong institutions 77.
Effective governance for sustainable development demands that public
institutions in all countries and at all levels be inclusive, participatory, and accountable to the people. Laws and institutions must protect human rights and fundamental freedoms. All must be free from fear and violence, without discrimination. We also know that participatory democracy, free, safe, and peaceful societies are both enablers and outcomes of development.
78.
Access to fair justice systems, accountable institutions of democratic
governance, measures to combat corruption and curb illicit financial flows, and safeguards to protect personal security are integral to sustainable development. An enabling environment under the rule of law must be secured for the free, active and meaningful engagement of civil society and advocates reflecting the voices of women,
Ϯϯ
- 29 -
ĚǀĂŶĐĞ ƵŶĞĚŝƚĞĚ
ϰ ĞĐĞŵďĞƌ ϮϬϭϰ
ϭϬ͗ϬϬ Ă͘ŵ͘
minorities, LGBT groups, indigenous peoples, youth, adolescents and older persons. Press freedom and access to information, freedom of expression, assembly and association are enablers of sustainable development. The practice of child, early and forced marriage must be ended everywhere. The rule of law must be strengthened at the national and international level, to secure justice for all. 79.
We need to rebuild and reintegrate societies better after crises and conflicts. We
must address state fragility, support internally displaced persons and contribute to resilience of people and communities. Reconciliation, peacebuilding and state-building are critical for countries to overcome fragility and develop cohesive societies, and strong institutions. These investments are essential to retaining the gains of development and avoiding reversals in the future.
Partnership: to catalyse global solidarity for sustainable development 80.
A revitalized global partnership for sustainable development must be built on
the foundations agreed in the Millennium Declaration and in Monterrey and Johannesburg.
It must be effective in mobilizing the means and in creating the
environment to implement our agenda.
Mobilizing the support to implement the
ambitious new agenda will require political will and action on all fronts: domestic and international, public and private, through aid and trade, regulation, taxation and investment. 81.
Implementation is not just about quantity. It is also about doing things together,
uniting around the problem. Inclusive partnerships must be a key feature of implementation, at all levels: global, regional, national and local. We know the extent to which this may be transformative. The sustainable development goals provide a platform for aligning private action and public policies. Transformative partnerships are built upon principles and values, a shared vision, and shared goals: placing people and planet at the center. They include the participation of all relevant stakeholders. Mutual accountability is at the center. This means principled and responsible public-private-people partnerships.
3.4.
Integrating the six essential elements
82.
Sustainable development must be an integrated agenda for economic,
environmental, and social solutions.
Its strength lies in the interweaving of its Ϯϰ
- 30 -
ĚǀĂŶĐĞ ƵŶĞĚŝƚĞĚ
ϰ ĞĐĞŵďĞƌ ϮϬϭϰ
ϭϬ͗ϬϬ Ă͘ŵ͘
dimensions. This integration provides the basis for economic models that benefit people and the environment; for environmental solutions that contribute to progress; for social approaches that add to economic dynamism and allow for the preservation and sustainable use of the environmental common; and for reinforcing human rights, equality, and sustainability.
Responding to all goals as a cohesive and integrated whole will be
critical to ensuring the transformations needed at scale. 83.
The agenda itself mirrors the broader international human rights framework,
including elements of economic, social, cultural, civil, and political rights, as well as the right to development. Specific targets are set for disadvantaged groups. Indicators will need to be broadly disaggregated across all goals and targets. 84.
The essential elements are further integrated by the application of the principle
of universality. In addressing them to all countries and all people we take account of environmental, economic, and social interdependence, while also recognizing the realities of differentiated national needs and capacities. 85.
Finally, the new framework provides a much-needed opportunity to integrate the
broader United Nations agenda, with its inextricably linked and mutually interdependent peace and security, development, and human rights objectives. 86.
All of this will have important implications for the way that all partners pursue
sustainable development, requiring transformations in approaches to leadership, policy coherence, strategy, and collaboration. It will also have a beneficial unifying effect on the organization of work within the UN system at the global, regional and country levels.
Ϯϱ
- 31 -
ĚǀĂŶĐĞ ƵŶĞĚŝƚĞĚ
ϰ ĞĐĞŵďĞƌ ϮϬϭϰ
ϭϬ͗ϬϬ Ă͘ŵ͘
4. Mobilizing the Means to Implement Our Agenda “Earth provides enough to satisfy every man's needs, but not every man's greed.” Mahatma Gandhi
4.1 Financing our future 87.
Sustainable development is a complex challenge, with urgent requirements
which have resulted in enormous financing needs. The means to finance the goals agreed will not be found in one solution, nor borne by one set of actors. All financing streams need to be optimized towards sustainable development, and coordinated for the greatest impact. An integrated development agenda demands an equally synergistic financial framework. Governments should work to better align the financing frameworks that developed out of two major strands of development debate – the Monterrey and the Rio processes. In addition, Government should also be mindful of the need for coherence and alignment with climate finance (Figure 1).
88.
The global conversation on sustainable development finance is progressing. The
Open Working Group has proposed a number of targets on means of implementation. The Intergovernmental Committee of Experts on Sustainable Development Financing presented policy options, organized around different financing streams: domestic public, domestic private, international public, international private and blended finance. These streams address the public, private, national and international facets of the financing challenge to raise new and additional resources, reallocate existing ones and create a supportive enabling environment. The establishment of new institutions of South-South Cooperation, such as the BRICS Bank and the Asian Infrastructure Investment Bank, present new opportunities to finance sustainable development investments. ŝdž
89.
I welcome the policy options presented by the Committee and encourage
countries to scale up ambition and enhance specificity to meet the demands of the new agenda. To these ends, as Member States prepare for Addis Ababa, it will fall to them to set an agreed and ambitious course for sustainable development financing beyond 2015.
Ϯϲ
- 32 -
ĚǀĂŶĐĞ ƵŶĞĚŝƚĞĚ
ϰ ĞĐĞŵďĞƌ ϮϬϭϰ
ϭϬ͗ϬϬ Ă͘ŵ͘
Figure 1. Flows of funds from international and national financing sources to sustainable development
*The size of boxes does not represent financing volumes/importance. **There can be cases where international public finance also directly supports the implementation of international objectives. ***Sovereign wealth funds handle public money, but are managed like private investors. Source: Report of the International Committee of Experts on Sustainable Development Financing (A/69/315).
90.
All public funds must positively impact the poorest and most vulnerable in all
societies. Official Development Assistance (ODA) and other international public funds will continue to play a central and catalytic role, particularly in vulnerable countries, as will a strategic approach and systematic progress in utilization. Member States of the United Nations should honour their commitments in full and in a timely manner. ODA must both respond to the unfinished business of the MDGs and address the transition to the new sustainable development agenda. In the current debate on modernizing ODA, it is necessary to underscore the importance of more effective and better targeted ODA funding that leverages other resources. This must include more focus on Least Developed
Ϯϳ
- 33 -
ĚǀĂŶĐĞ ƵŶĞĚŝƚĞĚ
ϰ ĞĐĞŵďĞƌ ϮϬϭϰ
ϭϬ͗ϬϬ Ă͘ŵ͘
Countries, Land-locked Developing Countries, Small Islands Developing States, and countries in vulnerable situations.
91.
Responsibility for raising the domestic public revenues necessary for the core
economic and social functions – for example to ensure a social protection floor and to remedy exclusion – rests primarily with each national government. National laws and policies are to dedicate adequate and timely resources to these purposes, while public institutions are to act in the public interest. This includes environmentally and socially sound policies, promotion of human rights, strong institutions and the rule of law. However, domestic efforts need to be complemented by a supportive international environment.
92.
Urgent action is needed to mobilize, redirect, and unlock the transformative
power of trillions of dollars of private resources to deliver on sustainable development objectives. Long-term investments, including foreign direct investment (FDI), are needed in critical sectors, especially in developing countries. These include sustainable energy, infrastructure and transport, as well as information and communications technologies. The public sector will need to set a clear direction. Review and monitoring frameworks, regulations and incentive structures that enable such investments must be retooled to attract investments and reinforce sustainable development. National oversight mechanisms such as supreme audit institutions and oversight functions by legislature should be strengthened.
93.
Efforts to increase the effectiveness of development cooperation need to be
enhanced based on basic principles of country ownership, results focus, inclusive partnerships, transparency and accountability.
94.
Long-term decarbonization of our economies; access to energy, water and food;
and sustainable agriculture, industry, infrastructure or transport will ultimately be achieved through the same investments at the project level.
In addition, it will be
important to consider that many of the investments to achieve the SDGs will take place at the sub-national level and led by local authorities.
Ϯϴ
- 34 -
ĚǀĂŶĐĞ ƵŶĞĚŝƚĞĚ
95.
ϰ ĞĐĞŵďĞƌ ϮϬϭϰ
ϭϬ͗ϬϬ Ă͘ŵ͘
In addition, we must move, seriously and expeditiously, to correct the inequities
that have long plagued the international system, to the disadvantage of developing countries. We need a more equitable multilateral trading system, a conclusion of the Doha round, and better access to technology, to medicines, and to long-term investments for developing countries. We need a more fair representation of emerging and developing countries in international financial and economic decision-making, better regulation and more stability in the international financial and monetary systems, and sustainable debt solutions. We must continue to remedy the policy incoherence between current modes of international governance in matters of trade, finance, and investment on the one hand, and our norms and standards for labour, the environment, human rights, equality, and sustainability on the other.
96.
As preparations for the Third International Conference on Financing for
Development in Addis Ababa get underway, there are high expectations for concrete outcomes that would finance sustainable development and set the stage for a successful outcome of the COP21 in Paris.
97. I urge Member States to consider and agree in particular to the following:
98.
All developed countries should meet the 0.7% target and agree to concrete
timetables to meet ODA commitments, including the Istanbul commitments to LDCs of 0.15% of GNI by 2015. It is important to ensure that the proportion of ODA going to LDCs does not decline but continues to increase, be better targeted, more efficient, more transparent, and that leverages additional resources. Smooth transition of countries graduating from least developed country status is vital to ensure that these countries are eased onto a sustainable development path without any disruption to their development plans, programmes and projects. Provision should be made to increase funding to facilitate capacities to implement tax reforms, thus improving domestic resource mobilization. All other international commitments also need to be met.
99.
Any effort to modernize ODA and measures of development finance should
be considered in an open and transparent forum with the widest possible participation of donor and recipient countries and other relevant stakeholders.
Ϯϵ
- 35 -
ĚǀĂŶĐĞ ƵŶĞĚŝƚĞĚ
100.
ϰ ĞĐĞŵďĞƌ ϮϬϭϰ
ϭϬ͗ϬϬ Ă͘ŵ͘
Levels of concessionality should take into account different development
stages, circumstances and multiple dimensions of poverty, and the particular type of investment made. 101.
All countries are encouraged to adopt their own national sustainable
development financing strategies that take account of all financing flows, based on continuing dialogue among relevant government entities and other stakeholders. Such strategies should review and strengthen the domestic policy, the legal and institutional environment and the policy coherence for sustainable development. All financing flows, including climate finance, should build stronger country ownership and lead to greater use of country strategies and systems. In order to be effective, the component parts of sustainable development financing strategies must have associated investible pipelines. National visions and plans and annual budgets and medium-term expenditure frameworks should be aligned with national sustainable development strategies.
102.
Fiscal and macro-economic policies must include low carbon solutions for
sustainable development and the need to invest in adaptation and resilience. Carbon pricing, through different approaches, should be a key consideration. Harmful fossil fuel subsidies, both direct and indirect, should be phased out. Agricultural export subsidies should be removed. 103.
The regulatory frameworks, incentives and risk-return profiles that enable
private investments and business models, as well as public procurement policies, must be aligned with the SDGs.
104.
All countries should consider adopting policies to encourage responsible and
accountable investment of private finance in sustainable development, and requiring companies to undertake mandatory Economic Environment Social and Governance
(EESG) reporting, accompanied with regulatory changes that ensure that investor incentives are aligned with sustainable development goals. Transition periods and technical support would be needed to this effect, especially for small and medium enterprises.
ϯϬ
- 36 -
ĚǀĂŶĐĞ ƵŶĞĚŝƚĞĚ
105.
ϰ ĞĐĞŵďĞƌ ϮϬϭϰ
ϭϬ͗ϬϬ Ă͘ŵ͘
We should work to ensure investment policies that are in line with the UN’s
Guiding Principles on Business and Human Rights, core labour standards of the ILO, and United Nations environmental standards. It should also adequately balance investor preferences with the needs of the people in countries in which they operate.
106.
Policies are needed to stimulate and support entrepreneurship and to increase
access to finance for small and medium-sized enterprises, including through the use of development banks and other financial intermediaries. 107.
Countries should strive to provide universal access to financial services,
emphasizing inclusive access across income, gender, geography, age, and other groups. Specific barriers to women’s access to finance should be eliminated. They should expand financial literacy and establish strong consumer protection agencies.
108.
Blended financing platforms could have a great potential, particularly where
there is a benefit to the public sector. Where they are considered, however, it is important to ensure that these arrangements are subject to safeguards to verify that they contribute to sustainable development. They must not replace or compromise state responsibilities for delivering on social needs. Such policies also need to ensure fair returns to the public, while incorporating social, environmental, labour, human rights, and gender equality considerations. In addition, risk should be managed through diversification and the use of multiple simultaneous projects, allowing for gains in some projects to offset losses in others.
109.
Member States may wish to call on the International Financial Institutions to
consider establishing a process to examine the role, scale and functioning of multilateral and regional development finance institutions to make them more responsive to the sustainable development agenda.
110.
While the additional commitments which have been made for climate finance
should be honoured, the use of these and other financing flows should not lead to fragmentation but rather to coherence and strengthened cross-linkages within the pillars of sustainable development. An expert technical group should be tasked with developing
ϯϭ
- 37 -
ĚǀĂŶĐĞ ƵŶĞĚŝƚĞĚ
ϰ ĞĐĞŵďĞƌ ϮϬϭϰ
ϭϬ͗ϬϬ Ă͘ŵ͘
and presenting to Member States a coherent framework that accounts for climate
finance and ODA.
111.
South-South cooperation and the significant efforts of solidarity by emerging
economies is encouraging. More countries will need to commit to increasing their
contribution to international public financing and set targets and timelines to do so. In turn, South-South technical assistance and the sharing of experiences through regional fora should be promoted.
112.
I also strongly encourage countries to consider using innovative ways to raise
additional resources to fund sustainable development at scale, drawing from a number of options, including, inter alia, various tax (e.g., financial transaction taxes, carbon tax, airline ticket levies) and non-tax (e.g., emission allowances) mechanisms.
113.
We must strengthen international coordination of macroeconomic policies
of major economies and the management of global liquidity, and consider more systematic issuance of Special Drawing Rights (SDRs) for continued assistance, and countercyclical macroeconomic management. 114.
We must vigorously implement comprehensive and adequate financial
regulations in all countries, as the risk of another global financial crisis has not been sufficiently reduced. However, the design of regulations needs to take into account their impact on financial inclusion and incentives for investment in sustainable development.
115.
Effectively addressing illicit flows is urgent. We need more vigorous
implementation of the UN Convention against Corruption, as well as measures to overcome impediments to the return of stolen assets. Member States should consider measures to ensure information exchange, judicial cooperation and the establishment of an intergovernmental committee on tax cooperation, under the auspices of the United Nations.
116.
Let us also enhance international efforts to strengthen arrangements for
transparent, orderly and participatory sovereign debt restructuring. As an
ϯϮ
- 38 -
ĚǀĂŶĐĞ ƵŶĞĚŝƚĞĚ
ϰ ĞĐĞŵďĞƌ ϮϬϭϰ
ϭϬ͗ϬϬ Ă͘ŵ͘
immediate step, let us bring together relevant authorities and other stakeholders to develop an informal forum on sovereign debt, while continuing ongoing discussions.
117.
Efforts should be intensified to reduce costs on the transfer of remittances, in
a manner fully respecting the rights of migrants. I welcome the commitment of G20 countries to reduce the global average cost of transferring remittances to five per cent.
4.2 Technology, Science and Innovation for a Sustainable Future 118.
We live in a period of unprecedented technological innovation and change.
New technologies are unlocking possibilities for sustainable development. The solutions that they can generate, and the levels of access that they can enable, will be crucial to our vision for the world beyond 2015.
119.
However, access to vital and environmentally sound technologies is today
unevenly spread, both within and between countries, with the poor and many developing countries essentially locked out. Large amounts of public resources are allocated to military budgets, while comparatively less is spent on research and development for public goods. Public funding often subsidizes private sector research, at times leading to the public being priced out of the benefits through disadvantageous licensing and patent. This also leads to frequent subsidies of innovations that are not aligned with promoting sustainable consumption and production patterns. Furthermore, we have a long way to go to reach the necessary level of participation of women and girls in science, technology (including ICTs), engineering, and mathematics for the world in the 21st century.
120.
A sustainable future will require that we act now to phase out unsustainable
technologies, to invest in innovation and the development of clean and sound technologies for sustainable development. We must ensure that they are fairly priced, and broadly disseminated and fairly absorbed, including to and by developing countries.
121.
Developing countries, and LDCs in particular, will need the support that will
allow them to benefit from enhanced access to these technologies, and, ultimately, to expand domestic innovation and the development of their own technological solutions.
ϯϯ
- 39 -
ĚǀĂŶĐĞ ƵŶĞĚŝƚĞĚ
122.
ϰ ĞĐĞŵďĞƌ ϮϬϭϰ
ϭϬ͗ϬϬ Ă͘ŵ͘
Historically, significant technological advances have often resulted from multi-
stakeholder, solution-driven initiatives. Achieving our sustainable development goals will similarly require solution-driven technology partnerships among a variety of actors.
123.
We must establish effective modalities for multi-stakeholder cooperation and
sharing the costs for the Research, Development, Demonstration, and Diffusion (RDD&D) for new technologies across all stakeholders: public, private, civil society, philanthropic, and other sectors, and inclusive of indigenous knowledge. We must move to prepare concrete initiatives, including those leveraging technology, ready to launch at the commencement of the new agenda and set bold technological goals and resource mobilization targets. And we must facilitate access to the benefits of technology for all, including the poorest, while ensuring that intellectual property regime creates the right incentives for the technological innovation needed for sustainable development. The urgency is particularly great in the case of low-carbon technologies as part of our efforts to mitigate human-induced climate change.
124.
There are a number of ongoing international initiatives aimed at accelerating the
development, diffusion and transfer of appropriate, especially environmentally sound, technologies. Thus far, however, ambition has not matched the challenges at hand.
125.
Having taken into account the recommendations of the structured dialogues of
the General Assembly, I propose to establish an online, global platform building on and
complementing existing initiatives, and with the participation of all relevant stakeholders, in order to: (a) map existing technology facilitation initiatives, needs and gaps, including in areas vital for sustainable development, including agriculture, cities and health; (b) enhance international cooperation and coordination in this field, addressing fragmentation and facilitating synergies, including within the UN system; and (c) promote networking, information sharing, knowledge transfer, and technical assistance, to advance the scaling up of clean technology initiatives.
126.
At the same time, I call upon all Member States to (a) urgently finalize
arrangements for the establishment of the proposed Technology Bank and the Science, Technology, and Innovation Capacity Building Mechanism for LDCs, (b) significantly scale up cooperation for the sharing of technologies, strengthening
ϯϰ
- 40 -
ĚǀĂŶĐĞ ƵŶĞĚŝƚĞĚ
ϰ ĞĐĞŵďĞƌ ϮϬϭϰ
ϭϬ͗ϬϬ Ă͘ŵ͘
knowledge and capacity building for usage, innovation capacities, including ICTs, (c) make the adjustments necessary in the national and international policy frameworks to facilitate these actions, (d) substantially progress in the development, transfer, and dissemination of such technologies and knowledge to developing countries on favorable, concessional, and preferential terms; (e) ensure that our global intellectual property regimes and the application of TRIPS flexibilities are fully consistent with and contribute to the goals of sustainable development; (f) make specific commitments to shifting public resources out of harmful technologies, and into our sustainable development goals; and (g) promote the accelearation of the innovation-to-market-to-public good cycle of clean and environmentally sound technologies.
4.3
Investing in capacities for sustainable development
127.
To achieve our goals, countries need to integrate them in national planning,
policy, budgets, law, and institutions. They will require integrated institutions that are effective and human resources equipped with the skills and capacities to deliver sustainable development. Governments, in consultation with all stakeholders, will need to review national strategies and policies to support progress towards the goals, consistent with national priorities.
128.
These strategies will also have to be reviewed, and implemented at the local
level, with the full engagement of local authorities. In many instances, subnational and local authorities, including mayors, are already leading the charge for sustainable development. Institutional and human capacities will, in many cases, need to be strengthened for effective implementation and monitoring.
This includes bolstering
capacities to assess needs, collect data and formulate responses across sectors and institutions. 129.
Executive institutions, parliaments and the judiciary will need the capacity to
perform their functions in this endeavour. Also institutions of civil society must have the capacity to perform their critical, independent role.
130.
Developing countries will need support for capacity building. LDCs and post-
conflict countries will have particularly urgent needs. For this, the United Nations is
ϯϱ
- 41 -
ĚǀĂŶĐĞ ƵŶĞĚŝƚĞĚ
ϰ ĞĐĞŵďĞƌ ϮϬϭϰ
ϭϬ͗ϬϬ Ă͘ŵ͘
working to revitalize and improve its role in capacity development.dž Here too, ambition will need to be scaled up, especially in the immediate term, not only by the United Nations, but by all partners in the process.
131.
As we seek to build capacities and to help the new agenda to take root,
volunteerism can be another powerful and cross-cutting means of implementation. Volunteerism can help to expand and mobilize constituencies, and to engage people in national planning and implementation for sustainable development goals. And volunteer groups can help to localize the new agenda by providing new spaces of interaction between governments and people for concrete and scalable actions.
132.
Finally, we must also mobilize the power of culture in the transformative change
we seek. Our world is a remarkable mosaic of diverse cultures, informing our evolving understanding of sustainable development. We still have much to learn from cultures as we build the world we want. If we are to succeed, the new agenda cannot remain the exclusive domain of institutions and governments. It must be embraced by people. Culture, in different aspects, will thus be an important force in supporting the new agenda.
ϯϲ
- 42 -
ĚǀĂŶĐĞ ƵŶĞĚŝƚĞĚ
ϰ ĞĐĞŵďĞƌ ϮϬϭϰ
ϭϬ͗ϬϬ Ă͘ŵ͘
5. Delivering Our Agenda: a Shared Responsibility “Development requires the removal of major sources of unfreedom: poverty as well as tyranny, poor economic opportunities as well as systematic social deprivation, neglect of public facilities as well as intolerance and overactivity of repressive states.” Amartya Sen
5.1
Measuring the new dynamics
133.
Progress in sustainable development will depend on vibrant economies and
inclusive growth to keep pace with growing populations and longer life expectancies, and to generate employment, wages, and revenues for social programmes. But for making our economies inclusive and sustainable, our understanding of economic performance, and our metrics for gauging it, must be broader, deeper and more precise.
134.
We need to reconsider how to account for sustainable production and
consumption patterns in national accounting. Measures that do not distinguish between socially and environmentally harmful activities on the one hand, and social goods on the other, that do not account for equity and the distribution of costs and benefits, and do not include impacts on future generations, will not help us to navigate to a sustainable future.
135.
Member States have recognized the importance of building on existing
initiatives to develop measurements of progress on sustainable development that go beyond gross domestic product. Thus, work on developing alternative measures or
progress, beyond GDP, must receive the dedicated attention of the United Nations, international financial institutions, the scientific community, and public institutions. These metrics must be squarely focused on measuring social progress, human wellbeing, justice, security, equality, and sustainability. Poverty measures should reflect the multi-dimensional nature of poverty. New measures of subjective wellbeing are potentially important new tools for policy-making.
136.
To realize the sustainable development agenda, we also need measurable targets
and technically rigorous indicators. Here too, Member States have advanced the process significantly, by proposing an array of targets, which bring a strong integrating effect, and go a long way in defining the substance of what we need to achieve. However while many remain robust and responsive to the goals, others serve better the ongoing work of
ϯϳ
- 43 -
ĚǀĂŶĐĞ ƵŶĞĚŝƚĞĚ
ϰ ĞĐĞŵďĞƌ ϮϬϭϰ
ϭϬ͗ϬϬ Ă͘ŵ͘
developing indicators for the agenda. A few of the targets are less ambitious than already agreed and some better placed where commitments to policy change can be ensured.
137.
What is needed now is a technical review to ensure that each is framed in
language that is specific, measurable, achievable, and consistent with existing United Nations standards and agreements, while preserving the important political balance that they represent. To these ends, the technical experts of the United Nations System are
available to review the targets, including on the means of implementation, and to compare and align the level of ambition represented by each to that of existing international targets, commitments, standards, and agreements thus strengthening the overall framework of the goals. This will also contribute to coherence in the discussion on financing for development.
138.
In addition, where a proposed target is stated in measurable terms, but no
quantitative target has been specified, Member States may wish to seek the input of the
United Nations System, in consultation with its partners in academia and the scientific community, on evidence for attaching specific global target levels.
139.
A set of applicable indicators will also need to be identified to allow us to
collect, compare, and analyse reliable data, to do so at the adequate level of disaggregation, as of 2016. For this purpose, Member States may decide to task the
United Nations System, in consultation with other relevant experts and through a multi-stakeholder dialogue, to develop a draft set of indicators.
5.2. Lighting the way: the role of data in the new agenda 140.
We seek an evidence-based course for realizing sustainable development. For
this, we must face the complex challenges this presents, and as a response to the varying country realities and capabilities.
141.
As indicated by my Independent Expert Advisory Group on the Data Revolution
for Sustainable Development, the world must acquire a new ‘data literacy’ in order to be equipped with the tools, methodologies, capacities, and information necessary to shine a light on the challenges of responding to the new agenda.
Enhanced national and
international statistical capacities, rigorous indicators, reliable and timely data sets, new
ϯϴ
- 44 -
ĚǀĂŶĐĞ ƵŶĞĚŝƚĞĚ
ϰ ĞĐĞŵďĞƌ ϮϬϭϰ
ϭϬ͗ϬϬ Ă͘ŵ͘
and non-traditional data sources, and broader and systematic disaggregation to reveal inequities will all be fundamental to implementing it. 142.
In all of this, we must maximize our commitment to public transparency,
information sharing, participatory monitoring and open data, while never compromising on the obligation to protect the right to privacy. And we must significantly scale up support to countries and national statistical offices with critical needs for capacities to produce, collect, disaggregate, analyse, and share data crucial to the new agenda.
143.
To these ends, I recommend that, under the auspices of the UN Statistical
Commission, a comprehensive programme of action on data be established. This includes the building of a global consensus, applicable principles and standards for data, a web of data innovation networks to advance innovation and analysis, a new innovative financing stream to support national data capacities, and a global data partnership to promote leadership and governance.
144.
Specifically, we will carry out in close cooperation with country experts an in-
depth analysis of the existing data and information gaps and, thus, determine the scale of the investments needed to establish a modern SDG monitoring system. We will catalyze a multi-stakeholder Global Partnership for Sustainable Development Data, to mobilize and coordinate the actions required to make the data revolution serve sustainable development, promoting initiatives such as the holding of inclusive ‘World Fora on
Sustainable Development Data’.
5.3.
Gauging our progress: Monitoring, evaluation and reporting
145.
If we are to succeed, the new agenda must become part of the contract between
people, including civil society and responsible business, and their governments—national and local.
Parliaments must be strengthened to deepen democracy and carry out their
constitutional mandates of oversight. All companies must pay their taxes, respect labour standards, human rights, and the environment. Empowered civil society actors, through action and advocacy, must rally to the cause, and contribute to a sustainable, equitable, and prosperous future.
ϯϵ
- 45 -
ĚǀĂŶĐĞ ƵŶĞĚŝƚĞĚ
146.
ϰ ĞĐĞŵďĞƌ ϮϬϭϰ
ϭϬ͗ϬϬ Ă͘ŵ͘
We must now embrace a culture of shared responsibility, one based on agreed
universal norms, global commitments, shared rules and evidence, collective action, and benchmarking for progress. The new paradigm of accountability that we seek is not one of conditionality or North to South, nor South to North, but rather one of all actors — governments, international institutions, private sector actors, and organizations of civil societies, and in all countries, to the people themselves. This is the real test of peoplecentred, planet-sensitive development.
147.
Such a model can only be built on national ownership, broad participation, and
full transparency. To be effective, it must be aligned with the post-2015 agenda and its new goals. To be efficient, it must be streamlined and employ existing mechanisms and processes. To be evidence-based, it must be grounded in the data revolution, and the indicators and data that emerge therefrom. To be truly universal, it must apply to all actors—in both the public and the private sectorsxi, at both the national and international levels. It must include opportunities for mutual review, and mutual support at the regional and global levels.
148.
In recent months, United Nations consultations have emphasized the need for a
voluntary, state-led, participatory, evidence-based, and multi-tiered process to monitor progress.xii
149.
Thus, a universal review process constructed on these principles could be
initiated at the national level, and would inform the national, regional, and global level reviews.
At all levels, review discussions should be public, participatory, broadly
accessible, and based on facts, data, scientific findings, and evidence-based evaluations. The principal components might include:
i.
A country-led, national component for accountability. In the overall
review process, this national segment, as that closest to the people, should be the most significant.
It would be built on existing national and local
mechanisms and processes, with broad, multi-stakeholder participation, including national and local government, parliaments, civil society, science, academia and business. It would establish benchmarks, review the national policy framework, chart progress, learn lessons, consider solutions, follow-up,
ϰϬ
- 46 -
ĚǀĂŶĐĞ ƵŶĞĚŝƚĞĚ
ϰ ĞĐĞŵďĞƌ ϮϬϭϰ
ϭϬ͗ϬϬ Ă͘ŵ͘
and report thereon. For this, a government report, a national stakeholder report with contributions from national non-governmental actors, as well as a report compiling existing information and data from United Nations agencies and international financial institutions, all based upon globally-harmonized formats, would constitute the main written inputs on individual country progress.
ii.
A regional component for peer reviewing, tailored to regional and
sub-regional needs, and undertaken by existing mechanisms in a participatory, multi-stakeholder process, to consider national reports, identify regional trends, obstacles, commonalities, best practices and lessons learned, and to generate solutions and mutual support and solutions. Regional reviews would incorporate and build on the experiences and successes of mechanisms such as the Regional Economic Commissions, the Africa Peer Review Mechanism, the Asia-Pacific Forum on Sustainable Development, the ECE Environmental Performance Reviews, and the OECD/DAC Peer Reviews.
iii.
A global component for knowledge sharing, as a forum for
participatory, multi-stakeholder, and, importantly, universal review, starting at the launch of the new agenda. This would be convened annually under the auspices of the high level political forum (HLPF). It would provide a periodic occasion for individual countries to voluntarily present national reviews of progress, to discuss lessons learned in each country’s implementation of the agenda, and the opportunity to review both short-term outputs and long-term outcomes of the impact on attaining the goals. Member States should consider multi-annual reviews under HLPF in a five-year cycle.
iv.
A thematic component, to chart global progress at regular intervals on the sustainable development framework, to help to identify challenges and bottlenecks, and to mobilize action to address them. While such thematic reviews could be carried out under the auspices of the HLPF, they would rely on relevant coordination and review “platforms.”
These could include
existing specialized or functional commissions, councils, or committees that convene United Nations and other multilateral entities, relevant treaty body
ϰϭ
- 47 -
ĚǀĂŶĐĞ ƵŶĞĚŝƚĞĚ
ϰ ĞĐĞŵďĞƌ ϮϬϭϰ
ϭϬ͗ϬϬ Ă͘ŵ͘
reviews and outcomes, as well as Member States, partners from civil society, science, academia and the private sector, and would monitor and advance each respective thematic area. Existing partnerships could also be linked to such platforms, in order to ensure efficient and effective action and accountability. To support and complement the process, and to ensure continuous gauging of progress, the United Nations would provide annual global thematic reports aggregating available data, together with the Global sustainable Development Report, mandated by Rio+20.
v.
A component to review the global partnership for sustainable
development. The essential element of Partnership and its mobilization of the means necessary for implementation must also be kept under active review. As they prepare for the Third Conference on Financing for Development in Addis Ababa, Member States should seize the opportunity to consider how existing structures and processes can help review and strengthen the global partnership for sustainable development, including the Global Partnership for Effective Development Cooperation. An important additional role for the review process under this component will be to address the respective conference tracks targeting the special conditions and needs of LDCs, LLDCs, and SIDS.
150.
The current structure of our intergovernmental bodies can accommodate the
universal review process described above. The establishment of the HLPF, which meets under the auspices of ECOSOC and the General Assembly, as well as the United Nations Environment Assembly, were important institutional innovations emerging from Rio+20. And the reform of ECOSOC has been another important step forward.
5.4
Making the UN fit for transformation
151.
This new, universal, sustainable development agenda requires an international
community that is “fit for purpose” in order to support countries to implement a new generation of sustainable development goals. All who would be engaged in its implementation will need to embrace its new parameters and its transformative elements. The United Nations is no exception given its role in leading and shaping the sustainable development agenda to 2030
ϰϮ
- 48 -
ĚǀĂŶĐĞ ƵŶĞĚŝƚĞĚ
152.
ϰ ĞĐĞŵďĞƌ ϮϬϭϰ
ϭϬ͗ϬϬ Ă͘ŵ͘
A UN system that is “fit for purpose” to deliver on the post-2015 agenda is one
that is relevant, innovative, agile, inclusive, coordinated and results-oriented. It is guided by universal human rights and international norms, integrates the UN’s normative frameworks with its operational activities, and is responsive to the differentiated needs of countries. It provides specialized advice when requested, and is equally adept at ensuring an integrated approach, working across disciplines with relevant skill sets to better support Member States in addressing complex multisectoral challenges. It forges effective partnerships to leverage external partners’ expertise, capacities and resources. Such a system requires shared goals, visionary and committed leadership, and a global, highlyskilled and adaptable international civil service. And it must reach the highest standards of accountability, transparency and impact.
153.
In doing so, the UN system is committed to working more collaboratively to
leverage the expertise and capacities of all its organizations in support of sustainable development. At the country level, UN Country Teams will provide coherent support to national stakeholders to implement their new post-2015 development strategies while accelerating implementation of the standard operating procedures for “delivering as one” in order to achieve greater results for sustainable development. Emphasis will also be placed on using data and evidence more effectively and transparently and developing greater analytical capacity for addressing inequalities, risk and vulnerability. The UN system will continue to pursue the development of more innovative and integrated business models and the implementation of modern operational practices to gain efficiencies and enhanced impact.
154.
Ongoing efforts will also be deepened to ensure that a high-performing, mobile
and diverse workforce is in place to support the new post-2015 sustainable development agenda. It must be able to leverage the respective expertise and specializations of UN agencies to work across disciplines and functions to better address complex multi-sectoral challenges. An independent, highly skilled, engaged international civil service that can meet the ever-changing needs of the international community is our major comparative advantage. We will invest in attracting, retaining and deploying high-performing staff across locations, mandates and business models.
ϰϯ
- 49 -
ĚǀĂŶĐĞ ƵŶĞĚŝƚĞĚ
155.
ϰ ĞĐĞŵďĞƌ ϮϬϭϰ
ϭϬ͗ϬϬ Ă͘ŵ͘
Critically, for the UN to be more “fit for purpose”, Member States must also be
more coherent in their support, in particular as it relates to governance and funding of the UN system. Sustained development financing for longer-term support and that enables pooling of resources and brings together development and humanitarian financing will be critical as will more coherent UN funding mechanisms that unite rather than fragment the development policy framework.
156.
In this context, Members States may wish to reinforce current actions being
taken as well as take initiatives to ensure that the UN system is “fit for purpose” to support this new transformative agenda and achieve coordination and coherence of development actors at country level.
ϰϰ
- 50 -
ĚǀĂŶĐĞ ƵŶĞĚŝƚĞĚ
ϰ ĞĐĞŵďĞƌ ϮϬϭϰ
ϭϬ͗ϬϬ Ă͘ŵ͘
6. Conclusion: Together in a Universal Compact 157.
Today’s world is a troubled world; one in turmoil and turbulence, with no
shortage of painful political upheavals. Societies are under serious strain, stemming from the erosion of our common values, climate change and growing inequalities, to migration pressures and borderless pandemics. It is also a time in which the strength of national and international institutions is being seriously tested. The nature and scope of this daunting array of enormous challenges necessitate that both inaction and business-as-usual must be dismissed as options.
If the global community does not exercise national and
international leadership in the service of our peoples, we risk further fragmentation, impunity and strife, endangering both the planet itself as well as a future of peace, sustainable development and respect of human rights. Simply put, this generation is charged with a duty to transform our societies.
158.
2015 is hence the time for global action. During this single year we have the
unequivocal opportunity and responsibility to adopt sustainable development, to restructure the global financial system in line with our needs, and to respond finally and urgently to the challenge of human-induced climate change. Never before has the world had to face such a complex agenda in a single year. And this unique opportunity will not come again in our generation.
159.
We must take the first, determined steps toward a sustainable and dignified
future. Transformation is our aim. We must transform our economies, our environment, and our societies. We must change old mindsets, behaviours, and destructive patterns. We must embrace the integrated essential elements of Dignity, People, Prosperity, Planet, Justice and Partnership.
We must build cohesive societies, in pursuit of
international peace and stability. And, we must prioritise good international solutions through the prism of being in the national interest of every Member State.
160.
Such a future is possible if we collectively mobilise political will and the
necessary resources to strengthen our nations and the multilateral system. We have the means and methods to meet these challenges if we decide to employ them and work together. If the Member States now mobilise the world around action for sustainable
ϰϱ
- 51 -
ĚǀĂŶĐĞ ƵŶĞĚŝƚĞĚ
ϰ ĞĐĞŵďĞƌ ϮϬϭϰ
ϭϬ͗ϬϬ Ă͘ŵ͘
development - nationally and internationally - the United Nations will have proved its value as the primary universal body living up to the principles and purposes of the UN Charter.
161.
Overall, our work now is a sobering and inspiring challenge. We are on the
threshold of the most important year of development since the founding of the United Nations itself. We must give meaning to this Organization’s promise “to reaffirm faith in the dignity and worth of the human person” and to take the world forward to a sustainable future. With this extraordinary process and the unprecedented leadership that it has witnessed, we have an historic opportunity and duty to act, boldly, vigorously and expeditiously, to turn reality into a life of dignity for all, leaving no one behind.
ϰϲ
- 52 -
ĚǀĂŶĐĞ ƵŶĞĚŝƚĞĚ
ϰ ĞĐĞŵďĞƌ ϮϬϭϰ
ϭϬ͗ϬϬ Ă͘ŵ͘
Endnotes i
United Nations Charter, Preamble. Millennium Development Goals Report 2014 United Nations Secretary-General, A life of dignity for all : accelerating progress towards the Millennium Development Goals and advancing the United Nations development agenda beyond 2015, New York, 26 July 2013 (A/68/202). iv Report of the General Assembly Structured Dialogues on Possible arrangements for a facilitation mechanism to promote the development, transfer, and dissemination of clean and environmentally sound technologies, United Nations, New York, August 2014. v United Nations, Report of the Intergovernmental Committee of Experts on Sustainable Development Financing, New York, 8 August 2014. vi See United Nations, High-Level Stocktaking Event on the Post-2015 Development Agenda: Contributions to the 2015 Secretary-General’s Synthesis Report, Informal Summary, New York, September 2014. vii United Nations, Open Working Group on Sustainable Development Goals, Proposal of the Open Working Group on Sustainable Development Goals, New York, 19 July 2014. viii A/68/202 ix United Nations, Report of the Intergovernmental Committee of Experts on Sustainable Development Financing, New York, 8 August 2014. x See Quadrennial Comprehensive Policy Review of United Nations Operational Activities for Development. ii
iii
ϰϳ
- 53 -
2014/12/04 반기문총장보고서 번역가안
미편집본 (advance unedited) 2014년 12월 4일 오전 10시
국제연합 존엄으로 가는 길 : 2030년 빈곤 종식, 모든 삶의 변혁, 지구환경 보호
2015년 개발의제에 대한 유엔 사무총장 종합 보고서
뉴욕 2014년 12월
- 55 -
2014/12/04 반기문총장보고서 번역가안
목차 1. 2015년 이후 세계를 변혁하는 행동에 대한 보편적 요청 2. 종합 2.1 과거 수십 년의 개발 경험에서 얻은 교훈 2.2 Post-2015 과정에서 얻은 교훈 2.3 공동의 미래를 위한 공동의 포부 3. 새 의제 수립 3.1 단계 설정 3.2 변혁적 (transformational) 접근법 3.3 지속가능발전목표 달성을 위한 여섯개 필수 요소 3.4 여섯개 필수 요소를 통합하기 4. 의제를 이행하는 수단 동원 4.1 미래를 위한 재원 4.2 지속가능한 미래를 위한 기술, 과학 및 혁신 4.3 지속가능발전 역량에 대한 투자 5. 의제 달성: 책임 공유 5.1 새로운 동력 (dynamics) 점검 5.2 길을 밝혀주기: 새 개발의제에서 데이터의 역할 5.3 이행에 대한 평가: 모니터링, 평가 및 보고 5.4 지속가능한 미래에 적합한 UN 만들기 6. 결론: 공동의 보편적 약속 (universal compact)
- 56 -
2014/12/04 반기문총장보고서 번역가안
“우리는 사람들이 지속가능발전의 중심이며 정의롭고 공평하고 포용력 있는 세상을 위하여 노력하고 있으며, 지속가능하고 포용적인 경제 성장과 사회 발전 및 환경 보호를 통해 모두가 혜택을 받도록 함께 일한다는 것을 인지하고 있다.” 리우 +20 (UN 지속가능발전회의) 결의안 내용 중, <우리가 원하는 미래> 1. 2015년 이후 세계를 변혁하는 행동에 대한 보편적 요청 1. 2015년도에는 세계 지도자 및 국민이 세계 평화 및 인권 실현, 환경 보호와 동시에 빈곤을 퇴치하고 세상을 인간의 요구와 경제체제 전환의 필요성에 더 잘 부합하는 곳으로 발전시킬 수 있는 특별한 기회가 주어질 것이다. 2. 우리는 지금 역사적인 기로 앞에 서 있다. 세계화된 경제와 정교한 기술로 장기간 지속된 극심한 기아와 빈곤을 퇴치하거나, 아니면 고통과 절망 속에서 지구를 오염시키고 극심한 불평등을 겪을지 여부는 우리의 선택에 달려있다. 3. 2030년까지의 지속가능발전 의제의 책임은 젊은 세대에게 주어질 것이다. 우리 모두는 환경보호와 동시에 이 변화를 확실히 인지하여야 하며, 인권과 법률이 보장되는 평화롭고 굳건한 세상 속에서 모두 함께 포용적 번영을 누리기 위해 지녀야 할 의무가 있다. 4. 변화를 좌우명으로 여겨야 한다. 지금은 용기를 가지고 사회적 변화 및 경제 관리의 변화, 하나 뿐인 지구와의 관계 변화를 수용하며 전진할 때이다. 5. 이럼으로써 우리 시대가 요구하는 바에 더 적극적으로 대응하고 UN 창설 시에 영구적으로 구축한 약속을 실행에 옮길 수 있다. 6. 70년 전 UN 헌장을 채택할 때, 전 세계는 다음과 같이 엄숙하게 선서에 임했다. “다음 세대를 전쟁의 참화에서 보호하며 인간의 존엄성 및 가치, 남녀나 크고 작은 국가 안에서의 동등한 권리 등의 기본적 인권을 보장한다. 또한 정의와 국제법이 실현되는 여건을 확립하고, 더 큰 자유에서 사회 발전과 더 나은 도덕적 규범을 증진한다.” 7. 본 핵심 서약이 구축되는 과정에서 발전권 선언은 (Declaration on the Right to Development, 1986) 발전 및 이로서 발생하는 이익을 공정하게 배분하고 모든 사람의 의미 있는 참여를 보장하는 접근법을 요청하였다. 8. 인류는 지난 70년 동안 놀랄만한 발전을 거듭해왔다. 폭력을 감소시키고 세계 기관을 설립하여 보편적 원칙과 수많은 국제법을 구축한 동시에, 기술의 발전으로 수백 만 명이 빈곤에서 해방되었으며, 질병 퇴치 및 수명 연장에 기여하고, 식민주의의 해체, 새로운 국가 건설, 인종 차별 극복, 심도 있는 민주주의의 실행, 전 국가에 활발한 경제 산업이 구축되기에 이르렀다. 9. 1992년 리우데자네이루에서 개최된 “지구정상회담” 이후, 인간 복지의 지속가능발전 방향이 새롭게 제시되었다. 이어 2000년도에 채택한 새천년 선언 (Millenium Declaration) 및 새천년개발목표(MDGs)는 사람 중심의 원칙을 적용하여 전 세계 수많은 사람들의 삶의 질을 전례 없이 개선시켰다. MDG가 전 세계적으로 통용되면서 다자간의 행위가 커다란
- 57 -
2014/12/04 반기문총장보고서 번역가안
변화를 일으킬 수 있다는 것이 확인된 것이다. 10. 하지만 오늘날의 세계와 헌장의 비전에는 여전히 괴리감이 존재한다. 아직도 수많은 사람들이 빈곤 및 불평등, 무직, 질병, 무수한 사회적 박탈감에 시달리고 있다. 제 2차 세계대전 이후 강제 인구이동 수준은 최고치에 달했으며, 무력 분쟁 및 범죄, 테러, 학대, 부패, 법규의 미적용이나 파괴 등은 일상적인 관례로 자리 잡았다. 세계 경제와 식량 및 에너지 위기는 계속해서 영향력을 행사하고 있으며, 현재의 기후변화의 조짐은 시작에 불과하다. 인류가 과학 및 기술 분야, 세계적 사회운동에서 발전을 거듭한 것만큼이나, 이러한 결함 및 문제는 현대 시대를 정의내릴 수 있을 만큼 심각해졌다. 11. 오늘날 세계화된 세상은 엄청난 발전과 동시에, 부적합하며 지속이 불가능한 수준의 빈곤 및 공포, 차별, 착취, 불평등, 환경적 판단 오류 등으로 특징지을 수 있다. 12. 하지만 우리는 이러한 문제가 자연 재해나 우리가 통제할 수 없는 현상으로 발생한 결과가 아니라는 사실을 잘 알고 있다. 이는 공공 기관이나 민간 부문 관련, 그리고 인권과 인간의 존엄성을 보호해야 하는 사람들의 행동적 오류로 기인한 것이다. 13. 이러한 문제점을 해결할 수 있는 노하우 및 방법이 존재하지만, 이를 수행하기 위한 지도력 및 합동적인 노력이 더욱 더 절실하다. 14. 이는 보편적 문제이며, 여기에는 증거 기반의 다자간 행위, 또한 공동 운명에 필요한 공통된 가치 및 원칙, 우선사항에 근거한 새로운 단계가 요구된다. 15. 우리는 공감능력 및 현명한 이기심을 발휘하여, 또한 지구를 지켜야 하는 책임감에 고무 받아 헌장에 기재된 전반적인 내용을 실천하여야 한다. 오늘날 인간이 만든 경계선, 즉 국경이나 사회 계층 및 능력별, 연령별, 성별, 지리적, 민족적, 종교적 경계선 모두를 준수하는 위험 요인은 존재하지 않는다. 16. 상호 연결된 세상 속에서 개인의 문제는 나머지 모든 사람의 문제로 이어지며, 이는 점차적으로, 가끔은 급작스럽게 발생한다. 이렇게 곤란한 문제에 직면하는 것은 단순한 부담을 넘어 인류의 상황을 발전시킬 수 있는 동업 및 협력관계를 구축할 수 있는 기회로 작용할 수 있다. 17. MDG의 경험으로 국제 사회가 서로 협력하여 복잡한 문제에 대응할 수 있다는 사실이 명백히 증명되었다. 정부 및 시민 단체, 각종 국제적 요인은 MDG 하에 빈곤과 가난 등의 각종 전선에 맞서 힘을 모았다. 이들은 혁신적인 방법과 새로운 주요 정보 및 자원, 도구, 기술을 이용하여 투쟁에 임했으며, 이 과정에서 관리의 투명성이 향상되고 다각적 방법이 강조되었으며, 결과 중심의 공공 정책이 구축되었다. MDG에 영향으로 구축된 건전한 공공 정책은 단체 행동 및 국제적 협력을 거쳐 발전하였으며, 그 결과 놀라운 성과를 거두었다. 90년대 이후 이십 년 동안 1억 명에 달하는 극빈층이 감소하였으며, 2000년에서 2010년 사이에는 약 330만 명의 말라리아 감염자와 결핵 환자가 목숨을 구할 수 있었다. 또한 HIV 감염자에 항레트로바이러스 치료법을 제공한 결과 1995년 이후 660만 명의 감염자가 생존했다. 이와 동시에 초등학교 등록 상의 성 평등과 보육 및 모성 건강관리, 여성의 정치적 참여가 지속적으로 증가하였다.
- 58 -
2014/12/04 반기문총장보고서 번역가안
18. MDG의 미결 사항을 해결하고 이를 우리가 원하는 미래, 즉 빈곤으로부터 자유롭고 인권 및 평등, 지속가능성을 중심으로 구축된 미래 사회의 도약으로 삼아야 한다. 이는 우리의 의무이자 다음 세대에 물려주어야 하는 유산이다. 19. 국제 사회는 2015년 이후의 지속가능한 세계적 개발 의제의 구축 과정에서 가장 광범위한 세계적 문제를 다룬 회담 절차를 수립하였다. Rio+20 회담 이후 이 년이라는 짧은 기간 동안 Post-2015 절차의 초석을 준비하여 모든 회원국 및 UN 전체 시스템, 전문가, 시민 사회 및 기업, 그리고 가장 중요한 전 세계 수백만 명의 사람들이 이 중요한 여정에 함께 발을 내딛었다. 이 사실 자체가 커다란 희망을 의미한다. 인류의 창조성 및 공통된 목적을 자각함으로서 우리 모두가 해결 방안과 공익을 함께 모색할 수 있다는 사실이 증명된 것이다. 20. 참여자의 범위가 확대되면서 본 과정의 타당성은 최종 결과에 반영되는 핵심 메시지의 주요 정책 수준으로 결정된다는 사실을 인지하여야 한다. 지금은 정치적 사리욕구를 채우거나 최소공통분모로 만족할 시기가 아니다. 우리 앞에 놓인 새로운 위험요소 및 이로 인해 발생하는 새로운 기회는 고도의 의욕과 참여적, 반응적, 변형적인 행동 방침을 진정으로 필요로 하고 있다. 21. 이 과정에는 기후변화의 과제를 다루어야 한다. 기후변화에 관한 정부간 패널 (IPCC)이 강조하였듯이, 기후변화는 이러한 위험 요소를 악화시키는 요소이다. 긍정적 추세의 역전이나 새로운 불확실성, 회복력에 소요되는 비용증대 등의 이유로 지속가능발전 의제의 실행이 어려워지고 있다. 22. 그러므로 이러한 과제는 관성적으로 다루어져서는 안된다. 23. 모든 사람들은 UN이 사람과 환경을 중심으로 모든 국가가 보편적으로 사용할 수 있는 변화된 의제를 통하여 문제를 해결할 수 있기를 기대한다. 이들의 기대로 해당 기업 및 효과적인 지방 정부를 포함하여 새롭고 혁신적인 협력관계와, 데이터 혁명 및 엄격한 의무 측정도구, 새로워진 국제적 제휴를 목적으로 민주주의 및 법치, 시민사회 공간, 더 효과적인 거버넌스 및 역량있는 공공기관의 필요성이 강조되었다. 또한 실행 가능한 수단을 근간으로 새로운 의제의 신뢰성을 평가해야 한다고 주장하고 있다. 24. 앞으로 1년 동안 개최될 세 번의 국제 고위급 회담으로 지속가능발전이라는 새로운 시대의 문이 열릴 것이다. 첫 번째 회담은 아디스아바바에서 7월에 개최될 개발재원국제회의 (International Conference on Financing for Development)로, 글로벌 파트너십을 위한 약속이 만들어질 것이다. 두 번째는 9월에 개최될 UN 지속가능발전 특별정상회의 (Special Summit on Sustainable Development)로, 전 세계가 새로운 의제 및 여러 지속가능발전목표를 포용하고 인류와 지구를 위하여 인식 체계의 대전환을 보여줄 것으로 기대된다. 마지막 회담은 기후변화협약 (UN FCCC) 당사국총회 (COP21)로 12월 파리에서 개최될 예정이다. 이 회담에서는 회원국들이 새로운 개발 의제 수행을 방해하는 위험 요소에 대응하기 위한 새로운 협약 채택을 서약할 예정이다. 25. 역사에 남을만한 행동을 통하여 삶의 변화 및 환경 보호를 이룩하기 위해서는 갖춰야 할 일이 있다. 이에 정부 및 개인에게 정치적, 도덕적 의무를 다하라고 촉구하는 바이다. 이는 존엄으로 가는 나의 판단으로, 우리 모두는 모든 비전 및 영향력에 대응하여야 한다.
- 59 -
2014/12/04 반기문총장보고서 번역가안
2. 종합
“인류 사회에서 귀중한 것은 개인에게 주어진 발전 기회에 달려있다.” 알버트 아인슈타인 2.1 과거 수십 년의 개발 경험에서 얻은 교훈 26. Post-2015 의제를 위한 국제적 논의에 새롭고 변혁적인 내용이 많다. 하지만 이 논의는 지난 이 십년간 지속된 개발 공동체와, 90년대의 국제회의 및 1992년 리오 지구정상회의 (Rio Earth Summit), 2000년도의 밀레니엄 정상회의와 MDG, 2005년 세계정상회담, 2010년 MDG+10 회의, 마지막으로 2012년 Rio+20 회의에서 도출된 이상적 결과에 이르기까지 뿌리 깊은 역사를 지니고 있다. 27. 2012년 6월 리우데자네이루에서 UN지속가능개발회의 <우리가 원하는 미래>의 결의안이 채택되면서 현재 진행중인 국제적 논의의 초석이 마련되었다. 이 결의안은 지난 이 십년동안 지속된 발전 경험의 교훈, 이행에 대한 광범위한 평가, 지속가능발전 의제 실행에서의 격차를 제시하였다. 28. 비록 불충분하고 불균등하지만 주목할 만한 성과를 이루었다. 이 십년 전만해도 개발도상국의 40퍼센트 정도가 극빈을 겪고 빈곤 퇴치의 개념조차 없었지만, 오늘날 지속적으로 많은 성과가 발생하면서 극빈이 한 세대 이내에 근절될 수 있다고 믿고 있다. MDG는 이러한 절차에 크게 기여하였으며, 정부 및 기업, 시민 사회가 협력하여 새로운 변혁을 맞이할 수 있는 방법을 제시한다. 29. 지난 이 십년동안 여러 최빈국(LDCs)에서는 중대한 발전을 거듭해왔으며, 중간 소득 국가 역시 수많은 시민을 빈곤으로부터 보호하고 중산층을 대거 구축하며 세계 성장의 새로운 엔진으로 각광받고 있다. 불평등을 크게 감소시키거나 건강 보험을 보편화, 또는 최첨단 디지털 기술을 발전시킨 국가도 있다. 임금 인상 및 사회 보호 확대, 녹색 기술이 뿌리를 내리고 교육 기준도 발전해왔다. 여러 국가가 갈등에서 벗어나 재건 및 평화, 발전을 이루고 있다. 이러한 광범위한 경험들로 취약성이나 가능성 배제를 극복할 수 있으며, 앞으로 이룩할 수 있는 방안을 규명할 수 있게 되었다. 30. 인구통계의 새로운 추세가 변화를 불러일으키고 있다. 현재 70억 명에 달하는 전 세계 인구는 2050년 까지 90억 명으로 증가할 것으로 보인다. 지구는 인간의 수명이 연장되고 더 건강한 삶이 가능해지면서 더 노화되고 있으며, 전 세계 인구의 반 이상이 도시에 거주함에 따라 도시화도 확대되고 있다. 전 세계 해외 이민자는 2억 삼천이백만 명에 달하며, 국내 이민자까지 합하면 십억 명에 이르는 등 이동성이 두드러지고 있기도 하다. 이러한 추세는 우리의 목표에 직접적인 영향을 미치고 기회 및 실패 요인 모두를 초래할 것이다. 31. 신기술을 이용하여 지속가능한 접근 방안 및 효과적인 관행이 가능해질 것이다. 우리는 공공부문이 조세제도개혁 및 탈세 방지, 불공평 및 부패 척결 등으로 더 많은 수익을 올릴 수 있다는 사실을 인지하고 있다. 또한 방대한 양의 미사용 자원이나 폐자원이 지속가능발전을 직접적으로 가능하게 하고, 선진 기업들이 앞 다투어 비즈니스 모델을 지속가능발전 방향에 맞게 변형시키고 있다는 사실, 그리고 민간부문이 윤리 중심 투자의 잠재력을 피상적으로만 다루어왔다는 사실도 알고 있다. 적절한 장려대책 및 정책, 규정,
- 60 -
2014/12/04 반기문총장보고서 번역가안
관리를 통하여 발생할 수 있는 기회 요인은 수없이 많다. 우리는 데이터 혁명의 도래로 그 어느 때 보다 더 명백하게 우리의 상황 및 발전 방향을 내다볼 수 있으며, 이 과정에서 모든 사람이 확실히 포함된다는 사실도 알고 있다. 전 세계의 창의적 계획의 결과물로 반복이 가능한 새로운 지속가능한 생산 및 소비 (SCP) 패턴이 구축되고 있다는 사실과, 국가적 · 국제적 거버넌스를 개혁하여 21세기의 현실에 더 잘 부합할 수 있다는 점을 알고 있다. 또한 오늘날의 세계가 세계화되고 상호 연결된, 이동성이 빈번한 시민 사회의 주최국으로서 참여적이고 공동 협력적인, 강력한 변화의 엔진을 수용할 수 있다는 사실을 인지하고 있다. 32. 변화에 걸맞은 계획 수정 방안은 이미 시작되었다. 33. Post-2015 의제에는 모든 국가의 세부적 상황의 중요성 및 MDG 체계 관점의 발전이 강조되었다. 이는 특히 아프리카 국가 및 최빈국, 내륙개발도상국, 군소도서개발국을 중심으로 검토하여야 하며, 중간 소득 국가나 취약성 및 분쟁의 어려움에 처한 국가도 유심히 살펴보아야 한다. 34. 회원국은 지속가능발전 이 사람을 중심으로 많은 것들을 포용해야 한다고 주장하였다. 이들은 인류의 생계 및 경제적, 사회적, 신체적, 정신적인 복지, 또한 여러 문화에서 ‘어머니 지구 (Mother Earth)’로 묘사된 문화유산에 있어서 균형의 중요성을 강조하였다. 35. 회원국은 정책 결정을 더 잘 공지하기 위하여 국내총생산(GDP) 등의 발전 측정법을 개선시켜야 한다고 주장하였다. 이들은 자연적 · 문화적 다양성을 인지하는 동시에, 모든 문화 및 문명이 지속가능발전 에 기여할 수 있다는 사실을 깨달았으며, 지속가능발전 의 통합적· 전체적 방법으로 지구의 취약한 생태계와 인류 사이의 조화를 이루도록 하였다. 2.2 Post-2015 과정에서 얻은 교훈 36. 국제 사회는 새로운 개발 의제를 장시간에 걸쳐 논의하였다. 나는 UN 총회의 요청에 따라, <모두를 위한 삶의 존엄성 A Life of Dignity for All> 이란 보고서를 2013년 6월 회원국에 제출하였다. 이 보고서에서 지속가능발전을 목표로 보편적 · 통합적인 인권 중심의 의제와, 경제적 성장 및 사회 정의, 환경적 책임을 다루고, 평화와 개발, 인권사이의 관련성에 집중하는, 그리고 모두에게 포함되는 공통된 의제를 개발하여야 한다고 주장하였다. 또한 엄격한 검토 및 관리, 자료의 심층적 분석, 측정 및 사용이 가능한 목표도 함께 강조하였으며, 모든 국가에서 적용할 수 있는 여러 새로운 사항을 기재하였다. 37. 여러 사람이 이 논의사항에 참여한 결과, 다양한 이해관계자들의 핵심적인 의견이 제시되었다. (a) 전 세계 사람들은 지금까지 이전에 없었던 협의와 시민사회의 확대 노력, 또한 UN 개발그룹 (UNDG)이 작성한 <백만의 목소리: post-2015의제의 개발목표 설정: 국가적·지방 차원, My World Survey에서의 기회> 등의 다양한 수단을 통하여 생각을 발표하였다. 특히 청년이 주를 이루는 수백만 명의 사람들이 국가적, 주제관련, 온라인 회담 및 설문조사를 통하여 이 과정에 참여하였고, 이 결과는 글로벌 유스 클럽 (Global Youth Club) 및 제 65회 연간 DPI/NGO 회의에 반영되었다. 의회 및 기업, 시민 사회의 적극적이고 직접적인
- 61 -
2014/12/04 반기문총장보고서 번역가안
참여도 결과에 중요한 영향을 미쳤다. (b) 유엔 사무총장의 Post-2015 개발 의제 고위급 저명인사 자문 위원회(HLP)는 다음과 같이 모두가 참여할 수 있는 ‘다섯 가지 변혁적 전환’를 공표하였다. 1) 극빈 종식, 2) 지속가능발전에 집중, 3) 양질의 일자리와 포용적 성장을 위한 경제로의 변환, 4) 평화로운 사회건설과 개방적이고 투명하며 책무성을 지닌 거버넌스 5) 지속가능발전을 위한 새로운 글로벌 파트너십 구축 (c) 학계 및 과학자들은 지속가능한 솔루션 네트워크(SDSN)를 결성하여 의제가 지속가능발전의 상호의존적 네 차원 (경제, 사회, 환경 및 거버넌스)를 통합할 수 있고 과학에 기반하고 실천 중심적인 행동 중심이어야 한다고 권고하였다. (d) Post-2015 의제에서의 기업의 주요 역할은 UN 글로벌컴팩트 (UN Global Compact) 보고서에 요약되어 있다. 기업은 사업 방식을 바꾸고 생산 및 소비, 자본배분 시장을 더 포괄적이고 지속가능하게 변경할 준비가 되어있다. (e) 지역위원회 (Regional Commission) 보고서에는 전 세계적으로 합의된 목표 및 정책 방향을 일국적으로 세분화된 지역적 현실에 응용시켜야 한다는 주장이 제기되었다. (f) UN 시스템의 경험 및 전문 지식은 Post-2015 의제의 UN 시스템 작업반 (UN System Task Team) 및 기술지원반 (Technical Support Team, TST)에 담겨있다. (g) UN 최고집행부 조정회의 (UN System Chief Executives Board for Coordination)는 리더십와 가이드를 제공하였다. (h) 글로벌 지속가능성을 위한 고위급 자문위원회 (High-Level Panel on Global Substantiality)는 지속가능한 방향을 제시하여 인간의 복지 및 세계적 정의를 향상시키고 성평등을 강화, 다음 세대를 위해 지구의 생명지원 시스템을 보존하는 것을 권고하였다. 38. 회원국은 2014년에 기존의 UN 개발 기구를 통하여 의견을 교환 · 통합하였다. UN 경제사회이사회 (ECOSOC)와 기능 및 지역 위원회, 전문가들은 post-2015의 검토 및 관찰 체계의 잠재적 요소를 규명하였으며, UN 개발 시스템의 응용 방법 및 개발 상황 변화에 대응하기 위한 운영 활동을 분석하였다. 개발협력포럼(DCF)은 정책 공간을 효과적으로 제공하여 이해관계자가 통합적, 보편적인 의제의 영향과 세계적 협력, 더 효과적인 검토 및 관찰 양식, 공통과제를 위한 남부 개발 협력자들의 구체적 사업계획 등을 논의할 수 있도록 하였다. 지속가능발전을 위한 고위급 정치적 포럼 (High-Level Political Forum on Sustainable Development, HLPF)은 2013년 출범 직후부터 일관된 접근법과 관찰 및 검토 과정에서의 핵심 역할을 강조하며 Post-2015 의제에 집중하였다. 39. 2014년 말 현재 우리는 Rio+20 회의에서 수립된 정부간 절차가 마무리되었음을 긍정적으로 간주한다. 40. 유엔총회에서 기술에 대한 일련의 구조화된 논의에서, 깨끗하고 환경적으로 건전한 기술의 개발 및 이전, 보급을 증진시키기 위한 매커니즘의 사용 방법이 논의되었다.
- 62 -
2014/12/04 반기문총장보고서 번역가안
41. 지속가능발전 개발을 위한 정부간 전문가 위원회 (Intergovernmental Committee of Experts on Sustainable Development Financing)는 2014년 8월에 효과적인 지속가능발전 금융 전략의 선택사항으로 보고서를 제출하였다. 본 위원회는 원조 및 무역, 부채, 조세, 금융시장 안정의 핵심 요소를 포함하는 세계적 협력를 권고하며 정책 입안자를 위한 100개 이상의 선택사항을 제안하였다. 이 보고서는 국가 정책 환경을 가능하게 하는 배경이자 국제적 환경 개혁으로 보안된 개인 및 국가 소유의 재정 전략을 권장하였다. 모든 재정 자원은 공적, 사적, 국가적, 세계적으로 이용되어야 한다. 42. 유엔 총회 의장은 2014년에 여러 주요 회의를 개최하였다. 이 회의에는 여성 및 청소년, 시민 사회가 인권과 법치, 또한 남북 · 남남 협력, 정보통신기술(ICT)의 기여를 다룬 고위급 행사가 포함된다. 그리고 안정적 · 평화적인 사회와 수자원, 위생시설, 지속가능한 에너지를 보장하기 위한 협력적 역할로서 세 가지 주제 토의가 개최되었고, 이후 UN 지역 위원회의 원조 하에 각 지역 주 의회의 책임 회담이 열리기도 하였다. 2014년 9월, 의장은 Post-2015 개발 의제를 위한 고위급 점검 회담 (High-Level Stocktaking Event on the Post-2015 Development Agenda) 을 개최하였다. 43. 2014년 7월, 지속가능발전목표를 위한 공개작업반 (Open Working Group on Sustainable Development Goals) 은 Rio +20 회담 결의안에 기초한 내용 및 지속가능발전을 위한 빈곤 퇴치, 환경적 지속가능성, 포용적 성장, 평등, 사람 중심의 의제를 강조한 역사적 심의 끝에 도출된 주요 결과를 공표하였다. 44. 일 년 이상 지속된 포괄적이고 집약적인 회담 결과, 공개작업반은 목표 17개 및 관련 세부목표 169개를 제의하였다. 이 목표는 다양한 국가적 현실과 개발 역량 및 정도를 고려하여 “실천 지향적이며, 세계적 · 보편적으로 적용 가능”하게 수립되었으며, 야심찬 전 세계적 목표와 특정 국가의 목표의 결합을 추구하였다. 45. 지속가능발전목표는 MDG의 미해결 사항 해결을 강화하는 것 외에도, 불평등 및 경제적 성장, 양질의 일자리, 도시 및 인간 정주, 산업화, 에너지, 기후변화, 지속가능한 소비 및 생산, 평화, 정의 및 제도의 목표와 부합하는 새로운 의제를 구축하였다. 의제의 환경적 차원이 모든 목표에서 다루어졌다. 지속가능발전목표는 이행수단을 위한 글로벌 파트너십에 대한 목표를 강조하고 있다. 46. 본 목표의 실행을 위해서는 이를 검토할 수 있는 매커니즘이 필요하다. 또한 성별이나 연령, 인종, 민족성, 이주 상태, 장애, 지리적 위치, 그 외 국가적 맥락과 연관된 특징 등의 정보 분석을 포함한 정보의 가용성 및 접근성이 향상되어야 한다. 47. 마지막으로, 지속가능발전을 위한 데이터 혁명의 독립전문가 자문단 (Independent Expert Advisory Group on the Data Revolution for Sustainable Development) 에 제출한 보고서에는 선진국과 개발도상국의 격차 및 풍요로운 정보를 누리는 사람과 정보가 결핍된 사람과의 격차, 공공 및 민간부문의 격차를 없애야 한다는 주장이 제기되어 있다. 본 보고서는 양질의 데이터 접속 증가 및 정보 접속 지역의 불평등 해소, 데이터 해독 능력, 시민 공간 증진, 자료 및 정보 공유 확대의 중요성을 강조하며, 통계적 역량 및 신기술 접속을 제공하는 국가 기관도 함께 설립되어야 한다고 주장하고 있다.
- 63 -
2014/12/04 반기문총장보고서 번역가안
2.3 공동의 미래를 위한 공동의 포부 48. 지금까지 발생한 모든 기여도 및 주요 사건을 종합하여 의제는 보편적이어야 한다는 공통된 의견이 도출되었다. 현대의 문제는 경계선을 초월하기 때문에 인류가 직면한 문제는 전 세계에서나 발생한다. 일례로 가장 부유한 국가에도 빈곤이나 제외와 같은 문제가 존재한다. 이에 대학은 모든 국가가 개별적인 방법으로, 하지만 세계적인 공익과 부합하는 방법을 통하여 변화해야 한다고 시사한다. 대학은 인권 및 세대 간 정의를 실현하는 핵심적인 기관으로, 우리 모두가 미래 공유를 위하여 공통된 책임을 다하여야 한다는 사실과 일관된 정책을 강조한다. UN 헌장 정신의 지속가능발전을 위한 새로운 글로벌 파트너십이 구현되고 있다. 49. 지속가능발전을 목표로 사람을 중심으로, 또한 환경을 배려한 의제가 구축되어 인간의 존엄성 및 평등, 환경적 책임, 건강한 경제, 결핍과 공포에서의 해방, 지속가능발전을 위한 새로운 글로벌 파트너십을 보장하여야 한다는 의견이 합의되었다. 기후변화 해결 및 지속가능발전 의제 구축은 동전의 양면과 같다. 이러한 목표를 달성하기 위해 변화되고 보편적인 post-2015의제가 과학 및 증거에 기반하고 인권 및 법치, 평등, 지속가능성의 원칙에 따라 구축되어야 한다. 50. 모든 성과는 MDG의 지속적인 실행을 밀어붙이는 동시에, 회원국이 빈곤의 다양한 양상이나 청년을 위한 일자리 창출, 사회적 보호 및 노동권 등의 본 목표가 남긴 지속가능한발전 격차를 해소하여야 한다고 시사한다. 이를 위해선 포용적이고 지속가능한 도시 및 인프라시설, 산업화가 수반되어야 하며, 효과적이고 책임을 다하는, 참여 지향적이고 포괄적인 거버넌스를 강화하여 표현 및 정보, 유대의 자유와 공정한 사법제도, 평화로운 사회와 신변 안전을 보장하여야 한다. 51. 본 목표 달성을 위해서는 전 계층에서의 평등 및 차별금지, 형평성, 포용성을 보장하며 모든 이들의 참여를 권장해야 하며, 특히 지원이 절실한 개인 및 단체, 국가에 주의를 기울여야 한다. 여성의 시대인 21세기에서 인류의 절반의 참여를 제한하면 완전한 잠재력을 실현시킬 수 없다. 또한 본 목표는 빈곤층, 아동, 청소년, 청년, 고령자, 실업자, 농촌 인구, 빈민가 거주자, 장애인, 원주민, 이주자, 망명자, 난민, 취약한 집단 및 소수 단체를 모두 아울러야 하며, 기후변화 피해자 및 저개발국 국민, 내륙 국가, 군소도서개발국, 중간 소득 국가, 분쟁 국가 및 점령 지역, 종합 의료 및 인도적 차원의 긴급 상황에 처한 지역, 테러 피해 지역을 포함하여야 한다. 성 불평등 및 차별, 여성 및 아동 폭력에 해당되는 모든 행위도 퇴치하여야 한다고 주장한다. 52. 공적 담화를 통하여 정부와 기관, 국민사이의 신뢰도 결핍 상황을 인지하고 즉시 해결방안을 수립해야 한다는 의견이 도출되었다. 포용적이고 평화로운 사회를 구축할 수 있는 환경과 사회적 결속력 및 법치 준수를 보장하기 위해서는, 국가적 차원으로 기관을 재 설립하여 평화를 추구함으로서 발생한 이익이 변경되지 않도록 하여야 한다. 53. 모든 목표는 기후변화의 해결방안을 마련하여 온실가스 배출량 감소를 촉진시키고, 현 세대 및 다음 세대를 위하여 형평성을 바탕으로, 또한 공통적이면서 차별화된 책임 및 개별 역량에 준거하여 세계 평균 기온 상승폭을 섭씨 2도 이하로 억제할 수 있기를, 그리고 바다 및 해양 자원, 육지 생태계, 삼림을 보존할 수 있기를 기대하고 있다.
- 64 -
2014/12/04 반기문총장보고서 번역가안
54. 경제적 주요 변화를 원하는 목소리가 커지고 있다. 더 포괄적이고 지속가능한 유형의 성장이 요구됨에 따라, 사람들은 좋은 직장이나 사회 보호, 견고한 농경 방식 및 농촌 발전, 지속가능한 도시, 포괄적이고 지속가능한 산업화, 회복력 있는 기반 시설, 지속가능한 에너지를 기대하고 있다. 이러한 변화는 기후변화 대응에 도움이 되기도 한다. 또한 국제 무역 개혁이나 시장 및 재정적 요인의 효과적인 규제방안, 부패 척결을 위한 강력한 방법, 불법 금융 흐름 방지, 재원 세탁 및 탈세 금지, 도난 및 은닉 자산을 회수해야 한다는 의견도 제기되었다. 55. 새로운 의제의 경제 및 사회적 · 환경적 범위가 통합되어야 한다는 필요성이 대두되었다. 이를 위해서는 세계적 체제 도구의 개혁에 해당되는 전 계층의 일관된 규범 정책과 지속가능발전을 목표로 한 효과적인 세계적 협력의 개혁이 필요하다. 그리고 이 모든 사항은 결속 및 협력, 상호적 책임, 정부 및 이해관계자 모두의 참여를 바탕으로 이루어져야 한다. 56. 정부 및 기업, 국제기관이 환경적 변화를 일으키지 않으면서 국민을 상대로 결과를 책임질 수 있도록 엄격하고 참여적인 검토 및 관찰 체계가 수반되었다. 또한 정보 및 자료의 가용성과 접근성을 높이고, 심층적 분석을 가능하게 하며, 측정 가능한 목표를 설정, 참여적 매커니즘을 사용하여 국가적, 지역적, 국제적 수준에서의 실행 상황을 검토할 수 있는 데이터 혁명이 요구되었다.
- 65 -
2014/12/04 반기문총장보고서 번역가안
3. 새 의제 수립 “빈곤
극복은
자선활동이
아닌
정의의
실현입니다.
빈곤은
노예제나
인종차별과
마찬가지로 자연적으로 발생한 문제가 아니라, 인간에 의해 만들어지고 또한 인간에 의해 근절될 수 있는 현상입니다.
때로 이러한 과제는 위대한 세대에 부과됩니다. 당신이 바로
그 세대에 속할 수 있습니다. 당신의 위대함이 꽃필 수 있기 바랍니다.” - 넬슨 만델라 3.1 단계 설정 57. 현재 진정으로 보편적이고 변혁적인 절차가 수립되고 있다. MDGSs 이행에 관한 2010 년 정상회담으로부터 Rio+20 회담과 지속가능발전목표에 관한 공개작업반 (OWGSDGs)의 결과로 놀라울 정도로 일관성 있는 비전이 등장하고 있다. 58. 인간의 존엄성 및 환경적 지속가능성은 쉽게 저하되어서는 안 되고, 구성 요소간의 상호의존성으로
인하여,
그리고
지속가능발전은
복잡한
현상을
수반한다는
이유로,
공개작업반이 세운 원대한 목표는 계속 늘어만 가는 복잡한 세계적 안건에 대해 효과적인 해결책을 모색하는 국제 사회의 진보적 시도로 환영 받고 있다. 59. UN 사무총장으로서 나는 공개작업반의 성과 (표 1)를 환영한다. 성취를 이룬 리더와 모든 사람에게 축하를 전한다.
이러한 획기적인
공개작업반의 제안을 Post-2015
정부간 협상 과정의 주요 근거로 삼기로 한 유엔 총회의 결정을 긍정적으로 간주하고 있다. 60. UN 회원국은 향후 몇 개월에 걸쳐 Post-2015 를 위한 지속가능발전 의제의 범위를 논의할 것이다. 이 의제는 2000 년 밀레니엄 정상회의 및 2005 년과 2010 년 MDGSs 정상 회담, 2012 년 Rio +20 회의 결과와 Post-2015 절차에 반영된 사람들의 의견을 포함하여 유엔의 주요 국제회의의 결과를 기반으로 설득력 있고 원칙에 기반하여 만들어져야 한다. 또한 현 정치적 공약과 국제법 상의 기존의 의무에 완전히 부합하여야 하며, 측정 · 달성이 가능해야 하고 구체적인 목표를 구축하는 한편 세부목표 간의 연관성을 입증하여야 한다. 그리고 무엇보다 중요한 것은 공공기관의 취약성과 역량 수준의 차이로 인한 국가의 역량강화에 관한 문제들에 대응하는 것이다. 의제는 이러한 국가적 책임을 완화시키는 것이 아니라 더 강화하며, 국가는 이러한 의제에 위협을 느껴서는 안 된다. 의제는 2015 년 7 월 아디스 아바바 개발재원회의와 2015 년 12 월 파리 기후변화회의에서 합의된 내용을 포함하여 재정 및 기타 실행 수단에 대한 진지한 공약을 필요로 할 것이며, 여기에는 보고 및 관찰 과정, 학습, 상호간의 책임을 목표로 한 전 계층의 포괄적이고 효과적인 공적 방법이 포함되어야 한다.
- 66 -
2014/12/04 반기문총장보고서 번역가안
표 1: 지속가능발전 목표 목록 1. 모든 국가에서 빈곤 근절 2. 기아 근절과 영양상태 개선 및 지속가능한 농업 증진 3. 모든 사람들의 건강한 삶 보장 4. 모든 사람을 위한 포용적이고 형평성있는 양질의 교육과 평생학습 기회 보장 5. 모든 지역에서 성평등 달성 및 여성·여아의 역량강화 6. 모든 사람이 이용 가능하며 지속 가능한 사용량의 식수와 위생 보장 7. 모든 사람에게 지속 가능한 에너지 보장 8. 지속적·포괄적·지속가능한 경제성장 및 생산적 완전고용과 양질의 일자리 증진 9. 지속가능한 사회기반시설 및 산업화 구축 및 혁신 장려 10. 국가내·국가간 불평등 완화 11. 포괄적이며 안전하고 지속가능한 도시와 인간정주지 조성 12. 지속가능한 소비·생산 패턴 보장 13. 기후변화와 파급효과를 대처하는 긴급 조치 시행 14. 지속가능발전을 위한 해양·바다· 해양자원 보존과 지속가능한 사용 15. 육지생태계 보호와 복구 및 지속가능한 수준에서의 사용 증진 및 산림의 지속가능한 관리, 사막화 대처, 토지황폐화 중단 및 회복 및 생물다양성 손실 중단 16. 지속가능발전을 위한 평화적이고 포괄적인 사회 증진과 모두가 접근할 수 있는 사법제도, 모든 수준에서 선출하고 책무성있고 포용적인 제도 구축 17. 이행수단 강화 및 지속가능발전을 위한 글로벌 파트너십 재활성화. * 기후변화의 세계적 대응방안을 논의하기 위한 주요 국제적, 정부 간의 포럼은 UN 기후변화협약임을 밝힌다. 자료: 유엔 총회의 지속가능발전목표 공개작업반 보고서 (A/68/970) 61. 본 목표의 성공여부는 새로운 의제가 얼마나 핵심 행동 및 새로운 제휴, 주요 선거구, 광범위한 세계적 인구에 영향력을 행사하고 이를 집결할 수 있는지에 따라 결정될 것이다. 이를 위하여 의제는 사람들의 경험이나 요구사항을 충분히 포함하여야 하고 이해와 수용이 용이하여야 한다. 또한 MDGSs 가 더 폭넓고 새로운 지속가능발전 의제로 전환될 수 있도록, 그리고 국가적 · 지역적 비전 및 계획의 구성 요소가 될 수 있도록 국가적으로 이행되어야 한다. 62. 이러한 점에서 Rio+20 회담에서 회원국들이 유엔 총회에 부여한 권한에 대한 주목할 필요가 있다. 이들은 “MDGSs 는 행동 중심적이자 간결하고, 소통이 용이하며, 그 수가 제한되어야 하며, 원대한 포부를 지니고, 세계적이며, 전 국가에 보편적으로 적용할 수
- 67 -
2014/12/04 반기문총장보고서 번역가안
있어야 한다. 또한 국가적 정책 및 우선순위를 준수하며 각기 다른 국가적 현실 및 수용력, 발전 정도를 고려하여야 한다.” 라고 공표하였다. (247 문단) 63. 회원국들은 공개작업반이 수립한 의제가 Post-2015 정부간 절차를 위한 주요 기준이라는 사실에 합의하였고, 그 결과 새로운 보편적 의제의 포부를 반영하는 목표를 수립할 수 있게 되었다. 나는 특히 글로벌 차원의 인지제고와 국가적 수준의 실행을 가능하도록 목표 17 개를 유지하면서 이를 집중적이고 간결하게 재배열하는 가능성에 주목한다. 3.2 변혁적 (transformational) 접근법 64. 나는 여섯 가지 핵심 요소를 제안하여 2015 년 9 월로 예정된 지속가능발전 세계정상특별회담에 앞서 회원국들이 숙고할 수 있는 기회를 제공하고, Rio+20 회담에서 구축된 간결하고 원대한 포부를 지닌 의제를 도출하도록 지원하고자 한다. 새 의제를 실행함에 있어 다음 내용을 준수하여야 한다. - 모든 국가 및 집단에 해당되는 해결책을 수반하는 보편적 접근 - 경제 및 환경적 · 사회적 영향력을 고려한 모든 활동에서의 지속가능성 통합 - 모든 지역에서의 불평등 해결, 사회적 · 경제적 집단의 조건에 부합하지 않는 목표는 배제 - 국제적 기준에 부합하면서 인권을 존중하고 진전시키는 행동 - 기후변화의 주 원인과 결과 해결 - 믿을 수 있는 데이터 및 증거를 기반으로 한 분석, 데이터 수용량, 유효성, 분석, 해독 능력, 공유 향상 - 최대의 효과와 여러 관계자 및 현안 중심의 연합 등의 참여를 유발하는 실행 방법을 목표로 세계적 협력 확대 - 국제적 연대에 대한 공약을 새롭게 하고 각국의 역량에 따라 기여를 보장하는 새로운 약속 3.3 지속가능발전목표 달성을 위한 여섯개 핵심 요소 66. 다음의 여섯 가지 핵심 요소는 지속가능발전 의제의 보편적, 통합적, 변혁적인 특성을 강화하고, 공개작업반의 결의안에서 회원국이 표출한 열망이 소통되고 국가적 수준으로 확실히 실행되도록 지원할 할 것이다.
- 68 -
2014/12/04 반기문총장보고서 번역가안
그림 1: 지속가능발전 수행을 위한 여섯 가지 핵심 요소
존엄성: 빈곤 종식 및 불평등 퇴치 67. 2030 년도까지의 빈곤퇴치 계획은 지속가능발전 의제에 있어서 중요한 의의를 지닌다. 우리는 풍요로운 세상에서 수준 높은 과학적 기대가 미치는 시대에 살고 있지만, 동시에 전 세계의 수백만, 수억 명의 사람들은 괴로운 박탈의 시대를 살아가고 있다. 이 시대의 문제점을 규명함으로써 존엄성 있는 삶과 빈곤이 지속되고 불평등이 심화된 현실 사이의 격차를 해소할 수 있다. 68. 최근 괄목할만할 성장을 거둔 반면, 성 불평등 및 여성 인권 실현은 전 세계 모든 지역에서 여전히 문제가 되고 있다. 청년 위주로 구성된 사회 전체가 개발에 참여하지도, 기여하지도, 혜택을 입지도 못할 경우 사회는 잠재력을 최대로 끌어낼 수 없다는 사실을 인지하여야 한다. 불평등의 범위는 그대로 유지되거나 확대되는 경우도 있으며, 특히 소득불평등은 기회의 불평등을 수반하는 광범위하고 복합적인 사안 중 가장 뚜렷한 문제이다. 이는 전 세계가 함께 해결해야 할 보편적인 문제라 할 수 있다. 본 의제는 여성이나 청년, 소수의 의견을 수용하고, 원주민에 미리 공지된 동의를 받고, 장애인이나
- 69 -
2014/12/04 반기문총장보고서 번역가안
연장자, 청소년, 청년 등의 완전한 참여를 방해하는 문제점을 해소하고, 빈곤층에 권한을 부여하여야 한다. 사람: 건강한 삶, 지식 및 여성과 아동의 포용 보장 69. 수백만 명의 사람들, 특히 여성과 아이들은 MDGs 의 미해결 사안에서 뒤쳐진 대상이다. 우리는 여성 및 청년, 아이들이 의료 서비스 전체의 혜택을 누릴 수 있도록 조치해야 하며, 이들을 대상으로 한 폭력이나 착취에 대해서는 엄중한 처벌을 내려야 한다. 또한 여성은 금융 서비스나 토지 및 기타 재산을 취득하는 데 있어 남성과 동등한 권리를 누려야 한다. 모든 유아 및 청소년은 교육받을 권리가 있으며 안전한 학습 환경을 제공받아야 한다. 인력 개발은 인권의 또 다른 양상이기 때문이다. 70. 본 의제는 다음과 같은 보편적 의료 서비스 범위와 접근, 지원가능성의 문제를 다루어야 한다. 예방가능한 산모와 신생아, 유아 사망과 영양실조를 방지하고 필수 약품의 접근성을 증진시키며, 여성의 생식 보건 및 인권 실현, 면역 범위 확보, 말라리아 퇴치 및 에이즈와 결핵이 없는 미래 비전 실현, 정신 질환이나 신경계 부상, 도로 사고 등의 비전염성 질병 감소, 물이나 위생관리와 관련된 건강한 행동을 장려하여야 한다. 71. 오늘날 18 억 명의 청년 및 청소년의 현실은 그 어느 때보다 더 역동적이고, 많은 정보를 지닌, 세계적으로 연결되어있는 엔진을 상징한다. 의제를 성공적으로 수행하기 위해서 이들의 요구와 선택권, 의견을 통합할 필요가 있다. 청년 세대가 관련 기술 및 높은 수준의 교육, 그리고 생활 기술이나 직업 훈련, 과학, 스포츠, 문화 학습 등을 초기 유아 단계에서부터 초등학교 이후까지 평생에 걸쳐 학습하도록 해야 한다. 또한 교사는 안전한 교육 현장 및 기술 주도의 현실에 부응하여 지식을 전달할 수 있는 적절한 방법을 제공받아야 한다. 번영: 강하고, 포용적이고 변혁적 경제 성장 72. 경제적 성장은 번영으로 이어질 수 있는 요소이다. 그러므로 경제적 영향력은 사람들의 요구에 부합하는지, 그리고 얼마나 지속가능하고 공정하게 영향력을 행사하는지의 정도에 따라 측정되어야 한다. 좋은 직업, 실질적 소득 상승, GDP 의 개념을 넘어 인류의 복지 및 지속가능성, 평등을 위한 포괄적인 성장이 필요하다. 여성이나 장애인, 청년, 연장자, 이주자들을 포함한 모든 사람이 좋은 직장과 사회적 보호, 금융 서비스의 혜택을 누릴 수 있도록 하여 진정한 경제적 성공을 구현하여야 한다.
- 70 -
2014/12/04 반기문총장보고서 번역가안
73. 지속가능하고 회복력 있는 기반 시설, 정착, 산업화, 중소기업, 에너지, 기술의 혁신 및 투자는 고용을 창출시키고 부정적 환경적 영향을 감소할 수 있다. 적절히 규제되고 실행 가능하며, 책임감과 수익성이 있는 민간부문은 고용 및 생활 임금, 성장, 공공 제도의 혜택에 중요한 역할을 한다. 포용적이고 지속가능한 경제 성장을 위해서는 사업 모델을 공동의 가치창출을 위해 변형하는 것이 중요하다. 74. GDP 성장과 공통된 번영이 모두 발생한 경우, 풍부한 천연 자원은 엄청난 경제적 기회로 작용한다. 지속가능한 조경관리 (농업 및 삼림 포함) 및 산업화 (제조 및 생산력 포함), 에너지 및 수자원, 위생 관리는 지속가능한 생산 및 소비, 일자리 창출, 지속적이고 공정한 성장에 핵심적인 역할을 한다. 또한 천연자원을 지속적으로 관리하고 기후변화에 대응할 수 있도록 도와주기도 한다. 지구환경: 모든 사회와 우리 세대의 아동을 위한 생태계 보호 75. 지구생태 한계선 (planetary boundaries)을 지키기 위해서는 기후변화, 생물다양성 손실 및 사막화 방지, 지속 불가능한 토지 이용의 해결이 필요하다. 야생동물 및 삼림, 산을 보호하고 재난 위험을 줄이며 회복력을 키워야 한다. 또한 바다나 강, 대기를 세계적 유산의 개념으로서 보호하고 기후정의를 실현하여야 한다. 지속가능한 농업, 어장, 식량 체계를 촉진시키고 수자원 및 폐기물, 화학 물질을 지속가능하도록 관리하며, 재생가능하고 효율적인 에너지를 구축, 환경의 질적 저하를 야기하지 않는 경제적 성장을 도모, 지속가능한 산업화 및 회복력 있는 기반시설을 구축하여야 한다. 마지막으로 소비 및 생산을 지속가능하게 설립하고 해양 및 육지 생태계와 토지 이용 역시 지속가능하게 관리하여야 한다. 76. 기상 시스템이 내보내는 명백한 경고와 기후변화의 주요 원인이 인간이라는 사실을 고려했을 때, 지속가능발전은 현재 위기에 처해있다. 기후변화의 최악의 결과를 모면하기 위해서는 세계 평균 기온 상승폭을 섭씨 2 도 이하로 억제하여야 한다. 인간이 초래한 기후변화의 주 원인은 이산화탄소이며, 화석연료의 사용과 삼림 벌채가 이산화탄소의 발생을 높이는 요소이다. 지구온난화는 극심하고 광범위한, 피할 수 없는 결과를 초래할 것이며, 지속가능한 생산 및 소비를 더 늦게 시작할수록 문제 해결에 필요한 기술적 한계만 더 증폭될 것이다. 환경조건에 적응하면 위험요소나 기후변화의 영향을 줄일 수 있다. 가장 시급한 사안은 2015 년 말까지 중요하고 보편적인 기후변화 협의를 도출하는 것이다.
- 71 -
2014/12/04 반기문총장보고서 번역가안
정의: 안전하고 평화로운 사회, 강하고 효과적인 기관 77. 지속가능발전을 목표로 한 효과적인 체제는 각국 및 전 계층의 공공기관이 포괄적이고 참여 지향적이며, 사람에 대한 책임을 져야 한다고 요구한다. 법률과 기관은 인권 및 기본적 자유를 보장하여야 하며, 모든 사람은 공포와 폭력, 차별에서 자유로워야 한다. 우리는 참여적 민주주의와 자유, 안전하고 평화로운 사회가 개발을 가능하게 하는 요인이라는 사실을 잘 알고 있다. 78. 공정한 사법제도 및 민주적 체제를 책임지는 기관이나 부패 척결, 불법 금융 흐름 방지, 개인 보안 보호 등은 지속가능발전에 없어서는 안 될 요인이다. 시민사회에 자유롭게, 적극적으로, 의미 있게 참여하기 위해서는 법률의 적용을 받는 환경이 보장되어야 하며, 여성이나 소수집단, 성소수자 (LGBT) 단체, 원주민, 청년, 청소년, 연장자들의 의견을 반영하여야 한다. 언론의 자유 및 정보 접근성, 표현 및 집회, 결사의 자유 또한 지속가능발전을 가능하게 한다. 조혼 및 강제 결혼은 모든 곳에서 철폐 되어야 하며, 법률은 국가적 · 국제적 차원으로 강화되어 정의를 실현시켜야 한다. 79. 위기와 분쟁 이후 사회를 더 잘 재건할 수 있어야 한다. 이에 국가의 취약성을 해결하고, 국내실향민(IDP)을 지원, 개인 및 단체의 회복력을 증진시켜야 한다. 화해 및 평화구축, 국가형성은 국가가 취약점을 극복하고 화합하는 사회와 영향력 있는 기관을 설립하는 데 중요한 역할을 한다. 이러한 투자로 개발 혜택을 유지하고 미래에 발생할 수 있는 문제점을 방지할 수 있다. 파트너십: 지속가능발전을 위한 글로벌 연대 촉진 80. 새천년 선언문과 몬테레이, 요하네스버그 (리우+10)에서 합의된 내용을 바탕으로 지속가능발전을 위한 세계적 협력을 활성화해야 한다. 이 방법의 활용과 의제를 실행하기 위한 환경 구축은 효과적인 결과를 도출할 것이다. 원대한 의제를 실행하는 데에는 정치적 의지와 원조나 무역을 통한 국제적, 공적, 사적인 행동, 규정, 조세, 투자 등의 전면적 행동이 필요하다. 81. 의제 시행은 양적인 문제가 아니다. 이는 문제점을 함께 해결하고 통합해 주는 개념이다. 세계적, 지역적, 국가적 차원 모두에서 포용적 협력은 실행의 주요 특징이 되어야 한다. 우리는 이 협력이 변화를 일으킬 수 있는 분야를 알고 있다. 지속가능발전 목표는 공적 및 사적 정책을 조정하는 발판을 제공하며, 변혁적인 협력은 개인 및 환경을 중심으로 원칙 및 가치, 공동 비전 및 목표를 토대로 구축되며, 여기에는 이해관계자의
- 72 -
2014/12/04 반기문총장보고서 번역가안
참여가 포함된다. 상호 책무성이 바로 중심에 있는 이는 원칙에 부합하고 책임감 있는 공적-사적-주민 (Public-Private-People)간 파트너십을 의미한다. 3.4 여섯개 필수 요소를 통합하기 82. 지속가능발전은 경제나 환경, 사회적 해결 방안을 위한 통합적인 의제가 되어야 하며, 이것이 모든 범위를 통합할 때 장점이 크게 발휘된다. 이러한 통합은 사람과 환경에게 이익이 되는 경제적 모델의 기준과, 의제를 지원해주는 환경적 해결방안, 경제적 활력을 유발하고 환경의 지속가능한 사용 및 보존을 가능하게 하는 사회적 접근법, 마지막으로 인권 및 평등함, 지속가능성을 강화할 수 있는 방법을 제시한다. 이를 조화를 이루고 통합된 전체적 목표로서 대응하는 것이 변화를 위한 중요한 단계가 될 것이다. 83. 본 의제는 경제적, 사회적, 문화적, 시민적, 정치적 권리 및 발전권의 요소를 포함하여 광범위한 국제적 인권 체계를 반영한다. 사회적 약자를 위하여 특정한 세부목표가 설정되었으며, 성과 지표는 모든 목표와 세부목표에 걸쳐 넓게 분류된 필요가 있다. 84. 이 여섯 가지 요소는 보편성의 원칙을 적용해서 통합될 것이다. 이를 전 국가 및 개인에게 전파하는 과정에서 각기 다른 국가적 요구 및 역량을 반영하여 환경적, 경제적, 사회적 상호의존도를 고려하였다. 85. 마지막으로 새로운 체계는 더 광범위한 UN 의제를 밀접하게 연결되어있으며, 상호의존적인 평화 및 안보, 개발, 인권의 목표와 통합하는 소중한 기회를 제공한다. 86. 이 모든 과정에 체계는 모든 파트너가 리더십, 정책 일관성, 전략, 협력에 대한 접근에서 변혁을 동반하면서 지속가능발전을 추구하는 방식에 중요한 함의를 지닐 것이다. 한편 세계적, 지역적, 국가적인 차원에서 유엔의 업무를 통합하는 효과를 지닐 것이다.
- 73 -
2014/12/04 반기문총장보고서 번역가안
4. 의제를 이행하는 수단 동원 “지구는 인간적 필요 충족을 위해서는 충분하지만 탐욕을 위해서는 지구가 몇 개 있어도 모자랄 것이다.” 마하트마 간디 4.1 미래를 위한 재원 87. 지속가능발전은 복합적인 사안으로, 막대한 자금을 필요로 하는 긴급한 요건들이 존재한다. 목표를 위한 재원 조달 방법은 한 가지 방법으로나 단일 부류의 문제로 충당할 수 없다. 모든 재원 흐름은 지속가능발전이라는 목표 하에 최적화되어야 하며, 체계적으로 구축되어 최대의 효과를 발생시켜야 한다. 통합된 개발 의제에는 균일하게 상승된 금융 체계가 필요하다. 정부는 발전 토론에 있어 몬테레이 개발재원 및 리오 환경회의 두 가지 주요 흐름에서 만들어진 개발재원 프레임워크를 효과적으로 조정하며, 기후변화 문제에 부합하여야 한다는 사실을 유념해야 한다. (사진 1) 88.
지속가능발전에
공개작업반(OWG)은 지속가능발전
필요한
재원조달
문제로
세계적인
수단으로서
여러
이에
관한
실행
재원조달에
관한
정부간
전문가
위원회
논의가
진행
세부목표를 (The
중이다.
제안하였으며,
Intergovernmental
Committee of Experts on Sustainable Development Financing)는 국내 공적, 국내 사적, 국제 공적, 국제 사적, 혼합형 재원 등으로 구성된 정책안을 제시하였다. 이러한 예시는 재정 문제의 공적, 사적, 국내, 국제적 측면을 이용하여 새롭고 추가적인 자원을 형성하며, 기존
자원을
재분배하거나
이를
위한
우호적
환경을
조성한다.
BRICS
은행이나
아시아인프라투자은행 (AIIB) 같은 남남협력의 새로운 기관 설립으로 지속가능발전 투자에 새로운 기회가 주어질 수 있다. 89. 나는 위원회가 제시한 정책 대안을 적극적으로 수렴하고자 하며, 새 의제의 요구에 부합하도록 기대수준을 더 크게 하고 구체화 할 것을 권고한다. 이를 위해 회원국은 아디스 아바바 개발재원 회의에서 2015 년 이후 지속가능발전을 위한 재원조성을 위한 야심찬 방안에 합의하기를 바란다.
- 74 -
2014/12/04 반기문총장보고서 번역가안
사진 1: 지속가능발전 을 위한 국제 및 국내 자금원 흐름도
* 박스의 크기는 자금의 양이나 중요도를 나타내지 않는다. **국제 공공 재정이 해외 목표 실행을 직접적으로 지원하는 사례도 있다. ***국부 펀드는 공공 재정을 처리하지만 사전 개인 투자자들에 의해 관리된다. 자료: 지속가능발전 재원에 관한 정부간 전문가 위원회 보고서 (A/68-315) 90. 모든 공적 자금은 모두 사회에서 가장 빈곤하고 취약한 개인에 긍정적인 영향을 미쳐야 한다. 공적개발원조 (ODA) 및 기타 해외 공적 자금은 전략적 접근법과 체계적 활용 절차를 활용하여 취약한 국가에서 지속적으로 핵심적 역할을 수행할 것이다. UN 회원국은 조속한 시일내에 완전히 공약을 실천해야 한다.
ODA 는 MDGS 의 미해결 사안을
처리하여 새로운 지속가능발전 의제로 전환시켜야 한다. 현재 이루어지고 있는 ODA 에 대한 재분류 논의에서 다른 재원을 동원(leverages)하는 보다 효과적이고 집중화된 ODA 재원의 중요성을 강조할 필요가 있다. 이를 통해 최빈국(LDCs), 내륙개발국(LLDS), 군소도서개발국(SIDS) 및 취약한 상황에 처한 국가에 보다 초점을 맞추어야 한다. 91. 사회적 보호 최저선 (social protection floor) 및 사회적 배제를 구제하는 핵심적 경제 사회적 기능을 위해 필요한 국내 공적 재정 수입을 증대할 책임은 일차적으로 개별 국가의 정부에 있다. 공공 기관이 공익을 위해 힘쓰는 동안, 법과 정책은 이러한 목적에 필요한 자원을 충분하고 시기적절하게 할당한다. 환경적 · 사회적으로 건전한 정책, 인권 향상,
- 75 -
2014/12/04 반기문총장보고서 번역가안
영향력 있는 기관 및 법치 등이 이러한 목적에 해당되며, 이러한 국내적인 노력도 국제적 환경의 지원을 받아 실행되어야 한다. 92. 지속가능발전목표 실행을 위해서는 수조 달러의 민간 자원이 지닌 변혁적 힘을 동원하고 방향을 제시하고 활용하는 긴급한 행동이 필요하다. 개발도상국에서와 같은 핵심 부문에서는 해외직접투자(FDI) 등의 장기 투자가 필요하며, 지속가능한 에너지 및 기반 시설, 운송, 정보 및 통신 기술 등이 포함된다. 공공부문은 명확한 방향을 설정하고, 이러한 투자에 필요한 관찰 및 검토 체계와 규정 및 보상 구조를 개편하여 투자 유치 및 지속가능발전을 강화하여야 한다. 감사원과 국회의 감시 기능과 같은 국가적 감시 메커니즘이 강화되어야 한다. 93. 국가 주인의식, 성과 중심, 포용적 파트너십, 투명성과 책무성의 기본 원칙에 기반하여 개발협력의 효과성을 증대하는 노력이 필요하다. 94. 사업 단계의 동일한 투자로 경제 분야의 장기간의 탈탄소와 에너지 및 수자원, 농업, 산업, 기반시설, 운송 접근법이 실현될 것이다. 또한 지속가능발전을 목표로 한 대다수의 투자는 국가내 지방 차원에서 지방정부의 주도 하에 이루어질 것이다. 95. 오랫동안 국제체계를 저해하고 개발도상국에 불이익을 초래한 불공평성을 신속하고 중대하게 근절하여야 한다. 더 공평한 다자간 무역 시스템과 도하 개발의제 (DDA) 협상을 마무리해야 하며, 기술 및 의료, 개발도상국 대상의 장기간 투자의 접근성을 향상시켜야 한다. 또한 신흥 및 개발도상국은 국제 금융 및 경제적 문제에 대한 의사결정 방안, 국제 금융 및 통화 제도의 효과적인 규제 및 안정성, 지속가능한 부채 대책 문제를 더 공정한 방식으로 대변할 수 있어야 한다. 또한 무역 및 금융, 투자 등의 국제 체제의 현 방식과 규범 및 노동 기준, 환경, 인권, 공평성, 지속가능성 사이의 정책 모순의 격차를 줄여야 한다. 96. 현재 제 3 차 아디스아바바 개발재원회의 (International Conference on Financing for Development)의 준비가 진행되면서, 구체적인 결과가 도출되어 지속가능발전을 위한 재원을 조달하고 파리 기후변화 당사국 제 21 차 회의 (COP 21) 회의를 성공적으로 개최할 수 있기를 희망하는 기대치가 높아지고 있다. 97. 이에 회원국들이 다음과 같은 사항을 고려 · 합의하기를 권고하는 바이다. 98. 선진국은 UN 의 권고에 따라 구체적 일정을 통해 국민총소득 (GNI) 대비 ODA 지원비율 0.7%를 달성하고, 2015 년까지 최빈국(LDCs)에 GNI 대비 ODA 지원비율을
- 76 -
2014/12/04 반기문총장보고서 번역가안
0.15%로
확대하기로
한
이스탄불
공약을
실행하여야
한다.
최빈국
대상의
ODA
지원비율을 축소하지 않고 지속적으로 확대하며, 더 세분화하고 효과적으로, 투명하게 실행하여야 하며, 이로서 추가 자원을 발생시킬 수 있어야 한다. 최빈국에서 벗어나 국가적 전환을 맞이한 국가에는 개발 계획 및 정책, 사업에 지장을 주지 않으면서 지속가능발전 방향에 순조롭게 임할 수 있는 기회가 주어진다. 공급을 증진하여 세제 개혁에 필요한 자금조달을 확대하고 국내 자원 동원을 향상시키며, 그 외 국제적 공약도 모두 실행에 옮겨야 한다. 99. ODA 와 개발금융 조치를 현대화하는 노력은 공여국, 수원국 및 다양한 이해관계자의 광범위한 참여를 통해 공개적이고 투명한 포럼에서 이루어져야 한다. 100. 양허성 기준 (levels of concessionality)은 다양한 개발의 단계와 빈곤 상황 및 다차원적
측면, 특정 투자 유형을 고려하여야 한다.
101. 모든 국가는 관련 정부 단체 및 이해관계자들과의 지속적인 논의를 통하여 재원 흐름 전체를 고려하는 국가별 지속가능발전 금융전략을 채택하여야 한다. 이러한 전략으로 지속가능발전을 목표로 한 국내 정책과 법률 및 제도 환경, 정책 일관성이 강화되어야 한다. 기후재원 등의 모든 금융 흐름은 국가 소유권을 강력히 구축하고 국가 정책 및 체계를 더 효과적으로 사용할 수 있어야 한다. 효과적인 지속가능 개발금융을 위해서는 전략을 투자 가능한 시설과 결부지어야 하며, 국가비전 및 계획, 연간 예산, 중기 지출 체계는 국가적 지속가능발전 전략에 부합하여야 한다. 102. 국가 재정 및 거시경제정책은 지속가능발전을 위한 저탄소 해결방안과 적응 및 회복력에 대한 투자의 필요성을 포함하여야 하며, 다양한 접근법을 통한 탄소가격은 핵심적 고려 대상이다. 직간접적인 유해성 화석연료 보조금을 단계적으로 철폐해야하며 농업 수출 보조금 철폐도 필요하다. 103. 규제체계 및 장려책, 위험수익 프로파일 (risk-return profile)은 민간 투자 및 사업 모형, 공공 조달 정책을 촉진시키는 요소로, 지속발전에 부합하여야 한다. 104. 모든 국가는 지속가능발전을 위하여 민간 투자의 책임감 있는 투자 촉진 정책을 채택하고, 투자자 장려책이 지속가능발전 목표에 부합하도록 하는 규제적 변화와 함께, 기업이 경제적 • 환경적 • 사회적 및 거버넌스 (Economic Environment Social and Governance) 보고를 의무적으로 수행하도록 요구하여야 한다. 이를 위해 중소기업은 전환기 및 기술적 지원이 필요하다.
- 77 -
2014/12/04 반기문총장보고서 번역가안
105. 투자 정책은 UN 기업과 인권 이행 원칙 (UN’s Guiding Principles on Business and Human Rights) 및 국제노동기구(ILO)의 핵심노동기준, UN 환경 기준에 부합하여야 하며, 투자 선호도와 관련 국가 내 개인의 필요성이 조화를 이루도록 해야 한다. 106. 기업가 정신을 권장 • 지원하고 개발은행 및 기타 금융기관의 활용을 포함한 중소기업의 재정 접근을 향상시키기 위한 정책이 마련되어야 한다. 107. 국가는 수입 및 연령, 위치, 성별, 그 외 모든 사항에 적용되는 금융 서비스를 보편적으로 제공하여야 한다. 여성의 금융 서비스를 제한하는 장애물은 철폐되어야 하며, 금융 이해력을 증진, 엄격한 소비자보호원을 구축하여야 한다. 108. 혼합형 금융 플랫폼의 뛰어난 잠재력은 공공부문의 이익 창출 분야에 여실히 드러난다. 하지만 이를 고려할 때 지속가능발전에 기여할 수 있다는 사실을 확실히 하여야 하며, 사회적 요구를 실현시키는 과정에서 국가적 책임을 대체하거나 타협해서는 안 된다. 이러한 정책은 사회적, 환경적, 노동, 인권, 성평등 요소를 고려하는 동시에 대중에 공정한 혜택을 제공하여야 한다. 또한 다각화 및 여러 동시다발적 사업을 통하여 일부 사업에서 발생한 이익으로 다른 사업의 손실을 만회하는 방식으로 위험 요소를 관리하여야 한다. 109. 회원국은 지속가능발전 의제에 더 잘 대응하기 위하여 국제금융기구 (IFIs)에 다각적 • 지역 개발금융기관의 역할 및 범위, 기능을 점검하는 절차를 요구할 수 있다. 110. 기후재원 목적의 추가적 약속을 이행하여 지속가능발전의 뿌리에 일관적이고 강화된 결합을 적용시켜 기후재원 및 기타 금융 흐름의 파편화를 방지하여야 한다. 전문가 단체는 기후재원 및 ODA 을 포함하는 일관적인 체계를 개발하여 회원국에게 제공하여야 한다. 111. 남남협력 및 개발도상국 사이의 결속을 다지는 노력이 권장된다. 더 많은 국가가 국제 공공 재정에 관한 기여를 서약하고 목표 및 일정을 준비하여 실행에 옮겨야 하며, 남남 기술 원조 및 지역적 원조를 통한 경험 공유를 증진하여야 한다. 112. 국가는 혁신적으로 각종 세금 (예: 금융거래세(FTT), 탄소세, 항공권세) 및 비과세 (예: 이산화탄소 배출권)를 포함한 여러 방법을 채택하여 지속가능발전 재원 충당에 필요한 추가적인 자원을 확대하여야 한다. 113. 주요 경제 및 세계적 유동성 관리상의 국제적 거시경제정책 협력을 강화하고, 지속적인
원조
및
경기대응적
거시경제관리
(countercyclical
macroeconomic
management)를 위하여 특별인출권 (SDR)을 체계적으로 관리하여야 한다.
- 78 -
2014/12/04 반기문총장보고서 번역가안
114. 현존하는 세계적 금융 위기의 위험요소를 고려하여 모든 국가에 종합적이고 적절한 금융규제를 적극적으로 시행하여야 하며, 이러한 규제는 지속가능발전 투자를 위한 포용적 금융 및 혜택을 고려하여 고안되어야 한다. 115. 불법적 금융 흐름의 즉각적인 해결이 필요하다. 도난 재산 반환의 방해요인을 척결하며 UN 반부패협약 (UNCAC)을 더 엄격하게 실행하여야 한다. 회원국은 UN 의 지원 하에 정보 공유 및 사법공조, 정부간 조세협력 위원회를 설립하는 조치를 취해야 한다. 116. 투명하고 질서있고 참여적인 국가 부채 개혁을 위한 국제적 노력을 강화하여야 한다. 이에 즉각적 조치로서 관련 당국 및 이해관계자가 비공식 포럼을 개최하여 국가 부채 관련 논의를 계속하여야 한다. 117. 이주자의 권리 보호 차원에서 송금 수수료 감소를 위한 노력이 필요하다. 이에 G20 회원국의 해외송금 수수료를 5%로 감소시키는 약속을 환영한다. 4.2 지속가능한 미래를 위한 기술, 과학 및 혁신 118. 오늘날과 같이 전례 없는 기술적 혁신 및 변화의 시기에서, 신기술은 지속가능발전 가능성을 개방시키는 역할을 한다. 2015 년 이후의 세계비전은 기술에 근거한 해결방안 및 접근 수준으로 수혜를 입을 것이다. 119. 하지만 오늘날의 필수적 • 환경적인 기술 접근은 국가 간에 불균형적으로 확산되어, 빈곤층이나 개발도상국에서의 기술 접근성은 현저히 저하된 실정이다. 방대한 양의 공공 자원이 군 예산으로 할당되어 공익을 위한 연구 개발 비용에는 비교적 적은 예산이 투입 될 수밖에 없다. 민간 부문 연구에 공적 자금이 투입되어 불리한 라이센싱 및 특허로 손해를 보는 경우도 있으며, 지속가능한 소비 및 생산 유형에 부합하지 않는 보조금이 제공되기도 한다. 게다가 오늘날 과학 및 기술 (정보통신기술 포함) 분야, 엔지니어링 분야, 수학 분야에 여성 참여도도 증진시키려면 오랜 시간이 소요될 것으로 예상된다. 120. 지속가능한 미래를 위해서는 지속이 불가능한 기술을 단계적으로 철폐하여 무해하고 건전한 기술의 혁신 및 발전에 투자하여야 한다. 개발도상국을 포함하여 기술의 공정한 가격 측정 및 광범위한 배급, 공평한 수용이 이루어져야 한다. 121. 특히 개발도상국과 최빈국은 국내 혁신 및 자국 기술 해결방안을 개발하기 위하여 기술 접근성의 향상으로 이익 창출에 도움이 되는 지원을 필요로 할 것이다.
- 79 -
2014/12/04 반기문총장보고서 번역가안
122. 역사적으로 주요 기술발전은 여러 이해관계자 및 해결방안 중심의 사업에서 기인하였다. 지속가능발전목표가 달성되면 해결방안을 중심으로 한 여러 관계자들 간의 기술 제휴가 수반될 것이다. 123. 효과적인 양식을 마련해서 여러 관계자들의 협력을 도모하고, 공사 및 시민 사회, 자선 사업, 기타 부문, 고유지식 관련 부문 등의 모든 관계자에 해당되는 신기술 개발 목적의 연구, 개발, 입증, 보급 (Research, Development, Demonstration, and Diffusion, RDD&D) 비용을 분배하여야 한다. 영향력 있는 기술 등의 구체적 계획과 새 의제 개시를 준비하고, 확고한 기술 및 자원 동원 목표를 세워야 한다. 또한 지적재산권제도로 지속가능발전에
필요한
기술
혁신에
적합한
보상이
발생하도록
조치하면서
빈민을
포함하여 모든 사람들에게 혜택을 제공하는 기술의 접근성을 향상시켜야 한다. 저탄소 기술은 인간이 초래한 기후변화를 완화시킬 수 있는 정책으로, 긴급한 시행이 절실히 필요한 분야이다. 124. 여러 국제 프로젝트가 적합하고 환경 친화적인 기술의 개발 및 보급, 전환을 가속화하려는 목적으로 진행되고 있지만, 이러한 목적이 문제점의 벽을 넘지는 못하고 있다. 125. 주 의회의 체계적인 논의에서 나온 추천을 따라, 기존 프로젝트를 보완하고 모든 관계자가 참여할 수 있는 온라인 글로벌 플랫폼을 구축하는 것을 권장한다. 이유는 (a) 농업이나 기술, 건강 등의 지속가능발전이 반드시 필요한 분야를 포함하여 기존의 기술촉진 프로젝트 및 필요성과 차이를 제시하고, (b) 분열을 해결하고 UN 시스템을 포함한 시너지효과를 촉진시키며 국제적 협력을 도모하며, (c) 네트워크 및 정보 공유, 지식 교환, 기술 원조를 증진시켜 환경 친화적인 기술 프로젝트를 확대하기 위해서이다. 126. 이와 동시에 모든 회원국이 (a) 기술 은행 (Technology Bank) 및 최빈국을 위한 과학, 기술, 혁신역량배양 (Science, Technology, and Innovation Capacity Building Mechanism) 의 설립을 마무리하고, (b) 기술 공유를 위한 협력을 증대하고, 지식 및 역량배양, 정보통신기술을 포함한 혁신적 기술을 강화하며, (c) 국가적 • 국제적 정책 체계를 조절하여 이러한 행동을 촉진시키고, (d) 이러한 기술 및 지식을 호의적, 양허적, 우선적 조건으로 개발도상국에 개발, 이전, 전파하며, (e) 세계적 지적재산권제도와 이것의 다자간 규범 인 무역관련지적재산권협정(TRIPS)의 용이한 적용이 지속가능발전목표와 부합하도록 하고, (f) 지속가능발전목표에 따라 공공 자원의 유해성 기술을 철폐하고, (g) 환경 친화적 기술의 혁신- 시장- 공공으로의 순환을 증진시키기를 권고하는 바이다. 4.3 지속가능발전 역량에 대한 투자
- 80 -
2014/12/04 반기문총장보고서 번역가안
127. 국가는 목표 성취를 위하여 목표를 국가적 계획 및 정책, 예산, 법률, 기관에 맞게 통합시켜야 한다. 이를 위해 기관의 효과적인 통합 과정과 지속가능발전을 위한 기술 및 역량을 갖춘 인재가 필요하다. 정부는 이해관계자들과의 논의를 통해서 국가 전략 및 정책을 검토하여 국가적 우선순위와 부합하는 목표를 지원해야 한다. 128. 이러한 전략은 지방정부의 참여와 함께 지역적 수준에서 검토 • 실행되어야 한다. 시장을 포함한 하위국가 및 지방정부 단계에서는 이미 지속가능발전을 주도하고 있다. 효과적인 실행 및 관찰을 위해서는 기관 및 사람의 역량 강화가 필요하며, 여기에는 필요성을 평가하고 부문 및 기관에서 데이터를 선별, 대응방안을 구축하기 위한 역량이 포함된다. 129. 행정부 및 국회, 사법부는 이러한 시도를 수행할 수 있는 역량을 보유하여야 하며, 시민사회 단체 또한 핵심적, 독립적 역할을 수행할 역량이 있어야 한다. 130. 역량 배양을 목적으로 개발도상국을 지원하여야 한다. 특히 최빈국 및 분쟁 이후 국가는 이러한 지원이 시급하다. UN 은 이를 위하여 역량 개발을 활성화하고 향상시키기 위해 노력하고 있으며, UN 뿐 아니라 관련 협력자들은 즉시 목표를 확대할 필요가 있다. 131. 자원봉사활동은 전 분야에서 가능한 강력한 실행 수단이 되어 역량을 구축하고 새로운
의제를
뿌리내릴
지속가능발전목표의
국가적
수
있게
계획
및
지원한다.
또한
회원을
실행에
사람들을
확대
참여시키는
및
동원하고
역할을
한다.
자원봉사단체는 구체적이고 측정 가능한 행동을 위하여 정부 및 개인 간의 새로운 상호작용 공간을 제공함으로써 새로운 의제를 현지화시킬 수 있다. 132. 마지막으로, 우리가 추구하는 변화 속에서 문화의 힘을 활용하여야 한다. 세상은 지속가능발전에 대한 깊은 이해력을 제공하는 다양한 문화가 모자이크로 붙여진 공간과도 같다. 우리가 원하는 세상을 만들어가려면 문화에 대한 이해력을 키워야 한다. 이것이 성공한다면
새로운
의제는
기관이나
정부의
독점적
영역이
아닌,
사람들에
의해
직접적으로 수용될 것이다. 이와 같이 문화는 다양한 측면에서 새로운 의제를 지원하는 중요한 역할을 담당할 것이다.
- 81 -
2014/12/04 반기문총장보고서 번역가안
5. 의제 달성: 책임 공유 “발전을 위해서는 빈곤뿐 아니라 독재정치, 취약한 경제적 기회, 구조화된 사회적 박탈, 공공시설의 방치, 억압적 국가의 불관용이나 과도한 활동 등 부자유의 주요 원인을 제거하여야 한다.” 아마티아 센 5.1 새로운 동력 (dynamics) 점검 133. 지속가능발전은 증가하는 인구 및 수명 연장, 사회 정책으로서의 일자리 창출, 임금, 수익과 조화를 이루는 활발한 경제활동 및 포용적 성장에 따라 진전의 정도가 달라질 것이다. 하지만 포용적이고 지속가능한 경제와 경제적 성과에 대한 우리의 이해가 더 포괄적이고 심층적이며 정밀해야 한다. 134. 국가 경제에 있어서 지속가능한 생산 및 소비 형태를 재고할 필요가 있다. 사회적 • 환경적으로 유해한 활동과 사회적 이익사이를
구분하지 못하는 정책과, 비용과 편익의
공평성과 분배를 고려하지 않는 정책, 다음 세대에 미칠 영향을 숙고하지 않는 정책은 우리가 지속가능한 미래로 나아가는 것을 방해하는 요인들이다. 135. 회원국은 국내총생산의 개념을 초월하는 지속가능발전의 진행 평가를 발전시키기 위하여 기존 프로젝트 확대의 중요성을 인지하였다. 그러므로 UN 및 국제금융기구(IFIs) 과학자
단체,
공공기관은
국내총생산(GDP)의
개념을
넘어
대안적
측정을
방법을
개발시키는 일에 집중하여야 한다. 이러한 정책은 명확하게 사회적 진보 및 인간 복지, 정의, 보안, 평등, 지속가능성 분야에 주력할 것이다. 빈곤 측정은 빈곤의 다차원적 성격을 반영해야 한다.
당사자가 주관적으로 체험하는 웰빙을 측정하는 방법이 정책입안에
새로운 주요 도구가 될 것이다. 136. 지속가능발전 의제의 실현을 위하여 측정 가능한 목표와 기술적으로 엄격한 지표를 수립하여야 한다. 회원국은 여러 목표를 제안하며 이 과정을 크게 발전시켜 강력한 종합적 효과를 초래하고 우리에게 필요한 본질을 규명하는 데 기여하였다. 하지만 목표에 높은 확신과 반응을 보인 회원국들이 있는 반면, 진행 중인 의제의 개발 지표에 더 집중하는 회원국들도
있다.
일부
소수의
목표는
이미
합의가
도출된
목표보다
소규모로
구축되었으며, 정책변경 서약이 입증될 수 있는 분야를 더 잘 평가하는 목표도 있다. 137. 지금은 핵심 정치적 균형을 보존하는 동시에 목표가 세부적이고 측정 및 성취가 가능하며, 기존 UN 표준 및 합의서와 부합한 언어로 수립되었는지를 입증하는 기술적 검토가 필요하다. 이를 위하여 기존 국제 세부목표, 약속, 기준 및 합의에 의해 표명된
- 82 -
2014/12/04 반기문총장보고서 번역가안
목표의 수준을 비교하고 조절하여 목표의 전체 체계를 강화하기 위해 UN 시스템의 기술 전문가들이 실행 방법 등의 목표를 검토할 수 있다. 이는 개발재원에 대한 논의에서의 일관성에도 기여할 것이다. 138. 또한 제안된 목표가 측정 가능한 방법으로 명시되었으나 양적 목표가 세분화되지 않았을 경우, 회원국은 구체적인 글로벌 세부목표에 관련된 증거에 대해 학계 및 과학자 단체와의 논의를 통하여 UN 시스템의 의견을 구할 수 있다. 139. 데이터의 수집 및 비교 분석을 위하여 적용 가능한 여러 지표가 적절한 분석적 수준으로 2016 년부터 수반될 것이다. 회원국은 이를 목적으로 기타 관련 전문가 및 이해관계자와의 논의를 통하여 UN 시스템에 책임을 할당하여 지표의 초안을 만들게 할 수 있다. 5.2 길을 밝혀주기: 새 개발의제에서 데이터의 역할 140. 지속가능발전 의 실현을 위하여 증거 기반의 과정이 필요하다. 이를 위하여 이 과정으로 발생하는 변화하는 각국의 실정 및 역량의 대응책으로서 복합적인 문제에 직면하여야 한다. 141. 지속가능발전을 위한 데이터 혁명의 독립전문가 자문단 (Independent Expert Advisory Group on the Data Revolution for Sustainable Development)에서 명시되었듯, 세상은 ‘데이터 해독능력’을 습득하여 도구 및 방법론, 역량, 필요한 정보를 갖추어 새 의제의 문제점을 해결하여야 한다. 국내 및 국제 통계적 용량 향상 및 엄격한 지표, 확실하고 시의적절한 데이터세트, 새롭고 비전통적인 데이터 자료, 불공평을 증명할 수 있는 광범위하고 체계적인 분석 등은 의제 실행에 필요한 기본적 요소들이다. 145. 이들 중 사생활 권리 보호 의무의 어떠한 절충 없이 공적 투명성과 정보 공유, 참여 지향적인 관찰 및 개방된 데이터와 관련된 서약을 최대화하여야 한다. 또한 새 의제에 필요한 데이터의 생산 및 수집, 분석, 분해, 공유 능력이 절실한 국가 및 통계청에 지원을 확대하여야 한다. 143. 이를 위하여 UN 통계위원회 (UN Statistical Commission)의 원조 하에 데이터 작용의 복합적인 프로그램을 구축하도록 권고하는 바이다. 여기에는 전체적 일치와 적용 가능한 데이터 규칙 및 기준, 혁신 및 분석 개선을 위한 데이터 혁신 네트워크 웹, 국가적 데이터 용량 지원을 위한 새로운 혁신적 금융 흐름, 리더십 및 체제 증진을 위한 세계적 데이터 협력의 구축이 포함된다.
- 83 -
2014/12/04 반기문총장보고서 번역가안
144. 전문가들과의 긴밀한 협력을 통하여 기존 데이터 및 정보 격차를 심도 있게 분석하여 현대적인 지속가능발전 관찰 시스템 구축에 필요한 투자 범위를 결정할 것이다. 또한 이해관계자에 지속가능발전 데이터를 위한 글로벌 파트너십 (Global Partnership for Sustainable Development Data)을 권장하여 데이터 혁명이 지속가능발전 데이터를 위한 세계 포럼 (World Fora on Sustainable Development Data)과 같은 프로젝트를 증진할 수 있도록 할 것이다. 5.3 이행에 대한 평가: 모니터링, 평가 및 보고 145. 새로운 의제가 성공하기 위해서는 의제가 시민 사회 및 책임감 있는 기업, 중앙 및 지방 정부를 모두 포함한 사람을 대상으로 계약의 일부분이 되어야 한다. 국회는 민주주의의 심화 및 헌법이 부과한 감시 의무를 수행하여야 하고, 기업은 세금을 납부하고 노동 기준을 준수하며 환경 및 인권을 보호하여야 한다.
역량을 갖춘 시민 사회는 행동
및 옹호 활동을 통하여 대의명분에 따라 참여하고 지속가능하고 공평하고 번영하는 미래의 실현에 기여해야 한다. 146. 우리는 합의된 보편적 규범 및 세계적 서약, 공동 규칙 및 증거, 단체 행동, 진전에 대한 벤치마킹에 근거한 공동 책임 문화를 받아들여야 한다. 우리가 추구하는 책무성의 새로운 패러다임은 남-북이나 북-남과 같은 단일 조건부가 아닌 정부 및 해외기관, 공공부문, 시민 사회 단체, 모든 국가, 국민을 모두 대상으로 포함한 것이다. 이는 사람 중심 • 환경 보호 발전의 진정한 실천이라 할 수 있다. 147. 이러한 모델을 구축하려면 국가적 주인의식 및 활발한 참여, 투명성이 반드시 필요하다. 효과성 제고를 위해서 Post-2015 의제 및 새로운 목표에 부합하여야 하며, 증거 기반의 모델을 위해서는 데이터 혁명과 이것으로 발생하는 지표 및 데이터에 기반을 두어야 한다. 모델의 보편성을 위해서는 공공 및 민간 부문, 국내 및 국제적 수준 모두에 적용되어야 하고, 상호적 검토 및 지역적 • 세계적 수준에서의 상호적 지원이 포함되어야 한다. 148. 최근에 개최된 UN 협의에서 실행을 모니터하는 과정이 자발적이고 국가 주도적, 참여 지향적이며 증거 중심의, 다층적 구조를 지녀야 한다고 주장하였다. 149. 이러한 원칙을 보유한 보편적인 검토 과정은 국가적 수준으로 시작된 뒤 국가적, 지역적, 세계적 검토에 영향을 미칠 수 있다. 검토에 관한 토의는 전 단계에서 공공적, 참여 지향적, 광범위한 접근성, 사실 및 데이터와 과학적 결과, 증거중심의 평가를 바탕으로 이루어져야 한다. 주요 요소는 아래 내용을 포함한다.
- 84 -
2014/12/04 반기문총장보고서 번역가안
I. 책무성을 위한 국가주도의 국가적 요소 이 국가적 요소는 전체 검토 과정에서 개인에게 가장 근접하며 가장 높은 의의를 지닌다. 이 요소는 중앙 및 지방 정부, 국회, 시민 사회, 과학계 및 학계, 기업을 포함한 여러 이해관계자들의 활발한 참여와 함께 기존의 국가 및 지역적 도구와 과정을 근거로 구축되어야 한다. 이 요소로 벤치마킹 및 국가 정책 체계 검토, 진전 기록, 교훈 습득, 해결방안 고려, 후속 조치의 진행 및 기록 등이 뒤따를 수 있다. 이를 목적으로 작성된 정부 보고서, 비정부 요소의 기여가 포함된 국가적 이해관계자 보고서, UN 기구 및 국제금융기구(IFIs)의 기존 정보 및 데이터의 보고서 모음집은 모두 세계적인 조화를 바탕으로 기재되었으며 주로 각국의 발전을 기재한 내용으로 구성된다. II. 동료평가 (peer review)를 위한 지역적 요소 이 요소는 지역적 • 하위 지역적 필요성에 부합하게, 그리고 참여 지향적이고 여러 관계자를 포함하는 기존 도구에 의해 구축되었다. 이 요소의 목적은 국가 보고서를 평가하고 지역적 경향 및 문제, 공통성, 모범 경영, 교훈을 규명하기 위하여, 그리고 해결 방안 및 상호적 지원을 제공하기 위해서이다. 지역적 검토는 유엔 지역경제위원회 (Regional Economic Commissions)이나 아프리카 동료평가 메카니즘 (Africa Peer Review Mechanism), 지속가능발전을 위한 아시아-태평양 포럼 (Asia-Pacific Forum on Sustainable Development), 유럽경제위원회 환경성과 평가 검토 (ECE Environmental Performance Review), OECD 개발원조위원회의 동료평가 과정 (OECD/DAC Peer Reviews)와 같은 경험 및 성공에 기반해서 만들어 질 것이다. III. 지식 공유를 위한 글로벌 요소 이 요소는 참여적이고 다자간 이해관계자들이 포함된, 보편적 검토의 포럼으로서 새로운 의제의 채택과 함께 출범한다. 본 포럼은 고위급정치포럼(HLPF)의 주재 하에 매년 개최될 것이다. 이로서 각국은 자발적으로 국가적 이행 평가를 제출하고, 각국에서 시행된 의제에서 얻을 수 있는 교훈을 논의하며, 본 목표의 장 • 단기적 결과를 검토할 수 있는 기회를 얻을 수 있다. 회원국은 HLPF 의 주재 하에 5 년 주기로 다년간 평가 보고서의 발간을 고려하여야 한다. IV. 주제별 구성요소 지속가능발전
체계에서의
지구적
차원에서의
진보를
정기적으로
점검하고
문제
및
장애물을 규명하며, 문제 해결을 위한 실천을 목적으로 하고 있다. 주제별 검토는 HLPF 의
- 85 -
2014/12/04 반기문총장보고서 번역가안
주재 하에 수행되는데 적절한 조정과 평가 ‘플랫폼’에 기반해서 이루어진다. 주제별 검토는 UN 과 다른 다자간 기구를 주관하는 기존의 유엔 전문기구나 기능 위원회, 이사회나 위원회, 관련 조약 이행 평가 기구 및 회원국, 시민사회 및 과학계, 학계, 민간부문 협력자를 포함하여 각각의 주제 영역을 모니터하고 진전시킬 것이다. 효율적이고 효과적인 행동 및 책무성을 보장하기 위해 기존의 파트너십은 이러한 플랫폼과 연계할 수 있다. UN 은 이러한 과정의 지원 및 보완, 지속적인 성과 측정을 위하여, Rio +20 회담의 결과로 작성된 세계적 지속가능발전 보고서 등의 데이터를 취합하여 해마다 주제별 보고서를 제공할 것이다. V. 지속가능발전을 위한 글로벌 파트너십 평가 요소 협력의 주요 요소와 실행 수단 동원 방법의 적극적인 검토가 필요하다. 회원국은 효과적인 개발협력을
위한
글로벌
파트너십
(GPEDC)을
포함하여
제
3
차
아디스아바바
개발재원회의의 준비과정에서, 지속가능발전을 목표로 한 기존의 구조 및 과정이 어떻게 세계적 협력을 검토하고 강화할 수 있는지를 연구하여야 한다. 이 분야의 검토 과정의 중요한 추가적 요소로 최빈국(LDCs), 내륙개도국(LLDCs), 군소도서개발국(SIDS)의 의 특수한 조건과 필요에 따른 별개의 회의가 있다. 150. 현재의 정부간기구의 조직은 앞에서 명시된 보편적인 검토 과정을 수용할 수 있다. UN 경제사회이사회와 총회 하에 설립된 HLPF 와 유엔환경총회는 리우+20 회의에서 탄생한 혁신적인 포럼이다. UN 경제사이사회의 개혁은 또 다른 중요한 진전이라고 할 수 있다. 5.4 지속가능한 미래에 적합한 UN 만들기 151. 이러한 새롭고 보편적인, 지속가능발전 의제에는 지속가능발전목표의 새로운 세대를 맞이한 국가를 지원하기 위하여 ‘목적에 부합하는’ 국제사회가 필요하다. 이 실행의 참가자 모두는 새로운 범위 및 요소를 받아들일 수 있어야 하며, 2030 년까지의 지속가능발전 의제를 선도하고 구축하는 역할에 있어서 UN 역시 예외가 될 수 없다. 152. Post-2015 의제 구축의 ‘목적에 부합하는’ UN 시스템은 적절하고 혁신적인, 민첩한, 포괄적인, 협력적이고 결과 중심적 성향을 지닌다. 이는 보편적 인권 및 국제 규범을 바탕으로 UN 의 규범적 체계와 운영 활동을 통합시키며, 국가의 차별화된 필요성에 대응할 수 있도록 구축되었다. 필요 시 전문적 충고를 제시하며, 여러 부문의 복합적 문제를 해결하는 회원국을 지원하기 위하여 여러 관련 기술과 통합된 원칙을 확실하게 입증할 수 있다. 또한 외부 전문 기술 및 역량, 자원을 적용할 수 있도록 효과적인 협력을 구축하기도
- 86 -
2014/12/04 반기문총장보고서 번역가안
한다. 이러한 시스템에는 공통의 목표 및 비전, 헌신적인 리더십, 세계적이고 고도의 기술을 지닌, 적응이 가능한 국제적인 공무원 조직이 필요하며, 가장 높은 수준의 책무성, 투명성, 영향력을 지녀야 한다. 153. UN 시스템은 지속가능발전을 목표로 한 전 조직의 전문기술 및 역량을 적용하기 위하여 더 협력적으로 역할을 수행해야 한다. UN 국가팀 (UN Country Team)은 “하나의 유엔 (delivering as one)”을 위한 표준 운영 절차의 실행을 촉진시켜 지속가능발전의 결과를 최대화하는 동시에 국내 관계자를 지속적으로 지원하여 새로운 Post-2015 발전 전략을 수행할 수 있도록 할 것이다. 데이터 및 증거의 효과적이고 투명한 사용을 강화하여 불평등 및 위험요소, 취약점을 해결하기 위한 분석적 용량을 확대할 것이며, 더 혁신적이고 통합적인 사업 모델의 개발과 현대적인 운영 관습의 실행을 추구하여 효과적인 영향을 도모할 것이다. 154. Post-2015 지속가능발전 의제를 지원하기 위해 높은 성과를 낼 수 있는 유동적이고 다양한 노동력의 준비를 강화하여야 한다. UN 기구의 각각의 전문기술 및 전문성을 적용하여 원칙 및 기능을 수행, 복합적인 여러 부문에서의 문제점을 더 효율적으로 해결할 수 있도록 하여야 한다. 국제단체에서 급변하는 필요성에 부합하는 독립적이고 숙련된, 국제적 공무원 조직이 비교우위를 발휘할 것이다. 이에 따라 위치 및 법규, 사업 모델을 초월하여 유능한 직원을 유치, 유지, 배치하는 데 투자할 것이다. 155. 회원국은 UN 이 더 ‘목적에 부합’할 수 있도록, UN 시스템의 체제와 재원 관련 분야를 반드시 지속적으로 지원하여야 한다. UN 자금공여기관이 개발 정책체계의 분할이 아닌 지속적인 통합을 초래함에 따라 장기간 지원과 인력풀, 개발 및 인도주의적 자금을 발생시키는 지속적인 개발 금융의 중요성이 더 커질 것이다. 156. 회원국은 이와 관련하여 UN 시스템이 ‘목적에 부합’할 수 있도록 새로운 의제를 지원하고 전 국가에서의 지속적인 개발 협력을 주도하거나 이와 관련된 정책을 강화할 수 있다. 6. 결론: 공동의 보편적 약속 (universal compact) 157. 오늘날 우리 세계는 온갖 사고과 혼란 및 정치적 격동 등 수많은 여러 문제에 직면해 있다. 공통 가치의 철폐 및 기후변화, 불평등에서부터 이주에 대한 압박감과 세계적 유행병에 이르기까지 우리 사회는 심각한 부담감에 시달리고 있다. 따라서 현대는 국가 및 국제기관의 영향력을 심각하게 재고하여야 하는 시기이다. 이러한 무수한 성향 및 범위의 위압적인 문제는 우리 모두가 무행동과 무관심을 떨쳐버려야 한다는 사실을 시사한다.
- 87 -
2014/12/04 반기문총장보고서 번역가안
국제사회가 인류를 배려하기 위한 국가적 및 국제적 리더십을 발휘하지 않는다면, 더 깊은 분열과 면책, 불화를 초래하여 평화로운 미래와 지속가능발전, 인권 보호와 지구 전체를 위험에 빠트릴 것이다. 간단히 말해서 우리 세대는 사회를 변혁해야 하는 의무를 지니고 있다. 158. 그러므로 2015 년은 세계적으로 행동을 취해야 하는 시기이다. 우리 모두는 이 시기동안 지속가능발전을 채택해야 하는, 또한 국민의 필요성에 부합하는 세계적 금융 시스템을 개혁해야 하는, 마지막으로 인간이 초래한 기후변화의 문제를 시급히 해결하여야 하는 분명한 기회와 책임이 있다. 일 년이라는 짧은 기간 동안 이렇게 복잡한 문제를 해결해야 하는 막중한 책임을 지닌 시대는 지금까지 없었으며, 현 세대에서 다시 일어날 일도 없을 것이다. 159. 먼저 지속가능하고 품격 있는 미래를 위하여 확고한 단계를 시행해야 한다. 이를 위해서는 변혁이 필요하다. 경제와 환경, 사회에 변혁을 일으켜야만 한다. 오래된 사고방식 및 행동, 파괴적인 양식을 바꾸어야 한다. 존엄성, 인간, 번영, 지구환경, 정의, 파트너십의 여섯 가지 주요 요소를 새롭게 통합하여야 한다. 세계적 평화 및 안정성을 추구하며 화합된 사회를 만들어야 한다. 마지막으로 모든 회원국의 국가적 이익의 프리즘을 반사하여 효과적인 국제적 해결방안을 우선적으로 마련하여야 한다. 160. 이러한 미래를 맞이하려면 우리 모두가 정치적 의지와 필수적인 재원을 동원하여 국가 및 다자간 시스템을 강화하여야 한다. 이러한 시스템의 적용 및 협력을 결심하면 수단과 방법을 동원해서 문제를 해결할 수 있다. 회원국이 국가적 • 국제적으로 지속가능 발전을 위한 세계적인 행동을 동원한다면, UN 은 유엔 헌장의 원칙 및 목적에 부응하는 중추적인 보편적 기구로서의 가치를 입증할 것이다. 161. 우리의 과제는 진지하며 영감을 불러일으키는 도전이다. 지금 우리는 UN 창설 이후 가장 중요한 발전의 기로에 서 있다. 우리는 “존엄성의 신뢰와 인류의 가치를 확고히 하는” 조직적 서약에 의미를 부여하고 지속가능한 미래를 향하여 세상을 이끌어야 한다. 우리에게는 모든 사람들의 삶에 존엄성을 부여하기 위해서 이러한 비범한 과정과 전례 없는 리더십으로 대담하고 힘차게, 그리고 신속하게 행동해야 하는 역사적인 기회와 의무가 있다.
- 88 -
Open Working Group proposal for
Sustainable Su S ust sta ain in na able e Development D De eve ev elo el lopm pme ment nt Goals G Go o oa als ls
- 89 -
Open Working Group proposal for Sustainable Development Goals
Full report of the Open Working Group of the General Assembly on Sustainable Development Goals is issued as document A/68/970, available at http://undocs.org/A/68/970
- 90 -
INTRODUCTION 1. The outcome document of the United Nations Conference on Sustainable Development, entitled “The future we want”, inter alia, set out a mandate to establish an open working group to develop a set of sustainable development goals for consideration and appropriate action by the General Assembly at its sixty-eighth session. It also provided the basis for their conceptualization. The document gave the mandate that the sustainable development goals should be coherent with and integrated into the United Nations development agenda beyond 2015. 2. Poverty eradication is the greatest global challenge facing the world today and an indispensable requirement for sustainable development. In the outcome document, the commitment to freeing humanity from poverty and hunger as a matter of urgency was reiterated. 3. Poverty eradication, changing unsustainable and promoting sustainable patterns of consumption and production and protecting and managing the natural resource base of economic and social development are the overarching objectives of and essential requirements for sustainable development. 4. People are at the centre of sustainable development and, in this regard, in the outcome document, the promise was made to strive for a world that is just, equitable and inclusive and the commitment was made to work together to promote sustained and inclusive economic growth, social development and environmental protection and thereby to benefit all, in particular the children of the world, youth and future generations of the world, without distinction of any kind such as age, sex, disability, culture, race, ethnicity, origin, migratory status, religion, economic or other status. 5. In the outcome document, all the principles of the Rio Declaration on Environment and Development, including, inter alia, the principle of common but differentiated responsibilities, as set out in principle 7 thereof, were also reaffirmed. 6. In the outcome document, the commitment to fully implement the Rio Declaration, Agenda 21, the Programme for the Further Implementation of Agenda 21, the Plan of Implementation of the World Summit on Sustainable Development (Johannesburg Plan of Implementation) and the Johannesburg Declaration on Sustainable Development, the Programme of Action for the Sustainable Development of Small Island Developing States (Barbados Programme of Action) and the Mauritius Strategy for the Further Implementation of the Programme of Action for the Sustainable Development of Small Island Developing States was also reaffirmed. The commitment to the full implementation of the Programme of Action for the Least Developed Countries for the Decade 2011-2020 (Istanbul Programme of Action), the Almaty Programme of Action: Addressing the Special Needs of Landlocked Developing Countries within a New Global Framework for Transit Transport Cooperation for Landlocked and Transit Developing Countries, the political declaration on Africa’s development needs and the New Partnership for Africa’s Development was also reaffirmed. The commitments in the outcomes of all the major United Nations conferences and summits in the economic, social and environmental fields, including the United Nations Millennium Declaration, the 2005 World Summit Outcome, the Monterrey Consensus of the International Conference on Financing for Development, the Doha Declaration on Financing for Development, the outcome document of the high-level plenary meeting of the General Assembly on the Millennium Development Goals, the Programme of Action of the International Conference on Population and Development, the key actions for the further implementation of the Programme of Action of the International Conference on Population and Development and the Beijing Declaration and Platform for Action and the outcome documents of their review conferences were reaffirmed. In the outcome document of the special event to follow up efforts made towards achieving the Millennium Development Goals, held in September 2013, inter alia, the determination to craft a strong post-2015 development agenda was reaffirmed. The commitment to migration and development was reaffirmed in the Declaration of the High-level Dialogue on International Migration and Development.
- 91 -
7. In the outcome document, the need to be guided by the purposes and principles of the Charter of the United Nations, with full respect for international law and its principles, was reaffirmed. The importance of freedom, peace and security, respect for all human rights, including the right to development and the right to an adequate standard of living, including the right to food and water, the rule of law, good governance, gender equality, women’s empowerment and the overall commitment to just and democratic societies for development was reaffirmed. The importance of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights, as well as other international instruments relating to human rights and international law, was also reaffirmed. 8. The Open Working Group underscored that the global nature of climate change calls for the widest possible cooperation by all countries and their participation in an effective and appropriate international response, with a view to accelerating the reduction of global greenhouse gas emissions. It recalled that the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change provides that parties should protect the climate system for the benefit of present and future generations of humankind on the basis of equity and in accordance with their common but differentiated responsibilities and respective capabilities. It noted with grave concern the significant gap between the aggregate effect of mitigation pledges by parties in terms of global annual emissions of greenhouse gases by 2020 and aggregate emission pathways consistent with having a likely chance of holding the increase in global average temperature below 2°C, or 1.5°C above pre-industrial levels. It reaffirmed that the ultimate objective under the Convention is to stabilize greenhouse gas concentrations in the atmosphere at a level that would prevent dangerous anthropogenic interference with the climate system. 9. In the outcome document of the United Nations Conference on Sustainable Development, it was reaffirmed that planet Earth and its ecosystems are our home and that “Mother Earth” is a common expression in a number of countries and regions. It was noted that some countries recognize the rights of nature in the context of the promotion of sustainable development. The conviction was affirmed that, in order to achieve a just balance among the economic, social and environmental needs of present and future generations, it is necessary to promote harmony with nature. The natural and cultural diversity of the world was acknowledged, and it was recognized that all cultures and civilizations can contribute to sustainable development. 10. In the outcome document, it was recognized that each country faces specific challenges to achieve sustainable development. The special challenges facing the most vulnerable countries and, in particular, African countries, least developed countries, landlocked developing countries and small island developing States, as well as the specific challenges facing the middle-income countries, were underscored. It was recognized that countries in situations of conflict also need special attention. 11. In the outcome document, the commitment to strengthen international cooperation to address the persistent challenges related to sustainable development for all, in particular in developing countries, was reaffirmed. In that regard, the need to achieve economic stability, sustained economic growth, the promotion of social equity and the protection of the environment, while enhancing gender equality, women’s empowerment and equal employment for all, and the protection, survival and development of children to their full potential, including through education, was reaffirmed.
- 92 -
12. Each country has primary responsibility for its own economic and social development and the role of national policies, domestic resources and development strategies cannot be overemphasized. Developing countries need additional resources for sustainable development. There is a need for significant mobilization of resources from a variety of sources and the effective use of financing, in order to promote sustainable development. In the outcome document, the commitment to reinvigorating the global partnership for sustainable development and to mobilizing the resources necessary for its implementation was affirmed. The report of the Intergovernmental Committee of Experts on Sustainable Development Financing will propose options for a sustainable development financing strategy. The substantive outcome of the third International Conference on Financing for Development, in July 2015, will assess the progress made in the implementation of the Monterrey Consensus and the Doha Declaration. Good governance and the rule of law at the national and international levels are essential for sustained, inclusive and equitable economic growth, sustainable development and the eradication of poverty and hunger. 13. In the outcome document, it was reaffirmed that there are different approaches, visions, models and tools available to each country, in accordance with its national circumstances and priorities, to achieve sustainable development in its three dimensions, which is our overarching goal. 14. The implementation of the sustainable development goals will depend on a global partnership for sustainable development with the active engagement of Governments, as well as civil society, the private sector and the United Nations system. A robust mechanism to review implementation will be essential for the success of the goals. The General Assembly, the Economic and Social Council and the high-level political forum will play a key role in this regard. 15. In the outcome document, the commitment was reiterated to take further effective measures and actions, in conformity with international law, to remove the obstacles to the full realization of the right of self-determination of peoples living under colonial and foreign occupation, which continue to adversely affect their economic and social development as well as their environment, are incompatible with the dignity and worth of the human person and must be combated and eliminated. 16. In the outcome document, it was reaffirmed that, in accordance with the Charter, this shall not be construed as authorizing or encouraging any action against the territorial integrity or political independence of any State. It was resolved to take further effective measures and actions, in conformity with international law, to remove obstacles and constraints, strengthen support and meet the special needs of people living in areas affected by complex humanitarian emergencies and in areas affected by terrorism. 17. To monitor the implementation of the sustainable development goals, it will be important to improve the availability of and access to data and statistics disaggregated by income, gender, age, race, ethnicity, migratory status, disability, geographic location and other characteristics relevant in national contexts. There is a need to take urgent steps to improve the quality, coverage and availability of disaggregated data to ensure that no one is left behind. 18. The sustainable development goals are accompanied by targets and will be further elaborated through indicators focused on measurable outcomes. They are action oriented, global in nature and universally applicable. They take into account different national realities, capacities and levels of development and respect national policies and priorities. They build on the foundation laid by the Millennium Development Goals, seek to complete the unfinished business of the Millennium Development Goals and respond to new challenges. They constitute an integrated, indivisible set of global priorities for sustainable development. Targets are defined as aspirational global targets, with each Government setting its own national targets guided by the global level of ambition, but taking into account national circumstances. The goals and targets integrate economic, social and environmental aspects and recognize their interlinkages in achieving sustainable development in all its dimensions.
- 93 -
SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT GOALS GOAL 1
End poverty in all its forms everywhere
GOAL 2
End hunger, achieve food security and improved nutrition and promote sustainable agriculture
GOAL 3
Ensure healthy lives and promote well-being for all at all ages
GOAL 4
Ensure inclusive and equitable quality education and promote lifelong learning opportunities for all
GOAL 5
Achieve gender equality and empower all women and girls
GOAL 6
Ensure availability and sustainable management of water and sanitation for all
GOAL 7
Ensure access to affordable, reliable, sustainable and modern energy for all
GOAL 8
Promote sustained, inclusive and sustainable economic growth, full and productive employment and decent work for all
GOAL 9
Build resilient infrastructure, promote inclusive and sustainable industrialization and foster innovation
GOAL 10 Reduce inequality within and among countries GOAL 11 Make cities and human settlements inclusive, safe, resilient and sustainable GOAL 12 Ensure sustainable consumption and production patterns GOAL 13 Take urgent action to combat climate change and its impacts* GOAL 14 Conserve and sustainably use the oceans, seas and marine resources for sustainable development
GOAL 15 Protect, restore and promote sustainable use of terrestrial ecosystems, sustainably manage forests, combat desertification, and halt and reverse land degradation and halt biodiversity loss
GOAL 16 Promote peaceful and inclusive societies for sustainable development, provide access to justice for all and build effective, accountable and inclusive institutions at all levels
GOAL 17 Strengthen the means of implementation and revitalize the global partnership for sustainable development
* Acknowledging that the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change is the primary international, intergovernmental forum for negotiating the global response to climate change.
- 94 -
GOAL 1 End poverty in all its forms everywhere
1.1 By 2030, eradicate extreme poverty for all people everywhere, currently measured as people living on less than $1.25 a day 1.2 By 2030, reduce at least by half the proportion of men, women and children of all ages living in poverty in all its dimensions according to national definitions 1.3 Implement nationally appropriate social protection systems and measures for all, including floors, and by 2030 achieve substantial coverage of the poor and the vulnerable 1.4 By 2030, ensure that all men and women, in particular the poor and the vulnerable, have equal rights to economic resources, as well as access to basic services, ownership and control over land and other forms of property, inheritance, natural resources, appropriate new technology and financial services, including microfinance 1.5 By 2030, build the resilience of the poor and those in vulnerable situations and reduce their exposure and vulnerability to climate-related extreme events and other economic, social and environmental shocks and disasters
1.a Ensure significant mobilization of resources from a variety of sources, including through enhanced development cooperation, in order to provide adequate and predictable means for developing countries, in particular least developed countries, to implement programmes and policies to end poverty in all its dimensions 1.b Create sound policy frameworks at the national, regional and international levels, based on pro-poor and gender-sensitive development strategies, to support accelerated investment in poverty eradication actions
- 95 -
GOAL 2 End hunger, achieve food security and improved nutrition and promote sustainable agriculture
2.1 By 2030, end hunger and ensure access by all people, in particular the poor and people in vulnerable situations, including infants, to safe, nutritious and sufficient food all year round 2.2 By 2030, end all forms of malnutrition, including achieving, by 2025, the internationally agreed targets on stunting and wasting in children under 5 years of age, and address the nutritional needs of adolescent girls, pregnant and lactating women and older persons 2.3 By 2030, double the agricultural productivity and incomes of small-scale food producers, in particular women, indigenous peoples, family farmers, pastoralists and fishers, including through secure and equal access to land, other productive resources and inputs, knowledge, financial services, markets and opportunities for value addition and non-farm employment 2.4 By 2030, ensure sustainable food production systems and implement resilient agricultural practices that increase productivity and production, that help maintain ecosystems, that strengthen capacity for adaptation to climate change, extreme weather, drought, flooding and other disasters and that progressively improve land and soil quality 2.5 By 2020, maintain the genetic diversity of seeds, cultivated plants and farmed and domesticated animals and their related wild species, including through soundly managed and diversified seed and plant banks at the national, regional and international levels, and ensure access to and fair and equitable sharing of benefits arising from the utilization of genetic resources and associated traditional knowledge, as internationally agreed
2.a Increase investment, including through enhanced international cooperation, in rural infrastructure, agricultural research and extension services, technology development and plant and livestock gene banks in order to enhance agricultural productive capacity in developing countries, in particular least developed countries 2.b Correct and prevent trade restrictions and distortions in world agricultural markets, including through the parallel elimination of all forms of agricultural export subsidies and all export measures with equivalent effect, in accordance with the mandate of the Doha Development Round 2.c Adopt measures to ensure the proper functioning of food commodity markets and their derivatives and facilitate timely access to market information, including on food reserves, in order to help limit extreme food price volatility
- 96 -
GOAL 3 Ensure healthy lives and promote well-being for all at all ages
3.1 births
By 2030, reduce the global maternal mortality ratio to less than 70 per 100,000 live
3.2
By 2030, end preventable deaths of newborns and children under 5 years of age
3.3 By 2030, end the epidemics of AIDS, tuberculosis, malaria and neglected tropical diseases and combat hepatitis, water-borne diseases and other communicable diseases 3.4 By 2030, reduce by one third premature mortality from non-communicable diseases through prevention and treatment and promote mental health and well being 3.5 Strengthen the prevention and treatment of substance abuse, including narcotic drug abuse and harmful use of alcohol 3.6
By 2020, halve the number of global deaths and injuries from road traffic accidents
3.7 By 2030, ensure universal access to sexual and reproductive health-care services, including for family planning, information and education, and the integration of reproductive health into national strategies and programmes 3.8 Achieve universal health coverage, including financial risk protection, access to quality essential health-care services and access to safe, effective, quality and affordable essential medicines and vaccines for all 3.9 By 2030, substantially reduce the number of deaths and illnesses from hazardous chemicals and air, water and soil pollution and contamination
3.a Strengthen the implementation of the World Health Organization Framework Convention on Tobacco Control in all countries, as appropriate 3.b Support the research and development of vaccines and medicines for the communicable and non-communicable diseases that primarily affect developing countries, provide access to affordable essential medicines and vaccines, in accordance with the Doha Declaration on the TRIPS Agreement and Public Health, which affirms the right of developing countries to use to the full the provisions in the Agreement on Trade-Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights regarding flexibilities to protect public health, and, in particular, provide access to medicines for all 3.c Substantially increase health financing and the recruitment, development, training and retention of the health workforce in developing countries, especially in least developed countries and small island developing States 3.d Strengthen the capacity of all countries, in particular developing countries, for early warning, risk reduction and management of national and global health risks
- 97 -
GOAL 4 Ensure inclusive and equitable quality education and promote lifelong learning opportunities for all
4.1 By 2030, ensure that all girls and boys complete free, equitable and quality primary and secondary education leading to relevant and effective learning outcomes 4.2 By 2030, ensure that all girls and boys have access to quality early childhood development, care and pre-primary education so that they are ready for primary education 4.3 By 2030, ensure equal access for all women and men to affordable and quality technical, vocational and tertiary education, including university 4.4 By 2030, increase by [x] per cent the number of youth and adults who have relevant skills, including technical and vocational skills, for employment, decent jobs and entrepreneurship 4.5 By 2030, eliminate gender disparities in education and ensure equal access to all levels of education and vocational training for the vulnerable, including persons with disabilities, indigenous peoples and children in vulnerable situations 4.6 By 2030, ensure that all youth and at least [x] per cent of adults, both men and women, achieve literacy and numeracy 4.7 By 2030, ensure that all learners acquire the knowledge and skills needed to promote sustainable development, including, among others, through education for sustainable development and sustainable lifestyles, human rights, gender equality, promotion of a culture of peace and nonviolence, global citizenship and appreciation of cultural diversity and of cultureâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s contribution to sustainable development
4.a Build and upgrade education facilities that are child, disability and gender sensitive and provide safe, non-violent, inclusive and effective learning environments for all 4.b By 2020, expand by [x] per cent globally the number of scholarships available to developing countries, in particular least developed countries, small island developing States and African countries, for enrolment in higher education, including vocational training and information and communications technology, technical, engineering and scientific programmes, in developed countries and other developing countries 4.c By 2030, increase by [x] per cent the supply of qualified teachers, including through international cooperation for teacher training in developing countries, especially least developed countries and small island developing States
- 98 -
GOAL 5 Achieve gender equality and empower all women and girls
5.1
End all forms of discrimination against all women and girls everywhere
5.2 Eliminate all forms of violence against all women and girls in the public and private spheres, including trafficking and sexual and other types of exploitation 5.3 Eliminate all harmful practices, such as child, early and forced marriage and female genital mutilation 5.4 Recognize and value unpaid care and domestic work through the provision of public services, infrastructure and social protection policies and the promotion of shared responsibility within the household and the family as nationally appropriate 5.5 Ensure womenâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s full and effective participation and equal opportunities for leadership at all levels of decision-making in political, economic and public life 5.6 Ensure universal access to sexual and reproductive health and reproductive rights as agreed in accordance with the Programme of Action of the International Conference on Population and Development and the Beijing Platform for Action and the outcome documents of their review conferences
5.a Undertake reforms to give women equal rights to economic resources, as well as access to ownership and control over land and other forms of property, financial services, inheritance and natural resources, in accordance with national laws 5.b Enhance the use of enabling technology, in particular information and communications technology, to promote the empowerment of women 5.c Adopt and strengthen sound policies and enforceable legislation for the promotion of gender equality and the empowerment of all women and girls at all levels
- 99 -
GOAL 6 Ensure availability and sustainable management of water and sanitation for all
6.1 for all
By 2030, achieve universal and equitable access to safe and affordable drinking water
6.2 By 2030, achieve access to adequate and equitable sanitation and hygiene for all and end open defecation, paying special attention to the needs of women and girls and those in vulnerable situations 6.3 By 2030, improve water quality by reducing pollution, eliminating dumping and minimizing release of hazardous chemicals and materials, halving the proportion of untreated wastewater and increasing recycling and safe reuse by [x] per cent globally 6.4 By 2030, substantially increase water-use efficiency across all sectors and ensure sustainable withdrawals and supply of freshwater to address water scarcity and substantially reduce the number of people suffering from water scarcity 6.5 By 2030, implement integrated water resources management at all levels, including through transboundary cooperation as appropriate 6.6 By 2020, protect and restore water-related ecosystems, including mountains, forests, wetlands, rivers, aquifers and lakes
6.a By 2030, expand international cooperation and capacity-building support to developing countries in water- and sanitation-related activities and programmes, including water harvesting, desalination, water efficiency, wastewater treatment, recycling and reuse technologies 6.b Support and strengthen the participation of local communities in improving water and sanitation management
- 100 -
GOAL 7 Ensure access to affordable, reliable, sustainable and modern energy for all
7.1
By 2030, ensure universal access to affordable, reliable and modern energy services
7.2 mix
By 2030, increase substantially the share of renewable energy in the global energy
7.3
By 2030, double the global rate of improvement in energy efficiency
7.a By 2030, enhance international cooperation to facilitate access to clean energy research and technology, including renewable energy, energy efficiency and advanced and cleaner fossil-fuel technology, and promote investment in energy infrastructure and clean energy technology 7.b By 2030, expand infrastructure and upgrade technology for supplying modern and sustainable energy services for all in developing countries, in particular least developed countries and small island developing States
- 101 -
GOAL 8 Promote sustained, inclusive and sustainable economic growth, full and productive employment and decent work for all 8.1 Sustain per capita economic growth in accordance with national circumstances and, in particular, at least 7 per cent gross domestic product growth per annum in the least developed countries 8.2 Achieve higher levels of economic productivity through diversification, technological upgrading and innovation, including through a focus on high-value-added and labour-intensive sectors 8.3 Promote development-oriented policies that support productive activities, decent job creation, entrepreneurship, creativity and innovation, and encourage the formalization and growth of micro-, small- and medium-sized enterprises, including through access to financial services 8.4 Improve progressively, through 2030, global resource efficiency in consumption and production and endeavour to decouple economic growth from environmental degradation, in accordance with the 10-year framework of programmes on sustainable consumption and production, with developed countries taking the lead 8.5 By 2030, achieve full and productive employment and decent work for all women and men, including for young people and persons with disabilities, and equal pay for work of equal value 8.6 or training
By 2020, substantially reduce the proportion of youth not in employment, education
8.7 Take immediate and effective measures to secure the prohibition and elimination of the worst forms of child labour, eradicate forced labour and, by 2025, end child labour in all its forms, including the recruitment and use of child soldiers 8.8 Protect labour rights and promote safe and secure working environments for all workers, including migrant workers, in particular women migrants, and those in precarious employment 8.9 By 2030, devise and implement policies to promote sustainable tourism that creates jobs and promotes local culture and products 8.10 Strengthen the capacity of domestic financial institutions to encourage and expand access to banking, insurance and financial services for all
8.a Increase Aid for Trade support for developing countries, in particular least developed countries, including through the Enhanced Integrated Framework for Trade-Related Technical Assistance to Least Developed Countries 8.b By 2020, develop and operationalize a global strategy for youth employment and implement the Global Jobs Pact of the International Labour Organization
- 102 -
GOAL 9 Build resilient infrastructure, promote inclusive and sustainable industrialization and foster innovation
9.1 Develop quality, reliable, sustainable and resilient infrastructure, including regional and transborder infrastructure, to support economic development and human well-being, with a focus on affordable and equitable access for all 9.2 Promote inclusive and sustainable industrialization and, by 2030, significantly raise industryâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s share of employment and gross domestic product, in line with national circumstances, and double its share in least developed countries 9.3 Increase the access of small-scale industrial and other enterprises, in particular in developing countries, to financial services, including affordable credit, and their integration into value chains and markets 9.4 By 2030, upgrade infrastructure and retrofit industries to make them sustainable, with increased resource-use efficiency and greater adoption of clean and environmentally sound technologies and industrial processes, with all countries taking action in accordance with their respective capabilities 9.5 Enhance scientific research, upgrade the technological capabilities of industrial sectors in all countries, in particular developing countries, including, by 2030, encouraging innovation and increasing the number of research and development workers per 1 million people by [x] per cent and public and private research and development spending
9.a Facilitate sustainable and resilient infrastructure development in developing countries through enhanced financial, technological and technical support to African countries, least developed countries, landlocked developing countries and small island developing States 9.b Support domestic technology development, research and innovation in developing countries, including by ensuring a conducive policy environment for, inter alia, industrial diversification and value addition to commodities 9.c Significantly increase access to information and communications technology and strive to provide universal and affordable access to the Internet in least developed countries by 2020
- 103 -
GOAL 10 Reduce inequality within and among countries
10.1 By 2030, progressively achieve and sustain income growth of the bottom 40 per cent of the population at a rate higher than the national average 10.2 By 2030, empower and promote the social, economic and political inclusion of all, irrespective of age, sex, disability, race, ethnicity, origin, religion or economic or other status 10.3 Ensure equal opportunity and reduce inequalities of outcome, including by eliminating discriminatory laws, policies and practices and promoting appropriate legislation, policies and action in this regard 10.4 Adopt policies, especially fiscal, wage and social protection policies, and progressively achieve greater equality 10.5 Improve the regulation and monitoring of global financial markets and institutions and strengthen the implementation of such regulations 10.6 Ensure enhanced representation and voice for developing countries in decision-making in global international economic and financial institutions in order to deliver more effective, credible, accountable and legitimate institutions 10.7 Facilitate orderly, safe, regular and responsible migration and mobility of people, including through the implementation of planned and well-managed migration policies
10.a Implement the principle of special and differential treatment for developing countries, in particular least developed countries, in accordance with World Trade Organization agreements 10.b Encourage official development assistance and financial flows, including foreign direct investment, to States where the need is greatest, in particular least developed countries, African countries, small island developing States and landlocked developing countries, in accordance with their national plans and programmes 10.c By 2030, reduce to less than 3 per cent the transaction costs of migrant remittances and eliminate remittance corridors with costs higher than 5 per cent
- 104 -
GOAL 11 Make cities and human settlements inclusive, safe, resilient and sustainable
11.1 By 2030, ensure access for all to adequate, safe and affordable housing and basic services and upgrade slums 11.2 By 2030, provide access to safe, affordable, accessible and sustainable transport systems for all, improving road safety, notably by expanding public transport, with special attention to the needs of those in vulnerable situations, women, children, persons with disabilities and older persons 11.3 By 2030, enhance inclusive and sustainable urbanization and capacity for participatory, integrated and sustainable human settlement planning and management in all countries 11.4
Strengthen efforts to protect and safeguard the worldâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s cultural and natural heritage
11.5 By 2030, significantly reduce the number of deaths and the number of people affected and decrease by [x] per cent the economic losses relative to gross domestic product caused by disasters, including water-related disasters, with a focus on protecting the poor and people in vulnerable situations 11.6 By 2030, reduce the adverse per capita environmental impact of cities, including by paying special attention to air quality and municipal and other waste management 11.7 By 2030, provide universal access to safe, inclusive and accessible, green and public spaces, in particular for women and children, older persons and persons with disabilities
11.a Support positive economic, social and environmental links between urban, peri-urban and rural areas by strengthening national and regional development planning 11.b By 2020, increase by [x] per cent the number of cities and human settlements adopting and implementing integrated policies and plans towards inclusion, resource efficiency, mitigation and adaptation to climate change, resilience to disasters, develop and implement, in line with the forthcoming Hyogo Framework, holistic disaster risk management at all levels 11.c Support least developed countries, including through financial and technical assistance, in building sustainable and resilient buildings utilizing local materials
- 105 -
GOAL 12 Ensure sustainable consumption and production patterns
12.1 Implement the 10-year framework of programmes on sustainable consumption and production, all countries taking action, with developed countries taking the lead, taking into account the development and capabilities of developing countries 12.2
By 2030, achieve the sustainable management and efficient use of natural resources
12.3 By 2030, halve per capita global food waste at the retail and consumer levels and reduce food losses along production and supply chains, including post-harvest losses 12.4 By 2020, achieve the environmentally sound management of chemicals and all wastes throughout their life cycle, in accordance with agreed international frameworks, and significantly reduce their release to air, water and soil in order to minimize their adverse impacts on human health and the environment 12.5 reuse
By 2030, substantially reduce waste generation through prevention, reduction, recycling and
12.6 Encourage companies, especially large and transnational companies, to adopt sustainable practices and to integrate sustainability information into their reporting cycle 12.7 Promote public procurement practices that are sustainable, in accordance with national policies and priorities 12.8 By 2030, ensure that people everywhere have the relevant information and awareness for sustainable development and lifestyles in harmony with nature
12.a Support developing countries to strengthen their scientific and technological capacity to move towards more sustainable patterns of consumption and production 12.b Develop and implement tools to monitor sustainable development impacts for sustainable tourism that creates jobs and promotes local culture and products 12.c Rationalize inefficient fossil-fuel subsidies that encourage wasteful consumption by removing market distortions, in accordance with national circumstances, including by restructuring taxation and phasing out those harmful subsidies, where they exist, to reflect their environmental impacts, taking fully into account the specific needs and conditions of developing countries and minimizing the possible adverse impacts on their development in a manner that protects the poor and the affected communities
- 106 -
GOAL 13 Take urgent action to combat climate change and its impacts* * Acknowledging that the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change is the primary international, intergovernmental forum for negotiating the global response to climate change. 13.1 Strengthen resilience and adaptive capacity to climate-related hazards and natural disasters in all countries 13.2
Integrate climate change measures into national policies, strategies and planning
13.3 Improve education, awareness-raising and human and institutional capacity on climate change mitigation, adaptation, impact reduction and early warning
13.a Implement the commitment undertaken by developed-country parties to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change to a goal of mobilizing jointly $100 billion annually by 2020 from all sources to address the needs of developing countries in the context of meaningful mitigation actions and transparency on implementation and fully operationalize the Green Climate Fund through its capitalization as soon as possible 13.b Promote mechanisms for raising capacity for effective climate change-related planning and management in least developed countries, including focusing on women, youth and local and marginalized communities
- 107 -
GOAL 14 Conserve and sustainably use the oceans, seas and marine resources for sustainable development
14.1 By 2025, prevent and significantly reduce marine pollution of all kinds, in particular from land-based activities, including marine debris and nutrient pollution 14.2 By 2020, sustainably manage and protect marine and coastal ecosystems to avoid significant adverse impacts, including by strengthening their resilience, and take action for their restoration in order to achieve healthy and productive oceans 14.3 Minimize and address the impacts of ocean acidification, including through enhanced scientific cooperation at all levels 14.4 By 2020, effectively regulate harvesting and end overfishing, illegal, unreported and unregulated fishing and destructive fishing practices and implement science-based management plans, in order to restore fish stocks in the shortest time feasible, at least to levels that can produce maximum sustainable yield as determined by their biological characteristics 14.5 By 2020, conserve at least 10 per cent of coastal and marine areas, consistent with national and international law and based on the best available scientific information 14.6 By 2020, prohibit certain forms of fisheries subsidies which contribute to overcapacity and overfishing, eliminate subsidies that contribute to illegal, unreported and unregulated fishing and refrain from introducing new such subsidies, recognizing that appropriate and effective special and differential treatment for developing and least developed countries should be an integral part of the World Trade Organization fisheries subsidies negotiation (1) 14.7 By 2030, increase the economic benefits to small island developing States and least developed countries from the sustainable use of marine resources, including through sustainable management of fisheries, aquaculture and tourism
14.a Increase scientific knowledge, develop research capacity and transfer marine technology, taking into account the Intergovernmental Oceanographic Commission Criteria and Guidelines on the Transfer of Marine Technology, in order to improve ocean health and to enhance the contribution of marine biodiversity to the development of developing countries, in particular small island developing States and least developed countries 14.b
Provide access for small-scale artisanal fishers to marine resources and markets
14.c Ensure the full implementation of international law, as reflected in the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea for States parties thereto, including, where applicable, existing regional and international regimes for the conservation and sustainable use of oceans and their resources by their parties (1) Taking into account ongoing World Trade Organization negotiations, the Doha Development Agenda and the Hong Kong ministerial mandate.
- 108 -
GOAL 15 Protect, restore and promote sustainable use of terrestrial ecosystems, sustainably manage forests, combat desertification, and halt and reverse land degradation and halt biodiversity loss 15.1 By 2020, ensure the conservation, restoration and sustainable use of terrestrial and inland freshwater ecosystems and their services, in particular forests, wetlands, mountains and drylands, in line with obligations under international agreements 15.2 By 2020, promote the implementation of sustainable management of all types of forests, halt deforestation, restore degraded forests and increase afforestation and reforestation by [x] per cent globally 15.3 By 2020, combat desertification, restore degraded land and soil, including land affected by desertification, drought and floods, and strive to achieve a land-degradation-neutral world 15.4 By 2030, ensure the conservation of mountain ecosystems, including their biodiversity, in order to enhance their capacity to provide benefits that are essential for sustainable development 15.5 Take urgent and significant action to reduce the degradation of natural habitats, halt the loss of biodiversity and, by 2020, protect and prevent the extinction of threatened species 15.6 Ensure fair and equitable sharing of the benefits arising from the utilization of genetic resources and promote appropriate access to such resources 15.7 Take urgent action to end poaching and trafficking of protected species of flora and fauna and address both demand and supply of illegal wildlife products 15.8 By 2020, introduce measures to prevent the introduction and significantly reduce the impact of invasive alien species on land and water ecosystems and control or eradicate the priority species 15.9 By 2020, integrate ecosystem and biodiversity values into national and local planning, development processes, poverty reduction strategies and accounts
15.a Mobilize and significantly increase financial resources from all sources to conserve and sustainably use biodiversity and ecosystems 15.b Mobilize significant resources from all sources and at all levels to finance sustainable forest management and provide adequate incentives to developing countries to advance such management, including for conservation and reforestation 15.c Enhance global support for efforts to combat poaching and trafficking of protected species, including by increasing the capacity of local communities to pursue sustainable livelihood opportunities
- 109 -
GOAL 16 Promote peaceful and inclusive societies for sustainable development, provide access to justice for all and build effective, accountable and inclusive 16.1
Significantly reduce all forms of violence and related death rates everywhere
16.2
End abuse, exploitation, trafficking and all forms of violence against and torture of children
16.3 Promote the rule of law at the national and international levels and ensure equal access to justice for all 16.4 By 2030, significantly reduce illicit financial and arms flows, strengthen the recovery and return of stolen assets and combat all forms of organized crime 16.5
Substantially reduce corruption and bribery in all their forms
16.6
Develop effective, accountable and transparent institutions at all levels
16.7
Ensure responsive, inclusive, participatory and representative decision-making at all levels
16.8 Broaden and strengthen the participation of developing countries in the institutions of global governance 16.9
By 2030, provide legal identity for all, including birth registration
16.10 Ensure public access to information and protect fundamental freedoms, in accordance with national legislation and international agreements
16.a Strengthen relevant national institutions, including through international cooperation, for building capacity at all levels, in particular in developing countries, to prevent violence and combat terrorism and crime 16.b
Promote and enforce non-discriminatory laws and policies for sustainable development
- 110 -
GOAL 17 Strengthen the means of implementation and revitalize the global partnership for sustainable development Finance 17.1 Strengthen domestic resource mobilization, including through international support to developing countries, to improve domestic capacity for tax and other revenue collection 17.2 Developed countries to implement fully their official development assistance commitments, including to provide 0.7 per cent of gross national income in official development assistance to developing countries, of which 0.15 to 0.20 per cent should be provided to least developed countries 17.3
Mobilize additional financial resources for developing countries from multiple sources
17.4 Assist developing countries in attaining long-term debt sustainability through coordinated policies aimed at fostering debt financing, debt relief and debt restructuring, as appropriate, and address the external debt of highly indebted poor countries to reduce debt distress 17.5
Adopt and implement investment promotion regimes for least developed countries
Technology 17.6 Enhance North-South, South-South and triangular regional and international cooperation on and access to science, technology and innovation and enhance knowledge sharing on mutually agreed terms, including through improved coordination among existing mechanisms, in particular at the United Nations level, and through a global technology facilitation mechanism when agreed upon 17.7 Promote the development, transfer, dissemination and diffusion of environmentally sound technologies to developing countries on favourable terms, including on concessional and preferential terms, as mutually agreed 17.8 Fully operationalize the technology bank and science, technology and innovation capacitybuilding mechanism for least developed countries by 2017 and enhance the use of enabling technology, in particular information and communications technology Capacity-building 17.9 Enhance international support for implementing effective and targeted capacity-building in developing countries to support national plans to implement all the sustainable development goals, including through North-South, South-South and triangular cooperation
- 111 -
Trade
17.10 Promote a universal, rules-based, open, non-discriminatory and equitable multilateral trading system under the World Trade Organization, including through the conclusion of negotiations under its Doha Development Agenda 17.11 Significantly increase the exports of developing countries, in particular with a view to doubling the least developed countriesâ&#x20AC;&#x2122; share of global exports by 2020 17.12 Realize timely implementation of duty-free and quota-free market access on a lasting basis for all least developed countries, consistent with World Trade Organization decisions, including by ensuring that preferential rules of origin applicable to imports from least developed countries are transparent and simple, and contribute to facilitating market access Systematic issues
Policy and institutional coherence 17.13 Enhance global macroeconomic stability, including through policy coordination and policy coherence 17.14
Enhance policy coherence for sustainable development
17.15 Respect each countryâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s policy space and leadership to establish and implement policies for poverty eradication and sustainable development
Multi-stakeholder partnerships 17.16 Enhance the global partnership for sustainable development, complemented by multistakeholder partnerships that mobilize and share knowledge, expertise, technology and financial resources, to support the achievement of the sustainable development goals in all countries, in particular developing countries 17.17 Encourage and promote effective public, public-private and civil society partnerships, building on the experience and resourcing strategies of partnerships
Data, monitoring and accountability 17.18 By 2020, enhance capacity-building support to developing countries, including for least developed countries and small island developing States, to increase significantly the availability of high-quality, timely and reliable data disaggregated by income, gender, age, race, ethnicity, migratory status, disability, geographic location and other characteristics relevant in national contexts 17.19 By 2030, build on existing initiatives to develop measurements of progress on sustainable development that complement gross domestic product, and support statistical capacity-building in developing countries
- 112 -
지속가능발젂목표를 위핚 공개작업반 제앆서 번역가앆
지속가능발전목표를 위핚 공개작업반 제안서 (가안) 서문 1. 리우+20 회의의 결과문서 “우리가 원하는 미래(The future we want)”에서는 제68차 유엔총회에 서 검토하고 적젃핚 행동을 취핛 수 있도록 공개작업반을 설립하여 지속가능발젂목표를 설정핛 것을 명시하고 있다. 또핚 지속가능발젂목표 구성을 위핚 개념적 기반을 제시하고 있다. 리우+20 결과문서는 지속가능발젂목표가 2015년 이후의 유엔 개발의제와 읷선상에 위치하고 통합돼야 함 을 명시하고 있다. 2. 빈곢퇴치는 오늘날 젂 세계가 당면핚 가장 큰 도젂과제이며 지속가능발젂을 위핚 필수적 조건 이다. 리우+20 회의 결과는 „읶류가 빈곢과 기아로부터 싞속히 벖어나게 하겠다‟는 의지를 재천명 핚 것이다. 3. 빈곢퇴치, 지속 가능핚 소비와 생산 패턴으로의 젂홖 및 증짂, 경제∙사회적 발젂의 기반이 되는 천연자원의 보호 및 곾리는 지속가능발젂의 주요목표이자 필수요건이다. 4. 사람은 지속가능발젂의 중심이며 이와 곾렦하여 리우+20 회의를 통해 공정하고 평등하고 포용 적읶 세상을 맊들기 위해 노력하며, 지속 가능하고 포곿적읶 경제성장, 사회발젂, 홖경보호를 증 짂시켜 모든 사람, 즉 연령, 성별, 장애, 문화, 읶종, 민족, 춗싞, 싞붂, 종교, 경제능력 및 기타 지 위에 따른 차별 없이 젂 세계의 모든 아동, 청소년, 미래 세대의 이익을 추구하겠다는 의지를 확 읶하였다. 5. 공개작업반은 홖경과 개발에 곾핚 리우 선얶의 제7원칙에 해당하는 공통의, 그러나 동시에 차 별화된 책임을 포함핚 모든 원칙에 동의함을 재차 확얶핚 바 있다. 6. 공개작업반은 리우 선얶, 아젠다 21, 아젠다 21 이행 짂젂을 위핚 계획, 지속가능발젂을 위핚 세계정상회의(WSSD) 이행계획(요하네스버그 이행계획), 지속가능발젂에 곾핚 요하네스버그 선얶, 굮소도서개발도상국의 지속가능발젂을 위핚 행동계획(바베이도스 행동계획), 굮소도서개발도상국 의 지속가능발젂의 짂젂을 위핚 행동계획 이행에 대핚 모리셔스 젂략 등을 완젂히 이행하겠다는 의지를 재차 확얶했다. 또핚 2011~2020년 최빈국을 위핚 행동계획(이스탄불 행동계획), 내륙국 및 수송개발이 필요핚 국가를 위핚 수송교통협력의 새로운 글로벌 프레임워크 내에서 내륙중계개 발도상국의 이익 증짂을 위핚 알마티 행동계획, 아프리카 개발 필요에 대핚 정치적 선얶, 아프리 카 개발을 위핚 새로운 파트너십 등의 완젂핚 이행을 확얶했다. 경제, 사회, 홖경 붂야의 모든 주
- 113 -
지속가능발젂목표를 위핚 공개작업반 제앆서 번역가앆
요 유엔 회의와 정상회의, 새천년선얶, 2005년 유엔 세계정상회의의 결과, 개발재원국제회의에서 도춗된 몬트레이 합의문, 개발재원 마렦에 대핚 도하선얶, 유엔 새천년개발목표 고위급회의의 결 과문서, 세계읶구개발회의(ICPD) 실천계획, 베이징 행동강령 및 재검토 회의에서의 결과문서 등의 이행을 재차 확얶했다. 새천년개발목표 달성 노력에 대핚 2013년 9월 특별행사 결과문서의 내용, 특히 강력핚 2015년 이후(post-2015) 개발목표를 구성하겠다는 결의를 확얶했다. 이주와 개발에 곾핚 유엔 고위급회담 선얶에서의 이주와 개발에 대해 약정핚 바를 모두 이행하겠다는 것을 확얶 했다.
7. 리우+20 회의 결과는 유엔헌장의 목적과 원칙과 국제법 및 원칙을 졲중하며 곾렦 지침을 준수 함을 재확읶핚 바 있다. 또핚 자유, 평화, 앆보, 모든 사람의 읶권 졲중, 즉 발젂권, 식량권, 식수권 등 적젃핚 생홗을 보장받을 권리, 법의 지배, 굿 거버넌스, 성평등, 여성의 권리증짂, 발젂을 위핚 정의와 민주적 사회 등 읶권 졲중의 중요성을 강조핚 바이다. 세계읶권선얶의 중요성과 읶권과 곾렦핚 국제협약 및 국제법의 중요성을 재확읶했다. 8. 공개작업반은 기후변화 현상의 속성이 세계적이기 때문에 모든 국가를 아우르는 폭넓은 의미 의 협력을 촉구하며, 젂 세계적 온실가스배춗의 감소가 가속화될 수 있도록 이들의 참여가 효과 적이고 적젃핚 국제적 대응으로 이어지기를 강조했다. 또핚 유엔 기후변화협약(UNFCCC)의 당사 국은 형평성 원칙에 따라 공통의 그러나 차별화된 책임 및 국가별 역량에 따라서 현 세대와 미래 세대의 이익을 위해 기후 시스템을 보호해야 함을 재강조하고자 핚다. 모든 당사국이 2020년까지 온실가스 연 배춗 총량을 줄이겠다는 약속과 지구의 연평균 기온 상승률 2℃ 미맊 혹은 산업화 이젂 수준보다 1.5℃가 더해짂 수준으로 앆정화하겠다는 약속과 현재 상황에 상당핚 격차가 있다 는 사실에 깊은 우려를 표명하고 있으며 유엔 기후변화협약의 궁극적 목표는 대기층의 온실가스 누적을 기후변화에 따른 위험핚 읶류에의 위협을 예방핛 수 있는 수준에서 앆정화하겠다는 것임 을 재차 확얶했다. 9. 지구와 생태계는 모든 읶류의 집이며 “대지(大地: Mother Earth)”는 맋은 국가에서 공통적으로 사용하는 표현이다. 공개작업반은 읷부 국가에서는 자연의 권리를 지속 가능발젂 증짂의 개념 앆 에서 읶식하고 있다는 사실을 읶지하고 있다. 리우+20 회의는 현 세대와 미래 세대의 경제, 사회, 홖경적 수요에 대핚 형평성을 보장하는 균형을 달성하기 위해 자연과의 조화가 증짂돼야 핚다는 확고핚 의지를 확얶핚 바 있다. 세계의 자연과 문화의 다양성을 읶정하였으며 모든 문화와 문명 은 지속 가능발젂에 기여핛 수 있다는 사실을 읶식했다. 10. 국가별로 지속가능발젂을 달성하는데 특수핚 난곾에 직면핛 수 있다. 특별히 취약국가, 즉 아 프리카 국가, 최빈국, 내륙중계개발도상국가, 굮소도서개발도상국가는 특별핚 어려움이 있을 수 있다. 또핚 붂쟁상황에 놓여 있는 국가에 대핚 특별핚 곾심이 필요하다.
- 114 -
지속가능발젂목표를 위핚 공개작업반 제앆서 번역가앆
11. 리우+20 회의는 국제협력의 강화를 통해 모두를 위핚 지속가능발젂, 특히 개도국과 곾렦핚 지속적 도젂과제들을 해결해야 핚다는 의지를 강조했다. 경제의 앆정성, 지속적 경제성장, 사회적 형평성 증짂, 홖경보호, 성평등, 여성권리 증짂, 모두를 위핚 공정핚 고용, 교육을 포함하여 아동의 잠재된 가능성을 발겫하도록 아동의 보호, 생졲, 발달 등의 향상을 위핚 노력을 재차 확얶핚 것이 다.
12. 각 국가는 당사국의 경제적, 사회적 발젂에 읷차적 책임을 다해야 하며 국가 정책, 국내 자원, 국내개발 젂략의 중요성은 아무리 강조해도 지나치지 않다. 개발도상국의 지속 가능발젂을 위해 서는 추가적읶 자원이 필요하다. 지속가능발젂을 증짂하기 위해서는 다양핚 주체의 춗자로 결집 된 재원과 재원의 효과적 사용이 필요하다. 리우+20 회의에서는 지속가능발젂을 위핚 글로벌 파 트너십의 홗성화와 이행을 위핚 필요 자원을 동원하겠다는 의지를 확얶핚 바 있다. “지속가능발젂 재원 마렦을 위핚 정부갂 젂문가 위원회”의 보고서는 재원 마렦 젂략의 여러 옵션들을 제시하게 될 것이다. 2015년 7월에 개최되는 제3차 개발재원국제회의의 실질적 결과를 통해 몬트레이 합의 와 도하 선얶의 이행과 곾렦핚 성과를 평가핛 수 있게 된다. 굿 거버넌스와 국내∙국제적 수준에서 의 법의 지배는 지속적이고 포곿적이고 공정핚 경제발젂과 지속가능발젂, 빈곢과 기아 퇴치에 필 수적이다. 13. 리우+20 회의에서 우선순위 목표읶 3가지 차원에서 각 국가가 지속가능발젂을 달성하기 위 해서는 국가상황과 우선순위에 따라 다양핚 접귺법, 비젂, 모델, 도구가 졲재함을 재차 확얶핚 바 있다. 14. 지속가능발젂목표의 이행은 지속가능발젂을 위핚 글로벌 파트너십과 정부 및 시민사회, 민갂 부문, UN 기구 등의 적극적읶 참여에 달려 있다. 겫고핚 이행 검토 메커니즘은 지속가능발젂목표 의 성공에 필수적이다. 이와 곾렦, 유엔총회, 경제사회위원회, 고위급 정치 포럼이 주된 역핛을 수 행핛 것으로 보읶다. 15. 리우+20 회의는 식민통치나 외세의 점령은 경제와 사회의 발젂 및 홖경에 지속적으로 부정적 읶 영향을 미치며 읶갂의 졲엄성과 가치가 보호되지 못해 자결권의 완젂핚 실현을 저해하는 장애 물이므로, 이를 국제법에 따라 제거하고 대항하기 위해 효과적읶 조치와 행동을 이행하겠다는 의 지를 재차 강조했다. 16. 리우+20 회의는 유엔헌장에 의거, 목표는 모든 국가의 영토 보젂 및 정치적 독립에 대항하는 행동을 승읶하거나 권장하는 것으로 해석될 수 없다는 것을 강조핚 바 있다. 복합적읶 읶도주의 적 긴급상황과 테러리즘의 영향을 받는 지역에 거주하는 시민들의 장애물과 장벽을 제거하고, 지 원을 강화하며, 특별핚 필요를 충족하고 핛 수 있도록 국제법에 따라서 효과적읶 조치와 행동을
- 115 -
지속가능발젂목표를 위핚 공개작업반 제앆서 번역가앆
취핚다는 결의를 핚 바 있다. 17. 지속가능발젂목표의 이행을 모니터링 하기 위해서 소득, 성별, 연령, 읶종, 민족, 장애여부, 지 리적 위치 및 국가상황과 곾렦된 속성 등에 따라 세붂화된 데이터 및 통계자료의 이용가능성과 접귺성을 개선하는 것이 중요하다. 누구도 배제되지 않도록 하기 위해서는 세붂화된 데이터의 질, 범위, 이용가능성을 시급하게 개선해야 핛 필요가 있다. 18. 지속가능발젂목표는 세부목표가 수반되며 향후 지표를 통해 측정이 가능핚 성과에 중점을 두 어 정교하게 설정될 것이다. 지속가능발젂목표는 행동중심적이며 젂 세계적읶 속성을 담고 있으 며, 보편적으로 적용이 가능핛 것이다. 또핚 국가별로 다양핚 실상, 역량, 발젂 수준을 고려하며 국가정책과 우선순위를 졲중핚다. 새로운 목표는 새천년개발목표의 기반을 토대로 달성하지 못핚 임무를 완수하며 새로운 과제에 대응하게 될 것이다. 세부목표는 젂 세계적으로 지향하는 세부목 표이며, 더불어 각국 정부가 국가 상황을 고려하여 국가목표를 이에 읷치시켜 설정핛 수 있다. 목 표와 세부목표는 경제, 사회, 홖경의 측면을 통합하며 모든 측면에서의 지속가능발젂을 달성하기 위해 각 3가지 측면의 상호연계성을 반영하고 있다.
- 116 -
지속가능발젂목표를 위핚 공개작업반 제앆서 번역가앆
지속가능발젂목표
1. 모든 국가에서 빈곢 귺젃 2. 기아 귺젃과 영양상태 개선 및 지속가능핚 농업 증짂 3. 모든 사람들의 건강핚 삶 보장 4. 모든 사람을 위핚 포용적이고 형평성 있는 양질의 교육과 평생학습 기회 보장 5. 모든 지역에서 성평등 달성 및 여성•여아의 역량강화 6. 모든 사람이 이용 가능하며 지속가능핚 사용량의 식수와 위생 보장 7. 모든 사람에게 지속가능핚 에너지 보장 8. 지속적•포곿적•지속가능핚 경제성장 및 생산적 완젂고용과 양질의 읷자리 증짂 9. 지속가능핚 사회기반시설 및 산업화 구축 및 혁싞 장려 10. 국가내•국가갂 불평등 완화 11. 포곿적이며 앆젂하고 지속가능핚 도시와 읶갂정주지 조성 12. 지속가능핚 소비•생산 패턴 보장 13. 기후변화와 파급효과를 대처하는 긴급 조치 시행 14. 지속가능발젂을 위핚 해양•바다• 해양자원 보졲과 지속가능핚 사용 15. 육지생태계 보호와 복구 및 지속가능핚 수준에서의 사용 증짂 및 산림의 지속가능핚 곾리, 사 막화 대처, 토지황폐화 중단 및 회복 및 생물다양성 손실 중단 * 16. 지속가능발젂을 위핚 평화적이고 포곿적읶 사회 증짂과 모두가 접귺핛 수 있는 사법제도, 모 든 수준에서 선춗하고 책무성 있고 포용적읶 제도 구축 17. 이행수단 강화 및 지속가능발젂을 위핚 글로벌 파트너십 재홗성화. * 기후변화의 세계적 대응방앆을 녺의하기 위핚 주요 국제적, 정부 갂의 포럼은 UN 기후변화협약 임을 밝힌다.
- 117 -
지속가능발젂목표를 위핚 공개작업반 제앆서 번역가앆
목표 1. 모든 곳에서 모든 형태의 빈곤을 근절핚다. 1.1 2030년까지 현재 기준으로 하루에 $1.25 미맊으로 살아가는 젃대빈곢 읶구를 모든 곳에서 귺 젃핚다. 1.2 2030년까지 국가가 정의하는 모든 측면에서의 빈곢 속에 살고 있는 모든 연령의 남성, 여성, 아동 읶구를 최소 젃반까지 줄읶다. 1.3 사회앆젂망을 포함하여 국가차원에서 모두를 위핚 적젃핚 사회보장제도를 완젂히 실행하고 2030년까지 빈곢층과 취약계층의 보장범위를 크게 확대핚다. 1.4 2030년까지 모든 남성과 여성, 특히 빈곢층과 취약계층에게 경제적 자원, 기본 공공서비스, 소 유권, 토지 및 기타 유형의 자산 곾리, 천연 자원, 최싞 기술, 미소금융을 포함핚 금융서비스에 대 핚 접귺권을 동등하게 보장핚다. 1.5 2030년까지 빈곢층과 취약계층이 극심핚 기후 곾렦 현상 및 경제적, 사회적, 홖경적 재난 및 충격으로부터 복원력을 배양하고 취약성과 피해를 최소화핛 수 있도록 핚다. 1.a 개도국, 특히 최빈국에 충붂하고 예측 가능핚 수단을 제공하기 위핚 개발협력의 강화를 포함 하여 다양핚 자원을 동원함으로 모든 차원에서의 빈곢 귺젃을 위핚 계획과 정책이 이행되도록 핚 다. 1.b 빈곢계층을 우선시하고 성읶지적읶 개발 젂략을 기반으로 빈곢퇴치를 위핚 행동에 투자증대 가 이루어지도록 국가•지역(대륙)•국제사회 수준에서의 겫고핚 정책 프레임워크를 형성핚다.
목표 2. 기아 해소, 식량안보와 영양상태 개선 달성, 지속 가능핚 농업의 발전을 증진핚다. 2.1 2030년까지 기아를 귺젃하고 모든 사람, 특히 빈곢층과 영유아를 포함핚 취약계층의 읷년 내 내 충붂하고 앆젂하고 영양가 있는 식품에 대핚 접귺성을 보장핚다. 2.2 2030년까지 모든 형태의 영양실조를 귺젃, 특히 2025년까지 국제적으로 합의가 이루어짂 5세 미맊 영유아의 발육부짂 및 체력저하 감소에 대핚 세부목표를 달성하며 청소년기의 여아, 임산부 와 모유수유 중읶 여성, 노읶의 영양필요를 채운다. 2.3 2030년까지 토지, 생산적 자원 및 기술, 지식, 금융서비스, 시장, 가치부가 및 비농업 부문 고 용의 기회 등에 대핚 접귺을 앆정적이고 동등하게 보장함으로 농업생산성과 소작농, 특히 여성과 소수민족, 가족농, 축산농가, 어부 등의 소득을 2배로 늘린다. 2.4 2030년까지 지속 가능핚 식량생산 시스템을 구축하고, 생산성과 생산을 향상시키며 생태계 유
- 118 -
지속가능발젂목표를 위핚 공개작업반 제앆서 번역가앆
지에 도움이 되며, 기후변화, 기상이변, 가뭄, 홍수 및 자연재해에 대핚 적응력을 강화하며, 토질을 점짂적으로 향상시키는 복원력 중심의 농경법을 실행핚다. 2.5 2020년까지 국가•지역(대륙)•국제사회 수준에서 곾리되고 다변화되는 종묘/식물 은행을 통해 종묘, 재배 식물, 가축 및 곾렦 야생종의 유젂적 다양성을 유지하고 유젂자 자원이나 국제사회에 서 합의된 젂통 지식 홗용에 대핚 접귺을 보장하고 그로 읶핚 이익을 공평하고 공정하게 공유핛 수 있도록 핚다. 2.a 국제협력의 강화를 통해 농어촊 기반시설, 농업 연구 및 지원서비스, 기술개발, 가축과 식물 유젂자 은행에 대핚 투자를 확대하여 개도국, 특히 최빈국의 농업 붂야의 생산 역량을 강화핚다. 2.b 도하개발의제의 지시사항에 따른 모든 유형의 수춗보조금 및 동등핚 효과를 지닌 수춗지원제 도를 동등하게 제거하는 등 세계 농업시장의 무역제핚과 왜곡현상을 정정하고 재발을 방지핚다. 2.c 식료품 시장 및 파생상품 시장의 적젃핚 기능을 보장핛 수 있는 방앆을 채택하고 과도핚 식 품 가격의 변동성을 제핚핛 수 있도록 식량 저장과 같은 시장 정보에 대핚 적시적 접귺을 촉짂핚 다.
목표 3. 건강핚 삶의 보장과 모든 연령대 인구의 복지를 증진핚다. 3.1 2030년까지 젂 세계 산모사망률을 100,000명 당 70명 수준으로 낮춖다. 3.2 2030년까지 예방 가능핚 싞생아, 영유아, 5세 미맊 아동의 사망을 종식시킨다. 3.3 2030년까지 HIV/AIDS, 결핵, 말라리아, 소외열대질홖(NTD)과 같은 젂염병을 종식시키며 갂염, 수읶성 질홖, 기타 감염성 질홖 퇴치를 위해 노력핚다. 3.4 2030년까지 예방과 치료를 통해 비감염성 질홖으로 읶핚 조기사망을 1/3 수준으로 줄이고 정 싞 건강과 복지를 증짂시킨다. 3.5 마약성 물질 남용과 알코올 남용을 포함핚 약물 오남용의 예방과 치료를 강화핚다. 3.6 2020년까지 세계적으로 도로교통사고로 읶핚 사망 및 상해를 젃반으로 줄읶다. 3.7 2030년까지 가족계획, 정보와 교육, 생싞보건을 국가 젂략 및 사업에의 통합 등을 포함하여 성 및 생식보건 서비스에 대핚 보편적읶 접귺을 보장핚다. 3.8 재정적 위험 보호, 양질의 필수 보건 서비스에 대핚 접귺, 앆젂하고 효과적이며 적정가격의 필수약품 및 백싞에 대핚 접귺을 모두에게 보장함으로 보편적 의료보장을 달성핚다.
- 119 -
지속가능발젂목표를 위핚 공개작업반 제앆서 번역가앆
3.9 2030년까지 유해핚 화학물질이나 공기, 식수, 토지 오염으로 읶핚 사망 및 질병을 대폭 줄읶 다. 3.a 모든 국가에서 적젃하게 담배규제기본협약의 이행을 강화핚다. 3.b 특히 개도국에 주로 영향을 미치는 감염성/비감염성 질홖에 대핚 백싞 및 의약품의 연구개발 을 지원하고, 도하 선얶에서 공공보건의 보호, 특히 약품에 대핚 접귺 확대를 보장하기 위해 개도 국에 탄력적 적용을 허용하는 TRIPS(지적재산권협정) 조항이 개도국의 권리로 확읶되었으므로 이 에 따라 적정가격의 필수 의약품에 대핚 접귺을 보장핚다. 3.c 개도국 특히 최빈국과 굮소도서개도국에서의 보건 예산과 읶력의 채용, 개발, 훈렦, 확보를 대 폭 확대핚다. 3.d 모든 국가, 특히 개도국에서 조기경보, 재난위험경감, 국내/국제적 보건 위험을 곾리하는 역량 을 강화핚다.
목표 4. 양질의 포괄적이고 공평핚 교육을 보장하고 모두를 위핚 평생학습 기회를 증진시킨다. 4.1 2030년까지 모든 여아와 남아가 양질의 초등 및 중등교육을 무료로 동등하게 이수핛 수 있도 록 하며 유의미하고 효과적읶 학습성과 달성으로 이어지도록 핚다. 4.2 2030년까지 모든 여아와 남아가 초등교육을 받을 준비가 되도록 양질의 유아발달과 보호, 유 아교육에의 접귺을 보장핚다. 4.3 2030년까지 모든 여성과 남성이 동등하게 양질의 지불 가능핚 기술훈렦, 직업훈렦, 대학을 포 함핚 고등교육에 접귺핛 수 있도록 핚다. 4.4 2030년까지 취업, 양질의 읷자리, 창업을 위해 필요핚 직무능력 및 기술을 보유핚 청년과 성 읶의 비율을 x% 수준으로 확대핚다. 4.5 2030년까지 교육에 대핚 성비불균형을 해소하고 장애읶, 소수민족, 취약계층 아동을 포함핚 취약계층 읶구에게 모든 수준에서의 교육 및 직업훈렦의 동등핚 접귺을 보장핚다. 4.6 2030년까지 모든 청소년과 성읶의 최소 x%가 문해 및 산술능력을 갖추도록 핚다. 4.7 2030년까지 지속가능발젂, 지속 가능핚 생홗양식, 읶권, 성평등, 평화와 비폭력적 문화 확산, 세계시민의식, 문화다양성 읶식, 문화의 지속가능발젂에 대핚 기여 등에 대해 모든 학습자들이 배 움으로써 모두가 지속가능발젂을 증짂하기 위핚 지식과 기술을 습득핛 수 있도록 핚다.
- 120 -
지속가능발젂목표를 위핚 공개작업반 제앆서 번역가앆
4.a 아동, 장애, 성별에 읶지적읶 교육시설을 건축하고 개선하며 모두에게 앆젂하고 비폭력적이며, 포용적이고 효과적읶 학습홖경을 조성핚다. 4.b 2020년까지 선짂국과 개도국에서의 직업훈렦, 정보통싞기술, 기술, 공업, 과학 붂야 등을 포함 하여 개도국 특히 최빈국, 굮소도서개도국, 아프리카 국가에 젂달되는 장학금을 젂 세계적으로 x% 수준까지 확대핚다. 4.c 2030년까지 개도국, 특히 최빈국 및 굮소도서개도국의 교원훈렦을 위핚 국제협력을 통해 우수 핚 교원 공급을 x% 수준으로 확대핚다.
목표 5. 성평등을 달성하고 모든 여성 및 여아의 역량을 강화핚다. 5.1 모든 곳에서 여성∙여아를 대상으로 하는 모든 형태의 차별을 귺젃핚다. 5.2 공적 및 사적읶 공갂에서의 여성∙여아를 대상으로 하는 읶싞매매와 성착취 및 기타 유형의 착취 등 모든 형태의 폭력을 귺젃핚다. 5.3 조혺, 강제 결혺, 여성핛례 등 모든 유해핚 곾행을 귺젃핚다. 5.4 국가별 상황에 맞춰 공공서비스, 사회기반시설, 사회보호정책, 가정 내 책임공유 등을 제공하 여 무급 돌봄노동 및 가사노동에 가치를 부여하고 중요성을 읶식핚다. 5.5 정치, 경제, 공공부문에서 모든 수준의 의사결정 과정에 여성의 완젂하고 효과적읶 참여와 리 더십의 동등핚 기회를 보장핚다. 5.6 세계읶구개발회의(ICPD) 실천계획과 베이징 행동강령 및 검토회의에서의 결과문서에 합의된 내용에 따라 성 및 생식보건, 생식권에 대핚 보편적 접귺을 보장핚다. 5.a 경제적 자원에 대핚 권리와 더불어 토지 및 자산 소유권과 통제권, 금융서비스, 유산, 천연자 원에 대핚 접귺성이 국법에 따라 여성에게도 동등하게 보장되도록 개혁을 시행핚다. 5.b 여성의 역량 강화를 위해 가능핚 기술, 특히 정보통싞기술의 홗용을 확대핚다. 5.c 모든 수준에서 성평등과 여성∙여아의 권리 증짂이 이루어지도록 겫고핚 정책과 시행 가능핚 법앆을 채택 및 강화핚다.
- 121 -
지속가능발젂목표를 위핚 공개작업반 제앆서 번역가앆
목표 6. 모든 사람에게 물과 위생의 이용가능성과 지속 가능핚 관리를 보장핚다. 6.1 2030년까지 모든 사람에게 적정가격의 앆젂핚 식수에 대해 보편적이고 동등핚 접귺을 달성핚 다. 6.2 2030년까지 모든 사람에게 충붂하고 동등핚 위생에의 접귺을 달성하며 야외배변을 귺젃, 특히 여성과 여아 및 취약계층의 필요에 주목핚다. 6.3 2030년까지 오염 감소, 쓰레기 투기 귺젃, 유독성 물질 배춗의 최소화, 오∙폐수 방춗을 젃반으 로 감소, 젂 세계 재홗용 및 재사용을 x% 수준으로 확대하는 등의 방법으로 수질을 개선핚다. 6.4 2030년까지 모든 부문에서의 용수 효율을 대폭 확대하고, 물 부족을 해결하기 위해 담수의 추 춗과 공급이 지속 가능하도록 하며, 물 부족으로 고통을 겪는 읶구의 수를 대폭 감소시킨다. 6.5 2030년까지 적젃핚 국가갂 협력을 포함하여 모든 수준에서의 통합적 수자원 곾리를 이행핚다. 6.6 2020년까지 산, 숲, 습지, 강, 대수층, 호수 등 물과 곾렦핚 생태계를 보호하고 복원핚다. 6.a 2030년까지 집수기술, 담수화기술, 오∙폐수 곾리, 재홗용 및 재사용 기술과 같이 개도국의 식 수∙위생 곾렦 홗동과 사업에 대핚 국제협력과 역량강화 지원을 확대핚다. 6.b 식수∙위생 곾리를 개선하기 위해 지역사회의 참여를 지원하고 강화핚다.
목표 7. 모든 사람에게 적정 가격의 싞뢰 가능하고 지속가능핚 싞식 에너지에 대핚 접근을 보장 핚다. 7.1 2030년까지 지속 가능하고 적정가격의 싞뢰 가능핚 에너지에 대핚 보편적읶 접귺을 보장핚다. 7.2 젂 세계 에너지 사용량에서 재생에너지가 차지하는 비중을 2030년까지 대폭 늘린다. 7.3 젂 세계 에너지 효율성 개선속도를 2030년까지 두 배로 늘린다. 7.a 재생에너지, 에너지효율, 선짂화되고 칚홖경적읶 화석연료기술 등을 포함핚 청정에너지 연구 와 기술개발에 대핚 접귺을 촉짂핛 수 있는 국제협력을 강화하고 에너지 기반시설과 청정에너지 기술에 대핚 투자를 증짂시킨다. 7.b 2030년까지 개도국, 특히 최빈국과 굮소도서개도국에서 현대적이고 지속 가능핚 에너지 서비 스를 공급핛 수 있는 기술을 발젂시키고 사회기반시설을 확대핚다.
- 122 -
지속가능발젂목표를 위핚 공개작업반 제앆서 번역가앆
목표 8. 지속적, 포괄적, 지속 가능핚 경제성장 및 생산적 완전고용과 양질의 일자리를 증진시킨 다. 8.1 국가적 상황에 따라 1읶당 소득증가를 유지시키며 특히 최빈국의 경우 연 GDP 성장률을 최 소 7%로 유지핚다. 8.2 고부가가치 산업 및 노동집약적 산업에 중점을 두는 등 산업다양화, 기술발젂, 혁싞을 통해 경제의 생산성 향상을 달성핚다. 8.3 생산적 홗동, 양질의 읷자리 창춗, 기업가정싞, 창의성과 혁싞을 지원하고 금융서비스에 대핚 접귺 확대를 포함, 소규모 비즈니스 및 중소기업의 형성과 성장을 촉짂하는 개발 중심 정책을 증 짂시킨다. 8.4 2030년 내 젂 세계 소비와 생산의 자원효율성을 점짂적으로 개선하고 선짂국이 주도하여 지 속 가능핚 소비와 생산에 대핚 10년 계획 프레임워크에 따라 경제성장과 홖경황폐화 및 자원사용 갂의 상곾곾계를 제거하는 데 노력을 기울읶다. 8.5 2030년까지 모든 여성, 남성, 장애읶 및 청년을 포함, 생산적 완젂고용과 양질의 읷자리 창춗 및 동읷가치노동에 대핚 동읷임금을 달성핚다. 8.6 2020년까지 실업, 교육, 훈렦의 상태가 아닌 청년의 비율을 대폭 줄읶다. 8.7 즉각적이고 효과적읶 조치를 통해 가장 가혹핚 형태의 아동노동을 법적으로 금지 및 귺젃하 고, 강제노동을 귺젃하며, 2025년까지 소년병 징집 및 동원을 포함핚 모든 형태의 아동노동을 귺 젃핚다. 8.8 이주노동자, 특히 여성 이주노동자, 불앆정핚 직업 종사자를 포함핚 모든 노동자의 권리를 보 호하고 앆젂하고 앆정적읶 귺로홖경 조성을 확대핚다. 8.9 2030년까지 지역의 고유 문화와 상품의 확대와 읷자리 창춗에 기여하는 지속 가능핚 곾광을 증짂시키기 위핚 정책을 개발하고 이행핚다. 8.10 국내 금융기곾의 역량을 강화하여 은행, 보험, 금융서비스 이용이 확대될 수 있도록 핚다. 8.a 최빈국 통합프레임워크를 포함하여 개도국, 특히 최빈국에 대핚 무역을 위핚 원조 지원을 확 대핚다. 8.b 2020년까지 청년 고용을 위핚 세계 젂략을 개발하고 운용하며 ILO(국제노동기구) 세계고용협 약(Global Jobs Pact)을 이행핚다.
- 123 -
지속가능발젂목표를 위핚 공개작업반 제앆서 번역가앆
목표 9. 복원력이 높은 사회기반시설을 구축하고, 포용적이고 지속가능핚 산업화를 증진시키며, 혁싞을 장려핚다. 9.1 모두를 위핚 적정가격의, 동등핚 접귺에 중점을 두고 경제발젂과 읶갂복지를 지원하기 위해 양질의, 싞뢰 가능핚, 앆젂핚, 지속가능핚, 복원력이 뛰어난 사회기반시설(대륙차원의 또는 국가갂 시설 포함)을 구축핚다. 9.2 포용적이고 지속가능핚 산업화를 증짂하고 2030년까지 최빈국에서의 공업을 두 배로 늘리는 등 국가상황에 맞춰 공업이 고용과 GDP에서 차지하는 비중을 크게 늘린다. 9.3 특히 개도국에서의 제조 및 타 부문 중소기업이 적정가격 수준의 싞용 및 가치사슬과 시장에 의 통합을 포함하여 금융서비스에 접귺핛 수 있도록 지원을 확대핚다. 9.4 2030년까지 사회기반시설을 향상시키고 지속가능핚 산업을 맊들기 위해 국가의 역량에 따라 청정기술 및 홖경칚화적 공정을 산업에 적용하고 자원사용효율을 개선핚다. 9.5 과학연구를 확대하고 공업 부문의 기술적 역량을 모든 국가, 특히 개도국에서 향상시킬 수 있 도록 2030년까지 읶구 100맊 명 당 R&D 연구원의 비율을 최소 x% 수준으로 확대하고 공공∙민갂 부문의 R&D 투자를 확대하고 혁싞을 장려핚다. 9.a 최빈국, 아프리카 국가, 내륙중계개발도상국가, 굮소도서개발도상국가에 대핚 재정, 기술, 젂문 적읶 지원을 확대하여 지속가능하며 복원력이 뛰어난 사회기반시설 구축을 촉짂핚다. 9.b 최적의 정책적 홖경을 보장하여 특별히 산업 다양화와 가치부가에 기여핛 수 있도록 개도국 에서의 기술개발, 연구, 혁싞 확대를 지원핚다. 9.c 최빈국의 정보통싞기술에 대핚 접귺성을 크게 확대하고 2020년까지 적정가격에 보편적으로 읶터넷에 대핚 접귺성을 제공핛 수 있도록 노력을 기울읶다.
목표 10. 국가 내•국가 간 불평등을 완화핚다. 10.1 2030년까지 소득붂배에서 하위 40%에 해당하는 읶구의 소득을 국가 젂체평균 이상까지 점 짂적으로 확대하고 유지하도록 핚다. 10.2 2030년까지 연령, 성별, 장애, 읶종, 민족, 춗싞, 종교, 경제 및 기타 지위와 곾계없이 모든 사 람의 사회적∙경제적∙정치적 포함을 증짂하고 확대핚다. 10.3 차별적읶 법규, 정책, 곾행을 제거하고 이와 곾렦핚 적젃핚 법규, 정책, 행동을 확대하여 동 등핚 기회를 보장하고 결과의 불평등을 완화핚다.
- 124 -
지속가능발젂목표를 위핚 공개작업반 제앆서 번역가앆
10.4 재정, 임금, 사회보장제도에 대핚 정책과 같은 정책을 채택하고 점짂적으로 더 큰 수준의 평 등을 달성핚다. 10.5 세계적 금융시장 및 기곾의 규제와 모니터링을 개선하고 곾렦 규제의 이행을 강화핚다. 10.6 경제 및 금융 곾렦 국제기구 내 의사결정에서 개도국의 대표성과 발얶권을 확대하여 효과성, 싞뢰성, 책무성 및 적법성이 보장되는 제도가 구성되도록 핚다. 10.7 이주정책 계획을 시행하고 세심히 곾리하여 정연하고, 앆젂하고, 책임 있는 읶구의 이주와 이동이 이루어질 수 있도록 핚다. 10.a 세계무역기구(WTO) 협정에 따라서 개도국, 특히 최빈국에 대핚 특별∙차별 대우의 원칙을 이 행핚다. 10.b 정부개발원조(ODA) 및 외국읶직접투자(FDI)를 포함핚 기타 재정적 흐름이 가장 필요가 맋은 국가, 즉 최빈국, 아프리카 국가, 굮소도서개발도상국가 및 내륙중계개발도상국가에 지원될 수 있 도록 장려하며 수혜국의 계획과 사업에 부합되도록 핚다. 10.c 2030년까지 이주자 송금의 거래비용을 3% 미맊으로 줄이며 5% 이상의 비용이 청구되는 송 금 통로(remittance corridor)를 제거핚다.
목표 11. 포괄적이며 안전하고 복원력 있고 지속 가능핚 도시와 인간정주지를 조성핚다. 11.1 2030년까지 적정가격의 앆젂핚 주택을 충붂히 공급하고 기본 공공서비스에 대핚 보편적 접 귺을 보장하고 빈민촊을 개선핚다. 11.2 2030년까지 모든 사람에게 앆젂하고, 접귺가능하고, 지속 가능핚 적정가격의 교통시스템을 제공하고 도로 앆젂을 개선하며, 특히 여성, 아동, 장애읶, 노읶 등 취약계층의 필요에 초점을 맞 춰 대중교통을 확대핚다. 11.3 포곿적이고 지속 가능핚 도시화를 확대하며 모든 국가에서 읶갂정주지역의 계획과 곾리가 통합적, 참여적, 지속 가능하게 이루어질 수 있도록 역량을 강화핚다. 11.4 세계의 문화∙자연유산을 보호하고 보졲하는 노력을 강화핚다. 11.5 특히 빈곢층과 취약계층 보호에 초점을 맞춰 2030년까지 물로 읶핚 재해를 포함, 자연재해 로 읶핚 사망과 피해읶구를 크게 줄이고 GDP 대비 경제적 손해를 x%맊큼 낮춖다. 11.6 2030년까지 도시 읶구당 자연에 미치는 악영향을 개선하며 특히 대기질, 도시폐기물 및 기
- 125 -
지속가능발젂목표를 위핚 공개작업반 제앆서 번역가앆
타 폐기물의 곾리에 초점을 맞춖다. 11.7 2030년까지 모두에게 앆젂하고 포곿적이며 접귺 가능핚 칚홖경적 공공장소에 대핚 보편적 접귺을 보장하고 특히 여성, 아동, 노읶 및 장애읶에게 초점을 맞춖다. 11.a 국가 및 지역개발계획을 강화하여 도시, 귺교도시, 외곽지역갂의 경제적∙사회적∙홖경적 연곾 성을 긍정적으로 젂홖하는 데 지원핚다. 11.b 2020년까지 포용적 사회, 자원 사용효율 개선, 기후변화에 대핚 적응 및 피해 최소화, 자연 재해에 대핚 복원력과 곾렦핚 통합적 정책과 계획을 채택 및 이용하는 도시와 읶갂정주지역의 수 를 x% 수준으로 증가시키며 효고 프레임워크(Hyogo Framework)와 읷치하는 통합재난위기곾리 제도를 개발하고 이행핚다. 11.c 최빈국을 재정적∙기술적으로 지원하여 현지의 내용물과 자재를 홗용핚 지속 가능핚, 복원력 이 뛰어난 건물을 건축핛 수 있도록 핚다.
목표 12. 지속가능핚 소비•생산 패턴을 보장핚다. 12.1 지속가능핚 소비와 생산에 대핚 10년 계획 프레임워크 프로그램을 이행하고 선짂국이 우선 이행하고 개도국은 발젂상황과 역량에 따르는 등 모든 국가가 이행핚다. 12.2 2030년까지 천연자원의 지속가능핚 곾리와 효과적 사용을 달성핚다. 12.3 2030년까지 유통 및 소비자 수준에서 젂 세계적으로 발생하는 음식물 쓰레기를 젃반으로 줄 이고, 생산 및 식품 공급망, 춗하 후 과정에서 발생하는 식품 손실을 젃반으로 줄읶다. 12.4 2020년까지 국제사회에서 합의된 프레임워크에 귺거하여 화학물질 및 유해폐기물 곾리를 모 든 주기에서 칚홖경적으로 곾리하며, 읶갂의 건강과 홖경에 대핚 부정적읶 영향을 최소화하기 위 해 대기, 물, 토양에의 유춗을 현저하게 줄읶다. 12.5 2030년까지 예방, 감축, 재홗용 및 재사용을 통해 폐기물 발생을 대폭 줄읶다. 12.6 대기업 및 다국적기업을 포함핚 모든 기업이 지속가능발젂 원칙을 적용하고 지속가능성에 대핚 정보를 담아 기업보고서를 작성핛 수 있도록 권장핚다. 12.7 2030년까지 국가의 정책과 젂략에 따라서 지속가능핚 공공조달 곾행을 확대핚다. 12.8 2030년까지 모든 사람이 지속가능발젂과 자연과의 조화를 이루는 생홗양식에 대핚 곾렦 정 보를 갖고 읶지핛 수 있도록 핚다.
- 126 -
지속가능발젂목표를 위핚 공개작업반 제앆서 번역가앆
12.a 지속가능핚 소비 및 생산 패턴 구축을 위핚 개도국의 과학기술 역량강화를 지원핚다. 12.b 2030년까지 읷자리를 창춗하고, 지역의 고유 문화와 제품을 증짂시키는 지속가능핚 곾광을 모니터링핛 수 있는 수단을 개발하고 이행핚다. 12.c 낭비적 사용을 조장하는 비효율적읶 화석연료 보조금을 정상화핚다. 국가 상황에 따라서 조 세제도의 개편이나 비정상적읶 보조금을 상쇄하는 제도를 통해 시장 왜곡을 제거하고, 개도국의 특수핚 필요와 여건을 완젂히 고려하며 빈곢층과 곾렦 지역사회에 미칠 가능성이 있는 악영향을 최소화하기 위해 화석연료가 홖경에 미치는 효과를 반영핚다.
목표 13. 기후변화와 그로 인핚 영향을 방지하기 위해 긴급 조치를 취핚다* *유엔 기후변화협약(UNFCCC)이 기후변화에 대핚 국제적읶 대응을 주로 담당하는 국제적 정부갂 포럼임을 읶지하고 있다. 13.1 모든 국가에서 기후와 곾렦핚 위험과 자연재해에 대핚 복원력과 대응력 강화를 위핚 역량을 강화핚다. 13.2 기후변화에의 적응력 및 완화 방앆을 국가 정책, 젂략, 계획에 통합핚다. 13.3 기후변화 완화, 피해 최소화, 적응, 조기경보 등에 곾핚 교육, 대중읶지제고, 개읶 및 제도적 역량강화를 확대핚다. 13.a 기후변화 완화 행동과 이행의 투명성과 곾렦핚 개도국의 필요를 위해 유엔 기후변화협약 당 사국이 공동으로 매년 1,000억 달러를 집결하겠다는 목표를 2020년까지 완젂히 이행하며 빠른 시 읷 내에 자금 집결을 통해 녹색기후기금(GCF)의 완젂핚 운영을 시작핚다. 13.b 여성, 청년, 지역사회 및 소외집단에 초점을 맞추는 것을 포함하여 최빈국에서 기후변화와 곾렦하여 효과적으로 계획 및 곾리될 수 있도록 역량강화 제도를 증짂시킨다.
목표 14. 지속가능발전을 위해 해양•바다, 해양자원을 보존하고 지속가능핚 수준에서 사용핚다. 14.1 2025년까지 모든 해양오염과 특히 육지홗동으로 읶핚 오염 및 해양폐기물, 영양붂 오염 등 을 예방하고 획기적으로 감소시킨다. 14.2 2020년까지 상당핚 악영향을 피하기 위해 복원력 강화를 포함하여 해양/연앆생태계가 지속 가능하도록 곾리하고 보호하며, 건강하고 생산적읶 바다를 맊들기 위해 생태계 복원을 위핚 조치
- 127 -
지속가능발젂목표를 위핚 공개작업반 제앆서 번역가앆
를 취핚다. 14.3 모든 수준에서의 과학기술 협력강화를 통해 해양산성화의 영향을 최소화하고 문제해결에 나 선다. 14.4 2020년까지 어류수확을 규제하고, 남획, 불법조업 및 파괴적 어업곾행을 귺젃하는 동시에, 생 물학적읶 특성에 따라서 어류자원이 최대핚 지속 가능핚 산춗량 수준으로 복원되도록 과학기반 곾리계획을 이행핚다. 14.5 2020년까지 최싞 과학정보를 기반으로 곾렦 국내법 및 국제법에 따라 최소핚 10%의 해앆 및 해양 영역을 보졲핚다. 14.6 2020년까지 생산과잉 및 남획에 기여하는 어업보조금의 읷부를 금지하고, 불법조업에 기여 하는 보조금을 제거하며, 개도국과 최빈국에 대핚 적젃하고 효과적읶 특별∙차별 대우가 WTO 어 업보조금 협상(1)에 포함되어야 핚다는 사실을 읶식하여 유사핚 유형의 보조금 도입을 방지핚다. 14.7 2030년까지 어류, 양식, 곾광의 지속 가능핚 곾리를 통해 해양자원을 지속가능핚 수준에서 사용함으로 굮수제도개도국 및 최빈국의 경제적 이익을 확대핚다. 14.a 굮수제도개도국 및 최빈국을 포함핚 개도국의 발젂에 해양 생물다양성의 영향을 향상시킬 수 있도록 과학적 지식을 확대하고, 연구 시설 및 역량을 개발하며, 정부갂 해양학 위원회(IOC)의 기준과 해양기술이젂에 대핚 지침에 따라 해양기술을 이젂핚다. 14.b 소규모 어업 종사자가 해양자원과 시장에 동등하게 접귺핛 수 있도록 핚다. 14.c 해양 보졲과 지속가능핚 사용 및 해양자원에 대핚 기졲의 지역적, 국제적 협약을 포함하여 적용 가능핚 유엔 해양법협약에 반영된 바와 같이 국제법의 완젂핚 이행을 보장핚다. (1) 현행 WTO 협상, 도하개발의제 및 홍콩 각료회의 지침을 고려핚다.
목표 15. 육지 생태계를 보호 및 복원하고 지속 가능핚 수준에서의 사용을 증진시키며, 지속 가 능핚 삼림을 위해 관리하고, 사막화를 방지하며, 토지황폐화를 중지 및 복원하고, 생물다양성 손 실을 중단핚다. 15.1 2020년까지 삼림, 습지, 산악지역, 건조지 등을 포함, 육지와 내수면 생태계 서비스의 보졲, 복원, 지속 가능핚 홗용을 국제협약상 의무에 의거하여 보장핚다. 15.2 2020년까지 모든 유형의 삼림의 지속 가능핚 곾리를 이행하고, 삼림벌채를 중단하며, 삼림황 폐화를 복원하며, 조림과 재식림을 젂 세계적으로 x% 확대핚다.
- 128 -
지속가능발젂목표를 위핚 공개작업반 제앆서 번역가앆
15.3 2020년까지 사막화를 방지하고, 사막화나 가뭄으로 영향을 받는 토지를 포함핚 모든 황폐화 된 토지를 복원하며, 토지황폐화가 젂무핚 세계를 달성핚다. 15.4 2030년까지 산 생태계 보졲 및 생물다양성을 보장하여 지속가능발젂에 필수 이익을 제공핛 수 있는 수용 능력을 확보핚다. 15.5 자연 서식지 황폐화를 줄읷 수 있도록 긴급 조치를 취하며, 생물다양성 손실을 중단하며, 2020년까지 멸종위기 생물의 멸종을 예방 및 보호핚다. 15.6 유젂자원 홗용에 따른 이익이 공평하고 동등하게 공유되도록 하며, 유젂자원에 대핚 접귺을 적젃하게 보장핚다. 15.7 2030년까지 동식물 보호종의 포획과 밀렵을 귺젃하며 불법 야생동물 상품의 수요 및 공급측 면의 문제를 동시에 해결핚다. 15.8 2020년까지 육상 및 수중생태계를 교란하는 외래생물의 확산을 예방하는 방앆을 도입하고 생태계 교란으로 읶핚 영향을 획기적으로 감소시킨다. 15.9 2020년까지 국가계획 및 지역별 계획, 개발과정, 빈곢감소젂략에 생태계와 생물다양성의 가 치를 통합하고 반영핚다. 15.a 생물다양성과 생태계의 보졲과 지속가능핚 사용을 위핚 모든 재원을 대폭 확대하고 동원핚 다. 15.b 지속가능핚 삼림곾리에 대핚 재원이 마렦될 수 있도록 자원을 동원하고 개도국이 지속가능 핚 삼림곾리(보졲 및 재식림을 포함)를 확대핛 수 있도록 충붂핚 유읶을 제공핚다. 15.c 지속가능핚 생계유지가 가능하도록 지역사회의 역량을 강화하는 등의 방법을 통해 멸종위기 에 놓읶 생물의 포획과 불법밀매를 귺젃하기 위핚 국제적읶 노력을 강화핚다.
목표 16. 지속가능발전을 위핚 평화적이고 포괄적인 사회를 증진시키고, 모두가 접근핛 수 있는 사법제도를 제공하고, 효과적이고 책임성 있고 포괄적인 제도를 확립핚다. 16.1 모든 형태의 폭력과 그로 읶핚 사망을 대폭 감소시킨다. 16.2 아동을 대상으로 하는 학대, 착취, 읶싞매매, 모든 형태의 폭력 및 고문을 귺젃핚다. 16.3 국내∙국제적으로 법의 지배를 증짂시키며 모두에게 동등핚 사법제도에 대핚 접귺성을 보장 핚다.
- 129 -
지속가능발젂목표를 위핚 공개작업반 제앆서 번역가앆
16.4 2030년까지 불법자금 및 무기거래를 대폭 축소시키며, 불법취득자산의 몰수와 압수를 강화 하며, 모든 형태의 조직범죄 발생을 방지핚다. 16.5 모든 형태의 부정부패와 뇌물수수를 대폭 감소시킨다. 16.6 모든 수준에서 효과성, 책무성, 투명성이 보장되는 제도를 확립핚다. 16.7 모든 수준에서의 의사결정이 대응적, 포곿적, 참여적, 대표적이 될 수 있도록 보장핚다. 16.8 국제적 거버넌스 제도에서의 개도국의 참여를 확대하고 강화핚다. 16.9 2030년까지 춗생싞고를 포함, 모든 사람에게 법적 싞붂을 제공핚다. 16.10 국내법 및 국제적 합의에 의거하여 정보에 대핚 대중의 접귺을 보장하고 기본 자유를 보호 핚다. 16.a 개도국을 포함, 국제협력 등으로 모든 수준에서의 역량강화 등을 통해 폭력예방, 테러 및 범 죄 방지가 가능하도록 국가기곾을 강화핚다. 16.b 지속가능발젂을 위핚 비차별적 법규와 정책을 증짂시키고 강화핚다.
목표 17. 이행수단을 강화하고 지속가능발전을 위핚 글로벌 파트너십을 재활성화핚다.
재원 17.1 세금 및 국가소득 확보를 위핚 국가역량강화를 지원하는 국제사회의 공조를 포함, 국내 자원 동원 능력을 강화핚다. 17.2 선짂국은 국민총소득(GNI)의 0.7%에 해당하는 규모를 개도국에, 이중 0.15~0.2%에 해당하는 규모를 최빈국에 대핚 정부개발원조(ODA)로 사용하겠다는 약정을 완젂히 이행핚다. 17.3 다양핚 춗처의 개도국 발젂을 위핚 재원을 추가적으로 동원핚다. 17.4 부채조달, 부채경감, 부채재조정 등 적젃핚 방법을 홗용핛 수 있는 정책조정을 통해 개도국 이 장기적읶 부채상홖능력을 보유핛 수 있도록 하며, 외채과다빈곢국(HIPC)의 채무부담을 완화하 기 위핚 외채문제를 해결핚다. 17.5 최빈국을 위핚 투자증짂계획을 채택하고 이행핚다.
- 130 -
지속가능발젂목표를 위핚 공개작업반 제앆서 번역가앆
기술 17.6 과학, 기술 및 혁싞에 대해, 접귺성 확대를 위해 남북협력, 남남협력, 삼자협력 및 지역∙국제 협력을 증짂시키며 유엔 수준 및 국제사회의 공조나 기술발젂촉짂 메커니즘 등을 홗용하여 상호 합의된 조건에 따라 지식 공유를 확대핚다. 17.7 개도국에 유리핚 조건에 따라, 상호합의하에 청정기술 및 칚홖경기술의 개발, 이젂, 보급, 홗 용을 증짂시킨다. 17.8 최빈국을 위해 기술은행과 과학∙기술∙혁싞 역량강화 메커니즘을 2018년까지 완젂히 운용하 며 정보통싞기술의 홗용을 증짂시킨다.
역량강화 17.9 지속가능발젂 목표 이행에 대핚 국가계획 수립이 가능하도록 개도국의 효과적이고 다양핚 역량강화를 이행하는 국제사회의 지원을 남북협력, 남남협력, 삼자협력 등으로 확대핚다.
무역 17.10 도하개발의제의 최종협상 결과를 포함하여 보편적, 규칙기반, 개방적, 비차별적, 공평핚 WTO 산하 다자무역제도를 증짂시킨다. 17.11 2020년까지 최빈국의 무역 비중을 두 배로 늘리는 등 국제무역에서 개도국이 차지하는 비 율을 크게 확대핚다. 17.12 WTO의 원칙에 따라서 모든 최빈국의 발젂을 위해 곾세와 핛당량이 없는 시장접귺을 적시 적으로 이행하며 최빈국 원산지와 곾렦핚 특혜를 투명하고 단순하게 적용시켜 시장접귺성 촉짂에 기여핚다. 제도적 측면
정책과 제도의 일관성 17.13 정책조정과 정책읷곾성을 통해 국제적 차원에서의 거시경제 앆정성을 보장핚다. 17.14 지속가능발젂을 위해 정책읷곾성을 향상시킨다. 17.15 빈곢퇴치와 지속가능발젂을 위핚 정책의 개발과 이행에 있어 각국의 정책공갂(policy space) 과 주도권을 졲중핚다.
- 131 -
지속가능발젂목표를 위핚 공개작업반 제앆서 번역가앆
다양핚 이해관계자간 파트너십 17.16 지속가능발젂을 위핚 글로벌 파트너십을 증짂시키고 개도국을 포함핚 모든 국가에서의 지 속가능발젂목표를 달성하기 위해 지식, 젂문성, 기술, 재원이 동원되고 공유될 수 있도록 다양핚 이해곾계자갂의 파트너십으로 보완핚다. 17.17 파트너십 구축의 경험과 젂략을 토대로 공공부문, 민곾협력, 시민사회 갂의 파트너십을 독 려하고 증짂시킨다.
데이터, 모니터링 및 책무성 17.18 2020년까지 최빈국과 굮소도서개발도상국에 초점을 맞춰 모든 개도국의 역량강화를 지원하 여 양질의, 시기 적젃핚, 세붂화된(소득, 성별, 연령, 읶종, 민족, 장애여부, 지리적 위치 및 국가상 황과 곾렦된 속성 등에 따라) 데이터의 이용가능성을 크게 확대핚다. 17.19 2030년까지 GDP를 보완핛 수 있는 지속가능발젂의 짂행 현황에 대핚 측정기준을 개발핛 수 있는 기졲의 이니셔티브를 더 발젂시키고 개도국의 통계역량을 강화핛 수 있도록 지원핚다
- 132 -
United Nations
General Assembly
Decision 69/…
Decision adopted by the General Assembly on …December 2014 on modalities for the process of intergovernmental negotiations on the post-2015 development agenda The General Assembly, Recalling its resolutions 55/2 of 8 September 2000 on the United Nations Millennium Declaration, 60/1 of 16 September 2005 on the 2005 World Summit Outcome, 56/210 B of 9 July 2002 on the Monterrey Consensus of the International Conference on Financing for Development and 64/193 of 21 December 2009 on follow-up to and implementation of the Monterrey Consensus and the outcome of the 2008 Review Conference (Doha Declaration on Financing for Development), 66/288 of 27 July 2012 on the Outcome Document of the UN Conference on Sustainable Development entitled “The Future We Want” and 68/6 of 9 October 2013 on the Outcome document of the Special Event to follow-up on efforts made towards achieving the Millennium Development Goals, Also recalling its resolutions 68/309 of 10 September 2014 on the report of the Open Working Group on Sustainable Development Goals established pursuant to General Assembly resolution 66/288, 69/106 of 8 December 2014 on the report of the Intergovernmental Committee of Experts on Sustainable Development Financing established pursuant to General Assembly resolution 66/288, 67/290 of 9 July 2013 on the format and organizational aspects of the high-level political forum on sustainable development, 61/16 of 20 November 2006 on the strengthening of the Economic and Social Council and 68/1 of 20 September 2013 on review of the implementation of the General Assembly resolution 61/16 on the strengthening of the Economic and Social Council, 68/310 of 15 September 2014 on four one-day structured dialogues on possible arrangements for a facilitation mechanism to promote the development, transfer and dissemination of clean and environmentally sound technologies, 68/279 of 30 June 2014 on modalities for the third International Conference on Financing for Development, 69/xxx of xxx December on implementation of Agenda 21, the Programme for the Further Implementation of Agenda 21 and the outcomes of the World Summit on Sustainable Development and of the United Nations Conference on Sustainable Development Further recalling its resolution 69/xxx of xxx December 2014 on the organization of the United Nations Summit for the adoption of the post 2015 development agenda, and the decision xxx of xxx December 2014 on dates for the meetings of the process of intergovernmental negotiations on the post-2015 development agenda, 1.
Decides that (a) The process of intergovernmental negotiations on the post-2015 development agenda will be open, transparent and inclusive; it will be based on the rules of procedure and established practices of the General Assembly and consistent with the resolution xxx of xxx December 2014 on the organization of the United Nations Summit for the adoption of the post 2015 development agenda; (b) the process of intergovernmental negotiations will build on successful practices from the Open Working Group on Sustainable Development Goals, and, in accordance with the resolution 68/6, will include inputs
Please recycle
- 133 -
(c)
(d)
(e)
(f)
from all stakeholders, including civil society, scientific and knowledge institutions, parliaments, local authorities and the private sector; the outcome document to be prepared for adoption at the Summit in September 2015 may include the following main components: Declaration; Sustainable Development Goals and targets; Means of Implementation (including on technology facilitation) and Global Partnership for Sustainable Development; and a framework for monitoring and review of implementation; in accordance with General Assembly resolution 68/309, the proposal of the Open Working Group shall be the main basis for integrating sustainable development goals into the post-2015 development agenda, while recognizing that other inputs will also be considered; in accordance with resolution xxx on the organization of the United Nations Summit for the adoption of the post 2015 development agenda and resolution 68/279, every effort shall be made to ensure effective coordination between the intergovernmental negotiations on the post-2015 development agenda and the preparatory process for the third International Conference on Financing for Development and other relevant United Nations intergovernmental processes in order to promote coherence, build synergies and minimize duplication; drafts of the components of the outcome document on the post 2015-development agenda shall be prepared by the co-facilitators on the basis of consultations with member states, and shall be presented to member states at an early stage;
2.
Further decides on the following provisional indicative roadmap: (a) 19-21 January 2015 [3 days] – Stocktaking (b) 17-20 February 2015 [4 days] – Declaration (c) 23-27 March 2015 [5 days] – Sustainable Development Goals and targets (d) 20-24 April 2015 [5 days] – Framework for monitoring and review of implementation (e) 18-22 May 2015 [5 days] – Means of Implementation and Global Partnership for Sustainable Development (f) 22-25 June 2015 [4 days] – Finalization of the outcome document (g) 20-24 July 2015 and 27-31 July 2015 [10 days] – Finalization of the outcome document;
3. Decides that every effort shall be made to reach consensus on the outcome document of the post-2015 development agenda; 4. Decides that the interactive dialogues of the Summit shall have an overarching theme of ‘Transforming the world: Realizing the post-2015 development agenda,’ and that the themes for the six individual dialogues will be decided through the process of intergovernmental negotiations of the post-2015 development agenda; 5.
Also decides that these modalities will be flexible and reviewed as necessary.
2/2
- 134 -
시민사회 입장문서 1. Eurodad response to the UN Secretary General’s Synthesis Report on the Post-2015 Agenda (9 Dec. 2014) 2. Women’s Major Group Final Statement (21 Jul. 2014) 3. GPPAC Position Paper on the post-2015 SDGs (Aug. 2014) 4. CPH Statement Equality at the Core layout (Nov. 2014) 5. Beyond 2015, KEY COMMENTS – Beyond 2015 Reaction to the Outcome Document of the OWG on SDGs (Aug. 2014) 6. CSO Partnership for Development Effectiveness(CPDE), CSO Key Asks for a Transformative Global Development Agenda (Oct. 2014) 7. 8 Key Issues for a Post-2015 Global Development and Sustainability Agenda, Position Paper of 12 German NGOs (Sep. 2014) 8. India Civil Society Analysis of Post-2015 UN Processes, Wada Na Todo (Sep. 2014) 9. International Movement ATD Fourth World, Reaction to the Outcome Document of the OWG-SDG (Aug. 2014) 10. Kenya’s Civil Society Organizations’ Common Position on the Proposed SDGs (2014) 11. People’s Campaign for Goals for Sustainable Development(PCGSD), OWG Final Outcome Document Falls Short of Commitment to Development Justice for Post-2015 (Aug. 2014) 12. UN DPI/NGO Annual Conference Outcome Document (29 Aug. 2014) 13. Global Policy Forum, Briefing Paper 2 Beyond the Partnerships Approach – Corporate Accountability in Post-2015 (Jul. 2014)
- 135 -
Eurodad response to the UN Secretary General’s Synthesis Report on the Post-2015 Agenda General issues Eurodad welcomes the Secretary-General’s Synthesis Report and, in particular, the recognition relating to the upcoming conference on Financing for Development in Addis Ababa that “there are high expectations for concrete outcomes that would finance sustainable development and set the stage for a successful outcome of the COP21 in Paris”. The Secretary-General also stresses the need for countries to “scale up ambition and enhance specificity to meet the demands of the new agenda” and underlines that it “will fall upon [Member States] to set an agreed and ambitious course for sustainable development financing beyond 2015”. It is important to keep in mind that the report is a synthesis, which generally summarises the progress made until now and outlines some options for the road ahead. What it does not do is provide a proposal for what the Post-2015 and Financing for Development processes should deliver as concrete final outcomes. In that sense, it provides a floor for the future negotiations rather than a ceiling and, as the Secretary-General underlines, it is now up to the governments to inject ambition into the negotiations and provide concrete proposals for the outcome documents.
Specific issues Tax The report underlines the need for governments to consider an intergovernmental body on tax matters under the auspices of the UN (para 115). Currently, global tax standards are being developed by bodies such as the G20 and OECD, from which the vast majority of the world’s developing countries are excluded. While an intergovernmental UN body on tax matters is the logical solution to this problem, it has not recently been spelled out clearly and Eurodad welcomes this important step forward. The next steps must now be to spell out a strong mandate for the body and provide the necessary resources to ensure the effectiveness of its work.
Private finance The synthesis report acknowledges that blended finance “must not replace or compromise state responsibilities for delivering on social needs” and that “it is important to ensure that these arrangements are subject to safeguards to verify that they contribute to sustainable development” (para 108). However, blended finance entails many risks that should be clearly spell out. These were better captured in the UN Secretary-General’s recent report to the Development Cooperation Forum wherein he said: “Leveraging and blending public and private financing should be guided by development effectiveness principles to prevent drawbacks such as lack of clarity about additionality and purpose; limited influence of donors and recipients on investment design and implementation; diminished transparency and accountability; risk of misalignment of private sector and country priorities; danger of increased debt burden; inattention to small- and medium-sized enterprises; the opportunity cost incurred when use of public money to mobilize private resources does not have the same or a larger development impact than if it had been devoted directly to a developmental purpose; and the risks of misappropriation.”
- 137 -
ODA The report recognises that developed countries do not only need to fulfil their previous commitment to provide 0.7% of GNI as official development assistance (ODA) but that concrete timetables are needed to ensure that the target will be reached in a timely manner (para 98). However, the report fails to recognise the fact that past experience has shown that these timetables must be binding. The Secretary-General also hints at the inadequacies of the OECD leading work on ODA reporting, saying instead that it should take place “in an open and transparent forum with the widest possible participation of donor and recipient countries and other relevant stakeholders” (para 99). While the report points at the need for more effective development cooperation (para 93), it covers only selective areas of the aid effectiveness agenda, and omits to address existing commitments to use recipient country systems as the default option, untie aid, and ensure predictability. Vague references to using ODA to “leverage” other finance (para 90) are somewhat worrying, especially due to the lack of clarity on the meaning of “leverage”, which sometimes refers to private finance, sometimes to domestic resources mobilisation (as in para 98). The former is controversial (see above under Private finance).
Debt It comes as a surprise that the report does not mention that the UN General Assembly has initiated a very important process to develop a multilateral legal framework for sovereign debt restructurings by September 2015. Instead, the report mentions that an “informal forum on sovereign debt” could be established (116). Such a forum cannot solve most of the debt-related problems faced by countries such as predatory vulture funds’ lawsuits. A multilateral legal framework for sovereign debt restructuring should be an essential pillar of the Post-2015 Global Partnership, and it is crucial that governments focus on agreeing this framework by September 2015 as planned.
Checklist The list below refers to the CSO Position Paper ‘UN Financing for Development negotiations: What outcomes should be agreed in Addis Ababa in 2015?’
Issue Mobilizing domestic financial resources
Synthesis Report
New intergovernmental body on international cooperation in tax matters Comprehensive mandate for the new intergovernmental tax body
Yes – recommended (para 115) Not included
Foreign direct investment and other international private flows Recognition of capital account regulation as a fundamental policy tool and the need to remove obstacles to these policies Spell out the significant problems with using public institutions and resources to leverage international private finance
Not included Partly included (para 108)
International trade Review of all trade agreements and investment treaties to identify all areas where they limit developing countries’ ability to handle crises, regulate capital flows, protect livelihoods and decent jobs, enforce fair taxation, deliver essential public services and ensure sustainable development
- 138 -
The report acknowledges the need to remedy policy incoherence between trade, finance, and investment on the one hand, and labour rights, the environment, human rights, equality, and
A review of all intellectual property rights regimes to identify adverse impacts
sustainability on the other (para 95). However, no concrete proposal for a review is included While the need to ensure that IPR regimes support sustainable development is mentioned (para 126), no concrete proposal for a review is included
ODA and other international public support for development Binding timetables to meet commitments to provide 0.7% of GNI as ODA Ensure ODA represents genuine transfers Implement a levy on financial transactions and use the revenue to finance sustainable development
While timetables are included, “binding” is not (para 98) Not included While the issue is mentioned, no concrete proposal for implementation is included (para 112)
External debt Reaffirmation of the commitment to agree to a multilateral legal framework for sovereign debt restructuring processes in a neutral forum Commissioning of independent debt audits with commitments to cancel debt which is found to be illegitimate
Not included
Not included
Systemic issues: effective, inclusive global governance and monetary system reform Process to establish a Global Economic Coordination Council at the UN Issuing of $250 billion in new Special Drawing Rights (SDRs) annually, with the majority going to developing countries
New approaches to measuring progress that go beyond GDP and to include social and environmental well-being and inequality, including gender inequality UN initiative on responsible financing standards Integration of the women’s rights agenda into the FfD Continuation of the UN agenda to reform financial regulation and the financial sector
- 139 -
Not included While the need to consider more systematic issuance of SDRs is included, no concrete amount is included (para 113) While the concept of “beyond GDP” is included (para 135), no concrete proposal is included Not included Not included While the issue is mentioned, no concrete proposal for implementation is included (para 114)
Women’s “8 Red Flags” following the conclusion of the Open Working Group on Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) Women’s Major Group Final Statement - 21 July 2014 Adoption of Outcome a Significant Step but SDGs Still Lacking Real Ambition for Urgent Transformational Change the World Needs to Achieve Gender Equality, Women’s Human Rights, Sustainable Development in Harmony with Nature, and End Inequalities. On Saturday 19th of July, the first phase of a 2-year policy process at the United Nations, in which member states proposed a new set of global goals for sustainable development, ended. These new goals will follow in the footsteps of the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs), and will determine new commitments and funding for sustainable development. The General Assembly’s (GA) Open Working Group (OWG) on Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) finished its mandate, and submits a report with a proposal for sustainable development goals to the 68th session of the UN General Assembly as part of the “Post 2015” process. The SDG process has been inclusive of all Member States as well as the Women’s and other civil society Major Groups and we welcome this openness. We are convinced that civil society’s full and meaningful participation in decision-making are among the essential aspects of our new global development agenda. As a guiding framework for global development and cooperation for the next 15 years, the fate of humanity and our environment is at stake. The Women’s Major Group, comprised of over 500 women’s human rights, environment and development organizations, activists and academia, has substantively engaged in the consultations and negotiations throughout this two-year process presenting our analysis and contributions. We commend those governments who have fought hard to secure and advance gender equality and the women’s human rights throughout this process, and we deplore the countries who consistently have tried to delete language around women and girl’s rights. We commend the co-chairs for forging a compromise with all member states and for not having given in to pressures to reduce the goals to the lowest common denominator. Even though the Women’s Major Group believe that ambition should have been higher, the adoption of the SDG document by the Open Working Document is a significant step forward. It was a complex negotiation process amidst sharp differences and disputes among member states. Taking this political reality into consideration, the adoption of the SDG document is a commendable achievement. We welcome: The standalone goal 5: “Achieve gender equality and the empowerment of women and girls” with its targets to end all forms of violence, discrimination, early and forced marriage and harmful practices against women and girls, universal access to sexual and reproductive health and reproductive rights, to ensure women’s full participation in decision making, and equal rights to land and economic resources1. We also welcome the fact that gender equality and
1
Goal 5 targets: end all forms of discrimination; eliminate all forms of violence against all women and girls; eliminate all harmful practices, such as child, early and forced marriage and female genital mutilations; recognize, and value unpaid care and domestic work; take measures to ensure women’s full and effective participation and equal opportunities; ensure universal access to sexual and reproductive health and reproductive rights as agreed in accordance with the Programme of Action of the ICPD and the Beijing Platform for Action and the outcome documents of their review conferences; and specific means to implement gender equality & women’s rights, including legislation, access to finance, productive resources etc.
- 141 -
women’s rights are addressed in different goal areas including equal rights to education and life-long learning, to decent work and equal pay for work of equal value2; the stand alone goal on inequalities within and between countries, as this is imperative to addressing the root causes of poverty; and the targets to reverse the trend towards ever growing income inequalities by reforming global financial systems and fiscal measures; the goal on peaceful inclusive societies and its targets on participatory decision making, access to justice and reducing arms flow; the goal on Means of Implementation (MOI) and that in addition each goal area has its own set of implementation targets - although many of these MOI targets lack ambition, we welcome the fact that, unlike the MDGs, the agenda has standalone goals on ecosystems, ocean, sustainable consumption and production3 and a standalone goal on climate change which recognizes women’s role 4; and that, the agenda comprehensively aims to end poverty and hunger, ensure healthy lives, universal access to water and sanitation for all. However, the Women’s Major Group has continuously called for stronger rights-based targets and a deeper transformation of our economic and financial systems, which we regret are not reflected in the outcome document: the proposed SDGs are still not sufficiently ambitious, transformative or rights-based, and we present our “red flags”. Red Flag 1) Absence of human rights – The SDGs do not fully aim to protect and fulfil human rights for all which should be at the centre of a socially just and ecologically sustainable development agenda as well as the means for achieving it. The recognition of Women’s and Girls’ human rights in the title of Goal 5 on gender equality, the human right to food, the right to water and sanitation as a goal, women’s rights to decision making on peace and security, the rights of indigenous peoples, and the right for women to control their sexuality free of coercion, discrimination and violence (see red flag 2), amongst others are notably absent. Red Flag 2) Sexual and reproductive health targets do not go far enough. We welcome the inclusion of commitments to universal access to sexual and reproductive health services, information and education and the protection of women’s reproductive rights. However, the SDGs fall short of being a truly transformative agenda by failing to ensure the full respect, protection, and fulfilment of sexual and reproductive health and rights (SRHR) for all. At Rio+20, governments recognized that the rights of women, men and young people to control all matters related to their sexuality was critical for sustainable development. Yet, they failed to carry this commitment through. They also failed to recognize the necessity of providing comprehensive sexuality education to all young people, in and out of school. Sustainable development will only occur when young people understand their bodies, know their rights, and have the freedom and skills to negotiate on important aspects of their lives. Finally, while the SDGs are supposed to be a forward-looking agenda, the SDGs explicitly limit State’s responsibilities to protect and promote reproductive rights to those already elaborated in existing agreements. This is not good enough. During this final session of the Open Working Group on Sustainable Development Goals, 58 Member States asserted that a “universally relevant, transformative, high-impact and cost-effective sustainable development agenda” relies fundamentally on the respect, promotion, protection of sexual and reproductive health and rights for all, including universal access to quality, comprehensive, integrated and affordable sexual and reproductive health information, education and services, as well as comprehensive sexuality education for all young people. Despite this overwhelming support, a vocal minority, including the Vatican and Saudi Arabia, has once again blocked consensus. Sexual and reproductive health and rights are fundamental to achieving gender equality, fulfilling women’s human rights, and women and young people’s health and wellbeing and they must be a clear priority in the Post-2015 Development Agenda. Red Flag 3) Concentration of power and wealth imbalances that deepen poverty and inequalities within and between countries are not sufficiently addressed, and the agenda lacks targets to reverse this trend. For the SDGs to be transformative they need to acknowledge that the current development model based on growth has failed to address concentrations of wealth that are deepening poverty, inequalities, and environmental degradation. Every year the gap grows further. Currently, the 65 richest individuals own as much as the bottom 50% worldwide5. Just 5% of the 46.2 trillion-dollar wealth of the world’s so called “High Net-Worth Individuals” is enough to cover the annual cost of a global 2
Including in the context of ending poverty, addressing inequalities, health, education, decent work and capable institutions. Including standalone goals on sustainable use of oceans, ecosystems, forests, halt biodiversity loss 4 Launching urgent action prior to 2020 whilst ensuring priority for the legally binding UNFCCC policy process 5 Forbes Magazine based on earlier calculation by Oxfam in its publication on inequalities 3
- 142 -
social protection floor and climate change adaptation and mitigation combined. For the SDGs to be transformative, they must radically change the global political economy system through a redistributive framework that aims to reduce inequalities of wealth, power and resources between countries, within countries, between rich and poor, and between men and women. We welcome the goal on “Reducing Inequalities within and between countries“ and the targets “to achieve and sustain income growth of the bottom 40% of the population at a rate higher than the national average”, to “eliminate discriminatory laws”, to “regulate financial markets”, and to adopt “fiscal, wage and social protection policies”. We regret that the SDGs should have failed to recognize the following language, in bold: 1) “Universal” social protection floors for all 2) “Progressive tax systems worldwide, including elimination of VAT for basic foods, medicines, sanitary products, the implementation of innovative financing mechanisms for development, such as global taxes, specially the financial transactions taxes6” 3) Eliminate illicit financial flows, “transfer pricing and tax havens” and “introduce a global corporate tax floor” The SDGs must radically change the global economic system and dismantle the existing systems that channel resources and wealth from developing countries to wealthy countries, and from people to corporations. They also need to set targets to address the urgency and scale of human-induced climate change, ocean acidification and environmental degradation, be based on inter-generational justice, the planetary carrying capacity and ecological boundaries. For the SDGs to be ambitious, governments should have set much clearer unequivocal targets to a new course for the world, that ensures the planet’s limited resources are used equitably and responsibly, acknowledging the historical debt of the few to the many, our responsibility to future generations, and that any real sustainable development must be in harmony with nature. Although we welcome language on debt relief and restructuring, access to justice, information and participation, and a “global partnership for development”, women would have wanted to see stronger targets addressing: 1) Extraterritorial practices should have been addressed, ending impunity and transferring the burden, impacts and costs to States, citizens and the environment. 2) The needed reform of the global trade and finance agenda, including the responsibility of IFIs, has been only partly addressed. 3) Transformation is not achieved by implementing rules which are flawed; therefore we oppose the too-static call for “rule of law” which too often enforces those already in power. We instead insist on access to justice to ensure human rights take precedent over short term economic interests. Red Flag 4) The burden of unpaid domestic and care work still rely on women. Women still subsidize the entire economy by performing most of the unpaid domestic and care work, derived from the sexual division of labour. The outcome derived from it equals the 60% of the value produced in the world. This means that there is not enough money in the world to pay for the value generated by the work of women. The burden of those tasks are the main obstacle for women to fully exercise their rights, due that it demands from them an excessive time use and their entire energies. Unpaid domestic and care work derives from discriminatory gender roles. This is a macroeconomic and structural agenda that affects developed and developing countries, deepening inequalities. We are glad to see a target on this issue, but feel it is not strong enough, and in addition to valuing unpaid work, the target 5.4 should have aimed to “reduce and redistribute” unpaid care and domestic work. Red Flag 5) Lack of recognition of women as farmers, fishers, indigenous peoples and key for sustainable natural resource management. Half of the goals lack references to gender equality and women's human rights, particularly in the context of decision making on climate, oceans, ecosystems, fisheries, water and energy, including from rural, remote and pastoralist communities. There is a very concerning lack of recognition that small farmers, particularly women farmers, pastoralists, artisanal fishermen and women, and other small food providers are already feeding the majority of the world population, and are more productive per unit than large industrial agriculture, while maintaining the largest seed and livestock diversity. The call for more productivity based on gene banks and technology in goal 2, instead of
6
The CIA estimates that the Derivatives market is eleven times the Global GDP. As an example, one single financial transaction tax of only 0.05% on the global Derivatives market alone could raise about 68 billion US dollars per year.
- 143 -
supporting agro-ecology and the rights to land, water, diversity and livelihoods of small food providers and particularly women, is a step in a wrong direction, that will worsen hunger and resource erosion. The SDGs should have included: 1) Free and prior informed consent and rights of indigenous peoples 2) Women as decision makers, resource managers and experts on adaptation and disaster resilience in goals on water, energy, and management of ecosystems Red Flag 6) Insufficient attention to women’s role in peace and justice. We welcome the fact that the SDGs, – against much opposition – include a goal on “peaceful and inclusive societies“, and that the goal on education includes a target on “strengthening a culture of peace and nonviolence“, however, we regret that the targets do not include: (1) Ensuring women’s full participation in peacekeeping, peace building, and reconstruction (2) Protection of women human rights defenders (3) Protection of vulnerable populations affected by crisis and conflict, including refugees and IDPs In an agenda that is intended to ensure human dignity, the respect, protection, and fulfilment of the full range of human rights obligations must be central. Because of its focus on peace, rule of law, and access to justice, Goal 16 is a logical place to include many aspects of a human rights-based approach to development. We welcome the fact that the goal title makes reference to “accountability, and targets to “access to justice for all” and “inclusive participation” and “public access to information”, however, specific provisions missing are: (1) Access to meaningful, affordable or free, and human rights-based justice systems for all individuals, and particularly for women and marginalized groups; (2) Financing these targets to support justice and participation in a meaningful way including by reducing and redirecting military spending. Red flag 7) Concern around “partnership(s)” The myriad green lights given to private sector financing and partnerships for sustainable development, without any specific language on evaluations, accountability, transparency and overall governance, is deeply worrying. After long debates the outcome document on SDGs finally includes a reference to “enhancing the global partnership on Sustainable Development” between States, but this is weakened by the immediately following reference to voluntary, non-transparent public-private partnerships. There should be a Strengthened or Enhanced Partnership for Development in which the meaning is international cooperation on a broad range of key development issues, and mainly of a North/South basis. The partnership is one that is principally between governments of developed and developing countries, with the developed countries taking the lead in providing resources and the means of implementation. It is imperative to re-capture the term with its original meaning and NOT allow the term to be isolated only as partnerships with the private sector. Multi-stakeholder partnerships must absolutely be accompanied "with a UN-led governance framework that incorporates accountability, ex-ante assessment and criterion (such as having demonstrated sustainable development results), transparent reporting, independent evaluation, and monitoring mechanisms. Red Flag 8) Technology focus remains on trade and private access Although technology is put forward in many different goals as an essential component to realize each goal, there is not a recognition of the urgent need for fair and equitable access to technology and to overcome intellectual property barriers, the need for developing countries to build and develop their own technological base, and the extremely important need to integrate multilateral, independent, participatory evaluation of technologies for their potential social, economic, environmental and health impacts. The establishment of a Technology Transfer Mechanism that could address these aspects should have been clearly affirmed. The way forward must ensure priority for women’s and girl’s human rights in the process and outcomes. The work going forward will be to ensure that General Assembly negotiations take place based on the document as it stands now, as well as in a manner that is inclusive, transparent and accountable.
- 144 -
Regarding the process forward, integrating the SDGs into the final Post-2015 Agenda, we call on the Secretary General and the General Assembly to not apply arbitrary reductions or “simplifications”. Countries should only commit to further strengthening and to no further regressions of proposed goals and targets. In this regard, accountability is essential for ensuring that States adhere to their commitments, including national and local level accountability mechanisms. Public participation, particularly from women and marginalized groups, in the design, implementation, and monitoring of international and national plans to implement the SDGs, should be a priority. International accountability mechanisms, including intergovernmental mechanisms such as the HLPF and those within the Human Rights Council, in which they are all required to participate, should be established or strengthened to track progress on the Post-2015 Agenda. Our focus in the coming year, leading up to the Post-2105 Summit in September 2015, will be to ensure that the Post2015 Agenda will have strong financial commitments, with a focus on public funding for sustainable development based on a reform of current unsustainable financial and trade systems. We must ensure that in the negotiations on the sustainable development financing package, from the Financing for Sustainable Development to the Post-2015 Summit, governments commit to women’s equal say, equal access and equal share in access to finance and other Means of Implementation, and we call we call on governments to ensure a concrete and relevant set of MOI targets for the full realization of Goal 5, and to commit to “financing women's rights organisations”. We call on Member States to ensure strong participation of civil society including the Women’s Major Group and other constituencies in the process leading up to and following the Post-2015 Summit in September 2015. The process must be inclusive, with full access and meaningful participation of Major Groups and civil society. It will be essential to transparency and integrity of the forthcoming negotiations, as has been demonstrated by our participation in the Open Working Group, where we have fostered essential links between the global and national levels. Finally, we are concerned that women’s bodies and lives continue to be subjected to national agendas where not always laws are made to guarantee our rights. We continue consistently calling for a truly universal agenda grounded in human rights. We refuse for our live to be negotiating chips. Therefore, we expect nothing less than a transformative and universal agenda that will ensure a just, equitable and sustainable world in which all people, including for the women and girls who comprise 50% of the planet’s population, will experience individual and collective well-being, a life in dignity and the full enjoyment of our human rights. Organisations participating in the Women’s Major Group at the Open Working Group on Sustainable Development Goals contact@womenmajorgroup.org www.womenmajorgroup.org ______________________________________________________________________________________________ The Women’s Major Group (WMG), comprised of over 500 organizations, takes responsibility for facilitating women’s civil society input into the policy space provided by the United Nations (participation, speaking, submission of proposals, and access to documents). The WMG is self-organized and open to all interested organizations working to promote human rights based sustainable development with a focus on women’s human rights, women’s empowerment and gender equality. The website of the Women’s Major Group at the UN is: http://sustainabledevelopment.un.org/index.php?menu=157 ] ENDS [
- 145 -
xxxxxxxxx xxxx
August 2014
Position Paper On the post-2015 Sustainable Development Goals
- 147 -
Position Paper on the post-2015 Sustainable Development Goals As a network of peacebuilding organizations, constituted regionally and with a global reach, GPPAC’s position on the post-2015 process is based on a shared concern over the unfinished aspects of the MDGs and the economic policies that have caused or exacerbated human displacement, human insecurity and conflict. Through their practice, GPPAC member organizations have actively engaged in building locallybased mechanisms for mediating social tensions, generating early warning and supporting early action, and empowering socially excluded groups such as women, youth, minorities, displaced persons and the poor. GPPAC’s network is committed to the pursuit of equality and dignity for all, and firmly believes that the realization of peaceful and stable societies goes hand-in-hand with the establishment of a more just international economic system. The mutual dependency between sustainable economic growth and peace is well established,i and for progress to be made in either issue, it is vital that the post-2015 agenda reflects the values of both. Countries with higher levels of peace tend to experience faster economic growth with higher levels of social harmony and be more resilient to external shocks, whether they are economic, geopolitical or natural disasters.ii As peacebuilding organizations, we are pleased to see that efforts have been made to put people at the centre of sustainable development and to strive for a more just, equitable and inclusive world, including for those living under foreign occupation. We particularly welcome the inclusion of a Peace Goal and gender justice in the Outcome Document of the Open Working Group on Sustainable Development Goals, iii and the tackling of several driving factors of conflict throughout the document, as highlighted below. However, the document as it is now, does not go far enough. x The Goal’s language needs to be strengthened, it is not enough to promote peaceful societies, states must commit to making concrete and measurable steps towards this end. This is not just an issue for poorer countries; uneven development has also resulted in social marginalization and the perpetuation of violence in and against poor communities in developed countries. x There needs to be commitment to including women in peace processes and to the protection of human rights defenders. x Targets must also include long-term measures for sustainable peace infrastructure such as dispute resolution mechanisms and education on non-violence. Education on non-violence should be a target under the Peace Goal so as not to be forgotten amongst other education targets. x There is also grave cause for concern over opening Overseas Development Assistance for financing counter-terrorism measures. Although this is an important issue, a people-centered approach to development is a vital part of achieving the same ends, that of countering violent extremism through tackling the root-causes of violence. We need guarantees in the document that the building of capacities in this area will not divert urgently needed funds for a people-centered, ‘human security’ approach to development, to fund the heavy militarization of developing countries instead. x We also need guarantees that there will be transparency in the military and private security sectors so that they may be held accountable to the communities they intend to serve. Global Partnership for the Prevention of Armed Conflict (GPPAC) Laan van Meerdervoort 70 | 2517 AN The Hague | The Netherlands T +31 (0)70 311 0970 | E i n f o @ g p p a c . n e t www.gppac.net | www.peaceportal.org
2
- 148 -
Position Paper on the post-2015 Sustainable Development Goals What follows is an overview of all goals and targets in the Outcome Document that relate to conflict prevention. GPPAC Suggests changes under goals 1, 4, 11 and 16, which marked in bold in the table. Proposed Goals in the Outcome Document
Targets in the Outcome Document / Suggested changes
Goal 1. End poverty in all its forms everywhere
1.1 by 2030, eradicate extreme poverty for all people everywhere, currently measured as people living on less than $1.25 a day 1.4 by 2030 ensure that all men and women, particularly the poor and the vulnerable, have equal rights, [ADD: including the right to free, prior and informed consent, before the implementation of policies affecting] economic resources, [DELETE: as well as] access to basic services, [ADD: housing rights,] ownership, [DELETE: and] [ADD: as well as] control over land and other forms of property, inheritance, natural resources, appropriate new technology, and financial services including microfinance. 1.5 by 2030 build the resilience of the poor and those in vulnerable situations, and reduce their exposure and vulnerability to climate-related extreme events and other economic, social and environmental shocks and disasters 1.b create sound policy frameworks, at national, regional and international levels, based on pro-poor and gender-sensitive development strategies to support accelerated investments in poverty eradication actions
Goal 4. Ensure inclusive and equitable quality education and promote life-long learning opportunities for all
4.7 by 2030 ensure all learners acquire knowledge and skills needed to promote sustainable development, including among others through education for sustainable development and sustainable lifestyles, human rights, gender equality, promotion of a culture of peace and non-violence, global citizenship, and appreciation of cultural diversity and of cultureâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s contribution to sustainable development [Move to: Goal 16]
Goal 5. Achieve gender equality and empower all women and girls
5.1 end all forms of discrimination against all women and girls everywhere 5.2 eliminate all forms of violence against all women and girls in public and private spheres, including trafficking and sexual and other types of exploitation 5.5 ensure womenâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s full and effective participation and equal opportunities for leadership at all levels of decision-making in political, economic, and public life 5.a undertake reforms to give women equal rights to economic resources, as well as access to ownership and control over land and other forms of property, financial services, inheritance, and natural resources in accordance with national laws
Goal 10. Reduce inequality within and among
10.2 by 2030 empower and promote the social, economic and political inclusion of all irrespective of age, sex, disability, race, ethnicity, origin, religion or economic or other status
Global Partnership for the Prevention of Armed Conflict (GPPAC) Laan van Meerdervoort 70 | 2517 AN The Hague | The Netherlands T +31 (0)70 311 0970 | E i n f o @ g p p a c . n e t www.gppac.net | www.peaceportal.org
3
- 149 -
Position Paper on the post-2015 Sustainable Development Goals countries
10.3 ensure equal opportunity and reduce inequalities of outcome, including through eliminating discriminatory laws, policies and practices and promoting appropriate legislation, policies and actions in this regard 10.5 improve regulation and monitoring of global financial markets and institutions and strengthen implementation of such regulations
Goal 11. Make cities and human settlements inclusive, safe, resilient and sustainable Goal 13. Take urgent action to combat climate change and its impacts
11.4 strengthen efforts to protect and safeguard the world’s cultural and natural heritage [ADD: including indigenous concepts and values of what constitutes development and a ‘good life’]
13. 1 strengthen resilience and adaptive capacity to climate related hazards and natural disasters in all countries 13.2 integrate climate change measures into national policies, strategies, and planning 13.3 improve education, awareness raising and human and institutional capacity on climate change mitigation, adaptation, impact reduction, and early warning
Goal 16. Promote peaceful and inclusive societies for sustainable development, provide access to justice for all and build effective, accountable and inclusive institutions at all levels [CHANGE TO: Achieve peaceful and inclusive societies for sustainable development, provide access to justice for all and build effective, accountable and inclusive institutions at all levels]
16.1 significantly reduce all forms of violence and related death rates everywhere 16.2 end abuse, exploitation, trafficking and all forms of violence and torture against children 16.3 promote the rule of law at the national and international levels, and ensure equal access to justice for all 16.4 by 2030 significantly reduce illicit financial and arms flows, strengthen recovery and return of stolen assets, and combat all forms of organized crime 16.5 substantially reduce corruption and bribery in all its forms 16.6 develop effective, accountable and transparent institutions at all levels 16.7 ensure responsive, inclusive, participatory and representative decision-making at all levels [ADD: … including by building local capacities for peace through the provision of inclusive and reactive local government structures, mechanisms for the peaceful contestation of electoral results and other governmental processes and decisions. [ADD: ensure the participation of women in all mediation processes for the peaceful resolution of social tensions and conflict]
Global Partnership for the Prevention of Armed Conflict (GPPAC) Laan van Meerdervoort 70 | 2517 AN The Hague | The Netherlands T +31 (0)70 311 0970 | E i n f o @ g p p a c . n e t www.gppac.net | www.peaceportal.org
4
- 150 -
Position Paper on the post-2015 Sustainable Development Goals 16.8 broaden and strengthen the participation of developing countries in the institutions of global governance 16.9 by 2030 provide legal identity for all including birth registration 16.10 ensure public access to information and protect fundamental freedoms, in accordance with national legislation and international agreements [ADD: ensure transparency in the security sector, including private security services and the arms industry] 16.a strengthen relevant national institutions, including through international cooperation, for building [ADD: civilian] capacities at all levels, in particular in developing countries, for preventing violence and combating terrorism and crime 16.b promote and enforce non-discriminatory laws and policies for sustainable development
i
See (2011) World Bank, ‘World Bank Development Report,’ available at: http://siteresources.worldbank.org/INTWDRS/Resources/WDR2011_Full_Text.pdf See also the 2013 Report of the High-Level Panel of Eminent Persons on the Post-2015 Development Agenda, ‘A New Global Partnership: Eradicate Poverty and Transform Economies Through Sustainable Development,’ available at: http://www.post2015hlp.org/wp-content/uploads/2013/05/UNReport.pdf ii See (2011) Institute for Economics and Peace, ‘Pillars of Peace,’ available at: http://economicsandpeace.org/wpcontent/uploads/2011/10/Pillars-of-Peace-Report-IEP.pdf iii See OWG Outcome Document, available at: http://sustainabledevelopment.un.org/content/documents/4518SDGs_FINAL_Proposal%20of%20OWG_19%20July%20at%2013 20hrsver3.pdf
Global Partnership for the Prevention of Armed Conflict (GPPAC) Laan van Meerdervoort 70 | 2517 AN The Hague | The Netherlands T +31 (0)70 311 0970 | E i n f o @ g p p a c . n e t www.gppac.net | www.peaceportal.org
5
- 151 -
Equality at the Core: A call for a strong commitment to tackling inequalities through the post-2015 agenda
A statement from the Beyond 2015 Copenhagen Conference November 2014
- 153 -
In November 2014, the Copenhagen Conference brought together 170 representatives across 46 countries from participating organisations of Beyond 2015, sharing a common vision of an equitable and sustainable world where every person is safe, resilient, lives well, and enjoys their human rights, and where political and economic systems deliver well-being for all people within the limits of our planet’s shared resources. The campaign discussed the vital importance of achieving equality across all levels and themes of the post-2015 framework, and through implementation and accountability mechanisms addressing all three dimensions of sustainable development (social, economic and environmental). The Beyond 2015 Copenhagen Statement contains recommendations to contribute to the forthcoming intergovernmental negotiations, and other decision-making processes relevant to the post-2015 agenda, including discussions around the UN Secretary General’s Synthesis Report.
1. Equality at the core: key messages For Beyond 2015, equality is a vital component for sustainable development which leaves no-one behind. Goal 10 ‘Reduce inequality within and among countries’ is among the most transformative goals proposed by the Open Working Group and must be reflected in the final post-2015 framework. Social, political, economic, environmental and spatial inequities and inequalities are not an inevitable outcome of progress. Achieving equitable development and addressing the global outrage of vast and increasing inequalities within and between countries is a multidimensional challenge that must be reflected in the new global development framework. The post-2015 agenda must address structural drivers and reflect different dimensions of inequality beyond income, and must: t Address equality in the goal headlines themselves. While all goals proposed for the post-2015 agenda are of equal importance to Beyond 2015, in this context it is vital to ensure that equality and gender feature among the headline goals, including through standalone goals on equality: t A standalone goal on equality is essential. The framework must address the structural drivers of inequalities that undermine people’s social, cultural, economic, environmental and political rights, stop discriminatory laws and practices that marginalise vulnerable groups, and address inequalities between countries. t A standalone goal on gender equality and the human rights of all women and girls is essential. This cannot be subsumed into an overall inequality goal. t Address equality in all three dimensions of sustainable development (social, economic and environmental) in all goals, targets and all other elements of the post-2015 framework. t Include a clear commitment that no goal or target should be considered met unless it has been met for all, starting with the poorest and most marginalised people. This must be explicitly stated in the post-2015 agenda and underpin the monitoring and accountability framework. t Address equality in all post-2015 indicators and data collection, including through sophisticated and multidimensional data disaggregation that captures intersecting inequalities faced by vulnerable and marginalised groups, and reflects the priorities they identify through inclusive and participatory practices. Only if all these criteria are met will the new framework truly ‘leave no one behind’.
2. Thematic recommendations: People, Planet, Participation The post-2015 agenda should address inequalities through the lens of people, planet and participation. This section contains thematic messages on equality and can be read in conjunction with the detailed recommendations contained in Equality at the Core: Technical Recommendations on Equality.
2.1 People Human rights Equality requires an explicit human rights based approach to be mainstreamed across the post-2015 framework, with all goals, targets and other elements of the agenda consistent with existing human rights standards and obligations to ensure civil, cultural, economic, political and social rights for all people and social groups. Goal 16, as proposed by the OWG, provides a minimum baseline, and should be strengthened by the inclusion of (inter alia) the right to information, freedom of expression, freedom of association and assembly, the rule of law, non-discrimination including on the basis of SOGIE , and access to justice for all people. Open, inclusive, transparent governance at all levels – global, regional, national and local – is crucial to achieving sustainable development which addresses inequalities and realises human rights through the post-2015 agenda.
Gender equality and the human rights of women and girls While there has been much progress towards women’s rights over the decades, many gaps remain, which is a hindrance for sustainable development. One of the core objectives of the post-2015 framework must be to advance gender equity and the human rights of all women and girls, referring to women and girls as agents of change, not as victims. For women’s rights to become a
- 154 -
universal reality it is critical to address the structural causes of gender inequality, such as violence against women, unpaid care work, limited control over assets and property, unequal participation in private and public decision-making, and universal access to sexual and reproductive health and rights.
Peace Violent conflict and insecurity fuels inequalities between individuals and groups. For this reason, peaceful societies and people’s security are needed for equitable development. At the same time, inequalities drive violent conflict and insecurity. There is a strong correlation between vertical inequalities and rates of violent crime and interpersonal violence; similarly large horizontal inequalities between groups – for example ethnic, religious and regional groups – are strongly correlated with the risk of violent conflict, whether economic, social, political or cultural. As such, there is a case for addressing inequalities across the whole framework as part of a holistic approach to building peaceful societies that goes beyond the proposed Goal 16. For example, the framework must recognise that inequalities in access to resources are one of the root causes of violent conflict - and that these can be exacerbated by issues such as climate change, exclusionary governance or economic marginalization.
2.2 Planet Equality must fully consider environmental degradation and climate change which are both a driver and a symptom of inequalities and injustice. All people – and their social and economic development, livelihoods and well-being – depend on the natural environment and are affected by environmental degradation, but particularly people experiencing poverty. Environmental degradation is often caused by unsustainable consumption by rich countries or wealthy demographics within a country. Unsustainable, inequitable management of natural resources and ecosystem services exacerbates existing inequalities, making environmental sustainability a global social justice issue which must be urgently addressed.
Environmental sustainability Environmental sustainability needs to be integrated across the post-2015 framework in a balanced way, including in all goals as well as the goal headlines themselves. The proposed goals on inequality, economic growth and governance particularly need greater integration of environmental sustainability. To address the environmental dimension of inequalities and to ensure that people can flourish within the safe ecological space of our one planet, the post-2015 agenda must decouple economic and social progress from environmental degradation. Development that is not environmentally sustainable increases inequalities and is not worth having.
Climate change Climate change, poverty eradication and sustainable development cannot be tackled as separate entities. Climate change is rapidly becoming the greatest threat to poverty eradication, impacting on multiple aspects of development and exacerbating existing inequalities. The world cannot afford a new sustainable development agenda that does not include a strong, clear human-rights and equity-based commitment to tackle climate change.
2.3 Participation Effective, meaningful and diverse civil society and citizen participation must be an integral part of the post-2015 process from beginning to end and at all levels - from local to global. A safe space for debate and decision-making must be ensured for civil society and citizen involvement, through an enabling environment consistent with internationally agreed rights including freedom of association, organization, and speech. Citizen participation - including participation of marginalized peoples - in the design, delivery, monitoring and accountability will be essential to ensuring that goals are met for everyone, and that a new model of democratic and participatory governance is followed. Only by engaging all rights-holders in the formulation, implementation and monitoring of goals and targets will the post-2015 agenda result in equitable sustainable development. Participation of, and accountability to, all people must be recognised as an aim of the post-2015 agenda, addressing inequality and catalysing a shift to more participatory and accountable governance at all levels.
Youth involvement Young men and women and boys and girls must be recognized as key stakeholders and equal partners in the implementation of the sustainable development goals. Constituting almost half of the world population, youth involvement in decision-making and implementation will be key to achieving the aspirations of the post-2015 framework.
Accountability The post-2015 framework must be underpinned by a robust, comprehensive and accessible accountability mechanism, which incorporates commitments to monitor, evaluate and report on progress, share learning and knowledge, and build capacity. This will help build a global partnership towards achievement of the Sustainable Development Goals that makes all actors - governments, civil society and private sector - accountable. Accountability should be first and foremost to the poorest and most marginalised. Monitoring and accountability mechanisms should scrutinize and improve country-level targets and levels of ambition, performance against those targets, and the potential impacts of any policy or activity on the full implementation of the post-2015 framework. Bottom-up approaches to accountability are fundamental to bring in the lived experiences of those who the post-2015 agenda seeks to support. To ensure inequality is fully addressed in monitoring and accountability, people need to know about the
- 155 -
process and framework, and how to engage in related implementation and monitoring processes. The post-2015 agenda must be communicated in language conducive to accountability, acknowledging the capacity of all people to equally participate in holding actors to account for the goals, with equality being a core value in that accountability. Existing UN mechanisms promoting the meaningful involvement of civil society and people from marginalised population groups in monitoring and accountability processes should be strengthened and improved to ensure they address inequality.
Data disaggregation The post-2015 agenda must prioritize the production and use of disaggregated data using sophisticated and multi-dimensional approaches that capture the intersecting inequalities faced by vulnerable and marginalised groups, and the impacts of particular policies and actions on different groups of people. In many instances, a lack of capacities, proper methodology or technology hinders more comprehensive data collection. Who sets priorities for data collection, who gathers data, and how and when it is collected reflects existing power structures. This can be partly overcome by broadening data approaches to address current gaps, including qualitative data and participatory methodologies, and responding to the priorities identified by vulnerable groups, as well cooperation between national statistical institutions and civil society.
Indicators Indicators need to be sufficiently ambitious, related to existing human rights obligations, and multidimensional to avoid silos. There must be a baseline of non-retrogression, non-discrimination and equality. Indicators need to track changes in social norms and attitudes and should not be only quantitative. They should be universal and comparable between all countries in order to monitor progress in meeting what are global targets, with additional indicators set at national and community levels. The process of setting indicators should be led by technical experts combined with the expertise of civil society and those with lived expertise of poverty. It must be neither too technocratic nor too political, but an expert-led process open to input from all relevant stakeholders, including civil society and citizens - particularly those most affected by poverty and inequality.
Financing, Economy, Tax A just economy is the vital underpinning of a post-2015 agenda which addresses inequalities. To face the growing inequalities and a widening gap between rich and poor within and between countries, the post-2015 agenda must contribute to a re-examination of the current reliance on sustained economic growth. It should institute a move away from GDP as a measure of national and global progress to a measure based on well-being. To achieve a world where everybody can prosper within a safe ecological space, it must support the decoupling of economic development from environmental impacts. The post-2015 agenda must address inequality in global economic governance through equal representation of the global South and North in international tax negotiations and systems. It must deliver progressive domestic resource mobilisation and redistribution by addressing capacity building of national tax administration and systems, as well as international tax rules and fiscal policies. It must ensure progressive spending of tax revenues on essential services for all, facilitating citizens and civil society holding governments to account on revenue expenditure, holding companies to account for their tax obligations, and ensuring business practices create shared value and operate in a way which contributes to equality by respecting environmental and human rights standards. The post-2015 agenda must also include a commitment to gender-responsive budgeting, and acknowledge the role of financing in furthering gender equality.
Means of Implementation Developed countries must take the lead in supporting developing countries with the structural, financial and technological support needed to implement the SDGs. The universal post-2015 agenda will be implemented in an unequal world and systemic changes will be needed to decrease the sustainable development gaps. ODA is a crucial element of a global post-2015 partnership and discussions of broadening its definition are concerning. Advancing the international consensus on international financing for development is an essential component of the realisation of an equitable Post-2015 framework. Domestic resource mobilization through progressive taxation, international cooperation and democratic creation of international rules governing finance contribute to reducing economic inequality. Financial flows from the private sector could contribute to equality if transparent, adequately regulated and respecting human rights. It is important that the post-2015 framework tackles the economic dimension of inequality by including specific indicators and means of implementation that will realise progressive domestic resource mobilization that contributes to the fulfilment of statesâ&#x20AC;&#x2122; human rights obligations.
- 156 -
The messages presented in this document were developed by 170 civil society participants from 46 countries attending the Beyond 2015 Copenhagen Conference on Inequality which took place on November 13-14, 2014. Participants examined the intersections of inequality with other key aspects of the post-2015 development agenda in eight thematic discussion groups: 1) Poverty, social dimensions and inequality 2) Human Rights, Governance and inequality 3) Finance, Tax and Development and inequality 4) Peace and Security and inequality 5) Climate Change and inequality 6) Environmental sustainability and inequality 7) Gender Justice and inequality 8) Citizensâ&#x20AC;&#x2122; Participation and inequality The discussions drew on the main position papers developed by Beyond 2015 so far, including: the Essential Must Haves of the post-2015 agenda; inputs to the UN thematic consultations, national deliberations with GCAP and IFP in nearly 40 countries, regional discussions, global discussions at various conferences, the process to discuss the Vision, Purpose, Values and Criteria (VPVC), results of participatory research with those most affected by poverty and injustice, carried out by the Beyond 2015 co-chairs Participate initiative, the reactions of the Campaign to the outcomes of the Open Working Group on the Sustainable Development Goals (OWG), the Beyond 2015 Red Flags, and others, building on processes and messages developed by participating organisations around the world. Equality at the Core is the product of discussions about the vital importance of achieving equality across all levels and themes of the post-2015 agenda, and through implementation and accountability mechanisms addressing all three dimensions of sustainable development (social, economic and environmental). It contains recommendations to contribute to the forthcoming intergovernmental negotiations, and other decision-making processes relevant to the post-2015 agenda, including discussions around the UN Secretary Generalâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s Synthesis Report. Contact Beyond 2015: Leo Williams, International Coordinator, lwilliams@beyond2015.org Naiara Costa, Advocacy Director, ncosta@beyond2015.org Fiona Hale, International Officer, fhale@beyond2015.org www.beyond2015.org Twitter @beyond2015
- 157 -
KEY COMMENTS Beyond2015 Reaction to the Outcome Document of the Open Working Group on Sustainable Development Goals August 2014
- 159 -
Beyond 2015 key comments to the Outcome Document of the Open Working Group on the Sustainable Development Goals (OWG) Beyond 2015, a global civil society campaign consisting of over 1000 CSOs in over 130 countries, has actively engaged over the lifetime of the Open Working Group, participating in meetings, contributing concrete proposals and engaging with Member States and other stakeholders. Beyond 2015 recognizes the openness and participatory approach of the OWG, which allowed space for non-governmental actors to exchange ideas and present proposals. Beyond 2015 looks forward to continued openness and transparency in the forthcoming negotiations on the Post-2015 agenda. Over the next year of negotiations, the framework must move forward in key respects. It should aim higher by building on key values of participation, human rights and environmental sustainability, and by extending the content of goals on climate change, equality and peaceful and inclusive societies; it must move forward by addressing the means of implementation for the goals, strengthening the interlinkages between goals, and agreeing an extensive and robust accountability mechanism.
Aiming higher: The OWG outcome document is a good starting point for the intergovernmental negotiations on the Post2015 development agenda. Nevertheless, the OWG's proposals must represent the floor, not the ceiling of the ambitions for a truly transformative and people-centered framework. The levels of commitment and engagement from Member States in the negotiation process so far show the political will needed to agree on a universal and transformative agenda. To realise this transformation, the goals must do more to express key values of participation, human rights, and environmental sustainability, and the content of crucial goals on climate change, inequality, and inclusive societies must be strengthened.
On Participation Since its inception, Beyond 2015 has pushed strongly for the participation of those most affected by poverty and inequality in the design, implementation and monitoring of the post-2015 agenda. The documentâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s chapeau is clear on the central importance of people and this is very positive. However, the OWG outcome document does not reflect this by guaranteeing participation of, and accountability to, those most affected by poverty and injustice across the framework; nor does it prioritise those populations clearly enough by addressing structural root causes. Disaggregation (Target 10.2) enables a focus on those most affected by poverty, inequality and injustice, and highlights divisions between social groups as targets for action. Disaggregation should be further expanded according to national context, including using community-based approaches, in consultation with civil society and the most vulnerable groups. On Human Rights We welcome paragraph 7 in the Chapeau that clearly reaffirms international human rights commitments. However, this alone does not make the SDGs human rights-based. The proposed SDGS do not properly frame goals and targets around existing human rights obligations; do not promote the integration of a human rights based approach; and fail to guarantee human rights accountability, including for the private sector. These shortfalls have the potential to undermine the effectiveness - and indeed the basic purpose - of the Post-2015 agenda. Conversely, clear references to human rights would strengthen the SDGs by clarifying the responsibility and answerability of the Goals.
- 160 -
We also strongly regret that targets to hold companies accountable for their impact on human rights are no longer present. We welcome the goal on gender equality and the empowerment of women and girls and acknowledge that the targets under this goal address some of the most fundamental barriers to equality. Beyond 2015 is concerned, however, that the proposed gender goal does not explicitly refer to and support the full realization of women and girls’ human rights. For example, the omission of sexual rights undermines women's ability to participate equally in all spheres of society, and weakens the human rights of people of all sexual orientations and gender identities to have control over and decide freely on matters related to their sexuality and reproduction free from coercion, discrimination, or violence. Furthermore, the proposed targets and their accompanying means do not go far enough in addressing the structural changes needed to realize substantive equality, e.g. in areas of employment, the reduction and redistribution of unpaid carework and women’s control over assets. Nor do they recognise the differential impacts of environmental threats on the lives of women and girls, or their distinctive role in contributing to sustainability, and to peacebuilding activities.
On Equality Goal 10 - “Reduce Inequality within and among countries” - is one of the most transformative goals proposed by the OWG. By including this goal, the new development framework commits to address both economic inequalities and forms of discrimination that affect poor, marginalised and vulnerable social groups. Only a goal with both of these components will truly “leave no one behind”. Goal 10 makes important commitments on fighting discriminatory laws and practices (Target 10.3) and fiscal, wage and social protection policy (Target 10.4). We welcome the focus on addressing inequalities between countries, especially Target 10.6 on enhancing the voice and representation of developing countries in decision-making. A goal to reduce inequality must, however, commit to measure and address economic inequality between the richest and poorest and to reduce the absurd and accelerating differences between the top and bottom 10-20% of populations. The framework should explicitly specify that no target should be considered met unless it has been met for all, including the poorest and most marginalised groups. The commitments in the outcome document to social protection systems and floors,and universal health coverage truly accessible to the poorest must be maintained in the upcoming negotiations. On Environmental Sustainability Global resource constraints and planetary boundaries in the proposed SDGs must be clearly acknowledged. The Post-2015 framework cannot afford an approach that promotes growth at all costs without considering human rights and environmental implications. We welcome the inclusion of references to “Mother Earth” in the Chapeau (Paragraph 9), the need to promote harmony with nature, and the importance of regulatory and accountability frameworks that enable the protection of the environment. Nevertheless, the goal to promote economic growth (Goal 8) does not take into account the environmental dimension of sustainability at target level, except in one target to “endeavour" to "decouple economic growth from environmental degradation” (Target 8.4). The framework must demonstrate coherence and integration across the environmental, economic and social dimensions of different goals and targets. Greater emphasis is required on equitable access and sharing as well as inclusive and participatory management of natural resources and ecosystem services, especially for people living in poverty, indigenous peoples and vulnerable communities. Natural resources and ecosystem services underpin all human and economic activities hence, this focus needs to cut across the entire framework. Goals 7, 8, 9 and 16 lack this focus, as do 12 and 13. Goals 1, 2, 5, 14 and 15 whilst better, can still do more to reflect the environmental pillar of sustainable development.
- 161 -
On Climate Change We fully support the maintenance of this Goal in the SDGs, and the inclusion of a strong paragraph on climate change in the Chapeau (Paragraph 8). Beyond 2015 recommends reinserting a target on holding the increase in global average temperature below 1.5°C rise. There is also a need to include more specific and quantified targets under this goal to adequately address the most fundamental challenge of our time. The SDGs must be designed so as contribute to a global low-carbon, green development pathway and to keeping global warming below dangerous levels.
On Peaceful and Inclusive Societies Beyond 2015 strongly welcomes the retention of a goal on peaceful and inclusive societies, and specifically the reference to access to justice and governance. Targets 16b on the promotion and enforcement of nondiscriminatory laws and policies and 16.7 on participatory decision-making are especially important. We regret to see that language on prior and informed consent of indigenous communities has disappeared. The current goal does not go far enough to guarantee political and civil freedoms or ensure the protection of human rights. Wording and content should be improved to focus on outcomes and people, rather than state outputs and capacities, and to ensure the protection of human rights (including for vulnerable populations affected by conflict such as refugees and internally displaced persons - IDPs) and human rights defenders. On peace specifically, evidence suggests that society’s ability to manage conflict peacefully is crucial to peace, but none of the targets effectively promote this. More widely, peace can be promoted across the framework through addressing issues such as jobs, natural resource management and inequalities between people and social groups.
Moving Forward: The proposed goals and targets often miss the interlinkages between the three dimensions of sustainable development, undermining a coherent and holistic approach. Questions of indicators, universality and differentiation, and the responsibility for and governance of the new framework, all need to be resolved in the negotiations moving forward. On accountability The Post-2015 framework must be underpinned by the strongest, most robust and comprehensive accountability framework possible, incorporating the commitment to monitor and report on progress and share learning and knowledge. This will help build a global partnership towards achievement of the SDGs that makes all actors – governments, civil society and private sector – accountable. Accountability should be, first and foremost, to those the SDGs are designed to help – the poorest and the most marginalised. Only through hearing the voices of the poorest and most marginalised can we be sure that their lives are truly improving; only through protecting and valuing their participation do we respect and empower them. Hence, mechanisms at the local and national levels, as those closest and most accessible to affected populations, must be strengthened and must feed into processes at regional and global levels. Furthermore, the universal nature of the SDGs creates an urgent need to assess each country's contribution to global realisation of these goals. A key challenge will be to assess the extraterritorial impacts and contributions of states, including to the reform of global governance, trade and finance. The contribution of all actors to the global responsibility for realising this agenda must be assessed. Governments, as duty-bearers and signatories to the framework, have a responsibility to commit to ensuring accountability of all relevant actors in these respects. This will require a multilevel domestic, regional and
- 162 -
global system. Accountability cannot exist without an enabling environment of capacity building, freedom of association and information, transparency, independence and fairness, and broader mechanisms to ensure the effective participation and influence of all people in decision-making processes. The accountability framework of the Post-2015 agenda must include clear directions for governments to provide a conducive environment for citizens, civil society and voluntary organisations to hold governments to account. On the means to realise the goals Too many of the proposed means of implementation targets - on trade, development finance etc. - sound like 'business as usual'. For example, targets requiring international cooperation to change global economic structures that cause poverty such as illicit financial flows, tax evasion and odious debts are very limited in scope. It is not clear that these will achieve the transformative shift envisioned in the chapeau and expressed by many of the goals: an approach tied too closely to the economic status quo and its approach to growth risks undermining the realisation of a transformative agenda. The gap between the cost of implementation and the finance currently available has not been adequately addressed, much less resolved. The OWG outcome document touches on global issues of responsibility, but the nature of broader means of implementation, and who must do what to realise the agenda, must be agreed over the next year if the goals are to be a success. Participation and the next phase of negotiations In conclusion, the high standard of debate around the Post-2015 framework so far is a direct reflection of an open and inclusive process with multiple channels of input for stakeholders. Only by welcoming a diversity of voices can a legitimate and people-centred Post-2015 framework be designed. It is therefore vital to ensure strong participation of civil society in the process leading up to and following the Post-2015 Summit in September 2015. Full access and the meaningful participation of all groups will be essential to the transparency and integrity of the forthcoming negotiations. In this regard, the OWG has been a strong and successful model.
- 163 -
Contacts: Leo Williams, International Coordinatior, lwilliams@beyond2015.org Naiara Costa, Advocacy Director, ncosta@beyond2015.org. Fiona Hale, International Officer, fhale@beyond2015.org www.beyond2015.org
- 164 -
CSO OK KE KEY EY AS ASKS SKS for a Transformative Transffor o ma ati tive ve Development Devel elop opm ment ntt Agenda A Age gend gend ge nda www.csopartnership.org
1 - 165 -
The CSO Key Asks are a set of demands developed by areas of work and help CSOs engage in transforming the global aid system. The document was closely reviewed by CSO constituencies across sectors and regions and ! " 2014.
CSO KEY ASKS #
! $
Published by
The Global Secretariat 3/F IBON Center 114 Timog Avenue, Quezon City 1103 Philippines www.csopartnership.org Website info@csopartnership.org Email
2 - 166 -
CSO KEY ASKS for a Transformative Development Agenda
The following Key Asks are a rallying point and guidepost for CSOs engaging in the process of transforming the development cooperation " % both the symptoms and structural causes of poverty, inequality, and social marginalisation. To do so, CSOs need to be supported as independent development actors through political commitments and respective actions by their governments to inclusive development, a CSO enabling environment and %
" & "
'
3 - 167 -
4
CSO KEY ASKS for a Transformative Development Agenda
Common Principles, Changing World ( ) % %
" ' #
principles in these Key Asks are based on a thorough stock-taking on progress and needs, resulting in calls to:
# * " + 6 * " $ 7"
89;; < "
% especially in terms of the recognition of civil society as an independent development stakeholder, and of the international commitment to a broad and inclusive partnership for development. CSOs shifted the discourse % " such as democratic ownership, inclusive partnerships, transparency and accountability, and a commitment to people-centred development. For the CPDE, these agreements represent the basic minimum going forward
= > % ' Since Busan, there has been a gradual, systematic narrowing of space for civil society despite agreements to the contrary. At the same time, governments are placing increasing emphasis on and faith in, the role of the private sector in development with little attention to its accountability and responsibility towards sustainable development and human rights, and to the potential detriment of the role, responsibilities and space for governments to realize national development plans and realize the rights of all their citizens and peoples
5 - 169 -
"
increasing importance in global development cooperation, including south-south
&
' G
% "
! % United Nations (UN) Member States, will guide global development cooperation L & ' &
" < comprehensive human rights-based approach. This new framework will only be as good as its national implementation, the means of holding governments and all development actors to account on their commitments, the range and &
<
% the governance structures that steer the implementation of this agenda. CSOs continue to press for human rights standards, poverty eradication, gender equality, social justice, decent work and environmental sustainability to be at the heart of any development agenda. The CSO Key Asks challenge all development actors to deliver on a truly transformative development agenda.
6 - 170 -
CSO KEY ASKS for a Transformative Development Agenda
!"#$ % & ' % ( ' ) ' & * ** * + The principles enshrined in the Busan declaration need to be the minimum basis for all development
% & V â&#x20AC;˘
Counteracting the shrinking space for CSOs at country level by enabling the meaningful participation of social actors â&#x20AC;&#x201C; such as trade unions, service providing organizations, rights defenders, womenâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s rights groups, indigenous people, farmers;
â&#x20AC;˘
Ensuring that CSOs are regarded on equal footing with other development actors, especially in the formulation and implementation ! Y
â&#x20AC;˘
Establishing policy coherence for development and human rights " & well as across and with other related policy areas;
â&#x20AC;˘
Ensuring private sector transparency, accountability and regulation standards, especially for multinational corporations and in Private Public Partnerships;
â&#x20AC;˘
Ensuring strict adherence of South-South aid providers to development Y
â&#x20AC;˘
Addressing inequalities including through the provision of social welfare and decent work;
â&#x20AC;˘
G &
% " &
%
" " $'
-. ' * & ** * , including $ % $ $ $ %
7"
' Z all actors to show political will and take decisive action by: â&#x20AC;˘
Ending policy conditionality;
â&#x20AC;˘
Fully untying all forms of aid and implementing demand-driven technical assistance;
â&#x20AC;˘
[ " & Y
7 - 171 -
â&#x20AC;˘
$ " > Y
â&#x20AC;˘
Adhering to the highest standards of transparency and accountability, and
" ]$#] standard to enable the publication of timely, comprehensive and forwardlooking information, as well as improve open data access and use of gender " ! Standards;
â&#x20AC;˘
Operationalising inclusive mechanisms, including access to justice at country, regional and global levels and establishing multi-stakeholder processes and social dialogue;
â&#x20AC;˘
$ > " Y
â&#x20AC;˘
Realising the commitments on democratic ownership, gender equality and
" 7"
) G L '
/ - & - & ' -- ' ) 0 * ) * ' 1 ' ) ')) * ' ) * ' %23 â&#x20AC;˘
" national policy and institutional frameworks, which should include more comprehensive frameworks for accountability, environmental sustainability, and human rights, including womenâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s rights, alongside an enabling environment for CSOs and multi-stakeholder dialogue;
â&#x20AC;˘
Addressing critical development gaps, including rising income inequality and precarious working conditions in Middle Income Countries (MICs) that are both donors and receivers of aid, through closer development cooperation among southern countries and the implementation of development " +"
_ (7 $ +_7$ ensure sustainable living standards;
â&#x20AC;˘
* `"
x&
developmentâ&#x20AC;?;
â&#x20AC;˘
$) " &
" & ) $
$
&
inter-governmental level, and the central role of states as duty bearers in providing public goods and services at country level;
â&#x20AC;˘
Meeting existing ODA commitments and address the issue of sovereign debt restructuring;
â&#x20AC;˘
"
%
> %
) 7 _ 7" _ &
Y
â&#x20AC;˘
G " ! *" %
" > $
G " % "
% "
&
"
"
'
8 - 172 -
CSO KEY ASKS for a Transformative Development Agenda
') ' & &*' %' ) ' ' 45 ' ' ) * ' ' ' + Development actors must defend and expand fundamental rights and freedoms, including freedom of expression, association, and assembly, as well as the right to information, and the broader array of individual rights and freedoms for all people. This can be achieved by: â&#x20AC;˘
Elevating HRBA as the core operating principle of the new Sustainable ! ! % !
arenas;
â&#x20AC;˘
Harmonising aid and development policies and practices with human rights instruments and norms, including labour standards, and the " & `"
~ Y
â&#x20AC;˘
Empowering rights-holders (people) to hold duty-bearers (governments) and other donors accountable in all development cooperation programs, projects and policies, as well as in governance structures at all levels;
â&#x20AC;˘
Implementing independent human rights complaints mechanisms, and
development initiatives.
9 - 173 -
6 & ) * 6 ' ( 2 ** * ' ) * 5& ' + It is both a political process of democratising development and eradicating poverty through the realisation of peoplesâ&#x20AC;&#x2122; fundamental rights in law and policy, as well as a goal to make development processes and institutions
% " & principles, including democratic ownership, transparency and accountability. It aims to ensure that development cooperation programs and policies are & " " +_7$' $ < can help realize inclusive development as a guiding principle in global, regional and national processes by:
1 The Task Team on CSO and Enabling Environment is a multi-stakeholder partnership established to monitor and strengthen commitments in relation to civil society and aid ' ] of self-selected donors, partner governments and CSOs represented by CPDE.
â&#x20AC;˘
Identifying and addressing factors that impede inclusiveness in % " >
%
communities, and groups during humanitarian crises, and in middle-income countries;
â&#x20AC;˘
Practicing and promoting inclusive multi-stakeholder policy dialogue through country level platforms, social dialogue, and with institutionalized dialogue processes, as through the Task Team on CSO Development
1 at global level;
â&#x20AC;˘
Embedding human rights, gender equality, decent work, the right to livelihoods and productive resources, environmental justice and sustainability in development policies, programmes and outcomes;
â&#x20AC;˘
Including civil society and communities in development processes as
% % &
" " ( ( society approach.
10 - 174 -
CSO KEY ASKS for a Transformative Development Agenda
5& ' ** * -. '% * 7& ' '* 0 ( ' & ' 8' -. 9 ' : ' ) '** ' 1 ) 1 ' ) ' ' & ' ' -. ' ' ' + In more than a few countries, that space is shrinking at an alarming rate. Political will and action is required to reverse this trend by: â&#x20AC;˘
Ensuring that all CSO actors participate on equal footing in multistakeholder processes and institutionalize dialogue between public entities and CSOs at all stages and levels of development processes;
â&#x20AC;˘
Creating appropriate legal and policy frameworks to protect and promote fundamental human and labour rights, as well as for women human rights and gender equality defenders;
â&#x20AC;˘
Monitoring existing commitments on minimum standards for enabling conditions for CSOs, and increase the number of countries involved in ! G * <Y
â&#x20AC;˘
Allocating resources, as well as technical and other development assistance with a view toward strengthening CSO capacity and
" % > L %
international funding;
â&#x20AC;˘
In doing so, provide the right to seek, receive and use funding, while guaranteeing CSOsâ&#x20AC;&#x2122; right to initiative in development programs as well as mechanisms for legal and judicial recourse.
11 - 175 -
-. ' ' - - ) ) * ' ') ' ) * ; ' ) &*' 1 * ' ) ' ) 0 ( ' ) ') ' ' 2 ' ) ' & '% 2 * + The PS must enable, not undermine, these fundamental principles. Regulatory mechanisms and binding regulations founded on global human rights, labour and environmental standards therefore need to be strengthened and applied to PS actions. The PS must: â&#x20AC;˘
Adopt guidelines and binding regulations, underpinned by all relevant United Nations, International Labour Organisation (ILO), and the Organisation for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD) normative frameworks to ensure aid additionality and adherence to human rights and international labour, social, and environmental standards;
â&#x20AC;˘
Avoid societal and environmental risk-sharing through Occupational Health and Safety, environmental and decent work standards at all levels, with a & " " Y
â&#x20AC;˘
$) "
country level;
â&#x20AC;˘
Ensure the highest standards of transparency and accountability for the PS, especially for multinational corporations and in Private Public Partnerships, through appropriate monitoring and regulatory mechanisms at local, country and global levels;
â&#x20AC;˘
Involve communities and civil society at large in the planning, design, implementation and monitoring of PS-driven development projects, and ensure means of redress that are accessible to all citizens;
â&#x20AC;˘
Support Small and Medium Size Enterprises (SMEs) and local entrepreneurs especially in developing countries;
â&#x20AC;˘
Introduce mandatory and publicly accessible country-by-country tax !89Â&#x201A; 7 $
" L countries;
â&#x20AC;˘
Strengthen labour protection, and expand the right to collective bargaining, trade union formation and collective action at country level to eliminate precarious work conditions and establish decent wages.
12 - 176 -
CSO KEY ASKS for a Transformative Development Agenda
* * ' 0 - & ) % ) 45 ' ) & ) * ')) '& 2 ' ) 7&' 21 < ' ) ) * ' 1 *' ' ' ) * ' ) ')' + To this end, it is important to: â&#x20AC;˘
Agree on concrete targets and commit to clear means of ! Y
â&#x20AC;˘
Ensure an equitable and inclusive multilateral forum for policy dialogue and standard setting that takes account of the â&#x20AC;&#x153;Institutionalizationâ&#x20AC;? of ! Y
â&#x20AC;˘
Promote democratic processes in development cooperation across
%
L "
% especially between the UN Development Cooperation Forum and the ! % "
Y
â&#x20AC;˘
$ "
"
" & cooperation processes at national, regional and global levels and in relation to other policy areas;
â&#x20AC;˘
Uphold the right to development (RTD) and the principle of international solidarity as a basis for all development cooperation processes;
â&#x20AC;˘
Strengthen development cooperation and global solidarity especially for
> %
% "
are often not respected and CSO actions are severely constrained;
â&#x20AC;˘
Commit to and implement comprehensive accountability and monitoring mechanisms for all development stakeholders.
13 - 177 -
Annex 1:
/ ' -. ' * ; = The CSO Partnership for Development
platform uniting CSOs from across the globe around a collective vision for a global development agenda that seeks the full realisation of human rights for all, rooted in social justice, decent work, gender equality, environmental sustainability, and an enabling environment for CSOs as independent development actors in their own right. Recognising the changing development cooperation architecture and evolving dialogue around aid and development % * "
BetterAid merged to create a single platform to represent CSO voices. As a result, the CSO Partnership for was formally launched, a new open platform that unites civil society organisations (CSO) from around the world on the issue of development '
14 - 178 -
# 7"
Development Co-operation marked
x Â&#x192; x Â&#x192;
> " "
development, such as human rights, participatory democracy, social and environmental justice and sustainability, gender equality, decent work, sustainable change, and peace and security. The changing nature of development also reinforced the need for non-aidbased development relationships. The CSO Partnership sits in the Steering ! !
" " engage governments and donors, as well as other policy arenas relevant to
'
CSO KEY ASKS for a Transformative Development Agenda
Annex 2:
6 ' %& -. * ; 1 Civil society organizations are a vibrant and essential feature in the democratic life of countries across the globe. CSOs collaborate with the full diversity of people and promote their rights. The essential characteristics of CSOs as distinct development actors â&#x20AC;&#x201C; that they are voluntary, diverse, nonpartisan, autonomous, non-violent, working and collaborating for change â&#x20AC;&#x201C; are the foundation for the Istanbul principles for CSO development ' # " < and practices of civil society organizations in both "
> " % work from grassroots to policy advocacy, and in a continuum from humanitarian emergencies to longterm development.
Practice transparency and accountability they... demonstrate a sustained organizational commitment to transparency, multiple accountability, and integrity in their internal operations.
Respect and promote human rights and social justice they... develop and implement strategies, activities and practices that promote individual and collective human rights, including the right to development, with dignity, decent work, social justice and equity for all people.
Create and share knowledge and commit to mutual learning enhance the ways they learn from their experience, from other CSOs and development actors, integrating evidence from development practice and results, including the knowledge and wisdom of local and indigenous communities, strengthening innovation and their vision for the future they would like to see.
Embody gender equality and equity while promoting women and girlâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s rights promote and practice development `" % > womenâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s concerns and experience, while supporting ~ "
collective rights, participating as fully empowered actors in the development process. Focus on peopleâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s empowerment, democratic ownership and participation they ... support the empowerment and inclusive participation of people to expand their democratic ownership over policies and development initiatives %
and marginalized. Promote Environmental Sustainability develop and implement priorities and approaches that promote environmental sustainability for present and future generations, including urgent responses to climate crises, with & ( % " "
indigenous conditions for ecological integrity and justice.
Pursue equitable partnerships and solidarity commit to transparent relationships with CSOs and other development actors, freely and as equals, based on shared development goals and values, mutual respect, trust, organizational autonomy, long-term accompaniment, solidarity and global citizenship.
1 The Istanbul Principles, as agreed at the Open Forumâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s ! $ ]
" % September 28 -30, 2010, are the foundation of the Open Forumâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s Draft International Framework on CSO ' These principles are further elaborated in Version 2 of this Framework, which is being updated and will be found on the Open Forumâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s web site, ' ( ' '
Commit to realizing positive sustainable change collaborate to realize sustainable outcomes and impacts of their development actions, focusing on results and conditions for lasting change for people, with special emphasis on poor and marginalized populations, ensuring an enduring legacy for present and future generations. !" ]
" % committed to take pro-active actions to improve and be fully accountable for their development practices. Equally important will be enabling policies and practices by all actors. Through actions consistent with these principles, donor and partner country governments demonstrate their Accra Agenda for Action pledge that they â&#x20AC;&#x153;share an interest in ensuring that CSO contributions to development reach their full potentialâ&#x20AC;?. All governments have an obligation to uphold basic human rights â&#x20AC;&#x201C; among others, the right to association, the right to assembly, and the freedom of expression. Together these are pre ' Istanbul, Turkey September 29, 2010
15 - 179 -
16 16 - 180 -
2014
Position Paper 1/2014
Eight Key Issues for a Post-2015 Global Development and Sustainability Agenda
- 181 -
2
Content
Text
Introduction – 3 Eight Key Issues – 5 1. Eradicate Extreme Poverty and Overcome Inequality – 5 2. Justice and a Decent Life for All – 6 3. Safeguard Functioning Ecosystems and the Sustainable Use of Natural Resources – 7 4. Food Sovereignty and the Eradication of Hunger – 9 5. Include Responsible Governance and Global Governance – 10 6. Peace and Security – 11 7. Sustainable Economic Practices – 11 8. Fair Implementation – Ensure Sufficient Development and Sustainability Financing and Create Innovative Financing – 12 Outlook – 13 Imprint – 14
- 182 -
3
Introduction
2014 is a decisive year for the elaboration of new global development and sustainability goals that will replace the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) in 2015. Numerous global problems and crises of the last decades remain unsolved and new problems continue to emerge. Countries in both the Global North and Global South face common challenges, such as growing social inequity, continued and increasing environmental degradation, growing resource consumption and the aftermath of the financial, economic and food crises, as well as the intensifying of climate change. The development of new goals provides an opportunity to address these issues. With their focus on poverty eradication and human development, the MDGs have achieved a great amount. Nonetheless, they have had their shortcomings, for example in the fields of justice, peace, good governance, and respect for human rights. They neglect to link social development processes with ecological, social, and economic sustainability, and omit to question the concept of growth in light of evident planetary boundaries. The Rio+20 conference in 2012 set out the right course by promoting the development of Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) for all nations. A United Nations (UN) Intergovernmental Open Working Group on Sustainable Development Goals (OWG) was tasked with preparing a proposal for a new set of global goals that integrate the development and sustainability agendas. This and further proposals will form the basis of a new global framework agreement to be negotiated and passed by September 2015. The following “Eight Key Issues for a Post-2015 Global Development and Sustainability Agenda” highlight core goals and content for 1
2
3
For detailed civil society positions, see: VENRO (2013): Setting the right course – For a future-orientated post-2015 development and sustainability agenda, Berlin. http://www.deine-stimme-gegenarmut.de/fileadmin/BILDER/Illustration/Fachpublikationen/ WeichenStellen_Post-2015__EN_v05.pdf ; German NGO Forum on Environment and Development (2013): The Ecological Dimension in the Post-2015-Agenda for Sustainable Development, Berlin. http://www.forumue.de/fileadmin/userupload/AG_Weitere_ Themen/Rio_20/The_Ecological_Dimension_in_the_Post2015_Agenda_German_NGO_Forum_on_Environment_and_ Development.pdf World Commission on Environment and Development (1987): Our Common Future, Chapter 2. Towards Sustainable Development, Geneva. http://www.un-documents.net/ocf-02.htm The principle of free, prior and informed consent mainly concerns the rights of local communities, in particular indigenous peoples, to decide on issues directly affecting them.
FX Original performing at the “Weltfest” in Berlin 2013
a new global agenda. By no means are these key issues meant to be exclusive or complete, but they include what we believe to be fundamental elements of a post-2015 agenda.1 Principles and Guidelines
Sustainable development is development that meets the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs.2 A new framework agreement must therefore include a new model for prosperity and a new understanding of development. This requires an approach that is based on human rights, aims at the well-being for all and links poverty eradication with social, economic, and ecological sustainability. To this end, the new development and sustainability agenda must build on the following key elements: decent life for all; human rights; gender, generational and distributive justice and respect of planetary boundaries as a guiding principle and call for action; the complete eradication of extreme poverty and hunger; and the safeguarding of natural resources and ecosystems. The principles adopted in Rio in 1992, such as the polluter-pays principle, solidarity principle, precautionary principle, principle of free, prior and informed consent3, and principle of joint but differentiated responsibility, must constitute the new agenda’s central pillars.
- 183 -
4
Eight Key Issues for a Post-2015 Global Development and Sustainability Agenda Position Paper 1/2014
Nearly all nations have now ratified the central UN human rights conventions and have thereby committed themselves to respecting, protecting, and ensuring, inter alia, the right to food, water, education, social security, and health. A sustainability agenda must not fall short of such binding international standards, and existing international agreements must not be relativized or watered down by the post-2015 agenda. To the contrary, the new agenda’s framework and goals must build on existing international agreements. Creating coherence, which includes closing existing loopholes, between the new goals and existing agreements and commitments is essential. The post-2015 agenda can only be successful if it is universally applied. Furthermore, it has to be drawn up, implemented, monitored, and evaluated by states, civil society, and the private sector. Success will also depend on its effects not discriminating against or excluding anyone. Nation states will primarily be responsible for the agenda’s implementation. Such responsibility must be backed by clear-cut commitments and accountability regulations, for example through adequate transparency measures, regular monitoring, collective pressure and the possibility to hold states accountable in case of failure to comply with their commitments. There must also be just and binding regulations on financing the post-2015 agenda. The new agenda is explicitly directed at all states. Thus, it must formulate goals for countries of the Global South and call on countries of the Global North to take on responsibility. This means that Germany must also implement the new agenda, and national actors will have to take on responsibility to implement this process both at a national and global level. The German government, civil society, and other stakeholders need to initiate a public debate on new global goals and campaign for support of these key issues.
What we demand of the German government
German civil society believes that the German government has yet to fully understand that a post-2015 agenda also needs to be implemented in Germany and the European Union. We therefore expect the German government to push for central demands to become embedded within the new global agenda. Equally, the German government needs to initiate a broad process to consistently break down and apply the post-2015 agenda to the German context. The German government must formulate clear national goals for a post-2015 agenda. In particular, these goals should include a commitment to sustainable economic practices and climate and environmental protection as it is in this fields that the Global North’s greatest responsibility lies. This will require revising and, where necessary, adapting Germany’s National Sustainability Strategy as well as comprehensively implementing existing agreements and programmes. If the SDGs are actually taken seriously, i.e. become guidelines, they will extend far beyond environmental and development policy and will have implications for various policy fields, such as foreign affairs, trade, agriculture, social and energy policy. As further important building blocks of a new agenda, equality of opportunity and justice need to be granted top political priority and be consistently implemented also in Germany. Moreover, we expect the German government to promote a system of global governance oriented towards the achievement of the SDGs. Future programmes and projects by actors such as the World Bank or the Group of 20 (G20) – the most important industrialised and developing economies – can no longer be allowed to thwart the achievement of the SDGs; to the contrary, they must actively promote their achievement.
- 184 -
5
A slum in Hanoi, Vietnam
Eight Key Issues 1. Eradicate Extreme Poverty and Overcome Inequality Since 1990, the number of people living in extreme poverty has been reduced by 50%. Still, over 1.2 billion people have to live on less than 1.25 USD per day.4 Overcoming extreme poverty by 2030 is possible.5 This must become a central goal of a global development and sustainability agenda and be understood as a first step towards completely eradicating poverty in a multi-dimensional sense. However, the growing social, political, and economic imbalances are an obstacle in the fight against poverty. 4
5
6
Development Initiatives (2013): Investments to end poverty. Real money, real choices, real lives, Bristol. http://devinit.org/wp-content/ uploads/2013/09/Investments_to_End_Poverty_full_report.pdf World Bank Group (2014): Jim Yong Kim says World Can End Extreme Poverty and Increase Shared Prosperity, New York. http://www.worldbank.org/en/news/video/2013/04/02/jim-kimworld-can-end-extreme-poverty Oxfam (2014): Working for the few – political capture and economic inequality. Briefing Paper 178, Oxford. http://www.oxfam.org/sites/www.oxfam.org/files/bp-workingfor-few-political-capture-economic-inequality-200114-en.pdf
Currently, 1% of the global population owns nearly half of the total global wealth.6 The new agenda will therefore also have to focus on overcoming inequality and aim to achieve decent working conditions. During the negotiations for a post-2015 agenda, we therefore call on the German government to commit itself to:
s
s s
- 185 -
Establish the complete eradication of extreme poverty by 2030 as a central goal. To break the vicious circle of poverty and environmental degradation, measures to overcome poverty will also need to consider the preservation and sustainable use of natural resources. Agree upon differentiated indicators and collect detailed data to regularly and promptly control the implementation of goals with regard to all population groups and regions. Include overcoming inequality within and between states as a central goal and prioritize the introduction of progressive steering systems as well as an increase of transparency.
6
A young girl at the International Women’s Day in Darfur, Sudan
s
2. Justice and a Decent Life for All For a new global agenda to actually tackle the causes of poverty – not only its effects – it must be based on a humanrights approach and aim to overcome structures of inequality and structural discrimination. Social security, decent work, equality, education, health and clean drinking water, and sanitation are essential preconditions for people to lead a decent life and develop their potential. A new global development and sustainability agenda must therefore include these preconditions as human rights. The new agenda must ensure that all people have universal access to healthcare (systems, products, and services), education, as well as water, sanitation, and hygiene (WASH). In particular, measures should focus on girls, women, and vulnerable social groups. During the negotiations for a post-2015 agenda, we therefore call on the German government to commit itself to:
s s
Make human rights as they are set out and anchored in the codified human rights norms, standards, and instruments, into an overarching principle that permeates all goals of the new agenda. Stipulate social justice and the implementation of a human right to social security as central goals within the new agenda.
s
s s s
Establish decent work and basic social security for all as a human right in the catalogue of goals, independently of whether a person is employed in the formal or informal economy and also for care-workers. Measures must include the establishment of national baselines for social security and the creation of decent working conditions that offer living wages at a minimum. On a global scale, the rights to organise oneself in a union or independent representation of interests, or to strike and demonstrate, must also be secured. Include the enforcement of gender equality both as a stand-alone goal as well as a cross-cutting issue. In particular, concrete goals and indicators conducive to gender equality need to be explicitly stated in the fields of social, political, and economic participation, education, health, and the struggle against domestic and sexualised violence and violence in war and conflicts. Ensure that all of the new agenda’s goals and indicators explicitly take into account and anchor inclusion, equality, and non-discrimination of people with disabilities. Include children`s provision, protection and participation rights in accordance with the UN Convention on the Rights on the Child. Include the availability of efficient and high-quality healthcare for all and establish as a principle the access to efficient, safe, and high-quality healthcare products
- 186 -
Eight Key Issues for a Post-2015 Global Development and Sustainability Agenda Position Paper 1/2014
s
s
s
and services. Attention should particularly be paid to women and girls with the objective to further reduce mother and child mortality. Moreover, priority must be given to promoting sexual and reproductive health and rights, with particular regard to the needs of girls and sexual minorities. Ensure the implementation of the human right to education together with a commitment to offer high-quality education to all within the new global agenda. Steps must be taken to ensure that all children receive at least a basic education (preschool, primary, and lower secondary education) that leads to measurable education outcomes with regard to specified parameters by 2030. Include the human right to clean water and sanitation. Under international law, water should be recognised as a public good and the commercialisation of water use should be banned. Universal and barrier-free access to clean water, sanitation, and hygiene (WASH) in the longterm must be ensured at home, schools, healthcare centres, and workplaces. Establish universal access to sustainable energy, a significant reduction of global industrial energy consumption, a doubling of current global energy efficiency and of the share of renewables in the global energy mix in the new global agenda. Thereby, the UN Secretary-General’s Sustainable Energy for All initiative7 should be supported and linked to clearly defined human rights and ecological and social standards.
7
3. Safeguard Functioning Ecosystems and the Sustainable Use of Natural Resources Intact, diverse, and functional ecosystems, such as forests, oceans, and other water bodies, are humanity’s existential basis for life and provide the foundation for all life and economic activity through their resources and services. Furthermore, nature has an important cultural as well as spiritual significance for various societies. All nations and societies depend on the availability of sufficient and sustainably used natural resources. Whether for food supply, energy, raw materials, or infrastructure and settlements – natural resources are key in any society’s development. An economic model as well as consumption and lifestyle patterns based on massive and unlimited resource consumption currently dominate globally. This is accompanied by an increased need for land for agriculture, settlements, and transportation routes, as well as an over-exploitation of natural resources. As a consequence, the size, quality, and functionality of ecosystems are reduced, and biodiversity as well as ecosystem services for people are lost. The squandering, exploitation, and overuse of resources (agricultural land, water cycles, forests, fishing stocks, etc.) is constantly increasing. Environmental stress, such as the over-accumulation of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere, overburdens the self-regulating capacities of bio-physical systems and eventually exceeds the planetary boundaries. As a result, many societies are losing the basis for their livelihoods or seeing their future perspectives deeply compromised. Overuse leads to and reinforces poverty in societies heavily dependent on natural resources. Protecting biological diversity and restoring ecosystem functionality and capacity on all levels – from a global to a local level – must therefore be one of the central pillars of a post-2015 agenda. This should include sustainable availability and accessibility of, as well as the just distribution and equal access to, natural resources. During the negotiations for a post-2015 agenda, we therefore call on the German government to commit itself to:
7
United Nations Foundation (2012): Sustainable Energy for All, New York. http://www.se4all.org/wp-content/uploads/2014/01/SEFAAction-Agenda-Final.pdf
s
Include as an absolute limit to global warming a global temperature increase not exceeding 2˚C compared with
- 187 -
8
s s s
Eight Key Issues for a Post-2015 Global Development and Sustainability Agenda Position Paper 1/2014
pre-industrial levels, particularly taking into account industrialized nations’ responsibility. Include in the agenda a zero net land degradation rate by 2030.8 The right to food and prioritization of local populations‘ rights and land use must be consistently ensured. Establish as a goal the reduction of the rate of forest loss to 0% by 20209 and the restoration of degraded forests. The use of wood products must be subject to improved certification standards. Include the prevention of deterioration in water quality as a commitment in the agenda. Furthermore, a longterm commitment against the introduction of pollutants into water cycles must be achieved. Water must be recognised as a public good by international law and the
s s
s
commercialisation of water should be forbidden. Effectively protect the oceans with their biodiversity and essential resources for many societies from further overexploitation by global industrial fishery policies, depletion, and littering. Significantly expand conservation areas on land, along coasts, and on the high seas10 through transparent and participatory processes, taking into account the rights of local populations and including those affected into the development of regional protection goals and regulations. Integrate into the post-2015 agenda the Aichi goals agreed upon in the Convention on Biological Diversity’s Strategic Plan for Biodiversity 2011-2020, including the Nagoya Protocol12.
8
Deforestation in Port-au-Prince,Haiti
UNCCD (2012): Zero Net Land Degradation: A Sustainable Development Goal for Rio+20, Bonn. http://www.unccd. int/Lists/SiteDocumentLibrary/Rio+20/UNCCD_PolicyBrief_ ZeroNetLandDegradation.pdf 9 CBD (2010): COP 10 Decision X/2:X/2. Strategic Plan for Biodiversity 2011-2020, Nagoya. http://www.cbd.int/decision/ cop/?id=12268 10 17% by 2020 on land; 10% by 2020; and 20% by 2030 on the seas. CBD (2010): COP 10 Decision X/2. Strategic Plan for Biodiversity 2011-2020, Nagoya. http://www.cbd.int/decision/cop/?id=12268 11 CBD (2010): COP 10 Decision X/2:X/2. Strategic Plan for Biodiversity 2011-2020, Nagoya. http://www.cbd.int/decision/ cop/?id=12268 12 CBD (2011): Nagoya Protocol on Access to Genetic Resources and the Fair and Equitable Sharing of Benefits arising from their Utilization to the Convention on Biological Diversity, Nagoya. http://www.cbd.int/abs/doc/protocol/nagoya-protocol-en.pdf
- 188 -
9
Mongolian Farmer inspecting sea buckthorn
4. Food Sovereignty and the Eradication of Hunger Today, 842 million people throughout the world still suffer from hunger; more than half of these are female and two thirds live in rural areas. Among the key factors behind this situation are the lack of access to land, resources, and markets, as well as economic practices such as food speculation, industrial livestock farming, land-grabbing, the use of food crops to produce biofuels, and misguided agricultural policy. Even in rich countries, poverty frequently leads to undernourishment and malnutrition. Industrialised agriculture moreover compromises natural resources through over-fertilisation and its heavy reliance on pesticides. During the negotiations for a post-2015 agenda, we therefore call on the German government to commit itself to:
s
Reduce the number of people suffering from hunger to zero by 2030 and make the implementation of the right to food a key element within the new agenda. This goal must be based on just and equal access to sufďŹ cient, safe,
s
s s s
affordable, nourishing, and culturally appropriate food based on resources that are available to both current and future generations. Ensure that the creation and expansion of socially and ecologically sustainable agriculture is promoted and written into the new agenda. This must explicitly support small-scale producers and globally strengthen local structures of distribution and consumption. Include the protection of producers in the countries of the Global South from dumping. Ensure that ďŹ nancial speculation conducive to food price rises is made illegal. Include the creation of instruments to protect land rights that effectively prevent land and water grabbing, as well as the introduction of binding corporate accountability regulations. Implement the UN Food and Agriculture Organizationâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s (FAO) Voluntary Guidelines on the Responsible Governance of Tenure of Land, Fisheries, and Forests.
- 189 -
10
Eight Key Issues for a Post-2015 Global Development and Sustainability Agenda Position Paper 1/2014
5. Include Responsible Governance and Global Governance A new global agenda must include reforms leading to a coherent, democratic, and inclusive system of global governance. International organisations and alliances such as the International Monetary Fund (IMF), World Bank, G20, and Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD) must orientate their future activities towards and publicly account for the achievement of the SDGs. At the national level, democracy and the rule of law need to be strengthened and corruption and mismanagement to be tackled. During the negotiations for a post-2015 agenda, we therefore call on the German government to commit itself to:
s
Include the achievement and strengthening of democ-
s s s s s
racy and the rule of law through transparent, accountable, and capable political institutions, as well as comprehensive social and political participation in all countries. Establish fair and equal access of all groups in society to an independent and efďŹ cient judiciary. Clearly stipulate that states, international institutions, and private actors can and will be held accountable and made responsible for any violation of international standards. Firmly establish the ďŹ ght against bribery and corruption in all areas at the national, international, and transnational levels. Include and guarantee substantial civil society participation at both the national and international level during the SDG negotiation and implementation. Ensure that the UN, as a forum of universal legitimacy, is awarded a key role in the entire SDG process and that democratic international structures are strengthened.
Polling Station in Kabul during the presidential and provincial council election, April 2014
- 190 -
11
Household waste in Germany
6. Peace and Security
7. Sustainable Economic Practices
Peace and security for all people are a sine qua non for development. Ending wars, and the prevention of violent conflict must become a top global policy priority. The impact of climate change and environmental degradation on habitats and natural resources can lead to or intensify conflicts and violent struggles.
Humanity is living beyond its means and has created an extremely unequal distribution of resource use. While rich nations consume and squander more than their fair share of resources, poor nations face scarcity. Respecting planetary boundaries through sustainable economic practices, a responsible use of resources, and sustainable patterns of production and consumption must become part of the new agenda and be applied to all nations, including those of the Global North. The current concept of growth, a development model linked to growth, as well as the dominant modes of production and consumption are destroying the basis for life and compromising any form of sustainable development at the expense of current and future generations.
During the negotiations for a post-2015 agenda, we therefore call on the German government to commit itself to:
s
s s s s
Include the goal of eliminating the causes of violent conflicts, ending violent conflicts peacefully, preventing crises, and promoting conflict resolution by civil means, as well as strengthening the instruments, procedures, and institutions for such an approach as central elements of the new agenda. Establish a limit and a gradual reduction of global arms exports, in particular to countries with a record of systematic human rights abuses, as a goal within the new framework. Integrate the contents of UN resolution 1325 on women, peace, and security and formulate the goal to end sexualised and other forms of violence against women and girls into the new agenda. Include the struggle against human trafficking and the illegal trade of drugs and arms within the agenda. Include the goal of reducing the risks faced by and strengthening the resilience of particularly vulnerable groups, such as the poor, children, women, the elderly, and people with disabilities during disasters in the agenda.
During the negotiations for a post-2015 agenda, we therefore call on the German government to commit itself to:
s
s s
Direct the agenda to an encompassing transformation towards a sustainable economy based on sufficiency and efficiency and that respects precautionary measures. This includes the global implementation of permanent resource recycling, which encourages products to be designed and manufactured following principles of thriftiness, efficiency, longevity, re-usability, and recycling. Develop alternative instruments to measure wealth and development beyond Gross Domestic Product (GDP) that are capable of internalising all costs currently considered external ecological and social costs. Put an immediate end to subsidies detrimental to the environment and development and destructive for existing structures. Agricultural subsidies should be subject to ecological and social conditions.
- 191 -
12
Acht Kernpunkte einer neuen globalen Entwicklungs- und Nachhaltigkeitsagenda für die Zeit nach 2015 Positionsspapier x/2014
Construction worker in Dhaka, Bangladesh
s
s s
s
Establish binding transparency and due diligence regulations for human rights and social and ecological standards. Equally, the implementation of the UN Guiding Principles on Business and Human Rights needs to be anchored within the agenda. Implement a tax reform by 2030 leading to a higher taxation of environmental and resource consumption. Reform the global trade system in a way that is supportive of such a transformation and takes into account the interests of developing countries. For these nations, an option of an asymmetric opening of markets, which takes into account the needs of the poorest and least developed nations, and binding it to clearly defined human rights and environmental criteria must be included in the agenda. Establish the creation of a just and transparent global economic and financial system as a goal within the new global agenda. This must include creating transparent international financial markets, limiting financial speculation (i.e. derivatives trading), banning illegal financial transactions, as well as the tracing of assets stemming from criminal activities. Furthermore, a just and transparent tax system needs to be established to stop tax evasion and avoidance and to close tax havens.
8. Fair Implementation – Ensure Sufficient Development and Sustainability Financing and Create Innovative Financing To implement this global agenda, all involved actors will have to carry their fair share of the burden and sufficient financial means will be required. In the likely disputes over how to finance these measures, the costs related to not acting (or not paying) also need to be considered since these costs will be far higher in the long run. The details of financing these measures can be found in a separate framework agreement and should be developed and communicated through a participatory and transparent process. During the negotiations for a post-2015 agenda, we therefore call on the German government to commit itself to:
s
s s
Apply the principle of common but differentiated responsibilities (CBDR) for the implementation of the post-2015 agenda, ensuring all countries take on a fair and adequate share as well as the responsibility for the success of the agenda. In addition to the countries of the Global North, the emerging economies will play a particularly important role here. Ensure that previous commitments by countries of the Global North, such as committing at least 0.7% of GDP to financing development, are reaffirmed. Include a viable and broad financing strategy for the global agenda and ensure that compliance with this strategy is regularly controlled by transparent mechanisms. In
- 192 -
13
s
addition to public funding, the implementation of the agenda will require a promotion of transparency and the taxation of financial markets, measures against capital flight, and limits on financial speculation. Furthermore, to mobilise their own financial resources, individual states will require support. With regard to private financing for the new agenda, accountability and efficiency will need to be secured. Private financing must not be allowed to become an excuse for state actors to retreat from their responsibility. Award innovative financing instruments a prominent role within the new agenda and include measures such as a global financial transaction tax, a levy on shipping and flights, or the taxation of resource use.
s s s
Promote the creation of an independent and transparent insolvency framework for states. Include development and climate financing as two separate items in a financial framework agreement so as to capture the amount spent on climate protection as a separate item. Make all international organisations, forums and alliances, from the international financial institutions to the EU and OECD up to the Group of Seven/Eight (G7/ G8) and the G20, responsible for SDG implementation. It should no longer be possible for them to implement programmes and policies that contradict these goals. Furthermore, they have to be held accountable for their efforts.
Outlook Lasting poverty and injustice, increasing environmental deterioration, human rights violations, and discrimination are issues that concern us all. That is why the post-2015 agenda must be equally applicable for the Global South and the Global North. We call on Germany to assume its responsibility in the implementation of the agenda both internationally and nationally. The elements described above are what we consider to be key aspects of a new agenda. The implementation of this agenda must become a political priority and cannot be allowed to fail due to short-term political thinking, a lack of political will, disputes about matters of competencies, or a refusal to provide the required financing. As a central system of new goals, the post-2015 agenda must incorporate all policy fields for we have a common but differentiated responsibility to create a decent life for all and respect planetary boundaries.
- 193 -
14
Imprint Publishers: Association of German Development NGOs (VENRO) Stresemannstr. 72 10963 Berlin Phone: +49 (0)30 / 26 39 299 - 10 Fax: +49 (0)30 / 26 39 299 - 99 Email: sekretariat@venro.org Website: www.venro.org Your voice against poverty – Development needs participation c/o VENRO Stresemannstr. 72 10963 Berlin Email: deinestimmegegenarmut@venro.org Website: www.deine-stimme-gegen-armut.de German NGO Forum on Environment and Development Marienstr. 19-20 10117 Berlin, Germany Phone: +49 (0)30 / 678 1775 75 Fax: +49 (0) 30 / 678 1775 80 Email: info@forumue.de Website: http://www.forumue.de/en/home The German NGO Forum on Environment and Development is legally represented by the German League for Nature, Animal protection and Environment, DNR This position paper is a collective work of the organisations displayed on the cover. Authors: German NGO Forum on Environment and Development: Marie-Luise Abshagen, Cathrin Klenck and Jürgen Maier Association of German Development NGOs (VENRO): Mareen Buschmann, Claus Körting With special thanks to Günter Mitlacher (World Wide Fund for Nature, WWF) and Andrea Kraljevic. Photo credits: UN Photo/Kibae Park (Titelblatt, page 5, page 12), Carolin Seeliger (page 3), UN Photo/Albert González Farran (page 6), UN Photo/Logan Abassi (page 8), UN Photo/ Eskinder Debebe (page 9), UN Photo/Fardin Waezi (page 10), kanvag – Fotolia.com (page 11), Andre Hamann – Fotolia.com (page 13) Type & Layout: Irmgard Hofmann (www.kava-design.de) Reprints require permission by the publishers. Berlin, September 2014 (German version published in June 2014) For the content the publisher alone is responsible. This publication has been produced with the financial assistance of
*392(%8-32 *36 )2:-6321)28 %2( ():)0341)28 2368, 6,-2) ;)784,%0-%
- 194 -
VENRO is the German umbrella organisation for non-governmental organisations (NGOs) focusing on development policy. It consists of around 120 organisations from private and church-related development cooperation, humanitarian aid, and development policy education, public relations and advocacy. VENRO represents the interests of NGOs focusing on development and humanitarian issues at the political level, raises public awareness of development policy and develops standards for quality and transparency.
www.venro.org
‘Your voice against poverty – development needs participation’ The VENRO project ‘Your voice against poverty’ encourages debate about sustainable development. The aim of the project is to develop a sustainable understanding of development together with other social actors and anchor this understanding within politics and society. The project organises nationwide campaigns that are particularly intended to motivate young people to actively support the implementation of development goals. Further important aspects of the VENRO project include providing information and promoting dialogue. ‘Your voice against poverty’ is the German platform of the international alliance ‘Global Call to Action Against Poverty’ (GCAP). This alliance consists of charities and other non-profit organisations, but also celebrities and millions of people in more than 100 countries who are campaigning for an end to poverty. www.deine-stimme-gegen-armut.de
The German NGO Forum on Environment and Development (Forum Umwelt und Entwicklung) was founded in 1992 after the United Nations Conference on Environment and Development and coordinates the activities of German NGOs in international policy processes on sustainable development. It is legally represented by the German League for Nature, Animal Protection and Environment DNR, the umbrella organisation of German nature conservation, and animal and environmental protection associations. http://www.forumue.de
- 195 -
WADA NA TODO ABHIYAN
RENEWING THE PROMISE Defining India’s Priorities for the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) after 2015
- 197 -
The global dialogue on the development agenda that could replace the MDG framework after it reaches its deadline in 2015 is quickly gathering momentum. This debate provides an opportunity to engage governments on the lessons available from the efforts undertaken in the last decade, while also
!" #$
proactive, collective effort to frame the priorities that will shape the new development agenda in India and at the global level.
A Time for Change The Millennium Development Goals, derived from the UN Millennium Declaration, have dominated the global development discourse since its inception in 2003. The framework of eight goals and associated targets has contributed initiatives at the national and regional levels, and has played a crucial role in putting the agenda of poverty at the heart of the development discourse in the last decade. On the other hand, analysts have also pointed to the disadvantages that the targetoriented framework has reinforced. The apparent failure of the MDGs to address the structural causes of poverty and inequality has been a cause for serious concern, particularly in the aftermath of
political upheavals that we have seen around the world in the last four years. India has, at the policy level, wholeheartedly embraced the MDG framework in the past decade. The National Development Goals (2005) were adapted to correspond with the global development targets, and the MDGs were also referenced in the National Common Minimum Program (NCMP) â&#x20AC;&#x201C; the governance charter of the United Progressive Alliance that formed the government in 2004. India has in this period been credited with several
contributions to the achievement of the MDGs, halving the number of people living in extreme poverty. India has also been noted for taking initiatives such as the National Rural Employment Guarantee Act and the National Rural Health Mission, which are among the most wide-reaching and ambitious social programs that the world has seen in this period. Yet, India too has also struggled to deal with more complex issues of inequality and gender equity. According to the OECD report of December 2011, income inequality has doubled in the last 20 years, since the economic reforms were unleashed in 1991, making it the worst performer on this count of all emerging economies. The top 10 percent of wage earners now make 12 times more than the bottom 10 percent; up from a ratio of six in the 1990s.The Country Report on the MDGs (2011) indicates that womenâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s share in wage employment in non-agricultural sector stands at 18.6 percent in ! years. Clearly, the challenge of poverty has not been mitigated and we are facing, instead, with a crisis of rising inequity that calls for a plan of action, which addresses fundamental challenges related to the governance, growth and social protection.
- 198 -
Rethinking the Global Development Framework A number of strategic initiatives have been launched at the level of the United Nations (UN) to enable wide-reaching consultations on the â&#x20AC;&#x2DC;post-2015 agenda,â&#x20AC;&#x2122; which includes the creation of a 26-member expert group or High Level Panel (HLP) chaired by the President of Liberia, Ellen Johnson Sirleaf; the President of Indonesia, SusiloBambangYodhoyono and the Prime Minister of UK, David Cameron. The High Level Panel is expected to advise the UN Secretary General on the possibilities for the post-2015 agenda ahead of the next UN General Assembly and is due to submit its "
# The UN system will also facilitate national consultations in 50+ countries, including India; and will also anchor thematic consultations on the key issues of 2009 â&#x20AC;&#x201C; including inequalities, growth, governance and environmental sustainability. Public outreach initiatives such as a â&#x20AC;&#x2DC;crowdsourcingâ&#x20AC;&#x2122; project and a digital conversation on the post 2015 agenda have also been planned. In addition to this, a UN Task Team (UNTT) has also been put in place to coordinate system-wide preparations in over 60 UN entities, agencies and international organizations. The Task Team presented its recommendations to the content and process of the post 2015 agenda through a report â&#x20AC;&#x201C; Realizing the Future We Want for All (May 2012) â&#x20AC;&#x201C; which will serve as the basis for future consultation.
Against this backdrop, civil society coalitions working on the MDG agenda have called for a strong consultative process to be put in place to $ % !
led by â&#x20AC;&#x2DC;Montreal Declaration and Plan of Action on Post-2015â&#x20AC;&#x2122; (2012) calls for â&#x20AC;&#x2DC;the multilateral process on the post-2015 development agenda must be open, inclusive, transparent, consultative, and take the aspirations of people most affected by poverty and climate change, as expressed by those people themselves, as a starting point.â&#x20AC;&#x2122; The Declaration also stresses the importance of linking the environmental sustainability, human rights and anti-poverty agenda, with the objective of producing a â&#x20AC;&#x2DC;coherent frameworkâ&#x20AC;&#x2122; that links the post-2015 process with the outcomes of the Rio+20 Summit.
India and the Postâ&#x20AC;&#x201C;2015 Development Agenda Within India, the discourse on the post-2015 agenda is quickly gaining momentum. The debate on the global development framework provides an opportunity to engage governments on the lessons learnt from the implementation of the MDG framework in the last decade, while also & ' ! communities across the world. The debate also provides a window to reinforce the insights and demands that were framed by civil society in relation to the recently concluded consultations on the Twelfth Five Year Plan, and enable a broader
The report of the Task Team sets out a vision for such an agenda, guided by the three fundamental principles of human rights, equality and sustainability.
of goals and targets: % & $
% & ' $
% & $
(d) Peace and security.
â&#x20AC;&#x201C; Annual Report of the Secretary General, Sep 2012
- 199 -
public engagement with the next phase of National Development Goals. In addition to this, Indiaâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s role as a country that hosts one-third of the worldâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s poor on one hand, but one that is also recognized as a ' * ' ' & forums as the BRICS and G20, puts an additional onus on civil society in the country to play a proactive role in shaping the agenda and structure of the debate on the post 2015 agenda.
2. Facilitating Civil Society Consensus A widespread dialogue to capture and consolidate expectations of civil society organization with regard to the second round of the MDGs is imperative. Consensus building around key themes and strategies for the post 2015 agenda would enable the greater mobilization of energies, inputs and insights necessary to shape an agenda that is strongly rooted in the principles of human rights and social justice â&#x20AC;&#x201C; while also setting the stage for the supporting and monitoring processes that need to be in place once the new development agenda is adopted.
Priorities for Engagement Wada Na Todo Abhiyan (WNTA) has been at the forefront of mobilizing public and political engagement with the Millennium Development Goals in India, and in relation to global initiatives undertaken through alliances, such as the Global Call to Action against Poverty (GCAP). We recognize that India faces the dual challenge of responding decisively to the internal challenge of poverty and inequality within, while also making a substantive contribution to the contours of the global development agenda. In this context, we believe that the process undertaken to shape the new development agenda must be organized around the following priorities:
1. Integrating Community Experiences and Expectations
3. Supporting Critical Research and Analysis The engagement of academic institutions and policy experts located in the global south is a fundamental part of the engagement process. The inputs that shape priorities for the post $
experience of countries that have struggled with the question of poverty and inequality over the last decade; while also supporting governments to determine the goals and mechanisms that needs to be adopted/adapted at the national and sub-national level after 2015.
4. Reaching Policy Makers
Community insights and aspirations must be at the heart of the post 2015 process and will
round of the MDGs â&#x20AC;&#x201C; its successes and failures â&#x20AC;&#x201C; are effectively integrated into the discourse on the second generation of development goals. The direct involvement of communities in the agenda setting process â&#x20AC;&#x201C; with a special focus on women and other socially excluded groups â&#x20AC;&#x201C; will help create the basis for a locally relevant and accountable development framework.
- 200 -
Inputs from the consultations held with community groups, civil society organizations and academicians must form the basis for an active advocacy engagement with the agencies and individuals who are responsible to shape Indiaâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s policy positions on the post2015 agenda. This includes engaging relevant ministries and governance institutions, such as the Ministry of External Affairs at one level, and enabling dialogues between communities and elected representatives from local to national levels on the other.
and the support of relevant agencies to run sustained media campaigns in this regard.
5. Contributing to Global Advocacy EďŹ&#x20AC;orts A strategy to ensure meaningful engagement with relevant inter-governmental negotiations that will be held in the lead up to 2015, monitoring of developments across regional blocs like the African Union and European Union and a plan to engage with positions on the post 2015 agenda emerging from forums such as BRICS, IBSA and the G20 are also some important components of the advocacy process around this agenda.
7. Ensuring Corporate Accountability Mindful of the contradictions in the role of the private sector vis-Ă -vis the larger development agenda â&#x20AC;&#x201C; where there is potential for a strong 7 & economic agenda of the country/region on *
& deprivation on the other â&#x20AC;&#x201C; we believe that there is an urgent need for dialogue on the mechanisms for corporate engagement and accountability to the new development agenda. In the Indian context, some of these conversations are being held in the context of policy discussions around land acquisition, rehabilitation of project affected families and the regulatory framework for extractive industries. The post 2015 agenda however offers an opportunity to look at both safeguards and complementary efforts that can be put in place by the private sector with regard the national development goals and the post 2015 global agenda.
6. Enabling Public Engagement In the interest of creating a larger environment for accountability, there is a need to invest in building public engagement with the post 2015 agenda and process beyond traditional development constituencies. Efforts in this direction include creating special initiatives that will inspire the involvement of young people and urban populations â&#x20AC;&#x201C; such as the use of online and digital tools for outreach â&#x20AC;&#x201C; as well as developing a strong media presence
â&#x20AC;&#x2DC;championsâ&#x20AC;&#x2122; of the new development agenda
ABOUT WADA NA TODO ABHIYAN Wada Na Todo Abhiyan - which means â&#x20AC;&#x153;Donâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;t Break Your Promisesâ&#x20AC;? - is a national campaign that is organized around the mission of â&#x20AC;&#x153;holding the government accountable to its promise to end poverty, social exclusion, and discriminationâ&#x20AC;?. At the World Social Forum 2004, Mumbai, human rights activists and social action groups agreed on the need for a forceful, focused, and concerted effort to make a difference to the fact that one-fourth of the worldâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s poor live in India, and continue to experience intense deprivation of opportunities to learn, live, and work in dignity. Wada Na Todo Abhiyan emerged from this consensus.
Wada Na Todo aims to make a difference by monitoring the commitments made in the UN Millennium Declaration (2000) the National Development Goals, with a special focus on the Right to Livelihood, Health, Education and Exclusion. The campaign strives to ensure that the concerns and aspirations of Dalits, Adivasis, nomadic tribes, women, children, youth, people with disability and people living with HIV-AIDS are mainstreamed across the programmes, policies and development goals of the government. The campaign brings together over 4000 rights action groups across 28 states and three Union Territories of India and is governed by a Campaign Coordination Group and an elected Steering Group. Its activities are coordinated by a National Secretariat is based in New < = %
Call to Action against Poverty (GCAP).
- 201 -
Advocacy Milestones
January 2012-September 2015: â&#x20AC;&#x2DC;The Global Conversation Campaignâ&#x20AC;&#x2122; enables a series of online conversations that bring people across the globe together to focus on poverty and its root causes.
global negotiations that will be held on this agenda across the next three years. Key milestones in the UN process for the post 2015 agenda include: March 2014: Commission on the Status of Women (CSW) to review challenges and achievements in the implementation of MDGs for women and girls.
2014
2012
An immediate effort is required to ensure a proactive dialogue on the new development agenda at the national level and its conversion into inputs that can be contributed to relevant regional and
July 2014: The Fourth Development Cooperation Forum (DCF) will focus on how development cooperation will feature in the post 2015 agenda. The 2014 ECOSOC Annual Ministerial Review (AMR) will also be held during this time that will assess challenges for meeting the MDGs in 2015 and sustaining development gains in future.
May 2012-June 2013: 50+ Country Consultations and Thematic Consultations June 2012-December 2014: Process to develop Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) and its potential linkages with the post 2015 agenda. An Inter-governmental Working Group formed to lead this effort
2013
September 2014: UN General Assembly Special Session on the Review of the 1994 ICPD Program of Action.
February 2013: The High Level Panel (HLP) formed to advise the UN Secretary General on the post-2015 agenda will produce its report, which will inform intergovernmental negotiations on the framework.
September 2013: Report of the Intergovernmental Working Group containing a proposal for SDGs for consideration and appropriate action to be submitted to the 68th Session of UNGA.
April 2015: World Education for All (EFA)
2015
September 2013: High Level Event on the MDGs to be held as part of the 68th UN General Assembly (UNGA).
2014: World Conference on Indigenous Peoples and Ten Year Review of Almaty Program of Action (issues relevant to landlocked developing countries and small island developing states).
Join the conversation on the post 2015 agenda by linking up with the initiatives that are being facilitated by a range of civil society actors across India and beyond! Email: post2015@wadanatodo.net Web: www.wadanatodo.net Follow us on Twitter: @wadanatodo
- 202 -
Conference
on
2015: 20th Anniversary of the Beijing World Conference on Women 2015: High Level Mid-Term Review on the Istanbul Program of Action (special focus on ODA commitments for LDCs) 2015: Ten Year Review of the Mauritius Strategy of the Barbados Program of Action for the sustainable development of Small Island Developing States.
Reaction to the Outcome Document of the Open Working Group on Sustainable Development Goals
INTERNATIONAL MOVEMENT ATD FOURTH WORLD
After a year and a half of vast consultation and intensive negotiation, the United Nations’ Open Working Group on Sustainable Development has adopted a set of 17 sustainable development goals (SDGs) that capture the world’s sustainable development priorities for the next 15 years. Informed by the findings of a recent participatory research project on sustainable development, which reached over 2,000 people worldwide, the majority living in poverty, the International Movement ATD Fourth World has been an active stakeholder in the processes. While ATD Fourth World welcomes the final set of sustainable development goals (SDGs), it finds that the goals could better emphasize reaching the poorest and most marginalized people.
Poverty The highest priority for the International Movement ATD Fourth World was to help craft an enhanced set of targets under Goal 1, End poverty in all its forms everywhere. While the goal title is ambitious, target 1.—By 2030, reduce at least by half the proportion of men, women and children of all ages living in poverty according to national definitions— falls short. With no clear reference to prioritising those living in the greatest poverty, it could lead governments to target only those easiest to reach. This would contradict the principle of leave no one behind, which can now be found in the document’s chapeau. Findings from the international research project indicate that it is critical to move towards multidimensional and more participatory measures of poverty. Unfortunately, the income-‐based measure for extreme poverty ($1.25 per day) has been further entrenched under target 1.1. Yet, language like in all its forms (in the goal title) and in all its dimensions (target 1.2) points towards measures that go beyond income. The inclusion of social protection, and particularly, social protection floors under this goal (and also under goals 5 and 10) is an important improvement. Although decent work, a strong aspiration for people living in poverty, can be found under goal 8 on economic growth, it is unfortunate that is missing from this goal and does not have a stand-‐alone goal.
Leave No One Behind The International Movement ATD Fourth World was very happy to see “leave no one behind” reflected in yet another critical document on the post-‐2015 agenda. Its spirit is further reflected in two important mentions to data disaggregation, which is integral to reducing the disparity in outcomes between the most marginalized and those who are closer to international poverty lines. Related to the topic of data, target 17.19 pushes governments to move towards new measures of progress that go beyond GDP. These initiatives could open the door for the use of innovative indicators that could better grasp the experience of poverty. The Open Working Group could have gone further in the area of monitoring progress by agreeing that targets should be considered met only if they are met for the lowest quintile of any population, as was proposed by some delegations during the negotiations. Further, the Open Working Group’s document refers to the most vulnerable in nine targets, demonstrating the group’s recognition that the most marginalized were overlooked during the Millennium Development Goals. It is also important to note that language like for all and universal should be interpreted as attempts to ensure that a particular target reaches even the most excluded populations.
- 203 -
Human Rights and Participation The International Movement ATD Fourth World has historically championed a people-‐centered view of development and it is pleased with the reference to the centrality of people in the document’s chapeau. The text’s chapeau further refers to rights instruments and internationally agreed human rights. International human rights instruments, like the Guiding Principles on Extreme Poverty and Human Rights, written with the participation of people living in extreme poverty, provide solid guidance for countries seeking inclusive development. Some other critical victories in this area include labor rights (including for workers in precarious employment) and human rights education. That being said, there was a lacking political will to mainstream human rights throughout the document and strengthen public services. Almost all uses of the term ‘access to’ could be effectively replaced with ‘right to’. This language would significantly enhance the power of people to claim their rights, and its absence is perhaps the most significant shortcoming of the Open Working Group’s document. In the participatory research people living in poverty make a direct link between participation, dignity, and more effective poverty eradication programs. Although the conception of the SDGs has been a participatory policy-‐making process, the text could have gone further on language for participation. There are references to cultivating the participation of local communities in water management, participatory city planning, and participatory decision-‐making at all levels in goals 6, 11, and 16, respectively. Yet, there is no emphasis on the direct participation of people living in poverty in the design, implementation, monitoring and evaluation of the policies and programs that will implement the SDGs. Instilling ownership of the agenda in people living in poverty will require a strong commitment to building a participatory approach to governance where local communities and marginalized and excluded people can be involved in setting priorities and designing, monitoring and implementing policies.
Equality, Non-‐discrimination and Inclusion Highly related to “leave no one behind”, is the primacy of achieving equality and inclusion as a way of combating poverty. The International Movement ATD Fourth World was a key defender of Goal 10 on Reducing Inequalities. Within it, the international community took significant political strides to address economic inequality, social inclusion, eliminating discriminatory laws, policies and practices, and fiscal, wage, and social protection. Elsewhere in the report there are important allusions to inclusion through terms like inclusive institutions, birth registration, universal health coverage, empowerment and participation. ATD Fourth World regrets that the free birth registration was not included in the final document.
Education Education is one of the most important tools for combating poverty and, in recognition of that fact, people living in poverty have long desired to become active participants in the education of their communities. Through the text, governments establish their desire to ensure inclusive quality education, which goes far beyond increasing access. Further there is a commitment to ensuring access to pre-‐ primary education and care for all, which research partners emphasized in international participatory research. ATD Fourth World regrets that the group did not agree to include the right to education, a right that the international community just ratified at the 2014 Global Education for All meeting in Oman. Some shortcomings in the area of education include a failure to address indirect cost to education, which people living in poverty highlight as one of the most significant barriers to quality education. Parents living in poverty also highlighted the need to build cooperative forms of education in partnership with communities recognizing that parents, regardless of their economic or social status, are partners in children’s educational success.
Civil Society Participation The Open Working Group made civil society engagement a real priority in their work. Taking advantage of new technologies, the UN system was able to hold constant consultation and through certain initiatives
- 204 -
was able to reach a significant number of people living in poverty. These participatory initiatives should be further developed so that, eventually, the most marginalized will be permanently engaged in policy-‐ making processes at all levels. This possibility is reflected in the emphasis on Civil Society engagement in the Open Working Group’s ‘chapeau’ and under Goal 17 on Means of Implementation.
Conclusion Thanks to this spirit of openness, the International Movement ATD Fourth World was able to share with the Open Working Group many of the findings from its aforementioned participatory research project, synthesised in the report entitled Challenge 2015: Towards Sustainable Development that Leaves No One Behind. The self-‐identified priorities of people living in extreme poverty, detailed in the report, formed the basis for all of the organization’s policy priorities and proposals. The positive attitude of Member States and the Co-‐Chairs in engaging with civil society allowed ATD Fourth World to introduce some of these priorities into the work of the Open Working Group. The sustainable development goals are a historic agreement and are much more ambitious and comprehensive than the preceding Millennium Development Goals. The International Movement ATD Fourth World congratulates Ambassadors Macharia Kamau and Csaba Kőrösi in their expert co-‐chairing of this group and looks forward to the opportunity to further engage in the design and implementation of the post-‐2015 sustainable development agenda.
- 205 -
KENYA’S CIVIL SOCIETY ORGANIZATIONS’ COMMON POSITION ON THE PROPOSED SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT GOALS (SDGs) We, the representatives of Civil Society Organizations (CSOs) in Kenya: RECOGNIZE the commitment of the CSOs in Kenya in the post 2015 Development Agenda, notably through participation in various consultations at the National, Regional and Global levels; and making valuable submissions to various Government and United Nations (UN) led technical teams at different levels; ACKNOWLEDGE the various Initiatives by the UN as well global, regional and thematic consultations on the Post 2015 development framework. This include the: efforts of the United Nations General Assembly’s Open Working Group on Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) on the developed proposed SDGs as at the end of July 2014, High Level Panel of Eminent Persons advising the UN Secretary General, Members of the High Level Committee on Post 2015 who developed the Common African Position (CAP) and Ministry of Devolution and Planning national consultations; NOTE that the Government of Kenya, through its Permanent Mission to the UN, had the opportunity to Cochair United Nations General Assembly (UNGA) Open Working Group on SDGs together with Government of Hungary, working together in a team of a total of 30 UN member states; ACKNOWLEDGE the 17 Proposed Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) and the169 proposed targets; ADD our voice to the next UNGA by calling the attention of the Government of Kenya and other UN Member states to the following; 1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
The proposed SDGs are very progressive and should be objectively discussed, acknowledging that a lot of consultations, debate and negotiations have already taken place. That the debate on the proposed SDGs must be guided by the following principles; Mutual Respect and Accountability, Equity, Equality and Inclusivity, People Centred. Whilst the debate on the SDGs is enhanced, the persistent weakness of evaluation and documenting the extent to which the Millenium Development Goals (MDGs) specific targets, in each of the Nations, must not be lost. Each Member state must commit to carry out a comprehensive evaluation to determine the achievements of the MDGs before the end of 2015. While welcoming the identification of critical social and environmental issues and the understanding of the integrated solutions required to lead the world to sustainable development, the overall level of integration throughout the framework needs to be strengthened, with recognition that humans should prosper while maintaining the planet’s resources and that any long-term overshoot would result in unsustainable overexploitation of the planet and jeopardize the SDGs as a whole While we also welcome recognition of climate change as one of the greatest challenges of our time and an essential element to delivering sustainable development, each member state must commit to ensure that the gap between adaptation and mitigation commitments and aggregate emission pathways must be closed. The Success of the MDGs must be measured in regards to the transformations among the people living in poverty and exclusion across all age groups and abilities; and that the same should apply to the SDGs. The measurement of success should be disaggregated by sex and include improvements made for unforeseen, uncounted and invisible including children, youth, older persons. We welcome the commitment to a goal on gender equality and women’s empowerment and that this are addressed in different goal areas including equal rights to education and life-long learning, to decent work and equal work and equal pay for equal work value. Notably, access to universal sexual and reproductive health and rights (SRHR), ending all forms of violence and harmful traditional practices, including but not limited to Female Genital Mutilation (FGM) and Early, Forced Child Marriage, against children, youth,
- 207 -
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
16.
women and older persons in all settings is a precondition for a healthy, educated and prosperous society and they must be a clear priority in the Post-2015 Development Agenda. For a truly transformative agenda, the SDGs need to guarantee the full respect, protection, and fulfilment of SRHR for all. The persistent challenge of youth unemployment must be at the center stage at the UNGA debate and UN member states should recognize and commit more investment on the reduction of the vulnerabilities of children, youth, women and older persons, this being a critical requirement for sustainable development. The UNGA should affirm that; the right of every child to survive and thrive, including through access to quality health care, adequate nutritious food and support to carers; and malnutrition in all its forms remains one of the worldâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s most serious but least addressed public health challenges. Malnutrition and stunting are significantly impacting childrenâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s lives. The first 1000 days of life (pregnancy to age 2) are critical not only to a childâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s survival but also to their potential to grow and contribute to the societies and economies they live in. Food security which includes sustainable agriculture should be integrated with nutrition. The UNGA should recognize that millions of vulnerable children, youth, women and older persons are caught in the devastating effects of fragile contexts and conflict, living in fear and without hope of a secure future. Peaceful societies are a foundation of successful sustainable development and nations should focus on building the resilience of the poor and those in vulnerable situations, and reduce their exposure and vulnerability to climate-related extreme events and other economic, social and environmental shocks and disasters. It should be affirmed that addressing inequality across the life course is vital in order to reach the most vulnerable children, youth, women and older persons. Inequality has multiple impacts on development and increases the risks people face. Investment in children, youth, women and older persons, with added focus on people with disability at the heart of the next global sustainable development agenda will not only bring great opportunities and ensure their well-being, but also deliver significant and lasting benefits for societies as a whole. The UNGA must affirm that full and effective participation of women and their equal opportunities for leadership at all levels of decision-making in political, economic, and public life is paramount and guaranteed. We welcome the goal on reducing inequalities within and between countries and the targets therein. However, for the SDGs to be truly transformative they need to acknowledge that the current development model based on growth has failed to address concentrations of wealth that are deepening poverty, inequalities, and environmental degradation. We call for stronger language on: universal social protection floors for all, progressive tax systems worldwide, including elimination of VAT for basic foods, medicines, sanitary products. Governments need to embrace policies that tackle illicit flows including good governance reforms to tackle corruption as a source of illicit funds, but also more decisive efforts by rich countries that shelter tax havens or the proceeds of grand corruption. The UNGA should further affirm that National ownership of the global sustainable development agenda is of primary importance. Equally important are locally-led and transparent mechanisms to monitor progress and ensure accountability to the citizenry, zero tolerance to corruption and eradicate pilferation of public resources. The participation and voices of all citizens, particularly children, youth, women and older persons, as agents of change will be essential for the future global agenda to be successful. The UNGA should commit to adopt modern technology in data production; this includes a process of data revolution promoting data disaggregation to ensure the framework is monitored and applied to all ages and abilities across genders; commitment to increased funding for data collection and information management and use. Good governance, transparency and participation in decision-making processes to be vital for achieving sustainable development in any given field. UNGA should recognise the important role of Civil Society Organisations (CSOs) in the designing, realising, and monitoring of the post 2015 development agenda. A
- 208 -
bold and transformative Post 2015 framework can be realised through guaranteed access to information and knowledge, services and proactive policies so as to overcome barriers to political and social participation. Access to information should be central to the post-2015 development agenda.
List of Civil Society Organisations 1. GCAP Kenya 2. World Vision Kenya 3. FEMNET 4. FIDA 5. ACORD 6. WWF Kenya 7. EDAN 8. Wasanii Mtaani 9. Plan Kenya 10. Action Aid Kenya 11. Help Age 12. SEED Institute 13. Article 19 Kenya 14. Society for International Development 15. Media Focus on Africa 16. DSW 17. Young Women's Leadership Institute 18. Scaling Up Nutrition Movement 19. Aga Khan Foundation 20. IPPF 21. GROOTS Kenya 22. African Platform (APC) 23. Center for the Study of Adolesence 24. UNGA Kenya 25. Girl Child Network 26. Africa Capacity Alliance 27. AWCFC 28. AAWORD 29. Men Engage Kenya Network 30. Dandelion Kenya
- 209 -
OWG Final Outcome Document Falls Short of Commitment to Development Justice for Post-2015 Campaign for Peoples’ Goals for Sustainable Development 18 August 2014 The co-chairs of the Open Working Group (OWG) on Sustainable Development Goals finally released the outcome document to feed into the UN Secretary General’s Report to the 68th UN General Assembly. The document outlines 17 sustainable development goals, ranging from poverty eradication, food security, ensuring quality access to numerous basic services, means of implementation, and environmental sustainability among many others. Prior to the publication of the outcome document, the OWG also released two “focus areas” drafts (February 21 and March 19 2014) which reflected the sense of the Member States’ inputs to the formulation of sustainable development goals. These documents were further refined at subsequent OWG deliberations and supposedly formed the basis of the new outcome document. While recognizing some of the positive proposals of the outcome document, it nevertheless contains glaring omissions, gaps and provisions with potentially deleterious implications that need to be criticized and opposed. We also warn against a decontextualized reading of the OWG outcome document which promote the illusion that governments are committed to tackling the multiple crises of our time even as they continue promoting the same old development model and policy package that brought about the crises in the first place. The good intentions of SDGs will not be achieved while neoliberal globalization is intact. The OWG outcome document is not lacking in good intentions. Indeed, one can identify goals on health, education, water and sanitation, and sustainable industrialization, ecosystems, ocean, and sustainable consumption and production as generally positive. It is necessary to stress however, that the next global development agenda for post2015 will not be implemented in a vacuum. Examining current policy trends and strategies pursued by governments, Washington-based international financial institutions, development agencies, and the business sector, we get the following picture: 1
- 211 -
1. Accelerating privatization with the aim of capturing sectors that were previously public domain, such as water and sanitation services, education, health, pension systems, etc. 2. Trade liberalization by eliminating hindrances to the expansion of unequal trade between developed and developing countries and the concentration of power in the hands of transnational corporations controlling the trade in goods and services 3. Investment deregulation by facilitating foreign direct investments, speculative capital, and systematic undervaluation of currencies of the South 4. Empowering corporations with new privileges and rights to attack nations by forbidding states from interfering in economic affairs and reducing their role to narrow police functions 5. Subjecting Nature to the laws of the market and actual enclosure of the global commons by the corporate sector Therefore it is essential to examine the OWG’s proposed goals and targets for sustainable development and the emerging Post-2015 development agenda within this larger context. Whatever lofty goals and targets being proposed will have to contend with existing policy measures and objectives that will determine their realization or non-realization. The outcome document targets extreme poverty and inequality, but ignores extreme wealth. Goal 1 in the OWG outcome document comes under the ambitious banner: End poverty in all its forms everywhere. However, the target that immediately follows under it limits its meaning to eradicating only extreme poverty as measured by the World Bank-defined $1.25/day poverty line. This is anything but ambitious. This poverty indicator is far too low to cover the cost of purchasing essential needs and goods needed to escape poverty. The “graduation” of 1.29 billion people living under this starvation rate will not make their dire and miserable conditions any more acceptable. The outcome document rightly proposes progressively increasing the income growth of the bottom 40 per cent of the population at a rate higher than the national average. However, it fails to include the need for an equitable redistribution of income, in light of labor’s shrinking share in the GDP in contrast with the ever expanding profits of corporations. It does not have any proposal on the establishment of progressive tax systems, including elimination of VAT for essential
2
- 212 -
needs and the implementation of innovative finance measures such as financial transaction tax, currency transaction tax, carbon tax, or billionaire’s tax. The goal dedicated to reducing inequality within and among countries (Goal 10) is a welcome inclusion. However, it misses on the fundamental truth about inequality. Even as it proposes ensuring equal rights and access to economic resources, assets, and finance, it does not link this goal as a response to the monopoly control of the wealthy few over investment resources and finances; the corporate capture of natural resources; and the neocolonial plunder of the global South’s resources by wealthy developed nations and their multinational and transnational corporations. The current inequality dilemma is not simply about ensuring that all men and women have equal rights to access and own resources. Equal property right has long been the cornerstone of free market ideology, and we have seen how this “right” has resulted to the unlimited accumulation of wealth in fewer hands. Fighting inequality, therefore, goes beyond ensuring individual rights to property (which is in fact, already being guaranteed under the existing ownership regime). It also means ensuring that the total output of wealth created by humanity’s collective labor is equitably shared and utilized to benefit society as a whole, ensuring that wealth is not overly concentrated in the hands of a few. Social protection is placed in the backburner. Evidence suggests that universal social protection has strong redistributive effects. Though various social protection measures have been integrated in the outcome document at SDG target and indicator levels, the absence of a stand-alone goal on SP endangers it being lost and placed in the backburner. A goal on universal social protection is essential as it increases the chance of governments and their development partners concentrating on investing in national systems of social protection, including social protection floors. But the critical fault of the document is that it ignores the entrenchment of neoliberal policies which for the most part have undermined human development indicators in most regions and weakened governments’ capacity to ensure the progressive realization of people’s rights. For instance proposed goal 3 “Ensure healthy lives and promote well-being for all at all ages” will have to deal with the current drive of governments towards privatization, public-private partnerships, and patents monopolies in international agreements and bilateral, regional and international free trade agreements.
3
- 213 -
The same criticism can be said about proposed goal 3 on equitable quality education” and proposed goal 6 on water and sanitation. As various critics of the MDGs have pointed out, UN development agencies have long promoted the same goals. While progress was made in initial years, ground has been lost since the reduction in public expenditures and the privatization of these sectors. The OWG outcome suffers from the critical absence of measures that would expand public and democratic ownership of essential industries, utilities and services. Public ownership remains crucial to delivering social justice and economic democracy, emphasizing economic decision-making as a collective initiative that should be open to broader scrutiny and participation than we have currently. Responding to the economic problems facing societies – problems about social services provisioning or general macroeconomic problems such as determining what goods and service should be produced to serve whose needs, or how to achieve full employment and tackle poverty – requires collective and public stewardship of resources and decision-making, framed around the democratic deliberation of people’s interest and welfare rather than private interests capturing economic decision-making institutions (Cumbers, 2013). The outcome document does not uphold food sovereignty. The outcome document seeks to increase agricultural productivity and incomes of small farmers, but does not have a target ensuring land is owned by the tillers. It also lacks any target addressing the mass acquisition of land in developing countries and LDCs conducted by agro-TNCs and investors from developed countries. This is an unacceptable omission as rural land redistribution and tenure security remain the top agenda of poor farmers, especially in the global South and are vitally linked to their food sovereignty. It is lamentable that some of the more progressive recommendations and statements made by some of the country-delegates, especially from the G77 bloc, in the OWG sessions have not been considered. For example, no reference was made about the strong stance taken by the G77 bloc against the increasing financialization of the agriculture sector that is posing severe threats to the economic and social right to food and nutrition of vulnerable populations in developing countries. The corporate-driven market forces and policies that are enabling big companies to capture seed markets by introducing genetically modified seeds have been proven to have dreadful impacts on the environment, human health and the livelihoods of farmers. These impacts are more pronounced in poor developing nations where farmers are small and marginalized communities, governments are weak, 4
- 214 -
corruption is prevalent and it is much easier for these companies to make their way and monopolize the seed market. The G77 bloc’s strong emphasis about the need for a proper regulation of agricultural commodity markets to avoid excessive volatility and speculative activities was weakly reworded in the outcome document to proper functioning. The outcome document lacks definite targets to ensure environmental justice The chapeau noted that there is a consensus about the need to hold global atmospheric rise below 2 degrees Celsius. Curiously, this was not indicated as a target for climate change mitigation goal. There is mention of phasing out fossil fuel subsidies but only insofar as they distort the markets. It also fails to adopt a global target for capping the burning of fossil fuels even as the UN intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change has already concluded that 80 per cent of the world’s current fossil fuel reserves need to be kept in the ground to prevent the catastrophic scenario of a planet heated by more than 2 degrees Celsius. Neither are there concrete targets promoting community-owned and managed renewable energy sources. Another missing is a target ensuring the effective regulation and governance of synthetic biology, especially the development of biofuels and transgenics, to protect public health and the environment and prevent human rights, violations including land grabs. The document “Principles for the Oversight of Synthetic Biology” which was signed by 111 civil society organizations contain useful recommendations to achieve this and would have been an opportune time to translate these insights into actionable targets. Target 15.9 advocates the integration of national accounting of biodiversity and the ecosystem into national and local planning and poverty reduction strategies. While, nature valuation may not necessarily take the form of market valuation, it cannot help but be taken to mean as a legitimation of the commodification of Nature, especially with the UN’s push for “Green Economy” and schemes like ecosystem offsets like carbon trading, carbon markets, and UN REDD+. Market-based schemes such as Payment for Ecosystem Services ignore the multidimensionality and integral nature of ecosystems and disregard the adverse social implications of commodifying nature – including the displacement of communities most dependent on natural resources for their livelihoods and culture. They also offer false assurances of environmental sustainability in the sense that they do not really aim at reducing emissions and curtailing the polluting activities of corporations. Moreover, they also undermine indigenous peoples’ tenure rights to their land and environment. The authors’ of the outcome document could have 5
- 215 -
taken this chance to deliver a stand against PES and such measures that seek to commodify the commons and subject Nature to further market pressures. The outcome document is also deficient in reviewing unsustainable and destructive large scale development projects, viz, mining, large dam projects etc that result in widespread devastation and environmental and social injustices. Finally, the outcome document fails to include a target compelling business to account for social and environmental costs and require them to report on sustainability practices. Instead, it only “encourages” companies to integrate sustainability information into their reporting cycle, relying on the sector’s goodwill and honesty. Civil society organizations have long been calling for stronger regulatory frameworks for corporations, including drawing up a code of conduct for transnational corporations, legally binding rulings against TNCs, and setting up minimum standards for the disclosure of information of TNC activities. The outcome document promotes labor-export policy and “migration for development” The outcome document correctly highlights the importance of decent work and employment for all. However, it neglected to address existing policies of labor market flexibility and deregulation, especially in the context of cash-strapped developing economies pursuing foreign investments where employment is made vulnerable, cheap and docile and where workers’ union rights and collective bargaining rights are completely trashed. The chapeau echoes the Declaration of the High-Level Dialogue on International Migration and Development stance on promoting migration as a development opportunity. Target 10.c aims to reduce transaction cost of migrant remittances while 10.7 calls for the facilitation of migration and implementation of planned and well-managed migration policies. The document ignores that the phenomenon of migration, especially for those coming from developing countries, is brought about by unjust structures and policies of governments and international institutions that impoverish the vast majority of the world’s population, forcing them to migrate out of necessity and desperation, rather than choice. Governments and international development institutions and platforms like the UNHLD and the Global Forum on Migration and Development (GFMD) become party to the injustice inflicted on migrants by promoting the neoliberal labor export strategy as a means to alleviate poverty and to mobilize resources for “sustainable development.”
6
- 216 -
Developing country governments seek to institutionalize labor export to increase remittances to arrest their sinking economies and project the illusion of growth. Remittances are increasingly being used by the sending-country government to pay its fiscal deficits stemming from unequal trade relations with the developed countries, cover foreign loans or used as guarantee for more foreign borrowings. It leads to jobless growth as the billions of dollars are not utilized to promote national development goals like industrialization and agriculture modernization that could generate employment. The outcome document promotes more trade liberalization and ignores calls for democratic transformation of global governance institutions. The goal on means of implementation has become a battleground over the sharp differences between developed and developing countries. The outcome document reflects these conflicting visions and the compromises between the two camps over structural themes on trade, finance and technology transfer. The result is that while the document appears to concede to some of developing countries’ demands on policy and systemic levels, it also retains policies such as trade liberalization, deregulation, and aggressive foreign direct investments – the very same policies that have aggravated wealth polarization and underdevelopment in many countries, especially in the developing world, today. According to an insider report drawn by Third World Network (2014), developing countries led by G77 and China asserted developing countries’ full use of TRIPS flexibilities for technology transfer, especially of sound technologies under goal 17 of the means of implementation and in access to medicines and vaccines. Developed countries, on the other hand, fiercely resisted the adoption of flexibilities in TRIPS for developing countries, arguing that if TRIPS had to be mentioned it had to be the general implementation of TRIPS. In the final document, TRIPS flexibilities under goal 17 of means of implementation are deleted. Instead, the TRIPS flexibilities were included in target 3(b) under Goal 3 on health. While this may be an important concession, this simply rehashes the WTO Doha Declaration’s recognition of developing countries’ right to use TRIPS flexibilities in relation to providing medicines for all and protecting public health. An attempt at concession towards least developed countries and developing countries appears to be made with the introduction of a target to increase exports of developing countries and doubling the LDCs’ share of global exports by 2020. However, this is a dilution of the original assertion by developing countries that specifically calls for the improvement of developing countries’ market access. For 7
- 217 -
example, goal 17 target 3 lacks a language on removing “tariff and non-tariff barriers” which developing countries have long been calling for. Target 17.10 argues for an “open and non-discriminatory multilateral trading system under the WTO including through the conclusion of negotiations within its Doha Development Agenda.” In concrete experience, this has meant the warrantless imposition of free-market rules on developing countries and the forced dismantling of mechanisms to support domestic capital accumulation and marginal economic sectors and consumers as these have been viewed protectionist and discriminatory against foreign monopoly corporations. The outcome document promotes the non-discriminatory and parallel elimination of subsidies in world agricultural markets. This proposal fails in promoting economic justice as this does not address the imbalance between developed and developing countries caused by developed countries’ consistent protectionist stance while pressuring developing countries to liberalize. For example, developed and least developed countries (LDCs) have long been reducing their tariffs and using minimal subsidies in the past or have been asked by the International Monetary Fund (IMF) to reduce subsidies as part of the IMF structural adjustment program (SAP) of liberalization. Goal 17 target 4 adopts developing countries proposal to provide assistance to developing countries in attaining “debt sustainability” through debt financing, relief, and restructuring and “address the external debt of highly indebted poor countries (HIPC) to reduce debt distress.” However, this omits and dilutes the stronger stance of G77 (Muchhala, 2014) which calls for the establishment of a “transparent and independent mechanism to prevent and address debt crises and its impacts, while taking into account the role of credit rating agencies and the predatory effects of vulture funds.” Additionally, the G77 calls for the cancellation, rather than simply to “address,” HIPC debt. Target 16.8 agrees about the need to broaden and strengthen the participation of developing countries in institutions of global governance but does not elaborate on how to exactly achieve this. Furthermore, there is no recognition about the need to reform global governance institutions, especially the Washington-based global financial institutions, to address their democratic deficiencies and increasing susceptibility to corporate influence and power. Furthermore, the final outcome text removed the initial reference to the creation of a High-Level Political Forum (HLPF), thus frustrating the possibility of the HLPF being adopted by the UN General Assembly when it decides to consider the OWG outcome document. It must be remembered HLPF was originally agreed upon by 8
- 218 -
governments in the Rio+20 document The Future We Want as replacement to the UN Commission for Sustainable Development as the main institution for guiding, implementing, and monitoring sustainable development measures. This accurately captures the observation made by analysts â&#x20AC;&#x153;how intergovernmental negotiations can barely manage to retain the language of previous processes and outcomes, let alone move the language forward to encompass broader and deeper issuesâ&#x20AC;? (Muchhala, 2014). The outcome document uncritically endorses private sector-led development. The outcome document completely drops global partnership for development as a mode of collective action of developed and developing countries on key development issues, with the developed countries taking the lead in providing resources and the means of implementation. Rather, it substitutes a revamped version of partnerships especially with the private sector. Target 17.6 of the means of implementation goal, for example, uncritically endorses public-private partnership (PPPs). There is a need to closely examine PPP as a means to finance development priorities for post-2015, especially when concrete experiences by many countries point to its many negative effects. In many instances, PPPs have been wielded as a pretext for creating a smaller public sector by clearing the way for the consolidation and privatization of government-run agencies and corporations. PPPs have also resulted in massive lay-offs of government employees. In some cases, taxpayers even end up financing corporate take-over of public infrastructure and delivery services as provided by conditions offered by governments to entice the private sector. Finally, there is the serious concern about the lack of adequate accountability mechanism and policies to ensure justice in violations by private parties. PPPs form part of the general trend of partnerships with the private sector in an effort to revive the all-too familiar market-led strategy dominant among policy makers since the advent of the Washington consensus in the 1980s. And yet we have seen how the profit-maximizing logic and market competition among private enterprises have led to cutting down on wages and erosion of the collective rights of workers; food insecurity among the poor due to higher prices of goods and services; and the aggravation of social inequalities and environmental emergencies caused by big businessâ&#x20AC;&#x2122; operations. In the current context of depressed economic conditions, PPPs serve to socialize the risks and guarantee the profits of private investors. Moreover, the focus on business as the forerunner of the new development agenda and the aggressive push for 9
- 219 -
“partnerships” lead to the obscuring of the ultimate obligation of governments in providing public goods and services and promoting people’s rights. The provision of public goods becomes unreliable as it increasingly becomes dependent on voluntary and ultimately unpredictable sources of financing. This adds pressure to privatize this provisioning, thereby flouting the rights-based understanding of people as rights-holders and governments as duty-bearers compelled to account for their human rights obligations under international and national laws. The outcome document neglects to address foreign occupation as a major stumbling block to world peace and security. A major stumbling block to world peace today is foreign occupation which is primarily driven by countries’ quest for new resources and markets. Rich and powerful states repeatedly violate with impunity UN resolutions and declarations against foreign subjugation, domination and occupation. Multinational corporations loot on colonized nations’ natural wealth, resources, and labor power as spoils of neocolonial wars. Entire populations are displaced and women and children of colonized countries are subjected to gross violations of human rights. The Group of 77 developing countries and China repeatedly urged a specific target on ending foreign occupation rather than simply being acknowledged in the chapeau. Developed countries however resisted the inclusion of foreign occupation in the document or even being mentioned in the chapeau, communicating threats that would have delayed the release of the document (Sengupta, Muchhala, & Alas, 2014) The outcome document completely sidelines human rights Overall, the outcome document does not recognize, ensure and protect human rights for all which should be a core principle and objective of a just, transformative and sustainable post-2015 global development agenda. This is despite the accompanying 4-page chapeau reaffirming Rio+20’s commitment to uphold human rights. The outcome document emphasizes through dedicated goals and interlinkages with cross-cutting thematic priorities education, food security, water, sanitation and achieving environmental sustainability. However, they fundamentally lack the needed human rights orientation to guarantee states’ accountability and strengthen the claim-making power of people as rights-holders. With the exception of the universal access to sexual and reproductive health and reproductive rights, the outcome document has ultimately failed to employ human 10
- 220 -
rights as the underpinning principle for the realization of sustainable development goals. Notably, the initial proposal of the OWG progress report on ensuring that â&#x20AC;&#x153;business globally respects fundamental human rights, in line with the UN Guiding Principles on Business and Human Rightsâ&#x20AC;? is likewise missing. Overall, the outcome document lags far behind previous internationally-agreed treatises and declarations on human rights, including the right to self-determined development of marginalized indigenous communities. All in allâ&#x20AC;Ś The OWG outcome document is another missed opportunity to introduce a just and sustainable development agenda for post-2015. Even as it tries to comprehensively cover everything under the sun with staggering 17 goals, it still falls short of advocating necessary structural reforms delve deep into the roots of injustice, deprivation, marginalization and ecological disasters today. In the end, the outcome document appears to be just like an expanded version of MDGs with revamped targets. We therefore urge Member States and the Secretary General this coming 68th UN General Assembly to go beyond aspiring to meet targets and minimum thresholds and spark the debate on alternative development models and paradigms. As the world nears the crucial phase of setting the agenda for negotiation among governments and other stakeholders to achieve global sustainable development goals, it is imperative that a much transformative and bolder perspective and recommendations are adopted to attain an equitable and just post-2015 era. Works Cited Cumbers, A. (2013). Reclaiming Public Ownership. London: Zed Books Muchhala, B. (2014, July 24). SDG negotiations reveal the hard fight for means of implementation. Retrieved 10 2014, August, from TWN Info Service on UN Sustainable Development : http://www.twnside.org.sg/title2/unsd/2014/unsd140705.htm Sengupta, R., Muchhala, B., & Alas, M. (2014, August 8). Conflict Zones in the SDG Negotiations. Retrieved August 15, 2014, from Third World Network: http://www.twnside.org.sg/title2/unsd/2014/unsd140801.htm
11
- 221 -
United Nations Headquarters New York 27-29 August 2014
Conference Outcome Document
- 223 -
Conference Declaration
Resource Document
ϮϬ
Declaration Drafting Committee
ϵ
- 224 -
1
65TH ANNUAL UN DPI/NGO CONFERENCE OUTCOME DOCUMENT – DECLARATION
2 3 4 5 6
The participants of the 65th Annual UN DPI/NGO Conference, “Beyond 2015: Our Action Agenda”, representatives of Non-governmental organizations (“NGOs”) from around the world, assembled at United Nations Headquarters in New York from 27 to 29 August 2014, have issued the following Declaration.
7 8 9 10
The Declaration constitutes of one of two parts of the Outcome Document of the Conference and reflects our position on the vision, recommendations, and monitoring and accountability framework for an “Action Agenda” on poverty eradication, sustainable development, human rights and climate change.
11 12 13 14 15
The Declaration must be read in connection with the Resource Document that constitutes the other part of the Outcome Document. The Resource Document reflects joint statements by UN Major Groups and Stakeholders from civil society, which have been prepared through transparent and inclusive input and consensus processes and submitted to the UN SDGs Open Working Group earlier as official positions.
16
DECLARATION OF THE 65TH ANNUAL DPI/NGO CONFERENCE
17 18
Noting that the 65th Annual UN DPI/NGO Conference is a major stakeholder event aimed at contributing to the ongoing Post-2015 process;
19 20
Recognizing and commending the progress made to date in achieving the implementation of the Millennium Development Goals (“MDGs”);
21 22 23 24 25
Noting with alarm, however, that this progress is certainly far from what we need and must collectively achieve, particularly in relation to goals relating to poverty and hunger, achieving gender equality and the empowerment of women, universal access to primary education, child mortality, improving maternal health and ensuring universal access to reproductive health, environmental sustainability and access to water and sanitation;
26 27 28 29
Also noting that 2015 is recognized to be a once-in-a-generation opportunity for transformational change as the international community strives to achieve the implementation of the MDGs while formulating the Post-2015 Development Agenda, including the Sustainable Development Goals (“SDGs”);
10 – Sep – 2014
1
- 225 -
30 31 32 33 34
We welcome the inclusion of goals that will ensure that the SDGs deliver a truly transformative agenda for poverty eradication and inequalities reduction, with a strong sustainability dimension. Goals on Climate Change, Sustainable Cities and Human Settlements, Sustainable Consumption and Production, Oceans, Ecosystems and Biodiversity should therefore be retained and considered critical to a sustainable development agenda.
35 36 37
We also welcome a goal on achieving gender equality and empowering all women and girls, noting that a transformative agenda and sustainable development cannot be achieved if women and girls continue to be left behind;
38 39 40
We strongly urge governments to take the strongest possible global and national, collective and individual action to address climate change, ensuring participatory processes, in line with the principles of equity and common but differentiated responsibilities;
41 42 43
Bearing in mind that the 21st Conference of the Parties to the UN Framework Convention on Climate Change and the launch of the Post-2015 Development Agenda will culminate within months of each other in 2015, with the potential to shape the future of the planet and its peoples;
44 45 46
Acknowledging that the development agenda should center on the well-being of people and our planet, and reflect the values and ethics underlying the individual and collective choices and behavior necessary to achieve sustainable development;
47 48
Recognizing that as part of this transformative agenda, the international financial architecture and governance structures must be reformed so as to make them more legitimate, inclusive and just;
49 50 51
Determined to harness the strategies, expertise and resources across the broadest spectrum of civil society to move into a transformative and universal agenda for poverty eradication, sustainability, human rights and climate justice;
52 53
Demanding lasting, democratic and accountable political action in support of an ambitious outcome from the Post-2015 sustainable development process;
54 55 56 57 58 59
We underscore that the Post-2015 sustainable development process is giving us the unique opportunity to embark on a journey to create a truly transformative agenda for all people of all ages in all places, including persons with disabilities. An authentic agenda that is meant to usher humanity into an era of sustainable development in harmony with nature; an agenda that respects planetary boundaries, including oceans, seas and marine resources, and ensures that sustainable human development aspirations are set in the context of existing human rights standards and norms;
10 â&#x20AC;&#x201C; Sep â&#x20AC;&#x201C; 2014
2
- 226 -
60 61 62 63 64 65 66 67
We declare that our vision for the Post-2015 Development Agenda is that of an equitable, inclusive and sustainable world where every person is safe, resilient, lives well, and enjoys their human rights, and where political and economic systems deliver well-being for all people within the limits of our planet’s resources. Consequently, it is a world where all human rights are realized, inequalities have been properly addressed and remedied and with poverty having been eradicated; the health of our planet, its natural resources and the environment are treasured and safeguarded; where there is social justice, and where peace, safety and human security are a reality for all, including refugees and people displaced by human-induced and natural disasters;
68 69 70 71 72
We underscore that destruction of our natural environment, and indigenous peoples’ cultural values and diversity, cannot be classified as progress. A flawed paradigm that does not recognize our planet’s limits or recognize the Commons, that does not seek to prevent and combat the harmful effects of climate change, and that does not fulfill our development in a truly holistic way cannot be considered transformative;
73 74 75 76 77 78 79
We acknowledge that civil society bases its work on the ethics, values and spiritual principles that are reflected by the UN Charter and the Universal Declaration of Human Rights. The fundamental freedoms of expression, media, political participation, association and peaceful assembly, reflecting the values of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights, underpin the ability of people truly to engage with the development agenda. These rights are the fundamental building blocks of good governance, empowering people to participate actively in achieving development goals and holding governments to account;
80 81 82 83 84 85
We urge governments to develop and ensure a Post-2015 sustainable development framework that embraces all our human diversity; that is anchored in a human rights-based approach to sustainable development, upholding the universality of all human rights regardless of cultural and religious practices and national laws, that should ultimately result in a more just and equitable economic and social environment, and that guarantees human rights accountability, including that of the private sector;
86 87 88 89 90 91
We reaffirm that human rights, including sexual rights, as well as the rights of children, are not controversial and cannot be compromised; they are not up for negotiation. Our rights cannot be questioned, traded, or violated. Along with economic, social, cultural and environmental rights, any successor framework to the MDGs must include commitments to legal and regulatory frameworks to protect freedom of association, media, expression, peaceful assembly and political participation, if it is to ensure an enabling environment for an empowered civil society;
10 – Sep – 2014
3
- 227 -
92 93
We stress that poverty is a multidimensional phenomenon, and income-based measures fail to capture its diverse elements.
94 95
We call upon governments to respond to this reality by developing a new multidimensional poverty index that strives to represent the full complexity of poverty;
96 97
We underscore that longstanding inequalities and discrimination should no longer undermine human rights and sustainable development for all;
98 99 100 101 102 103
We envision a Post-2015 world where inequalities, conflicts and human suffering from racial discrimination and xenophobia are eliminated as obstacles to human dignity, fulfillment of human rights, and sustainable development. Addressing the root causes of racism through human rights learning, promoting human connectedness, multicultural understanding with mutual compassion, non-discriminatory laws and practices, reconciliation and healing are instrumental to achieving this vision.
104 105
We recommend that civil society emphasize that restorative justice will help heal relationships between culpable and affected communities alongside the non-peripheral role of victims as survivors.
106 107
We firmly embrace the intellectual, emotional and moral challenges inherent in adopting the restorative justice paradigm to diverse national structures.
108 109 110
We reaffirm that throughout the entire set of SDGs, no goal or target should be considered met until it is met for all groups that are affected, particularly the lowest quintiles of the national income distribution, ensuring that we leave no one behind;
111 112 113 114 115
We renew our commitment to and call upon governments to ensure a notion of “all groups” that refers to all populations, subgroups, and minorities as identified by geography, urban or rural status, income and wealth, gender, racial or ethnic group, sexual orientation, gender identity, religion [or belief], language, physical and mental health, disability, age, legal and migration status, and any other categories of human characteristics or identities including cross-cutting or multiple categories;
116 117
We urge governments to eliminate all discriminatory laws and practices and commit to implementing human rights instruments;
118 119
We further call upon governments to ensure minimum floors of socioeconomic well-being for all, and to address comprehensively inequalities within and between countries;
120 121
We affirm that physical and mental health and psychosocial well-being are essential for all peoples of all ages in order to achieve the three dimensions of sustainable development; 10 – Sep – 2014
4
- 228 -
122 123 124 125 126 127
We further assert that mental health and psychosocial well-being is cross-cutting and interlinked across several goals, e.g., ensuring quality education; ending poverty; achieving gender equality and empowerment of all women and girls; promoting economic growth and decent work for all; making cities and human settlements safe; taking urgent action to combat climate change and promoting disaster recovery and risk reduction; developing global partnerships and promoting peaceful and inclusive societies;
128 129 130
We call upon governments to ensure that all people of all ages have access to affordable, essential and quality physical and mental health care services, without discrimination and without suffering financial hardship;
131 132
We further call upon governments to guarantee universal, equal and inclusive access to quality education and life-long learning opportunities for all citizens;
133 134 135
We urge governments to develop capacity to assess the environmental, physical and mental health and socio-economic impacts of new and emerging technologies that are presented as solutions to development challenges, in line with the precautionary principle;
136 137
We move for the promotion of indigenous technology development and the growth of domestic innovation in developing countries;
138 139 140 141 142
We recognize that world peace and human security is crucial for development. Peaceful societies require strong enabling mechanisms for preventing violence and violent conflict, promoting peace through tourism and the teaching of sustainable tourism in universities, managing tensions and disputes, addressing grievances, and building trust and mutual accountability between social groups, society and the government.
143 144 145
We also recognize that the Post-2015 Development Agenda will not be achieved unless the vision promoting the Culture of Peace and Non-Violence for the Children of the World is incorporated throughout the Post-2015 Development Agenda;
146 147
We call upon governments to commit to providing free legal identity for all, including free universal birth and civil registrations;
148 149 150 151
We further recognize that the achievement of the SDGs is dependent on the effective functioning of open, accountable institutions, and that this accountability at the same time extends to all actors contributing to the Post-2015 Development Agenda. To this end, capacity-building mechanisms for all relevant stakeholders must be developed and implemented;
10 â&#x20AC;&#x201C; Sep â&#x20AC;&#x201C; 2014
5
- 229 -
152 153 154
We underscore that adopting a transformative vision for sustainable human development and translating it from policy to reality requires substantial institutional shifts and accountable and transparent new partnerships;
155 156 157
We reaffirm that multi-stakeholder partnerships between all levels of government, civil society, diaspora communities, academia, the private sector, and the philanthropic community will be essential towards implementation of the Post-2015 Development Agenda and should be empowered;
158 159 160
We call upon all countries, at all stages of development, to severely limit and reduce the application of antibiotics to humans, and children in particular, and animals, from their current levels, which have brought the world to a crisis in anti-microbial resistance and the resurgence of infectious diseases.
161 162 163 164
We further call upon all stakeholders â&#x20AC;&#x201C; researchers/academics, healthcare practitioners, funders, governments, international organizations, industry and NGOs -- to join in a public/private partnership to target, collaborate and facilitate urgently the development of new therapies for infectious diseases as a top-tier priority in the allocation of healthcare funds and human resources.
165 166 167 168
We call upon governments to ensure increased representation and institutionalized decision-making and policy-making roles of women, indigenous peoples, local communities, organized constituencies of people, including those living and working in poverty, to plan, implement and monitor development programmes that affect their lives;
169 170 171
We call upon governments and multilateral organizations not to allow failures within certain segments of society to hide behind improved overall average values and to understand that leaving no one behind will require disaggregated data by all groups as listed above;
172 173 174
We denounce the growing scarcity of resources to civil society organizations, oppressive action against social movements and the increasing criminalization of environmental and indigenous movements in many countries by government and large multi-national corporations;
175 176
We urge governments to ensure the decriminalization and protection of all human rights defenders and environmental defenders;
177 178 179
We understand and recognize that these are complex issues; however, we must, and we can, do better, much better, in order to deliver on the greatest challenges of our time and to secure a peaceful and safe world for current and future generations;
10 â&#x20AC;&#x201C; Sep â&#x20AC;&#x201C; 2014
6
- 230 -
180 181 182
We note with dismay that the current development model has inflicted on the planet a global system of extraction, exploitation, oppression of people and their rights, and mass consumption. This situation needs to change if we are to craft the future that all people need;
183 184 185 186 187 188
But we also celebrate with renewed hope and determination that we live in a moment of unprecedented opportunity to use our collective abilities. Research and innovation, the role of women and girls in science, establishment of “entrepreneurship academies” in universities, creativity, sports and indigenous games, the arts, including positive messaging through music and fashion, modern digital and information and communications technologies (“ICTs”) and social media hold unprecedented potential to address these challenges;
189
We underscore that sustainable human development is per se multi-dimensional;
190 191 192
We call upon governments, therefore, to ensure that an overall framework of SDGs is integrated across sectors, and that encourages and empowers a nexus approach to policy-making and implementation;
193 194 195
We believe as strongly as ever that the time has come for us to work together in solidarity and more strategically, between countries and between generations, across cultures and across civil society sectors;
196 197
We call upon all stakeholders to seize this time of exceptional possibilities, a moment when an agenda that long seemed unattainable is within our reach;
198 199 200
We stress that the empowerment of youth as responsible citizens and agents for sustainable human development must be central to any partnership for the implementation of a new global partnership agenda;
201 202 203
We reaffirm that civic participation, including by volunteer and faith-based organizations, has been a valuable partner in a broad spectrum of peace, human security and sustainable development activities;
204 205 206 207
We call upon governments to ensure that volunteerism and citizen engagement are incorporated in all global, national and local action plans for implementation of sustainable development and human well-being, and to commit to the creation of an enabling environment for citizen engagement and voluntary action;
208 209
We urge governments to ensure the full participation and authentic engagement of all stakeholders in these coming months of discussions and negotiations until the adoption of the SDGs and a new 10 – Sep – 2014
7
- 231 -
210 211 212
climate action framework. We will only accept a participatory structure that provides us, at minimum, the same level of access and engagement that was granted to us throughout the UN SDGs open Working Group, which we commend;
213 214
We call for a wide global awareness-raising campaign to inform and engage the world’s citizens about the Post-2015 Development Agenda and we remain committed and willing to participate;
215 216 217
We call upon all governments and multilateral organizations to rise to the challenge and meet our ambition, as well as recognize the interconnected, interdisciplinary, and mutually reinforcing nature of all the targets for the SDGs;
218 219 220
We remain committed to holding governments accountable, but also to encouraging them, supporting them and working hand-in-hand with them in this universal quest for a life of dignity for all within planetary boundaries.
221
We are here…and here to stay.
222
SECTION II – MONITORING AND ACCOUNTABILITY
223 224 225
We underscore that if the Post-2015 Development Agenda is to have the transformative impact that is so irrefutably needed, it is essential that the framework includes rigorous accountability systems that are firmly rooted in human rights norms, standards and mechanisms;
226 227 228 229
We reaffirm that a system of voluntary reporting on development commitments will not be enough to deliver a just and sustainable world for current and future generations. It is crucially important that all actors be held accountable under the new system, including high-income countries, international institution, donors and corporations;
230 231
We note with dismay that the outcome document of the UN SDGs Open Working Group does not provide anything approaching such a framework;
232 233 234
We stress that real progress requires a broad spectrum of accountability mechanisms, at the national, regional, and international levels, to function cohesively to create an effective system of accountability;
235 236 237
We strongly recommend new SDG-specific bodies to function in complementarity with existing accountability mechanisms, including parliamentary, judicial and administrative bodies, along with UN human rights monitoring bodies;
10 – Sep – 2014
8
- 232 -
238 239 240
We recognize that a strong governance mechanism underpinning the Post-2015 Development Agenda is needed. The High Level Political Forum (“HLPF”) through UN General Assembly Resolution 67/290 has been established as that mechanism.
241 242 243
We call upon UN Member States to strengthen the mandate, structure and organisation of the HLPF and, at the same time, be mindful of the changing nature of intergovernmental processes as well as the changing nature of global challenges;
244 245 246
We note that human rights-based accountability is multifaceted. It requires public participation in the design and implementation of programmes to address and monitor State obligations and commitments;
247 248 249
We underscore that particular attention should be given to gender equality and women’s empowerment, so as to ensure realization of all women’s human rights, including sexual and reproductive rights, and particularly the right to live without violence;
250 251 252 253 254
We underscore that it will also be crucial that the voices and volunteer actions of ordinary people be at the very heart of accountability structures. The SDG monitoring process should foster enabling conditions for citizens’ voices and volunteer actions to be heard and acted upon by development decision-makers. Indeed, systems of monitoring should be citizen-led and should empower all, including the most marginalized communities and citizens, to participate;
255 256 257
We encourage decision-makers at all levels to develop and implement effective and targeted capacitybuilding programmes in developing countries in support of multi-stakeholder assessments and national plans for implementing all SDGs;
258 259 260
We further underscore that the creation of authentic participation processes at both the national and international levels, along with achievement of the “Transparency/Data Revolution”, will likewise be necessary preconditions to facilitate transformative accountability systems;
261 262 263
We note that for the “Data Revolution” to take place, it will be required that countries and National Statistical Offices collect data that is disaggregated and publicly accessible, and use it consistently to report via accessible and effective monitoring mechanisms through accessible ICT infrastructure;
264 265
We call for capacity-building mechanisms to be structured and implemented towards the “Data Revolution”, particularly in the Least Developed Countries.
266
We recommend:
10 – Sep – 2014
9
- 233 -
267 268 269
1. Rigorous human rights-based accountability systems, based on compulsory reporting, must be established at both the domestic and international levels as part of an effective system of accountability.
270 271 272 273 274
2. Civil society must be equipped with effective monitoring and implementation mechanisms, such as a hybrid “AMR-UP+” accountability mechanism similar to, but building upon, the successes of both the ECOSOC Annual Ministerial Review (“AMR”) and the Universal Periodic Review (“UPR”) process of the Human Rights Council. Reports would be delivered on an annual or semi-annual basis.
275 276 277 278 279 280 281 282 283
3. The HLPF is designated through the Rio+20 Outcome Document and UN General Assembly Resolution 67/290 to be the preeminent mechanism within the broader UN family to coordinate, facilitate, review and create policy on the Post-2015 Development Agenda. The HLPF will be the home of the SDGs, review its functions, identify emerging issues and set agendas. The HLPF has been charged with a heavy agenda, and needs an independent and strong position within the UN hierarchy. As the HLPF lacks a Bureau, this must be established, and the Division of Sustainable Development (“DSD”) of the UN Department of Economic and Social Affairs (“UNDESA”) must be given the resources and responsibility to function as the secretariat of the HLPF.
284 285 286
4. A “multiple accountability” approach should be applied to track development actors’ performance with regard to gender equality and girls’ and women’s rights, including sexual and reproductive rights.
287 288 289
5. Existing barriers to accessing justice, such as violence and discrimination, particularly for women, people living in poverty, persons with disabilities, and all other disadvantaged or marginalized groups, must be eradicated.
290 291
6. The right to effective remedy thorough accessible, effective and impartial justice systems at both national and international levels must be guaranteed.
292 293 294
7. Citizen-led “participatory monitoring” systems of performance in meeting the goals must be established. Individual and collective “volunteer action” in support of such systems must be established. Volunteer organizations must be recognized as assets to support such efforts.
295 296 297 298
8. The view of citizens and non-state actors must be integrated in the process through mechanisms of independent shadow reporting. The framework must be inclusive, participatory and multi-layered using a human rights-based approach. The inclusion of civil society will strengthen legitimacy and credibility of the monitoring structure. Individual and 10 – Sep – 2014
10
- 234 -
299 300
collective “volunteer action” in support of the accountability for implementation of the SDGs must be taken into consideration within such a monitoring structure.
301 302 303 304
9. Monitoring and accountability systems must also address fiscal policy, including taxations, so as to ensure the sufficiency of resources available for development and the equitable distribution of costs and benefits. Accountability over financing requires complete transparency and enhanced participation by a wide variety of stakeholders in these areas.
305 306 307 308
10. In light of the emphasis on private sector partnerships in development, the accountability of this sector should be assured through legislative and regulatory measures, in accordance with the UN Guiding Principles on Business and Human Rights, and mandatory human rights and sustainable development impact assessments of the activities of the private sector.
309 310 311
11. There must be a mandate to follow-up on the implementation of voluntary commitments and provide entry points for civil society to sufficiently provide for the accountability framework to go forward.
312 313 314
12. To promote a “Data Revolution” that puts people at the center and that promotes access to open and reliable information and data. Access to information and data is essential to the realization of accountability and the SDGs.
315
SECTION III – RECOMMENDATIONS ON THE SDGs
316 317 318 319 320 321
It should be noted that the participants at the 65th Annual UN DPI/NGO Conference contributed many more inputs to each goal than are listed below. The full record of these contributions will be found in the Resource Document, along with the Report of the Conference when it is issued later this year by the UN Department of Public Information, the output of the 65 workshops that were held during the Conference, the eight sessions of Roundtables and the four Town Hall meetings that constituted the Conference programme.
322 323
What follows are some of the most important considerations from civil society participants, and from the Experts, the Conference Chairman, and the Co-Chairs of the Drafting Committee.
324
Goal 1 – End poverty in all its forms everywhere
325 326 327
1. No goal or target should be considered met until it is met for all groups that are affected, particularly the lowest quintiles of the national income distribution, ensuring that we leave no one behind.
10 – Sep – 2014
11
- 235 -
328 329
Goal 2 – End hunger, achieve food security and improved nutrition, and promote sustainable agriculture
330 331 332 333 334
1. Transformational change in agriculture and food systems is urgently needed to address unprecedented environmental, social and economic challenges and to nourish a population of 9 billion people by 2050. We therefore call for a shift to sustainable agriculture and food systems. “Business as usual is no longer an option” and we urgently must find truly sustainable ways to produce and consume our food.
335 336 337 338 339 340 341
2. A stand-alone SDG on “Ending hunger, achieving food security and improved nutrition, and shifting to sustainable agriculture and food systems” should address the following elements that can be summarized in the acronym SHIFT: Small-scale food producers, in particular women, empowered; Hunger and all forms of malnutrition ended, and full access to food ensured; Inclusiveness in decisionmaking on sustainable agriculture, food security and nutrition; Food systems established that are sustainable, diverse and resilient, less wasteful, that restore soil fertility and halt land degradation; Trade policies reshaped and food price volatility mitigated.
342 343 344 345
3. Guiding and monitoring of the implementation of the Post-2015 Development Agenda related to food and nutrition security and sustainable agriculture and food systems, can best be provided by the Committee on World Food Security (”CFS”), including through its role in facilitating country-initiated multi-stakeholder assessments on sustainable food systems, food security and nutrition.
346
Goal 3 – Ensure healthy lives and promote well-being for all at all ages
347
1. Ensure the right to the highest attainable standard of physical and mental health and well-being.
348 349 350
2. Achieve universal physical and mental health coverage to ensure that all people have the right to essential and emergency services and care that they need, without discrimination or financial hardship.
351
3. Mainstream physical and mental health in all dimensions of the sustainable development agenda.
352 353
Goal 4 – Ensure inclusive and equitable quality education and promote life-long learning opportunities for all
354 355 356 357
1. National curricula must be transformed in order to incorporate the tenets of educating for sustainable development, human rights education and comprehensive sexuality education, while also taking into account and promoting the inherent value of non-formal and vocational education for students in and out of school. 10 – Sep – 2014
12
- 236 -
358 359
2. Indigenous knowledge as a means to promote sustainable development among populations must be promoted within national education standards.
360 361
3. Education must be recognized as a source of enrichment and holistic development beyond simply serving as a means to achieve literacy, numeracy and labor market demands among populations.
362
Goal 5 – Achieve gender equality and empower all women and girls
363 364 365
1. All targets must be time-bound, free of qualifications, and guarantee women’s human rights, and also means adding the phrase “by 2030” to each target and removing the phrase “as nationally appropriate” from Target 5.5 and the phrase: “in accordance with national laws” for Target 5.a.
366 367 368 369
The reformulation of Target 5.6 to read: “by 2030 ensure the respect, promotion and protection of sexual and reproductive health and rights for all, especially women and girls to guarantee sexual, bodily and reproductive autonomy free from stigma, violence, coercion and discrimination” is also required.
370 371 372 373 374 375 376
2. Remove structural barriers to economic equality for women by adding the words “reducing and redistributing” to Target 5.4 on unpaid care and domestic work; “guaranteeing women’s rights to and equal access, ownership and control of, economic resources, including land and other forms of property, financial services, inheritance, and natural resources” to Target 5.a; and “securing significant public financial resources to ensure that all national plans and policies achieve gender equality through domestic resource mobilization, gender-responsive budgeting, as well as allocation and increased priority to gender equality in official development assistance.”
377 378 379 380
3. Ensure women’s participation and leadership in the decision-making processes and management of public services and resources at all levels, as well as ensure full access and authentic participation in the processes leading up to and including the Post-2015 Summit and any related accountability and implementation mechanisms.
381
Goal 6 – Ensure availability and sustainable management of water and sanitation for all
382
1. Ensure universal access through explicit recognition of the human right to water and sanitation.
383 384
2. Protect watersheds from contamination, including through a ban on dumping of chemicals and hazardous materials.
385 386
3. Prevent and reverse water shortages by stopping over-extraction practices and establishing a hierarchy of use that prioritize human needs, local consumption and healthy ecosystems.
10 – Sep – 2014
13
- 237 -
387 388
4. Attain a people-centered, democratic and participatory water resource management that is accountable to people living within watersheds and who are impacted by watershed use.
389
Goal 7 – Ensure access to affordable, reliable, sustainable, and modern energy for all
390 391 392 393
Access to affordable, reliable and sustainable energy services for people in poverty is crucial to the success of the Post-2015 Development Agenda. The energy goal must respond to the dual imperative of promoting access to energy and shifting to sustainable low or zero carbon energy production and consumption globally, crucial to tackling climate change.
394 395 396 397 398
2. Realize adequate means of implementation, including technology transfer and additional financial and technical support, as essential elements to ensure that poorer countries can adopt low or zero carbon energy systems and provide access to affordable, reliable and sustainable energy services of all people. Energy poverty cannot be addressed without increased financial, political and technical support for decentralized, off-grid energy provision, particularly for electricity.
399 400 401
3. Phase out fossil fuel production and consumption subsidies with adequate protection for poor and vulnerable groups. Internalize the full costs of the impacts of energy production, including the health, social and environmental impacts, to create a level and sustainable playing field.
402 403
Goal 8 – Promote sustained, inclusive and sustainable economic growth, full and productive employment and decent work for all
404 405 406 407
1. Governments must shift the focus of this goal to increasing capabilities-based human development, while decoupling the economic activity from ecological degradation and remaining within planetary boundaries. Governments must create a macroeconomic environment that appropriately assesses ecological and social risks, and externalities.
408 409 410
2. All countries need to legislate for and provide all formal, informal and migrant workers with a sufficient minimum living wage and social protection to support a family to live with dignity, particularly those in the informal sector, women, domestic and migrant workers.
411 412
3. It is imperative to promote alternative and more equitable forms of ownership and control of economic activity, including cooperatives, if we are to realize a transformative development agenda.
413 414
Goal 9 – Build resilient infrastructure, promote inclusive and sustainable industrialization and foster innovation
415 416
1. Promote indigenous technology development, enable the growth of domestic innovation and address structural obstacles such as unfair trade rules and restrictive intellectual property rights 10 – Sep – 2014
14
- 238 -
417 418
towards building resilient infrastructures and sustainable industrialization in developing countries for creation of resilient communities.
419 420 421
2. Develop the capacity of countries, institutions and communities to evaluate the potential environmental, physical and mental health, economic and social impacts of new and emerging technologies, including their unforeseen consequences.
422 423
3. Take full advantage of the potential of ICTs to attain inclusive, equitable and sustainable development.
424
Goal 10 – Reduce inequality within and among countries
425 426 427 428 429
1. Civil society organizations representing constituencies from all corners of the globe are deeply alarmed by the possibility of eliminating Goal 10 on Inequalities. The Post-2015 Development Agenda must recognize inequalities as one of the central issues underlying most of the urgent problems facing humanity. Without a stand-alone goal on equality, the Post-2105 Development Agenda risks losing the support of individuals, organizations and communities around the world.
430 431 432
2. We continue to call for concrete, measurable targets on reducing economic inequalities both within and between nations, and on creating systemic and structural changes, rather than expecting to achieve reduced inequalities using current practices.
433 434 435
3. The resources to achieve substantial reductions of inequality and poverty are there. We need to ensure that all taxes are captured, especially on the wealthiest 10% of the global population who currently account for 85% of the world’s wealth.
436
Goal 11 – Make cities and human settlements inclusive, safe, resilient and sustainable
437 438 439
1. A Goal on Sustainable Cities and Human Settlements must ensure a life of dignity for all, including those living in slums, as well as raise the level of political ambition. An additional focus on securing alternative decent living conditions in slums, as well as security of land tenure for all, must be secured.
440 441 442 443 444
2. Guarantee that those living in marginalized areas are engaged in decision-making and policymaking roles by means of institutional shifts. Such shifts entail developing new partnerships that secure increased representation and institutionalized decision-making and policy-making roles for organized constituencies of communities and people living and working in poverty to plan, implement and monitor development programmes that affect their lives.
10 – Sep – 2014
15
- 239 -
445 446 447
3. Deepen political and technical dialogue to promote a new paradigm of language, policy drivers and action on rural-urban synergies. City-region planning and infrastructure, transport, food-systems and resources management should be at the core of this dialogue.
448
Goal 12 – Ensure sustainable consumption and production patterns
449 450 451 452
Sustainable Consumption and Production (“SCP”) enables people everywhere to live a better quality of life within their fair share of our one planet’s resources. “The Future We Want” (A/CONF.215/5) states that “Fundamental changes in the way societies produce and consume are indispensable for achieving global sustainable development.”
453
Therefore we call for:
454 455
1. Absolute decoupling of economic growth from natural resource consumption and environmental degradation, ensuring sustainable development within planetary boundaries.
456 457 458
2. Access for people to timely, clear and sufficient information needed to live sustainable low-carbon lifestyles, as called for in the Bonn Declaration (A/66/750), and avoid unsustainable consumption, including overconsumption, and implement educating for sustainable development at all levels.
459 460
3. Recognition that the private sector has a fundamental role and responsibility in changing and challenging unsustainable production processes and influencing consumer habits.
461 462 463
4. Implementation of the 10 Year Framework of Programmes on Sustainable Consumption and Production in support of national and regional programmes through strong inter-sectoral partnerships to accelerate the shift towards SCP.
464
Goal 13 – Take urgent action to combat climate change and its impacts
465 466
1. Address climate change as a prerequisite for ending poverty, and this urgency and importance is best reflected by having both a goal and integration throughout the Post-2015 Development Agenda.
467 468
2. Phase out all fossil fuel emissions and phase in a 100% renewable energy future with sustainable energy access for all, as early as possible, but not later than 2050.
469 470 471 472
3. Finance and technology should be provided for local, national or transnational activities to combat climate change, which may be drawn from public, private and alternative sources of financing, to ensure climate planning, adaptation, mitigation and action at all levels, ensuring that mechanisms are human rights-based, participatory and gender equitable.
10 – Sep – 2014
16
- 240 -
473 474
4. Given that climate change, disaster risk reduction and recovery affect people, it is crucial to refer to resilience as both infrastructural and psychosocial.
475 476
Goal 14 – Conserve and sustainably use the oceans, seas and marine resources for sustainable development
477 478 479
1. Oceans, seas and marine resources pertain to all three dimensions of sustainable development, yet face ever-increasing threats. Governments and stakeholders at all levels must prioritize the conservation and sustainable use of these resources in the sustainable development framework.
480 481
Goal 15 – Protect, restore and promote sustainable use of terrestrial ecosystems, sustainably manage forests, combat desertification, and halt and reverse land degradation and halt biodiversity loss
482 483 484
1. Recognize and promote conservation strategies, including sustainable use practices, by indigenous peoples, local communities and women, including strategies that engage tourism. Ensure their free, prior, informed consent in decision-making and natural resource management.
485 486 487
Ensure that all aspects of tourism meets criteria of the Global Sustainable Tourism Council and include options for the private sector to self-impose carbon taxes throughout the enterprise and to implement zero waste to landfill programmes.
488 489 490 491 492 493
These “Destination Criteria” have been developed as part of the response of the tourism community to the global challenges of the MDGs. Tourism destinations are encouraged to utilize a multi-sectoral approach in adopting and implementing these criteria that include tourism operators, accommodations and resorts, cruise lines, food and beverage establishments, attractions, tourism supply chain businesses, local agriculture, as well as other public and private stakeholders that form the 9 UN Major Groups.
494 495 496
2. Redefine the FAO’s definition of forests so that forests have a holistic definition that acknowledges the complex processes and cycles of forests and the role of forests in holding a high degree of animal and plant species.
497 498
3. Urgently prioritize measures to halt wildlife trafficking and resource grabbing, such as land grabbing, water grabbing and minerals grabbing.
499 500
Goal 16 – Promote peaceful and inclusive societies for sustainable development, provide access to justice for all and build effective, accountable and inclusive institutions at all levels
501 502
1. Achieve inclusive, participatory and representative decision-making at all levels and proactively improve the legal enabling environment for all people as a tool to mitigate conflict. 10 – Sep – 2014
17
- 241 -
503 504 505
2. Implement effective regimes for access to information and data, and ensure that legal and regulatory frameworks are in place to guarantee that freedom of media, freedom of expression, association, political participation and peaceful assembly are protected.
506 507 508
3. Halt illicit financial flows globally, increase stolen asset recovery and return, tackle all forms of organized crime, increase transparency, and reduce corruption and bribery in all its forms and at all levels.
509 510
Goal 17 – Strengthen the means of implementation and revitalize the global partnership for sustainable development
511
Means of Implementation (MOI) and Global Partnership for Sustainable Development
512 513 514 515 516 517 518
With regard to the Global Partnership for Sustainable Development, its meaning should not be distorted into the notion of “Partnerships” in the plural. The Global Partnership for Sustainable Development is one that is principally between governments of developed and developing countries, with the developed countries taking the lead in providing resources and the means of implementation. A genuine and balanced global partnership would enable people and institutions to monitor the common but differentiated responsibilities of all actors to prohibit rather than perpetuate these global obstacles.
519 520 521 522 523 524
To be good-faith partners, then, governments, business and international institutions must assess and address the impact of their policies and agreements (e.g., corporate accountability, environment, trade, investment, aid, tax, migration, intellectual property, debt, weapons trade and military cooperation, monetary policies and financial regulation) on human rights outside of their border. Existing human rights norms can provide a common set of standards and useful yardsticks to assess policy coherence for sustainable development.
525
Actions and recommendations:
526 527 528 529 530
1. The development and implementation of SDGs must be based on the principle of common but differentiated responsibility. It means that SDGs should not place additional restrictions or burdens on developing countries. Importantly, it requires the donor community to honor its international commitments, especially those related to financial resources, technology transfer and capacity.
531 532 533
2. The Global Partnership for Development is, as articulated in the Monterrey Consensus and the Doha Financing for Development outcome document, supposed to facilitate the conditions for an international environment for development through addressing: (i) a development10 – Sep – 2014
18
- 242 -
534 535 536 537 538
oriented trade regime; (ii) facilitating external debt sustainability; (iii) regulating financial markets, including food and commodity price markets; (iv) affordable access to technology and medicines for developing countries; (v) reforming the international monetary system; and (vi) democratizing global economic governance, particularly in the international financial institutions.
539 540 541 542 543
3. There need to be clear criteria, applied ex ante, to determine whether a specific private sector actor is fit for a partnership in pursuit of the Post-2015 goals. UN Member States should be at the helm of formulating a criterion-based accountability and governance framework that conducts oversight, regulation, indep0endent third-party evaluation, and transparent monitoring and reporting partnerships with the private sector.
10 â&#x20AC;&#x201C; Sep â&#x20AC;&#x201C; 2014
19
- 243 -
65th Annual UN DPI/NGO Conference Outcome Document Resource Document This Resource Document constitutes one of the parts of the overall Outcome Document of the Conference. It reflects joint statements by UN Major Groups & Stakeholders from civil society, which have been prepared through transparent and inclusive input and consensus processes and submitted to the UN SDGs Open Working Group earlier as official positions. The other part of the Conference’s Outcome Document is the Declaration, which reflects our position on the vision, recommendations and monitoring and accountability framework for an “Action Agenda” on poverty eradication, sustainable development, human rights and climate change. Both parts must be read in connection. SECTION I - GOALS AND TARGETS PROPOSED SDG1 - END POVERTY IN ALL ITS FORMS EVERYWHERE (Coordinated by: Fabio Palacio) While Proposed Goal 1’s title is ambitious, “End poverty in all its forms everywhere”, the language contained therein does not ensure a thorough implementation of this ambition. Key Considerations for Targets: Target 1.1 further entrenches the income-based measure of $1.25 per day for extreme poverty. We must point to the vast dissatisfaction of civil society organizations with this measure1. Some experts argue that this amount is too low to be relevant in most developing countries2. Others argue that the use of a solely income-based measure as the global benchmark for extreme poverty leads to narrow-minded policies that ignore the social effects of anti-poverty policy3 Target 1.2 could be seen as an attempt to address the points with its focus on relative poverty and the inclusion of “in all its dimensions”. However, the language of this target makes no reference to those living in the greatest poverty. Unfortunately, this could lead governments to target those easiest to reach in an effort to decrease the proportion of people living in poverty. This would contradict the principle of leave no one behind, which can now be found in the document’s chapeau. The two recommendations below are direct responses to these critiques: • 1.1 by 2030, eradicate extreme poverty [add: and extreme multidimensional poverty] for all people everywhere [delete: currently measured as people living on less than $1.25 a day]
10- Sep- 2014
20
- 244 -
• 1.2 by 2030, [delete: reduce at least by half the proportion of] [add: reduce to zero the number of] men, women and children of all ages living [add: at x% of the median national income] [delete: in poverty in all its dimensions according to national definitions] Actions and Recommendations: • Establish a mechanism for redefining international poverty measures. Preferably, the mechanism would include the participation of people living in poverty so as to highlight and measure the most relevant factors5 • Ensure that no target is considered met unless it is met for the poorest quintile of the national population (when applicable)6 PROPOSED SDG2: END HUNGER, ACHIEVE FOOD SECURITY AND IMPROVED NUTRITION AND PROMOTE SUSTAINABLE AGRICULTURE (Coordinated by: Mayumi Sakoh) Transformational change in agriculture and food systems is urgently needed to address unprecedented environmental, social and economic challenges and to nourish a population of 9 billion people by 2050. This shift will contribute to social equity, environmental stewardship in light of natural resource scarcity, and inclusive economic development. In this respect, we welcome Goal 2 in the OWG’s Outcome Document as an important step in the right direction. Achieving food security, improving nutrition, and shifting to sustainable agriculture and food systems are critical to ending hunger, eradicating poverty and achieving sustainable development for all. In order to ensure that the aspirations set out in the goal title are followed up by concrete actions, we suggest strengthening the following three key targets. Key targets with suggested changes in bold Key target 1: by 2030 ensure sustainable food systems and implement resilient agricultural practices that sustainably increase productivity and production, that help maintain ecosystems, that strengthen capacity for adaptation to climate change, extreme weather, drought, flooding and other disasters, and that progressively improve land and soil quality. We recommend strengthening target 2.4 of the OWG outcome document by including a reference to “sustainable food systems” instead of “sustainable food production systems.” Food systems include all the elements (environment, people, inputs, processes, infrastructures, institutions, etc.) and activities that
10- Sep- 2014
21
- 245 -
relate to the production, processing, distribution, preparation and consumption of food, and the outputs of these activities, including socio-economic and environmental outcomes. Food production systems, on the other hand, refer only to the production aspects. A food systems approach allows for a holistic and truly sustainable approach to how we produce and consume food (including reducing the global rate of food losses and waste). Key target 2: by 2030 end hunger and ensure access by all people, in particular the poor and people in vulnerable situations including infants, to safe, nutritious and sufficient food all year round, including through the progressive realization of the right to adequate food. Food and nutrition security encompass the availability of, access to and utilization of sufficient, healthy and culturally appropriate food for all, all year long and over time. Ending hunger and ensuring year-round access to adequate, safe, affordable and nutritious food is closely linked to the right to food. Hence, specific reference to the human right to food should be made (Reference: Resolution “The right to food”, adopted by the General Assembly on 18 December 2013, A/RES/68/177). Key target 3: by 2030 substantially increase the agricultural productivity and the incomes of small-scale food producers, particularly women, indigenous peoples, family farmers, pastoralists and fishers, including through secure and equal access to land, other productive resources and inputs, knowledge, financial services, markets, and opportunities for value addition and non-farm employment. The role of small-scale food producers, landless laborers and other rural communities is of particular importance as they represent the majority of the world’s undernourished. At the same time, they are responsible for the majority of the agricultural production worldwide and therefore can be critical agents of change. Small-scale food producers must be empowered through access and control over productive resources. Actions, recommendations and partnerships A SHIFT to sustainable agriculture and food systems, food security and nutrition is essential, and key actions to this end include the following: • Small-scale food producers empowered • Hunger and all forms of malnutrition ended, and full access to food ensured • Inclusiveness in decision-making on sustainable agriculture, food security and nutrition • Food systems established which are sustainable, diverse and resilient, less wasteful, restore soil fertility and halt land degradation • Trade policies reshaped and food price volatility mitigated.
10- Sep- 2014
22
- 246 -
For this shift to take place, governments, international organizations, private sector, academia and civil society must work together in order to mobilize the finance, research, technology and capacity building needed, and shape the enabling environment such as trade, policies, and multi-stakeholder partnerships. Guiding and monitoring of the implementation of the post-2015 agenda related to food and nutrition security and sustainable agriculture and food systems, can best be provided by the Committee on World Food Security (CFS). PROPOSED SDG 3: ENSURE HEALTHY LIVES AND PROMOTE WELL-BEING FOR ALL AT ALL AGES (Coordinated by: Ariella Rojhani) Physical and mental health and wellbeing have been reaffirmed as a precondition, outcome, and indicator of sustainable development. A standalone health goal within the post-2015 framework is therefore essential, and welcomed as part of the OWG Outcome Document. The goal proposed in the final text– “Ensure healthy lives and promote wellbeing for all at all ages” – is sufficient in regard to being inclusive of both health and wellbeing, as well as addressing the need to improve health outcomes for people of all ages. Going forward, this language should be strengthened into a more ambitious formulation aligned with the right for all people to achieve the highest attainable standard of physical and mental health, as affirmed in the constitution of the World Health Organization. Above all, the health goal should be universally applicable, go beyond disease-specific, vertical approaches to health, and aim to improve health across the lifecourse for all people, everywhere. The proposed set of targets capture the broad range of health diseases, issues, conditions, and enabling means that countries must prioritize in the post-2015 era for improved health outcomes and stronger health systems. Targets must retain and reaffirm the focus on the unfinished agenda of the MDG health priorities, overlooked issues like non-communicable diseases including mental health, neglected tropical diseases, adolescent health, environmental determinants, and access to adequate and affordable medicines, technologies, and services as part of achieving universal health coverage (UHC). Three key areas for inclusion in the health goal are: • A target to achieve by 2030, achieve sexual and reproductive health and rights for all, including quality, integrated universal access to sexual and reproductive health information, education, services and commodities, with particular attention to adolescents and youth; • Retaining and strengthening a target to achieve universal health coverage (UHC), meaning all people (including marginalized and vulnerable populations) have access to all essential, quality, affordable services across the continuum of care, without suffering financial hardship when paying for them; • Increasing international and domestic financing for health, in accordance with previous international and regional commitments.
10- Sep- 2014
23
- 247 -
Civil society’s role in promoting and protecting health and wellbeing must reflect the priorities above, and consider the need for increased advocacy to: • Ensure approaches to health that go beyond the health sector and address the social determinants of health, and include whole-of-government and whole-of-society policies and programmes. • Increase capacity for improved, disaggregated data and surveillance for health. As WHO Director-General Dr. Margaret Chan stated, “what gets measured gets done.” • Reaffirm and support community-based organizations and community health workers, both as service providers and as advocates for government accountability. • Ensure the rights of all people, including the poorest and most vulnerable populations, are protected, particularly as related to accessing health services and care.
PROPOSED SDG4 - PROMOTE LIFE-LONG LEARNING OPPORTUNITIES FOR ALL (Coordinated by: Antonia Wulff, Christopher Dekki, and Aashish Khullar) We are happy to see the reference to free and quality education and early childhood development for both boys and girls. This has been hard fought. We also welcome the “completion of free, equitable and quality primary and secondary education” as an ambitious and truly transformative target under the education goal. We appreciate the emphasis on quality education and the inclusion of specific targets on early childhood, vocational and tertiary education as well as education for human rights, global citizenship and sustainable development. However, we’d also like to emphasize the need to judge the quality of primary and secondary education with accredited standards. Education promotes not only the attainment of knowledge and skills; it provides the foundation for transformative skills like innovation, intercultural communication, critical thinking, information technology, creativity, and life-skills. Ultimately, education leads to peace, justice, and informed and engaged citizens. The target on safe and non-violent learning environments is particularly important. However, target 4.2 must be strengthened to reflect the fact that education, not just development, begins at birth. Moreover, we call for a stronger commitment to quality teaching; the minimum here must be to ensure that all students are taught by qualified, professionally-trained, motivated, and well-supported teachers. Keeping in mind the unique role education plays in informing the stewards and inheritors of the agenda we are seeking to create, we need to be careful to include all elements we want to see in the actualized framework. In this regard we welcome the reference to ESD (Education for Sustainable Development), education for global citizenship, and other qualifiers in 4.7, but strongly oppose the deletion of Comprehensive Sexuality Education (CSE). Over 50 governments spoke up in support of CSE during OWG 8.
10- Sep- 2014
24
- 248 -
Governments have committed to providing “evidence-based comprehensive education on human sexuality” as recently as CSW 58 and CPD 47. In addition, the contribution that indigenous knowledge, perspectives and world-views can bring to the table to forward the practice of sustainable development has been ignored. Alternative forms of education, like non-formal education, online resources, and peer teaching, including community-led initiatives that promote community-based grassroots learning need more attention. We would also like to see the promotion of education as a tool to foster an atmosphere of peace. It is very unfortunate that access to education during natural and man-made disasters has been totally overlooked. Lastly, we would also like to see a reference to the process of curriculum setting and how communities and students could have strong avenues to jointly set the agenda with education boards. All of this must be consistent with the right to education for persons of all ages and abilities, and significantly reducing inequities in the completion and learning outcomes between social and economic groups. Key Considerations for Targets (additions to OWG targets underlined): AMEND: 4.1 by 2030, ensure all girls and boys complete free, equitable and quality primary and secondary education leading to and achieve relevant and effective learning outcomes, consistent with our commitment to the right to education for all, with gaps in completion and learning outcomes between social and economic groups significantly reduced AMEND: 4.2 By 2030, all children must have access to to quality early childhood education and care and pre- primary education, with gaps in access between social and economic groups significantly reduced BRING BACK: Achieve universal access to evidence and rights based comprehensive education on human sexuality education for all young people, in and out of school. Achieve universal access to comprehensive sexuality education for all young people, in and out of school. ADD 4.6 bis: By 2030 enhance the quality of teaching by ensuring that all learners are taught by qualified, professionally-trained, motivated and well-supported teachers AMEND: 4.7 By 2030, ensure all learners in and out of school acquire knowledge and skills needed to promote sustainable development, including among others through unbiased education for sustainable development and sustainable lifestyles, human rights, democratic values, historical contents, gender equality, intercultural and interfaith dialogues, promotion of a culture of peace and non-violence, global citizenship, and appreciation of cultural diversity and of culture’s contribution to sustainable development. By dispersing knowledge through education, we can utilize our collective pool of insight as a vehicle for change and development. In addition, incorporate mandatory vocational education into academic courses after primary education to decrease unemployment.
10- Sep- 2014
25
- 249 -
AMEND: 4.c By 2030 increase by x% the supply of qualified teachers, with a special emphasis on female representation, including through international cooperation for teacher training in developing countries, especially LDCs and SIDS. ADD: Support and foster the active participation of children and youth in educational programs and increase the effective use of educational resources, especially in lower and educationally deprived strata. ADD: Evaluate existing educational programs and reallocate resources to alternative forms of education in an efficient and sustainable way. ADD: Ensure the availability of non-formal and other alternative forms of education including communitybased grassroots learning. ADD: Ensure continued access to education during natural and human induced disasters. ADD: Establish a dialogue about accreditation, quality assurance, and resources to and from higher education and their local and global impacts.
PROPOSED SDG 5: ACHIEVE GENDER EQUALITY AND EMPOWER ALL WOMEN AND GIRLS PROPOSED SDG 5: ACHIEVE GENDER EQUALITY, WOMEN’S HUMAN RIGHTS, AND EMPOWER ALL WOMEN AND GIRLS (Coordinated by: Anna Keye) We welcome the goal on gender equality and the empowerment of women and girls. The targets under this goal address some of the most fundamental barriers to equality, including by committing to eliminate discrimination, violence, harmful practices, such as child, early and forced marriage, and female genital mutilation, and ensure universal access to sexual and reproductive health and reproductive rights. We are concerned, however, that the proposed gender goal does not explicitly refer to and support the full realization of women and girls’ human rights. The proposed targets do not go far enough in addressing the structural changes needed to have a transformative impact and realize substantive equality, most notably in areas of employment, the reduction and redistribution of unpaid care work, women’s control over assets, women's participation in decision-making, and the protection and promotion of sexual rights for all. We also want to underscore that this goal applies to women of all ages so that neither older women nor girls are left out or overlooked. The omission of sexual rights undermines women's ability to participate equally in all spheres of society, and undermines the human rights of all people to have control over and decide freely and responsibly on all matters related to their sexuality, including their sexual and reproductive health, free from coercion, discrimination, or violence. In addition, by failing to reference the human right to water in Goal 6, as well as equal rights (not just access) to land, property, financial services, inheritance and productive and natural
10- Sep- 2014
26
- 250 -
resources in Goals 2 and 5, the SDGs missed opportunities to address structural issues that would contribute to gender equality. Generally missing from the SDGs are the interlinkages of gender equality and women and girls' rights to substantive economic and environmental issues, such as energy (Goal 7), infrastructure (Goal 9), sustainable consumption and production (Goal 12), oceans (Goal 14), biodiversity (Goal 15) and peaceful and inclusive societies (Goal 16); and while women are mentioned in the context of LDCs and capacity building for climate change planning, the recognition of differentiated impacts and contributions in climate change is absent. Another gap is the failure to ensure non-discrimination on the basis of sexual orientation and gender identity (Goal 10). Finally, the lack of time-bound targets under the gender equality goal combined with the lack of specific financing mechanisms to achieve gender equality, such as progressive taxation, gender-responsive budgeting, and resource mobilization for women's organizations, weaken the ambition and transformative aim of the goal and SDGs themselves. Key Considerations for Targets Recognizing these gaps, as well as the existing targets, we call for the following targets be included and or strengthened in the SDGs: 5.4 by 2030 recognize, reduce, redistribute, and value unpaid care and domestic work by prioritizing social protection policies and the promotion of shared responsibility by the state, private sector, communities and within households, and the provision of appropriate public services. 5.5 by 2030 ensure women’s full, equal, and effective participation at all levels of decision-making in the public and private spheres, including in conflict prevention, mediation, and resolution. 5.6 by 2030 ensure the respect, promotion and protection of sexual and reproductive health and rights for all, especially women and girls, free from coercion, discrimination and violence 5.a by 2030 guarantee women's rights, and equal access, ownership and control of economic resources including land and other forms of property, financial services, inheritance, and natural resources by 2030 secure significant financial public resources across all sectors to ensure all national and sectoral plans and policies achieve gender equality, the empowerment of women and that the realization and enjoyment of women’s and girls’ human rights are fully costed and resourced, including through domestic resource mobilization, progressive taxation, gender-responsive budgeting, allocation and increased priority to gender equality in official development assistance Action and Recommendations • Immediately implement existing policies related to women's human rights and gender equality and the outcome documents of their review conferences, including, inter alia, CEDAW, ICPD, BPfA, UNSCRs 1325, 1820, and their supporting resolutions; fully implement the gender equality and women's human rights provisions in sustainable development conventions and frameworks such as the UNFCCC, CBD and UNCCD and Hyogo Framework for Action; and eliminate all discriminatory laws, policies, and practices that prevent women from realizing their human rights.
10- Sep- 2014
27
- 251 -
• Remove structural barriers to economic equality for women by reducing and redistributing unpaid care and domestic work; guaranteeing women's rights to and equal access, ownership, and control of economic resources including land and other forms of property, financial services, inheritance, and natural resources; and securing significant financial public resources to ensure all national and sectoral plans and policies achieve gender equality through domestic resource mobilization, progressive taxation, gender-responsive budgeting, allocation and increased priority to gender equality in official development assistance • Ensure women's participation and leadership in the decision-making processes and management of public services and resources at all levels, as well as ensure full access and meaningful participation in the processes leading up to and including the Post-2015 Summit and any related accountability and implementation mechanisms.
PROPOSED SDG 6 - ENSURE AVAILABILITY AND SUSTAINABLE MANAGEMENT OF WATER AND SANITATION FOR ALL (Coordinated by: Grove Harris and Meera Karunananthan) The OWG fell short of guaranteeing the human right to water and sanitation for each and every person. Human rights language is not mentioned or reflected in proposed goal 6 (“Ensure availability and sustainable management of water and sanitation for all”); this goal fails to establish a hierarchy of water use that prioritizes human and ecosystem well-being, and lacks guarantees for participation, nondiscrimination, and accountability. The disconnect between the human rights language in the OWG chapeau and its limited, easily interpretable goals which could allow for commodification, privatization, or the shepherding in of corporate interests is concerning to say the least. By excluding the human right to water and sanitation and other human rights from its targets, the SDGs – which set the stage for the next 15 years of development planning at national and international levels –undermine the agency of those that most directly suffer the negative consequences of growth-driven development. A rights-based approach is required to ensure the SDGs address structural root causes of poverty and inequality, in acknowledgment that poverty is a function of violations of human rights and is perpetuated by the extractive, market-led paradigm of development. By continuing to promote development-as-usual, the OWG – and the UN that stands behind it – have ignored the calls from Cajamarca to Papua New Guinea to Detroit for the protection of watersheds, the guarantee of safe drinking water, and the dignity and rights of affected communities. Instead of centering on people – in fulfillment of its mandate to protect human rights – the UN has allowed their concerns to be left aside. Our fundamental concern is the relationship of the global development agenda to the rights, realities, and requirements of all people in every region of the world. From our standpoint, much work remains to be done throughout the post-2015 process to
10- Sep- 2014
28
- 252 -
center on peopleâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s human rights, including to affordable, acceptable, available, and quality water and sanitation. Key Considerations for Targets: Ensure the human right to availability and sustainable use of water and sanitation for all 6.1 By 2020 achieve the human right to water and sanitation by providing universal access to safe, sufficient, affordable, acceptable and accessible drinking potable water, adequate sanitation and hygiene for all consistent with our commitments to the rights to water and sanitation, with due consideration of the social, cultural and economic impacts of this right. 6.2: By 2030, eliminate open defecation, achieve adequate sanitation and hygiene for all including at home, schools, health centres, refugee camps and public areas and progressively eliminate inequalities in access, paying special attention to the needs of women and girls 6.3 By 2030, improve water quality by reducing pollution, eliminating dumping of chemicals and hazardous materials, doubling publicly operated wastewater and sludge treatment and increasing recycling and reuse by x% globally 6.4 By 2030, improve water-use efficiency watersheds protection by x% across all sectors through a hierarchy of water use that prioritizes basic human needs, local consumption, and healthy ecosystems and bring freshwater withdrawals in line with sustainable supply by 2020, set a zero target on fresh water extraction beyond sustainable supply and protect and restore ecosystems and aquifers 6.5 By 2030 implement integrated people-centered democratic, participatory and accountable water resources management at all levels, including at the global level, and through appropriate and transparent transboundary cooperation as appropriate, and the support of all people according to the principle of subsidiarity. 6.6 By 2020 decrease by x% mortality, disease, and y% losses caused by water-related disasters, contamination, and scarcity 6.a By 2030, expand international cooperation and support in water and sanitation and hygiene related technologies, including through public-public partnerships, including water harvesting and desalination technologies and wastewater treatment, recycling and reuse technologies Actions and Recommendations: - All considerations must include water purity, access, use, who gets to decide what is a 'good use' of water, technical issues regarding toxic, radioactive waste, food chain impacts, coastal and freshwater.
10- Sep- 2014
29
- 253 -
- Through taxes, tariffs, and other means governments must require manufacturing and extraction industries to be responsible for cradle-to-cradle purity of water throughout their process and cleanup of their extraction and manufacturing. Governments must stop subsidizing water poisoning and privatization. Water is part of our ecosystem and community-based economic system. Water is a collectively stewarded fuel for life, not a commodity. - Water resource management must be people-centred democratic, participatory and accountable to and inclusive of all communities within a watershed, landless communities, non-commercial subsistence farmers, the rural poor and nomadic communities. Where indigenous peoples are concerned, water resource management must respect the right to free prior and informed consent.
PROPOSED SDG 7 - ENSURE ACCESS TO AFFORDABLE, RELIABLE, SUSTAINABLE, AND MODERN ENERGY FOR ALL (Coordinated by: Grove Harris and Neva Frecheville) We need to move much more ambitiously and rapidly in order to provide all people with access to renewable energy, increase energy efficiency much more substantially, and ensure that new energy production is renewable. Qualifiers such as “clean”, “sustainable” or “modern” energy need to be defined. While biomass can be renewable, its potential negative social and environmental impacts impede its sustainability. Nuclear energy is neither modern, clean, affordable nor sustainable. Hydraulic fracturing is problematic in many regards including watershed devastation and greenhouse gas emission; recent study has shown that methane emissions are up to 50% worse than initial EPA estimates. Internalizing the full costs of the impacts of energy production, including health and social and environmental impacts of fossil fuels, is necessary to create a level and sustainable playing field. Phase out fossil fuel production and consumption subsidies with adequate protection for poor and vulnerable groups Phase out indirect subsidies for nuclear energy, and curtail wasteful consumption of energy. Attention must be paid to the gender-equitable governance of and ownership over energy sources, services and technologies, with priority for locally produced and controlled energy services for rural and urban areas. Key Considerations for Targets Preferred wording for energy goal: “Ensure access to affordable, reliable, sustainable & safe” (delete modern). Preferred target language: 7:1 By 2030 ensure universal access to sustainable, affordable, safe and reliable energy for household, community and productive services.
10- Sep- 2014
30
- 254 -
7:2 Triple the share of renewables in the global energy mix by 2030 (to at least 45% of base production & infrastructure) 7:3 Triple the annual rate of energy efficiency globally (to 4.5%). Preferred MOI target language: • 7(a) Current language is very weak [by 2030 enhance international cooperation to facilitate access to clean energy research and technologies, including renewable energy, energy efficiency, and advanced and cleaner fossil fuel technologies, and promote investment in energy infrastructure and clean energy technologies]. Propose the following: ensure additional public and private sector investment IN AFFORDABLE, SUSTAINABLE, SAFE and reliable energy services, particularly in decentralized ENERGY and in MULTI-STAKEHOLDER public-private and civil society partnerships” o Bottom line: Any goal should exclude support for “cleaner” or “advanced” fossil fuels (as is currently proposed). •
7 (b) Current language [by 2030 expand infrastructure and upgrade technology for supplying modern and sustainable energy services for all in developing countries, particularly LDCs and SIDS] - we recommended to remove this as it does not add to 7.1 & 2 (in revised form) and focuses on increasing supply, rather than on meeting demand for sustainable, affordable, safe and reliable energy in LDCs. Replacement language could be: “ESTABLISH LOCALISED CENTRES OF TECHNICAL EXCELLENCE AND BEST PRACTICE to facilitate developing countries’ access to AFFORDABLE, RELIABLE, SAFE AND SUSTAINABLE energy SERVICES, including through appropriate partnerships BETWEEN GOVERNMENT, PRIVATE SECTOR AND CIVIL SOCIETY”
•
On FFS which has migrated in Outcome Document to 12:c [rationalize inefficient fossil fuel subsidies that encourage wasteful consumption by removing market distortions, in accordance with national circumstances, including by restructuring taxation and phasing out those harmful subsidies, where they exist, to reflect their environmental impacts, taking fully into account the specific needs and conditions of developing countries and minimizing the possible adverse impacts on their development in a manner that protects the poor and the affected communities]. The qualifications and vagueness needs to be removed. The target should be reinserted into the energy goal, with proposed language: by 2030 phase out fossil fuel PRODUCTION AND consumption subsidies with ADEQUATE PROTECTION FOR POOR AND VULNERABLE GROUPS.
Action and Recommendations • Access to affordable, reliable and sustainable energy services for people experiencing poverty is crucial to the success of the post-2015 framework. The energy goal must respond to the dual imperative of promoting access to energy and shifting to sustainable low/zero carbon energy production and consumption globally, crucial to tackle climate change. •
Adequate means of implementation, including technology transfer and additional financial and technical support, are essential to ensure poorer countries can adopt low or zero carbon energy systems and provide access to affordable, reliable and sustainable energy services for
10- Sep- 2014
31
- 255 -
•
all people. Energy poverty cannot be meaningfully addressed without increased financial, political and technical support for decentralised, off-grid energy provision, particularly for electricity.
•
Phase out fossil fuel production and consumption subsidies with adequate protection for poor and vulnerable groups. Internalize the full costs of the impacts of energy production including the health, social and environmental impacts to create a level and sustainable playing field.
PROPOSED SDG 8 - PROMOTE SUSTAINED, INCLUSIVE AND SUSTAINABLE ECONOMIC GROWTH, FULL AND PRODUCTIVE EMPLOYMENT AND DECENT WORK FOR ALL (Coordinated by Aashish Khullar) We are very concerned about the direction this goal has taken, specially in its title and first target- 8.1. The focus of a goal that articulates the nature and progress of an economy cannot and must not focus on such an outdated concept as “growth”, and specially for growth’s sake, disregard planetary boundaries, and not talk about ownership structures. The focus needs to be on the impact the formal and informal economy has on the lives of the people and health of the planet. This relation needs to be articulated differently to elaborate the interconnected nature of the two. Human Development (adjusted for inequality), new dimensions of measuring progress, reassessing the redundant structure of the macro economy, the availability of meaningful and decent jobs for all people while upholding their rights, and alternative & more equitable forms of ownership are the primary priorities for this goal if it is to deliver a transformative agenda. Targets AMEND Title Goal 8: Ensure full and productive employment and decent work for all, promote sustained, inclusive and sustainable economic, social and human growth development (adjusted for inequality), within planetary boundaries full and productive employment and decent work for all AMEND: 8.1: Sustain per capita economic growth Human Development (HDI) increase of at least x% per annum in accordance with national circumstances and promote in particular strong economic growth HDI increase in the least-developed countries, and aggregate it against ecological footprint- (happy planet index). AMEND 8.4: Improve progressively through 2030 global resource efficiency in consumption and production, and endeavour to decouple economic growth activity from environmental degradation and 10- Sep- 2014
32
- 256 -
ecological footprint and stay within planetary boundaries/carrying capacity. in accordance with the 10-year framework of programmes on sustainable consumption and production with developed countries taking the lead MOI and Actionable Items A) To create a truly enabling and appropriate macroeconomic environment- Scale up and fully implement UNEPâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s ERISC ( Ecological Risk Integration to Sovereign Credit) and extend the analysis to corporate supply chains. B) Set biophysical caps on the extraction of virgin natural resources, while distributing access through cap and share system. C) By 2020 all countries legislate for and provide all workers, including informal and migrant workers with a minimum living wage sufficient, and social protection to support a family to live with dignity, particularly those in the informal sector, women, domestic and migrant workers D) In accordance with the UN International year of Cooperatives 2012- Fully implement GA resolution 64/136 and establish targets for percentage of economic activity under this form of ownership. E) Ensure and operationalize targets for fair and not free market access. F) Increase substantially the share of sustainable tourism as per the 10-Year Framework of Programmes on Sustainable Consumption and Production (10YFP)
PROPOSED SDG 9 - BUILD RESILIENT INFRASTRUCTURE, PROMOTE INCLUSIVE AND SUSTAINABLE INDUSTRIALIZATION AND FOSTER INNOVATION (Coordinated by Neth Dano) The amalgamation of targets in infrastructure, industrialization and innovation into one goal has undermined coherence and focus, and watered down some important elements that could shape the implementation of the goal. While these themes have obvious convergences, they are not inherently inclusive and may also converge with other themes. Building resilient infrastructures and fostering innovation are not the only factors that promote sustainable industrialization. At the same time, their importance in other sectors such as agriculture, for example, cannot be overemphasized. There should be a clear caveat that this goal is not standalone but should be coherent with and in support of the overall development strategy of countries and in relation to how the direction in other important sectors such as agriculture is shaped. Promoting inclusive and sustainable industrialization cannot be pursued
10- Sep- 2014
33
- 257 -
independently from promoting sustainable food production and agriculture as components of national development strategy. The gender angle in the targets has sadly disappeared, such as in women’s access to affordable credit and participation in jobs in industries, small and medium enterprises, and in the research and development sector. The emphasis on building endogenous technological capabilities and local innovations in developing countries has been severely watered down. The specific targets in resource use efficiency and adoption of clean environmentally sound technologies and industrial processes, as well as in pressing for greater accountability of industries to society have all been deleted. The evaluation of the potential environmental, economic and societal impacts of technologies and industrial innovations is sorely absent. Key Considerations for Targets (Target 9.3) promote inclusive and sustainable industrialization… How this target will be achieved, particularly in ensuring inclusivity including increasing the role of women in the substantial increase in the share of industrial jobs by 2030, is a key challenge especially in view of the lack of coherence and focus in the formulation of the goal. (Target 9.4) by 2030 upgrade infrastructure and retrofit industries to make them sustainable... This target could be a potential means to ensure accountability of industries on the environmental impacts of their activities. It could also be a means for developing countries to demand for technological and financial support from developed countries to ensure greater resource use efficiency and access to clean and environmentally sound technologies. However, in the absence of concrete targets and the lack of reliable and independent data on the current state of industries particularly in developing countries, it will be a challenge to monitor the achievement of this target. While Target 9.7 refers to domestic technology development, research and innovation in developing countries and ensuring a conducive policy environment for inter alia industrial diversification and value addition to commodities, its formulation lacks the focus and coherence needed to drive the critical importance of these elements across all the goals and not just limited to building resilient infrastructures, promoting inclusive and sustainable industrialization, and fostering innovations. A more strategic formulation reflecting these important elements could be gleaned from the iteration of the targets under SDGoal9 that came out from OWG-11, with some amendments: “Upgrade the technological capabilities of industrial sectors and promote indigenous technology development and the growth of domestic innovation in developing countries, and develop their capacity to evaluate the potential environmental, health, economic and social impacts of new and emerging technologies, including their unforeseen consequences.” Actions and recommendations To build resilient infrastructures, promote sustainable industrial development and foster innovations,
10- Sep- 2014
34
- 258 -
developing countries require several types of means of implementation. Developing the capacity to evaluate the potential impacts and unforeseen consequences of new and emerging technologies, as acknowledged in paragraph 275 of the Rio+20 Outcome Document, is crucial. Other means of implementation include international financial resources including aid especially for low income countries and concessional loans for developing countries in general; market access for industrial products originating from developing countries; and access to various types of technologies, including environmentally sound technologies, at affordable prices. Trade and intellectual property rights (IPR) rules that are consistent with and not hinder the process of industrial development and innovations in developing countries are issues that need to be tackled head on. Addressing these obstacles, including the monopolies and concentration across industries and fields of innovations that benefited and continue to benefit from unfair international rules and policies, will help ensure that the “ladder” that enabled developed countries to reach their present economic status would be sturdy enough and available for developing countries, particularly the LDCs, that are left behind at the bottom. PROPOSED SDG 10 - REDUCE INEQUALITY WITHIN AND AMONG COUNTRIES (Coordinated by: Deborah S. Rogers) We are extremely pleased that the OWG decided to include a stand-alone goal on inequalities within nations as well as between nations, and urge its retention in the face of anticipated pressure to drop it. This goal merits praise, representing a long-needed paradigm shift in the understanding of societal and international relationships, poverty and conflict. We are also pleased to see Target 10.3 that addresses inequalities of outcome and eliminating discriminatory laws, policies, and practices. These are crucial elements to ending structural impediments to equality. The inclusion of this goal will have a beneficial impact on the global dialogue over the upcoming decades. Despite the positive contribution of this goal, however, many of the specific targets themselves are not concrete enough to result in meaningful changes – even if fully implemented. We continue to call for concrete targets on (1) reducing economic inequalities both within and between nations, (2) creating systemic and structural changes rather than expecting to achieve reduced inequalities using current practices, and (3) addressing the illegitimate concentration of wealth via mechanisms including corruption and tax evasion. Several other aspects of inequality also have a bearing. One is the close relationship between inequality and poverty. It is not possible to substantially reduce poverty without addressing the mechanisms that drive inequalities. As with poverty, inequalities are multidimensional – having important social, economic, political, cultural, health, educational, environmental and other dimensions. Further, it is clear that
10- Sep- 2014
35
- 259 -
inequalities are a cross-cutting issue and must thus be mainstreamed into the other goals by ensuring that no goal is considered to be met unless met for all segments of the society. Finally, there is the sensitive issue of how to list the groups of people who must be protected as we attempt to reduce inequalities. No list can ever be comprehensive; for the sake of brevity and thoroughness, it may be better to state that we are intending to overcome the prejudices, discrimination and inequalities that harm all affected populations, subgroups, and minorities. If a list of the groups with which we are especially concerned is used, it is essential to remember that some may have accidentally been left off the list; this cannot be used as an excuse to ignore the concerns of these groups, whose rights may be considered controversial in certain regions. “All” means all, and “leave no one behind” means no one. Key Considerations for Targets In order to assure that Goal 10 has concrete targets that can result in meaningful changes, we recommend incorporating the following language. (1) target on reducing economic inequalities: 10.1 by 2030 progressively achieve and sustain income growth of the bottom 40% of the population at a rate higher than the national average reduce income inequality in all countries such that the post-tax, posttransfer income of the poorest 40% is no less than the post-tax, post-transfer income of the richest 10%. and reduce inequality in per capita income, resource use, and carbon output to no more than a 10-fold difference between the richest and poorest !!br0ken!! (2) target listing groups to protect from discrimination 10.2 by 2030 empower and promote the social, economic and political inclusion of all irrespective of age, sex, disability, race, ethnicity, origin, religion or economic or other status, [ADD] including those identified by geography, urban or rural status, income and wealth, sexual orientation, gender identity, racial or ethnic group, religion, language, disability, age, legal and migration status, and any other populations, subgroups, and minorities (3) target on systemic change: ADD: by 2030, transition to economic systems, structural approaches, and macroeconomic (fiscal and monetary) policies that generate increasing equality rather than inequalities (4) target on illegitimate concentration of wealth: ADD: by 2030, eliminate illicit financial flows including money laundering, mispricing, corruption and bribery; eradicate tax evasion; improve and standardize financial reporting standards to increase
10- Sep- 2014
36
- 260 -
transparency, including country-by-country reporting of corporate profits, full transparency of global financial transactions, bank holdings and deposits and beneficial ownership; and increase stolen asset recovery. Actions and Recommendations In the upcoming year and beyond, there are several important actions that should be taken in order to solidify progress on reducing social, economic and political inequalities within and between nations. First and foremost, we (societies, civil society, governments and multilateral institutions) must recognize the paradigm shift away from our past focus on the outcome â&#x20AC;&#x201C; poverty â&#x20AC;&#x201C; to our new focus on the mechanism â&#x20AC;&#x201C; concentration of wealth and growing inequality. Second, as a result of that paradigm shift our attention should be redirected toward approaches that spread wealth and reduce economic inequalities, including financial transactions taxes, wealth taxes, preventing tax evasion of various sorts, full transparency for financial transactions (including those related to resource extraction), minimum basic incomes, enterprises in which workers and communities retain control and benefits of their activities, and other such activities. Recent studies by the IMF and others show that reducing inequalities may have a variety of economic benefits in addition to poverty reduction. Finally, it is equally essential to find ways to ensure that the voices, priorities and interests of all people, including those of the most excluded and marginalized, are brought into the sustainable development process. We will need to incorporate more equitable and inclusive approaches to dialogue, decisionmaking, implementation and monitoring at the local, regional and international level. The engagement of marginalized groups can be facilitated through carefully crafted partnerships in which local civil society groups bridge communications gaps between these community based groups and regional partners and decision-makers. Only when there is greater equality of participation and influence can there be greater equality of outcomes. Means of Implementation recommendation: Target 17.18 calls for capacity-building of LDCs through disaggregated data; however, disaggregated data are necessary for all nations and all goals, not just the LDCs. We propose the following language: To ensure monitoring of progress for marginalized groups and people in vulnerable situations, there must be high-quality, timely, available and accessible data, disaggregated by geography, urban or rural status, income, gender, racial or ethnic group, sexual orientation, religion, language, disability, age, legal and migration status, and any other needed categories as determined on a country by country basis through participatory democratic input.
10- Sep- 2014
37
- 261 -
PROPOSED SDG 11: MAKE CITIES & HUMAN SETTLEMENTS INCLUSIVE, SAFE, RESILIENT AND SUSTAINABLE (Coordinated by: Maruxa Cardama) We congratulate the SDGs OWG on the inclusion of this comprehensive SDG and strongly believe that an urban goal focused on inclusivity, safety, resilience, sustainability and prosperity has the potential to transform the way we pursue human development. The interlinked challenges presented by urbanization, eradication of poverty and reduction of inequality require a systemic, multi-dimensional and multi-sectoral city-region wide approaches that encourage work beyond most citiesâ&#x20AC;&#x2122; administrative boundaries, in order to foster cohesive communities from an economic, social and environmental If we capitalize on this 21st particularly for fast growing cities, we will reduce both urban and rural poverty; create more jobs and offer better livelihoods; strengthen economic development and social inclusion; promote the decoupling of economic growth from resource use greenhouse gas emissions; protect local and territorial ecosystems; reduce pollution; achieve resilience and improve governance through subnational and local governments. This SDG will help to mobilize, replicate and scale up the will and actions by a broad range of actors: cities and civil society actors, including communities; mayors; local, subnational and national governments - in support of an integral and actionable vision of sustainable human development. Key considerations for targets Target 11.1 - Essential for the unfinished business of the MDGs to be taken beyond, since it addresses human rights, poverty eradication and inequality reduction. Upgrading slums must aim at improving the living conditions of all slums dwellers. We strongly commend the commitment to ensure access for all citizens. A higher level of ambition should be pursued, with an additional focus on securing alternative decent living conditions and security of land tenure. Targets 11.3 and 11.5 - Incomparable universal transformative potential in the quest for the opportunities behind sustainable urbanisation. In target 11.3 we strongly call for reinserting the objective to â&#x20AC;&#x2DC;reduce urban sprawlâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;. This will be a strong signal for planners, investors and all levels of government with impact on the economic, social and environmental dimensions. Compact cities and neighborhoods with landefficient use should be encouraged. We applaud the outcomes-oriented approach of target 11.5 and the focus on protecting the poor and people in vulnerable situations. However, we regret the absence of a disaster prevention approach and urge for strong interlinkages with MOI target 11.c and the forthcoming review of the Hyogo Framework at implementation level. Target 11.7 - Unique interlinkages with inequality eradication and health & well-being. We praise the reference to both public and green space, though regret the omission of a reference to social cohesion. Actions and recommendations Rural urban synergies: deepen political and technical dialogue to promote a new paradigm of language,
10- Sep- 2014
38
- 262 -
policy drivers and action. City-region planning & infrastructure, transport, food-systems and resources management should be at the core of this dialogue. Engagement of those living in marginalized areas: Translating SDG11 and any other of the Sustainable Development Goals from policy to reality requires substantial institutional shifts and new partnerships. This means increased representation and institutionalized decision and policy-making roles of organized constituencies of women and men living and working in poverty to plan, implement and monitor development programs that affect their lives. Participatory governance and linkages between democratisation and decentralisation: As the closest level of government to citizens, subnational & local authorities play a critical role in the promotion of peaceful and inclusive societies, the access to justice and the set up of effective, accountable and inclusive institutions. Policies elaborated and implemented directly by subnational & local authorities contribute to achieving national targets, in many occasions deriving from multilateral international agreements. The burden of delivery of housing & basic services as well as disaster management & response very often resides on subnational and local governments. However, the issue of linkages between decentralisation and democratisation is a still a glaring omission in the OWG report. Supporting livelihoods: ensure the city policy environment is fully supportive of informal workers, as well as ensuring safe and secure working environments for all workers, including migrant workers, women, domestic workers, workers with disabilities and those in informal and precarious employment, by promoting social dialogue, in accordance with ILO norms and standards. Inclusive national urban policies: building capacity, particularly in Least Developed Countries, towards the adoption of such policies with a participatory approach.. If adapted to the particular challenges and assets of a country and the needs of its subnational and local territorial units, they ensure aligned efforts towards urban sustainability, which also strengthen balanced territorial development, urban-rural synergies and multi-level century window of opportunity and get urban and territorial development, Finance systems: improve fiscal decentralization and finance systems for subnational and local governments, recognizing that they can critically improve domestic resources mobilization for sustainable development, improving local taxation and fees collection to be invested in basic services. Moreover, ensure decision-making authority of representative urban poor organisations for investments in slum improvement and infrastructure Safe and healthy urban mobility: promote replicability and scalability of safe, healthy and sustainable urban and peri-urban mobility initiatives including walking, cycling and public transport should be encouraged, and also recognised enablers of employment, recreation, social and cultural opportunities, Target 11.2 - We applaud the focus on providing access to safe and healthy urban mobility but would urge the Culture dimension of sustainable development: impulse further understanding on how culture is a driver and enabler of sustainable development, particularly in urban areas where promotion of cultural heritage
10- Sep- 2014
39
- 263 -
and diversity is key for social cohesion and economic development. Disaggregated data and grass roots collection of data: ensure data collection that provides the basis for disaggregation down to the subnational and local level, as well as grass-roots data collection systems, involving directly the urban poor, slums dwellers, and their organizations and other disadvantaged groups. Data should be legitimated via a institutionalized arrangements between subnational and local authorities and the experts collecting it and should help identify community-driven priorities. Interlinkages with other relevant SDGs and localisation of the SDGs: ensure actionable interlinkages with other relevant SDGs, and identification of tools towards the localisation of SDG. Since sustainable human development ultimately happens at community level, the objective should be to capitalize on the multi-dimensional nature of urbanisation and on the contribution of an urban SDG to the achievement of other SDGs at community level. Decentralised cooperation for implementation: invest in the scalability and replicability of alliances and approaches, expertise programmes, awareness raising campaigns and regional partnerships among subnational and local governments and organised community groups as key local implementers that over the decades have succeeded in introducing a relevant territorial perspective to the implementation of the MDGs
PROPOSED SDG 12 - ENSURE SUSTAINABLE CONSUMPTION AND PRODUCTION PATTERNS (Coordinated by: Freya Seath) At every OWG session, we have emphasized that Sustainable Consumption and Production (SCP) is critical for achieving sustainable development as it enables people everywhere to live a better quality of life within their fair share of our one planet’s resources. Today’s patterns of production and consumption remain highly unsustainable. Current economic models and lifestyles are leading to increasingly widespread over-consumption, with impacts on critical natural resources set to worsen. At the same time more than a billion people are so poor as to be unable to consume the bare minimum needed to give them dignity and a decent quality of life. SCP means consumption and production which conserve critical natural capital, ecosystems and biodiversity for today’s and future generations and prevents dangerous climate change. At the same time, people everywhere consume enough to have the opportunity of a good quality of life on our one planet. That is what we need an effective set of post-2015 sustainable development goals to aim for.
10- Sep- 2014
40
- 264 -
The proposed goal 12 to “Ensure sustainable consumption and production patterns” and accompanying targets that seek to address some of these critical issues, including decoupling economic growth from environmental degradation (8.4), sustainable management of natural resources (12.2), reducing food waste and loss (12.3), a lifecycle approach to production (12.4) and awareness raising on sustainable lifestyles (12.8). Yet the outcome document does not go far enough in tackling all issues that need to be addressed. Key Considerations for Targets We call for both a stand-alone goal on SCP, and cross cutting SCP targets in the SDGs. Key targets in the SCP Goal 12 must include: Target 12.1: The 10 Year Framework of Programmes is a critical target for SCP. We support therefore the target on the 10YFP, however this would be better placed as a MOI target: ‘Implement the 10-Year Framework of Programmes on sustainable consumption and production (10YFP), all countries taking action, with developed countries taking the lead, taking into account the development and capabilities of developing countries.’ If this 10YFP target were to be moved to MOI, we would call for a new target 12.1 that references the Aichi target 4 from the Convention on Biological Diversity: ‘By 2020, at the latest, governments, businesses and stakeholders at all levels have taken steps to achieve or have implemented plans for sustainable production and consumption and have kept the impacts of use of natural resources well within safe ecological limits.’
Target 12.2: Add to the end of this target ‘...within the carrying capacity of ecosystems’, to read: ‘By 2030 achieve sustainable management and efficient use of natural resources [add] within the carrying capacity of ecosystems.’ This language was in the OWG draft until the final stages of discussion and had strong support from many governments. There is a critical need to recognise the earth’s limits to understand the scale of ‘sustainable management’ that is needed to preserve our planet for future generations.
Target 12.4: The issue of chemicals is only addressed by two targets in the OWG Outcome Document, in Goals 6 and 12. Therefore target 12.4 is key to retain, particularly with the reference to minimizing adverse effects on ‘human health and the environment’; this issue has critical social and environmental dimensions.
10- Sep- 2014
41
- 265 -
‘By 2020 achieve environmentally sound management of chemicals and all wastes throughout their life cycle in accordance with agreed international frameworks and significantly reduce their release to air, water and soil to minimize their adverse impacts on human health and the environment.’
Target 12.8: It is vital to address people’s lifestyles and consumer habits when tackling core SCP issues. The language in this target is too weak and non-specific. We suggest the target add at the end ‘...and avoid unsustainable consumption, including through school curricula, products and services branding and labelling, awareness raising and policies and incentives’. This would therefore read: ‘By 2030 ensure that people everywhere have the relevant information and awareness for sustainable development and lifestyles in harmony with nature [add] and avoid unsustainable consumption, including through school curricula, products and services branding and labelling, awareness raising and policies and incentives.’ Actions and Recommendations Natural Resource Accounting: All nations should conduct periodic natural resource sufficiency evaluations at the country level, produce annual material resource ‘balance sheets’, and integrate this information into their national plans for achieving sustainable production and consumption and truly sustainable development. The role of companies: Target 12.6 only states ‘encourage companies...’. The private sector has a critical role in changing and challenging unsustainable production processes and influencing consumer habits, but there is not a strong enough emphasis on this in the SCP goal or across the outcome document. A stronger target on target 12.6 could be ‘Establish measures and policies for reporting and monitoring of progress by business in establishing corporate responsibility and sustainability policies and practices.’ Action taken by all governments: All countries need to phase out unsustainable consumption and production patterns, with developed countries taking the lead. There is a need to promote cooperation between developed and developing countries, as well as south-south cooperation and to ensure support to developing countries. Implement the 10 Year Framework of Programmes on SCP: The 10 Year Framework of Programmes (10YFP) on SCP was mandated at Rio+20 in June 2012. This Programme will support of national and regional programmes through strong inter-sectoral partnerships, accelerating the necessary shift towards SCP.
10- Sep- 2014
42
- 266 -
For over 20 years, SCP has been called for by successive UN environment and development conferences and summits. In 2015, we have a real and critical opportunity to ensure that this issue can be addressed at the scale necessary to make sustainable development a reality.
PROPOSED SDG 13 - TAKE URGENT ACTION TO COMBAT CLIMATE CHANGE AND ITS IMPACTS (Coordinated by: Lina Dabbagh) We commend the inclusion of climate change in the chapeau and the maintenance of climate change as a goal in the SDGs. We also insist to strengthen all targets, through clear timelines and quantifiable targets, and to align a lot of the targets under other focus areas in order to adequately address the most fundamental challenge of our time. The SDGs must contribute to a global low-carbon development pathway and to keeping global warming below dangerous levels. A target on introducing instruments and incentives to rapidly reduce investments in fossil fuel and increase investment in low carbon solutions, infrastructure, industry and other sectors in necessary to support this path. We also insist that the reference to holding the increase in global average temperature below 1.5/2ºC rise in accordance with international agreements be reinserted. We oppose deliberate manipulation of weather and geoengineering as a solution to climate change. Finally to help to deliver the scale of ambition needed and to achieve the aims of the SDGs climate planning, actions at all levels should promote community- driven natural resources management approaches, local and traditional knowledge in climate change adaptation. The access to free, timely and understandable climate information, must be rights-based, promote participation, gender equity and access to effective remedy. Key Considerations for Targets: In line with what have being said before. We want to recommend the following three targets to be reinstalled. 13.1: hold the increase in global average temperature below a 2/1.5°C rise in accordance with international agreements.
10- Sep- 2014
43
- 267 -
13.2 By 2020, ensure climate planning and action at all levels is rights-based, participatory and gender equitable and to promote community-driven natural resources management approaches and local and traditional knowledge in climate change adaptation. 13.3. introduce instruments and incentives to rapidly reduce investment in fossil fuel and increase investments in low carbon solutions infrastructure, industry and other sectors. Actions and Recommendations: - Addressing climate change is a prerequisite to ending poverty and its urgency and having both a goal and integration throughout best reflects its importance. - Developing a coherent set of goals that reduce emissions and enable adaptation will support the scale of ambition needed to achieve the aims of preventing dangerous anthropogenic climate change, eradicating extreme poverty and achieving sustainable development. - We encourage countries to work towards a vision of phasing-out carbon emissions and to phase in of 100% Renewable Energy by 2050. This would be an ambitious vision that governments across the world acknowledge as well as work towards in partnerships. - MOI should be provided for local, national or transnational activities to combat climate change, which may be drawn from public, private and alternative sources of financing. Andrew Friedman: PROPOSED SDG 14 - CONSERVE AND SUSTAINABLY USE THE OCEANS, SEAS AND MARINE RESOOURCES FOR SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT (Coordinated by: Andrew Friedman) The ocean covers more than 70 percent of the world’s surface, and marine fisheries support food security, livelihoods and economies for billions of people. Indeed, the ocean is the source of oxygen for almost every second breath taken by humans. All nations are connected through its global life-support system and across the pillars of sustainable development. Yet marine fisheries and ecosystems are increasingly threatened by unsustainable fishing practices, habitat damage, pollution and climate change. The standalone sustainable development goal (SDG) on “Oceans, seas & marine resources,” as recommended by the United Nations Open Working Group on the SDGs, is an opportunity to reverse this trend by bringing it to the forefront of international attention and harnessing political will.
10- Sep- 2014
44
- 268 -
The ocean’s governance regime differs significantly from terrestrial ecosystems, but crucial gaps remain. Where instruments have been agreed, their implementation must be improved. Where there has been no agreement, the international community must quickly join together in common-sense stewardship. The SDGs represent a new, compelling framework to fulfil existing commitments and develop new measures. It will enhance capacity, knowledge, cooperation, governance, political will, and the allocation of resources to secure a healthy ocean for future generations. Key Considerations for Targets To achieve the goal’s transformative potential, the following targets must be emphasized, subject to certain modifications: • 14.4 by 2020, effectively regulate harvesting, and end overfishing, illegal, unreported and unregulated (IUU) fishing and destructive fishing practices and implement science-based management plans, to restore fish stocks in the shortest time feasible at least to levels that can produce maximum sustainable yield as determined by their biological characteristics •14.5 by 2020, conserve at least 20 per cent of coastal and marine areas, consistent with national and international law and based on best available scientific information o Large marine reserves are recognized as a critical tool to restore and revitalize marine ecosystems. The call for 10 percent coverage, while consistent with existing commitments like the Aichi Biodiversity Targets, must be expanded to deliver a real impact. • 14.6 by 2020, prohibit certain forms of fisheries subsidies which contribute to overcapacity and overfishing, and eliminate subsidies that contribute to IUU fishing, and refrain from introducing new such subsidies, recognizing that appropriate and effective special and differential treatment for developing and least developed countries should be an integral part of the WTO fisheries subsidies negotiation. o Once the need for special and differential treatment of developing and least developed countries is taken into account, there are no subsidies that contribute to overcapacity and overfishing and also support sustainable development. Actions and Recommendations • Information gathering and indicator development: We are still in the earliest stages of measuring our relationship with the ocean. Many of the tools and methods needed to take meaningful stock of the abovereferenced targets are new or under development. It will take a broad network of stakeholders, including civil society, the private sector, and academic institutions, to develop ocean indicators that will drive policy
10- Sep- 2014
45
- 269 -
changes. Leaders should seek to foster this network and solicit its input at the earliest opportunity. The United Nations should treat this as a priority. • Measurement at different levels: The ocean’s connectivity creates relationships. Illegal fishing in one country’s waters, for example, may be carried out by a vessel flying another country’s flag, with the fish landed in yet at third country’s ports. Measuring ocean targets at levels beyond a state’s marine territory will provide more comprehensive information and ensure the goal’s universality. • An aspirational approach: While there is rightly a focus on “achieving” the SDGs, they are equally important as a vehicle for communicating challenges. National participation in the “Oceans, seas, and marine resources” SDG should be viewed through this lens. Taking stock of challenges will facilitate further cooperation and opportunities to scale-up responses. PROPOSED SDG15 - PROTECT, RESTORE AND PROMOTE SUSTAINABLE USE OF TERRESTRIAL ECOSYSTEMS, SUSTAINABLY MANAGE FORESTS, COMBAT DESERTIFICATION AND HALT AND REVERSE LAND DEGRADATION AND HALT BIODIVERSITY LOSS (Coordinated by: Isis Alvarez) The importance of a Goal for the protection and conservation of Ecosystems & Biodiversity cannot be overemphasized and despite its relevance, the term ‘conservation’ was dropped out of the title in the final version of the OWG document; sustainable management of forests and terrestrial ecosystems, halting deforestation and degradation of forests, and increasing ecosystem restoration globally, including the early prevention of deforestation and degradation of primary forests, among others, cannot be achieved if strategies continue to exclude people. It is widely recognized that community governance plays a central role in ecosystem protection, conservation and restoration and failing to recognize the role and traditional knowledge of Indigenous peoples, local communities and especially women, will not bring about the expected outcomes. Thus, Goal 15 must include in its targets respect for indigenous peoples and local community rights and their participation in decision-making processes. Furthermore, it is important to consider the risks resulting from ‘afforestation’ that allows harmful industrial monoculture tree plantations to substitute natural forests and other ecosystems and hence, generating biodiversity loss, depletion of waterways, and causing great environmental and social damage, including land grabs1. Despite the reference to achieving a ‘land-degradation neutral world’ in target 15.3
1
CDM Carbon Sink Tree Plantations - A Case Study in Tanzania http://timberwatch.org/uploads/TW%20Tanzania%20CDM%20plantations%20report%20low%20res%20%281%29.pdf
10- Sep- 2014
46
- 270 -
much is to be revised regarding this term since it is virtually impossible that land restoration in one location could ‘offset’ land degradation in another location in light of the very localized biodiversity and negative impacts land degradation has on communities. These wrong assumptions in a target can have detrimental effects on ecosystems and biodiversity. Key Considerations for Targets 15.5 take urgent and significant action to reduce degradation of natural habitat, halt the loss of biodiversity, and by 2020 protect and prevent the extinction of threatened species including by recognizing and promoting conservation and sustainable use practices by indigenous peoples, local communities and women. 15.2 by 2020, promote the implementation of sustainable management of all types of forests, halt deforestation, restore degraded forests, and increase reforestation by x% globally with due respect of the rights of indigenous people and local communities and their participation in decision-making. 15.b mobilize significantly resources from all sources and at all levels to finance sustainable forest management, and provide adequate incentives to developing countries to advance sustainable forest management, including for conservation and reforestation with due participation of indigenous peoples, local communities and women. 15.d ensure free prior informed consent of indigenous peoples and local communities in decision-making and natural resources management, and promote the use of their traditional knowledge. Actions and Recommendations - Goal 15 needs to be in line with the Aichi Targets and closer collaboration with the Convention on Biological Diversity secretariat would be highly recommended. For instance, it would be highly important the recognition of ICCAs (Territories and Areas Conserved by Indigenous People’s and Local Communities) – a figure recognized under the Convention on Biological Diversity. During the last COP 11 in Hyderabad, India, amongst the 33 Decisions adopted, there were hundreds of provisions of relevance to ICCAs and were referenced 9 times, particularly in XI/14 on Article 8(j) and Related Provisions, XI/24 on Protected Areas, and XI/25 on Sustainable Use of Biodiversity. - According to UNESCO, women constitute the majority of the world’s poor; women’s role as caretakers and food providers, in rural areas they spend more time on tasks that deal directly with the use of natural resources, therefore, women depend on open access and control over healthy ecosystems and its resources. Women have fewer property rights and fewer capital assets, they generally have less access to education and reduced participation in processes that affect them also makes it much harder to engage in
10- Sep- 2014
47
- 271 -
important processes that affect their livelihoods. They may also find it difficult to participate in programmes because of the burdens of caring for their families and having to deal with problems such as polluted water sources or deforested areas, which mean that they have to walk much further in order to collect fresh water, fuel, fruits and seeds, etc. Their lack of land tenure rights, perpetuated by patriarchal systems in many societies, makes women more vulnerable to discrimination, evictions, displacements and associated violence2. - Need to align Goal proposals to each other, for instance, the interactions between Goal 15 and other closely related Goals1 such as: Proposed goal 1. End poverty in all its forms everywhere – ensure open access to natural resources to local communities, indigenous peoples and women who depend on it for their livelihoods, including through recognition of their right to own and control land. Proposed goal 2. End hunger, achieve food security and improved nutrition, and promote sustainable agriculture – recognize the role for small-scale food providers, the role in saving seed diversity and the valuable traditional knowledge of local communities, indigenous peoples and women. Take measures to prevent policies, including subsidies, that tend to harm food sovereignty and the right to a healthy environment. Proposed goal 12. Ensure sustainable consumption and production patterns – consider working closely to UNEP’s 10 Year Framework Program on Sustainable Consumption and Production (10YFP-SCP) while keeping in mind planetary boundaries and the finite nature of natural resources. Proposed goal 13. Take urgent action to combat climate change and its impacts – consider the importance of ecosystem restoration and traditional knowledge of local communities and indigenous peoples who have allowed them to adapt to climate changing conditions over the centuries. Take measures regarding proposed policies and strategies designed to ‘mitigate’ climate change that do not really tackle the problematic and that can cause even more social and environmental harm (e.g. biofuels, carbon offsets and other market-based mechanisms). - Working closely to CITES and other agencies/institutions to implement measures to end poaching and wildlife trafficking and prevent further aggravation of the problematic.
2
More information the Impacts of the Bioeconomy and Markets in Environmental Services on Women http://globalforestcoalition.org/wp-content/uploads/2013/06/INCREASING-THE-GENDER-GAPFINAL.pdf
10- Sep- 2014
48
- 272 -
PROPOSED SDG 16 - PROMOTE PEACEFUL AND STABLE SOCIETIES FOR SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT, PROVIDE ACCESS TO JUSTICE FOR ALL AND BUILD EFFECTIVE, ACCOUNTABLE AND INCLUSIVE INSTITUTIONS AT ALL LEVELS (Coordinated by: Olimar Maisonet-Guzman) Participatory and effective governance and stable societies are crucial for development as they represent the context where the majority of development policies will be applied. As part of the development agenda, peace, rule of law and democratic governance are about ensuring an inclusive approach and building institutions that promote violence reduction, safety, participation, accountability, equitable social service delivery and access to justice to all, especially for the poor and vulnerable. The achievement of the Sustainable Development Goals requires the consideration of accountable and responsive governance. The free access to information and the unrestricted access to independent media is a critical precondition for participatory monitoring and accountability. Key Consideration for Targets 1. By 2030, achieve inclusive, participatory and representative decision-making at all levels and improve the legal enabling environment for civil society. 2. By 2025, implement effective regimes for access to information and data, and ensure that legal and regulatory frameworks are in place to guarantee that freedom of media, freedom of expression, association and peaceful assembly is protected. 3. By 2030, halt illicit financial flows globally, increase stolen asset recovery and return, tackle all forms of organized crime, and reduce corruption and bribery in all its forms and at all levels. 4. By 2030, reduce the number of violent deaths per 100,000 and reduce the number of people affected by violence. Recommendations and Actions The political nature of Goal 16 is complex. Targets such as reducing violence, promoting inclusive participation, access to information, and universality of legal registration that have not proven to be as politically sensitive as those that focus on government accountability and corruption. In the upcoming year, Member States and CSOs should work together to address concerns about measurability of governance. Key actions for next year include: 1. Case studies on Targets and Indicators: Given Member States concerns regarding measuring governance, selected CSOs should work toward developing a series of case studies to show the implementation of some of these targets and highlight monitoring and evaluation tools that have proven to be successful. 2. Thematic Meetings: There are a variety of themes included within this goal. Beyond building strong coalitions around these topics, CSOs should organize thematic meetings with the aim of developing
10- Sep- 2014
49
- 273 -
common positions to facilitate to galvanize civil society voice during the intergovernmental process next year. 3. National Advocacy Efforts to Engage Capitals: Engaging capitals will be crucial for the success of advocacy efforts to drive a strong agenda. In particular with a topic as politically sensitive as peaceful and inclusive societies, CSOs should aim to work closely with Member States to guarantee that they have the best available information and data. 4. Means of Implementation and Accountability: Governance is a multi-level issues. Beyond the topics of governance discussed in goal 16, underlying mechanisms for governance of the post-2015 must be addressed, including the HLPF. The sections on MOIs and the Accountability Framework for the Post 2015 are closely like to Goal 16 given that it relates to how institutions make information and data available as well as how institutions can better respond to concerns of citizens. The implementation of governance is crosscutting. Consequently, MOIs should consider infrastructure and capacity building, including ICTs, that support accountability and monitoring processes.
SECTION II - MEANS OF IMPLEMENTATION PROPOSED SDG 17 - STRENGTHEN THE MEANS OF IMPLEMENTATION AND REVITALIZE THE GLOBAL PARTNERSHIP FOR SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT (Coordinated by: Bhumika Muchhala) It is not an overstatement to say that the Post-2015 Development Agenda (and the SDGs) will stand or fall depending on their Means of Implementation (“MOI”), which has two key components. First, an authentic and adequate set of time-bound and specific MOI actions is indispensable if developing countries are to be able to implement the Post-2015 Development Agenda. Second, in order to ensure that the MOI is upheld by a global partnership for development, the international, institutional and systemic dimensions of the various issues addressed in the targets need to be developed and implemented so that the Post-2015 Development Agenda is integrated within the global system. The scope of the MOI in the iteration of time-bound and specific actions and commitments that both developed countries, and the international financial institutions (“IFIs”) in which they have a majority voice in, should take encompasses a broad mix of financial resources, technological development and transfers as well as capacity building. These actions and commitments must be supported by domestic policies or actions in developed countries as well as at the level of international country groupings and institutions, and refer to time-bound financing targets; associated trade and economic policies; technology transfer and other resources to assist and
10- Sep- 2014
50
- 274 -
enable developing country efforts. Furthermore, the Monterrey Consensus language on financing for development is a strong foundation for the financial strategy and should be reflected in the MOI. Key targets: (1) Establish an intergovernmental process to produce a fair, independent and transparent debt workout mechanism for sovereign debts to enable efficient, speedy and legally binding restructuring of debts during sovereign debt crises (2) Ensure fair, equitable and development friendly rules and protection of national policy space in bilateral and plurilateral trade and investment agreements, including that trade rules and negotiations recognise and respect the prime importance of food security in developing countries, as well as to promote the livelihoods and incomes of small farmers in developing countries (3) Promote a stable and equitable multilateral financial system by establishing fully representative and participatory international financial institutions to regulate systemically important international banks and rating agencies, markets for commodity derivatives and international capital flows (4) Respect each countryâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s policy space with respect to establishing and implementing policies for poverty eradication and sustainable development, as well as addressing international rules and agreements that constrain national policy space (5) Strengthen domestic resource mobilization, including through international support to improve domestic capacity for tax collection, address tax evasion and avoidance, ensure revenue transparency of foreign corporate actors in developing countries through international tax cooperation, and enhanced use of progressive taxation on income and wealth, while also mobilizing new and additional international financial resources from multiple sources, with a priority on public resources over that of private and public-private resources (6) Promote transfer and dissemination of clean and environmentally sound, socially relevant and economically beneficial technologies including by removing IPR and all other barriers to developing countries, and encourage the full use of TRIPS flexibilities (7) Establish and effectively implement a legally binding multilateral code of conduct for multinational corporations to secure social responsibility and accountability and prevent restrictive business practices FINANCING FOR DEVELOPMENT (Coordinated by: Neva Frecheville) Ensure adequate means of implementation and the global partnership for sustainable development.
10- Sep- 2014
51
- 275 -
Key targets: 1. developed countries implement fully ODA commitments to provide 0.7% of GNI in ODA to developing countries of which 0.15-0.20% to least-developed countries on an agreed timeline and set out, by 2015, binding timetables to meet their 0.7% commitments within five years and ensure these flows support ownership, transparency accountability and poverty eradication. 2. cooperate globally to reduce substantially international tax evasion and avoidance, and convert the UN Committee of Experts on International Tax Cooperation into an intergovernmental body. 3. strengthen domestic resource mobilization, including through international support to improve domestic capacity for tax collection, including through global cooperation to reduce substantially domestic and international tax avoidance and evasion and enhanced use of progressive taxation on income and wealth, and mobilize additional international financial resources from multiple sources 4. creditors and debtors share the responsibility to attain long term debt freedom, by complying with responsible lending and borrowing standards and working together on an effective, equitable, durable, independent and development-friendly debt restructuring and an international debt resolution mechanism. 5. develop and implement effective and targeted capacity building programmes in developing countries in support of national plans for implementing all sustainable development goals 6. enhance global macroeconomic policy coordination and policy coherence in support of sustainable development and ensure all countries have a fair and equal say at the institutions and forums that make decisions in this area. 7. The promotion of partnerships must clearly identify the purpose, roles, responsibilities and accountabilities, particularly where the inclusion of the private sector is being proposed. 8. undertake regular voluntary monitoring and reporting of progress on SDGs, led by governments, within a shared accountability framework, including means of implementation, the global partnership among Member States and multi-stakeholder initiatives and partnerships with the mandate for this given to a new Global Economic Coordination Council at a level equivalent with the General Assembly and the Security Council
FINANCING FOR SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT (Coordinated by: Felix Dodds) By 2020 Governments to amend the Santiago Principles on Sovereign Wealth Funds to include sustainable development criteria. By 2020 Governments to require that the Credit Rating Agencies should have sustainable development criteria built into their ratings. By 2025 Governments to set up an International Credit Rating Agency (ICRA) under the World Bank as an alternative to private rating services and this should be built on sustainable development criteria that take
10- Sep- 2014
52
- 276 -
consideration of future generation’s needs as well as present ones. By 2020 Governments to set up Green Banks to enable national support for environmental investment on a large scale, especially capital intensive green infrastructure, like wind and solar energy By 2020 Governments to establishment a new financial mechanism “Earth Bonds” under the World Bank to enable the investment community with tax deductions offer by governments on investments in the “Earth Bonds.” Capital realized through the sale of Earth Bonds would be used to finance sustainable development projects for which those in the least developed countries would have priority. By 2020 Governments to require Stock Exchanges to have as a requirement of listing that companies ‘Report or Explain’ on their sustainability. This would include sustainability reporting based on the Global Reporting Initiative and the development of a published sustainability strategy. By 2020 Governments to require Stock Exchanges to publish the amount of carbon that is register by listed companies and by 2025 to set CO2 reduction targets for Exchanges in line with UNFCCC requirements for countries. By 2020 Governments to require any Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) to have a Sustainability Assessment Report produced. By 2020 Governments to pass legislation to help the establishment s of financial services for the poor, including through microfinance institutions, cooperative banks, postal banks and savings banks. By 2020 Governments to pass legislation to enable local and sub national governments to issue green bonds as a vehicle for supporting environmental investment on a large scale, especially capital intensive green infrastructure, like wind and solar energy. By 2020 Governments to pass legislation to enable local and sub-national governments to add sustainability criteria to their procurement policies. By 2020 International Financial Institutions (IFIs) should be required to produce an annual sustainability audit of the projects they are funding with the aim of ensuring none do any sustainability damage. By 2020 Governments should set up an International Financial Transaction Tax whose funds would be used for domestic and international support for delivering the Sustainable Development Goals. By 2016 a mechanism for innovative resource mobilization from civil society sources (philanthropy/social impact investment) in the context of multi-stakeholder post2015 sustainable development agenda implementation action shall be established. We ask the PGA during 69th Session of UN General Assembly as a first stage to set up a Thematic Debate on Multi-stakeholder Action and Resource Mobilization Innovation.
10- Sep- 2014
53
- 277 -
LIST OF MAIN SOURCES PROPOSED SDG 1 - END POVERTY IN ALL ITS FORMS EVERYWHERE • NGLS, Advancing Regional Recommendations on the Post-2015 Development Agenda: A consultation with Civil Society (2013), 20 • OECD. Development Co-operation Report 2013: Ending Poverty. 40 • Overseas Development Institute, Understanding Poverty and Wellbeing: A Note with Implications for Research and Policy (2012), 5 • Major Groups and other Stakeholders. Final Compilation Of Amendments To Goals And Targets.1418 July, 2014, 5 • Uganda’s Participatory Poverty Assessment Report (2000) is an important model for this kind of work. • Adapted from: A New Global Partnership: Eradicate Poverty and Transform Economies Through Sustainable Development. United Nations (2013), 17; also, Major Groups and other Stakeholders. Final Compilation Of Amendments To Goals And Targets.14-18 July, 2014, 5 PROPOSED SDG 2: END HUNGER, ACHIEVE FOOD SECURITY AND IMPROVED NUTRITION AND PROMOTE SUSTAINABLE AGRICULTURE • Major Groups / Food and Agriculture Cluster Statement on Focus Area 2 during OWG-10 (http://sustainabledevelopment.un.org/content/documents/7682biovision.pdf) • Major Groups / Food and Agriculture Cluster Statement on Focus Area 2 during OWG-12 (http://sustainabledevelopment.un.org/content/documents/10354Goal%202.pdf) • Farmers Major Group Statement during OWG-13 (http://sustainabledevelopment.un.org/content/documents/10913Farmers.pdf) • SHIFT Message from the High Level Roundtable on Food and Nutrition Security through Sustainable Agriculture and Food Systems in the Post-2015 Agenda, 27-28 March 2014 • (http://www.biovision.ch/fileadmin/pdf/sdgs/5_RZ_Biovision_Roundtable_NY_withoutmargins.pdf ) • Glossary on Sustainable Agriculture, Food Security and Nutrition • (http://www.biovision.ch/en/projects/switzerland-and-international/changing-course-in-globalagriculture/sdgs/) PROPOSED SDG 3: ENSURE HEALTHY LIVES AND PROMOTE WELL-BEING FOR ALL AT ALL AGES • MG Statement on health from OWG 12: http://sustainabledevelopment.un.org/content/documents/10394jointmajorgroup.pdf
10- Sep- 2014
54
- 278 -
•
Health in post-2015 NGO thematic position paper: http://ncdalliance.org/sites/default/files/rfiles/Thematic%20Position%20Paper_Health%20and%20 Population%20Dynamics%20cluster_Feb%202014_FINAL_0.pdf
•
Major Group Compilation text from OWG13: http://sustainabledevelopment.un.org/content/documents/4438mgscompilationowg13.pdf
PROPOSED SDG 4 - PROMOTE LIFE-LONG LEARNING OPPORTUNITIES FOR ALL • MGCY Statement on education at OWG 4 • http://sustainabledevelopment.un.org/content/documents/10923children.pdf • MGCY “We Have Handed it to You on a Plate” campaign at OWG https://docs.google.com/document/d/1Dtu80IrPPx5OVHohV3duYxB8agLWyKbhDrmFZ9GGjE/edit?pli=1 • Final Joint Major Group Response to Chair’s Text of OWG http://sustainabledevelopment.un.org/content/documents/4438mgscompilationowg13.pdf
13-
13-
PROPOSED SDG 5: ACHIEVE GENDER EQUALITY AND EMPOWER ALL WOMEN AND GIRLS • Joint Statement by South Africa on behalf of 58 Member States during Open Working Group 13 http://icpdtaskforce.org/pdf/2014-07-16-SDGgs13thsessionJointStatement%20_DELIVERED.pdf • Women’s “8 Red Flags” following the conclusion of the Open Working Group on Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) http://www.womenmajorgroup.org/womens-8-red-flags-followingthe-conclusion-of-the-open-working-group-on-sustainable-development-goals-sdgs/ • 13th Session of the Open Working Group on Sustainable Development Goals: Final Compilation of Amendments to Goals and Targets http://www.womenmajorgroup.org/13th-session-of-the-openworking-group-on-sustainable-development-goals-final-compilation-of-amendments-to-goals-andtargets/ • 12th Session of the Open Working Group (OWG) on Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs): Women’s Major Group Summary Draft • http://www.womenmajorgroup.org/wp-content/uploads/2014/06/Summary-input-OWG12-16june.pdf PROPOSED SDG 6 - ENSURE AVAILABILITY AND SUSTAINABLE MANAGEMENT OF WATER AND SANITATION FOR ALL • SDGs OWG 13 submission by Women’s Major Group, Mining Working Group, Blue Planet Project, Children and Youth Major Group, Indigenous People’s Major Group, Workers and Trade Unions Major Group, NGO major, Members of the Commons Cluster
10- Sep- 2014
55
- 279 -
PROPOSED SDG 7 - ENSURE ACCESS TO AFFORDABLE, RELIABLE, SUSTAINABLE, AND MODERN ENERGY FOR ALL • Sourced from documents submitted to the OWG process, including https://miningwg.files.wordpress.com/2013/06/goal7sustainableenergyfinal-3.pdf PROPOSED SDG 8 - PROMOTE SUSTAINED, INCLUSIVE AND SUSTAINABLE ECONOMIC GROWTH, FULL AND PRODUCTIVE EMPLOYMENT AND DECENT WORK FOR ALL • MGCY “We Have Handed it to You on a Plate” campaign at OWG 13https://docs.google.com/document/d/1Dtu80IrPPx5OVHohV3duYxB8agLWyKbhDrmFZ9GGjE/edit?pli=1 • Final Joint Major Group Response to Chair’s Text of OWG 13http://sustainabledevelopment.un.org/content/documents/4438mgscompilationowg13.pdf PROPOSED SDG 9 - BUILD RESILIENT INFRASTRUCTURE, PROMOTE INCLUSIVE AND SUSTAINABLE INDUSTRIALIZATION AND FOSTER INNOVATION • Sources: UN Women’s Major Group http://www.womenmajorgroup.org PROPOSED SDG 10 - REDUCE INEQUALITY WITHIN AND AMONG COUNTRIES • All language for these recommended targets was taken from the joint civil society statement on Goal 10, prepared through an inclusive input process and submitted to the Open Working Group on 16 June 2014. PROPOSED SDG 11 SUSTAINABLE CITIES & HUMAN SETTLEMENTS • Final CSO Statement at OWG 13 http://sustainabledevelopment.un.org/content/documents/4438mgscompilationowg13.pdf • Previous Local Authorities Major Group and CSOs statements http://sustainabledevelopment.un.org/owg.html • Global Task Force of Local and Regional Authorities for the Post 2015 Development Agenda towards Habitat III - Letter to OWG 13 and previous works http://www.gtf2016.org • Communitas Coalition practical tool for OWG 13 negotiators (July 2014); technical thematic papers (December 2013) and Zero, First and Second draft targets (January, April and June 2014) http://www.communitascoalition.org/seconddrafttargets.html -http://www.communitascoalition.org/owg_concludes.html • Urban SDG Campaign letter to the OWG 14.07.2013 http://urbansdg.org/wp-content/uploads/2014/07/140714_open_letter_urban_sdg_campaign.pdf • UN SDSN Work Group on Cities & Human Settlements documents – Why the World Needs an Urban SDG?, September 2013 http://unsdsn.org/wp-content/uploads/2014/02/130918-SDSN-Why-the-World-Needs-an-UrbanSDG-rev-1310291.pdf
10- Sep- 2014
56
- 280 -
•
World Urban Campaign Manifesto for Cities, The City We Need and other elements http://www.worldurbancampaign.org/2013/11/post-2015-campaigning-for-an-urban-sdg/ http:// www.worldurbancampaign.org/resources/
PROPOSED SDG 12 - ENSURE SUSTAINABLE CONSUMPTION AND PRODUCTION PATTERNS • OWG13 Major Groups and Other Stakeholders Final Compilation Document: http://sustainabledevelopment.un.org/content/documents/4438mgscompilationowg13.pdf • United Nations Environment Assembly (UNEA) ‘A Multi-Stakeholder Message to UNEA’, 23-27 June 2014: • http://www.unep.org/unea/docs_HL_SDGs_and_the_Post-2015.asp • OWG 11,12,13 combined Major Group and Other Stakeholders SCP statements • ‘The Future We Want’ Outcome Document, Rio+20 Conference on Sustainable Development: http://www.uncsd2012.org/content/documents/814UNCSD%20REPORT%20final%20revs.pdf PROPOSED SDG 14 - CONSERVE AND SUSTAINABLY USE THE OCEANS, SEAS AND MARINE RESOOURCES FOR SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT • Global Ocean Commission, From Decline to Recovery: A Rescue Package for the Global Ocean (http://missionocean.me/) • The Future We Want, Final Report of the Rio+20 Conference on Sustainable Development (http://www.uncsd2012.org/content/documents/814UNCSD%20REPORT%20final%20revs.pdf) • United Nations Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO), International Plan of Action to Prevent, Deter and Eliminate Illegal, Unreported, and Unregulated Fishing (www.fao.org/fishery/ipoa-iuu) • CBD. Framework for monitoring implementation of the achievement of the 2010 target and integration of targets into the thematic programmes of work. 2006; COP 8 Decision VIII/15; Annex II, 〈http://www.cbd.int/decision/cop/default.shtml?id=11029〉 • FAO, State of World Fisheries and Aquaculture 2014 (http://www.fao.org/3/a-i3720e.pdf) PROPOSED SDG15 - PROTECT, RESTORE AND PROMOTE SUSTAINABLE USE OF TERRESTRIAL ECOSYSTEMS, SUSTAINABLY MANAGE FORESTS, COMBAT DESERTIFICATION AND HALT AND REVERSE LAND DEGRADATION AND HALT BIODIVERSITY LOSS •
•
CDM Carbon Sink Tree Plantations A Case Study in Tanzania http://timberwatch.org/uploads/TW%20Tanzania%20CDM%20plantations%20report%20low%20re s%20%281%29.pdf More information the Impacts of the Bioeconomy and Markets in Environmental Services on Women http://globalforestcoalition.org/wp-content/uploads/2013/06/INCREASING-THE-GENDERGAP-FINAL.pdf
10- Sep- 2014
57
- 281 -
• •
For the full interactions http://pubs.iied.org/17248IIED (July 2014)
between
Goal
15
and
others,
please
refer
to
PROPOSED SDG 16 - PROMOTE PEACEFUL AND STABLE SOCIETIES FOR SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT, PROVIDE ACCESS TO JUSTICE FOR ALL AND BUILD EFFECTIVE, ACCOUNTABLE AND INCLUSIVE INSTITUTIONS AT ALL LEVELS Sources: UN Major Groups Common Positions on Goal 16, Cluster Statements, Transparency and Participation Platform, UNDPI Draft Declaration, Governance Options Draft, Diverse position papers from CSOs that participated in the OWG process, High Level Panel Report.
10- Sep- 2014
58
- 282 -
65th DPI/NGO Conference â&#x20AC;&#x201C; Declaration Drafting Committee Composition Area Overall lead on content
Name Richard Jordan, Royal Academy International Trust
Overall facilitation of committee work
Maruxa Cardama, Communitas Coalition, Co-Founder and Executive Coordinator Technical Assistance Matthew Boms, , Communitas Coalition, Communications Manager Ashley Overbeek, CIVICUS, Assistant Section - Vision Christopher Dekki, Adjunct Professor, St Joseph's College Children & Youth Major Group Sections - Goals and Targets and Actions & Recommendations Poverty Fabio Palacio, ATD Fourth World, Policy & Advocacy Officer Hunger, Food Security, Nutrition & Mayumi Sakoh, Millennium Institute, Policy & Partnerships Agriculture Advisor Health and Well-Being Ariella Rojhani, NCD Alliance, Senior Advocacy Manager Education and Life-Long Learning Gene Osagie, Columbia Universite Antonia Wulff, Education International, Coordinator Major Group Children and Youth Gender Equality and Empowerment Anna Keye, International Women's Health Coalition, Program Assistant, Advocacy and Policy Water and Sanitation Grove Harrris, Temple of Understanding, UN representative Meera Korunantham, Blue Planet Project, The Council of Canadians, Water Campaigner Energy Neva Frecheville, CAFOD, Lead policy analyst on post-MDGs Grove Harrris, Temple of Understanding, UN representative Economic Growth, Employment, Work Aashish Kullar - Pax Romana, Special Advisor on SD, Children & Youth Major Group Organising Partner Infrastructure, Industrialization & Neth DaĂąo, ETC Group, Asia Director Innovation Inequality Deborah S. Rogers, Initiative for Equality, President Cities & Human Settlements Maruxa Cardama, Communitas Coalition, Co-Founder and Executive Coordinator Sustainable Consumption & Production Freya Seath, BioRegional, International Policy Advisor and CIVICUS, Sustainable Development Coordinator Climate Change Lina Dabbagh, CAN International, Policy Officer Oceans, Seas & Marine Resources Andrew Friedman, International Oceans Policy of Pew 59
- 283 -
Terrestrial Ecosystems. Forests, Desertification, Land degradation & Biodiversity Peaceful & stable societies, Access to justice & Institutions Section - Means of Implementation Means of Implementation and Global Partnership Finance for Development Finance for Sustainable Development
Charitable Trust, Semior Associate Isis Alvarez, Global Forest Coalition, Communications & Outreach Officer Olimar Maisonet Guzmán, Center for Collaborative Technologies at IREX, Programme Coordinator Technical & Civil Society – SustainUS, Policy Coordinator Bhumika Muchhala, Third World Network
Neva Frecheville, CAFOD, Lead policy analyst on post-MDGs Felix Dodds, Global Research Institute, Senior Fellow - Tellus Institute, Associate Fellow Section – Accountability & Monitoring Rebecca Brown, Center for Reproductive Rights, Director of Global Advocacy Jan-Gustav Strandenaes, Stakeholder Forum, Senior Governance Adviser The Committee consists of a group of volunteer thematic focal point/lead experts; two technical assistants; as well as two co-chairs, one responsible for the content, and a second one in charge of facilitating the work of the Committee. All members are civil society colleagues who have been appointed because of their close engagement in the post-2015 intergovernmental processes, helping coordinate the positions from their respective constituencies. They are serving on a voluntary basis and in their personal capacity. The inputs provided by focal points/lead experts have been drafted on the basis of joint statements by UN Major Groups & Stakeholders from civil society, which have been prepared through a transparent and inclusive input process and submitted to the UN SDGs Open Working Group as official positions representing progressively built consensus. Moreover, the focal points/lead experts have also considered inputs by civil society received over the past couple of months, that included the “elements” of the draft declaration produced by a group of New York-based experts.
60
- 284 -
GPF Briefing 2 July 2014
Beyond the “Partnerships” Approach: Corporate Accountability Post-2015 The United Nations is inching closer to defining the post-2015 development agenda, as the second session of the High-Level Political Forum on sustainable development concluded and the thirteenth and final meeting of the Open Working Group on Sustainable Development Goals begin. So far neither of these two fundamental processes has begun to define how powerful actors, including transnational corporations, will be held to account for their contributions – or damage – to sustainable development or to the lives and livelihoods of the people claimed to be at its center. The ongoing discussions on “means of implementation” so far fail to address systemic issues of the global financial, lending, and trade architecture structured to benefit powerful States and their interests, while the agenda of big business is made manifest in the emphasis on voluntary, “multi-stakeholder” partnership initiatives that characterize the post-2015 debate. In this second installment of our new briefing series on Corporate Influence, Global Policy Forum is pleased to share specific questions and recommendations related to the HLPF as the locus of accountability for the post-2015 agenda, for both States and their “partners” in sustainable development initiatives.
GPF Analysis of Current OWG Zero Draft Related to Partnerships OWG Zero Draft as of 30 June
Problems resulting from this approach
Multi-stakeholder partnerships
The inclusion of these targets indicates the degree of influence exerted by big business and its affiliates in promoting the central role of the private sector, through voluntary and non-binding commitments, and a shift in the understanding of sustainable development. The role of the State as primary duty-bearer for guaranteeing the human rights of its citizens and ensuring sustainable development is lost through this approach.
17.13 support current broad-based multi-stakeholder partnerships and encourage new ones that mobilize knowledge, expertise, technologies and financial resources to support the achievement of sustainable development goals in all countries, particularly developing countries
17.14 encourage and promote public, public-private, and private special funds and foundations, building on the experience and resourcing strategies of partnerships such as GFATM, GEF, GAVI, BMGF, SE4All, EWEC Data, monitoring and accountability 17.16 undertake regular voluntary monitoring and reporting of progress on SDGs, led by governments, within a shared accountability framework, including means of implementation, the global partnership among Member States and multi-stakeholder initiatives and partnerships.
Several member states have challenged the legitimacy of UN-led partnership initiatives such as SE4All and EWEC, which are Secretariat-led “matchmaking” services for corporations and NGOs to implement sustainable development objectives, with a lack of transparency about how much funding is really raised, who actually benefits, and how much oversight the UN has. The inclusion of the word “voluntary” within this target negates any potential to hold “multi-stakeholder” partnerships to account. Rather than providing for effective regulation of corporations by States, this approach relies on the willingness of large corporations to report on their impact and voluntary commitments.
While mentioning the major obstacles to developing countries’ access to essential medicines to prevent and treat diseases, this target 3.b support research and development of vaccines and medicines for fails to specify how TRIPS flexibilities should be used by developing the communicable diseases that primarily affect developing councountries to facilitate their own production of vaccines and essential tries, provide access to affordable essential medicines, and support medicines, or to build capacity and lessen dependence on foreign developing countries’ use of TRIPS flexibilities. technology. It refers only to States’ trade commitments and does not address the role of transnational pharmaceutical corporations in keeping medicines and R&D inaccessible and unaffordable for developing countries. Attain healthy lives for all
- 285 -
GPF Briefing 2
July 2014
OWG Zero Draft as of 30 June
Problems resulting from this approach
Promote sustainable consumption and production patterns
This target is limited to reporting and even within this limited scope leaves it up to companies to report on the social and environmental impact of their activities without any mandatory requirements. “In12.5 increase the share of private sector actors incorporating sustain- crease the share” and “increase substantially” are vague suggesable development principles in their business practices, and by 2030 tions towards what should be legally binding and go far beyond reincrease substantially the number of companies, especially large porting to cover, inter alia, redress and remedy, in accordance with companies, that report on corporate social and environmental rethe Rio principles. sponsibility, including through integrated reporting.
What should be done? HLPF
»
Challenge the current set-up of the HLPF as a “talkshop” without a meaningful outcome, including through recalling the HLPF’s establishing resolution, to re-structure it as a meaningful locus for accountability of both States and their corporate “partners.” House a monitoring and oversight hub for “partnerships” within a strong and effective HLPF.
»
Build an intergovernmental accountability framework for the entirety of the post-2015 sustainable development agenda, housed in the HLPF, with government-adopted guidelines and government monitoring. It is essential to create a robust and truly universal accountability mechanism that upholds the values of the UN system in accordance with the international human rights framework and existing obligations related all three dimensions – social, economic, and environmental – of sustainable development.
Civil Society
»
As the post-2015 process continues, including through intergovernmental negotiations beginning in early 2015, challenge the post-2015 partnership euphoria, by problematizing the growing business influence in political discourse and agenda-setting.
»
Highlight and publicize problems with the partnerships approach: the increasing fragmentation of global governance; the weakening of representative democracy and institutions; the unpredictable, insufficient financing of public goods; and the lack of an effective monitoring and accountability mechanism.
»
Evaluate and reconsider their involvement in partnerships with corporations that rely on a voluntary, multi-stakeholder approach and further consolidate corporate influence in the UN and other global governance settings.
»
Ensure better linkages between organizations on the ground and those promoting corporate accountability at the UN. Encourage evidence-based advocacy and expose corporate behavior that contradicts commitments that corporations make at the UN.
»
Undertake and promote evidence-based research on the outcomes of public-private partnerships; undertake further research and general conclusions on the political economy of UN-business interactions.
»
Advocate for proper regular, public funding of UN programs.
“Accountability is only meaningful if it includes the powerful… In today’s world the powerful are the rich countries, the intergovernmental institutions (particularly those dealing with trade and finances), transnational corporations and even some huge foundations and NGOs with budgets of billions of dol lars.” [Prologue, Means and Ends: Social Watch Report 2014 ] Find out more, and stay tuned: Join the GPF Newsletter and follow us on Twitter. Contact
Global Policy Forum PO Box 3283 | New York, NY 10163 | USA Koenigstrasse 37a | 53115 Bonn | Germany gpf@globalpolicy.org | www.globalpolicy.org
- 286 -