@)!@ l8;]Da/ jif{ # c+s $!
o; c+sdf s] s] < g
/fi6«klt af/fs cf]afdf===@
g
On]S6f]/n sn]h============#
g
lah'nL vDaf–j/k/========#
g g
gful/s k|Zg–pQ/===========$ rNtLsf c+u]|hL zAb====$
b]lvFb}g . uGw x'Fb}g . sfgn] yfxf kfpFb}g . of] Uof; -jfo'_ xf], h;sf] gfd …sfa{g df]gf]– cS;fO8Ú (Carbon Monoxide) xf] / 5f]6s/Ldf CO -l;cf]_ n]lvG5 . /+uxLg, uGwxLg of] Uof;n] xfdLnfO{ PSsfl; ladf/ kf5{ / d[To' klg x'g ;S5 . k|foM k]6«f]lnoddf cfwfl/t OGwg afNbf of] Uof; aG5 . sxfF sxfF aG5 < sf/, 6«sdf OGwg hNbf, Uof;f]lngaf6 rNg] ;fgf OlGhg rNbf, :6f]e, nfnl6g, bfp/f tyf sf]Onf afNbf of] Uof; aG5 . To;f] t 3/ ttfpg OGwg k|of]u ubf{ klg sfa{g df]gf]cS;fO8 aG5 . aGb jf yf]/} dfqfdf xfjf cfjthfjt ug]{ 7fpFdf of] Uof; hDdf x'G5, clg o:tf 7fpFdf a:g] dflg; / hgfj/n] ;f; km]bf{ of] z/L/ leq hfG5 / k|efj kf5{ . k|efjsf] nIf0f s:tf] x'G5 < o;sf d'Vo nIf0f– 6fpsf] b'Vg', rSs/ nfUg', sdhf]/L x'g', lbuldu x'g', jfGtf cfpg', 5ftL b'Vg' / sNofª–dNofª x'g' cflb x'g\ .
a9L dfqfdf sfa{g df]gf]– cS;fO8 z/L/df hfgfn] a]xf]; x'g] / d[To' x'g] x'G5 . oxL Uof;n] g} k|efljt kf/] sf] :ki6 gx'Fbf w]/}nfO{ cK7\ of/f] k5{ . lsgeg] o:tf nIf0f c? ladf/ x'Fbf klg x'G5g\ . lgbfPsf] cj:yfdf of] Uof;n] c;/ u¥of] eg] o;sf nIf0fx? yfxf gkfpFb} d[To' klg x'g;S5 . s;/L k|efljt kf5{ < /utn] d'6'af6 clS;hg Uof; lnG5 / ljleGg c+udf k'¥ofpF5 . t/ ToxL /ftf] /utn] clS;hgsf 7fpFdf sfa{g df]gf]cS;fO8 kfof] eg] sfa{g df]gf]cS;fO8nfO{ rfF8f] l6K5 / n}hfG5 . xfd|f] j/k/ a9L sfa{g df]gf]cS;fO8 5 eg] d'vaf6 a9L sfa{g df]gf]cS;fO8 leq hfG5 . clg of] Uof;n] clS;hgnfO{ k'/} lj:yflkt
cdc.gov
hf8f] xf];\ jf h]g]/]6/ rnfpg] cj:yf cfcf];\, sfa{g df]gf]– cS;fO8sf] gfd af/Daf/ ;'lgG5 . cflv/ of] s] xf] < lsg o;sf] oltsf rrf{ ul/G5< s] of] /fd|f] xf] < s] of] g/fd|f] xf] < o:t} ljifoaf/] oxfF n]lvPsf] 5 .
cdc.gov
sfa{g df]gf]cS;fO8 s] xf]<
u5{ . d'6'n] z/L/sf ljleGg c+udf /ut ˆofFSbf sfa{g df]gf]cS;fO8 k'¥ofpF5 . o;n] xfd|f tGt' d5{g\ / d[To' x'G5 . s;nfO{ k|efljt kf5{ < o;n] dflg; / ;a} vfnsf hLjnfO{ k|efljt kf5{ . o;n] gfgL, d'6'sf bL3{/f]uL, Pg]ldof / Zjf;–k|Zjf;sf] ;d:of ePsfnfO{ rfF8f] k|efj u5{ . of] Uof;sf sf/0f cd]l/sfdf jif]{lg $ ;osf] d[To' x'G5 . sl/a @) xhf/ c:ktfn k'U5g\ / $ xhf/ eGbf a9L egf{ x'G5g\ . /f]syfdsf] pkfo s] 5 < 3/df k]6«f]lnodsf cfwfl/t OGwg, t]n jf sf]Onfn] 3/ jf kfgL ttfpg] u/]sf] eP, o:tf pks/0f jif{sf] Psk6s l;kfn' 6]lSgl;ognfO{ dd{t u/fpg'k5{ . /;folgs lx6/, h;sf] w'Fjf cfpFb}g, To:tf] lx6/ aGb sf]7fdf gafNg'xf];\ . OGwg afn]/ logn] sfa{g df]gf]cS;fO8 agfpF5g\ . Uof; /]lk|mlh/]6/af6 uGw cfof] eg] l;kfn' 6]lSgl;ognfO{ b]vfpg'xf];\ . OGwg afn]/ k|of]u ul/g] s'g} pks/0f lsGg'kbf{ ;/sf/n] dfGotf lbPsf ;+:yfsf] lrGx–c+lst dfq lsGg'xf];\ . yk hfgsf/L www.cdc.gov af6 kfpg'x'g]5 .
@
dfwj u'?ª
w
w
af/fs cf]afdf bf];|f]k6s cd]l/sfsf] /fi6«klt lgjf{lrt x'g'ePsf] 5 . Ps JolStn] b'O{ sfo{sfn -$–$ jif{_ /fi6«klt x'g ldN5 . pxfF ;g\ @))* df klxnf]k6s lgjf{lrt x'g'ePsf] lyof] . pxf“sf] k"/f gfd af/fs x';]g cf]afdf xf] . pxfF s]GofnL -clk|msf dxfb]zsf] s]Gof gfds b]zsf gful/s_ lktf / cd]l/sL dftfsf k'q x'g'x'G5 . cf]afdf cd]l/sfsf] klxnf] cZj]t /fi6«klt x'g'x'G5 . of] r'gfjdf cf]afdfn] # ;o #@ On]S6f]/n dt kfpg'eof] eg] eg] ljkIfL ld§ /f]DgLsf] kIfdf @ ;o ^ On]S6f]/n dt k/]sf] lyof] . /fi6«klt cf]afdfsf] hGd ;g\ !(^! cu:t $ df ePsf] xf] . /fi6«klt cf]afdfn] cfp“bf] hgj/L @) b]lv bf];|f] sfo{sfn z'? ug'{x'g]5 . ;g\ @))* df /fi6«klt x'g'cl3 pxf“ Olngf]o /fHoaf6 l;g]6/ x'g'x'GYof] . 8]df]qm\ofl6s kf6L{ (Democratic Party) sf tkm{af6 /fi6«klt ag]sf cf]afdfn]
On]S6f]/n sn]h eg]sf] s] xf] <
k[i7 # df
w
‘s;/L ;kgf b]Vg] / s8f kl/>d ug]{ eGg] d}n] cfdf / xh'/cfdfaf6 l;s]sf] x'“,’ cf]afdf eGg'x'G5 . pxfF dfdf3/ sf xh'/cfdf–xh'/a'af b'j} nfO{ cfˆgf] ‘ky k|bz{s’ dfGg'x'G5 .
w
sf]nlDaof o'lgel;{6L / xfe{8{ n :s'ndf k9\g'ePsf] 5 . cf]afdfsf] hGd xjfO{ (Hawaii) /fHodf ePsf] xf] . pxf“sf lktf af/fs x':;]g cf]afdf l;lgo/ (Barack Obama, Sr.) / dftfsf] gfd :6\ofgn] PGg 8Gxfd (Stanley Ann Dunham) xf] . af/fs b'O{ jif{sf] ePkl5 pxfFsf lktf / dftfn] 5'§f5'§} a:g] lgwf] ug'{eof] . To;kl5 af/fssf lktf s]Gof kms{g'– eof] . cfdfn] OG8f]g]l;ofsf nf]nf] ;f]o6f]/f] (Lolo Soetoro) ;“u ;g\ !(^% df ljjfx ug'{eof] . af/fs klg cfdfsf] kl/jf/;“u OG8f]g]l;of hfg'eof] . hGd]sf] Ps dlxgfdf 5f8]/ uPsf afa';“u cf]afdf cln 7"nf] ePkl5 Ps k6s dfq e]6 ePsf] lyof] . af/fssf hGdlbg] lktfsf] ;g\ !(*@ df b'3{6gfdf lgwg eof] . af/fs bz jif{sf] x'Gh]n OG8f]g]l;ofd} a:g'eof] . To;kl5 cfdfkl§sf xh'/a'af :6\ofgn] (Stanley Dunham) / xh'/cfdf d]8\lng (Madelyn) ;“u a:g xf]gf]n'n', xjfO{ /fHo kms{g'eof] . pxf“
;g\ !(&! df k'gfxf} :s'n (Punahou School) df sIff % df egf{ x'g'eof] . ;g\ !(&( df :gfts tx -aLPa/fa/_ ;Sg'eof] . af/fssL cfdf ;g\ !(&@ df xjfO{ kms{g'eof] . ;g\ !(&& ;Dd ToxLF a;]/ OG8f]g]l;of kms{g'eof] . OG8f]g]l;ofdf pxf“ dflg;sf] pTklQ / ;fdflhs ;DaGwaf/] cWoog ug'{x'GYof] . To;kl5sf] af“sL ;do PGgn] OG8f]g]l;ofd} latfpg'eof] . ;g\ !(($ df xjfO{ t kms{g'eof] . Ps jif{ glaTb} pxf“sf] lgwg eof] . cf]afdfn] ;g\ !((@ df ld;]n (Michelle) ;“u ljjfx ug'{eof] . pxf“x¿sf b'O{ 5f]/L– dflnof -Malia, hGd– ;g\ !((*_ / ;fzf -Sasha, hGd– ;g\ @))!_ 5g\ . cf]afdfsf] jfNosfnsf w]/} lbg xh'/cfdf;“u laTof] . pxf“ hLjgdf ;aeGbf a9L glhs klg xh'/cfdfs} x'g'x'GYof] . t/ pxf“ klxnf]k6s /fi6«klt ePsf] va/ ;'Gg b'O{ lbg af“sL x'“bf xh'/cfdfsf] lgwg eof] . …s;/L ;kgf b]Vg] / s8f kl/>d ug]{ eGg] d}n] cfdf / xh'/cfdfaf6 l;s]sf] x'“,Ú eGg] cf]afdfn] xh'/cfdf–xh'/a'af b'j} hgf cfˆgf] hLjgsf] …ky k|bz{sÚ ePsf] atfpg'x'G5 . ;w}+ xf“l;/xg] cf]afdfsf] gfddf x':;]g eP klg pxf“ O;fO wd{ dfGg'x'G5 . :s'n] hLjgdf cf]afdf af:s]6ansf] /fd|f] v]nf8L x'g'x'GYof] . cem} klg /fd|f] v]Ng'x'G5 . ;fgf] x'Fbf …a]/LÚ eg]/ lrlgg] cf]afdfn] s]xL k':ts klg n]Vg'ePsf] 5 .
@)!@ l8;]]Da/, jif{ # c+s $!
/fi6«klt af/fs cf]afdf
kids.gov, USA.gov & KSA
On]S6f]/n sn]h
cd]l/sfdf a;f]af;
• cd]l/sf a:g] hf]sf]xL
g]kfnL–efifLsf nflu pkof]uL . • g]kfnL / c+u|]hL efiffdf ;fdu|L ePsf] . • !( cWofodf # ;o $) hLjgf]kof]uL ;fdu|L . • d"No !$ 8n/ .
cd]l/sL /fi6«klt rogsf nflu gf]e]Da/ ^ -gf]e]Da/sf] klxnf] ;f]daf/kl5sf] klxnf] d+unaf/_ sf] lgjf{rg clGtd xf]Og . of] lgjf{rgdf v;]sf] dt jf hgtfn] xfn]sf] dtnfO{ …kk'n/ ef]6Ú (Popular vote) elgG5 . kk'n/ ef]6n] s'g bnn] slt dt kfof] eGg] :ki6 u5{ . ToxL dtsf cfwf/df /fi6«klt s'g bnsf r'lgP eGg] klg x'G5 . /fi6«kltsf] rogsf nflu agfOPsf] x'G5– On]S6f]/n sn]h (Electoral College) . On]S6f]/n sn]hsf ;b:onfO{ On]S6f]/ (Elector) elgG5 . On]S6f]/x¿sf] rog /fHolkR5] /fhgLlts sfo{stf{ / kf6L{ ;b:on] u5{g . cd]l/sfsf] dflyNnf] / tNnf] ;bgdf hDdf x'g] ;b:o ;+Vof a/fa/ % ;o #% df …l8l:6«S6 ckm sf]nlDaofÚ (DC) af6 # u/L x'g] % ;o #* g} On]S6f]/n sn]h ;b:o ;+Vof
lstfa rflxPdf M
http://gyanjyotikendra.org
df uP/ ‘k':tssf] dfu’ jf Order Books df lSns ug'{xf];\ . qm]l86÷8]la6–sf8{ jf r]sdfkm{t lstfa kfpg] tl/sf pNn]v 5 .
xf] . :d/0f/xf];\, dflyNnf] ;bg l;g]6 (Senate) df ! ;o / tNnf] ;bg– xfp; ckm l/k|h]G6]l6e (House of Representative) df $ ;o #% ;b:o x'G5g\ . pSt sn]hsf] lgdf{0f eg] ;f+;b rog u/]h:tf] x'“b}g / s'g} ;f+;b g} o; sn]hdf x'g'k5{ eGg] 5}g . ;+Vofsf lx;fan] ldn]h:tf] xf] . ;+;b / o; sn]haLr ;DaGw x'“b}g . /fi6«klt lgjf{rgsf a]nf s'g} /fHodf v;]sf] dtsf] ;aeGbf a9L dt h'g pDd]bjf/sf] kIfdf hfG5, To; /fHosf] ;a} On]S6f]/ dt p;}sf] kIfdf ulgG5 . o;k6s Soflnkmf]lg{ofdf v;]sf] s"n dtdWo] w]/} /fi6«klt cf]afdfsf kIfdf, sd ueg{/ /f]DgLsf kIfdf
uof] . To; /fHosf] %% On]S6f]/sf] dt klg cf]afdfs} kIfdf uof] . /f]DgLsf kIfdf z'Go dt eof] . ;a} /fHosf] On]S6f]/sf] dt hf]8]/ h;n] @ ;o &) jf ;f]eGbf a9L On]S6f]/ ;+Vof cfˆgf] kIfdf kf5{, pm g} /fi6«klt kbsf nflu ljhoL 7x5{ . sn]hsf] lgjf{rg lgjf{rgs} jif{sf] l8;]Da/sf] bf];|f] a'waf/kl5sf] klxnf] ;f]daf/ % ;o #* On]S6f]/n] /fi6«klt 5fGg] lgjf{rgdf efu lng'kg]{ x'G5 . To; lgjf{rgdf h;sf] ljho x'G5, p g} cd]l/sfsf] /fi6«klt x'G5 . o; jif{ of] dtbfg l8;]Da/ !& df x'Fb}5 . gf]e]Da/df ljhoL pDd]bjf/ l8;]Da/df k/flht klg x'g;S5 . t/ o:tf] Psk6s dfq ePsf] 5 .
• lah'nLsf] tf/ hf]l8Psf vDaf / tf/x? ePsf 7fpF j/k/ rª\uf jf ;fgf v]nf}gf ljdfgx? gp8fcf}+ . • lah'nLsf] tf/ hf]l8Psf vDaf / tf/x? ePsf 7fpF j/k/sf ?v gr9f}+ . • Pp6} tf/df w]/} pks/0fx? ghf]8f}+ . • lah'nLsf] ;a–:6];g / pks/0fx?af6 6f9} a;f}+ . • lah'nLsf tf/x? r'l8Psf b]lvP, 6f9} a;f}+ / ;xof]usf nflu kmf]g u/f}+ . • lah'nL / kfgL gldnfcf}+ . kfgL ePglhs ljB't pks/0fx?sf] k|of]u gu/f}+ . • lah'nLsf vDaf / 6fj/x?df gr9f}+ .
lah'nLsf] j/k/ ;'/lIft /xf}+
/fh]z sf]O/fnf
@)!@ l8;]]Da/, jif{ # c+s $!
#
$
gful/s k/LIff (Civic Test) sf] k':tssf yk k|Zg–pQ/ M != cd]l/sLx¿ s'g b'O{ tl/sfaf6 pgLx¿sf] cfgf] k|hftGqdf ;fd]n x'G5g\ < (What are two ways that Americans can participate in their democracy ?)
• dtbfg u/]/ (vote) • s'g} Ps /fhgLlts bndf ;xefuL eP/ (join a political party)
• r'gfjL cleofgdf ;xof]u u/]/
(help with a campaign)
(join a community group)
• lgjf{lrt k|ltlglwnfO{ s'g} ljifodf cfˆgf] ljrf/ k|:t't u/]/
(give an elected official your opinion on an issue)
• l;g]6/x? / k|ltlglw;ef ;b:ox?nfO{ cfXjfg u/]/
(call Senators and Representatives)
• s'g} dfdnf jf gLltnfO{ v'nf ?kdf ;dy{g jf lj/f]w u/]/
(publicly support or oppose an issue or policy)
• gful/s ;d"xdf ;xefuL • s'g} ;fj{hlgs kbdf pDd]b/ jf/L lbP/ (run for office) eP/ (join a civic group) • kqklqsfdf n]v]/ • ;fd'bflos ;d"xdf (write to a newspaper) ;xefuL eP/
gful/sn] ;d'bfodf ;lqmo e"ldsf lgjf{x ug{ ;S5g\ . ha cd]l/sL gful/s /fhgLlts k|lqmofdf cfkm"nfO{ ;xefuL u/fpF5g\, ta dfq cd]l/sL k|hftGq hLljt / alnof] /xG5 . gful/sn] k|hftGqdf ;xefuL x'g] ljleGg tl/sf 5g\ . pgLx?n] cd]l/sf cfPsf gjcfuGt'snfO{ c+u|]hL / gful/s–zf:q k9fpg ;S5g\ . cfˆgf gfgLx?sf nflu …cleefjs– lzIfs ;+u7gÚdf cfˆgf] ;xeflutf hgfpg ;S5g\ . :yfgLo :s"nsf] af]8{ ;ldltsf] kbflwsf/Lsf] pDd]b\jf/L lbg ;S5g\ . dtbfg x'g] lbg dtbfg–s]Gb|df :jo+;]jssf ?kdf sfd ug{ ;S5g\ . oL afx]s dfly n]lvPsf sfd, st{Jo lgjf{x ug{ ;S5g\ .
c+u|]hL zAb ;"rL -11_ c+u|]hLdf ;fwf/0f af]nrfn ug{ sl/a # xhf/ zAb eP k'U5, tLdWo]sf] P3f/f}+ ;"rLM
efu !! • as well (as) : tyf,
;xfotf ug'{, ;xfotf lbg', d2t ug'{ . klg . • assistance : ;xf/f, d2t, • ash : v/fgL, vfs, e:d . u'xf/, ;xfotf . • ashamed : nlHht, ;+s'lrt, • assistant : ;xfos, ;xfotf nHhdfg, zld{Gbf, nfh–dg'{ ug]{ cfkm" tnsf] JolQm . ePsf] . • associate : ;fyL, ;+uL, • Asia : Plzof -ljZjsf ;ft dxfb]zdWo] g]kfn, e"6fg, ef/t ;xof]uL, ldNg', ;fy lbg', cflb b]z ePsf] Ps dxfb]z_ . nxl;g', ;+ut ug'{, ;+nUg x'g' . • aside : cnUu}, Psfkl§, kfvf, • associated with : ;Fu ;DalGwt, ;Fu cfj4 . Psflt/ . • aside from : ckjfb, afx]s . • association : ;+;u{, ;Dks{, • ask : ;f]Wg', dfUg', k|fy{gf ug'{, ;+nUgtf, ;+36g, ;+sng -lgod_, ;+:yf, d08nL, ;ef, ofrgf ug'{ . n;k;, ;dfh, ;dfud, ;+of]u, • asleep : lgbfPsf], ;'t]sf], ;xtf, ;“u, nufj . ;'snf, lglb|t . • assume : sNkgf ug'{, cg'dfg • aspect : ?v, efj, ?k, ug'{, wf/0f ug'{, axfn ug'{ . cfsf/, cfs[lt, b[li6sf]0f, • assure : cfZj:t ug'{, e/f];f kIf . lbnfpg', lgZro u/fpg', • assist : ;3fpg', u'xf/L lbg', ;fy}, of]
@)!@ l8;]]Da/, jif{ # c+s $!
cd]l/sL k|hftGqsf gful/ssf] bfloTj
k|tLt u/fpg', aLdf ug'{, cfwf/ lbnfpg' . • astronaut : cGtl/If–ofqL . • astronomy : gIfqljBf, vuf]nljBf, Hof]ltif–zf:q. • asylum : cf>o, z/0f . • at : df, dfly, af6, sL . • at first : ;'?df, ;aeGbf klxn], klxn] . • at least : sDtLdf, sd ;] sd . • ate : vfof] -vfg' lqmofsf] e"tsfn_ • Atlantic : cfGw| -dxf;fu/sf] gfd_, P6\nflG6s . • atmosphere : jfo'd08n, k[YjLsf] j/Lk/L /x]sf] jfo'sf] tx, jfo', cfsfz, jftfj/0f . • atom : k/df0f', s0f . qmdzM
la6 dfbf{dfb}{ lgjf{rg ;lsP klg===== /fi6«klt lgjf{rg ;lsPkl5 kl/0ffdsf ljifodf yf]/} n]Vg' cfjZos 7flgof] . kl/0ffd / /fi6«klt rogsf] csf]{ Pp6f dxTjk"0f{ sbdsf] rrf{ plQs} h?/L eof] . To;}n] o;k6s /fi6«klt af/fs cf]afdfn] s;/L lhTg'eof] < pxfFsf] hLjgL s:tf] 5< gf]e]Da/ ^ kl5 csf]{ k|lqmof 5, h;af6 /fi6«klt lgjf{rgsf] sfo{ k"/f x'G5 . h;nfO{ …On]S6f]/n sn]hÚ sf] lgjf{rg elgG5 . xfdLn] To;nfO{ 5n{ª kfg]{ sf]lz; u/]sf 5f}+ . ;fydf r'gfjdf efu lng kfpg] clwsf/ ePsf gful/sn] c¿ s:tf clwsf/ k|of]u u5{g\, ToxL k|Zg– pQ/ o;k6s . wGojfb
Gyan Jyoti Kendra, 49 Lane Road, Chichester, NH 03258, Email : aksharica.communication@gmail.com Website : www.aksharica.com, Editor : Rajesh Koirala, Co-ordinator : Tara Acharya, Managing Director : Sattan Acharya