An architectural intervention for Barcelona 3.0
Konstantinos Tatsis
Domesticity besides Infrastructure An architectural intervention for Barcelona 3.0
A reflection paper by Konstantinos Tatsis Contact: kon_tat@hotmail.com
This master dissertation project was developed within the project of Streetscape Territories in Barcelona Academic Promoter: prof. dr. Kris Scheerlinck International Master of Science in Architecture KU Leuven, Faculty of Architecture. Campus Sint-Lucas Ghent Class of 2016-2017, June 2017
This master dissertation is a result of hard work during the academic year 2016-2017 in the campuses of Sint Lucas in Gent. I would like to thank everyone for the support during these months and especially: My promoter, Kris Scheerlinck, for his extremely wise guidance during all these months and his endless help during our conversations, My parents for their unconditional support during the two years I spent in Belgium. All the classmates of the streetscape territories group for the constant reciprocal help during the year and the very nice time we had in our trip in Barcelona! Thank you all
The streetscape territories group of 2016-2017 Parc de la Ciutadella, Barcelona November 2016
Index 5. Architectural Intervention
1. Introduction Master dissertation framework Introduction to the topic Introduction to the site On site observations Initial analysis Initial conclusions Research question and title Infrastructure and urban fabric
8 10 12 14 16 23 25 26
2. Streetscape analysis Intuitive domesticity Tangible domesticity Explanation of terms Conclusions My domesticity - Ubiquitous domesticity Existing situation section
6. Conclusions and Reflections 30 32 34 39 40 42
3. Urban scale strategy Key facts - prerequisites for urban strategy Pillars of ubiquitous domesticity on site Urban strategy illustration Urban strategy textual explanation Contested domesticity Conceptual proposed sections
46 48 54 56 58 60
4. Small scale strategy Program justification - La Borda cooperative case From urban to small scale Flexibility in architecture The threshold space Small scale strategy - The transformative threshold space as collective space Cover photo: Internal yard in the old city of Barcelona
The concept principles The configuration Apartment typologies The ground floor Urban transversal section Longitudinal section The facade The construction Illustrations of different levels of collectivity
72 74 75 76 80
7. Bibliography and figure credits
84 88 92 104 108 110 112 116 118
1. Introduction
Master Dissertation framework
Streetscape territories framework Streetscape territories is a name given to an international research and design project that has been initiated by Prof. Dr. Kris Scheerlinck in KU Leuven. The framework's main topic is architecture and transformation of the urban fabric considering the streetscapes as the key element of research, negotiation and eventually inspiration. The project deals with different models of proximity within different scales (from street, to neighborhood, to region). Architecture doesn’t start from a program but from the assumption that urban space can be perceived as a discontinuous collective space which contains different levels of shared use that are defined by a triple scope: physical, territorial and cultural.
The main elements/key phrases that are used as tools to research and produce architecture and space within this framework are:
Territorial Depth Configuration Collective space Proximity Spatial Delimitation Openness, spatial tolerance, indetermination 8
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Territorial Depth “Territorial depth is measured by the number of boundary crossings (…) needed to move from the outer space to the innermost territory” (Habraken, N.J. (1998). The Structure of the Ordinary. Cambridge: MIT Press)
Collective space “The traditional dichotomy of public versus private space looses strength as new models of space use and production arise. The recent mentioned spatial phenomena ask for a new understanding that is no more based on a division between private or public space but deals with collective use of space.” (Scheerlinck K.)
Proximity “Proximity depends on individual or collective spacing mechanisms that define a certain model of space production and space organization. Territorial depth as an access configuration, can possess different recipes of proximity: each configuration is defined by a set of distances at different scales.” (Scheerlinck K.)
Spatial Delimitation “There seems to be a growing obsession about applying preplanned territorial transitions in urban projects, avoiding spontaneous overlap scenarios and restricting gaps or margins in the planning of depth configurations, as uncertainty in the interpretation of space is avoided.” (Scheerlinck K.)
Openness, spatial tolerance, indetermination “The last concept refers to openness, spatial tolerance, the needed discussion about the level of functional determination in urban projects The overprogramming, exclusive focus on functional issues or even the description of ideal use or behavior in urban space (Sorkin, 2007) leads to a simplification of urbanity and disable possible interpretations of a multiple nature, needed to construct a socially sustainable environment.” (Scheerlinck K.) Domesticity in Barcelona 3.0
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Introduction to the topic Barcelona 3.0 - a metaphoric void Throughout history, the metropolitan area of Barcelona has undergone a lot of procedures that have completely changed its face. During the last few decades, from 1980s and on, the major milestone for the transformation of the city is the Olympic Games that took place in Barcelona in 1992. Starting from that year, for the purpose of the dissertation we identify three different phases in urban life of the city. Barcelona 1.0 is the pre-Olympic city Barcelona 2.0 is Barcelona of Olympic Games and Barcelona 3.0 is about the period after the Olympic Games which is actually the era that we are now living in. Through this dissertation as a student of master in architecture I would like to contribute on the discussion about Barcelona 3.0 as a sustainable city, using as tool the streetscape research methodology.
BARCELONA 3.0
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Figure 1. La ronda litoral
Figure 2. El Barrio Gotico
Diverse street identities of Barcelona
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Introduction to the site The area of research is located in the center of Barcelona and it contains the Park de la Ciutadela, the zoo and the surrounding area. The park is in between several quite diverse parts of central Barcelona and more specifically it is surrounded by l’Eixample on the north, la Barceloneta and the waterfront at the south, el Barrio Gotico at the west and la Vila Olympica and Poblenou at the east. Some of the main landmarks of the area are clearly indicated on the map at the right.
Site Figure 3. Metropolitan area of Barcelona 12
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EL POBLENOU
L’ EIXAMPLE La Vila Olympica Arc de Triomf
University Pompeu Franca Parc de la Ciutadella Catalan parliament
BARRIO GOTICO Towers of Barcelona Zoo of Barcelona
El born centre
Franca train station WATERFRONT
LA BARCELONETA
Wall of the zoo
Figure 4. Zoom in at the area of research
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On site observations The first observation that I made when i visited the site for the first time was that it is located in the middle of a diverse neighborhood and as a result it should be considered as a unique element in the urban fabric. At the same time the site is quite difficult to go through it since there are a lot of boundaries that delimit the space in a way that cause a quite strong fragmentation.
Figure 5. Road system configuration
Figure 6. Railway and tram
After a more in-depth observation I noticed that this unique urban element is surrounded by dense mobility infrastructure which in my opinion is the main cause of fragmentation. The diverse character of the area, as clearly indicated, derives, to some extent, from the configuration of the road system. Furthermore, tram and railway ,mainly, have a ‘strong’ presence in the area. Highlight that we speak about a central point in the city of Barcelona. Figure 7. Diverse mobility infrastructure 14
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Initial Analysis
In order to initiate my streetscape journey in Barcelona I tried to analyze the area through some urban sections. These sections helped me to understand which are the specific spaces with potential and their relation with the surroundings.
I tried to read the site by mapping 5 key categories using sections. I chose these 5 types of spaces as they are inextricably linked with the mobility infrastructure and as a result their configuration create multiple types of voids. Open/ Closed spaces: This category is about the built or non built environment. In my intervention i would prefer working by adding and not by demolishing, as much as possible.
Mobility spaces: In this category i tried to point out the spaces of the city which are occupied by transport infrastructure (roads, pedestrian roads, railway, tram lines).
Underdeveloped space/leftovers: This category includes all the spaces that could be characterized as intermediate,immediate,intermittent and codified spaces within the urban fabric, or they are just unused or undesigned.
Free/restricted access: In this category I tried to separate the spaces that someone can access with asking the permission to enter (via ticket or just via verbal allowance), from those that everybody is allowed to enter or cross.
Potential: In the last row I indicate which are the spaces that could be developed according to the aforementioned criteria. 16
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Section 1
1
Estacio de Franca
Plaza de Palau
Centre Esportiu Municipal
Parking
Zoo
Wall/Fence
open/closed spaces
mobility spaces
leftover/unedrdevelopped
free/restricted access
potential/personal view
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Section 2
2
Barceloneta
Estacio de Franca
Ronda Litoral Underground
Zoo
Wall/Fence
open/closed spaces
mobility spaces
leftover/unedrdevelopped
free/restricted access
potential/personal view
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Section 3
3
Ronda Litoral
Parc de la Barceloneta
Railway lines
Zoo
Wall/Fence
open/closed spaces
mobility spaces
leftover/unedrdevelopped
free/restricted access
potential/personal view
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Section 4
4
Barcelona Biomedical Research Park
Ronda Litoral
Railway lines
Zoo
Wall/Fence
open/closed spaces
mobility spaces
leftover/unedrdevelopped
free/restricted access
potential/personal view
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Section 5
5
Towers
Parc de les Cascades
Parc de Carles 1
Parking lots
Universitat Pompeu Franca - Campus de la Ciutadela
Wall/Fence
Railway lines Ronda Litoral
open/closed spaces
mobility spaces
leftover/unedrdevelopped
free/restricted access
potential/personal view
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Section 6,7
7 6
Parking lots
Tram
Universitat Pompeu Franca
Zoo
open/closed spaces
mobility spaces
leftover/unedrdevelopped
free/restricted access
potential/personal view
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Tram
Zoo
Initial conclusions The presence of infrastructure in the area is intense and creates tangible boundaries that delimit the space in a very strict way. Moreover within the infrastructure zones, there are other, less tangible even intangible boundaries that create more and more fragmentations. The heterogeneousness, the configuration and the different contextual situation of these boundaries create multiple types of voids with different qualities which have to be treated respectively.
Pla de Palau
UPF
It is obvious through the sections that there are gradients of diversity and strictness of the different boundaries As we approach the center of the area everything becomes denser, so the central part of the site becomes my major point of research. (from heights alternation to the proportion of infrastructure) The boundary as a space where different things intersect and most of the times are separated should become a place where things are happening. This is my initial thought. The following image was my inspiration. Everything is a matter of interpretation That means that the boundaries can be there, although the way people use it change the character of the space around them. The kid in this image, unconsciously, proves my point.
Figure 8. Kid is playing at the entrance of park de la Ciutadella Domesticity in Barcelona 3.0
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Figure 9. Impression collage 24
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Research Question and Title
Title Domesticity besides Infrastructure An architectural intervention for Barcelona 3.0 Research question How can an architectural intervention provide domesticity and the feeling of intimacy in areas adjacent to "strong" infrastructure and how in the end this domesticity can be the back bone of new collective spaces.
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Infrastructure and the urban fabric
Transport infrastructure is the main accelerator of urban development and as result the main urban shaper. Infrastructural steroids intensify urban metabolism and entail urban growth. However, at places where it meets the city, the fragmentation of urban fabric occurs. Contemporary city resembles a patchwork of various urban patterns connected/separated by the transport networks. The situation is slowly turning into opposite - from infra-structure to a dominant one. It seems that infra-structure is not something in-between anymore. Its growing dominance over urban landscape alters the situation in a way that urban fabric and landscape is in between the lines of transportation networks. This relationship is too complex to be reduce into simplistic opposition. In the end metropolis and infrastructure are mutually dependent on each other. Maybe, it is more productive instead of generating another binary opposition city versus infrastructure, to think of possible ways to reunite them into one project.
The existence of infrastructure in the city usually stands for the distant, the public, the mobile and the unknown, for a sense of displacement, placelessness or homelessness. Especially in the city center the areas around infrastructural points are usually abandoned end fragmented and that factor results to huge contrast in scale and in character between these areas and the rest of the city.
On the other hand domesticity represents the familiar, the stable, the private, the nearby, the sense of belonging and safety. It represents more or less what we call home. Personally I believe that domesticity could also be found away from home and that would be the real challenge.
"But what is domesticity in post modern society? The dilemma of finding the proper formal architectural response to this fundamental challenge of domesticity as social program needs to be explored" Hermanuz, G. Housing of postmodern world. 26
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Especially for the relation between city and rails, this fact is clearly visible on some paintings of the 19th century where the first railways started to invade the cities of the industrial revolution. In the image of Dore there are several idiosyncrasies, suggesting the importance of the railway proximity in denouncing the bleak living conditions of the working class. There is a very dense sequence of terraced houses in between two arched train viaducts which are opening and closing the perspective of the image pointing out that they are extremely important for the city. If someone observes better, he will see that even the morphology of the houses is similar to the viaducts which illustrates how much the railways affected people's life.
Figure 11. Edouard Manet: The railway, 1873
Figure 10. Gustave DorĂŠ: Over London by Rail.1872
Also on the right image there is a quite clear allegory that indicates how the railways and train trucks affected people's life as there are some bars, like those of prison, between the little girl and the lady who are probably sitting in their backyard. Domesticity in Barcelona 3.0
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2. Streetscape analysis
Intuitive domesticity Since I speak about domesticity, it is essential to analyze the streetscapes through the notion of domesticity and through different definitions of the word itself. I separate the different kinds of domesticity in order to create a narrative about my architectural story of the streetscapes of Barcelona 3.0.
INTUITIVE DOMESTICITY Synonyms: Intangible, Subjective domesticity DEFINITION: Intuitive domesticity is the feeling of familiar, of stable, the feeling of belonging that is based on personal experience. This domesticity defines the level of appropriation of the urban space* based on very subjective criteria and individual perception,without always conscious reasoning. *URBAN SPACE: "The entire range of places, people and activities that constitute the public dimension of human social life" Prof. Adi Madanipour
According to the aforementioned definition in the following map I illustrate the different levels of appropriation that I identified during my visit on site and through it I would like to define which of the areas have lower levels of appropriation and as a result lower quality of space.
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Levels of intuitive domesticity High level of appropriation Unsure Low level of appropriation
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Tangible domesticity The question that arises after mapping the levels of appropriation in the area is why is this happening? What are the elements that define the level of appropriation throughout the specific streetscapes of Barcelona? In order to define these elements I introduce the notion of the tangible domesticity. The use of classification of spaces marked on the map of the following page (immediate, intermittent, etc.) is according to the streetscape research methodology.
TANGIBLE DOMESTICITY Synonyms: Objective
DEFINITION: Tangible domesticity is about these very tangible elements that are spread throughout the urban sphere* and are the reasons for the different levels of intuitive domesticity. Sometimes these elements cannot be represented on a map because they are about people or human behavior
*URBAN SPHERE: "The entire range of places, people and activities that consitute the public dimension of human social life" Prof, Adi Madanipour
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Elements of tangible domesticity Mobility infrastructure Immediate space Codified space Intermediate space Underdeveloped space Intermittent space Non-permeable Visually permeable Permeable Inadequate urban equipment
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Explanation of terms Immediate: space that is characterised by an immediate perception of infrastructures or buildings, production of scale contrasts Codified: space that is defined by codes of possible/obliged/forbidden use, including clear indications/instructions laid out in space in an explicit way Intermediate: space that has a buffer effect, characterised by an in-between atmosphere, often without a clear program, space defined by a setback or spatial transition Underdeveloped: space that doesn’t provide the proper level of intuitive domesticity (low level o appropriation) because of inadequate urban equipment or landscape design. Intermittent: space that is obviously waiting to be developed implying that there is an intention that something needs to be done but is not done yet.
5 8 13
1 10 6
9
15 14
3 11
4
2 12 7
Figure 12. collages specification map 34
Figure 13. 1 to 16 Domesticity in Barcelona 3.0
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immediate
mobility
2
1
non permeable
visually permeable
visually permeable
3
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codified
5
intermittent
6
underdeveloped
underdeveloped
7 36
8 Domesticity in Barcelona 3.0
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intermediate
underdeveloped
9
10
visually permeable
non permeable
11
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non constant use of space
intermediate
13
14
entrance at the site
inspiration
15 38
16 Domesticity in Barcelona 3.0
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Conclusions 1) After mapping the boundaries of the area I came to the conclusion that the different levels of intuitive domesticity are defined by the diverse configuration of the boundaries that exist in the area. Boundaries that are lying in the connection edge of infrastructure and urban fabric. Everything in our site is accessible, however the difference lies in permeabiilty, visual or literal. A space in between non-permeable or non-permeable/visually permeable boundaries usually provokes low levels of domesticity. The higher the permeability the higher the level of intuitive domesticity.
2) The lack of urban furniture (even among completely permeable boundaries) is a very important reason casing a low level of domesticity, This happens because of lack of memory of the house and its elements throughout urban fabric that would allow people feel more connected to the intimacy of their home. No proper place to sit, no proper place to stand, no proper place to eat and read. The higher the absence of shelter/landscape organization/urban equipment the lower the level of intuitive domesticity.
3) It is important, in order to achieve high level of appropriation to provide spaces that can be used constantly throughout the day and night. For example, the tram road right next to the wall of zoo is a space with high level of appropriation during day, although during night it becomes abandoned (collage 13 ) The more frequent and consistent the use of space, the higher the level of intuitive domesticity.
* Domesticity in Barcelona 3.0
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MY domesticity - Ubiquitous domesticity
UBIQUITOUS DOMESTICITY DEFINITION: It is a social condition that expands the possibilities of a city dwelling* in the urban sphere and it is characterized by high level of appropriation * The action or fact of living in home or the house itself. Domesticity in small scale means shelter, protection, high level of appropriation and the possibility to inhabit a space. PILLARS OF UBIQUITOUS DOMESTICITY Through the analysis of the site the attributes that inextricably linked with the domesticity that I intend to apply are: -Accessibility -Permeability -Shelter/protection - Landscape and urban equipment - High level of appropriation - Constant use of space
Ubiquitous domesticity is the kind of domesticity that i imply in the title of my master dissertation and it is the one that I want to apply in the area. The pillars are the conditions that i want to achieve through my project and the tools that will eventually define my architectural intervention. 40
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Passeig de Circumvallacio Centre Esportiu Municipal (CEM)
ZOO Escola Parc de la Ciutadela
Bonanova Institure (UPF)
Area of intervention/existing situation map Domesticity in Barcelona 3.0
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Existing situation section
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3. Urban scale strategy
Key facts - prerequisites for urban strategy 1) Franรงa Train Station Franรงa train station may lose its status with the arrival of the AVE high-speed train in Sants and the construction of Estaiรณ de la Sagrera, planned for completion at the end of 2017 that will concentrate most of the traffic. However, it is generally seen as the city's most beautiful station and is already used alternatively so in my opinion it is worth keeping it. Result 1: Rethink the station for more often alternative uses and moreover make it permeable to public movement. Result 2: Possibility of reducing the amount of railway lines 2) Centralities According to the work of Joan Busquets, he proposed some new centralities in Barcelona in order to decongest the traditional center and create new hubs of life and activities in the city. In my opinion the fact that our site is situated in between two "new centralities" of Barcelona is very important. Instead of separating them it would be more beneficial to connect them not by creating a new centrality but by creating a kind of "bridge" between them. In that sense the longitudinal connection seems more important that the transversal one.
Figure 14. New centralities of Joan Busquets 46
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3) Working by adding and not by removing I would like to demolish as few things as possible. This is my personal tactic. Since there is a lot of rough space PROPOSAL FOR THEin NEW BARCELONA LIBRARY (2010) which is waiting to be developed the area adjacent to the railway, i would like to respect as much as possible the context rather than starting by demolishing. Of course for the benefit of the intervention this is not possible everywhere and some things need to get removed. I decided, following these thoughts, not to remove the zoo because it would create a huge void there. Even if its outdated as a means of amusement it is still profitable for the municipality and i would like to avoid a conflict with it. 4) Passeig de la Circumval¡lació According to http://com-shi-va.lameva.barcelona.cat/en/traffic there is never dense traffic in this road and actually in the past this road had a bad fame as it was a place for drug dealing and prostitution. I have in mind two alternatives for this road Alternative 1: Removing Alternative 2: Move it further from the zoo wall In any case: Potential to improve it
5) Public Library of Barcelona Back in 2010 there was a competition about a new public library in Barcelona and the site was right next to the train station. In particular, there was a plan to demolish the building of Bonanova institute (which is the building attached on the north part of the station) and place there the new library. Actually the competition was completed successfully and there was a winning proposal from the office Nitidus Arquitectes. However it was never constructed because of financial reasons. I would like to re propose the Library because its importance for the intervention is prominent since it will be located in one of the main entrance nodes of the area and will enhance the attractiveness and the permeability of the site.
Figure 15. New public Library of Barcelona by Nitidus Arquitectes Domesticity in Barcelona 3.0
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Pillars of Ubiquitous Domesticity on site Accessibility Fixing the two existing transition/entrance zones to the site
Public library and space in front of it
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Extension of the tram lines and vertical connection with the Parc de Carles 1
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Permeability Open-up the boundaries that marginalize the site in all directions Open the lateral parts of the station during the working hours
Connection with the park of Barceloneta
Removal of the fence
Creating openings in the zoo wall when possible for visual permeability
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Shelter/Protection Provision of sheltered environment through not only urban equipment but also through buildings configuration
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Landscape and urban equipment Provision of urban furniture and landscape configuration which will enhance the feeling of staying on site.
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High level of appropriation Turn the boundaries into borders* * “What is an edge? We can thing about an edge as either a border or a boundary. A border is a zone of interaction where things meet and intersect, but a boundary is more like a national frontier, a place where something ends.� Sennett, R. (2004). Democratic spaces
Remove a part of the railway lines and create appropriable space
Enlargement of pedestrian roads on front of both the zoo and the station 52
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Constant use of space Program related to housing which is the only concept that is used 24 hours/7 days per week
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Urban strategy illustration 1
3 1 4 2
Zone 5
5
1
Zone 4
Zone 3
5 1 8 7
2
5 Zone 2
Zone 1
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Having in mind the previous facts and prerequisites, and the analysis of the site through the scope and pillars of domesticity I came to the conclusion that the urban strategy which is illustrated would perfectly fit my thoughts. This map is not a master plan but it represents the key elements that will transform the site into a place full of domesticity. Co-housing Buildings at zones 2 and 4
Fixing of the existing transition zones
Public covered space or building at zone 3 New entrance at the site through the station Open/cross the boundaries-New permeability (literal at the station and la Ronda/visual at the zoo)
Extrovert zone
Existing main pedestrian movement Introvert zone
New pedestrian movement Zoo entrance
1
Pedestrianisation of one part of passeig de Circumvallacio
2
Removal of the fence and creation of habitable space
3
Extension of the tram lines
4
Vertical connection of Parc de Carles 1 with the tram stop
5
Removal of a part of the railway lines
6
Elevated connection of the two sides of the railway lines
7
Winning proposal of public library of Barcelona 2010
8
Extension of the pedestrian road Domesticity in Barcelona 3.0
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Urban strategy textual explanation The general strategy is a result of implementing the pillars of ubiquitous domesticity on site. One issue encountered is a slight difference of height on site. In order to hide as much as possible the rail trucks and conceal the noise of the trains I decided to slightly everything at the level of the street and keep the trucks lower.
There are three key things that I am trying to do in my strategy in order to achieve the aforementioned pillars.
At first, turning boundaries into borders (R. Sennett’s definition) is one of them because it would ensure the permeability an the high level of appropriation of the area. The pedestrian road of passeig de Circumval-lacio is quite narrow and located right next to the wall of the zoo. The combination of these two elements create a quite massive boundary. In order to turn it into a border I decided to extend the pedestrian road and at the same time to create enough openings on the wall (wherever is possible) so that there will be a new space for use next to the wall with quite high level of appropriation. Furthermore some openings on the wall of the zoo (wherever possible) would enhance visual permeability. Moreover I took the decision to remove the fence that separates the passeig from the railway space and make it accessible in order to create new plots that can be used for my architectural small scale intervention. Finally, i decided to maintain the wall on the other side of the railways to keep them separated from la Ronda Litoral. However the elevated crossing element ensures the permeability of the site.
The second issue that I consider as an important one is to fix the transition points towards the site. For that reason, first of all I extended the tram lines until the park of Carles 1. With this adjustment the new tram stop at the end makes the site more attractive for people to use it, and at the same time it will connect vertically the park and increase the level of appropriation of the park itself. On the other side, there are two transition nodes. The first one is through the station which I convert to a permeable element throughout its working hours. The second is the pedestrian roads in front of the library and the sport center. I would like for that reason to express the intervention through materiality. The usage of common material at the road and the pedestrian roads creates the feeling of a square even if a conventional square doesn’t exist. I believe that through this element the site becomes more attractive and mentally (since physically it remains the same) more accessible.
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The third thing that actually is the result of the previous steps is the creation of several zones (not literal zones but conceptual zones). Since we talk about domesticity I would like to propose for the area new housing buildings because the house is the realm of domestic space. For that reason It wouldn’t be beneficial to propose one extrovert zone and one introvert zone but the alternation of extroversion and introversion in zones offers a rich urban landscape. Furthermore the difference in privacy is illustrated also by difference in scale of spaces.
The limits of each zone are not strictly the ones that are visible on the map but the size of each one is similar because i would like to indicate the fact that each zone is equally important for the success of the intervention. In any case what is important is a sequence of extrovert-introvert in relation with the railway and the permeability which creates different types of contested domesticity. Each zone has its own particularities but all of them should follow the pillars of ubiquitous domesticity.
Extrovert Introvert Extrovert
Extrovert
Introvert
Permeability assured
Permeability not assured Domesticity in Barcelona 3.0
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Contested domesticity Since I refer to domesticity i would like to make a parallelism of the programmatic intentions and the main core of domesticity which is the residential unit. Despite the changes in our society, the traditional dwelling remains an area of safety, protection and privacy as well as an area where social life takes place. Interestingly, activities taking place in the house are still described as “informal” where the daily life of the family takes place and “formal” where guests are usually welcomed. Through the study of a number of dwellings one may observe similar social and spatial “ingredients”: the living room, the kitchen and the dining room and the bedroom. Spaces are usually connected together in ways that affect how integration is distributed throughout the structure, making some areas of a dwelling more accessible and/or visible than others.
Parallelism
This projection of residential configuration onto urban reality would be helpful in the future to reach a desired level of domesticity. The added element here is the existing infrastructure of the site.
INFRASTRUCTURE entrance
Collective spaces
Formal Living room (guests)
Formal (Guests)
more accessible
Productivity/rails
Kitchen/Dining Bedroom
Informal Living room (family) Bedroom
Bathroom
Housing less accessible
Informal (Local Inhabitants)
Housing
Housing Small scale urban approach
Empirical typical house
It is clear that when there is a change at scale there is a need to speak about a different kind of domesticity. For that reason I introduce the notion of contested domesticity. 58
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CONTESTED DOMESTICITY DEFINITION: Contested domesticity is a subcategory of ubiquitous domesticity, its main topic is "placed" in small scale and refers to the different levels of privacy that somebody can meet in the urban sphere and their relation based on configuration. The 4 different levels of contested domesticity that I identified based on the program that i want to implement (co-housing) and the parallelism between a residential unit and the urban reality are the following.
1. Completely private (Private units,guestrooms - bedroom) 2. Common places for the regular inhabitants (Kitchen, Informal dining room, Gathering place - kitchen, Informal bathroom, Informal Living/Dining room)* 3. Common places for Guests AND regular inhabitants (Workspace, Formal living room, formal dining room)* 4. Spaces for the community (auditorium, exhibition space, etc, - Outside the residential unit) *Sometimes these two are the same
transition private units
private units
common spaces
common yard private yard
MIXED private yard
common yard
Patterns of contested domesticity Domesticity in Barcelona 3.0
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Conceptual proposed section ZONE 1
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Extrovert zone Outdoors public space for the library proposal Existence of the school of the Ciutadela - possible construction of a playground Gathering node
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Conceptual proposed section ZONE 2 Guests
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- Introvert zone - The space is quite limited so the private part is placed closer to the railway so that the public part will not converted into a corridor but there will be enough space to “breath� - Common spaces closer to the railway, working as buffer zones, compared to the completely private rooms to avoid the unpleasant noise of the trains. - For the same reason private rooms in higher heights.
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Conceptual proposed section ZONE 3
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- Extrovert zone, Very important to ensure the permeability - Point for double permeability in two axis (better to have one large point which collects a lot of people and high level of appropriation than a lot of not appropriable "bridges") - Public amenity/covered space for everybody and/or for the neighborhood - Prominent visual connection with the zoo
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Conceptual proposed section ZONE 4 Guests
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- Introvert zone - The availability of space in this part provides more opportunities on the configuration of the private part. - There can be views and functions on both part of the private space.
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Conceptual proposed section ZONE 5
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- Extrovert zone - "Receives" the people from the last tram stop - Connection with the elevated park de Carles 1 - The wider area available gives opportunities for different kind of urban equipment than zone 1 (e.g. basketball court)
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4. Small scale strategy
Program justification - La Borda cooperative case Since I am searching for domesticity next to infrastructure it would be essential as I mentioned before to consider housing as part of my project which will eventuall be my main focus. The situation of housing in Catalunya and in Barcelona. Barcelona during the last years is hit hard by evictions, leaving many households indebted to the banks for the foreseeable future. According to El Punt Avui, only a two percent of Catalunya’s dwellings are dedicated to social and public housing, compared to the European average of 18 percent and the vast majority of them is owner - occupied properties. A report by Barcelona’s housing committee, the Consorci de l’Habitatge de Barcelona, showed that in December 2015, the city’s waiting list for social housing, or VPO (Viviendas de Protección Oficial), contained 28,238 households, amounting to over 53,000 people. The most affected areas included were Ciutat Vella, Sant Marti (which is adjacent to the site) and Nou Barris. For that reason a new model of living started to emerge in Barcelona: the cooparetive model. A lot of bodies and associations have shown interested during the last years in this model such as LaCol, which is a cooperative of architects, Sostre Civic which is a cooperative of users and houses and Som Energia, an energy coop in which individuals gather to produce and consume entirely sustainable energy. In terms of housing, even during the seventies, cooperatives in Spain were also working as housing developers although the system was based on property. That means that there was a group of people who were gathering together in order to buy land. Afterwards they separated it in several plots and they started constructing their houses. When the construction was over the cooperative was dissolved. Although a new project in Barcelona, La Borda cohousing project by LaCol cooperative architects, proposes a new way of management inspired by the Danish model of co-housing. In this case the cooperative is the owner of the building(s). The members of the cooperative invest an amount of money at the beginning and then have to pay an amount for the rent of a house inside the building. As long as he does that nobody can kick him out. At the same time, there is no way for his apartment to be sold to individuals, since it does not belong to him. However, when someone decides to leave, the cooperative gives him back the investment (share) that he contributed at the beginning and the cooperative chooses another person to replace him. This system ensures the stability and security of the house as it was an owner - occupied one. Barcelona City Council plans to put seven municipal sites out to tender for co-housing projects. These seven plots of land, in the Sants-Montjuïc, Ciutat Vella, Horta-Guinardó, Nou Barris and Sarrià-Sant Gervasi districts, have the potential for building nearly 115 flats in cooperative housing under a transfer-of-use scheme. What is very important in the case of La Borda is the financial management of the project. For that reason I will mention the key aspects of it according to their website. 72
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In La Borda project there is a cooperation of 28 families.The most important is to find a balance between keeping the rent low and having enough funds to reinvest in new projects and expand this co-housing model in Barcelona. – Total budget : 2 millions Euros – Partnership with the municipality to get the land The municipality rents out the land for 75 years – 20% of the budget is paid by the members of the coop Each family participates financially in the project through their initial share (about 15 000€ each) and the rent that they will pay monthly to the cooperative. Rents, that range from 300€ to 600€, are about 50% lower than the market price. – 20% lend by the coop bank An other important partner is Coop57 which is some sort of a cooperative bank, that lends money to social projects. – The rest : raised through micro lending campaign Individuals from all over Europe can give a small amount of money (few hundred euros) and will get it back in 10 to 15 years.
Figure 16. La Borda cohousing project Domesticity in Barcelona 3.0
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From urban scale to small scale Urban scale:
zoo wall
Small scale:
In order to reach the pillars of ubiquitous domesticity the key element as mentioned in my urban strategy is to turn the connecting mono (or non)functional boundaries and edges into transitional spaces with high level of appropriation
fence 1
fence 2
park
station
The transitional spaces that I mentioned before have by definition a strong connection with movement. In small scale architecture, usually, these spaces that are used as thresholds to connect different territories with more defined function include only the circulation space and as a result people pass through them without even realizing their existence. In the contested domesticity and more specifically in a cohousing project the main purpose is to find a way to connect spaces with a different level of privacy. Specifically in my project I would like the inhabitants to be able to control the level of privacy of their territory. Sometimes the feeling of community should be more enhanced and at other times they should be able to reach high levels of privacy,But how to do this? Having in mind these thoughts I decided in order to align urban and small scale strategy that the key element is the following:
Mono functional transitional space
Transformative threshold space = flexible / control the level of privacy
=more than a circulation space/ "Spatial condition for the meeting and dialogue between areas..." Herman Hetzbeger
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Flexibility in architecture Through operational elements
Figure 17 a,b Rietveld Schroeder House, Utrecht
Through modularity
Figure 18 a,b La Borda cohousing project, Barcelona Domesticity in Barcelona 3.0
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Through zoning and openness
Figure 19 a,b Domino House, Le Corbusier 75
The threshold space Threshold spaces are transitional spaces that form a spatial preface to functional spaces. The threshold space can lie inside, outside, or some place in between. In general, threshold spaces can be defined and described through various perspectives. What are the elements that define architecturally the different kinds of threshold space. For the purpose of this dissertation I use the elements that are defined by Till Boettger in his book “Threshold spaces, Transitions in Architecture: Analysis and design tools”. According to his writings: - A threshold space defines the opening of spatial delimiters during the act of crossing them. - A threshold space is a transition that separates spaces from and connects them to one another. - Threshold spaces are transitional spaces that provide a spatial preface to the functional spaces that follow. In order to provide the design tools Tim Boettger uses some parameters which were firstly introduced by Egon Schirmbeck who used them to analyze contemporary architecture. Schirmbeck said that: “For the sake of clarity, contrasting characteristic parameters are documented in each respective case. Through the analysis, the design is deconstructed into the elements with which it defines space and forms structures.
For the purposes of the threshold space analalysis in his book Tim Boettger modifies a bit the parameters that Schirmbeck uses and end up with the following six (in parentheses are the ones of Schirmbeck): - Delimitation (spatial definition) - Sequence (spatial sequence) - Geometry (spatial structure) - Topography (spatial situation) - Materiality (spatial design) - Furnishings (spatial function) He uses this parameters to analyze the threshold space of several buildings and the results and categories of his research, which I also use to define my small scale strategy, are illustrated in the following 3 pages.
The buildings that are presented are (the following images: figure 20) a. Neue Nationalgalerie, Berlin, Ludwig Mies van der Rohe, 1962–68 b. Casa da Música, Porto, OMA, Rem Koolhaas and Ellen Van Loon, 1999–2005 c. Carpenter Center for the Visual Arts, Cambridge, Massachusetts, Le Corbusier, 1961– 64 d. Fondation Cartier, Paris, Jean Nouvel, 1991–94 e. Museu de Arte de São Paulo (MASP), São Paulo, Lina Bo Bardi, 1957–68 76
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Delimitation Question: How the threshold space is defined?
b
a
open
closed
the threshold space is open in all directions and has clear boundaries only on the inside
the threshold space only opens the interior space in some points
Sequence Question: What lines of movement are offered throughout the threshold space?
free
a
guided c
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Geometry Question: Is it possible to identify repetitive geometrical forms through the threshold space?
a
free
ordered
b
Topography Question: What is the position of the threshold space in relation to the architecture as a whole? a
embedded 78
the threshold space is less present and readable as an independent space
c
independent
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the threshold space forms its own self determined space
Materiality Question: What level of contrast does the threshold space provide in comparison with the other spaces of the architectural project? d
neutral
a
distinctive
Furnishing Question: In what ways do threshold space equipment alter or support the threshold space?
a
e
integrated
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self contained Konstantinos Tatsis
Self-contained objects define space and also play a larger role in the respective functions of the space 79
Small scale strategy - the transformative threshold space as collective space
Characteristics: - Higher level of exposure between common spaces and private space. Softer border between public and private. - More guided way of passing throughout the space - Bigger territorial depth - Lower level of tolerance - Separation in materiality between more separate and more exposed spaces 80
Higher level of privacy - Enhancing common life among the inhabitants
closed
guided
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embedded
neutral
integrated self-contained
Characteristics: - Strict boundary where community and completely private space meet. Common and public space are merged creating a bigger collective space - Free way of passing throughout the space - Smaller territorial depth - Higher level of tolerance - Separation in materiality between more separate and more exposed spaces
Lower level of privacy - Enhancing community
open
free
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neutral
integrated self-contained 81
5. Architectural Intervention
The concept principles For the architectural intervention I decided to focus and develop one of the buildings included in the urban strategy and specifically the building at zone 4 (closer to the street). As aforementioned, the program is housing (co-housing). In fact , according to the website of the city of Barcelona (4/10/2016), Barcelona City Council plans to put seven municipal sites out to tender for cohousing projects. These seven plots of land, in the Sants-MontjuĂŻc, Ciutat Vella, Horta-GuinardĂł, Nou Barris and SarriĂ -Sant Gervasi districts, have the potential for building nearly 115 flats in cooperative housing under a transfer-of-use scheme. My intervention is a proposal of a new way of living in a co-housing project, according to the pillars of ubiquitous domesticity. The relation with the city
Urban reality
Horizontal permeability 84
Easy accessibility
Vertical permeability Domesticity in Barcelona 3.0
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Shelter and protection
The Volume
Several volumes for better light conditions/link through the threshold space
One building for stronger connection/communication
Vertical and horizontal visual permeability
The threshold space/the linking element
1
2
3
1. Walking 2. Vertical communication 3. Standing/Sitting
The transformative threshold: transformation of the level of collectivity
The threshold space is designed in a way to offer constantly 3 possibilities.
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The elements of transformation Because of the transformative nature of the project, the elements causing this transformation are very important. There are diverse elements of transformation that vary according to the type of spaces that they connect and the level of exposure of those spaces. In the following images the elements of transformation are placed in order, from more to less exposed space. When public can access the building
Threshold to apartment
Low fence, creates the at- Sliding doors/Possible extenmosphere of a street sion of the threshold space in the apartments and vice versa
In the apartment
Wall like a curtain/Light separation of the collective parts of the apartments
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Sleeping zone
Opaque panels/Stricter boundary at the sleeping zone
The overall The configuration of the different parts of the building produces, in the end, a composition of volumes, which is publicly accessible (where and when allowed) through a specific route. This route leads to a space for common uses, which provides a more sheltered environment than the one of the ground floor and the street. The main characteristic of the project is the transformability of the space to different levels of collectivity according to the desires and the decisions of the inhabitants.
It is important to mention the threshold space is not considered as just a scaffolding that connects the different apartments and has an ephemeral use, but is considered as a permanent part of the apartments and is in constant use, according of course to the preferences of the inhabitants. That is why they are quite smaller than usual because emphasis was give to the collective identity. Conceptual axonometric Extension of the threshold space Public route Domesticity in Barcelona 3.0
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The configuration The configuration of one floor plan diverse in matter of the type of apartments. According to the desired level of exposure that they want to have, the inhabitants, choose apartments. Here, there is a possible configuration which represents different levels of collectivity in different apartments.
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Typical Floor plan/1st floor plan
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The composition of the different levels creates a system of stairs and patios in order to achieve the vertical communication and the visual permeability among the floors. Their exact position was decided according to a possible public route and also in order to create the feeling of a diverse environment in every floor.
4th floor
3rd floor
2nd floor
1st floor
System of vertical communication and patios
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Implementation of the elements of threshold space in the building Delimitation
Furnishing
Sequence
Materiality
Higher level of privacy - Enhancing common life among the inhabitants
closed
open
integrated
guided
self-contained
free
Geometry
Topography
BOTH
neutral
Lower level of privacy - Enhancing community
ordered
embedded
BOTH
The elements shown above were used to design all the apartment typologies(12 in total). There can be three different types of apartments in the building: The less exposed with an internal corridor, the more exposed without a corridor and the small guest houses. The inhabitants are able to choose which one they prefer to live in according to the level of privacy they want to have. The square meters that are mentioned in the following plans concern the introvert part of the house, without the threshold space. Domesticity in Barcelona 3.0
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Apartment typologies (3 different levels of collectivity) The more exposed-without a corridor (1-7) 1
1-2 people (51 m2)
depth configuration
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collective gradient
2
1-2 people (51 m2)
depth configuration
collective gradient
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3
1-2 people (51 m2 in two floors) depth configuration
floor 1
floor 2 collective gradient
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3 people (77 m2)
depth configuration
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collective gradient
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5
3 people (77 m2) depth configuration
collective gradient
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4 people (85 m2)
depth configuration
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collective gradient
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7
4 people (85 m2 in two floors)
depth configuration
collective gradient
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The less exposed-with a corridor (8-11) 8
1-2 people (51 m2)
depth configuration
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collective gradient
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9
1-2 people (51 m2)
depth configuration
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collective gradient
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10 1-2 people (51 m2) depth configuration
collective gradient
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11
4 people (85 m2)
depth configuration
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collective gradient
12 The guest house
depth configuration
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The ground floor
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7 Domesticity in Barcelona 3.0
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Analysis of the ground floor The ground floor is consisted of 5 guest houses, a laundry room/storage and a cafe. The existence of the cafe ensures the constant use of space and attracts more people than just the regular inhabitants of the building. The configuration of the different elements derives from the treatment of the ground floor as a pedestrian road. The use of the panot (the typical Barcelona pavement) as a continuation of the pedestrian road of the lateral parts of the building, and the differentiation of the park pavement, if not forces, it gives an implicit motivation to people to follow the path as if it is a typical pedestrian road and to experience the different levels of collectivity on the ground floor. Through this gesture, the relation with the streetscape becomes very rich and offers diverse atmospheres. Gradients of collectivity in the ground floor
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Urban transversal Section
La Ronda Litoral
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Remaining rail lines
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Zone 4
Passeig de Circumval-lacio
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Zoo
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Longitudinal section
1
Zoom in 1 110
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The facade
For the facade of the building I create large, floor to floor openings*, for better lighting but also for better space quality. The structure is visible (effect that will be detailed in the next part) and the rest of the facade is covered by foldable bamboo shutters or vertical wooden panels with the same color. Their configuration is according to the interior. *only exception is the guest house of the ground floor because of the direct connection with the public. Key characteristics of the decision: - The threshold space is not ephemeral but a permanent part of the apartments so they should both be treated the same/similar way. As a result, the facade is one, continuous element and is not separated in different approaches, one for the apartments and another for the threshold space -The transformability (because of the different levels of openness of the bamboo shutters) fits the transformative nature of the project and depends again on the desires of the inhabitants. -The different gradients of closure and openness imply the different gradients of collectivity and moreover it is an implicit statement that the project is a discontinuous collective space. 112
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Complete south facade Other alternative choices during process
Perforated movable panels
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The transformative nature of the facade
Partly open bamboo shutters
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Completely closed bamboo shutters
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The construction
Construction Detailed Section The Threshold space-the extrovert part of the apartments
Gravel finishing Rigid insulation Concrete slab
Stable horizontal wooden shaders at the extensions of the threshold space
Foldable bamboo shutters
Stone floor plates Screed Polyurethane Embedded floor convectors for heating and cooling
Concrete elements( on Isokorb) to maintain the effect of the exposed structure
Panot pavement Stone element
Natural stone with grass
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Natural stone with grass
Smaller openings only in the guest rooms of the ground floor because of the direct connection with the public
Same approach as the threshold space. Foldable vertical bamboo shutters
Ytong block walls with vertical wooden cladding wherever the interior doesn't allow openings
Construction Detailed Section The introvert part of the apartments
Illustrations of different levels of collectivity The threshold space as collective space
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Open to public
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Lower level of exposure
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Higher level of exposure
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6. Conclusions
Barcelona is a place that I consider as one of the most beautiful cities that I have ever been to.. The very first time I went there, I was more keen on sightseeing and exploring the city like a tourist would do and I wasn’t able to get deeper on how someone lives and feels in Barcelona in a daily routine, its hidden corners, secrets and surprises. Fortunately thanks to this dissertation, I was given the opportunity to observe and experience the city and the life of the Catalan capital through a different scope. I must admit that this, new approach, was much more interesting and did constantly keep me awake to learn new things that the city of Barcelona offers. It was quite clear during our visits in different places, universities and sites,and the conversations we had with the people there, that Barcelona seeks a new identity. Seeking a new identity not only in architectural perspective, but also in a way to fight against the crisis that hit Catalunya and Spain in general. Barcelona today has several problems to deal with but also supports with great potential. The approach through the streetscape territories framework was something new to me, and I feel that It broadened the way I understand space, architecture and in general everyday life. Street,as space, will never be perceived the same as before in my eyes, and the notion of collective space will constantly occupy, consciously (or unconsciously) a part in my mind. . During the latest months, I tried to develop a project which derived from the analysis of the streetscapes. A collective housing project, where the architect offers some tools and not fixed decisions. These tools can be interpreted in a lot of different ways. The alternation of different interpretations creates multiple levels of exposure, which produces in my opinion a very rich domestic environment, which not only promotes collectivity, but shows respect to the personal space of the inhabitants The domestic space eventually becomes something very unusual because it can contain simultaneously the whole spectrum of the urban sphere, from the very extrovert street to the very introvert bedroom. It becomes ,eventually, a new way of living, for Barcelona 3.0.
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Barcelona 3.0 under construction Poblenou, Barcelona, November 2016
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7. Bibliography/Figure credits
Bibliography - Purcar, C. (2016). At Home by the Tracks.Domesticity in Proximity of Railway Space in (Early) Modern Art. Technical University of Cluj-Napoca, Faculty of Architecture and Urban Planning - Senett, R. (2004). Democratic spaces, p.429-431. - Kolb, D. (2001). Places and Spaces: Adjacency Effects. - Habraken, N.J. (1998). The Structure of the Ordinary. Cambridge: MIT Press - Charalampous, N. (2011). A spatio temporal interpratiation of domesticity. Department of architecture, University of Cyprus. - De Sola Morales, M. (2008). Ten Lessons on Barcelona. 2nd edition. Barcelona: COAC. - Peabody, A. (2012) The city, infrastructure, and leftover space: an architectural solution, creating continuity in a broken irban fabric. - Alexander, C., Ishikawa, S., Silverstein, M., Jacobson, M., Fiksdahl, K. and Angel, S. (1977). A pattern language. New York: Oxford University Press, p. 75-91 - Di Palma, V., Periton, D. and Lathouri, M. (2009). Intimate metropolis: urban subjects in the modern city. Lon don: Routledge. - Boettger T. (2014). Threshold Spaces: Transitions in Architecture. Analysis and Design Tools. Basel: Birkhauser. - Scheerlinck K. Streetscape Territories Notebooks - Website of the city of Barcelona (http://www.barcelona.cat)
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Figure credits Figure 1. La ronda litoral, ph. Konstantinos Tatsis Figure 2. El Barrio Gotico ph. Konstantinos Tatsis Figure 3. Metropolitan area of Barcelona, Google search Figure 4. Zoom in at the area of research, base image from Google Earth Figure 5. Road system configuration, personal map Figure 6. Railway and tram, personal map Figure 7. Diverse mobility infrastructure, personal collage Figure 8. Kid is playing at the entrance of park de la Ciutadella, ph. Konstantinos Tatsis Figure 9. Personal impression collage Figure 10. Gustave DorĂŠ: Over London by Rail.1872, Google search Figure 11. Edouard Manet: The railway, 1873, Google search Figure 12. Collages specification map, base image from Google Earth Figure 13. 1 to 16, ph. Konstantinos Tatsis Figure 14. New centralities of Joan Busquets, map made by Eulalia Gomez Figure 15. New public Library of Barcelona, made by Nitidus Arquitectes Figure 16. La Borda cohousing project, LaCol architects official website Figure 17 a,b. Rietveld Schroeder House, Utrecht, Google Search Figure 18 a,b. La Borda cohousing project, Barcelona, LaCol architects official website Figure 19 a,b. Domino House, Le Corbusier, Google Search Figure 20. All the images were found in Google Search
*All the rest images, collages, drawings, plans, sections, diagrams, etc, are made by Konstantinos Tatsis
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